1000 Sentences With "maxilla" | Random Sentence Generator

The maxilla and premaxilla are bones of the upper jaw.

Two years ago, the Maxilla day care center near Grenfell Tower was closed.

"The shape of the second molar, the two premolars and the whole maxilla are very modern," said Dr. Weber.

The chin/mandible looks more prominent and over-closes, while the maxilla is recessed and the lips flop inward (unsupported).

Using high resolution micro-CT scanning, Dr. Weber created a 3D replica of the upper left maxilla that allowed him to investigate its surface features and, virtually, to remove enamel from the teeth.

Qilinyu had three bones, the dentary, maxilla and premaxilla, that characterize the modern vertebrate jaw seen in bony fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals, though they are absent in the cartilaginous sharks and rays.

What they found: "Their analysis shows that morphometrically, the teeth and maxilla align most strongly with Homo sapiens and appear not to show features that are uniquely found in Neanderthals," Debbie Guatelli-Steinberg, a paleoanthropologist at Ohio State University who was not in the study, tells Axios.

Each person, though, can only get a glimpse of the whole, as you choose your own adventure by following characters, from Maxilla (Trustina Sabah) of New Galapagos, who does not understand why she is a "specimen," to H. T. Darling (Sarah Olmsted Thomas) himself as he attempts to control these alien objects for his own spectacle.

A maxilla fracture is a form of facial fracture. A maxilla fracture is often the result of facial trauma such as violence, falls or automobile accidents. Maxilla fractures are classified according to the Le Fort classification.

It consists of the zygomatic bone and the maxilla, on which it separates the anterior and the orbital surface of the body of the maxilla.

On the cranial morphology of the basal therapsids Burnetia and Proburnetia (Therapsida: Burnetiidae). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 22(2), 257-267. where the maxilla was not considered to extend as far posteriorly. There are four postcaniniforms in the left maxilla and five postcaniniforms in the right maxilla.

Similar to both LFGT LDM-L10 and KMV 8701, the maxilla bears a near-vertical front margin; it is lower and more pointed in Dilophosaurus. The front portion of the bottom margin of the maxilla is angled such that the first maxillary tooth projects forwards. There is a groove running parallel to the tooth row along the bottom rim of the maxilla. From behind, the maxilla is connected to the jugal.

In other species belonging to different subgenera, the maxilla may not be concave at all. Instead, they possess a straightened maxilla with no concavity towards the anterior. The purpose of the concavity in the maxilla of F. pulvereus is relatively unknown. However, if one were to study the morphology and skeletal structures of many different species of killifish carcasses, they would easily be able to pick out F. pulvereus because of their distinctive maxilla.

There are two maxilla fossils excavated from Robiac and Saint- Martin-de-Londres, both being a fragment of the maxilla. The Robiac specimen is from the right maxilla, a fragment of the posterior part, with two ziphodont tooth corwns that are broken still on it. The Saint-Martin-de- Londres specimen is also the right maxilla, but larger. Both specimen display a vermiculated surface texture; no palatal processes are visible, but ectopterygoid is visible.

The upper surface of the nasal bone was ornamented. A ridge formed the contact with the maxilla. The maxilla had sixteen teeth. The postorbital was a small and triradiate element.

Each maxilla (a tooth-bearing bone on the side of the snout) has a short anterior and dorsal process (forward and upward extensions in the front part of each maxilla), but a long and boxy posterior (rear) process which forms most of the lower edge of the orbit. The front part of the maxilla is concave and has a hole above the third tooth. An estimated 20 to 21 teeth were present in each maxilla. The front edge of each orbit was formed by a prefrontal bone, and a thin lacrimal was present between each prefrontal and maxilla.

He said that growth of maxilla happens at expansion of the circumaxillary sutures which push maxilla down and forward. Evidence says that sutures are growth sites that respond intrinsically to signals.

Neohelos is known from many specimens, assigned to all the species. N. tirarensis includes a partial skull, premaxillas, maxillas, teeth, and dentarys; N. solus is known from a maxilla and dentary; N. davidridei includes teeth and a maxilla fragment; and N. stirtoni is known from a mostly complete skull, a maxilla and a dentary.

The function of this unique trait is unknown. The praemaxilla bears four teeth. The maxilla bears thirteen teeth. The maxilla has a short depression around the lower front of the antorbital fenestra.

Cambridge, Cambridge University Press; pp. 140–159. Thus, Jushatyria is known only from its holotype PIN 2867/5, an incomplete left maxilla. As the maxilla is damaged, many "rauisuchian" characters could not be verified. Jushatyria was reassigned as an indeterminate archosaur on the basis of the presence of an antorbital fossa on the lateral surface of the maxilla.

Underside of skull The maxilla forms a large, completely dentigerous shelf bearing 83 to 107 teeth. The first teeth are large, and tooth size decreases markedly further posteriorly. On the ventral side, the maxilla contacts the ectopterygoid, palatine and vomer. In the choanal region, the maxilla is slightly broadening medially on the palatal side where it borders the choana.

The premaxilla of Chenoprosopus number approximately 20 (Hook, 1993) and have a short contact with the maxilla at the skull margin. The maxilla is excluded from the narial opening by the septomaxilla. The bases of the maxillary teeth are placed closely to the external margin of the maxilla. The estimated minimum number of maxillary tooth positions is 34.

Sometimes (e.g. in bony fish), the maxilla is called "upper maxilla", with the mandible being the "lower maxilla". Conversely, in birds the upper jaw is often called "upper mandible". In most vertebrates, the foremost part of the upper jaw, to which the incisors are attached in mammals consists of a separate pair of bones, the premaxillae.

The teeth of the upper maxilla are long and protruding.

Only the right maxilla of Ouranosaurus is known. although it is well preserved forming a triangle long and tall, much taller proportionally than Iguanodon. The maxilla bears faces for articulation with the premaxilla in front, above, , , and possibly internally, and to the rear. The lacrimal process is the highest point of the maxilla, and behind this process is a smooth and curved margin for the , which is bounded by the maxilla in front and below, lacrimal above, and jugal behind.

Galleonosaurus dorisae was described by Matthew C. Herne, Jay P. Nair, Alistair R. Evans and Alan M. Tait in 2019. The holotype specimen is NMV P229196, a complete left maxilla with partial dentition. Other specimens referred to Galleonosaurus include NMV P212845, a partial left maxilla lacking erupted dentition; NMV P208178, a partial left maxilla with erupted dentition; NMV P208113, a worn right maxillary tooth; NMV P208523, worn left maxillary tooth; and NMV P209977, partial left maxilla, lacking erupted dentition and NMV P186440, a posterior portion of left maxilla, left palatine, and fragment of left lacrimal. All specimens were collected from the Flat Rocks locality.

The holotype specimen possessed a peculiar pathology (sign of an injury or disease) on the left side of the skull. Compared to right maxilla and jugal bones, the left maxilla and jugal possessed a heavily swollen, rough-textured area of bone below the eye. In addition, the left maxilla has only six tooth sockets (compared to eight in the right maxilla), with the last two tooth sockets missing. The swollen bone could have been a result of an infection or tumor, or alternatively a healed injury.

The maxilla will be affected up to and including the orbits and sometimes inside the lower orbits. The maxilla and zygomatic bones are depressed and eyes appear to gaze upward. The maxilla has been found to be more severely affected in most cases than the mandible bone. Some patients found with lower inner orbital growths and cysts may lose vision.

By contrast, mere closure of the jaws would risk pushing food out of the mouth. In more advanced teleosts, the premaxilla is enlarged and has teeth, while the maxilla is toothless. The maxilla functions to push both the premaxilla and the lower jaw forward. To open the mouth, an adductor muscle pulls back the top of the maxilla, pushing the lower jaw forward.

Liaoningvenator possesses a long, narrow, and triangular skull that measured long. At the front of the snout, like Sinovenator and Xixiasaurus, the premaxilla excludes the maxilla from the rim of the nostril. There are three openings on the surface of the maxilla, the premaxillary, maxillary, and antorbital fenestrae. Below, the maxilla forms the secondary palate as in Byronosaurus, Gobivenator, and Xixiasaurus.

The maxilla is in length; including missing portions it would have been about long if complete. The inner surface of the maxilla is deeply concave but the outer surface has several scattered pits as well as deep facets above the third and fifth teeth. These facets are remniscent of those which sphenodonts possess on the lower jaw due to abrasion from teeth of the upper jaw, but this cannot be the case in Lamarquesaurus's maxilla. This is because the lower jaw of sphenodonts contacts the inner edge of the maxilla when the mouth is closed; the outer surface of the maxilla would not be eroded by teeth because it never contacts the lower jaw.

The largest tooth of the maxilla was either in or near the fourth alveolus, and the height of the tooth crowns decreased hindwards. The first tooth of the maxilla pointed slightly forwards from its alveolus because the lower border of the prexamilla process (which projected backwards towards the maxilla) was upturned. The teeth of the dentary were much smaller than those of the maxilla. The third or fourth tooth in the dentary of Dilophosaurus and some coelophysoids was the largest there, and seems to have fit into the subnarial gap of the upper jaw.

Three synapomorphies or shared characteristics were identified for Erpetosuchidae: teeth restricted to the anterior half of the maxilla, a posterior half of the maxilla that is thicker than it is tall, and no tooth serrations. Other possible synapomorphies were considered tentative and not included within the analysis. Both taxa share a sharp ridge on the lateral margin of the maxilla that marks the lower extent of an opening called the antorbital fossa. Below this ridge, the external surface of the maxilla slopes inward (medially) toward the edge of the jaw.

When a patient has a constricted (oval shape) maxilla, but normal mandible, many orthodontists request a rapid palatal expansion. This consists of the surgeon making horizontal cuts on the lateral board of the maxilla, extending anterally to the inferior border of the nasal cavity. At this time, a chisel designed for the nasal septum is utilized to detach the maxilla from the cranial base. Then, a pterygoid chisel, which is a curved chisel, is used on the left and right side of the maxilla to detach the pterygoid palates.

The maxilla has a straight lower edge with at least 12 large, knife-like teeth set in deep sockets and covered by interdental plates. A longitudinal ridge runs along the inner portion of the maxilla and is continuous with a low facet for the palatine bone. This continuity is seemingly unique to Arganasuchus. The maxilla as a whole is Y-shaped like Batrachotomus and Fasolasuchus.

On the maxilla, there is a distinct notch that contributes most of the border of a dorsal fenestra. It appeared to be the cranialmost of a series of maxillary foramina that extended across the lateral face of the maxilla. This most likely hinted to cutaneous blood vessels and nerves in that area. This notch is hidden by an overlap of the premaxilla by the maxilla.

The ectopterygoid is a small palate bone, which articulates the central palate bones (pterygoid and palatine) with the maxilla. Ectopterygoids are 'L' shaped, with an anterior process attaching to the maxilla, and a dorsal process that meets the pterygoid.

Nasal congestion and discharge may occur if the tumor spreads to the maxilla.

The palatomaxillary suture is a suture separating the maxilla from the palatine bone.

Syngnathia is a congenital adhesion of the maxilla and mandible by fibrous bands.

Stegosaurus and Huayangosaurus possess a straight tooth row in ventral view, although Scelidosaurus and Jiangjunosaurus do not. The maxilla of Paranthodon preserves the tooth row, and shows that there is little to no overhang. This differs from ankylosaurians, where there is a large overhang of the maxilla. As with Stegosaurus and Silvisaurus, there is a diastema (gap in the tooth row) on the maxilla in front of the tooth row.

Achelousaurus had 25 to 28 such tooth positions in each maxilla (upper jaw bone).

In mammals, tooth sockets are found in the maxilla, the premaxilla, and the mandible.

In human anatomy of the mouth, the palatine process of maxilla (palatal process), is a thick, horizontal process of the maxilla. It forms the anterior three quarters of the hard palate, the horizontal plate of the palatine bone making up the rest.

Sublabial incision through which periosteum of maxilla is elevated in an endoscopic midface lift (rhytidectomy).

Its maxilla was also found to be longer than the mandible, and was curved upward.

Other aspects, such as the shape of the posterodorsal process and the loose contact between adjacent premaxillae, are similar to other silesaurids. This is also the case with the palatal process of the maxilla, which has a flat surface separated from the rest of the bone via a ridge and pit. However, Asilisaurus's palatal process of the maxilla is much taller than other silesaurids. The antorbital fossa of the maxilla is shallow and poorly defined.

The fossil consists of a single partial left maxilla, an upper jaw bone, with seven teeth. The jaw measured 10.5 cm, with an estimated skull of 38.7 cm for the living animal. The teeth possess similarities with that of Scelidosaurus, which approaches it narrowly by the presence of important anterior and posterior basilar points on each tooth. The maxilla was clearly bigger, being the double of the size than the maxilla of Scelidosaurus.

The infraorbital canal is a canal found at the base of the orbit that opens on to the maxilla. It is continuous with the infraorbital groove and opens onto the maxilla at the infraorbital foramen. The infraorbital nerve and infraorbital artery travel through the canal.

Chisocheton maxilla-pisticis is found in Borneo and the Philippines. Its habitat is lowland rain forest.

Mouth actinobacillosis of cattle must be differentiated from actinomycosis that affects bone tissues of the maxilla.

Other types of grafts available for the maxilla and mandible include allogeneic, alloplastic, and xenogeneic ones.

Life restoration, based on known material and European greenfinches The holotype is an almost complete cranium with both pterygoids but lacking mandible, quadrate bones, and the palatine process of maxilla. The paratypes include a proximal fragment of a right humerus, a distal fragment of a right humerus with a prominent fragmented epicondyle, a left ulna lacking the epiphyseal plate, an almost complete right ulna lacking the olecranon and a complete left carpometacarpus. The cranium length is 34,89 mm, the cranium width is 17,47 mm and the cranium height is 14,31 mm. The maxilla length is 19,10 mm, the maxilla width is 9,67 mm, and the maxilla height is 6,71 mm.

Nine alveoli are preserved, although since both the anterior and caudal tips of the maxilla are missing, certainly more were present. By comparing Geminiraptor's maxilla to that of other troodontids, it was inferred that at least three more teeth were present in the missing anterior part of the maxilla and at least seven in the missing caudal area, for a total of at least nineteen teeth in the maxilla. The alveoli are characteristically square-shaped and separated by small walls of bone, a feature only known in Sinovenator among other troodontids. The paleontologist Thomas R. Holtz Jr. has estimated its weight around and a possible length of .

Other features of Smok seem to exclude it from these groups of archosaurs. The premaxilla and maxilla of the upper jaw attach closely to each other, making a continuous row of evenly spaced teeth. Early theropods and orthithosuchids have a toothless gap between the premaxilla and the maxilla, distinguishing them from Smok. The upper jaw bones of rauisuchians are not closely connected, leaving a small opening between the premaxilla and maxilla that is not seen in Smok.

Tomistoma cairense did not have a Maxilla process within their lacrimal gland, which all extant crocodilian do.

The snout of Archaeornithoides features a long antorbital fenestra, stretching over three quarters of the length of the maxilla. The maxilla bears at least eight teeth. These are small, conical and smooth, lacking wrinkles, serrations or carinae. The palatine bone seems to show the presence of a secondary fenestra.

As shared by many basal therapsids (e.g., dinocephalians, anomodonts), the maxilla in Paraburnetia contacts the prefrontal. In Paraburnetia, the maxilla stretches posterioraly and extends to meet the squamosal. This is different from the situation reported by for Proburnetia, sister taxa to Paraburnetia,Rubidge, B. S., & Sidor, C. A. (2002).

This has the added effect of allowing the maxilla to form the rest of the hole's lower and rear edge, with the front edge of the maxilla becoming concave as well. Although these snout features are rare among pseudosuchians, they are much more common in certain avemetatarsalians (bird-line archosaurs) such as pterosaurs and saurischian dinosaurs. The rear branch of the maxilla tapers in most poposauroids, with the exception of Qianosuchus. This contrasts with loricatans, in which this branch is rectangular in shape.

R. minichi, on the other hand, had a maxilla with fewer (23) and more well-spaced teeth and no ridge under the eye socket. Rautiania teeth were unusually flattened from left-to-right and enlarged from front-to-back. In R. alexandri, this is most pronounced at the rear of the maxilla, and in R. minichi it is most pronounced at the middle of the maxilla. Premaxillary teeth were small, conical, slightly recurved, and largest towards the rear of the premaxilla.

It is connected to the quadratojugal and maxilla, as well as other bones, which may vary by species.

This part joins with the two finger-like processes of the maxilla, which is similar to Protohadros. The body of the maxilla itself does not bear a recess or any indication of an antorbital fenestra, like Equijubus, Protohadros, and other hadrosauroids. One of the characteristics used to distinguish Eolambia is the concave profile of the tooth row of the maxilla when viewed from the side, which is like Equijubus, Probactrosaurus, and several other hadrosauriforms but unlike Protohadros. Like Probactrosaurus and other hadrosauroids, the back of the maxilla connects to the jugal – which borders the bottom of the eye socket and infratemporal fenestra – through a finger-like projection that fits into a recess.

The maxilla extends backwards in a half-moon shape to encircle the front end of the fenestra, with the top prong of the maxilla forming a 45° angle with the horizontal. The top end of the fenestra is enclosed by the thin, rectangular, and slightly concave nasal, and the lacrimal, which is not well-preserved but may have been long, slender, and triangular. On the underside of the skull, the maxilla forms the majority of the palate (not the premaxilla, as previously assumed), extending back from below the external nostrils. Along the midline of the maxilla is situated a thin strip of bone, the vomer, which connects back to join the pterygoid.

There are six alveoli on the maxilla, they are compressed and have an oblique shape, with the third one being the largest. There is a dent visible in collars of the alveoli when viewed medially, the walls of the alveoli are clearly separated and is as tall as the maxilla.

Descending upon the tuberosity of the maxilla, it divides into numerous branches, it descends on the posterior surface of the maxilla and gives branches that supply the molar and premolar teeth and the lining of the maxillary sinus, while others are continued forward on the alveolar process to supply the gingiva.

The posterior maxilla is incomplete so no information is known about the jugal or lacrimal contact. Paranthodon has an elongate, dorsally convex nasal, like in most other stegosaurs. There are thickened ridges along the sides of the nasals. The preserved portion of the nasal does not contact the premaxilla or maxilla.

The elliptical external nares are each bordered by the maxilla. The tooth bearing portion of the premaxilla appears to be directed somewhat downward at its tip. Each premaxilla possess spaces for four teeth. The maxilla has a dorsal expansion immediately behind the nares forming the entire posterier border of the opening.

The middle part of the shallow lower jaw was also preserved, including teeth similar to those of the maxilla.

Skull material is very limited for Marasuchus, with the only preserved bones from this region being a maxilla (a toothed bone at the side of the snout) preserved in PVL 3870 and braincases preserved in PVL 3870 and 3872. The maxilla was low, with at least 12 teeth. Most of these teeth were blade-like and serrated, but some of those near the rear of the bone were less curved and more leaf-shaped. The maxilla also possessed interdental plates on its inner surface.

All three Konzhukovia species exhibit oval nostrils with wide lateral openings located on the anterior edge of the snout (Pacheco, 2016). The premaxilla, maxilla, and nasal all make contact with the nostrils edges and the prefrontal is fragmented. The maxilla is what forms most of the lateral portion of the choanae, giving an overall long and oval form which is seen in all konzhukoviids and several other temnospondyls. The vomer contacts the maxilla and its lateral process reaches the same level as the palatine tucks.

Its maxilla differs from that of hadrosaurids in the articular area for the jugal, with forms a tab-like jugal process. Whereas in hadrosaurids, the expanded anterior end of the jugal contacts and overlaps a large sutural area on the maxilla. The combination of characters seen in the maxilla of Siamodon nimngami indicate that it belongs to a group of iguanodontians more derived than Iguanodon but basal to Hadrosauridae. It may be closely related to Probactrosaurus from China but they differ in the number of tooth positions.

Age: Below the age of 3 years, as the size of the sinus is small due to underdeveloped Maxillary Sinus. Bleeding disorders: May lead to epistaxis. Fracture of maxilla: Antral Lavage may result in escape of the fluid through fracture lines. Febrile stage of acute maxillary sinusitis: May cause osteomyelitis of Maxilla.

Known column counts for the two species are: 51 to 53 columns per maxilla and 48 to 49 per dentary (teeth of the upper jaw being slightly narrower than those in the lower jaw) for E. regalis; and 52 columns per maxilla and 44 per dentary for E. annectens (an E. saskatchewanensis specimen).

The maxilla was long and low, with 15 tooth sockets. It was covered with irregular pits and had an incision at its rear edge, likely representing the antorbital fenestra. Fragments of premaxilla and nasal bones were also preserved, with a similar texturing to the maxilla. The teeth were sharp and slightly curved.

A gomphosis is a joint between the root of a tooth and the socket in the maxilla or mandible (jawbones).

The posterior lamina of its cleithrum is non-expanded. It shows a short maxilla with a relatively developed coronoid process.

In life, a wrinkled and possibly keratinous skin would have covered these bones. The maxilla was short and contained 16 alveoli, some with short teeth that were flattened laterally with anterior and posterior serrations. The maxilla of Ekrixinatosaurus also exhibits a dorsally projected ascending ramus and a short rostral ramus, suggesting a relatively high skull.

Progalesaurus, like Galesaurus, has remarkably large nares compared to other early cynodonts. The nares are formed externally by the premaxilla, the maxilla, and the nasal. The septomaxilla resides inside the nares, on top of the junction between maxilla and premaxilla. The orbit faces anteriorly and is formed by the lacrimal, prefrontal, jugal, and post orbital.

Rostrals and tectals are small skull bones scattered around the snout, which are present in tetrapodomorph fish but lost in true tetrapods. Both maxillae (toothed bones at the side of the snout) are well-preserved, but not particularly specialized. The premaxillae and maxilla bear numerous tapering teeth, with about 11 on each premaxilla and up to 24 on each maxilla. This is slightly more than Ichthyostega (which has 8-10 on the premaxilla and 16-23 on the maxilla), and Ymeria further differs by having the largest teeth be slightly further forwards in the snout.

Microleter teeth in cross-section, showing loosely folded plicidentine Based on the skull's large orbits (eye holes) and weak sutures, the specimen was likely a juvenile. Most of the skull bones were externally textured by radiating pits and furrows, with both sparse large pits and numerous tiny pits as in basal lanthanosuchoids. The only smoothly textured bones of the skull roof were the maxilla, squamosal, and quadratojugal. The maxilla was long and narrow, possessing conical teeth which only differed from each other in a slight shortening trend towards the rear of the maxilla.

The maxilla has a better blood supply, and has thin cortical plates and less medullary spaces. These factors mean that infections of the maxilla are not readily confined to the bone, and readily dissipate edema and pus into the surrounding soft tissues and the paranasal air sinuses. OM of the maxilla may rarely occur during an uncontrolled infection of the middle ear or in infants who have sustained birth injury due to forceps. The mandible in contrast has a relatively poor blood supply, which deteriorates with increasing age.

The maxilla is greatly enlarged medially this constricts the palate and forms a tooth plate that accommodates the 6 parallel rows of teeth. Teeth that occur in the maxilla have been considered isodonts. The lateral surface of the maxilla presents a lateral flexion that is a characteristic cheek swelling seen in the single rowed Labidosaurus, Captorhinus aguti and other multi rowed genus. In addition the septomaxilla is characteristic of the family group, however it sports a sculptured postero- dorsal process extending onto the skull roof to insert between lacrimal and nasal.

The digestive tract is translucent. In terms of osteology, Espadarana possess vomerine teeth and quadratojugal bone that is articulating with maxilla.

Kileskus is distinguished from other proceratosaurids by the anterior rim of its maxilla being confluent with the ascending process of the maxilla and gently sloping posterodorsally. Below is a cladogram published in 2013 by Loewen et al.. Cladogram published in 2018.Delcourt, R.; Grillo, O. N. (2018). "Tyrannosauroids from the Southern Hemisphere: Implications for biogeography, evolution, and taxonomy".

The maxilla is tall and has a relatively wide front portion when seen from above. The front edge is also concave, similar to early pterosaurs. Six teeth are preserved in the maxilla, though the rear part of the bone is missing. The teeth were peg-like and conical, with a circular cross-section and no serrations.

The maxilla has an indentation behind the canine root, and in the same area possess several large foramina. These suggest that Abdalodon may have had whiskers. The posterior end of the maxilla bends medially, insetting the postcanines from the labial border of the snout. The dentary of Abdalodon diastematicus has a well defined masseteric fossa (a synapomorphy of cynodonts).

The teeth are restricted to the front half of the maxillae in Parringtonia and Erpetosuchus, and the back of the maxilla is thicker than it is tall. Parringtonia has five tooth sockets, Erpetosuchus granti only four, and Erpetosuchus sp. six or more. Unlike Erpetosuchus, Parringtonia has a foramen or hole on the outer surface of the maxilla.

Obwegeser developed the modern Le Fort I osteotomy procedure in which he completely immobilized the maxilla. His technique involved the pterygomaxillary disjunction. He was also a proponent of using bone graft between the pterygoid plates and maxillary tuberosities. Obwegeser's surgical technique was confirmed by William Bell's research on animals where the vasculature integrity of maxilla was confirmed.

The marginal dentition is composed of conical teeth that are slightly recurved. No canine region is evident although the second maxillary tooth is slightly larger than the rest. The toothing baring portion of the maxilla extends posterior to the orbital. All the premaxillary teeth appear to be approximately the same size, and noticeably smaller than those on the maxilla.

The left and right dentary are preserved, along with a fragmentary left maxilla and probable palatal bone, on two blocks of stone.

The holotype and only specimens are a well preserved right maxilla, right dentary, and the holotype, a section of the jugal bone.

However, the type specimen from Khulsan has premaxillary teeth and lacks a foramen between the premaxilla and maxilla, features inconsistent with Bagaceratops.

Left maxilla Life restoration Size compared to a human The holotype skeleton, MNN GAD1, includes a maxilla (main tooth-bearing bone of the upper jaw), vertebrae, ribs, and articulated pelvic girdle and sacrum, belonging to an adult about . According to the describers, this specimen represents one of the earliest known abelisaurids, and is notable for the heavily textured surface of the maxilla; the presence of pits and impressions of blood vessels indicates that there was a covering firmly attached to the face, perhaps of keratin. Sereno and Brusatte performed a cladistic analysis that found Kryptops to be the most basal abelisaurid. This was based on several features, including a maxilla textured externally by impressed vascular grooves and a narrow antorbital fossa, that clearly place Kryptops palaios within Abelisauridae as its oldest known member.

Among permanent teeth, 16 are found in the maxilla and the other 16 in the mandible. Most of the teeth have distinguishing features.

The holotype of Agkistrognathus campbelli, TMP 89.127.6, is a disarticulated skull including a maxilla, premaxilla, vomer, dentaries, angular, splenial, and other unidentified fragments.

In this malacostracan crustacean diagram, the maxillae are labelled maxilla and maxillula. In arthropods, the maxillae (singular maxilla) are paired structures present on the head as mouthparts in members of the clade Mandibulata, used for tasting and manipulating food. Embryologically, the maxillae are derived from the 4th and 5th segment of the head and the maxillary palps; segmented appendages extending from the base of the maxilla represent the former leg of those respective segments. In most cases, two pairs of maxillae are present and in different arthropod groups the two pairs of maxillae have been variously modified.

Yang classified Wangisuchus in the family Euparkeriidae, which also includes the much better known Euparkeria from the Early Triassic of South Africa. He diagnosed Wangisuchus by the following characters: long and low shape of the maxilla; pointed posterior process of the maxilla; rounded anterior margin of the maxilla; thecodont tooth implantation; crurotarsal (crocodile-like) structure of the ankle. Later authors noted that a calcaneum or ankle bone referred to Wangisuchus by Yang more closely resembles that of a suchian archosaur, although they didn't discuss whether IVPP V.2701 might be a suchian or euparkeriid.Kuhn O. 1976.

In 1963, M.E. Malan observed an interesting pattern in the positioning of the maxillary and dentary teeth. The middle section, where the medial expansion of the maxilla is wideset, had a zig-zag arrangement of teeth while the first and last four teeth are aligned in a row that is parallel to the maxilla. In the dentary, a simpler arrangement with only a slight zig-zag arrangement. Comparing this feature to Captorhinus aguti, which also possessed a zig-zag pattern of teeth, they hypothesized that Mesosuchus could have had multiple teeth on at least the maxilla.

The maxillary dentition appears to bear out this theory as it bears seven molariform teeth of varying sizes. The maxilla itself is mostly triangular, with a long anteroposterior base at the ventral side of which is a thin crest that covers the border of the dental alveoli. Towards the posterior end the maxilla is elongated, and it forms a long suture with the jugal beneath the large orbits. There are two large foramina at the posterior end of the maxilla, and three small foramina at the anterior end, close to the premaxillary-maxillary border where another foramen is located.

After eleven weeks an accessory ossification center develops into the alar region of the premaxilla. Then a premaxillary process grow upwards to fuse with the frontal process of the maxilla; and later expands posteriorly to fuse with the alveolar process of the maxilla. The boundary between the premaxilla and the maxilla remains discernible after birth and a suture is often observable up to five years of age. In bilateral cleft lip and palate, the growth pattern of the premaxilla differs significantly from the normal case; in utero growth is excessive and directed more horizontally, resulting in a protrusive premaxilla at birth.

The front of the maxilla is similar to that of Lewisuchus and Silesaurus, with a triangular premaxillary facet and thick, sharp vomerine flange. The ascending process of the maxilla is a thin, anteroposteriorly wide, and steeply-rising prong, and the antorbital fossa has a concave lower edge, both like Silesaurus. The inner surface of the maxilla has a thick medial flange, which droops down to the tooth row as a smooth triangular blade. This medial flange is unique to Kwanasaurus among silesaurids (and Triassic dinosauromorphs in general), and likely extended the maxilla's connection with the palate behind the vomer.

Maxillae, premaxillae, palatines, and a vomer along with large skull fragments from Pavāri have been identified as Ventastega. The maxilla is long and low, and unlike some fish, the posterior third of the maxilla is the lowest part of the bone. The teeth on the maxilla are approximately equal in size to each other, except for teeth in the posterior part where they shrink in size. The presence of a coronoid fangs in Ventastega is a primitive feature lost in Ichthyostega, Acanthostega, and likely Tulerpeton, indicating that Ventastega was more basal on a phylogeny in comparison other tetrapods.

Right maxilla of AMNH FARB 30653 (reversed) in lateral view. Maxillary foramina indicated by arrows A complete skull articulated is not known from the multiple specimens, however, numerous elements are known such as the right maxilla, dentary, jugal, squamosal and two lacrimals, quadrate and a complete predentary. In a lateral view, the right maxilla of specimen AMNH FARB 30653 is triangular in shape with various foramina on the surface. On the inner side 26 alveolar foramen are preserved and 22 alveoli are filled with teeth but the total count may be unknown due to incompleteness, the surface of this side is rather flat.

It is the largest theropod known from Europe. It was the morphological distinctiveness of the holotype maxilla ML1100 that led to the naming of the Portuguese species. In 2020 a fragmentary maxilla referable to Torvosaurus was described from the middle Callovian Ornatenton Formation of Germany. This is the oldest record of the genus, and suggests that megalosaurines originated in Europe.

Spoor et al. (2010) provided additional morphological evidence to rebuke White's (2003) conclusions by noting that the maxilla of KMN-WT-40000 is distinct from that of all australopithecines, and a 2016 study reinforced the conclusions of Spoor et al. (2010) by highlighting differences between the maxilla of Kenyanthropus and that of A. afarensis and A. deyiremeda.Spoor F, Leakey MG, Leakey LN. 2010.

The combined upper side of the nasal bones is pierced by two paired oval openings. The antorbital fossa, with ankylosaurs the remnant of the antorbital fenestra, extends over the contact point of the maxilla, lacrimal bone and jugal bone. The prefrontal bone extends to below, touching the maxilla. At least some dorsal vertebrae have an elongated centrum, 30% longer than wide.

A rather stubby snout is suggested by the fact that the front branch of the maxilla was short. In the depression around the antorbital fenestra to the front, a smaller non-piercing hollowing can be seen that is probably homologous to the fenestra maxillaris. The maxilla bears thirteen teeth. The teeth are relatively large, with a crown length up to seven centimetres.

The maxilla was short and deep, and probably contained a sinus. The maxilla had a series of foramina that corresponded with each tooth position there, and these functioned as passages for erupting replacement teeth. The mandible articulated with the skull below the back of the orbit. The tooth-bearing part of the lower jaw was long, with the part behind being rather short.

The ascending (or dorsal) process of the maxilla, which lies in front of the antorbital fenestra, is short and very thin. This process is also uniquely diagonally oriented when seen from above, with its rear edge set inwards from the front edge. The only preserved tooth is thin and serrated. The dentary fragment is incomplete, but seemingly slender and similar to the maxilla.

Further distinguishing the two species is the presence of a prominent keel on the inside surface of the maxilla. This keel runs the whole length of the maxilla in A. laaroussii, but is only found along the back half of it in A. madagaskarensis. Any other possible differences between the two species cannot be determined without rest of the skull and skeleton.

C. E. H. von Meyer. 1861. "Reptilien aus dem Stubensandstein des oberen Keupers", Palaeontographica 7: 253-346 The holotype, BMNH 38646, was found in the Mittlerer Stubensandstein. It consists of a 245 millimetres long right maxilla with six large, up to five centimetres long, teeth, erroneously interpreted by Meyer as the left maxilla. It indicates a body length of about six metres.

The Hawaiian anchovy is similar to the Buccaneer anchovy in having a cylindrical body, but differs in having fewer gillrakers and a shorter maxilla.

Normal bone remodeling activity may resume after puberty. Cherubism is displayed with genetic conformation and when excessive osteoclasts are found in the affected areas of the mandible and maxilla. Large cysts will be present with excessive fibrous areas inside the bone. The fibers and cysts will be found among the trabecula of the Coronoid process, the ramus of mandible, the body of mandible and the maxilla regions.

Large foramina ran on the side of the maxilla, above the alveoli. A deep nutrient groove ran backwards from the subnarial pit along the base of the interdental plates (or rugosae) of the maxilla. Dilophosaurus bore a pair of high, thin, and arched (or plate-shaped) crests longitudinally on the skull roof. The crests were formed significantly by the lacrimal bones and partially by the nasal bones.

The first two maxillary teeth are smaller than the adjacent position of the premaxillary dentition tooth size. These teeth have relatively narrow, round bases, recurved distal halves, and sharply pointed ends. Also, the maxilla is excluded from the narial opening by the septomaxilla. A short maxilla-nasal suture is evident on both sides of the skull, followed by contacts with the lacrimal and jugal.

The premaxilla is well-developed and usually free, meaning that it is not fused with the maxilla; instead, it articulates with the maxilla via ligaments, making it freely movable. The premaxilla always lack a palatal branch. In species with a longer snout, the skull is usually arched. In genera with shorter faces (Penthetor, Nyctimene, Dobsonia, and Myonycteris), the skull has little to no bending.

Unlike modern crocodilians, it was a terrestrial animal. The upper jaws had five small teeth per premaxilla (snout-tip bones) and seventeen per maxilla, with a small hole between the maxilla and premaxilla for an enlarged tooth in the lower jaw to fit. At least eleven teeth were present on each side of the lower jaw. Several small ridges were present on the top of the skull.

This projection was a thin, bony plate in North American tyrannosaurids. The large backwards projection suggests that force was transmitted more directly from the maxilla to the lacrimal in Tarbosaurus. The lacrimal was also more firmly anchored to the frontal and prefrontal bones in Tarbosaurus. The well- developed connections between the maxilla, lacrimal, frontal and prefrontal would have made its entire upper jaw more rigid.

Xilousuchus has a relatively small head and long neck, with a skull length of approximately 25 cm and neck of 45 cm. The skull is fragmentary, but much of the snout and maxilla are present. Only one maxillary tooth has been fossilised. The maxilla has a partially-developed palatal process, and the angle of the dorsal process indicates that Xilousuchus had a large antorbital fenestra.

The tooth-bearing maxilla bone, which forms the side of the snout, is also distinctively unique in S. baylorensis. In S. sanjuanensis, the maxilla was low, with many sharp, closely spaced teeth extending along its length. This condition is similar to other seymouriamorphs. However, S. baylorensis has a taller snout, and its teeth are generally much larger, less numerous, and less homogenous in size.

Four teeth near the back of the jaw were large, blunt, and ridged, while most of the rest were much smaller. The upper jaw's teeth were smaller and more numerous, with at least 32 shared between the maxilla and premaxilla. Some teeth near the rear of the maxilla were somewhat enlarged. The differing numbers of upper and lower jaw teeth is also observed in colosteids.

The part of the snout around the nostril is strongly developed, representing about three quarters of the skull length in front of the eye sockets. The rear of each nasal bone is hollowed out by a large internal cavity. The contact surface between the maxilla and the praemaxilla is exceptionally large. The maxilla also has a large internal flange contacting the praemaxilla via two horizontal facets.

Premaxillary teeth are slender, serrated, and recurved. The maxilla has a long ascending process (upper branch) which remains a consistent height throughout its length. Other pseudosuchians either have a much shorter ascending process (early crocodylomorphs) or one which expands (rauisuchids) or tapers (more basal taxa) towards the rear. The posterior process (lower branch) of the maxilla is even longer, holding at least 15 teeth.

Other causes of an OAC are: maxillary fractures across the antral floor typically Le Fort I, displacement of posterior maxillary molar roots into antrum and direct trauma. An OAC can happen for many other more unusual reasons, such as acute or chronic inflammatory lesions around the tip of a tooth root which is in close proximity with the maxillary antrum, destructive lesions/tumours of the maxilla, failure of surgical incisions to heal (e.g. Caldwell-luc antrostomy), osteomyelitis of the maxilla, careless use of instruments during surgical procedures, Syphilis, implants and as a results of complex surgery (for example removal of a large cysts or resections of large tumours involving the maxilla.

Maxillae The maxillary dorsal process may have been slenderly built, and is similar in some respects to the observed anatomy in Oromycter. A modest anterodorsal process of the maxilla, is present at the level of the internal narial border of the bone medially. The dorsal terminus is broken in the more complete maxillary fragment, making it difficult to determine its original height. In contrast to Oromycter, the preserved base of the narial border of the dorsal process is wide and rounded, suggesting that an anterior maxillary shelf may have been present on the complete maxilla, the shape of the maxilla in this region also suggests that there may have been one.

Paul, G.S., 2010, The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs, Princeton University Press p. 306 No autapomorphies were given but a unique combination of diagnostic characteristics includes a high and sharp ascending branch of the maxilla, a short rear branch of the maxilla, relatively few tooth positions (twenty-seven in the maxilla), a transversely wide lower quadrate with a weak paraquadratic notch, a gracile upper arm, and an ischium that at the lower end of its rear edge curves towards its expanded tip. Mo et al. (2007), who described the specimen, performed a phylogenetic analysis that suggests Nanningosaurus was a basal lambeosaurine, although they stressed the support for this was tentative.

The maxilla (the second large bone of the upper jaw) and premaxilla articulated by an oblique suture, and the maxilla had an extensive palatal shelf. The nasal bone was smaller than in most birds, and had a slender process that directed down towards the maxilla. The orbit was large, round, and contained sclerotic plates (the bony support inside the eye). A crescent-shaped element that formed the front wall of the orbit may be an ethmoidolacrimal complex similar to that of pigeons, but the identity of these bones is unclear due to bad preservation, and the fact that this region is very variable in modern birds.

The jugal overlaps only the posterior end of the maxilla, which is unlike hadrosaurids where there is more overlap. The dental edge of the maxilla is slightly arced, and above the toothrow is a shallow depression bearing , also known as the buccal emargination that is diagnostic of Ornithischia. 20 teeth are preserved in the maxilla, although the anterior end of the toothrow is broken and Taquet (1976) predicted the total number to be 22. Restoration of the head displaying "nasal protuberances" Many of the central bones of the skull are the same form as those of hadrosaurids or related iguanodontians like Iguanodon and Mantellisaurus.

By comparison, lambeosaurins possess a particularly short medial wall, with that of Parasaurolophus showing an intermediate condition between the two. The dorsal process, another region of the bone, is again more similar to that of parasaurolophins, being relatively rounded rather than sharply tapering one as in lambeosaurins. The region where the maxilla articulates with the bone seems to indicate a parasaurolophin-like jugal as well, though this bone itself was not preserved. Near the back end of the maxilla, another distinguishing trait of Adelolophus is its large, elevated palatine process (a triangular feature of the bone); in other lambeosaurs, it is smaller and lower on the maxilla.

These fuse with the maxilla proper to form the bone found in humans, and some other mammals. In bony fish, amphibians, and reptiles, both maxilla and premaxilla are relatively plate-like bones, forming only the sides of the upper jaw, and part of the face, with the premaxilla also forming the lower boundary of the nostrils. However, in mammals, the bones have curved inward, creating the palatine process and thereby also forming part of the roof of the mouth. Birds do not have a maxilla in the strict sense; the corresponding part of their beaks (mainly consisting of the premaxilla) is called "upper mandible".

Life restoration Goyocephale is known from a partial skull, including both mandibles, the skull roof, part of the occiput, part of the braincase region, the posterior skull, the premaxilla, and the maxilla. The posterior edge of the skull roof, at the edge of the squamosal bones, has many small bony bumps, which would have been the base of small horns in life. A feature shared with pachycephalosaurids, Goyocephale had a heterodont dentition, with large caniniform premaxilla teeth, followed by a diastema between the premaxilla and the maxilla, and the regular sub- triangular teeth in the maxilla. Teeth in the premaxilla become larger farther posterior, with the last being the largest.

The alveolar canals are apertures in the center of the infratemporal surface of the maxilla. The alveolar canals transmit the posterior superior alveolar vessels and nerves.

Whiteside & Duffin (2017) described the second species, G. evansae, known from a partial maxilla recovered from Late Triassic (Rhaetian) fissure fills in Carboniferous Limestone in Somerset.

A tooth notch between the maxilla and premaxilla is a basal characteristic of the Neosuchia, although it is lost in some more derived forms, most notably alligatorids.

Specifically, they resemble those of Archaeopteryx. The holotype skull measures about twenty- three centimeters long (nine inches). The snout is pneumatised, with a sinus in each maxilla.

The front margin of the anterior zygomatic ridge was thickened, which produced a bulge on the side margin of the snout when viewed from the side and above. The lower part of the suture between the maxilla and the squamosal bone extended along the hind border of the anterior zygomatic ridge. The palatal processes of the maxilla formed most of the palate. The major palatine foramina had shallow grooves extending forward.

Diabolepis has a prominent snout; the more recurvature the snout, the greater is the proportion of the premaxilla that is included within the mouth cavity. The teeth within the premaxilla are folded with polyplocodont structure. The maxilla was either toothless or absent or there may have been a gap between the premaxilla and the maxilla. There is an intracranial joint or ventral fissure, two external nostrils, and separate enthopterygoids.

The zygomaticomaxillary complex fracture, also known as a quadripod fracture, quadramalar fracture, and formerly referred to as a tripod fracture or trimalar fracture, has four components: the lateral orbital wall (at either the zygomaticofrontal suture superiorly along the wall or zygomaticosphenoid suture inferiorly), separation of the maxilla and zygoma along the anterior maxilla (near the zygomaticomaxillary suture), the zygomatic arch, and the orbital floor near the infraorbital canal.

The broad skull would have accommodated powerful jaw muscles. The lower jaw was also deep, and when the mouth was closed it clamped firmly into the maxilla (upper jaw), like the blade of a penknife closing into its handle. This scissors-like action would have enabled rhynchosaurs to cut up tough plant material. The teeth were unusual; those in the maxilla and palate were modified into broad tooth plates.

The maxilla contains specimens largest teeth and is extended posterior to the center of the triangular lateral temporal fenestra. The maxilla, which is longer compared to other 'pelycosaurs' contacts the quadratojugal in this specimen. The lacrimal is a sheet of bone that covers most of the anterior orbital margin and constricts the front of the orbit. The jugal has a unique lateral serration and narrow postorbital ramus similar to Varanops.

Similar to other trionychoids, the orbits of Basilemys have large openings. At the antero-ventral edge of the orbit, a groove on the external surface of the maxilla borders it. The orbit is also extensively floored by the palatine which is a condition that is seen in the following genera: Adocus, Baptemys, and Dermatemys. On both sides of the skull of Basilemys, the triturating surface of the maxilla is visible.

There were two weakly thickened regions, or buttresses, on the maxilla, with one above the canines and one further back. Due to the shortness of the maxilla, the canines were located further forward than in close relatives. Like "H." garnettensis, Kenomagnathus had tall and nearly straight teeth, with striations on the inner surfaces of the teeth reaching the tips, but those of Kenomagnathus were more slender and blunter at the tip.

David Norman in 2019 examined the morphology of Scelidosaurus, comparing it with Emausaurus. In Emausaurus the maxilla has, overall, a similar morphology to that seen in Scelidosaurus. The disarticulated maxilla of Emausaurus exhibits an anteromedially directed robust process with which it met its counterpart in the midline, creating a wedge-like structure, with no obvious offset between the alveolar margins. In Emausaurus the structure of the frontals is not well preserved.

Chisocheton maxilla-pisticis is a tree in the family Meliaceae. The specific epithet ' is from the Latin meaning "shark jaw", referring to the shape of the young leaves.

Larvae that have grown in shallow water differ from larvae that grow in deeper water. The key difference is in the setation of the endopodite of the maxilla.

More than 70% involve the maxilla (usually maxillary anterior alveolar ridge), while the mandible and skull are affected less often. There is often an elevated vanilmandelic acid level.

Opisthoglyphous colubrids have enlarged, grooved teeth situated at the posterior extremity of the maxilla, where a small posterior portion of the upper labial or salivary gland produces venom.

Since a date of 44,000 to 41,000 moves the maxilla, and the presence of anatomically modern humans, back to a period when Neanderthals were still populating Europe this scientists endeavored to further study the morphology and genetics of the teeth and maxilla to confirm it was not in fact of Neanderthal origin. An attempt was made to extract mitochondrial DNA from one of the teeth, but there were insufficient amounts for valid DNA sequencing. To more accurately measure the morphology of the teeth against both AMH and Neanderthal traits a virtual three-dimensional model of the maxilla was generated from a CT scan. Using this detailed model both the external and internal shapes of the teeth with samples of AMH and Neanderthal fossils from several different sites. The Kent’s Cavern maxilla was determined to possess early modern human characteristics in all but 3 of the 16 dental characteristics examined, leading the researchers to re-confirm it as an anatomically modern human fossil.

Siamodon shows a combination of plesiomorphic and apomorphic features, including a maxilla shaped like an isosceles triangle, with the dorsal process located at about mid-length of the bone; a strong longitudinal bulge on the medial surface of the maxilla; at least 25 maxillary teeth, which bear a prominent median primary ridge, and one short weak subsidiary ridge or no subsidiary ridge at all, and mamillated denticles on the crown margins. The maxilla is 230 millimeters long, and has a height of 100 millimeters. The height of the isolated tooth is about 25-28 millimeters, and the width is about 14-17 millimeters. Siamodon differs from more basal iguanodontians, such as Iguanodon and closely related forms, in the morphology of its maxillary teeth, which are narrower and bear a strong median primary ridge, sometimes accompanied by a weak subsidiary ridge, instead of a distally displaced primary ridge and several subsidiary ridges, and the apex of the maxilla is in a more posterior position.

After traversing the canal it emerges onto the anterior surface of the maxilla through the infraorbital foramen. Here, it divides into its terminal branches; palpebral, nasal and superior labial.

The sharp serrations of the canines were maintained by the action of the wear with the lower canines, a process known as thegosis. The convex upper portion of the maxilla is ornamented with extensive furrows and pits. This texturing has been correlated with an extensive network of blood vessels, which may suggest that the upper maxilla was covered by some form of soft tissue which tentatively has been hypothesized as a "horn covering" (keratinous structure).

The premaxillae are not fused together, and each possess a large fang seemingly formed from three fused teeth. The front part of the premaxilla is very short, but the rear part is long, excluding the maxilla from the long nares (nostril holes). Each maxilla possesses about thirteen or fourteen acrodont teeth which are fused to the bone (as is typical for rhynchocephalians). The first six or seven teeth are tiny and simple.

The premaxilla contains a deep alveolar portion with room for two teeth and the maxilla is slightly elongated in comparison to other anomodonts. On the posterior portion of the maxilla, the characteristic anomodont curvature is seen in the zygomatic arch. The nasal, prefrontal, and lacrimal resemble in both form and position those of other more basal anomodonts. Additionally, the jugal has a greater marginal exposure than other anomodonts and it tapers posteriorly.

Reconstructed skeleton (Dinosaurland, Lyme Regis) The premaxilla has six teeth and the maxilla has at least thirteen teeth. Although the back, maxillary, teeth are fan-shaped like those of a plant eater, the front premaxillary teeth are narrower and longer, more like a carnivorous dinosaur. This may mean that Jeholosaurus was omnivorous, eating both plants and animals. The deeply inset ventral margin in the maxilla suggests fleshy cheeks may have been present.

There were at least 10 teeth in the maxilla, possibly up to 12 assuming that the rear part of the maxilla (which was not preserved) was similar to that of Silesaurus and Sacisaurus. Like other silesaurids, the teeth were ankylothecodont, set in sockets but also fused to the bone through small ridges. The teeth are conical, pointed, and slightly recurved. Some specimens' teeth have poorly developed serrations, while others are more prominent.

A primary space is a potential space between adjacent soft tissue structures that communicate directly with the infected tooth through the eroded bone. In the upper jaw (maxilla), the primary spaces are the buccal and vestibular spaces. The most clinically significant structures that dictate the pattern of infectious spread are the buccinator muscle and the maxillary sinus. Infection that originates above the buccinator's attachment point with the maxilla will spread laterally into the buccal space.

The holotype of the species, BNMH R. 332, had been found in a layer, the "freestone", of the Upper Inferior Oolite dating from the late Bajocian, about 168 million years old. It consists of skull and lower jaw parts. It contains both premaxillae, a right maxilla, a possible vomer, both dentaries and a right surangular. Most of the material is present in a main block; a second block had been separated, longitudinally splitting the maxilla.

This means that equal amount of dental and skeletal expansion is achieved, compared to RME technique where mostly skeletal expansion is achieved initially. Slow expansion has also been advocated to be more physiologic to the tissues of the maxilla and it causes less pain. Some studies have reported that diastema in slow type of expansion also happens less due to the interdental fibers having chance to close the space as the maxilla is being expanded.

The maxilla is cleaver-shaped with a large postorbital blade. Two to three rows of conical teeth are present. The teeth normally show cutting edges. The preopercle is boomerang-shaped.

Paired frontals. External intracranial joint is absent. Parietal located between the orbits and main portion posterior to orbits. In P. rhombolepis, the squamosal touches the maxilla (varies among specimens though).

Most lampridiforms have highly protrusile jaws in which depression of the lower jaw dislocates the maxilla of the upper, so that it moves forward bodily, carrying the premaxilla with it.

An idealized diagnostic wax-up for a partially edentulous maxilla. In dentistry, diagnostic wax-up is used to visualize the results of a prosthetic case prior to the treatment being executed.

Therefore, each bone and its counterpart bone both grow to a certain extent to maintain the balanced growth. An example is the growth of maxilla corresponding to the growth of mandible.

Cartilaginous fish, such as sharks, also lack a true maxilla. Their upper jaw is instead formed from a cartilaginous bar that is not homologous with the bone found in other vertebrates.

The family is diagnosed by the presence two synapomorphies: (1) the largest tooth is located far anteriorly on the maxilla; and (2) cranial ornamentation consists of sparse and shallow circular dimples.

The teeth gradually decrease in length, the last 2 teeth being quite smaller. The maxilla counts with 1-4 teeth with 5-7 cusps, the central of which is the longest.

The prefrontal, however, came down ventrally under the margin of the maxilla and contacts the anterior tip of the suborbital process A line drawn from the preserved anterior alveolar margin of the maxilla to the lower edge of the prefrontal showed that the ventral margin of the maxilla was straight, very similar to the rostral structure known of Clarazia. Upon further examination, the other characteristics found true of this fossil were a striated external surface of bone with smooth bone resembling "pseudodont teeth". The first of which was blunt, procumbent and short, the second was pointed and thinner, the third (although the tip was broken) the thick base implied a blunt tooth. There was an additional broken stump which may suggest a fourth tooth.

Life restoration of Erpetosuchus When Erpetosuchidae was first defined to include Erpetosuchus and Parringtonia, three synapomorphies or shared characteristics were identified for the family: teeth restricted to the anterior half of the maxilla, a posterior half of the maxilla that is thicker than it is tall, and no tooth serrations (although Tarjadia was known to have serrated teeth). Other possible synapomorphies of the two taxa were considered tentative due to having not yet been sampled in the cladistic analysis. In Erpetosuchus, the medially inclined lower external surface of the maxilla continues posteriorly onto the jugal, exposing much of the external surface of the jugal in ventral view. This morphology unites the North American and European specimens of Erpetosuchus with Parringtonia gracilis.

Some of these shared features include relative size and shape of the temporal fenestra, lateral swelling of the maxilla in the caniniform region and five premaxillary tooth positions (not reported in other mycterosaurines). Though M. efremovi and M. romeri share many distinct features, there are four main morphological differences between these specimens that deem a taxonomic distinction at the species level (differences insufficient for distinction above species level): # The presence of short dorsal premaxillary processes (that do not extend to either the posterior narial margin or the posterior separation of the premaxillae by the nasals) # More posteriorly extensive maxilla # Fewer tooth positions on the maxilla # Contact between the postorbital and supratemporal bones M. efremovi is also larger than the largest known specimen of M. romeri.

Life restoration Possible size estimated by Holtz 2012 The maxilla is long and low, with the process above the antorbital fenestra being horizontal, similar to other advanced troodontids. However, some features of the maxilla are more similar to the condition in basal troodontids such as Sinovenator. These include the presence of a promaxillary fenestra which is visible in lateral view, a narrow promaxillary strut (the bar of bone between the maxillary and promaxillary fenestrae), and a narrow interfenestral strut (the bar of bone between the maxillary and antorbital fenestrae). Geminiraptor is uniquely characterized by the presence of a large pneumatic chamber which expands the maxilla into a triangular shape in cross section, with the base formed by a bony shelf lingual to the teeth.

The greater palatine canal starts on the inferior aspect of the pterygopalatine fossa. It goes through the maxilla and palatine bones to reach the palate, ending at the greater palatine foramen. From this canal, accessory canals branch off; these are known as the lesser palatine canals. The canal is formed by a vertical groove on the posterior part of the maxillary surface of the palatine bone; it is converted into a canal by articulation with the maxilla.

Unlike in the modern sperm whale, the premaxillae reached the sides of the snout. The upper jaw was thick, especially midway through the snout. The snout was asymmetrical, with the right maxilla in the upper jaw becoming slightly convex towards the back of the snout, and the left maxilla becoming slightly concave towards the back of the snout. The vomer reached the tip of the snout, and was slightly concave, decreasing in thickness from the back to the front.

However, they are now both known to be present in Yonghesuchus and (to a lesser extent) Gracilisuchus, so they likely diagnose the entire family Gracilisuchidae, or possibly even larger subsets of Archosauria. For example, the premaxillary posterodorsal process of Revueltosaurus also bisects its nasal, and a posterodorsal process of the maxilla is present in some aetosaurs and poposauroids. The premaxilla probably had five teeth, while the maxilla had at least 13. Preserved teeth were curved and finely serrated.

It had a dip towards the font, which made the area by its base concave in profile. The underside of the premaxilla containing the alveoli (tooth sockets) was oval. The maxilla was shallow, and was depressed around the antorbital fenestra (a large opening in front of the eye), forming a recess that was rounded towards the front, and smoother than the rest of the maxilla. A foramen called the preantorbital fenestra opened into this recess at the front bend.

For example, the shape of the maxilla shows that aphanosaurs had an antorbital fenestra, a large hole on the snout just in front of the eyes. Coupled with an antorbital depression (a collapsed area of bone which surrounded the fenestra), these indicate that aphanosaurs belonged to the group Archosauria. A partially-erupted tooth was also preserved on the lower edge of the maxilla. This tooth was flattened from the sides, slightly curved backwards, and serrated along its front edge.

The skull belongs to a large animal, with the preserved portions measuring and an estimated complete length of approximately , resembling those of other basal loricatans. The material largely consists of the skull roof, including the nasals, maxilla and part of the premaxilla. The snout is narrow and pointed, with a tall maxilla. Only a small, rounded front portion of the antorbital fenestra is preserved, though it was likely triangular based on the height of the skull.

Baldwinonus trux is known from a fragment of a right maxilla or upper jaw bone, part of a quadrate bone, and several vertebrae. The maxilla contains 25 tooth sockets, some with teeth. There are sockets for five precaniniform teeth at the front of the jaw, two caniniform teeth behind them, and eight postcaniniform teeth at the back of the jaw. The margin of the jaw is straight for most of its length but curves upward toward the front tip.

The skull is otherwise of normal Parotosuchus structure, but has a small internasal vacuity between the dorsal processes of the premaxillae. Lateral lines are often shown as continuous grooves with well- defined borders. A deep groove on the maxilla begins immediately behind and lateral to the nostril and passes straight back to the lachrymal, on which bone it turns outward and forward and ends abruptly. Another groove appears to begin on the maxilla, immediately lateral to that described above.

There are also high ridges on the dorsal margins of the orbit, and a small midline crest anterior to the pineal foreman. The lacrimal is large, with two fossae where it contacts the maxilla that are not well defined. This structure is not like anything seen in basal therapsids, but it is present in other burnetiamorphs. The squamosal is poorly defined, but deformation of the zygomatic arch suggests the squamosal extends nearly to the posterior end of the maxilla.

Dorsal spines (total): 0; Dorsal soft rays (total): 14-19; Anal spines: 0; Anal soft rays: 19 - 26; Vertebrae: 43 - 47. Snout quite sharply pointed; maxilla moderate, tip sharply pointed, reaching to or almost to hind border of pre-operculum, projecting well beyond tip of second supra-maxilla; tip of lower jaw below nostril. Gill rakers slender, long; absent on hind face of third epibranchial. Anal fin origin under about base of last dorsal fin ray.

Emerson claimed that expansion was achieved in 2 weeks by separation of maxilla along the Midpalatal suture . Dr. Angell faced much criticism from people in the field of dentistry at that point.

But the second maxilliped has segments arranged in usual serial manner; bearing exopod; endopod 4-segmented. Mandible usually with incisor and molar processes and palp. Second maxilla with palp; endite well developed.

The maxilla is the second most common location after the paranasal sinuses, while the mandible and temporal bone are infrequently affected. This tumor does not frequently extracranial sites nor soft tissues sites.

Males have a brown-black maxilla and white mandible and females have entirely black bills. Immatures are similar in appearance to adults, but are brownish underneath and lack the white wing spot.

However, in narwhals the male tusk is implanted in the left maxilla, whereas in Odobenocetops it is implanted in the right premaxilla. The tusks in these two genera are therefore not homologous.

Hominin diversity in the middle Pliocene of eastern Africa: the maxilla of KNM-WT 40000. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 365, 3377–3388. (10.1098/rstb.2010.0042)Spoor F, Leakey MG, O'Higgins P. 2016.

Anterior row of eyes occupying the full width of carapace. Maxilla are nearly parallel. All legs with spines and hair. Female is larger than male, usually about 6.55 to 8.25 mm in length.

The dentition is the number and type of teeth that an animal possesses. The mammalian jaw is composed of a lower jaw known as the mandible (dentary bone) that houses the lower molars, and an upper jaw commonly referred to as the maxilla that contains the upper molars. The dentition of the Jamaican fig-eating bat is specialized for its frugivorous diet. The first and second upper molars of the maxilla have a broad surface that is used for shearing fruit.

Razanandrongobe had five teeth in each premaxilla, at least ten in each maxilla, and eight in each half of the dentary. Most of the tooth sockets were sub-circular, although the inner half of the sockets in the maxilla and the front of the dentary were rectangular. All of them were wider than they were long, and were nearly vertical. Larger sockets were separated by narrower distances than smaller teeth, with the separating surfaces being ornamented like the paradental shelves.

SARPE is performed to address the transverse dimension changes in a patient. Sometimes this surgery is followed by Le Fort 1 in a second surgery to address the vertical and the anterior-posterior changes. Between the two surgeries, a patient's constricted maxillary arch is expanded with the rapid maxillary expander device placed in the maxilla. For the first surgery, under local anaesthesia and iv sedation or general anesthesia, a patient first goes through Le Fort fracture of skull without the downfracture of maxilla.

The (skull opening for the nostril) was less than half the size of the orbit (eye socket). It was bordered by the nasal, premaxilla, and, to a small extent, the maxilla, the latter two forming the upper jaw. Between the premaxilla and maxilla there was a large opening, the subnarial foramen. The antorbital fossa, an additional skull opening seen in most dinosaurs that was situated between the external naris and orbit, was less than half the length of the orbit.

The antorbital fossa, the basin surrounding the antorbital fenestra, was deep. The premaxilla has a characteristically long posterodorsal process that articulates with the nasals, excluding the maxilla from the external naris, which tapers posteriorly. A narrow slit was identified between the premaxilla and maxilla, as in other loricatans, however this feature is likely to be from postmortem distortion rather than anatomical. An unusual feature found in Luperosuchus is the tall, mediolaterally compressed crest that sits on the front of the snout.

In humans, the premaxilla is referred to as the incisive bone and is the part of the maxilla which bears the incisor teeth, and encompasses the anterior nasal spine and alar region. In the nasal cavity, the premaxillary element projects higher than the maxillary element behind. The palatal portion of the premaxilla is a bony plate with a generally transverse orientation. The incisive foramen is bound anteriorly and laterally by the premaxilla and posteriorly by the palatine process of the maxilla.

This ridge extends from the upper part of the maxilla onto the lacrimal, prefrontal, and frontal. Chanaresuchus and Proterochampsa have a similar ridge in front of the orbit, though it is less pronounced and does not extend onto the maxilla. Various smaller ridges and rough spots are present near the large diagonal ridge of Rugarhynchos. These include a raised, bulbous rim of the orbit, a thin horizontal ridge on the prefrontal, and a thicker ridge along the prefrontal-frontal suture.

The majority of the lower jaw is formed by the dentary, which possess diverse teeth similar to those of the maxilla and premaxilla. The first few are large and conical, and the fourth or fifth tooth is yet another enlarged caniniform tooth. Unlike the maxillary caniniform tooth which is serrated on both the front and rear edges, the dentary caniform is serrated on only the rear edge. Dentary teeth past the caniform are similar to those in the rear part of the maxilla.

They instead found that Dilophosaurus was a coelophysoid, with Cryolophosaurus and Sinosaurus being more derived, as basal members of the group Tetanurae. Belgian paleontologist Christophe Hendrickx and colleagues defined the Dilophosauridae to include Dilophosaurus and Dracovenator in 2015, and noted that while general uncertainty exists about the placement of this group, it appears to be slightly more derived than the Coelophysoidea, and the sister group to the Averostra. The Dilophosauridae share features with the Coelophysoidea such as the subnarial gap and the front teeth of the maxilla pointing forwards, while features shared with Averostra include a fenestra at the front of the maxilla and a reduced number of teeth in the maxilla. They suggested that the cranial crests of Cryolophosaurus and Sinosaurus had either evolved convergently, or were a feature inherited from a common ancestor.

Mimeosaurus is unique among iguanians in having premaxilla bones at the tip of the snout that are reduced in size, as well as having two pairs of enlarged canine-like teeth in the maxilla.

On the posterior part of this surface is a deep vertical groove, converted into the pterygopalatine canal, by articulation with the maxilla; this canal transmits the descending palatine vessels, and the anterior palatine nerve.

Each upper jaw bone (maxilla) is armed with twelve large, blade-like, triangular teeth. Both sides of the maxillary teeth are strengthened by a central ridge and these teeth terminate in two tips (bicuspid).

Alternatively, if the former is not possible, consideration should be given to whether roots of teeth can be retained in strategic locations in the maxilla or mandible to help with the stability of the prostheses.

Bakonybatrachus is known from the holotype MTM V 2010.283.1, a well preserved right ilium and from some referred isolated bones, including MTM V 2009.34.1, right maxilla, MTM V 2008.31.1, left angulospenial, and MTM V 2008.30.

The first description was given in an examination of material discovered at Alcoota in the Northern Territory of Australia. The holotype was a single fossil maxilla fragment found in 1974 by the palaeontologist Michael Archer.

Half Moon Bay fossil mammals Balaenoptera bertae is estimated to be . It is slightly smaller than the modern minke whale. It is known from a partial skull which is missing a maxilla, premaxillae and nasals.

This species has a big flattened head, strongly expended upper lip, prolonged-conical body and thickened anterior. The mandibula is longer than maxilla. It reaches . A triangular dark spot is visible near the caudal fin.

According to the describers Fukuisaurus was exceptional in that its skull was not kinetic: the tooth-bearing maxilla would be so strongly fused to the vomer that a sideways chewing motion would have been impossible.

In human anatomy, the incisive bone or (Latin) os incisivum is the portion of the maxilla adjacent to the incisors. It is formed from the fusion of a pair of small cranial bones at the very tip of the jaws of many animals, usually bearing teeth, but not always. They are connected to the maxilla and the nasals. While Johann Wolfgang von Goethe was not the first one to discover the incisive bone in humans, he was the first to prove its presence across mammals.

The bone did not contain enough uncontaminated surface area to re- date. This lack of adequate sample size was addressed when the research utilized the research archives from the Torquay Museum to obtain samples of other animal bones which had been excavate at Kent’s Cavern. These bones were obtained from strata with recorded depths both above and below the spot where the maxilla was found. The bone, which included cave bear and woolly rhino obtained from close proximity to the maxilla, were then radiocarbon dated.

SK 847 was discovered on July 23, 1969 in Swartkrans, Republic of South Africa by Ronald Clarke, who is also credited with the discovery of "Little Foot". It is made up of three separate pieces including facial fragments, a temporal bone, and a maxilla. The maxilla, however, was discovered previously by Robert Broom in 1948. It was not until Clarke discovered the other two fragments did they know that the three pieces belonged to the same individual and were part of the same cranium.

A buccal exostosis is an exostosis (bone prominence) on the buccal surface (cheek side) of the alveolar ridge of the maxilla or mandible. More commonly seen in the maxilla than the mandible, buccal exostoses are considered to be site specific. Existing as asymptomatic bony nodules, buccal exostoses don’t usually present until adult life, and some consider buccal exostoses to be a variation of normal anatomy rather than disease. Bone is thought to become hyperplastic, consisting of mature cortical and trabecular bone with a smooth outer surface.

Tralkasaurus was described by Cerroni and colleagues as a "medium-sized abelisaurid" based on the available material. Its maxilla has a length of , smaller than that of the similarly "medium-sized" Skorpiovenator (at , with the whole animal measuring long). It is most comparable to the smallest-known abelisaurid, MMCh-PV 69, from the Candeleros Formation, with Tralkasaurus pubis measuring long and MMCh-PV 69's pubis measuring long. The maxilla of Tralkasaurus is a subtriangular bone covered in neurovascular (pits formed by innervation) and rugosities (roughened areas).

Maxillae, including the holotype, DMNH EPV.65879, A-H The maxilla is much deeper and more robust in Kwanasaurus than in any other silesaurid. There are replacement pits on the inner edge of the tooth row similar to those of thyreophorans, and smaller and more numerous pits on the outer surface of the maxilla. Five of the replacement pits at the midlength of the bone are set in a groove, a trait also present in Silesaurus and silesaurid skull material from the Ntawere Formation.

Unlike other proterochampsians, the nares (nostril holes) did not seem to be oriented upwards. The rear branch of the premaxilla wedges into an extensive suture between the nasal and maxilla. There were 20 teeth in the maxillary tooth row, significantly more than in the maxillae of proterochampsids but in line with other doswelliids. Four enlarged teeth in the front half of the tooth row are covered by a convex extension, giving the maxilla a sigmoid lower edge akin to that of "robust-morph" phytosaurs.

Care must be taken as to not injure the inferior palatine artery. Prior to the procedure, the orthodontist has an orthopedic appliance attached to the maxilla teeth, bilaterally, extending over the palate with an attachment so the surgeon may use a hex-like screw to place into the device to push from anterior to posterior to start spreading the bony segments. The expansion of the maxilla may take up to 8 weeks with the surgeon advancing the expander hex lock, sideways (← →), once a week.

Portions of the snout and upper skull have been weathered away, but many notable features are preserved. The maxilla contains 31 teeth, an unusually high number which is only surpassed by Microleter and Lanthanosuchus among parareptiles. The teeth are small, slender, and conical, retaining roughly the same size and shape except for a subtle decrease in size towards the rear of the maxilla. The prefrontal is simple, hosting a small buttress in front of the orbits (eye holes) and being dissimilar in shape to that of procolophonids.

Its maxilla extends posteriorly to vertical through the anterior margin of the orbit, being aligned at an angle of about 45 degrees relative to the longitudinal body axis. The premaxilla counts with two teeth rows: the outer row has three pentacuspid teeth with the central cusp being longer; five teeth in the inner premaxillary row. The teeth gradually decrease in length, the last tooth being quite smaller. The maxilla counts with two or three teeth with three to five cusps, the central of which is the longest.

Glands in the centre of the body produce the venom and connect to the reservoirs. It is suspected that all remipede species have some type of poison apparatus since all have fangs on the first maxilla.

From the lower border of the inferior nasal concha, a thin lamina, the maxillary process, curves downward and laterally; it articulates with the maxilla and forms a part of the medial wall of the maxillary sinus.

The maxilla is also closed completely. In fossils of one of the first eutheriodonts, the beginnings of a palate are clearly visible. The later Thrinaxodon has a full and completely closed palate, forming a clear progression.

The second category uses the principles of Osteodistraction and osteotomies to facilitate correction of often severe malocclusions, such as rapid maxillary expansion to correct a narrow maxilla or closure of large clefts in cleft palate patients.

There is additional six long recurved teeth located ventral to the postorbital bar, but the function of them are a mystery. The mandibular teeth are smaller, closely spaced, uniform in its recurved shape compared to the maxilla.

It is known only from the fragmentary remains of its jaw. Maxilla short and high.Its skull was long, about a meter in length. It was carnivorous and may have grown to a length of 6 meters, approx.

Reconstructed skull in Japan, based on large size estimates Though incompletely known, the skull of Giganotosaurus appears to have been low. The maxilla of the upper jaw had a long tooth row, was deep from top to bottom, and its upper and lower edges were almost parallel. The maxilla had a pronounced process (projection) under the nostril, and a small, ellipse-shaped fenestra (opening), as in Allosaurus and Tyrannosaurus. The nasal bone was very rugose (rough and wrinkled), and these rugosities continued backwards, covering the entire upper surface of this bone.

Previously to his work, the information about how rotation of jaws playing role in growth of maxilla and mandible was under-appreciated. Björk, through his research, defined concepts of Forward Rotation and Backward Rotation of jaws. He defined Forward Rotation of jaw where the posterior growth of maxilla and mandible is greater than the anterior and Backward Rotation as where the anterior growth of jaws is greater than the posterior areas. Björk also developed seven structural signs that helped find the direction of the growth of mandible, also known as Bjork Analysis.

The 22+ maxillary teeth are characteristic as well, being conical, closely spaced, and bearing longitudinal striations at their tips. The teeth are slightly heterodont, with those at the front of the maxilla having more recurved tips than those at the back of the maxilla, or the four at the premaxilla. The left and right frontal and parietal bones at the top of the skull are more robust, flatter, and unfused to their counterparts in contrast to those of Marmoretta. There may have been a small gap where the frontals and parietals meet.

Some researchers refute the Bayesian method obtained date, and argue that we cannot rely on the assumption that the deposits in which all the dated artefacts were located were undisturbed. They argue that the Bayesian AMS site chronology is problematic because it presents dating for material found above the maxilla returning an older date, implying that the material contexts had been disturbed.White, M. & Pettitt, P., 2012. Ancient Digs and Modern Myths: The Age and Context of the Kent’s Cavern 4 Maxilla and the Earliest Homo sapiens Specimens in Europe.

Overall, the palate is convex, with a broad, triangular vomer, with paired tubercles, rounded projections pointing ventrally, similar to other akidnognathids. The palatine bones (forming the back of the roof of the mouth) are enlarged and thick, especially on their outer edges where they are joined to the maxilla. On their inner edges, the palatines are joined to the pterygoid and vomer on the nose, forming part of the circumference of the nasal cavity. Between the palatine and maxilla, just behind the canines, are large foramens, presumably to allow for nerves.

At this position, it met the portion of the palate formed by the palatine bones, and bordered the openings known as the suborbital fenestrae. In this way, the palate of Razanandrongobe resembled those of the Ziphosuchia, including Araripesuchus. On the interior of the maxilla, there was a smooth groove, which may have corresponded to a pneumatic opening in the skull that is also seen in the modern Alligator. The inside of the tooth row on the premaxilla and maxilla bore a paradental shelf covered in ridges and furrows.

As this specimen is not definitively proven to belong to Kadimakara, many of its features may not necessarily apply to the genus. However, its referral to Kadimakara is likely legitimate due to the fact that the snout bones closely resemble those of Prolacerta. The maxilla (the main toothed bone of the snout) was covered in shallow longitudinal furrows but otherwise had a conventional design, with a large main body and a wedge-like prong extending backwards to contact the jugal bone. Several teeth have also been preserved attached to the maxilla.

Detail of the skull and jaw of Xingxiulong Unlike the contemporary Lufengosaurus, Xingxiulong does not have a ridge on the side of its maxilla. Eleven tooth sockets are preserved along the length of the maxilla. Further back, in front of the eye socket, the lacrimal bears a prominent projection near the top of its front end, which is also seen in Lufengosaurus, Adeopapposaurus, Massospondylus, and Riojasaurus, but not Yunnanosaurus, Jingshanosaurus, or subsequent sauropodiforms. The contact surface between the jugal bone and postorbital bone is fairly long, like Lufengosaurus but not Yunnanosaurus.

Similar to Giraffatitan, the neck of the occipital condyle was very long. Diagram of the Felch Quarry skull, with known material in white The premaxilla appears to have been longer than that of Camarasaurus, sloping more gradually toward the nasal bar, which created the very long snout. Brachiosaurus had a long and deep maxilla (the main bone of the upper jaw), which was thick along the margin where the alveoli (tooth sockets) were placed, thinning upward. The interdental plates of the maxilla were thin, fused, porous, and triangular.

Life restoration Mosaiceratops can be distinguished by multiple autapomorphic features which include: the presence of an evident premaxillar groove between the rostral bone and the maxilla in lateral view, and the elongation of the anterior part of the jugal. In addition, the taxon appears to be different from other neoceratopsians in the width proportion between premaxilla and maxilla, with the former being broader in lateral view. The presence of that trait is plesiomorphic, being shared with Psittacosaurus. But the skull overall is more similar to advanced taxa like Aquilops or Liaoceratops.

It has a long and tapering posterior process (rear branch) and a shorter ascending process (upper branch) separated by a triangular antorbital fenestra which forms a 40 degrees angle. The maxilla also has an unusually long anterior process (forward branch), forming the "stem" of the Y shape. It is uncertain whether the front edge of the maxilla formed part of the naris (like Batrachotomus) or contacted the premaxilla (like other loricatans). The possible quadratojugal fossil is thick and sharply angled, apparently contacting a long jugal but not the quadrate, unlike its relatives.

At the tip of the jaw, the premaxilla and maxilla are separated by a groove, which is also a defining characteristic of Sinosaurus. The premaxilla would have been taller than it is long, which is similar to specimen LFGT LDM-L10 of Sinosaurus triassicus but unlike either Dilophosaurus or specimen KMV 8701 of Sinosaurus sinensis. Also like LFGT LDM-L10, the bottom edge of the premaxilla is much higher than the maxilla. The two bones are at the same level in KMV 8701, and are angled away from each other in Dilophosaurus.

The material referred to Shaochilong, IVPP V.2885.1-7, consisted of skull fragments (a braincase, partial skull roof, quadrates, and a right maxilla), axis and six caudal vertebrae. A fragmentary left maxilla was also referred to the species, although it has apparently gone missing as of 2009. Although these are believed to belong to a single individual, a lectotype was established in 2010 to accommodate for the possibility that the specimens came from multiple individuals. The lectotype consists of the braincase (IVPP V.2885.1) and partial skull roof (IVPP V.2885.2).

Comparison of skulls of E. schroederi (A), unnamed Spanish specimen (B), and E. gouldi (C) Eichstaettisaurus can be identified by flattened skulls with short, blunt, and rounded snouts. E. schroederi had large nostrils. The tooth-bearing bones of the snout, the premaxilla and the maxilla, were likely connected by a band of soft tissue in E. schroederi. The premaxilla had 6 or 7 teeth in E. gouldi, but the number in E. schroederi is unknown; the maxilla had approximately 22 teeth in E. schroederi, and at least 30 in E. gouldi.

The eye sockets were circular and about in diameter. There were five teeth per premaxilla (the paired bones that made up the snout), twenty per maxilla (the paired bones that made up the cheeks), and an unknown number in the lower jaw. The teeth differed slightly from the tip of the snout to the cheeks, having more flattened cross-sections and stronger curves in the cheek. The third or fourth tooth of the lower jaw was notably enlarged, fitting into a notch in the upper jaw between the premaxilla and maxilla.

Another distinguishing characteristic of the bayou killifish also belongs to the subgenera that it belongs to, "Fundulus." All seven species belonging to this subgenera, including F. pulvereus, are native to the Gulf coast and Atlantic waters of North America. What makes them different from other killifish species is the formation of the maxilla, a bone that helps form the upper jaw of the fish. In F. pulvereus and other species belonging to the subgenera "Fundulus", the maxilla has a distinctly concave edge near the back of the bone, toward the brain.

The skull also has a small internasal vacuity between the dorsal processes of the premaxillae and lateral lines are often shown as continuous grooves with well-defined borders. A deep groove on the maxilla begins immediately behind and lateral to the nostril and passes straight back to the lachrymal, on which bone it turns outward and forward and ends abruptly. Another groove appears to begin on the maxilla, immediately lateral to that described above. It passes back just above the insertion of the teeth for the full length of the bone.

The skull of Rautiania possessed a number of unique characteristics, which assist in distinguishing members of the genus from other weigeltisaurids, as well as each Rautiania species (Rautiania alexandri and Rautiania minichi) from each other. The premaxilla (a toothed bone at the tip of the snout) was long and narrow, with 11 to 13 teeth (More than twice as many as in Weigeltisaurus jaekeli). The maxilla (a toothed bone at the side of the snout) differed between species. R. alexandri had a maxilla with 30 closely spaced teeth and a ridge under the eye socket.

Anteromedial to the tusks, the maxilla bears a sharp edge. A sharp palatal notch and a maxillary notch are located behind the rear edge of the maxilla and upper anterior region of the tusks, respectively. Whether the presence of tusks is a sexual dimorphism in Robertia is questioned, as the best preserved specimens all have tusks, but it is more difficult to determine if they are evident in the poorly preserved fossils. Some studies determined that tusks were variable in Robertia, however more recent accounts have stated they are consistently present across Robertia.

The skull material known is fragmentary, with a few parts of the cranium, the maxilla and some of the rostrum, and several examples of teeth. The maxilla is long, as is the preorbital fenestra just above it, and has a break indicating that there was probably a large medial process. The whole snout was slightly elongated but quite narrow. The blade-like teeth are laterally compressed and serrated, with a slight backwards curve, and would have been excellent for slicing through flesh, clearly indicating that Scythosuchus was a carnivore like other rauisuchids.

In North American tyrannosaurids, this force went from the maxilla into the fused nasal bones on top of the snout, which were firmly connected in the rear to the lacrimal bones by bony struts. These struts locked the two bones together, suggesting that force was then transmitted from the nasals to the lacrimals. Tarbosaurus lacked these bony struts, and the connection between the nasals and lacrimals was weak. Instead, a backwards projection of the maxilla was massively developed in Tarbosaurus and fit inside a sheath formed from the lacrimal.

The maxilla and premaxilla of Baryonyx fit together in a complex articulation, and the resulting gap between the upper and lower jaw is known as the . A downturned premaxilla and a sigmoid lower margin of the upper tooth row was also present in distantly related theropods such as Dilophosaurus. The snout had extensive (openings), which would have been exits for blood vessels and nerves, and the maxilla appears to have housed sinuses. Reconstruction of the holotype skull, Museon, The Hague Baryonyx had a rudimentary , similar to crocodiles but unlike most theropod dinosaurs.

These latter taxa also have a longer snout, with more distance from the first tooth until the nasal process of the premaxilla. As well, Europasaurus shares with the basal camarasauromorphs (brachiosaurids, Camarasaurus, Euhelopus and Malawisaurus) a similarly sized orbit and nasal fenestra, whereas the nasal opening is significantly reduced in derived titanosaurs (Rapetosaurus, Tapuiasaurus and Nemegtosaurus). Teeth of the upper jaw A single maxilla is present in the well-preserved material of Europasaurus, DFMMh/FV 291.17. This maxilla has a long body, with two elongate processes, a nasal and a posterior process.

Further back on the skull, the quadrate bone articulates with the squamosal bone above and the lower jaw below; the long shaft at the rear of the quadrate is very strongly angled, forming an angle of 160° with the jaw margin, like other ctenochasmatids. The jaw joint is directly underneath the eye socket. At the back of the maxilla, the palate form a wide shelf which is deeply notched at the back, forming in part the suborbital fenestra. Small spikes along the midline of the suborbital fenestra represent the palatine bones, which contact the maxilla.

In most snakes, teeth are located on the dentary of the lower jaw, the maxilla, the palatine bone and the lateral pterygoid plate. The latter form an "inner row" of teeth that can move separately from the rest of the jaws and are used to help "walk" the jaws over prey. Several snake lineages have evolved venom which is typically delivered by specialized teeth called fangs located on the maxilla. Most snakes can be placed into one of four groups, based on their teeth, which correlate strongly with venom and lineage.

Galleonosaurus was a small-bodied non- iguanodontian ornithopod. It is characterized by five potential autapomorphies: ascending ramus of maxilla has two slot-like foramina on the anterior margin that communicate with the neurovascular tract; neurovascular tract bifurcates internally to exit at two anteroventral maxillary foramina; lingual margin of maxillary tooth roots in midregion of tooth row form an S-bend at their bases; posterior third of maxilla on some, but not all, specimens deflects posterolaterally at an abrupt kink; and lateral end of palatine lateral ramus forms a hatchet-shaped flange.

The snout is pointed with a low rounded tip. The premaxilla, the bone forming the front of the snout, carries five teeth. The maxilla behind it, is deep with a very short front branch. It carries seven teeth.

The dorsal part of mandible is without tubercle and without setose cavity. The incisor edge of mandible is either simple or have single tooth. Prostheca is absent or without articulated, sclerotized process. Maxilla with distinct galea and lacinia.

Finally, when a jaw is malrotated around the vertical axis, it has abnormal yaw. It can occur in maxilla and/or mandible and could result due to abnormal growth of the jaws in itself or as compensatory growth.

The posterior lamina of its cleithrum is widened. It shows a short maxilla with a relatively developed coronoid process. Itd 3rd, 4th and 5th pharyngeal teeth in its external row are small or even lack a masticatory area.

Its fossils were found in Uzbekistan, central Asia. The holotype, CCMGE No. 495/12457, was in 1914 discovered by geologist Andrei Dmitrievich Arkhangelsky. It consists of a left maxilla, of which the front end has been broken off.

The fourth and fifth teeth of the maxilla were enlarged. Ridges and other sculpting were present on the upper surface of the snout. The shoulder bones were robust. Nesbitt and colleagues described their new genus as a basal sphenosuchian.

Paramysis baeri can be distinguished from P. bakuensis and other species of the subgenus Paramysis s. str. by the rather broad, almost quadrangular exopod of maxilla 2, the strongly serrated paradactylar claw-setae of pereiopod 6, and other features.

In Hungary in 1969, a tooth (the premolar of the Maxilla) was found which dated to the Middle Pleistocene, and was assessed as being midway between that of Canis mosbachensis and Canis lupus spelaeus, but leaning towards C.l. spelaeus.

The type species, Arizonasaurus babbitti, was named by Samuel Paul Welles in 1947 on the basis of a few teeth and a maxilla, labelled as specimen UCMP 36232. A fairly complete skeleton was found in 2002 by Sterling Nesbitt.

Diplomystids are the only extant catfish family with teeth on a well-developed maxilla (although this is also true of the extinct genus Hypsidoris). Diplomystids possess maxillary barbels. The dorsal and pectoral fins have spines. The largest species reaches .

Echinerpeton is known from six specimens, five housed in the Museum of Comparative Zoology and a sixth in the Redpath Museum: the holotype MCZ 4090, which consists of a partial postcranial skeleton and some jaw fragments; MCZ 4091, which includes vertebrae and an interclavicle; MCZ 4092, a left maxilla or upper jaw bone; MCZ 4093, a partial right maxilla; MCZ 4094, including three neural arches or vertebral spines; and RM 10057, consisting of a right maxilla, neural arch, rib, and a phalanx or finger bone. Since all other specimens besides the holotype are isolated bone fragments, their assignment to the same species is not certain. The maxillae are distinct in having straight lower margins, distinct from the often curved jaws of ophiacodontids and sphenacodontids but similar to the straight jaws of some other synapsids like Archaeothyris, Haptodus, and Varanops. The dentary or lower jaw bone has a slight upward curve.

The species most likely lived during the Hettangian stage, but may have lived as early as the Rhaetian and as late as the Sinemurian. Species belonging to the genus were medium-sized, with P. prostaxalis measuring no more than in length and P. applebyi reaching at most. P. prostaxalis can be distinguished from P. applebyi and from other ichthyosaurs by the large, tall, and triangular maxilla that extends beyond the nasal bones at its front end; a vertically short but thick postorbital bone; and the lacrimal bone having an upward projection longer than its forward projection. Meanwhile, P. applebyi can be distinguished by the narrow, crescent-shaped postorbital; the low maxilla; the nasal reaching to the front of the maxilla; the lacrimal having a forward projection the same length as or longer than the upward projection; and the presence of a plate-like upward projection on the humerus.

Nankali’s masticatory force systematization categorizes the locations of the forces on different part of mandible/maxilla, which are important in designing a prosthetic and implant treatment in dentistry. The systematization of masticatory force distribution was designed by Dr. Ali Nankali.

The external skull surface is covered randomly with small pits. The orbits are huge, with a complete dorsal roof made by the paired supraorbitals. The maxilla has sharp edge, which extends forward and covers some part of the lateral notch.

Its form reflects a strong forward inclination of the back of the skull. The front snout bone, the praemaxilla, bore four relatively small teeth. The maxilla behind it had at least seven, but perhaps as many as thirteen, larger teeth.

In 1903, the tomb of Mencke was visited by the governor Albert Hahl and found to have been dug up and damaged with only a maxilla with molars remaining that was identified as belonging to Mencke based on the gold fillings.

Nankali studied chewing in multiple individuals. He found variation in the amount of masticatory force. The masticatory forces changes at eating time according to mouthful characteristic and size. This has various effects on the maxilla and mandible via the teeth.

The body hairs measure with a denticulate tip. The antennae both have two or three sensilla. The labrum is smaller with two hairs on the anterior surface that are . The maxilla has a sclerotised band between the cardo and stipes.

A relatively small number of teeth in comparison to other mosasaurs (for an example, Prognathodon saturator preserves 14 teeth in the dentary, 12 in the maxilla and 6 in the pterygoid) is a characteristic present in all species of Prognathodon.

Some species have jaw bones completely fused, while others may have joints allowing for mobility of the dentary, quadrate, or maxilla. The snake skull shows the greatest degree of cranial kinesis, which allows the snake to swallow large prey items.

The maxilla is fairly typical in shape, with a short anterior process (front branch), a slanted dorsal process (upper branch), a long posterior process (rear branch), and an antorbital fenestra defined between the dorsal and posterior processes. The anterior process has a notch at its front tip followed by a pit, as with a few other archosauromorphs. The dorsal and posterior processes both taper rearwards like other early archosauriforms, and there may be a subtle antorbital fossa (depressed area) in front of the antorbital fenestra. The inner surface of the maxilla has an arched ledge overlooking broad interdental plates.

The morphology of the maxilla represents a more derived condition than that seen in Oromycter, where the anterior edge of the dorsal process is a sharp ridge, and the distinctive anterolateral narial shelf is restricted to the lacrimal bone. On the anterior lateral surface of the maxilla a single large anteriorly oriented foramen is present in Arisierpeton, instead of a series of relatively large labial foramina situated along the external surface of the bone. External surface sculpturing is also more modest than in Oromycter and is restricted to faint grooves associated with small foramina on the surface of the bone.

The only difference between the two is that the edge of the maxilla that contacts the palatine bone ends behind the caniniform tooth buttress in Baldwinonus and ends on the buttress in Stereophallodon. In their description of the two synapsids, Brinkman and Eberth (1986) considered Baldwinonus and Stereophallodon to be closely related members of the family Ophiacodontidae. Some characteristics of the centrum or central part of the vertebra were interpreted as primitive characteristics of synapsids in general, and large caniniform teeth were taken as evidence that the two taxa were primitive among ophiacodontids as well. Baldwinonus dunkardensis is also known from a maxilla.

The anterior fenestra appears to have been entirely enclosed by the maxilla, and there were two rows of small pits below it. The back of the maxillary fenestra had a bony wall called the interfenestral bar, which separated it from the antorbital fenestra, as in Byronosaurus. The antorbital fenestra (the largest of the three openings, located in front of the orbit) was rectangular in side view, and the part of the maxilla below it was low and did not have small foramina, unlike the front part. The maxillary teeth were placed along most of the lower margin of the antorbital fenestra.

Finally, fibers occur by which the muscle is connected with the maxilla and the septum of the nose above and with the mandible below. In the upper lip, these consist of two bands, lateral and medial, on either side of the middle line; the lateral band m. incisivus labii superioris arises from the alveolar border of the maxilla, opposite the lateral incisor tooth, and arching lateralward is continuous with the other muscles at the angle of the mouth; the medial band m. nasolabialis connects the upper lip to the back of the septum of the nose.

Otradnocetus is a medium-size cetothere 4-5 meters in length. It differs from other members of Cetotherioidea and is most similar to Parietobalaena in having a very short ascending process of the maxilla, a short lateral process of the maxilla, an anterior end of nasal located anterior to the rostrum base, and a supraorbital process of the frontal bone directed perpendicular to the anteroposterior axis of the skull. Differences from Parietobalaena include a supraorbital process of the frontal bone not elongated at the lateral end and a robust medially bent coronoid process of the mandible.

The maxilla was originally described as a "Neanderthaloid" adult female on the basis of its similarity to fossils from Tabun I, Skhul IV and V, Gibraltar and La Chapelle-aux-Saints 1. However, these similarities have since been questioned. For instance, due to its small size and tooth sockets, Ksar Akil 2 has been described as similar to the maxilla Skhul V, which was originally thought to be a Neanderthal, but is now considered to be an archaic Homo sapiens. On the other hand, the nasal floor is depressed, and the specimen lacks a canine fossa, both of which are features of Neanderthals.

Skull reconstruction of Kenomagnathus (top right) compared to other Garnett "haptodontines" Among close relatives, Kenomagnathus can be distinguished by its tall snout, judging by the maxilla and especially the lacrimal. The projection at the front of the lacrimal would have formed a large part of the rear border of the bony nostrils. In "H." garnettensis, the lacrimal still contributed to the border, but with a narrow projection. From below, the upward projection at the front of the maxilla would also have contributed to the border of the nostrils, but the angle of this projection differed from "H." garnettensis.

The height of the lacrimal, which bordered the front of the eye socket, also implies that Kenomagnathus had large eyes. The tooth-bearing bottom margin of the maxilla in Kenomagnathus was more convex than "H." garnettensis, and is unique in that it lacked a concave region (or "precanine step"). Another distinguishing characteristic is the diastema, a toothless region spanning the width of three teeth at the front of the maxilla, where the bone noticeably thinned and could not have borne tooth sockets. Behind the diastema were two precanine teeth, two large canine teeth, and at least fourteen post-canine teeth (eleven being preserved).

The maxilla is apparently a reliable reference when inferring the shape of the premaxilla and overall snout. For instance, most Asian species have elongated snouts based on the maxilla (animals like Velociraptor are known from complete skulls though), indicating a selective feeding, such as picking up small, fast prey. Achillobator however, is an exception for Asian eudromaeosaurs, featuring robust and deep maxillar morphology and thus indicating a strong connection and relationships to North American members, which also have stocky and deep snouts. The adaptations of Achillobator and North American eudromaeosaurs demonstrate a conservative ecology mainly based on large-sized prey.

The submaxillary space is a historical term for the combination of the submandibular, submental and sublingual spaces, which in modern practice are referred to separately or collectively termed the perimandibular spaces. The term submaxillary may be confusing to modern students and clinicians since these spaces are located below the mandible, but historically the maxilla and mandible together were termed "maxillae", and sometimes the mandible was termed the "inferior maxilla". Sometimes the term submaxillary space is used synonymously with submandibular space. Confusion exists, as some sources describe the sublingual and the submandibular spaces as compartments of the "submandibular space".

The maxilla found has four teeth remaining in it and nine interdental plates, showing that five teeth are missing. The total length of the maxilla is 195 mm and the teeth range from 29.5 mm to 53.5 mm long. The teeth are posteriorly curved and have sharp edges, indicating that they might have been used as blades to slice flesh rather than merely to impale and grip. The interdental plates are pentagonal, would have formed the medial walls of the tooth sockets, and in life were richly supplied with blood vessels, giving them a rather wrinkled look.

This description renamed Batrachocephalus crassidens to Sparodus crassidens, as the genus name 'Batrachocephalus' was already taken by Batrachocephalus mino, an Indonesian species of catfish. Frič also assigned an isolated maxilla (upper jaw bone) with designation ČGH 124 to this species, although it was quite a bit larger than the maxilla of the crushed skull. In a 1966 review of microsaurs published by Robert Carroll, "Sparodus" crassidens was not found to be a member of the genus Sparodus. Instead, it was considered a close relative of the genus Asaphestera, within a family of early microsaurs known as the Tuditanidae.

This is similar to the case in other ornithosuchids, and Venaticosuchus particularly resembles Riojasuchus due to the maxilla curving upwards behind the diastema and the premaxilla hooking downwards in front of it. The premaxilla is not preserved well enough to conclude anything about its tooth count, but other ornithosuchids had three premaxillary teeth. The maxilla in general resembles that of Riojasuchus, with a triangular antorbital fenestra with a tapering front tip. On the other hand, the antorbital fossa (the basin in which the antorbital fenestra lies) is shallower, smaller, and more smoothly textured than that of Riojasuchus.

Characters that distinguish Silphedosuchus from Ericiolacerta include a narrow contact between the palatine and vomer bones on the roof of the mouth, a contact between the vomer and the maxilla that is positioned farther forward, and very wide buccal or cheek teeth.

All sampled bones where established as having dates from between 50,000 and 26,000 years old. By applying this information into a Bayesian statistical-modelling method, researchers were able to obtain an age for the maxilla that was between 44,000 and 41,000 years old.

The tooth count is five per premaxilla; the number is at least nine for the maxilla, and at least fourteen per dentary: no reliable estimates can be given of the last two totals because the back of the head has been lost.

Some genera are shared in Morrison and Lourinhã, such as Torvosaurus,Hendrickx, C, Mateus O. 2014. Torvosaurus gurneyi n. sp., the largest terrestrial predator from Europe, and a proposed terminology of the maxilla anatomy in nonavian theropods, 03. PLoS ONE. 9:e88905.

Ilisha is a genus of ray-finned fishes in the family Pristigasteridae. The genus contains 16 species. It is similar to Pellona but lacks a toothed hypo- maxilla. The genus has a worldwide distribution in tropical and subtropical coastal waters and estuaries.

Priodontognathus (meaning "saw tooth jaw") was a genus of ankylosaurian dinosaur possibly from the Oxfordian-age Upper Jurassic Lower Calcareous Grit of Yorkshire, England. It is a dubious genus based on a maxilla, and has been erroneously mixed up with iguanodonts and stegosaurs.

The snout was long and flat with a pointed rostrum (beak); each maxilla preserves approximately 18 alveoli, no teeth were preserved. According to Arbour, Tsagantegia differs from Gobisaurus and Shamosaurus based on the more rounded, U-shaped premaxillary beak and the flat ornamentation.

Les faunes de vertébrés continentaux du Maastrichtien supérieur d'Europe: systématique et biodiversité (Doctoral dissertation, Toulouse 3). Prieto-Márquez et al. (2013) used this material to establish a new taxon, Canardia garonnensis. A maxilla, specimen MCD 4919, was referred to P. isonensis in 2013.

There is a constriction at the point of contact between the premaxilla and maxilla which would have been an area of reception for a large mandibular tooth. In Prodiplocynodon, the constriction is not deep, being intermediate between that of Alligator and Crocodylus.

Red B: the joint between the quadrate and the supratemporal. It is highly mobile in most directions, allowing a wider gape (i.e., the snake can open its mouth wider) and greater jaw flexibility. Red C: the joint between the prefrontal and maxilla.

Enlargement of the adenoid, especially in children, causes an atypical appearance of the face, often referred to as adenoid facies. Features of adenoid facies include mouth breathing, an elongated face, prominent incisors, hypoplastic maxilla, short upper lip, elevated nostrils, and a high arched palate.

The palatal gingiva of the maxilla is continuous with the tissue of the palate, which is bound down to the palatal bones. Because the palate is devoid of freely moveable alveolar mucosa, there is no mucogingival junction.Carranza's Clinical Periodontology, W.B. Saunders 2002, page 17.

2012, technical diagnoses for dromaeosaurines can be established based on the following traits: fully serrated teeth; vertically oriented pubis; pubic boot (or end) projecting anteriorly and posteriorly; the jugal process of the maxilla, in a ventral view to the external antorbital fenestra, is dorsoventrally wide.

L. geayi can grow to a total length (including tail) of . It is an opisthoglyphous ("rear-fanged") snake, having a pair of enlarged teeth at the rear of each maxilla (upper jaw).Boulenger GA (1893). Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History).

Shortly after the discovery of the mandible (jaw bone) of the first Lantian Man at Chenjiawo (), also in Lantian, a cranium (skull) with nasal bones, right maxilla, and three teeth of another specimen of Lantian Man were found at Gongwangling (), another site in Lantian.

In the maxilla, occasionally two additional canals are present in the middle line of the palatine process; they are termed the foramina of Scarpa, and when present transmit the nasopalatine nerves, the left passing through the anterior, and the right through the posterior canal.

At the age of skeletal maturity, orthognathic surgery may be needed because of the often hypoplastic maxilla. Skeletal maturity is usually reached around the age of 13 to 16. Orthognathic surgery engages in diagnosing and treating disorders of the face and teeth- and jaw position.

The maxilla bears at least eight conical teeth. The teeth have a elliptical cross-section. They are positioned more laterally on the jaw. The teeth increase in size until the third tooth, which with a width of is twice as wide as the first tooth.

However, Chenoprosopus is distinguished by its more narrowly pointed snout and separation between the nasal from the maxilla by the broad lacrimal-septomaxilla contact. The Chenoprosopus name means as “goose short face” based on Greek cheno as a goose and prosopus as a short face.

English paleontologist Harry Govier Seeley, who described the genus, first mentioned the holotype (SMC B53408), a maxilla or upper jaw bone, in 1869.Seeley, H.G. (1869). Index to the fossil remains of Aves, Ornithosauria, and Reptilia from the Secondary Strata. Cambridge University Press:Cambridge, 143 p.

In 2012 Matthew Carrano and colleagues, on the other hand, considered Kryptops palaios to be a chimera, and state that its postcranial remains (especially a pelvis and sacrum), found some 15 metres from the holotypic maxilla, actually belong to a carcharodontosaurid (possibly to Eocarcharia dinops).

The referred elements represent slightly larger individuals. Additionally sixteen isolated teeth were referred: IPFUB GUI D 89-91: three teeth of the premaxilla, and IPFUB GUI D 174-186: thirteen teeth of the maxilla and dentary. These had in 1998 been described by Jens Zinke.

The hindgut contains bacteria that digest leaves and makes up a third of the Venezuelan red howler's total body volume. Like other New World monkeys, the Venezuelan red howler's dental formula (maxilla and mandible) is two incisors, one canine, three premolars, and three molars.

The maxilla specifically resembles that of lepidosaurs more so than that of snakes. The lower jaw is more resembles that of dolichosaurids. The upper jaw measures 17 mm in length. Its shaped into a long triangular surface which is longitudinally concave and narrow in structure.

A distinctive histological variant of conventional ameloblastoma. Found in near equal frequencies in both maxilla and mandible. Resemble a fibro-osseous lesion with no obvious ameloblasts whilst dominated by dense collagenous tissue (desmoplastic). In one center, desmoplastic ameloblastomas represented about 9% of all ameloblastomas encountered.

The descending process of the maxilla becomes a toothless plate below the orbit. They possess a wide rostrum. All these features are functionally related to filter-feeding with baleen and is a hallmark of the Mysticeti. The presence of teeth, as Barnes et al.

Blind wolf teeth are wolf teeth that are present but may not have erupted through the gum. They may remain completely underneath the gingiva. A good rule that holds true in most cases is: :The further forward or rostral a wolf tooth is, the more likely it is that the wolf tooth will be blind and the more likely that the root will lie more parallel with the maxilla rather than perpendicular to the line of the maxilla. This is shown in the diagrams below where 106 and 406 are the second premolars according to the Modified triadan system and WT is the wolf tooth.

Histological analysis of its fibulae suggests that the holotype of Wiehenvenator albati was at least in its ninth year of life, however, the age at death might have been well over ten years. The remains indicated that the animal was actively growing, but narrow growth zones indicated that the skeletal growth rate was slowing down. From this it can be determined that the growth state of Wiehenvenator was that of a large subadult individual. Size of Wiehenvenator compared to a human The length of Wiehenvenator can be estimated by extrapolating from its maxilla, which has 82 percent of the length of the maxilla of Torvosaurus gurneyi, itself estimated at .

The fossil was found in 1927 at Kents Cavern a limestone cave in Torquay, Devon, England. The Maxilla was uncovered at a depth of and was located directly beneath a key ‘granular stalagmite’ at the site, which was used as a datum during excavations undertaken between 1926 and 1941 by the Torquay Natural History Society.Higham, T. F. G., Jacobi, R. M. & Bronk Ramsey, C. AMS radiocarbon dating of ancient bone using ultrafiltration. Radiocarbon 48, 179–195 (2006) The discovery of the KC4 maxilla was important because it became the earliest direct dated Anatomically Modern human (AMH) fossil yet discovered from a Northwestern European site.

The only known fossil specimen of N. wangi is notable for having a large number of teeth compared to more advanced oviraptorosaurs, but the teeth in the back of the upper jaw (maxilla) are still reduced in number compared to most other non-avialan theropods. The reduced number of maxillary teeth in Ningyuansaurus is shared with the scansoriopterygids and other basal oviraptorosaurs such as Incisivosaurus. Though the skull is poorly preserved, the specimen preserved at least 14 teeth in the lower jaw (dentary) and 10 teeth in the upper jaw, four in the premaxilla and six in the maxilla. The teeth were closely packed together and lacked serrations.

The holotype specimen, BP/1/5243, consists of both premaxillae, a fragment of the maxilla, two dentary fragments, a partial surangular bone, a partial angular bone, a partial prearticular bone, an articular bone, and several teeth. Dracovenator has a kink in its upper jaws, between the maxilla and the premaxilla. The back end of the lower jaw features an array of lumps and bumps, a condition seen in Dilophosaurus, but to a much smaller extent. Munyikwa and Raath (1999) reassigned paratype BP/1/5278, which was originally assigned to Syntarsus rhodesiensis, to Dracovenator, a juvenile specimen which consists of bones from the front of the skull, teeth, and jaw bones.

On the palate, two sub-circular depressions were situated near the front of the snout, where the first pair of teeth from the lower jaw would have been located when the mouth was closed. The palatal portion of the maxilla did not close off the bottom edge of the premaxillae, leaving a large opening —- the incisive foramen —- which was about half as long as the premaxilla was wide. Like its premaxilla, the maxilla of Razanandrongobe was tall and robust. The surface of the palate, which was thickest below the eye sockets, was placed unusually high above the tooth row, at about halfway up the depth of the tooth sockets.

Maganuco and colleagues suggested that unfused interdental plates are either a synapomorphy of Archosauriformes, or a plesiomorphic (ancestrally present) characteristic of crocodyliforms, theropods, and poposaurids. Considering these characteristics, Maganuco and colleagues placed Razanandrongobe in the Archosauria, but not as part of any basal (early- diverging) lineages due to its heterodont teeth and tall maxilla. While it resembles the Prestosuchidae in the depth and shape of its maxilla, heterodont teeth, paradental shelves, and large size, Maganuco and colleagues considered these traits to have been convergently acquired. Within the Archosauria, they identified two possible positions for Razanandrongobe: Crocodylomorpha and Theropoda, the only lineages of large predatory archosaurs to have survived past the Triassic.

The skull of Yarasuchus is poorly represented, known from only a few isolated pieces. A number of bones were initially identified by Sen (2005), including a jugal, quadrate and part of the quadratojugal, squamosal, both pterygoids and two maxilla that included a portion of premaxilla attached to one of them, as well as an associated tooth. However both maxillae differ from the known maxilla in Teleocrater and instead more closely resemble those of an allokotosaur. Nesbitt and colleagues also regarded the jugal, quadrate and quadratojugal as indeterminate bones, and re- identified the squamosal as a postorbital belonging to a larger individual than the holotype specimen.

In a later series of papers, Russell developed aspects of this mode further. Employing an adult Australian sample, she tested the association between brow ridge formation and anterior dental loading, via the craniofacial angle (prosthion-nasion-metopion), maxilla breadth, and discontinuities in food preparation such as those observed between different age groups. Finding strong support for the first two criteria, she concluded that the supraorbital complex is formed as a result of increased tension due to the widening of the maxilla, thought to be positively correlated with the size of the masseter muscle, as well as with the improper orientation of bone in the superior orbital region.

The nostrils were placed further back than in most other theropods. The premaxillae were in close articulation with each other, and while the premaxilla only connected to the maxilla (the following bone of the upper jaw) at the middle of the palate, with no connection at the side, they formed a strong joint through the robust, interlocking articulation between the hindwards and forwards directed processes of these bones. Hindwards and below, the premaxilla formed a wall for a gap between itself and the maxilla called the subnarial gap (also termed a "kink"). Such a gap is also present in coelophysoids, as well as other dinosaurs.

Life restoration In 2020, Spindler identified three characteristics that placed Kenomagnathus in the Sphenacodontia: the blunt teeth, the convex bottom margin of the maxilla, and the height of the lacrimal and the upward projection of the maxilla. However, based on the contribution of the lacrimal to the border of the bony nostrils, Kenomagnathus was excluded from the more restrictive group Sphenacodontoidea. Within this evolutionary grade of "haptodontine" sphenacodontians, the fragmentary nature of specimens has complicated the resolution of their relationships. This is exacerbated by the fact that many "haptodontines" are very similar to each other save for differences in their teeth and skull proportions.

The most common method to reconstruct the midface is by using the fracture/ incision lines described by René Le Fort. When the cleft involves the maxilla, it is likely that the impaired growth will result in a smaller maxillary bone in all 3 dimensions (height, projection, width).

Members of the genus Hypoplectrodes are characterized by the absence of scales on the maxilla, one to three antrorse spines on the preopercle of the gill cover, three predorsal bones, and 26 to 28 vertebrae (usually 27, only very rarely 26). Supramaxillae are also usually present.

In the genus Atractus the maxilla is short, with 8–12 teeth; the maxillary and mandibular teeth decrease in size posteriorly. The head is not distinct from the neck. The eye is small, with a round or subelliptic pupil. The nostril is between two nasal scales.

In the Apateon-clade different morphotypes evolved due to heterochronic changes. In some species (A. caducus and A. flagrifer), the maxilla consolidated early in development and the gape size and irregular dentition indicate an early transition in diet from suspension to carnivory. In other species (A.

Tianyuornis however, also possesses several autapomorphies such as a straight dentary, and teeth that were preserved in the maxilla and mandible. The possession of teeth reveals new and important morphological information of hongshanornithids, as well as confirms the controversial presence of teeth of the members of Hongshanornithidae.

Maxillary process is commonly an alternate name for the maxillary prominence. Maxillary process may also refer to the maxillary process of inferior nasal concha, which curves downward and laterally; it articulates with the maxilla and forms a part of the medial wall of the maxillary sinus.

The depressor septi (depressor alae nasi) arises from the incisive fossa of the maxilla. Its fibers ascend to be inserted into the nasal septum and back part of the alar part of nasalis muscle. It lies between the mucous membrane and muscular structure of the lip.

One of the canals of the orbital surface of the maxilla, the infraorbital canal, opens just below the margin of the orbit, the area of the skull containing the eye and related structures. It should not be confused with the infraorbital foramen, with which it is continuous.

On the surface of the maxilla there are many small nutritive foramina forming two horizontal parallel lines (Van den Brandt et al., 2018). For the premaxilla there is a gap along the midline between the premaxilla and the palatal processes (Van den Brandt et al., 2018).

In 1870, Guérin introduced the practice of using cotton-wool bandages for prevention of wound infections. He described a horizontal fracture of the maxilla immediately above the teeth and palate, that is known today as a "Le Fort I fracture", or sometimes as a "Guérin fracture".

OM of the jaws can occur in all genders, races and age groups. The mandible is affected more commonly than the maxilla. Globally, the most common cause of OM of the jaws is the spread of adjacent odontogenic infection, followed by trauma, including fracture and surgery.

The spine is the place in the human body where the most irregular bones can be found. There are, in all, 33 irregular bones found here. The irregular bones are: the vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid, zygomatic, maxilla, mandible, palatine, inferior nasal concha, and hyoid.

Idiacanthidae have a snout equal or less than their bony orbit length with nostrils closer to their eyes than snout. Their premaxilla, maxilla, and mandible teeth are almost all capable of being depressed. Idiacanthidae also present pectoral fins in larvae, but have an absence in adulthood.

Neosaurus is an extinct genus of pelycosaur-grade synapsids from the Late Carboniferous-Early Permian of the Jura region of France. It is known only from a partial maxilla or upper jaw bone and an associated impression of the bone.Nopcsa, F. 1923. "Die Familien der Reptilien".

Gervais, P. (1852). Zoologie et paléontologie française (animaux vertébrés) (1st edition). A. Bertrand:Paris, 271 p. [French] Richard Lydekker (1888) suggested that a maxilla with a tooth (BMNH R751), also from the Isle of Wight, was another exemplar of this animal, but this opinion has not been substantiated.

The maxilla bore at least thirty-five tooth positions. The nasal horn was low, situated above the nostril and slightly recurved. It had a narrow rear edge and a transversely flattened point. The horns above the eyes were forward-curving and have been estimated at about long.

A palatal expander. Upper and lower jaw .functional expanders A palatal expander is a device in the field of orthodontics which is used to widen the upper jaw (maxilla) so that the bottom and upper teeth will fit together better. This is a common orthodontic procedure.

The teeth towards the rear of the lower jaw are serrated, unlike a number of basal troodontids. The tooth row of the maxilla terminates below the front margin of the antorbital fenestra, whereas it terminates further forward - below the rear of the maxillary fenestra - in Jinfengopteryx.

Used in patients with Class 3 malocclusion. In this appliance the lip pads are used in the maxillary arch to allow the maxilla to grow. The mandibular arch does not have pads in the anterior to allow the soft tissue forces to act on the mandible.

The defining characteristics include a thickening of the maxilla visible on its internal surface, above the large front (caniniform) teeth; and the premaxillary teeth being set in deep sockets. All other (sister group and more primitive) synapsid clades have teeth that are set in shallow sockets.

Like other rhabodontids, Matheronodon would have been a bipedal herbivore. The length of the genus has been estimated at by its lead describer Pascal Godefroit. The maxilla of Matheronodon is a short, robust bone. The front portion is particularly shortened and also angled upwards, differentiating Matheronodon from other rhabdodontids.

The Universal Numbering System for adult human teeth. The view is from a dental practitioner's perspective, meaning tooth 1 is the upper right rear (third) molar. Among permanent teeth, 16 are found in the maxilla and 16 in the mandible, for a total of 32. The dental formula is .

Maxilla tip is pointed, reaching front border of pre-operculum. Body is a typical engraulid form with light transparent fleshy brown, and silver stripe down flank. Indian anchovy usually feeds on planktons. Drawing This fish is part of the cuisine of the Indian and Southeast Asian marine regions.

1985) In general anatomy, the roofing bones may refer specifically to the bones that form above and alongside the brain and neurocranium (i.e., excluding the marginal upper jaw bones such as the maxilla and premaxilla), and in human anatomy, the skull roof often refers specifically to the skullcap.

The antorbital fenestra is large instead of very small. The maxilla is short and deep, half as tall as long, instead of having a height a third of the length. The basisphenoid of the lower braincase is short instead of long. Thirteen neck vertebrae are present instead of ten.

The generic name is derived from Xinmin, the district where the fossil was found, and Greek sauros, "lizard". The specific name is derived from Greek kataktes, "crusher", in reference to one of the taxon's autapomorphies - the presence of bulbous and laterally compressed crushing teeth in maxilla and posterior dentary.

The left arm was flexed in front of the body and the hand stretched below the face, missing most of the skull and upper maxilla. The absolute dating of this individual by C-14 has provided a date of 3760 ± 40 BP, between 2210 BC and 2130 BC.

A referred specimen, TMP 2018.016.0001, is based solely on a partial right maxilla from a subadult individual. It was found at the Twelve Mile Coulee in the upper Herronton Sandstone of the Foremost Formation. The specific name honours John and Sandra De Groot, who discovered the type specimen.

"Dasygnathus" longidens was created by Thomas Huxley for a maxilla from the Lossiemouth Sandstone in 1877. The genus name Dasygnathus had already been used for a coleopteran insect, so Oskar Kuhn renamed it Dasygnathoides.Kukn, O., 1961, Fossilium Catalogus I: Animalia, Reptila, supplementum 1, n. 2, p. 1-163.

It was formerly placed in the Teratosauridae, within the Theropoda, and at times, plateosaurid material was mistakenly referred to Zanclodon (see Galton 2001). The type species, Zanclodon laevis, is based on a left maxilla that represents an indeterminate archosaurian. Therefore, the genus is not unambiguously identifiable.Galton, P.M. (2001).

Also called distoclusion, brachygnathism, overshot jaw, overbite, and parrot mouth, this occurs when the upper teeth rest in front of the lower equivalents. The maxilla is forward (maxillary prognathism) and the mandible is behind (mandibular retrognathism). It is more common in animals with dolichocephalic skulls, such as Collies.

The maxilla (plural: maxillae )OED 2nd edition, 1989. in vertebrates is the upper fixed (not fixed in Neopterygii) bone of the jaw formed from the fusion of two maxillary bones. In humans, the upper jaw includes the hard palate in the front of the mouth.Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary.

Fan rapid palatal expander in cleft palate prior to alveolar cleft grafting In cleft lip and palate cases, the maxilla is typically narrow compared to the lower jaw and must be expanded outward. An expansion appliance is placed in the maxilla 6–9 months prior to correct any crossbite or upper arch constriction. This will widen the cleft size, and so that parents and patients need to be warned the symptoms such as fluid reflux may worsen, although some centres will expand the jaw after surgery is complete. In the case of double clefts, expansion is typically before surgery because the premaxilla needs to be repositioned forward, which cannot occur until the upper jaw is widened to allow room.

When the Maxilla was excavated in 1927 it was analyzed by Sir Arthur Keith and determined to be of anatomically modern type. In 1989 Researchers at Oxford University direct dated the maxilla via accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS), and obtained a date range of 30,900 ± 900 radiocarbon years (yr 14C) BP or approximately 35,000 old.Hedges, R. E. M., Housley, R. A., Law, I. A. & Bronk, C. R. Radiocarbon dates from the Oxford AMS system: Archaeometry datelist 9. Archaeometry 31, 207–234 (1989). This date confirmed Keith’s ascribed Upper Palaeolithic age for the fossil, while also reinforcing then-current views on the dating and modern human associations of the Aurignacian industry in north-western Europe.

The antorbital notches, which are usually slit-like notches on the sides of the skull right before the snout, were inside the basin. A slanting crest on the temporal fossa directed towards the back of the skull separated the snout from the rest of the skull, and was defined by a groove starting at the antorbital processes on the cheekbones. The basin had two foramina in the front, as opposed to the modern sperm whale which has one foramen on the maxilla, and to the modern dwarf and pygmy sperm whales which have several in the basin. The suture in the basin between the maxilla and the forehead had an interlocking pattern.

Protoceratopsids may have had cheeks to hold food in their mouths. They have very well-defined maxillary and dentary ridges where the muscles in the cheek would have connected, and a number of foramina dotted the maxilla which allowed branches from the trigimenal nerve to reach the tissues attached to the maxilla, indicating that such tissues were likely muscular. The end of the upper jaw was likely not fleshy but instead covered by a horn-like material, and the upper and lower jaws curved in towards each other. Compared to more derived ceratopsians, protoceratopsids had a deep and wide oral cavity, though more narrow than in predecessors like Psittacosaurus, which may have aided in breathing or thermoregulation.

Journal of the Geological Society of London 128:119-125 Despite being the first tritylodontid genus found and named, Stereognathus remains poorly represented, being known mainly from isolated molar teeth. There is, however, one holotype fragment of maxilla with three damaged molars, and a second fragment of maxilla with four sets of molar roots. In 2017, Elsa Panciroli and colleagues found no points of variance between the anatomy of S. ooliticus and S. hebridicus, accounting for changes with growth, which makes S. hebridicus a junior synonym of S. ooliticus. Also in 2017, Alexander Averianov and colleagues considered species of Polistodon, Xenocretosuchus, and Montirictus to be within the genus Stereognathus; they also retained S. hebridicus as a separate species.

It also has a long, sheet-like process of the maxilla that extends back to the anterolateral part of the maxilla–frontal contact medial to the external naris, and terminates just anterior to midlength of the orbital. Finally, the suture between the premaxilla and parietal bone is located around orbital midlength. P. westburyensis also possesses a unique combination of characters, including: low dentary alveolar count including only 18 postsymphysial alveoli; teeth fully trihedral in cross-section, possessing a flat, anteroposteriorly broad labial surface lacking enamel ridges; relatively slight mediolateral expansion of premaxilla and maxillary caniniform region; six premaxillary alveoli; lack of anisodont premaxillary dentition; lack of diastema between maxillary and premaxillary alveolar rows; and cervical centra lacking ventral ridge.

The nasal process of the premaxilla ended at the level of the hind margin of the external (bony nostril), and was quadrangular in cross-section rather than triangular, as in Byronosaurus. The nasal process of the premaxilla formed the upper hind corner of the narial opening, and Xixiasaurus was distinct in having an opening on the side surface at the base of the nasal process. The suture between the premaxilla and maxilla curved upwards from the front of the snout, and straightened out under the narial opening when seen from the side. The maxillary process of the premaxilla tapered hindwards and wedged between a small forwards-extended process of the maxilla and the main part of that bone.

The teeth were set obliquely along the length of the jaws, and overlapped each other slightly from front to back. On each side, the most complete specimen (UALVP 2) had three teeth in the premaxilla, sixteen in the maxilla (both part of the upper jaw), and seventeen in the dentary of the lower jaw. The teeth in the premaxilla were separated from those behind in the maxilla by a short diastema (space), and the two rows in the premaxilla were separated by a toothless gap at the front. The teeth in the front part of the upper jaw (premaxilla) and front lower jaw were similar; these had taller, more pointed and recurved crowns, and a "heel" at the back.

Grand Staircase A fossil bearing locality near Death Ridge in Kane County, Utah was first reported in 1973 by H.D. Zeller; this locality is part of the Wahweap Formation, itself part of the Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument. The information reported by Zeller would be used by John Howard Hutchison and colleagues to return there to collect fossils in 1999. Among these was the maxilla (a jawbone) of a lambeosaurine hadrosaur This maxilla was first reported in 2013, in a paper by Terry Gates and colleagues. It was noted as the only known lambeosaur material from the formation (reported as being from the Upper Member), and the oldest known lambeosaur material in North America.

The skull of Dinocephalosaurus is low and narrow, with a long premaxilla and maxilla compared to those of Tanystropheus. Both the premaxilla and the maxilla meet at the anteroventral (front bottom) corner and contribute to the border of the nostril, which is located at the anterior (front) end of a long recess that extends along the snout in front of the eye socket (the antorbital depression). The bottom margins of the two snout bones are respectively lined with five and twelve long and nail-like teeth; the third premaxillary and fourth and fifth maxillary teeth are distinctly fang-like. The lower jaw has fifteen preserved teeth, with three of them being fang-like.

On 23 August 2013, surgeon Ömer Özkan and his team at Akdeniz University performed the sixth face transplant surgery in Turkey. Salih Üstün (54) received the scalp, eyelids, jaw and maxilla, nose and the half tongue of 31-year-old Muhittin Turan, who was declared brain dead after a motorcycle accident that took place two days before. On 30 December 2013, Özkan and his team conducted their fifth and Turkey's seventh face transplant surgery at the hospital of Akdeniz University. The nose, upper lip, upper jaw and maxilla of brain dead Ali Emre Küçük, aged 34, were successfully transplanted to 22-year-old Recep Kaya, whose face was badly deformed in a shotgun accident.

It is a common condition in weaned calves, young bulls, and heifers. The disease has a chronic course, and the general condition can remain quite good. There is a swelling of the maxilla and mandible. Fistulisation occurs after some days, leaving a thick, yellowish, non-odorous pus, with mineralised, grains therein.

The brown tumor is a bone lesion that arises in settings of excess osteoclast activity, such as hyperparathyroidism. They are a form of osteitis fibrosa cystica. It is not a neoplasm, but rather simply a mass. It most commonly affects the maxilla and mandible, though any bone may be affected.

Pax3 is later expressed by various cell types and structures arising from the neural crest, such as melanoblasts, Schwann cell precursors, and dorsal root ganglia. In addition, Pax3-expressing cells derived from the neural crest contribute to the formation of other structures, such as the inner ear, mandible and maxilla.

The jugal had a thin front branch running to the maxilla. The bony external nostril is large and had a thin branch beneath it. The pubic bone is obliquely directed to the front and is considerably longer than the ischium. The fourth tarsal had a process at the upper side.

Siniperca chautsi has a body which is compressed with a protruding lower jaw and the maxilla reaching behind the eyes. The jaws are armed with rows of saw-like teeth. Lower jaw with 4–5 large sharp rays. There are two flat, sharp spines on the posterior margin of the operculum.

Parabohaiornis differs from all other known bohaiornithid Enantiornithes by possessing a combination of traits. It has three and four teeth on the premaxilla and maxilla, respectively. Unlike Longusunguis, Zhouornis and Sulcavis, its nasal bone lacks a maxillary process. Unlike Sulcavis and Bohaiornis, it lacks an intercondylar incisure on the tibiotarsus.

Springer Science & Business Media. , p. 11 The trend towards differentiation is found in some labyrinthodonts and early anapsid reptilians in the form of enlargement of the first teeth on the maxilla, forming a form of protocanines. This trait was subsequently lost in the sauropsid line, but developed further in the synapsids.

Shortly thereafter, a new revision appeared that showed that the characteristics listed as unusual for Arstanosaurus were really based on perspective, and that the maxilla was from an animal like Bactrosaurus, albeit indeterminate (a dubious name). The femur was uninformative.Norman, D.B., and Kurzanov, S.M. (1982). On Asian ornithopods (Dinosauria: Ornithischia). 2.

Allosaurids have a general anatomy typical of other neotheropod dinosaurs, contributing to the difficulty in defining the family's membership. A typical 8m specimen of Allosaurus fragilis had a skull of about 0.85m. The premaxilla has five teeth and the maxilla usually around 16. The dentary also typically has 16 teeth.

Of the conical premaxillary teeth, the first is the largest. The maxilla bears eighteen teeth. The eye socket is surrounded by the lacrimal, a single supraorbital and a large postorbital, excluding the prefrontal and the jugal from the orbital rim. The postcranial skeleton was in 2001 not described in any detail.

Along with the posterior serrations, there are 15 or 18 denticles per near the center of the teeth., although the anterior serrations have 17 to 20 denticles per . Given the dimensions of the preserved maxilla, Perle and colleagues suggested that Achillobator had a relatively large skull competing to those of carnosaurs.

The size has been compared to that of a sparrow. The hind limbs, much better conserved than the front limbs, are relatively long. From the maxilla it can be inferred that the skull is deep and lightly built with large openings. The maxillary teeth, probably numbering eighteen, are elongated and recurved.

Odontogenic infections may spread to involve the canine space. The most likely causative tooth is the maxillary canine or maxillary first premolar. This occurs when pus (e.g. from a periapical abscess), perforates the buccal cortical plate of the maxilla above the level of attachment of the levator anguli oris muscle.

The morphology of the maxilla is quite different from aetosaurs, silesaurids, erpetosuchians, saurischians or ornithischians. The interdental plates also differ greatly from erythrosuchids and proterosuchids. Dasygnathoides cannot be assigned to any particular group of pseudosuchians at present. It is probably the first or only specimen of an entirely new group.

This is an important jaw position, as it defines both the anterior-posterior and lateral relationships of the mandible and the maxilla, as well as the superior- inferior relationship known as the vertical dimension of occlusion. These are important considerations when evaluating a patient orthodontically, as well as restoring them prosthodontically.

Megawhaitsia is an extinct genus of large therapsids, potentially a therocephalian. It lived in the Late Permian in East Russia, and is known only by a maxilla, with a skull estimated to be 40–50 cm.M. F. Ivakhnenko (2008). The first Whaitsiid (Therocephalia, Theromorpha) from the terminal Permian of eastern Europe.

In 2015 the type species Dingavis longimaxilla was named and described by Jingmai O'Connor, Wang Min and Hu Han. The generic name combines the name of Ding Wenjiang, the "Father of Chinese Geology", with a Latin avis, "bird". The specific name is derived from the Latin longus, "long", and maxilla.

Generic characters: frontal margin of carapace convex, angular; antennal scale with setae around all margins, segment 2 of maxilla 2 palp large, axe-shaped, with strong serrated spine-setae; pereiopods long, carpopropodus 7–9-segmented; male pleopod 4 5-segmented, segment 4 as long as segment 3; telson with cleft.

Reconstructed skeleton Like other early neornithischians, Kulindadromeus was a bipedal runner, approximately 1.5 meters in length. It had a short head, short forelimbs, long hindlimbs and a long tail. The describers of Kulindadromeus established some distinguishing traits. The front ascending branch of the maxilla is much lower than the rear ascending branch.

This tubercle is not seen in the picture. The orbital process is a thick, strong plate, projecting backward and medialward from the orbital margin. It is the gloomy area beneath the lac(rimal) and ethmoidal bones in the image. The maxillary process presents a rough, triangular surface which articulates with the maxilla.

Foundations on Parasitology Sixth Edition. Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Of the stylets that compose the fascicle, two form the food channel, supported by the maxilla. Of the remaining two, one connects the salivary gland to the feeding site, and the other guides the other stylets and is flattened with a serrated tip.

This analysis was developed by Egil Peter Harvold in 1974. This analysis developed standards for the unit length of the maxilla and mandible. The difference between the unit length describes the disharmony between the jaws. It is important to know that location of teeth is not taken into account in this analysis.

It is named in honor of Ian Archibald for his contributions to the northern territory. Fossil specimens of M. archibaldi include a premaxilla with alveoli for four incisors, and the holotype, a left maxilla. thylacinid skull fossils are exceedingly rare and M. archiboldi is one of only three species known from fossil crania.

The maxilla bears at least eleven teeth. The teeth are recurved and have serrations at the front and rear edges. The neck is probably long as the neck vertebrae are very elongated. These vertebrae are also strongly vertically compressed with a low neural spine and bear long epipophyses, a typical abelisauroid trait.

On the outer surface of the skull, there is no apparent external sensory sulci. But upon closer inspection, the sensory canal is enclosed in the quadratojugal and only visible posteriorly along the inner surface. The choana is seen on the anterior inner surface of the maxilla. Orbits are small and placed anteriorly.

However, Shuangbaisaurus also possesses a groove between its premaxilla and maxilla, a characteristic which has been used to characterize Sinosaurus as a genus. Among the two morphotypes present within the genus Sinosaurus, Shuangbaisaurus more closely resembles the morphotype that is variably treated as a distinct species, S. sinensis, in its relatively tall skull.

Admetophoneus was named by the Russian paleontologist Ivan Efremov in 1954, based on some teeth, a fragmentary maxilla, and a humerus. It was originally classified as a member of Brithopodidae. Later, it was classified in Phthinosuchidae. Recent study, however, has shown that it is a member of Anteosauria, but lacks diagnostic features.

Like B. trux, it has two large canines with a buttress running above them. Unlike B. trux, B. dunkardensis has only one precanine tooth and its maxilla is about half the size. In this respect it is more similar to eothyridids like Eothyris and Oedaleops than it is to B. trux or ophiacodontids.

The toucan barbet has a robust bill. The toucan barbet is a medium-sized robust barbet, of long and weighing . The beak is robust with a yellow maxilla and a light green mandible, both with dark ends. It is pronged at the end, though the prongs are not noticeable in the field.

The canal containing the nasolacrimal duct is called the nasolacrimal canal. It is formed by indentations in the inferior nasal conchae, maxilla and lacrimal bone. The canal drains into the nasal cavity through the anterior portion of the inferior meatus, which is between the inferior concha and the floor of the nasal cavity.

The callus is a hard, keratinous section of the frontal plate located highest on the forehead. It is generally more pigmented than the surrounding corium. Underneath the callus is a Malpighian layer of tissue that connects the structure to the maxilla. This layer is supplied with blood via vessel-containing dermal papillae.

Idiophyseter is a genus of macroraptorial sperm whale from the Miocene. Its fossils have been found in Templeton California. Idiophyseter was small in size compared to modern genera and its maxilla has single-rooted alveoli. It lacked ventral internal process of the sort present in the modern day genus of sperm whale (Physeter).

The mandibles are well developed and strongly sclerotized. Palps of maxilla and labium lack. The surface of the body is subdivided into distinct segments, each bearing a transverse row of 8−10 backward pointing spines.Rohwer, S.A. & Cushman, R.A. 1917: Idiogastra, a new suborder of Hymenoptera with notes on the immature stages of Oryssus.

Between the tooth row of the premaxilla and that of the maxilla there was no hiatus. The maxillary teeth were few in number, eight with the holotype. The depression or fossa for the large skull opening, the fenestra antorbitalis, was long and extended far to the front. The humerus was relatively short.

Size comparison Melanorosaurus had a skull which measured approximately 250 mm. The snout was somewhat pointed, and the skull was somewhat triangular when seen from above or below. The premaxilla had four teeth on each side, a characteristic of primitive sauropodomorphs. The maxilla had 19 teeth on each side of the jaw.

The ergatomorphs have larger and more rounded compound eyes than the workers, and the antennae are overall longer than in the workers. Both males and workers have a five segmented gaster and the males are distinguished by the slightly protruding stipites (the second segment of the maxilla) at the tip of segment five.

The posterior superior alveolar nerve of the maxillary nerve goes from the pterygopalatine fossa to the infratemporal region via this fissure. The pterygopalatine plates are separated laterally from the posterior surface of the body of the maxilla by the pterygomaxillary fissure. In older texts, the pterygomaxillary fissure is sometimes called the pterygopalatine fissure.

Girella zebra has a moderately short and deep, compressed, oval body with a relatively thin caudal peduncle. It has a small head with a bulging forehead and small eyes. The mouth is small, not extending to the level of the front of the eye. The maxilla are hidden beneath the preorbital bones.

The skull of Ufudocyclops superficially resembles Angonisaurus, being relatively tall and notably broad behind the snout, with large, sideways facing eyes and prominent tuskless caniniform processes on the maxilla that project away down and forwards from the snout, flaring out slightly to sides, with blunted tips. The lower surfaces of the maxilla are heavily pitted and rugose, as is the premaxilla and the palate on the roof of the mouth. These textures correspond to the eponymous tortoise-like keratinous beak typical of dicynodonts like Ufudocyclops. The isolated tip of the premaxilla demonstrates that these pits are superficial and do not continue deeper into the bone, as the inner texture of the bone is smooth and tabulate, and so are not foramina.

Bones of the nose and septal cartilage Roof of the mouth showing position of palatine bones making up the floor of the nose, and forming the posterior nasal spine for the attachment of the musculus uvulae. The bony structure of the nose is provided by the maxilla, frontal bone, and a number of smaller bones. The topmost bony part of the nose is formed by the nasal part of the frontal bone, which lies between the brow ridges, and ends in a serrated nasal notch. A left and a right nasal bone join with the nasal part of the frontal bone at either side; and these at the side with the small lacrimal bones and the frontal process of each maxilla.

In 1983, Robert E. Marx, a prominent oral and maxillofacial surgeon, refuted the notion that trauma and infection were requirements in the development of ORN. Marx proposed that ORN was the result of cumulative tissue damage caused by radiation, creating disturbances in cell metabolism and homeostasis that resulted in cell death and hypocellular tissues. In addition, radiation causes injury to the endothelial cells of local vasculature, creating a hypovascular environment which leads to decreased oxygen delivery resulting in hypoxic tissues. The decrease of vasculature helps explain why the mandible is more commonly affected than maxilla, as the mandible is served primarily by the inferior alveolar artery, whereas the maxilla is served by various arteries and has a more robust blood supply.

Angulomastacator (meaning "bend chewer", in reference to both the shape of its upper jaw and to the Big Bend area of the Rio Grande, where the type specimen was found) is a genus of duck-billed dinosaur from the Campanian-age (Late Cretaceous) Aguja Formation of Big Bend National Park, Texas. It is known from a single specimen, TMM 43681–1, a partial left maxilla (the main tooth-bearing bone of the upper jaw). This bone is curved down approximately 45° at its anterior end, with the tooth row bent to fit, unlike any other hadrosaur. The unusual characteristics of the maxilla, which have not been reported from elsewhere, supports the hypothesis that the dinosaurs of the Aguja Formation were endemic forms.

Such traits include the presence of a sagittal crest on parietal bone, maxillae and dentaries that are expanded from the middle to the sides, and with teeth present on both the occlusal and lingual surfaces. However, unlike rhynchosaurids, but like both Howesia and Mesosuchus, Eohyosaurus lacks a longitudinal occlusal groove and an occlusal blade on its maxillae and dentaries, respectively. Like in Rhynchosauridae and possibly Howesia (but not Mesosuchus), the occlusal margin of its maxilla is offset to the bottom from the lower margin of the main body of the jugal bone. Unlike rhynchosaurids that possess a short anguli oris crest on the jugal, in Eohyosaurus it is present on the side surface of the maxilla, while Mesosuchus lacks it entirely and it is unknown in Howesia.

Omura's whale has several unique skeletal features that distinguish it from its congeners, namely B. brydei and B. edeni. In B. omurai and B. brydei, the posterior end of the ascending process of the maxilla widens to become squarish, whereas in B. edeni, it is slender and round throughout its length. In B. omurai, this widened posterior portion conceals the premaxilla, which disappears below the maxilla and nasal and does not reach the frontal, whereas in both B. brydei and B. edeni, the premaxilla reaches the frontal. The parietals flare laterally in dorsal view in B. omurai and the Indo-Pacific form of B. brydei, but are invisible in dorsal view in B. edeni and the North Pacific form of B. brydei.

In the neurocranium these are the occipital bone, two temporal bones, two parietal bones, the sphenoid, ethmoid and frontal bones. The bones of the facial skeleton (14) are the vomer, two inferior nasal conchae, two nasal bones, two maxilla, the mandible, two palatine bones, two zygomatic bones, and two lacrimal bones. Some sources count a paired bone as one, or the maxilla as having two bones (as its parts); some sources include the hyoid bone or the three ossicles of the middle ear but the overall general consensus of the number of bones in the human skull is the stated twenty-two. Some of these bones—the occipital, parietal, frontal, in the neurocranium, and the nasal, lacrimal, and vomer, in the facial skeleton are flat bones.

Matheronodon (meaning "Matheron tooth") is a genus of rhabdodontid ornithopod dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of France. The genus contains a single species, M. provincialis, which is known from a single maxilla and associated teeth. It was named by Pascal Godefroit and colleagues in 2017. The teeth of Matheronodon are large but few in number.

Cherubism is autosomal dominantly linked. Cherubism has also been found from the random mutation of a gene in an individual having no family history of the condition. However it is not well understood why males tend to express the disease more frequently. Children with cherubism vary in severity in their maxilla and mandible bony lesions.

The praemaxilla is short. There is a fenestra promaxillaris, a small opening in the front of the maxilla side, which is rare among troodontids. There are four premaxillary and about twenty- three maxillary teeth. The maxillary teeth have no serrations on their front edge; the denticles on the concavely curved rear edge are small.

The eyes of the coelacanth are very large, while the mouth is very small. The eye is acclimatized to seeing in poor light by rods that absorb mostly short wavelengths. Coelacanth vision has evolved to a mainly blue-shifted color capacity. Pseudomaxillary folds surround the mouth and replace the maxilla, a structure absent in coelacanths.

The frontmost three teeth of the maxilla were also preserved. The premaxillary teeth increased in size from the first to third, shrank from the third to the sixth, and enlarged again from the sixth premaxillary to third maxillary positions. A diastema (gap in tooth row) was present between the last premaxillary and first maxillary tooth.

The molars were generally bunodont (i.e. with small enamel cusps on the occlusal surface-bearing structure). Between these bumps were approaches for forming transverse strips on the first two molars and on the rearmost molar, which is typical in lophodont teeth. The premolars had only one (lower jaw) or two (in the maxilla) cusps.

A premaxilla, among the newly discovered material, led to the reassignment of Chalawan to the Pholidosauridae. Additionally, Chalawan and both Goniopholididae and Pholidosauridae share the presence of a depression located on the lateral wall of the maxilla and jugal bone. Martin et al. (2013) first appeared online only several months after Halliday et al.

The skull of Gorynychus, a therocephalian synapsid. The tiny quadrate-quadratojugal complex is labelled with q-qj. In synapsids (mammals and their extinct relatives), the quadratojugal undergoes significant transformation during the evolution of the group. Early synapsids such as eothyridids and caseids retained long quadratojugals and in some cases even reacquire quadratojugal-maxilla contact.

Another difference between Alvarezsauridae and Haplocheirus is the dentition. While alvarezsauroids show a simplified homogenous dentition, Haplocheirus on the other side possesses recurved serrated teeth. The dentition of Haplocheirus and their basal phylogenetic position, suggest that carnivory was the primitive condition for the clade. Furthermore, Haplocheirus possesses more teeth on the maxilla than other alvarezsauroids.

The orbit has a reniform, or kidney-like, shape caused by posterior extension of the maxilla toward the prefrontals. The pre-orbital skull length ratio is high, indicating a longer snout than other polycotylids. The postorbital bar is reduced. The dentary has many ridges and valleys, becoming especially prominent near the enlarged caniniform teeth.

The head is rather small and is less than 25% of the total length. The pointed mouth is terminal and fairly small with its maxilla reaching just below the right eye. Both eyes are located at the right side of the body. The bony ridge behind the eyes is another characteristic for this species.

Dentary teeth of UMNH VP 14527 and UMNH VP 15259 The head anatomy of Falcarius is partially known. The skull was small and elongated. With its long neck, Falcarius could apparently reach about off the ground to munch leaves or fruit. The teeth numbered at least sixteen in the maxilla of the upper jaw.

The teeth are large, recurved, and serrated. The skull is wide at its back and narrows in front of the eyes. The skull roof and maxilla are somewhat pitted. Pitting is also seen in aquatic phytosaurs and crocodilians, but the ridges and grooves are deeper and much more extensive across the skulls of these forms.

An all-black species with bifasciate wings, the generic name, Dipogon "two beards", refers to the tufts of forward-pointing bristles on the maxilla of the female, the purpose of which is to pack the nest entrance with old spider silk. Females grow to 5–9 mm in length, and males 4–7 mm.

Notwithstanding this treatment does not scope the disease itself. Actually, it is the repositioning of bone from calvaria to the maxillary bones, and placement of dental implants in a completely edentulous maxilla when the patient has already lost all teeth. An already developed method to reconstruct maxillae in edentulous elderly people by other dental professionals.

The nearly complete (%75) skeleton of one specimen (DGM-1418-R) recovered from the Tremembé Formation of the Taubaté Basin. The specimen only lacks most of the upper maxilla, braincase, pelvis and sternum. In the Museum of Natural History of Taubaté is exposed the almost complete skeleton of Paraphysornis found in 1982 by Herculano Alvarenga.

Cephalopholis miniata has a body which is 2.6-3.0 times as long in standard length as it is deep. The dorsal profile of the head is flat to slightly convex between the eyes. It has a rounded, finely serrated preopercle which has a fleshy lower edge. The maxilla extends beyond the rear of the eye.

Yangavis has a wingspan of about half a metre. It differs from all other known Confuciusornithidae in several autapomorphies. The dorsal branch of the maxilla is rectangular and has a ridge on the outer side obliquely running from the lower front to the upper rear. The claw of the second finger is not strongly reduced.

This fossa provides space for the lower canine tooth when the jaw is closed. Above the upper canine at the top of the snout there is a small depression on the maxilla. The tip of the snout is covered in irregular pits, a unique feature of Boreogomphodon. Each upper postcanine has large central cusp and a posterior cingulum.

The cutting edges of the maxilla and mandible are serrated which aids in securing live prey and fruit. These serrations, along with the decurved tip of the bill, are also useful in cutting food items into smaller pieces., Fowler, Murray.E. and R.Eric Miller (2008) "Zoo and wild animal medicine: current therapy", Elsevier Health Sciences, Vol.6.

Nasomaxillary dysplasia is caused by a development arrest at the junction of the lateral side of the nose and the maxilla, which results in a complete or non-complete cleft between the nose and the orbital floor (nasoocular cleft) or between the mouth, nose and the orbital floor (oronasal- ocular cleft). The development of the lip is normal.

Behind the lacrimal process of the inferior nasal conchae lies a broad, thin plate, the ethmoidal process, which ascends to join the uncinate process of the ethmoid; from its lower border a thin lamina, the maxillary process, curves downward and lateralward; it articulates with the maxilla and forms a part of the medial wall of the maxillary sinus.

Because cherubism changes and improves over time, the treatment should be individually determined. Generally, moderate cases are watched until they subside or progress into the more severe range. Severe cases may require surgery to eliminate bulk cysts and fibrous growth of the maxilla and mandible. Surgical bone grafting of the cranial facial bones may be successful on some patients.

From April 2 to April 23, 2016, their first nationwide live tour Tour Love&Vice; was held. On July 6, 2016, they released the third EP Mint Condition. The music video of lead song "Mint" (directed by maxilla) was produced collaborating with Levi's and won The Best New Artist Video of the 15th MTV Video Music Awards Japan.

Ramírez-Velasco et al. (2012) diagnosed Huehuecanauhtlus by a unique combination of characters. For example, two teeth exposed on the occlusal plane of the rostral third and the posterior third of the dentary and maxilla, respectively. It had seven sacral vertebrae and tall neural spines of posterior vertebrae, being between 3.5 and 4 times taller than their corresponding centra.

The combinatio nova is Euhelopus zdanskyi. The specific name honours Zdansky. Left premaxilla and maxilla Specimen PMU 24705 (formerly PMU R233) forms according to Wilson & Upchurch the holotype, descriptive basis, for the species Euhelopus zdanskyi. It represents one of the skeletons found by Zdansky, named "Exemplar a" by Wiman, who did not formally assign a holotype.

The skull of adults was probably 2-2.5 centimeters (.8-1 inches) in length, with an low and elongated snout. Some bones are faintly textured similar to those of kuehneosaurids. The maxilla has a short facial process (upwards branch) and a uniquely long premaxillary process (front branch), conditions also known to a lesser extent in Marmoretta.

Restoration of two individuals The holotype of Irisosaurus shows a unique combination of traits that in themselves are not unique. There is a large and deep neurovascular foramen on the perinarial fossa. The premaxillary ramus of the maxilla is higher than it is long prior to the nasal process. The proximal half of metacarpal V is strongly asymmetrical.

Iguanodontid dentaries are very long as well, and become increasingly thick towards the back of the skull. A pair of bony processes extending from the maxilla insert into the jugal and lacrimal, respectively. The iguanodontid jugal has particularly deep crevices that serve to mediate this contact. The lacrimal process constitutes the rostral margin of the reduced antorbital fenestra.

An orthognathic surgical approach can be taken to correct an open bite once vertical growth has finished in male and female patients. At that time, a Le-Fort I osteotomy to impact the maxilla is usually done. According to Proffit et al., surgical movement that involves maxillary impaction is the most stable surgical movement in the hierarchy they established.

Anderson GS. Wildlife forensic entomology: determining time of death in two illegally killed black bear cubs, a case report. J Forensic Sci. 1999;44:856–859. [PubMed] > Case Study: One veterinarian reported that a dog was presented with a severe > edema of the muzzle and several maxillary fractures of unknown cause. The > maxilla was wired and the dog sent home.

With a skull length of nearly , Plesiopithecus was a medium- sized strepsirrhine primate. Its skull is marked by a high muzzle, klinorhynchy, and relatively large orbits. It has very large and procumbent upper canines that are straight and compressed on both sides, and have roots that extend deep into the maxilla (upper jaw). No upper incisors have been found.

Glyphoderma's skull is the shape of an isosceles triangle, with a long narrow rostrum. The skull is 110.6 mm long and 83.7 mm wide. There are three large osteoderms fused to the temporal arch on each side of the skull, which protrude backwards. The suture between the maxilla and the jugal is underneath the posterior part of the orbit.

The jaws are lined with many small pointed teeth. Like other sebecians, Pepesuchus has ziphodont teeth that are laterally compressed and serrated. 17 teeth are present in each maxilla, the most of any sebecian after Stolokrosuchus. There are also numerous dentary teeth in the lower jaw, with the foremost ones directed in a slight forward position.

The maxilla does not extend below the anterior margin of the eye. The teeth are conical and are present in double rows on both jaws. The eyes are directed slightly upwards and sideways. The dorsal fins are close together, with the first dorsal fin having five to seven rays and the second having 12 to 15.

The caterpillar is about 10 mm in maximum length. Head with numerous blackish-brown dots. Body green to yellowish tinged with a slender red or pale red dorsal, subdorsal, supraspiracular, subspiracular, and basal lines. Pupa very similar to above mentioned species, but with a pair of hooked setae and maxilla is always shorter than the mid-leg.

Peirosaurus has a ziphodont dentition that is somewhat heterodont, with conical premaxillary teeth and serrated maxillary and posterior mandibular teeth. The rostrum is laterally compressed with a grove between the maxilla and premaxilla to accommodate for an enlarged mandibular tooth. A maxillary wedge-like anterior process is also present. The external nares face slightly forward and anteriorly protrude.

Geological Magazine,7(12), 529. doi:10.1017/s0016756800183529 T.H. Huxley found many series of subcylindical palatal teeth which was the main trait of Hyperodapedon. Huxley was able to distinguish Hyperodapedon from Rhynchosaurus articeps by the maxillary tooth rows. Later on, Lydekker realized that Hyperodapedon have more than two rows of teeth in both the maxilla and palatine.

Protoceratopsids have a frill and rostral bone characteristic of all ceratopsians. Their snout is particularly wedge-shaped with tall and narrow nostrils situated high on it. The antorbital fenestra is unusually small, and the antorbital fossa sits high on the skull with a slit connecting it to a sinus in the maxilla. This sinus is unique to Protoceratopsidae.

The anterior border is serrated. It articulates with the palatine process of maxilla. The posterior border is concave, free, and serves for the attachment of the soft palate. Its medial end is sharp and pointed, and, when united with that of the opposite bone, forms a projecting process, the posterior nasal spine for the attachment of the musculus uvulae.

These skull bones include a maxilla (ALM 1), and several lower jaws (ALM 2, 3, 5, 6, and 7). One of the jaws, ALM 2, connected to a small angled bone tentatively identified as a quadratojugal. The referral of the skull fossils to Arganasuchus is uncertain but likely considering their "rauisuchian" identity and similar size and occurrence.

More to behind the nasal bones stretch out horizontally, creating a flat tongue-shaped skull crest that overgrowths and ultimately overhangs, most of the skull roof. The crest is not hollow but consists of massive bone. The crest has a low longitudinal ridge on the midline. The maxilla, the tooth-bearing upper jaw bone, is rather elongated in front.

The maxilla is pierced by a large maxillary fenestra, the diameter of which equals a sixth of the length of the tooth row. The tooth crown equals a quarter of the tooth length, thus including the root. The toe claws have a groove on top. Both praemaxillae are connected by an extra pen-in-socket connection.

Based on comparisons with Irritators relatives, the maxillae were probably lined with a total of 11 teeth each, similar to the number of 12 teeth in MSNM V4047, an upper jaw fossil referred to Spinosaurus. The hindmost tooth of the Irritator specimen's left maxilla was not yet fully erupted, and only the tip of it was visible.

The eyes of Temnodontosaurus had sclerotic rings, hypothesized to have provided the eyes with rigidity. The sclerotic rings of T. platyodon were at least 25 cm in diameter. The head of Temnodontosaurus had a long robust snout with an antorbital constriction. It also had an elongated maxilla, a long cheek region and a long postorbital segment.

Binder's Syndrome/Binder Syndrome (Maxillo-Nasal Dysplasia) is a developmental disorder primarily affecting the anterior part of the maxilla and nasal complex (nose and jaw). It is a rare disorder and the causes are unclear. The characteristics of the syndrome are typically visible. The syndrome involves hypoplasia of variable severity of cartilaginous nasal septum and premaxilla.

They have a small frontal sinus and global facial imbalance. Treatment is encouraged as early as possible with posteroanterior traction on the maxilla and, at about age 8, reinsertion of the nasolabial muscles onto the anterior border of the cartilaginous system. Many who have a severe case of the disorder undergo plastic surgery or orthodontic treatment for cosmetic reasons.

It had slender, forked premaxillae that turned up and expanded in the front, creating a shovel-like structure. Desmatosuchus is unique among aetosaurs in that its species are the only known aetosaurs that lacked teeth on their premaxillae. Their premaxillae fit loosely together with their maxillae, indicating flexibility at that joint. Their maxilla contained 10 to 12 teeth.

The heterodont dentition of Eoraptor consists of both serrated, recurved teeth in the upper jaw, like the teeth of theropods, and leaf-shaped teeth in the lower jaw, like the teeth of basal sauropodomorphs. Eoraptor had 4 teeth in the premaxilla and 18 teeth in the maxilla, a dental formula not dissimilar to that of Herrerasaurus.

Infection that begins below the buccinator's attachment point with the maxilla will spread inferiorly into the vestibular space. Rarely, the infection will spread upwards into the maxillary sinus and cause a sinusitis. In the lower jaw (mandible), the primary spaces are the sublingual, submandibular, and submental spaces. The location of the mylohyoid dictates the spread of infection.

The post orbital notably has a deeply forked posterior margin. This characteristic is seen in some other basal cynodonts, but is widely variable. The maxilla forms a good portion of the side of the face and is dotted with small foramina, mostly above the canines. These foramina likely housed nerves, and were perhaps associated with whiskers.

Their limbs were long, and skeleton built lightly suggests they were active and agile. A long low skull and dentition extended far back to lie below the temporal fenestra. Aerosaurus had other general features found in ‘Pelycosaurs’ like a slanted Occiput, a lateral temporal fenestra, a septomaxilla bone that contacting the nasal and a maxilla bone contacting the quadrojugal.

The quadtrojugal has a slender ramus that meets the jugal and the maxilla. The nasal is also long and slender, but has extensive fragmentation, so an exact length is undetermined. The frontal is long and slender with the posterior end not extending into the margins of the orbit. The Postfrontal is small due to the size of the frontal.

The maxilla vertically attains the full height of the skull, reaching to the prefrontal on the skull roof. The hindmost tooth is positioned under the rear edge of the eye socket. The lacrimal bone is directed vertically. The pterygoid bones do not touch each other with their rear ends at the braincase, totally separated by the basisphenoid.

Native to the Mediterranean Sea, it reaches just 1.5 cm (0.6 in) as an adult. The largest species is the barbeled dragonfish Opostomias micripnis, widely found in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans and measuring about in adult length. These fish have a highly unusual and often almost nightmarish appearance. They all have teeth on the premaxilla and maxilla.

The entire piece has a preserved length of . As with most pterosaurs, the snout was hollow, with a supporting internal boxwork of bone, as could be observed at breaks. The jugal bone apparently extended to a point below the front of the large skull opening, the nasoantorbital fenestra. There are at least eight teeth in each maxilla.

With each instar there is an increase of body weight, salivary glands and mandibular gland, and development was associated with social relatinoships and task performed in the colony. Specifically lateral tooth in mandibles develop in the fourth instar, opening the body spiracles in the second instar, and presence of spines in the maxilla after the fifth instar.

Osteomyelitis of the jaws is osteomyelitis (which is infection and inflammation of the bone marrow, sometimes abbreviated to OM) which occurs in the bones of the jaws (i.e. maxilla or the mandible). Historically, osteomyelitis of the jaws was a common complication of odontogenic infection (infections of the teeth). Before the antibiotic era, it was frequently a fatal condition.

The species in the family Percohidae are elongated, benthic fishes with an anteriorly depressed head, a broad flat snout which gives rise to the common name duckbills. The mouth is large with a prognathous lower jaw and exposed maxilla. They have large closely placed eyes. There are two spines on the opercula and one on subopercule.

The heart of tadpole shrimps is a long dorsal tube in the anterior eleven trunk segments. It has a pair of ostia in each of these segments. Sometimes hemoglobin is present in its blood and the crustacean may be pink as a result. The excretory organs are the paired maxillary glands, located on the segment of the second maxilla.

The maxillae, the upper jaws, were long and contained about eighteen small teeth on each side. The outside of the maxilla was covered by a large loreal osteoderm, overlapping the snout edge. A large lacrimal plate is present behind it. The rim above the eye socket has two osteoderms, each forming a separate peak as with Asian ankylosaurids.

In addition, he went on a second six-month expedition with Harvard University to Ichigualasto, Argentina, and went to Antarctica for three months in an expedition headed up by Ohio State University. His most significant finds in Argentina and Antarctica were the holotype of Probainognathus jenseni on Chañares Formation and a maxilla of a Lystrosaurus on Coalsack Bluff.

There are certainly four alveoli present, with a small cavity which may be a fifth. The nasals have a long dorsoventrally compressed process which would have extended down between the maxilla and premaxilla. They also have a long anterior process with a triangular cross-section. The surface for articulation with the lacrimal is clearly visible on the right nasal.

The mouth curves downwards and the upper lip curves outwards, due to a fleshy philtrum. These facial features become more noticeable as the individual ages, as Mandible growth outstrips that of the maxilla leading to a clear midface hypoplasia. There is also a mild brachycephaly. Disrupted sleep patterns are characteristic of Smith–Magenis syndrome, typically beginning early in life.

For example, there is a gap between the maxilla and the palatine bone around the midline of the palate. The palate itself is also wider than that of Mariliasuchus. While the teeth of the two genera are very similar, their number and placement in the jaw differs slightly. Morrinhosuchus has seven post-caniniform teeth while Mariliasuchus has only six.

It consists of a partial left upper jaw and lower jaw, including the maxilla, part of the praemaxilla, elements of the lacrimal and the dentary. Shuangmiaosaurus was a rather large euornithopod. In 2010 Gregory S. Paul estimated its length at 7.5 metres, its weight at 2.5 tonnes.Paul, G.S., 2010, The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs, Princeton University Press p.

A dinosaur's dentition included all the teeth in its jawbones, which consist of the dentary, maxillary, and in some cases the premaxillary bones. The maxilla is the main bone of the upper jaw. The premaxilla is a smaller bone forming the anterior of the animal's upper jaw. The dentary is the main bone that forms the lower jaw (mandible).

Growth Sites serve as a location in the bone where the actual growth occurs. Growth sites are dependent on the growth centers for growth. Some examples include sutures of cranial vault, lateral cranial base and maxilla. Growth Centers is an area in the bone that controls the overall growth of the bone from its locations through different signaling mechanisms.

In some of the maxilla, the teeth are short and swollen (almost round in cross section) and become smaller towards the rear of the bone. The dentary teeth are similar but more asymmetrical. The middle of the dentary has the largest and most denticulate teeth in the jaw. There are 12 maxillary teeth and 14 dentary teeth.

293 Each maxilla (main tooth- bearing bone in the upper jaw) contained ten teeth, and each dentary (tooth- bearing bone in the lower jaw) contained twelve teeth.Osborn (1903), p. 460 The tooth rows of Ornitholestes were short, with the dentary (lower) row being even shorter than the maxillary (upper) row,Paul (1988b), p. 3; Norman (1990), p.

The maxilla itself shows few significant characters. The back margin of the incisive foramen, which perforates the palate between the upper incisors and the molars, is not visible, suggesting that the foramen was short, as in Holochilus. The configuration of the zygomatic plate shows features that distinguish C. cailoi from some of its relatives.Pardiñas, 2008, p.

Westcott first reported placing mechanical forces on maxilla in 1859. Emerson C. Angell was the first person to publish a paper about palatal expansion in 1860 in Dental Cosmos. He placed a screw between the maxillary premolars of a 14-year-old girl for 2 weeks. When she returned, he observed expansion in her upper arch.

Archaeorhynchus was a medium-sized avialan, measuring about long. The three specimens have well-preserved skulls showing important anatomical information, including: slender maxilla and premaxilla, short nasals and discrete mandible elements. The skull bones of the holotype were slightly dislocated due to transportation. All three known fossil specimens have a preserved vertebrae column, although they are not entirely complete.

Ameloblastomas can be found both in the maxilla and mandible. Although, 80% are situated in the mandible with the posterior ramus area being the most frequent site. The neoplasms are often associated with the presence of unerupted teeth, displacement of adjacent teeth and resorption of roots. Symptoms include a slow-growing, painless swelling leading to facial deformity.

The genus is the largest primate found at La Venta,Defler, 2004, p.33 with estimated body masses of S. tatacoensis at and of S. victoriae at .Silvestro, 2017, p.14 Stirtonia tatacoensis and S. victoriae are known by several teeth, a mandible and a maxilla that closely resemble, and are almost indistinguishable from, the living Alouatta.

She was only found with a yellow metal ring on her left hand. Her remains were exhumed in 2006 for analysis, however the maxilla and jaw bone were not found in the grave. Photographs were taken of the bones prior to her burial, though. Investigators say that without these two bones, a traditional 3D reconstruction cannot be made.

Monognathus, or onejaw, is the only genus of the family Monognathidae of deep- sea eels. The name comes from the Greek monos meaning “one” and gnathos meaning “jaw”, a reference to the large mouth in comparison with the rest of the fish, and also the absence of an upper jaw (maxilla and premaxilla bones are absent).

Gishlick, A. D. & Gauthier, J. A. 2007. On the manual morphology of Composognathus longipes and its bearing on the diagnosis of Compsognathidae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 149, 569–581. It is estimated that the number of teeth in the premaxilla is four, in the maxilla twelve, and in the dentary between twenty-five and thirty.

The beak is separated by a low notch from the lower maxilla edge, which is toothless. The front of the lower jaw is low and slightly upward curving. In the left dentary the remains of three or four low conical teeth are visible; of these damage obscures most detail. The dentary has a small opening in the side surface.

Leonardus is a fairly small mammal, similar in size to Necrolestes and Notoryctes. It is known from two specimens, the holotype MACN-RN 172, composed of a left maxilla, four associated molariform teeth and two pairs of alveoli, and MACN- RN 1907, a right mandible with two molariforms. Said molariforms are vaguely peg-like, with a dome-like stylocone.

The triangular nose horn has a length of 166 millimetres. The maxilla has at least twenty-eight positions in the tooth battery, each featuring three to five stacked teeth. The postorbital, or brow, horns are 228 (left) and 246 (right) millimetres long. They strongly project to the side, at an angle of 50° with the midline of the skull.

Sophineta is known from holotype ZPAL RV/175, a nearly complete right maxilla. Many specimens are referred to the species and represent frontals, parietals, prefrontal, postfrontals, postorbitals, jugals, squamosals, pterygoids, quadrates, maxillae, premaxilla, dentaries, vertebrae and ilia. Skull fragments and vertebral column were associated. All specimens are housed in the Institute of Paleobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw.

Stratiotosuchus has a deep, laterally compressed skull long. Stratiotosuchus reached up to in total length (including tail), making it about the same size as Baurusuchus. The teeth are ziphodont, meaning that they are laterally compressed, curved, and serrated. Like other baurusuchids, Stratiotosuchus has a reduced number of teeth: three in its premaxilla and five in its maxilla.

A solenoglyphous snake. A rattlesnake skull (Crotalus sp.)Solenoglyphous snakes (pipe grooved) have the most advanced venom delivery method of any snake. Each maxilla is reduced to a nub supporting a single hollow fang tooth. The fangs, which can be as long as half the length of the head, are folded against the roof of the mouth, pointing posteriorly.

No gular scales occur between the posterior chin shields. Each maxilla has 9–12 small teeth. The single hemipenis has a forked sulcus spermaticus and three large basal spines. Juveniles are darker than adults, with the dorsum changing from dark brown to tan, and the venter from dark pink to pale pink as individuals become larger.

On the nasal surface of the body of the maxilla, in front of the opening of the sinus is a deep groove, the lacrimal groove (or lacrimal sulcus), which is converted into the nasolacrimal canal, by the lacrimal bone and inferior nasal concha; this canal opens into the inferior meatus of the nose and transmits the nasolacrimal duct.

Further back, there were at least 22 teeth per upper jaw side in the maxilla, while the entire lower jaw side carried 32 teeth in the dentary bone. Closeup of front of the snout and dentition The upper jaw had a prominent kink just behind the rosette, protruding downwards; this convexly curved part of the maxilla had the longest teeth of the entire skull. The internal bone shelves of the maxillae met each other in the midline of the skull over a long distance, forming a closed secondary palate that stiffened the snout, and setting off the internal nostrils and palatal complex (including the pterygoid, palatine and ectopterygoid) towards the back of the skull. The nostrils, unlike in most theropods, were retracted further back on the skull and behind the premaxillary teeth.

Articulator Semi-adjustable articulator with mounted casts An articulator is a mechanical hinged device used in dentistry to which plaster casts of the maxillary (upper) and mandibular (lower) jaw are fixed, reproducing some or all the movements of the mandible in relation to the maxilla. The human maxilla is fixed and the scope of movement of the mandible (and therefore the dentition) is dictated by the position and movements of the bilateral temperomandibular joints, which sit in the glenoid fossae in the base of the skull. The temperomandibular joints are not a simple hinge but rotate and translate forward when the mouth is opened. The principal movements reproduced are: at rest (centric jaw relation), in protrusion (to bite), from side to side (lateral excursion) to chew, in retrusion, and any possible combination of these.

Given the incompleteness of Razanandrongobe, Maganuco and colleagues did not assign Razanandrongobe to a specific group in 2006. Subsequently, the discovery of additional specimens allowed Dal Sasso and colleagues to refine the phylogenetic placement of Razanandrongobe in 2017. The new specimens allowed them to unequivocally identify it as a crocodylomorph and not a theropod, with all similarities having been convergently acquired. Unlike theropods, it has forward-facing and fused bony nostrils that do not contact the maxilla anywhere and are not divided by any bony process; a dentary taller and more robust than any theropod; a splenial which would have been a conspicuous part of the lower jaw, being even visible from the side; a well-developed bony palate on the maxilla; and the previously-noted thickening of the tooth crowns.

The shaft of the quadrate bone in the skull also straightened in adults, and the tips of their lower jaws became more downturned. The most obvious change that happened during the growth of Limusaurus was the complete loss of teeth from juveniles to adults. Juveniles began with one tooth in each premaxilla, eight in each maxilla, and at least twelve in each half of the lower jaw (at least 42 teeth in total). At the next stage, the first, sixth, and eighth teeth in each maxilla, as well as the sixth in each half of the lower jaw had all been lost, although the sockets were still present, and there was a small replacement tooth in the socket of the sixth lower tooth (leaving at least 34 teeth in total).

We can infer the possibility of a nocturnal lifestyle for B. megalopsis' from the animal's molar roots, which are truncated to accommodate for large eye sockets typical of a nocturnal primate. The large eye structure and similarity to the modern tarsiers also suggests that it has lost its tapetum lucidum. Thus, B. megalopsis demonstrates itself as being the oldest known nocturnal primate. The genus is otherwise known only from a handful of fossil fragments, including a few maxilla fragments and some teeth and teeth fragments from the different species. The fossil fragments found for B. fayumensis, new species, include a composite of isolated P2 (DPC 21759C), P3 (DPC 21249E), P4 (DPC 21371A), M1 (DPC 21250D), and M2 (DPC 21539E). For B. megalopsis, new species, maxilla with M1 through M3 (DPC 21358F).

Australopithecus deyiremeda was first proposed in 2015 by Ethiopian palaeoanthropologist Yohannes Haile- Selassie and colleagues based on jawbone fossils from the Burtele and Waytaleyta areas of Woranso–Mille, Afar Region, Ethiopia. The holotype specimen, a young adult left maxilla with all teeth except the first incisor and third molar BRT-VP-3/1, was discovered on 4 March 2011 by local Mohammed Barao. The paratype specimens are a complete adult body of the mandible with all incisors BRT-VP-3/14, and an adult right toothless jawbone WYT-VP-2/10, which were discovered by Ethiopian fossil hunter Ato Alemayehu Asfaw . A right maxilla fragment with the fourth premolar BRT-VP-3/37 was found east of BRT- VP-3/14, and it is unclear if these belonged to the same individual.

Today, the incomplete holotype specimen, catalogued as ANSP 10081, is the only definite specimen of Elasmosaurus. It was long exhibited, but is now stored in a cabinet with other assigned fragments. The specimen consists of the premaxillae, part of the hind-section of the right maxilla, two maxilla fragments with teeth, the front part of the dentaries, three more jaw fragments, two cranial fragments of indeterminable identity, 72 neck vertebrae, including the atlas and axis, 3pectoral vertebrae, 6back vertebrae, 4sacral vertebrae, 18 tail vertebrae, as well as rib fragments. In 2013 an incomplete neck vertebra centrum of the holotype that had been mentioned by Cope but thought to have been lost was rediscovered in storage by Sachs, and the neck vertebra count was revised from 71 to 72.

Infections originating in either maxillary or mandibular teeth can spread into the buccal space, usually maxillary molars (most commonly) and premolars or mandibular premolars. Odontogenic infections which erode through the buccal cortical plate of the mandible or maxilla will either spread into the buccal vestibule (sulcus) and drain intra-orally, or into the buccal space, depending upon the level of the perforation in relation to the attachment of buccinator to the maxilla above and the mandible below (see diagrams). Frequently infection spreads in both directions as the buccinator is only a partial barrier. Infections associated with mandibular teeth with apices at a level inferior to the attachment, and maxillary teeth with apices at a level superior to the attachment are more likely to drain into the buccal space.

Maxilla of specimen ZLJT01 Over the years, paleontologists referred additional specimens to D. sinensis which are now assigned to Sinosaurus. Dong (2003) referred specimen LDM-LCA10 which consists of a skull and an incomplete skeleton. In 2012, Xing referred two individuals, ZLJ0003 which consists of a partial skull and an incomplete skeleton, and ZLJT01 which is a juvenile individual that consists of a premaxillary fragment, an incomplete maxilla, a maxillary fragment, a lacrimal, both frontals, both parietals, an incomplete braincase, an incomplete dentary, an atlantal intercentrum, two dorsal rib fragments, and a partial proximal caudal neural arch, to Sinosaurus. The holotype, IVPP V34, was found in the Lower Lufeng Formation, and consists of two maxillary (upper jaw) fragments, four maxillary teeth, and a lower jaw fragment with three teeth.

Fossil material now assigned to Eucnemesaurus was once placed in a separate genus and species, Aliwalia rex (the generic name was taken from the Aliwal Park Reserve in the Union of South Africa, where the first remains were found). The fossil evidence of this species was comparably small, with for many years only femoral fragments and a maxilla known, having been sent from South Africa to Austria in 1873 in a shipment with prosauropod bones. The size of the femur led many palaeontologists to believe (along with the clearly carnivorous maxilla), that Aliwalia was a carnivorous dinosaur of remarkable size for the age in which lived. It would have been comparable to that of the large Jurassic and Cretaceous theropods, such as Allosaurus, that evolved tens of millions of years after Aliwalia.

Pararhabdodon (meaning "near fluted tooth" in reference to Rhabdodon) is a genus of tsintaosaurin hadrosaurid dinosaur, from the Maastrichtian-age Upper Cretaceous Tremp Group of Spain. The first remains were discovered from the Sant Romà d’Abella fossil locality and assigned to the genus Rhabdodon, and later named as the distinct species Pararhabdodon isonensis in 1993. Known material includes assorted postcranial remains, mostly vertebrae, as well as from the skull. Specimens from other sites, including remains from France, a maxilla previously considered the distinct taxon Koutalisaurus kohlerorum, an additional maxilla from another locality, the material assigned to the genera Blasisaurus and Arenysaurus, and the extensive Basturs Poble bonebed have been considered at different times to belong to the species, but all of these assignments have more recently been questioned.

As stated, the position of maximal closure in the presence of teeth is referred to as maximum intercuspidation, and the vertical jaw relationship in this position is referred to as the vertical dimension of occlusion. With the loss of teeth, there is a decrease in this vertical dimension, as the mouth is allowed to overclose when there are no teeth present to block further upward movement of the mandible towards the maxilla. This may contribute, as explained above, to a sunken-in appearance of the cheeks, because there is now "too much" cheek than is needed to extend from the maxilla to the mandible when in an overclosed position. If this situation is left untreated for many years, the muscles and tendons of the mandible and the TMJ may manifest with altered tone and elasticity.

A study published by Martina et al. stated that rapid maxillary expansion is not more effective than slow maxillary expansion in expanding the maxilla in patients with posterior crossbite. It is important to keep in mind that different studies use different rapid and slow expansion devices and thus comparability between studies is difficult. A systematic review done by Zhou et al.

Even though the maxilla is large, it bears only eight tooth sockets. Zalmoxes has up to 10, and Rhabdodon has 11. The walls separating adjacent sockets appear to have been resorbed such that the sockets have fused into four pairs, which is not known in either Rhabdodon or Zalmoxes. Only one functional tooth would have been present in each pair at any time.

In cleft palate patients bone grafting during the mixed dentition has been widely accepted since the mid-1960s. The goals of surgery are to stabilize the maxilla, facilitate the healthy eruption of teeth that are adjacent the cleft, improving the esthetics of the base of the nose, create a bone base for dental implants, and to close any oro-nasal fistulas.

Kenyanthropus platyops was singled out by the morphology of the maxilla, characterized by a flat and relatively orthognathic subnasal region, an anteriorly placed zygomatic process and small molars. In other words, the Kenyanthropus had small molars and a flat face which resembled anatomically modern humans. Other features of the Kenyanthropus are thick enamel, steep nasal cavity entrance and moderate mandibular depth.

When examined, cells with abundant granular eosinophilic and small eccentric nuclei are found. A delicate fibrovascular network can be found between the cells. It has an unusual resemblance to granular cell myoblastoma and is more common in the maxilla than the mandible. A congenital Epulis can potentially involute, therefore, if it is not interfering with feeding and breathing, monitoring the lesion is advised.

There are approximately 30 closely spaced teeth on the maxilla and dentary, and a sutural pattern of the skull closely resembles that of the Late Carboniferous aïstopod Oestocephalus. There is no trace of limbs. However, unlike later members of the aïstopod lineage, the vertebrae still possess intercentra, and the pleurocentra are large. Lethiscus is the only representative of the family Lethiscidae.

H. gracilis specimen BMNHC Ph767 skull, National Museum of Natural Science The skull of Haopterus is with a length of long and low, lacking a crest. The snout is pointed but rounded. The maxilla and praemaxilla are completely fused with no visible suture. The nasopraeorbital skull opening is elongated and elliptical with a length of , 27,6 percent of the total skull length.

Orthodontic expansion was first described by Emersen Angell about 145 years ago. Kole in 1959 was the first person to speak about the procedure of corticotomy in adults with maxillary constriction. Brown first described the surgical technique for SARPE in 1938. Steinhauser first described the technique involving the segmental left/right split of maxilla along with placement of the graft in 1972.

The eye sockets were very large and placed in a high position. The rather long back of the head was pendant. The jugal had a front branch that was thin and wedged between the maxilla and the lacrimal; the back of the jugal was high and broad. The quadratojugal had a long ascending process touching the squamosal, a basal trait.

Restoration The describing authors indicated a number of distinguishing traits. Some of these were autapomorphies, unique derived characters. Behind the nostril two additional openings are present, in ankylosaurids named the "C1" and the "C2", which in the case of Jinyunpelta are on a level with the centre of the nostril. On the front upper edge of the maxilla a triangular depression is present.

Fossils of Megamastax were found at Kuanti Formation in Qujing, Yunnan, China. The holotype of Megamastax amblyodus is IVPP V18499.1, a complete left mandible. Two additional specimens, IVPP V18499.2 (a partial left mandible) and IVPP V18499.3 (a right maxilla) have been referred to the species. The generic name of Megamastax is Greek for "big mouth", derived from megalos (big) and mastax (mouth).

The upper or lower jaw can be overgrown (macrognathia) or undergrown (micrognathia). It has been reported that patients with micrognathia are also affected by retrognathia (abnormal posterior positioning of the mandible or maxilla relative to the facial structure). These patients are majorly predisposed to a class II malocclusion. Mandibular macrognathia results in prognathism and predisposes patients to a class III malocclusion.

Dental panoramic radiography equipment consists of a horizontal rotating arm which holds an X-ray source and a moving film mechanism (carrying a film) arranged at opposed extremities. The patient's skull sits between the X-ray generator and the film. The X-ray source is rectangular collimated beam. Also the height of that beam covers the mandibles and the maxilla regions.

Crouzon syndrome is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder known as a branchial arch syndrome. Specifically, this syndrome affects the first branchial (or pharyngeal) arch, which is the precursor of the maxilla and mandible. Since the branchial arches are important developmental features in a growing embryo, disturbances in their development create lasting and widespread effects. This syndrome is named after Octave Crouzon,L.

The hard palate is a thin horizontal bony plate made up of two bones of the facial skeleton, located in the roof of the mouth. The bones are the palatine process of the maxilla and the horizontal plate of palatine bone. The hard palate spans the alveolar arch formed by the alveolar process that holds the upper teeth (when these are developed).

The prevalence of peripheral ossifying fibromas is highest around 10 – 19 years of age. It appears only on the gingiva, more often on the maxilla rather than the mandible, and is frequently found in the area around incisors and canines. The adjacent teeth are usually not affected. Peripheral ossifying fibromas appear microscopically as a combination of a mineralized product and fibrous proliferation.

The dorsal margin of the maxilla is unusually concave unlike the convex condition in tyrannosaurids. The nares are large and elliptical, supporting its relation to proceratosauridae. The dentary gradually curves upwards as it approaches its front edge. Many teeth are preserved attached to the maxillae, with a roughly equal number of denticles on each side, similarly to those of tyrannosaurids.

The lacrimal sac or lachrymal sac is the upper dilated end of the nasolacrimal duct, and is lodged in a deep groove formed by the lacrimal bone and frontal process of the maxilla. It connects the lacrimal canaliculi, which drain tears from the eye's surface, and the nasolacrimal duct, which conveys this fluid into the nasal cavity. Lacrimal sac occlusion leads to dacryocystitis.

A Meckelian foramen ran along the outer side of the dentary. Dilophosaurus had four teeth in each premaxilla, 12 in each maxilla, and 17 in each dentary. The teeth were generally long, thin, and recurved, with relatively small bases. They were compressed sideways, oval in cross-section at the base, lenticular (lens-shaped) above, and slightly concave on their outer and inner sides.

Toadfish are usually scaleless, with eyes set high on large heads. Their mouths are also large, with both a maxilla and premaxilla, and often decorated with barbels and skin flaps. They are generally drab in colour, although those living on coral reefs may have brighter patterns. They range in size from length in Thlassophryne megalops, to in the Pacuma toadfish.

Such teeth numbered four to six in the praemaxilla and about fourteen to twenty-five in the maxilla; the number in the lower jaws roughly equalled that of the skull. The teeth were placed in tooth-sockets, had vertically wrinkled enamel and lacked a true cutting edge or carina. With some species, the front teeth were notably longer, to grab prey.

Lythronax had 11 (tooth sockets) in each maxilla, a trait shared with no tyrannosaurs other than Teratophoneus and Bistahieversor (other tyrannosaurs had 12 or more maxillary alveoli). The maxillary teeth were heterodont (differentiated), the first five being much larger than those following. Some of the frontmost teeth were almost long. The teeth were similar to bananas in shape, robust, and serrated.

The anterior nasal spine, or anterior nasal spine of maxilla, is a bony projection in the skull that serves as a cephalometric landmark. The anterior nasal spine is the projection formed by the fusion of the two maxillary bones at the intermaxillary suture. It is placed at the level of the nostrils, at the uppermost part of the philtrum and rarely fractures.

There are 11 spines in the dorsal fin and 16 soft rays while the anal fin contains 3 spines and 8 soft rays. The caudal fin is truncate or marginally rounded. This species is reddish brown in colour with a white dot on each scale leading to the appearance of fine, white speckling. There is a dark reddish brown stripe on the maxilla.

The holotype specimen of Thanatotheristes degrootorum (TMP 2010.5.7) is based on a right maxilla, right jugal, right postorbital, right surangular, right quadrate, right laterosphenoid, left frontal, and both dentaries. The length of the skull has been approximated to be . It was smaller than the closely related Daspletosaurus, but the holotype individual was not osteologically mature at the time of death.

Those pereiopods which are armed with a claw (chela) may be referred to as chelipeds. The moveable fingers of a claw are known as dactyls. The pereiopods bear the sexual organs, which are the third pereiopod in the female and the fifth pereiopod in the male. Each appendage from the second maxilla to the fifth pereiopod also bears a gill.

The frontal bone has a short front branch. The jugal bone has short branches to the front, in the direction of the maxilla and the nasal bone, and a long narrow upwards branch running towards the postorbital bone. In the outer rear side of the lower jaw an opening is present, the mandibular fenestra. The coronoid process of the surangular bone is low.

The back of the skull is significantly shortened and deformed. By shifting the nostrils to the top of the head, the nasal passages extend perpendicularly through the skull. The teeth or baleen in the upper jaw sit exclusively on the maxilla. The braincase is concentrated through the nasal passage to the front and is correspondingly higher, with individual cranial bones that overlap.

The skull preserves an antorbital fenestra, or opening in front of the eyes. The nasal, a bone at the top of the skull behind the nostrils, is relatively long. There is also a small notch at the contact between the premaxilla and the maxilla near the front of the snout. Morrinhosuchus can be distinguished from Mariliasuchus on the basis of several unique features.

In the area at the bottom of Goubet (Dankalélo, not far from Devil's Island), circular stone structures and fragments of painted pottery have also been discovered. Previous investigators have also reported a fragmentary maxilla, attributed to an older form of Homo sapiens and dated to ~250 Ka, from the valley of the Dagadlé Wadi. Geometric design pottery found in Asa Koma.

The holotype fossil, SAM-PK-1070, is preserved in negative relief and has a partial skull, mandibles, axial skeleton, pectoral and pelvic girdles, osteoderms, and femur elements. The preserved femurs include a complete left and partial right. Partial skull elements present are the maxilla, quadrate, parabasisphenol, jugal, quadratojugal, mandible, and the palate. Little of the skull roof remains in this specimen.

The corners form a wing-like concave process postlaterally. The pineal foramen is large, oval in shape, and slightly sunken into the parietals. Teeth of H. scholtzi are typical of Varanopids with a recurved shape, serrated mesially and distally on some. A slightly larger caniniform is present a third of the way in from the anterior end of the maxilla.

In 2005, Allain established some distinctive traits. Dubreuillosaurus has an unusually low and long skull, with a length three times the height. In the upper corner of the front edge of the nasal branch of the maxilla, a kink is present, separating a convex curvature below from a concave curvature above. The descending branch of the postorbital has a U-shaped cross-section.

There are a total of 12 within the premaxilla and then 14 teeth in the maxilla. The teeth seem to decrease in size from the frontal to the back part in the skull. The tongue-like posterolateral process, however, angles more posteriorly than laterally. The presence of such a process is a mesosaurid apomorphy, distinguishing this animal from other closely related clades.

The first skull of Callawayasaurus to be found was long, while the animal as a whole grew up to long. The nares of Callawayasaurus are elongated and positioned over the maxilla, which has 3-5 teeth. The neck contains 56 vertebrae which are relatively short compared to other elasmosaurids. Callawayasaurus fossils have no pectoral bars; in common with other plesiosaurs such as Terminonatator.

This arch divides into a maxillary process and a mandibular process, giving rise to structures including the bones of the lower two-thirds of the face and the jaw. The maxillary process becomes the maxilla (or upper jaw), and palate while the mandibular process becomes the mandible or lower jaw. This arch also gives rise to the muscles of mastication.

Bitia hydroides is noted for its unusual dentition. In all other snakes, any enlarged teeth are located on the dentary or maxilla, with the inner, palatine teeth of the upper jaw being smaller. In Bitia hydroides, the palatine teeth are greatly enlarged. Not enough is known about this animal's feeding behavior or ecology to attempt to infer a function of this peculiar arrangement.

The mandibular symphysis was abbreviated, and the mandible was deepest where the mandibular rami (halves of the lower jaw) diverged. The maxilla of the upper jaw was very slender, and only deep. The tip of the beak was rounded, blunt, and heavily built. The tips of the jaws bore a semicircle of 48 teeth which were even in size, triangular, and compressed sideways.

The premaxilla (or praemaxilla) is one of a pair of small cranial bones at the very tip of the upper jaw of many animals, usually, but not always, bearing teeth. In humans, they are fused with the maxilla and usually termed as the incisive bone. Other terms used for this structure include premaxillary bone or os premaxillare, and intermaxillary bone or os intermaxillare.

Across the top of the head, there are 7–11 interocular scales; three or four scales separate the suboculars and the supralabials. It has 12 to 17 supralabials and 13–17 sublabials. The first three or four sublabials contact the chin shields, of whichs only one pair exists. Often, two fangs are on each maxilla, and both can be functional.

The lower beak blackens later by four years of age. The elongated bill has a pointed maxilla (upper beak), suited to digging out grubs from tree branches and trunks.Cameron, p. 65. Records of the timing of the eye ring changing from grey to pink in male birds are sparse, but have been recorded anywhere from one to four years of age.

Like other proterochampsians, there is no contact between the lacrimal and nasal. More unusually, there is also no trace of an antorbital fenestra between the maxilla, nasal, and lacrimal. The only other early archosauriform known to lack an antorbital fenestra is Vancleavea. One autapomorphy (unique distinguishing feature) of Rugarhynchos is the presence of a thick diagonal ridge on the side of the snout.

Unlike Ornithosuchus, Dasygnathoides did not appear to have a palatine-pterygoid fenestra as the homologous area of bone is curved outwards. This indicates that, in fact, it is not an ornithosuchan at all. The partial vertebra is found in the same piece of stone as the maxilla. It has a well- developed transverse process and is probably a dorsal or anterior caudal vertebra.

Siamodon is known from the holotype PRC-4, a well-preserved left maxilla and from the referred materials PRC-5, an isolated maxillary tooth and PRC-6, a braincase. It was collected in the Ban Saphan Hin site, Nakhon Ratchasima Province, from the Khok Kruat Formation, dating to the Aptian stage of the late Early Cretaceous, about 125-113 million years ago.

The anteriormost teeth, or carinae, of the premaxilla set in Nicrosaurus kapffi are enlarged and strongly curved. These are usually the largest teeth of the upper jaw. Much of the other anterior teeth in this set, as well as in the maxilla, are difficult to distinguish from one another. The anteriormost teeth of the premaxilla are firmly anchored and labially vaulted.

The mouthparts are also unusual for ensiferans, having a knife-shaped lacinia (tip of the maxilla) and small elongated mandibles. These mouthparts suggest that the insect is predatory. In the related species Cooloola ziljan, the lacinia has been observed in use as a digging tool. The legs are adapted for burrowing and the hind legs bear flattened spines for this purpose.

Often near the mandible there were two upper canine teeth, presumably extracted from the maxilla before or after removal. This ritual was done with precision and skill, suggesting a long term of use. A second form of ritual burial was the removal of arms or legs. One arm was often cut off at the shoulder, and placed on top of the other arm.

Despite the large number of specimens of Stegotretus, many are poorly preserved or distorted. Stegotretus is diagnosed by the presence of only two premaxillary teeth and by a large circular fenestra on the palatine. A contact between the maxilla and the quadratojugal and the absence of an entepicondylar foramen on the humerus separate it from the purportedly closely related Pantylus.

The proportional differences probably would have made it lighter, though, as less weight was concentrated near the thigh. Like Thescelosaurus, it had thin partly ossified cartilaginous (intercostal) plates along the ribs. The shoulder girdle was robust. Parksosaurus had at least eighteen teeth in the maxilla and about twenty in the lower jaw; the number of teeth in the premaxilla is unknown.

Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, New Series 14(13): 473-479 Teratosaurus silesiacus, described in 2005 by Tomasz Sulej on the basis of a left maxilla,Sulej, T. (2005). "A new rauisuchian reptile (Diapsida: Archosauria) from the Late Triassic of Poland." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 25(1):78-86. was transferred to the genus Polonosuchus by Brussatte et al.

The nasals of Thrinaxodon are pitted with a large number of foramina, giving the impression that this synapsid had whiskers. The nasals narrow anteriorly and expand anteriorly and articulate directly with the frontals, pre-frontals and lacrimals; however, there is no interaction with the jugals or the orbitals. The maxilla of Thrinaxodon is also heavily pitted with foramina.Estes R. 1961.

English bulldog with underbite Also called mesioclusion, prognathism, undershot jaw, and underbite, this occurs when the upper teeth rest behind the lower equivalents. The maxilla is behind (maxillary retrognathism) and the mandible is forward (mandibular prognathism). It is more common in animals with brachycephalic skulls, such as pugs. This type of malocclusion is also often associated with rostral cross bite.

The levator labii superioris alaeque nasi muscle is, translated from Latin, the "lifter of both the upper lip and of the wing of the nose". It has the longest name of any muscle in an animal. The muscle is attached to the upper frontal process of the maxilla and inserts into the skin of the lateral part of the nostril and upper lip.

Hugo Obwegeser (21 October 1920 – 2 September 2017) was an Austrian Oral Surgeon and Plastic Surgeon who is known as the father of the modern orthognathic surgery. In his publication of 1970, he was the first surgeon to describe the simultaneous procedure which involved surgeries of both Maxilla and Mandible involving Le Fort I and Bilateral Sagittal Split Osteotomy technique.

The modification is done by making cuts in the bones of the mandible and/or maxilla, and repositioning the cut pieces in the desired alignment. This surgery is usually performed with the use of general anaesthetic and a nasal tube for intubation. The nasal tube enables the teeth to be wired together during surgery. The surgery usually does not involve cutting the skin.

The shinbone has a vertical ridge on the upper outer side, the crista cnemialis, touching a lower vertical ridge, the crista fibularis. Photo and CT scan of skull PMOL-AD00102 There is a number of other notable traits. The upper branch of the praemaxilla excludes the maxilla from the nostril. The premaxillary teeth lack denticles; those on the maxillary teeth are small.

The pterygomaxillary fissure is a fissure of the human skull. It is vertical, and descends at right angles from the medial end of the inferior orbital fissure. It is a triangular interval, formed by the divergence of the maxilla from the pterygoid process of the sphenoid. It connects the infratemporal with the pterygopalatine fossa, and transmits the terminal part of the maxillary artery.

Teeth from the maxilla (a-d) and lower jaw (e-g) All specimens of Matheronodon have been found at the locality of Velaux-La Bastide Neuve, in the Aix-en-Provence basin, Bouches-du-Rhône, France. The sandstones at this locality, which was discovered by Xavier Valentin in 1992, are part of the Begudian regional stage (which correlates to the late Campanian epoch, about 74 to 72 million years ago). After their discovery, the fossils were stored in the paleontology and archaeology collections of the municipality of Velaux, and labelled as belonging to the Musée du Moulin Seigneurial/Velaux-La Bastide Neuve (MMS/VBN). The type specimen is MMS/VBN-02-102, a right maxilla; associated with it are maxillary teeth (-93-34, -09-149a, -09-150, and -12-22) and dentary teeth: (-02-11, -09-43c, and -12-A002).

In most other dicynodonts the jugal is small and restricted under the eyes, but in Ufudocyclops it extends along much of the lateral (outside) face of the zygomatic arch beneath the eyes and cuts off the maxilla, which usually joins to the squamosal on the zygomatic arch. This unusual setup of the jugal also causes the zygomatic arch to noticeably jut out from the skull under the eyes, compared to other kannemeyeriiforms where it gradually curves out away from the skull. In addition, while most kannemeyeriiforms have the front of the orbits formed only by the jugal and the lacrimal bone, Ufudocyclops also has a very small portion of the maxilla between them too. Ufudocyclops is also characterised by the unique 'X'-shaped intertemporal bar on the roof of the skull between each temporal fenestra, where the large jaw muscles attached.

Reconstructed skulls of the type (A-B) and juvenile (C-D) specimens of K. langenbergensis The skull of Knoetschesuchus is relatively short, with the snout taking up 47% of skull length in K. langenbergensis and 42% in K. guimarotae, which allows them to be classified as brevirostrine crocodilians. Along the side of the snout are two undulations, a smaller one on the premaxilla and a larger and broader one on the maxilla. The jagged suture between the premaxilla and maxilla is angled towards the front of the skull in K. langenbergensis and towards the back in K. guimarotae. Along the midline of the snout are the thin and wedge-like nasals; the nostrils, which face upwards, are clearly separated by the nasals in K. guimarotae, but it is not clear that this is the case in K. langenbergensis.

The pyramidal process of the palatine bone projects backward and lateralward from the junction of the horizontal and vertical parts, and is received into the angular interval between the lower extremities of the pterygoid plates. On its posterior surface is a smooth, grooved, triangular area, limited on either side by a rough articular furrow. The furrows articulate with the pterygoid plates, while the grooved intermediate area completes the lower part of the pterygoid fossa and gives origin to a few fibers of the Pterygoideus internus. The anterior part of the lateral surface is rough, for articulation with the tuberosity of the maxilla; its posterior part consists of a smooth triangular area which appears, in the articulated skull, between the tuberosity of the maxilla and the lower part of the lateral pterygoid plate, and completes the lower part of the infratemporal fossa.

Its medial fibers form the angular head (also known as the levator labii superioris alaeque nasi muscle,) which arises by a pointed extremity from the upper part of the frontal process of the maxilla and passing obliquely downward and lateralward divides into two slips. One of these is inserted into the greater alar cartilage and skin of the nose; the other is prolonged into the lateral part of the upper lip, blending with the infraorbital head and with the orbicularis oris. The intermediate portion or infraorbital head arises from the lower margin of the orbit immediately above the infraorbital foramen, some of its fibers being attached to the maxilla, others to the zygomatic bone. Its fibers converge, to be inserted into the muscular substance of the upper lip between the angular head and the levator anguli oris.

Cerroni and colleagues conducted a phylogenetic analysis to determine the affinities of Tralkasaurus. They found that it possesses synapomorphies of the Abelisauridae: a maxilla with a deep body, low ascending process, and reduced maxillary fossa, covered by foramina and rugosities; fused lining the inside of the maxillary tooth row bearing strong vertical ridges; the subdivision of the infradiapophyseal fossae by the posterior paradiapophyseal laminae; a connection between the transverse processes and parapophyses by the dorsal paradiapophyseal laminae; large transverse processes strongly inclined upwards on the caudal vertebrae; and a thin pubic shaft. They also identified the forward-inclined front margin of the antorbital fenestra and its excavation of the body of the maxilla, the rod-like parapophyses, and the low paradiapophyseal laminae as autapomorphies of Tralkasaurus. Within the Abelisauridae, the position of Tralkasaurus was more poorly resolved.

Reconstruction of the teeth in the maxilla Like Rhabdodon, Zalmoxes, and Mochlodon, the maxillary tooth crowns of Matheronodon are shaped like cleavers. They are unusually large, being up to long. More than these other rhabdodontids, there are at least 25 ridges on the inner surface of each tooth. The ridges are all roughly the same size, and there is no "primary" ridge, identifying Matheronodon as a rhabdodontid.

Among deciduous (primary) teeth, ten are found in the maxilla (upper jaw) and ten in the mandible (lower jaw), for a total of 20. The dental formula for primary teeth in humans is . In the primary set of teeth, there are two types of incisors—centrals and laterals—and two types of molars—first and second. All primary teeth are normally later replaced with their permanent counterparts.

The extra C openings have been named C2 and C3. The precise function of this arrangement is unclear. There are several chambers in the praemaxilla and maxilla to which these holes are connected but it has also been suggested that some extra holes are the result of damage. The larger number with juveniles could be explained by cartilage sheets not having been ossified yet.

The 11 maxillary teeth had thecodont implantation and were more flattened in cross-section than the premaxillary teeth. The maxillary teeth were largest about 40% down the bone. Towards the rear of the maxilla, the tooth shape changes from long and recurved to short and leaf-shaped. Unlike the premaxillary teeth, there were large hook-shaped serrations set at an angle on each maxillary tooth.

There are also three longitudinal rows of small teeth on each pterygoid bone, as well as a transverse row (which is not present in Marmoretta). The ectopterygoid resembles that of Sphenodon (the modern tuatara). The dentary has a small expansion at the tip, forming a "chin" similar to that of sphenodontians. The elongated, closely spaced dentary teeth are similar to those of the maxilla.

There are 4-6 black vertical bands on each side, with the first running through the eye and the last running through the caudal peduncle. The mouth is small, with the maxilla of adults ending beneath the nostrils. The teeth are small and brushlike, and there are no teeth on the roof of the mouth. The head and fins are covered with ctenoid scales.

All dilophosaurids are known for large, distinctive, head crests. These crests have been thought to have had many different uses, including being used for display, to attract mates, or intimidate rivals. It has been suggested that the crests symbolized sexual dimorphism, but this interpretation of the crests is controversial. Another distinctive cranial feature is a notch between the premaxilla and maxilla, giving dilophosaurids a crocodile-like appearance.

Many similarities can be seen between its morphology and that of the related Uberabasuchus, such as the narrow snout and a groove at the maxilla-premaxilla contact that accommodated for an enlarged fourth mandibular tooth. The two genera are distinguished from one another on the basis of several features, including the shape of the orbits.Carvalho, I. d. S., Ribeiro, L. C. B. and Avilla, L. d.

Each maxilla only had eight teeth, and the bottom margin of the upper jaw was straight (unlike in other pterosaurs where it is strongly curved). A sagittal crest was present, with grooves and a concave leading margin. The genus was, after a cladistic analysis, classified as a member of the Dsungaripteridae, as the sister taxon to Dsungaripterus.Maisch, M.W., Matzke, A.T., and Ge Sun. (2004).

The chevrons of the tail base are large with a pentagonal profile. The first phalanx of the third finger has 47% of the length of the third metacarpal. Furthermore, a unique combination is present of traits that in themselves are not unique. The external bony nostril is situated behind the main body of the premaxilla, the point where it connects to the front branch of the maxilla.

Pinnipeds have streamlined, spindle- shaped bodies with reduced or non-existent external ear flaps, rounded heads, flexible necks, limbs modified into flippers, and small tails. Pinniped skulls have large eye orbits, short snouts and a constricted interorbital region.Berta, Sumich, and Kovacs, p. 165. They are unique among carnivorans in that their orbital walls are significantly shaped by the maxilla and are not limited by certain facial bones.

However, these changes are also linked to the development of obstructive sleep apnea. Furthermore, the evolution of the maxillomandibular system has been linked to encephalization. As the jaw changed and the muscles become weaker, the pressure on the cranial sutures lowered, and encephalization occurred. In addition, the overall changes in the mandible and the maxilla have led to the ability for humans to speak.

The rostrum of Coronodon is wide, judging by its straight sides and short mandibular symphysis. Despite being similar to some archaeocetes in having a rostrum that is twisted counterclockwise in anterior view, it differs in having posterior teeth with subequal cusps and an upturned anterior process of the maxilla. Coronodon differs from other toothed mysticetes in having anterior lower molars labially overlapping posterior lower molars.

The mandibular molar and palp may be absent or only present in vestigial forms. On the maxilla, the inner plates are setose and well-developed while the palp is often reduced and consists of only a single segment. The maxillipeds are large, often with an inner cutting edge and slender weakly dactylate palps. The eyes are kidney-shaped when present, but is more often completely absent.

The maxillae contained replacement teeth that had rugose enamel, similar to Camarasaurus, but lacked the small denticles (serrations) along the edges. Since the maxilla was wider than that of Camarasaurus, Brachiosaurus would have had larger teeth. The replacement teeth in the premaxilla had crinkled enamel, and the most complete of these teeth did not have denticles. It was somewhat spatulate (spoon-shaped), and had a longitudinal ridge.

Acheroraptor temertyorum is another theropod from the Hell Creek Formation, named in 2013 for a lower jaw, a maxilla, and some teeth. Acheroraptor was diagnosed by multiple features, including the possession of ridges on the teeth. Teeth are the only overlapping features between Acheroraptor and Dakotaraptor. However Acheroraptor is significantly smaller, and differs from Dakotaraptor only in that it possesses vertical ridges on the teeth crowns.

Behind the premaxilla is the maxilla, which contains a small depression that forms part of the antorbital fossa. This depression distinguishes Yonghesuchus from related archosauriforms such as Turfanosuchus. As in other archosauriforms such as Turfanosuchus and Euparkeria, the palate is covered in very small teeth called denticles. Behind the palate, the basisphenoid bone (which forms the floor of the braincase) is long and narrows toward the front.

It is also of the utmost importance when correcting these mandibular anomalies that the teeth result in a good occlusion with the opposing dentition of the maxilla. If this is not done satisfactorily occlusal instability may be created leading to a plethora of other issues. In order to correct mandibular anomalies it is common for a complex treatment plan which would involve surgical intervention and orthodontic input.

Suborder Tillodontia Retrieved July 2013. : Genus †Azygonyx (), dentary, postcranial fragments : Genus †Basalina (), poorly preserved jaw fragment with incomplete cheek tooth : Genus †Benaius (), left lower jaw : Genus †Dysnoetodon (), maxilla and lower jaw : Family †Esthonychidae () (Syn. Anchippodontidae, Tillotheriidae) :: Genus †Adapidium (), right lower jaw :: Subfamily †Esthonychinae () ::: Genus †Esthonyx (), lower mandibles, teeth :: Genus †Megalesthonyx (), left mandible, teeth, feet bones :: Subfamily †Trogosinae () (Syn. Anchippodus) ::: Genus †Tillodon (), skull ::: Genus †Trogosus () (Syn.

Skull of Abdalodon In left lateral view. Photo courtesy of Christian Kammerer. The only existing specimen for Abdalodon is an incomplete, dorsoventrally crushed skull, In which the lower jaws are tightly occluded to the palate. Abdalodon diastematicus is characterized by the presence of diastema between the canines and postcanines of the dentary, and on the maxilla, an even longer diastema between the canines and postcanines.

The skull of the Kayenta specimen from Arizona is 25% larger than the largest skull from any African specimen."Massospondylus." In: Dodson, Peter & Britt, Brooks & Carpenter, Kenneth & Forster, Catherine A. & Gillette, David D. & Norell, Mark A. & Olshevsky, George & Parrish, J. Michael & Weishampel, David B. The Age of Dinosaurs. Publications International, LTD. p. 39. . The Kayenta specimen possesses four teeth in the premaxilla and sixteen in the maxilla.

As in Archaeopteryx, the skull of Sinornis has a proportionately short, toothed snout. There are broad nasal bones that expands caudally to the external nares, with a triangular caudal margin. The dorsal and central margins of the caudal half of the maxilla run parallel while its jugal ramus does not taper caudally. The postcranial skeleton features a separate carpus and manus in the forelimb.

Other facial characteristics that are present in many cases include external strabismus and hypoplastic maxilla (insufficient growth of the midface), which results in relative mandibular prognathism (protruding chin) and gives the effect of the patient having a concave face. Most symptoms are secondary to the abnormal skull structure. Approximately 30% of people with Crouzon syndrome develop hydrocephalus. Sensorineural hearing loss is present in some cases.

The prevalence of the peripheral giant-cell granuloma is highest around 50 - 60 years of age. It appears only on the gingiva or on an edentulous alveolar ridge. It is more often found in the mandible rather than the maxilla, in either anterior or posterior areas. The underlying alveolar bone can be destroyed, leaving a unique appearance referred to as "cupping resorption" or "saucerization".

Arganasuchus is an extinct genus of "rauisuchian" (loricatan) archosaur. It is known from a single species, Arganasuchus dutuiti. Fossils of this genus have been found in Upper Triassic rocks of the Argana Basin, Morocco. Though its remains were initially referred to Ticinosuchus when discovered during the 1970s, in 2007 it was identified as a distinct genus with unique features of the pubis and maxilla.

Leptocleidus sp. With large clavicles and interclavicle and small scapulae, Leptocleidus resembled the Early Jurassic Rhomaleosaurus and members of the Cretaceous family, Polycotylidae. The animal had 21 teeth on either side of its maxilla and approximately 35 teeth on each side of the mandible. The Leptocleidus' triangle-shaped skull had a crest running from a ridge on the end of the nose to the nasal region.

Including malocclusion of the dental arches (the maxilla and mandible), radiological findings in some cases have indicated significant overgrowth of the mandibular premolar and molar roots; hypercementosis (overproduction of cementum) of the molars and maxillary incisors; enlarged, funnel-shaped mandibular lingula (spiny structures on the ramus of the mandible); and a radiolucent effect on portions of many teeth, increasing their transparency to x-rays.

A fluorescence image of a sagittal section of an 18 d.p.c. mouse embryo double stained with biotinylated-CHP (detected by AlexaFluor647-streptavidin, orange) and an anti-collagen I antibody (detected by AlexaFluor555-labeled donkey anti-rabbit IgG H&L;, cyan). mx, maxilla; md, mandibular bone; bp, basisphenoid bone; bo, basioccipital bone; vc, vertebral column; rb, rib; h, hipbone; d, digital bones. Scale bar: 3 mm.

The sagittal crest is moderately strong in adults. The sub-orbital portion of the cheek is comparatively short. The suture between the anterior bone of the zygomatic arch and the maxilla is much shorter than the median length of the nasals, than half the length of the cheek-teeth, and than the width across the occipital condyles. This width exceeds the length of the compound auditory bulla.

The maxilla and prefrontals of the specimen are only partly known, although the jugals, basioccipitals, supraoccipital crest, and left quadrate are close to complete. The preserved skull length is , and the total approximate skull is long. The specimen is unique among Khunnuchelys, as the ventral edge is generally well-preserved. The ventral edge shows that the skull of Khunnuchelys is arched from the front to the back.

A notch is present between the maxilla and premaxilla bones of the upper jaw, accommodating the fourth dentary tooth when the jaw is closed. The procumbent first dentary teeth fit between the first and second premaxillary teeth. This close fit allows the serrated edges of the teeth shear with one another. The articulation between the articular and quadrate bones at the jaw joint is well developed.

Diagram showing the origin of the upper part of the buccinator muscle to the maxilla (the middle part originates from the pterygomandibular raphe, where buccinator joins the superior constrictor muscle). Diagram showing the origin of the lower part of the buccinator muscle on the lateral surface of the mandible. A hematoma may create the buccal space, e.g. due to hemorrhage following wisdom teeth surgery.

The dentary tooth row is slightly shorter than the tooth row of the maxilla. The teeth are all laterally compressed and serrated, however unlike later Archosauriformes they are only serrated on their distal (rear) margins. The teeth are also unlike early archosauriform teeth in that they are loosely implanted in deep sockets (thecodont), whereas the earliest archosauriforms had teeth fused to their bony sockets (ankylothecodont).

Skull model fitted with a face bow A face-bow is a dental instrument used in the field of prosthodontics. Its purpose is to transfer functional and aesthetic components from patient's mouth to the dental articulator. Specifically, it transfers the relationship of maxillary arch and temporomandibular joint to the casts. It records the upper model's (maxilla) relationship to the External Acoustic Meatus, in the hinge axis.

A second species, M. federicoi, was described by Darin A. Croft in 2007 based on a maxilla found in the Honda Group of Bolivia.Miocochilius federicoi at Fossilworks.org The species epithet refers to Federico Anaya, a scientist and field collector who has been instrumental in advancing vertebrate paleontology in Bolivia. M. federicoi differs from Eopachyrucos, Santiagorothia, Proargyrohyrax, Archaeophylus and Progaleopithecus in having extremely high crowned teeth.

The skull of Aerosaurus had 16 marginal teeth, less than in Varanops (44) and the upper teeth were longer. Most of the teeth were recurved more than other 'pelycosaurs' with a triangular depression near the base. The size of each teeth varied with some teeth sized gap spaces. There largest teeth (7) were on the maxilla and decreased in length posterior to the orbit.

The teeth on the premaxillae (bones at the very tip of the upper jaw) were slender, unlike those of the maxillae (the main tooth-bearing bones in the upper jaw) which had a straight posterior edge.Gower (1999), pp. 37–38. The upper jaw bore 30 teeth, with each premaxilla carrying about 4 teeth and each maxilla 11, while the lower jaw held 22 teeth.

The discoveries were in 1998 reported in the scientific literature.Mo Jinyou, Wang Wei and Huang Yunzhong, 1998, "[Dinosaur fauna from the Nalong Basin, Guangxi and new comments on related stratigraphy]" Journal of Guilin Institute of Technology, 18 (Suppl.): 140-142 The paratype is NHJM8143, a right maxilla. In 2010, Gregory S. Paul estimated the body length of Nanningosaurus at 7.5 metres, its weight at 2.5 tonnes.

Osmeriformes are small to mid-sized slender fish. Their maxilla is usually included in the mouth's gape, and most of them have an adipose fin as is often found in the Protacanthopterygii. Their [pterosphenoid] usually has a ventral flange, and the vomer has a short posterior shaft. They have reduced or even missing articular and mesopterygoid teeth, and the basisphenoid and orbitosphenoid bones are entirely absent.

The holotype, XMDFEC V0013, was found in the Majiacun Formation dating from the middle Santonian, about eighty-five million years old. It consists of a partial skull and lower jaw, including the right maxilla, the right jugal and the right dentary. The paratype is XMDFEC V0014, a partial skeleton lacking the skull, including five back vertebrae, ribs, a shoulder blade and the right ulna.

This body length falls within the size range of the top predator of the Oxford Clay Sea, the pliosaurid Liopleurodon ferox. Two further specimens in the Museum of Jurassic Marine Life are referable to Plesiosuchus manselii: K181, isolated teeth, partial maxilla?, partial left mandible, ribs, vertebrae, femur; and K434, right dentary. The isolated Spanish tooth crown (MUJA-1004) described by Ruiz-Omeñaca et al.

The defining traits include having many teeth on the tongue side of the maxilla and a reduced size of the maxillary occlusal teeth allowing more teeth per row. Stenaulorhynchus has also been labeled as a sister-taxa to the Brazilian genus Brasinorhynchus which also has three or more tooth rows medial to the main maxillary groove but lacks the centrum contribution to the parapophyses and diaphophyses.

A zygomatic "sandwich" osteotomy is far less common. The procedure is often indicated during reconstructive surgery for birth defects or traumatic injury. During this procedure, the zygoma, or cheekbone, is separated by bone cuts near the orbital rim and maxilla. The bone is then moved outward and a solid material, such as hydroxylapatite, is wedged in place to hold the new position of the zygoma.

Odontogenic cyst are a group of jaw cysts that are formed from tissues involved in odontogenesis (tooth development). Odontogenic cysts are closed sacs, and have a distinct membrane derived from rests of odontogenic epithelium. It may contain air, fluids, or semi-solid material. Intra-bony cysts are most common in the jaws, because the mandible and maxilla are the only bones with epithelial components.

Each maxilla bears at least ten tooth sockets. The teeth in positions 4 to 6 would have been very large, while the rest of the teeth would have been smaller and more gracile. The external nares (openings for the nostrils) are very small and positioned close to the orbits. While incompletely preserved, the temporal fenestrae would have likely occupied one third of the length of the skull.

Longusunguis differs from all other known bohaiornithid Enantiornithes by possessing a combination of traits, some of which are autapomorphies, i.e. unique. The maxilla of Longusunguis possesses an accessory fenestra on the jugal process. This trait is unique among bohaiornithids, as only Zhouornis possesses such fenestra, however on the dorsal process. Its lacrimal bone shows an elongate excavation on the caudal margin of its descending ramus.

However, Basilemys has a more complex triturating surface that includes well-defined pockets on the dentary. Basilemys also has tooth-like projections on the triturating surface of the maxilla. From the turtle species, Basilemys is described to be most similar to tortoises. Many paleontologists have described the behaviors of Basilemys to be similar to tortoises due to living in terrestrial habitats and the consumption of tough plants.

Caldwell-Luc surgery, Caldwell-Luc operation, also known as Caldwell-Luc antrostomy, and Radical antrostomy, is an operation to remove irreversibly damaged mucosa of the maxillary sinus. It is done when maxillary sinusitis is not cured by medication or other non-invasive technique. The approach is mainly from the anterior wall of the maxilla bone. It was introduced by George Caldwell(1893)and Henry Luc(1897).

Skull material for Mandasuchus is limited to maxillae and part of a dentary. The maxilla is low, with an elongated antorbital fenestra and at least 12 tooth sockets separated by discrete interdental plates. The antorbital fenestra is surrounded by an inset basin, the antorbital fossa, as with other archosaurs. However, Mandasuchus has a restricted and weakly differentiated antorbital fossa compared to other loricatans and Ticinosuchus.

The antennules have a third segments 1.5 to 2.5 times as longer as the first and second together. The maxilla has distinctly separated coxae and bases. The first pair of pereopods is very unequal in size, especially in adult males, presenting a uniquely bold instance sexual dimorphism in the genus. The second pair is well chelated, but the fourth and fifth have rather imperfect chelae.

Haubold, H. & Kuhn, O., 1961, Lebensbilder und Evolution fossiler Saurier, Amphibien und Reptilien, Wittenberg : Ziemsen The fossil remains of Campylodoniscus were found in the Bajo Barreal Formation and consist of a single jaw bone, the maxilla, holding seven teeth. Campylodoniscus dates to the Cenomanian (95 Ma). It is sometimes estimated as being around twenty meters in length. Campylodoniscus is probably a member of the Titanosauria.

The genus was based on CV 00261, a specimen including a partial mandible, maxilla, and basioccipital (a bone from the braincase region). Additional bones from all areas of the skeleton, belonging to multiple individuals, were also described and assigned to the new genus. The authors thought it resembled Omeisaurus, but was distinct based on vertebral details. Early accounts in the popular press suggested it was a brachiosaurid.

The shoulder girdle and limbs of PMoL-B00175 Caihong was a rather small dinosaur. Its length was estimated at , and its weight at . The describing authors indicated a number of unique derived traits, autapomorphies. In addition to the antorbital, maxillary, and promaxillary fenestrae (skull openings) present within the antorbital fossa, the maxilla is also pierced by an accessory fenestra which opens behind and below the promaxillary fenestra.

Restored head According to Carrano et al. (2012) D. sinensis, now considered to be at least congeneric with Sinosaurus triassicus, can be distinguished based on the fact that a vertical groove is present on the lateral premaxilla adjacent to contact with the maxilla. Sinosaurus is the only "dilophosaurid" known from a complete braincase. Cryolophosaurus, Dilophosaurus, Zupaysaurus and Coelophysis kayentakatae are all known from partial braincases.

MRONJ is an adverse reaction which can occur as a result of medicines used to treat cancer and osteoporosis. Some medications which induce these effects are bisphosphonates, denosumab and antiangiogenic agents. They involve the destruction of bone in a progressive manner, particularly associated with the mandible or maxilla. The overall effects depend on which drug is being used, the dose and the duration of taking this drug.

Further distinguishing features of eusauropods include the absence of the contact between the squamosal and the quadratojugal, the absence of the anterior process of the prefrontal, and a distally elongated anterior ramus of the quadratojugal. Separating the anteroventral process of the nasal from the posterolateral process of the premaxilla, eusauropods also have a long maxilla that forms the posteroventral margin of the external naris.

The foramen magnum is located towards the front, and the atlas has shallow anterior articular facets which allow the condyles to attach. Anterior margin of the lacrimal fossa is formed by or near the maxilla. The premaxilla is short, giving the appearance of a small, not especially prognathic face relative to other platyrrhines. The corpus of the mandible deepens posteriorly and the ramus is tall.

Species of Poecilotheria, are easily distinguishable from other species of family Theraphosidae due to the flattened carapace, maxilla with spines, and black teeth like tubercles. Their legs lack spines and the scopula of the legs are clearly seen. There are unique color patterns on the ventral surface, especially on the legs. The dorsal surface of the abdomen has several variegated stripes and spots of black and white.

Balochititanops is an extinct genus of brontotheriid perissodactyl from late Early Eocene (Ypresian stage) deposits of Pakistan. Balochititanops is known from the holotype GSP-UM 6532, right maxilla with teeth, from Kingri area, Balochistan. Many referred materials are known and include cranial and postcranial remains. All specimens were collected from numerous localities in Balochistan and northwestern Frontier Province, from the uppermost part of the Ghazij Formation.

Teeth on the maxilla and dentary of both examined specimens show considerable wear. Crown apices are unusually smooth and polished, this breakage and subsequent polishing is likely due to prolonged contact with food. The tooth breakage is not severe and nearly horizontal, which is unlike typical predators with "cutting" teeth. The teeth may have been robust enough to prevent extensive breaking, or perhaps the curvature limited it.

Additionally, the total length of the maxillary fenestra is more than half the distance between the anterior margins of the antorbital fossa and fenestra. Unlike the contemporaneous Tarbosaurus, Zhuchengtyrannus lacks a subcutaneous flange on the posterodorsal part of the jugal ramus of the maxilla, and a ventrally convex palatal shelf that covers the bulges of the roots of the rear teeth in medial view.

Such teeth are not seen in any other toothed pterosaurs from the Jiufotang Formation with comparable material, and this specialized dental morphology is indicative of a piscivorous lifestyle. Although no phylogenetic analysis was conducted to determine its affinities, Pangupterus has a small process, called an odontoid, on the end of the maxilla; such a process is also seen in the istiodactylids Longchengpterus and Istiodactylus.

There were also a few larger-than average teeth further back on the maxilla, which were probably homologous with caniform teeth retained from the common ancestor between true sauropsid reptiles and synapsids (mammal ancestors). On the dentary, there are marginal teeth, displaying a primitive type of shallow implantation. The palatal arrangement bears close resemblance to Youngoides.Gardner, N. M., Holliday, C. M., & O’Keefe, F. R. (2010).

The dental arch was broad, with long, strong canines grown laterally on the maxilla and large premolars. The limb-bone fossils measured up to 27 cm in length. Enhydriodon dikikae differs from other species in the genus Enhydriodon in its loss of frontal premolars and a divided lower molar, as well as its overall size. Most of the relatives of E. dikikae are smaller in size.

Hupehsuchians display an unusual combination of characteristics. The overall shape of the body is fusiform, with a long tail and large, paddle-like limbs. The skull is elongated and the jaws are edentulous. The rostrum is flatteded with the premaxilla thought to form most of the dorsal and lateral surface, while the maxilla is mostly restricted to the ventral surface beyond the base of the rostrum.

Huttenlocker et al. (2007) differentiated Plemmyradytes from other amphibamiforms by: (1) the reduced lateral exposure of the palatine (LEP); (2) a long and narrow supratemporal without a ventral flange; (3) a posteriorly extensive squamosal, long and slightly recurved teeth that decrease in size posteriorly; (4) a shallow dentary with a trough below the tooth row; and (5) smaller teeth on the dentary relative to the maxilla.

Contrary to other "Symphyta", the antennae insert near the lower edge of the compound eyes and close to the mandible. The mandibles are orthognathous and lack evident teeth. The number of palpomeres of the maxilla and the labium varies and is used as a taxonomic character. On the wings, some cross-veins are reduced in comparison with the more complete venation of other basal Hymenoptera.

These data suggests drugs targeting mutant BRAF as potential novel therapies for ameloblastoma. SMO mutations lead to the activation of the hedgehog pathway giving similar results as V600E but is less frequently seen. 55% of SMO mutations are found in the maxilla. Evidence shows that suppression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 may inhibit the local invasiveness of ameloblastoma, however, this was only demonstrated in vitro.

The bosses of the skull are generally much more prominent than those of other pareiasaurs. The maxilla features a horn just behind the nostrils. The two holes on the back of the palate (the interpterygoid vacuities) are large. All pareiasaurs have broad snouts containing a row of closely packed, tall, blade-like, and heterodont teeth with varying numbers of cusps depending on the tooth and species.

There is also evidence of a paranasal sinus cavity in the maxilla. Sullivan also noted that material previously collected from the Kirtland Formation and assigned to the taxa Euoplocephalus or Panoplosaurus might actually represent additional remains of Nodocephalosaurus. By way of comparison, the head armor of Nodocephalosaurus is strikingly similar to that of Akainacephalus, a related form discovered in the Kaiparowits Formation in 2018.

Stone tools including a stone carved knife were found along with the ancient hominin remains. All these remains were dated at least 900,000 years old. The best preserved specimens are ATD6-15 and ATD6-69, a frontal bone and a maxilla (upper jawbone) of a 10 year old boy, dubbed the "Gran Dolina Boy" (el chico de la Gran Dolina), dating to 859–782,000 years ago.

The generic name is derived from "galleon" (a type of large sailing ship) and "saurus" (New Latin from the Greek sauros for lizard), in reference to the appearance of the maxilla to the upturned hull of a galleon. The specific name dorisae was given in recognition of Doris Seegets-Villiers for her geological, palynological, and taphonomic work on the Flat Rocks fossil vertebrate locality.

A maxilla (almost complete, with a number of teeth), a molar, a fibula, and four fragments of a cranium belonging to two humans were found between 2000 and 2003, in what appeared to be a layer from the Mousterian. All fragments except for the molar were from an adult, who died at between 35 and 45 years old; the molar was from a child of around 2.5 years old. The maxilla showed periodontal disease and heavy dental wear, which must have caused considerable pain; there was a significant gap (8.05 mm for the canine) between the teeth and the alveolar bone. The person attempted to alleviate the discomfort with a toothpick, as evidenced by two grooves on the distal surface of two of the remaining teeth: "the habit of using a tool to pick the teeth may be considered early evidence of medical treatment to alleviate sore gums".

Mauriceau–Smellie–Veit maneuver or Mauriceau maneuver (named after François Mauriceau, William Smellie and Gustav Veit) is an obstetric or emergent medical maneuver utilized in cases of breech delivery. This procedure entails suprapubic pressure by one obstetrician on the mother/uterus, while another obstetrician inserts left hand in vagina, palpating the fetal maxilla using the index and middle finger and gently pressing on the maxilla, bringing the neck to a moderate flexion. The left hand's palm should rest against the fetus' chest, while the right hand can grab either shoulder of the fetus and pull in the direction of the fetus' pelvis. The combined neck flexion, traction on the fetus toward the hip/pelvis, and the suprapubic pressure on the mother/uterus allows for delivery of the head of a breech infant, granted prior breech delivery steps are followed and the infant's occipitus is rotated/facing anteriorly relative to the mother.

Other abnormalities, affecting the scalp, head, face, jaw and teeth may be found with JBS. These include: ectodermal mid-line scalp defects with sparse, oddly-patterned hair growth; aplasia cutis (underdeveloped, very thin skin) over the head, an enlarged fontanelle ("soft spot" on the head of young infants), microcephaly (undersized skull), prominent forehead, absence of eyebrows and eyelashes, mongoloidal eye shape, nasolacrimo- cutaneous fistulae (this refers to the formation of an abnormal secondary passageway from either the tear duct or lacrimal sac to the facial skin surface, possibly discharging fluid), flattened ears, micrognathism of the maxilla and mandible (underdevelopment of the upper and lower jaw, respectively), with the maxilla more prominently affected in some cases; congenital clefting of bones surrounding the optical orbit (eye socket), such as the frontal and lacrimal bone; and maldeveloped deciduous teeth ("baby teeth"), with an absence of permanent teeth.

To make way for a migration, however, the two tooth-bearing bones of the upper jaw, the maxilla and the premaxilla, would have to separate to let the nostril through and then rejoin; until recently, there was no evidence for a transitional stage, with the two bones disconnected. Such evidence is now available: a small lobe-finned fish called Kenichthys, found in China and dated at around 395 million years old, represents evolution "caught in mid-act", with the maxilla and premaxilla separated and an aperture --the incipient choana--on the lip in between the two bones. Kenichthys is more closely related to tetrapods than is the coelacanth, which has only external nares; it thus represents an intermediate stage in the evolution of the tetrapod condition. The reason for the evolutionary movement of the posterior nostril from the nose to lip, however, is not well understood.

Some of the most notable features consisted in the strongly vertical pubis and the robustly built skeleton, such as the deep maxilla and femur. The holotype was found lacking traces of feather integument, however, there are strong evidence coming from other relatives that suggest the likely presence of plumage on Achillobator. According to the revised diagnosis by Turner and colleagues in 2012, Achillobator can be distinguished based on the following combination of characteristics and autapomorphies: the promaxillary fenestra is completely exposed, the promaxillary and maxillary fenestrae are elongate and vertically oriented at same level in the maxilla, metatarsal III is wide on the upper end, the femur is longer than the tibia, the pelvis is propubic, the obturator process on the ischium is large and triangular situated on the upper half of ischial shaft, the boot at distal symphysis of pubis is developed in a cranial and caudal aspect.

Electrodes are placed on the ear lobes, maxilla- occipital junction, mastoid processes or temples. Despite the long history of CES, its underlying principles and mechanisms are still not clear. CES stimulation of 1 mA (milliampere) has shown to reach the thalamic area at a radius of 13.30 mm. CES has shown to induce changes in the electroencephalogram, increasing alpha relative power and decreasing relative power in delta and beta frequencies.

They named the genus after the village of Oarda de Jos, combined with the suffix -saurus, which means "lizard". One species was assigned to this genus by Codrea and colleagues, O. glyphis. Glyphis is derived from the Greek glyphe, meaning "carving". For their research paper, Codrea and colleagues used a scanning electron microscope at the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences in Brussels, Belgium to photograph the parietal, frontal, and maxilla.

First known skull, specimen PVSJ 407, and left maxilla PVSJ 053 A complete Herrerasaurus skull was found in 1988, by a team of paleontologists led by Paul Sereno. Based on the new fossils, authors such as Thomas Holtz and José Bonaparte classified Herrerasaurus at the base of the saurischian tree before the divergence between prosauropods and theropods. However, Sereno favored classifying Herrerasaurus (and the Herrerasauridae) as primitive theropods.

The midline clefts are Tessier number 0 ("median craniofacial dysplasia"), number 14 (frontonasal dysplasia), and number 30 ("lower midline facial cleft", also known as "median mandibular cleft"). These clefts bisect the face vertically through the midline. Tessier number 0 bisects the maxilla and the nose, Tessier number 14 comes between the nose and the frontal bone. The Tessier number 30 facial cleft is through the tongue, lower lip and mandible.

Tessier number 3, 4, 5, 9, 10 and 11 are orbital clefts. These clefts all have the involvement of the orbit. Tessier number 3, 4, and 5 are positioned through the maxilla and the orbital floor. Tessier number 9, 10 and 11 are positioned between the upper side of the orbit and the forehead or between the upper side of the orbit and the temple of the head.

Despite its large size, the overall appearance of Deinosuchus was not considerably different from that of modern crocodilians. Deinosuchus had an alligator-like, broad snout, with a slightly bulbous tip. Each premaxilla contained four teeth, with the pair nearest to the tip of the snout being significantly smaller than the other two. Each maxilla (the main tooth-bearing bone in the upper jaw) contained 21 or 22 teeth.

The ontological maturity of the holotype individual is supported by the fact that the neurocentral sutures are closed in all of its caudal vertebrae. AMNH FARB 2438 consists of left metatarsal IV, which are likely from the same individual as the holotype. Restoration The fragmentary right maxilla preserves the three alveoli in full and the fourth only partially. The authors were able to ascertain that Dryptosaurus had ziphodont dentition.

Acrodenta is known from the holotype MNHN ARG 506, formerly 69.Ir.1.JMD, a fragment of right maxilla. It was collected in the Douar of Irerhi locality from the Argana Formation (formerly known as the Tourbihine Member of the Ikakern Formation) of the Argana Basin, dating to the early-middle Wuchiapingian stage (or alternatively middle Tatarian stage) of the early Lopingian Series, about 260.5-255 million years ago.

Lateral and oblique, medial view of the left maxilla of G. alabamaensis Globidens was somewhat uniquely adapted to take advantage of hard-shelled food resources, in comparison to other mosasaurs. In addition to a generally robust skull, its teeth are adapted for crushing, rather than piercing or tearing. Therefore, it is believed that Globidens was a durophagous predator, eating mollusks such as bivalves and ammonites.Massare, J. A. 1987.

Ronzotherium remains have been recovered from numerous Oligocene sites throughout France. In the Rupelian strata of the Paris Basin material attributed to R.romani has been collected from Etampes and Ferte-Alais. In south-western France the fossiliferous Quercy Phosphorites Formation has produced Ronzotherium material, including an intact maxilla. A large majority of France's Ronzotherium material comes from the Oligocene deposits of the Luberon Massif, northwest of the city of Marseille.

Smithsonian National Zoological Park Their eye colour is dark brown, framed by a black ring around the iris. Gorilla facial structure is described as mandibular prognathism, that is, the mandible protrudes farther out than the maxilla. Adult males also have a prominent sagittal crest. Studies have shown gorilla blood is not reactive to anti-A and anti-B monoclonal antibodies, which would, in humans, indicate type O blood.

The entire row is moved posteriorly so that the anterior portion of the premaxilla contains no teeth but the most posterior portion still holds two teeth. The teeth are also situated internally to the edge of the maxilla. It was first thought that the dentary contained three parallel rows of teeth. Instead of arranging the teeth in longitudinal rows, they are now known to fall into obliquely arranged Zahnreihen.

There are 10 teeth in each premaxilla at the front of the jaw, and at least 24 more on the maxilla further back. There are also teeth on the palate, with at least 15 being present on the pterygoid bone. Additionally, the eye socket is very large, measuring long, although this may be due to the animal's immaturity. Meanwhile, the rear (temporal) region of the skull is quite short.

The following cladogram illustrates the first iteration: Scleromochlus was added into to the second iteration of the analysis. Unusually, lagerpetids shifted from dinosauromorphs to pterosauromorphs (closer to pterosaurs) in this iteration. Pterosauromorpha is justified by several synapomorphies (shared derived characteristics) of the maxilla and ankle, though some of these are unknown in lagerpetids. As a result, further study is required to justify the placement of lagerpetids within Pterosauromorpha.

However, this feature is also seen in some acrodontans and is not unique to Sphenodontia. The combination of features such as pleurodont teeth at the front of the jaws, hatchling teeth behind them, the lack of wear marks on the inner surfaces of the teeth (a characteristic feature of sphenodontians), and the shape of the maxilla, premaxilla, and angular bones all point to Bharatagama being an early acrodont lizard.

The ASUDAS currently comprises a set of 42 dental variants that can be observed in the permanent adult dentition. The majority are crown and root shape variants, although the system also includes some skeletal variants of the maxilla and mandible. Most of the variants occur at different frequencies in human populations around the world. Examples of dental variants listed in the ASUDAS are shovel-shaped incisors, Carabelli cusps, or hypocones.

The upper margin of the dentary was arched in profile, but not as much as in Camarasaurus. The interdental plates of the dentary were somewhat oval, with diamond shaped openings between them. The dentary had a Meckelian groove that was open until below the ninth alveolus, continuing thereafter as a shallow trough. Each maxilla had space for about 14 or 15 teeth, whereas Giraffatitan had 11 and Camarasaurus 8 to 10.

These skeletons provided much of the information used to distinguish O. kitchingorum from the type species. O. kitchingorum differed from O. rubidgei in that it possessed small postparietals on the posterior edge of the skull table and that the maxilla held no more than 20 teeth, some of which were caniniform. The best preserved specimen seems to be a subadult individual on the basis of features of the skull table.

The crest, with a part of the orbital surface immediately behind it, gives origin to the lacrimal part of the orbicularis oculi and ends below in a small, hook-like projection, the lacrimal hamulus, which articulates with the lacrimal tubercle of the maxilla, and completes the upper orifice of the lacrimal canal; the hamulus sometimes exists as a separate piece, and is then called the lesser lacrimal bone.

The anterior lacrimal crest is a bony projection on the frontal process of maxilla in the skull. It creates the lateral margin of the lacrimal sac fossa and is continuous with the orbital margin. At its junction with the orbital surface is a small tubercle, the lacrimal tubercle, which serves as a guide to the position of the lacrimal sac. The medial palpebral ligament is attached to anterior lacrimal crest.

The posterior lacrimal crest, with a part of the orbital surface immediately behind it, gives origin to the lacrimal part of the orbicularis oculi and ends below in a small, hook-like projection, the lacrimal hamulus, which articulates with the lacrimal tubercle of the maxilla, and completes the upper orifice of the lacrimal canal; it sometimes exists as a separate piece, and is then called the lesser lacrimal bone.

The lower jaw curved downwards towards its tip, and the jaw joint was located well below the level of the tooth row. There is no evidence for a beak. Each side of the upper jaw was lined with 20 teeth – four in the premaxilla, the front bone of the upper jaw, and 16 in the maxilla which followed behind. The dentary bone of the lower jaw likewise had 20 teeth.

Hypothetical restoration It was first described in 2015 by Nesbitt & Ezcurra, who decided it warranted a new taxon, which they named Lepidus praecisio. The generic name is Latin for "fascinating", and the specific name is Latin for "fragment", or "scrap". The holotype material includes a tibia, astragalus, and fibula, and other referred material includes a femur and maxilla. The holotypic material is well preserved and shows signs of muscle scars.

This horizon is currently considered to pertain to the Santonian-age Bajo de la Carpa Formation of the Rio Colorado Subgroup. The referred specimen, PV-CRIDC-12, represented by right premaxilla and maxilla, isolated teeth, and part of the postcranial skeleton. It was originally tentatively referred to P. torminni by Praderio et al. (2009). It was found in the Área de Cañadón Amarrillo locality, of the Mendoza Province, Patagonia.

Carrano (2012), p. 255 In 1909, Richard Lydekker named Megalosaurus woodwardi, based on a maxilla with tooth, specimen BMNH 41352. This is today seen as a nomen dubium, an indeterminate member of the Theropoda. In 1910, Arthur Smith Woodward named Megalosaurus bradleyi based on a skull from the Middle Jurassic, the specific name honouring the collector F. Lewis Bradley. In 1926, this was made a separate genus Proceratosaurus.

A sharp spine is placed on the outer margin of the antennal peduncle near the base of the scaphocerite. The mandible bears no palp; the incisor process ends in three or four teeth, the outer of which are the larger; the molarprocess bears some rounded teeth distally. The maxillula has the two laciniae reasonably slender, the palp is deeply bilobed. The maxilla bears a single endite which is cleft.

Skull diagram The overall skull was short, with a small nasal opening and a large and round orbit. The premaxilla is large and primarily toothless, with a sharp lower edge converging towards a pointed front tip. There is only a single tooth at the rear of the bone, near the contact with the maxilla. Other basal dinosauromorphs (even other silesaurids) had teeth along the entirety of the premaxilla.

The general body type of a perch is somewhat long and rounded. True perch have "rough" or ctenoid scales. On the anterior side of the head are the maxilla and lower mandible for the mouth, a pair of nostrils, and two lidless eyes. On the posterior sides are the opercular series, which protect the gills, and the lateral line system, which is sensitive to vibrations in the water.

Restoration The type and only known specimen comprised part of the maxilla with some teeth, nearly complete fore and hind legs; and ten partial tail vertebrae. It is estimated to have been about long in life.Holtz, Thomas R. Jr. (2011) Dinosaurs: The Most Complete, Up-to-Date Encyclopedia for Dinosaur Lovers of All Ages, Winter 2010 Appendix. In 2010, Gregory S. Paul gave higher estimations of one metre and 1.5 kilogrammes.

In the upper jaw there are four rather widely spaced teeth in the praemaxilla gradually increasing in size from the front to the back; the fourth pair of teeth is the largest. Behind them are ten smaller teeth in the maxilla, gradually decreasing posteriorely. In the lower jaw there are twelve to fourteen teeth present in C. liasicus, sixteen to nineteen in C. zitteli. The largest total number is thus 66.

Vallesaurus differs in some characteristics from another drepanosaur, Megalancosaurus. Vallesaurus has a proportionally shorter and higher snout, a thicker and larger maxilla and set of maxillary teeth, and a shorter cervical vertebra. It also lacks the fusion between the neural spines of the second and third dorsal vertebrae. Vallesaurus differs from Drepanosaurus, another drepanosaur, in that it lacks the enormous claw found on the second digit of the manus.

A seemingly complete tooth row of 24 teeth was found close to, but separated from, the left maxilla. This count corresponds to the tooth count of the , where the teeth are still anchored within the left and right (the only tooth-bearing bones of the lower jaw). Bajadasaurus thus likely had 44 teeth in total. The dentary was slender, similar to Suuwassea but unlike the deep dentary of Dicraeosaurus.

A lateral projection extends from it to partially cover the mandibular fenestra. At the posterior end the surangular is closer to cylindrical. The angular is medially excavated by the mandibular fenestra, and forms a vertical contact zone with the dentary; at the posterior end, it is vertically expanded upwards to form a narrow blade. The dentary carries three teeth on the preserved portion, which closely resemble those on the maxilla.

Robertia and other dicynodonts had a particularly specialized jaw. A forward-backward motion of the lower jaw allowed them to effectively breakdown vegetation. Robertia’s small, fragile teeth may not have played a direct role in chewing, despite their ability to run along the dentary table. Shredding from movement of the dentary along the caniniform tusks and up past the premaxilla and maxilla occurred as the lower jaw motioned propalinally.

The speckled hind has a body which is robust, compressed and is deepest at the origin of the dorsal fin, its standard length is 2.4 to 2.6 times its depth and is equal to the length of the head. The maxilla is exposed when the mouth is closed. The margin of the gill cover bears three flat spines.= while the preopercle is serrated with enlarged spines at its angle.

Ammorhynchus is an extinct genus of hyperodapedontid rhynchosaur from Middle Triassic (Anisian stage) deposits of Navajo County, Arizona.Ammorhynchus at Fossilworks.org It is known from the holotype MSM 02-153/P4585, a nearly complete left maxilla and from three paratypes (MSM 00-99/P4409, MSM 00-103/P4586 and MSM 02-145/P4544) from the same locality. It was found in the Holbrook Member, upper Moenkopi Formation of northern Arizona.

Around the 5th week, the intermaxillary segment arises as a result of fusion of the two medial nasal processes and the frontonasal process within the embryo. The intermaxillary segment gives rise to the primary palate. The primary palate will form the premaxillary portion of the maxilla (anterior one-third of the final palate). This small portion is anterior to the incisive foramen and will contain the maxillary incisors.

It contained skull fragments including a maxilla, teeth, vertebrae from the neck, back and tail, osteoderms and spikes. Today, the specimen is lost. Of one dorsal vertebra a cast remains, preserved in the American Museum of Natural History with the inventory number AMNH 2062. Bohlin considered the species to be a member of the pachycephalosaurians because he mistook an osteoderm for the thick skull roof typical of this group.

This reassignment was not universally accepted, and thorough re-examination of the specimen favoured its initial referral to Albertosaurus sarcophagus, despite lacking many of the diagnostic skeletal traits used to identify mature tyrannosaurids. An additional maxilla and various teeth from an Edmontosaurus- dominated bonebed in the Horseshoe Canyon Formation was also mistakenly referred to Daspletosaurus, but all the tyrannosaurid material has all since been confirmed to belong to Albertosaurus.

Eine Reptilfauna aus der ältesten Trias Nordrußlands [A reptilian fauna from the earliest Triassic of northern Russia]. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie, Beilagen-Band, Abteilung B 84:1-23 The holotype, PIN 2252/387, consists of fifteen dorsal vertebrae, seventeen caudal vertebrae, two humeri, radius, ulna, ten femora, eleven tibiae, a fibula, ten unidentifiable bone fragments, a scapula-coracoid, a maxilla and dentary missing anterior end.

The alveolar process (Entry "alveolar" in Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary) (also called the alveolar bone) is the thickened ridge of bone that contains the tooth sockets (dental alveoli) on the jaw bones that hold teeth. In humans, the tooth-bearing bones are the maxilla and the mandible.Ten Cate's Oral Histology, Nanci, Elsevier, 2013, page 219 The curved part of each alveolar process on the jaw is called the alveolar arch.

Kyphosus bigibbus has an oval shaped body which is laterally compressed with a small head, a pointed snout and a slightly bulging forehead. The mouth is small and when closed the maxilla are hidden beneath the preorbital bones. The mouth is terminal and is almost oblique. The teeth are fixed and incisiform with their bases positioned horizontally in mouth, they have rounded crowns and have a curved, J shape.

Rostral and nasal bones The maxilla, the upper jaw bone, of Wendiceratops had at least twenty-six tooth positions, in each of which several teeth were stacked to form a tooth battery. No orbital horns have been found. The nasal bone bore a vertical nasal horn. The exact size and profile of this horn are unknown but one broken specimen has a height of and a base length of .

A pair of four segmented antennae are found in front of both the compound eyes. The mouthparts of C. hemipterus are made for piercing skin and sucking blood from their host. In accordance to this, the three segmented labium is long and "straw like" and the maxilla and mandible are both observed to be "blade like". The thorax of C. hemipterus is three segmented, containing the prothorax, mesothorax, and metathorax.

At the lower part of the infratemporal surface of the maxilla is a rounded eminence, the maxillary tuberosity, especially prominent after the growth of the wisdom tooth; it is rough on its lateral side for articulation with the pyramidal process of the palatine bone and in some cases articulates with the lateral pterygoid plate of the sphenoid. It gives origin to a few fibers of the Medial pterygoid muscle.

The alveolar region of the mandible has five teeth preserved in it. The aggregate fossil composed of five individuals is better preserved and showed several new features not present in the holotype. These include a contact between the maxilla and both the prefrontal and the quadratojugals. An anterior inclination of the occiput and the exclusion of the quadratojugal from the temporal fenestra are also clear in this specimen.

The forehead is swollen and pinkish skin surrounds the bare, dark eyes having brown-red to dark brown irides. It has fleshy-yellow legs and pointed forehead-feathers where meeting the culmen. In breeding season, the male has pinkish skin while the female has orangey skin on its face. The bill is mostly bluish grey, with a red tip, reddish maxilla edges, and a cream-yellow to yolk-yellow gular pouch.

Like in Huayangosaurus but not Stegosaurus or Hesperosaurus, the nasal fenestra faces anterolaterally, being visible from the front and sides. The naris is longer than wide like in other stegosaurs, and also has a smooth internal surface, so it was most likely a simple passage. The maxilla is roughly triangular, as in most other thyreophorans. The tooth row is horizontal in lateral view, and in ventral view it is sinuous.

L.A. Nessov, L F. Kaznyshkina, and G.O. Cherepanov. 1989. [Mesozoic ceratopsian dinosaurs and crocodiles of central Asia]. In: Bogdanova and Khozatskii (eds.), Theoretical and Applied Aspects of Modern Palaeontology pp 144-154 The holotype of Asiaceratops salsopaludalis, CCMGE 9/12457, was found in Uzbekistan in a layer of the Khodzhakul Formation dating from the early Cenomanian, about ninety-nine million years old. It consists of a part of a left maxilla.

The only described material of A. laaroussii are dentaries, maxillae, a premaxilla and several teeth. They broadly resemble A. madagaskarensis in general form but with a few distinguishing differences. The tooth count of A. laaroussii is higher, with 15–16 teeth in the maxilla compared to the 11–13 of A. madagaskarensis. The teeth of A. laaroussii are also taller than those of A. madagaskarensis and have more closely packed denticles.

The maxilla, which has a long front branch, bears fourteen teeth, as can be deduced from the tooth sockets: the teeth themselves have been lost. There is a small maxillary fenestra, which does not reach the edge of the antorbital depression and is located behind a promaxillary fenestra. The lacrimal bone has a distinctive rounded horn on top. The lower branch of the postorbital bone is transversely wide.

The skull of Sinosaurus has a deep notch between the premaxilla and maxilla. Dong (2003) proposed that the notch was used to house jaw muscles, giving Sinosaurus a powerful bite. Based on the estimated power of its jaws, Sinosaurus might have either been a carnivore or a scavenger. Dong suspected that the premaxilla was covered in a narrow, hooked beak, that was used to rip open skin and abdominal flesh.

The original material was believed to bear a strong similarity to the South American Herrerasaurus, so much so that Aliwalia was originally classified in Herrerasauridae by Peter Galton. However, later re- evaluation of the material has shown that the maxilla assigned to Aliwalia does not, unlike the other material, belong to Eucnemesaurus, as it is clearly from a carnivore. In addition, new material clearly demonstrates this latter genus' sauropodomorph affinities.

Remains of Fukuisaurus were discovered in 1989, in Katsuyama, Fukui Prefecture, in rocks from the Kitadani Formation, dating to the Barremian. The type species, Fukuisaurus tetoriensis, was described in 2003 by Yoshitsugu Kobayashi and Yoichi Azuma. The genus name refers to Fukui; the specific name to the geological Tetori Group. The type specimens or cotypes are FPDM-V-40-1, a right maxilla, and FPDM-V-40-2, a right jugal.

The holotype, UFRGS PV0927T, is part of the collection of the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul and consists of several, partially fragmentary, limb elements, perhaps of a single individual. These do not include bones from the hand. An upper jaw fragment, a left maxilla with three teeth, has been referred to the species. Faxinalipterus is a rather small animal, with an estimated total humerus length of eighteen millimetres.

The extent of trauma and soft tissue scarring can impact the healing of the fractured condyle and thus it shows the functional matrix theory working naturally in real life. Functional matrix theory states that growth of both maxillary and mandibular bones are dependent of the functional needs of tissues around the bone. Therefore, a normal function is critical to the growth of the maxilla and mandibular according to Moss.

In particular, it exhibits a conflicting blend of characteristics: the projections on the caudal transverse processes are typical of the Brachyrostra, but the presence of extensive antorbital fossae on the maxilla is plesiomorphic (i.e. characteristic of basal abelisauroids, and unlike other abelisaurids). The phylogenetic analysis accordingly placed Tralkasaurus among basal abelisaurids, but was unable to resolve its affinities beyond a polytomy (collapsed tree). The resulting phylogenetic tree is partially reproduced below.

Implant success, on the other hand, is defined by osseointegration, or fusion of the implant to the adjacent maxilla or mandible. Endodontically treated teeth have significantly less requirement for follow up treatment after final restoration, while implants need more appointments to finish treatment and more maintenance. Socioeconomically, Americans of European descent and affluent patients tend to choose implant therapy, while African American and less affluent patients prefer endodontic therapy.

If the infant is not closing down properly, the lower jaws become more noticeably deficient (micrognathia or retrognathia). The front teeth may not touch when the child closes down because the back teeth have overerrupted or because of incomplete formation of the maxilla. This condition is called an anterior open bite and has facial/skeletal implications. The saliva may be thick, or the infant may have a dry mouth.

On the hind part of the head, the skin is divided into moderately large shields. The skull lacks a temporal arch and has the frontal bone extended to form a considerable part of the orbit. Seen from above, the prootic extends towards the front. The jugal does not contact the small laterally emarginated and medially constricted pterygoid process, the bones being separated by the maxilla and a gap.

Its maxilla is black, and its mandible is a light grey. The black tinamou has blue-grey legs and dark brown eyes. An adolescent black tinamou is similar in color, but with whitish spots on the coverts of its wings. Black tinamou chicks generally have a light brown head with a broad, cinnamon-brown stripe extending from the crest of their heads to the napes of their necks.

There are several physical similarities between the two. The maxilla of the specimen lacks a lateral lamina that would conceal the medial wall of the fossa in lateral view similar to Sphenosuchus. The quadrate is similar as well in that it has a distinct lateral ridge along the anterior margin. Another new specimen of an early Crocodylomorph was found in Arizona at the Petrified Forest National Park from the Upper Triassic.

The superficial masseter originates on the lateral surface of the anterior maxilla and inserts along the ventral margin of the angular process of the mandible. The lateral masseter inserts here as well and originates from the lateral portion of the zygomatic arch. The small medial masseter originates along the medial surface of the zygomatic arch and inserts along the dorsal portion of the mandible at the end of the tooth row.

Each maxilla preserves 23 alveoli, however, the teeth were not preserved. Most of the caputegulae present in the top of the head are hexagonal in shape, in the holotype PIN 557-91 some are triangular. The orbitals are strongly armored with some osteoderms behind them. In MPC-D 100/1355 and MPC-D 100/1356 the squamosal and quadratojugal horns are thick and triangular, with the squamosals being more rounded.

It allows the maxilla to pivot in the plane of the photograph, and while it does not increase gape, it does facilitate the complex action by which the snake draws prey into its mouth. Green A: the joint between the frontal bone and nasal bone. It allows the nose to upturn slightly, increasing gape and assisting in swallowing. Green B: allows the lower jaws to bow outwards, further increasing the gape.

The infraorbital groove (or sulcus) is located in the middle of the posterior part of the orbital surface of the maxilla. Its function is to act as the passage of the infraorbital vessels and nerve. The groove begins at the middle of the posterior border (with which it is continuous) near the upper edge of the infratemporal surface and, passing forward, ends in a canal which subdivides into two branches.

The type specimen, KNM-WT 16999 is composed of a long distinct snout, the facial skeleton, frontal, much of the coronal structure, most of the sphenoid, and relatively unworn adult dentition; the right orbit (virtually complete), the right zygomatic, the pterygoid, most of the sphenoid and lesser wings, the maxilla and premaxilla, and adult dentition with procumbent incisors. The surface on the right side maxilla and premaxilla along with the enamel on the right molars has been lost over time and has been replaced with calcite crystals, which only provide the general shape and not the details. From dentition it is known that the palate, which is almost completely calcified, of A. turkanensis is shallow, long and narrow with tooth rows that converge posteriorly, and it is probable the tooth rows were originally nearly parallel. A. turkanensis had a 6.5mm diastema between its very procumbent second incisor (KNM-WT 16999 had large, broad incisors) and the canine.

Several characteristics are indicative of a rhamphothecae, such as an edentulous premaxilla with a thin, tapering lower edge, the successive loss of maxillary and dentary teeth, a mandibular concavity in the lower side, the displacement of the lower surface in the dentary, and a rostral projection of the mandibular symphysis. In Erlikosaurus, the presence of a keratinous beak on the maxilla and premaxilla can be inferred by the presence of numerous neurovascular foramina on the rostral and lateral surfaces in the skull, furthermore, it bears all the mentioned features above, however, it is unclear the extension of the beak. The preserved rhamphotheca in specimens of Gallimimus and Ornithomimus evidences that the keratin sheath covered the premaxilla and overlapped it on the lower side by a few millimeters. In some extant birds, the rhamphotheca is typically restricted to the premaxilla and maxilla, although in some cases it partially covers the nasal process in some birds.

The posterior superior alveolar branches (posterior superior dental branches) arise from the trunk of the maxillary nerve just before it enters the infraorbital groove; they are generally two in number, but sometimes arise by a single trunk. They descend on the tuberosity of the maxilla and give off several twigs to the gums and neighboring parts of the mucous membrane of the cheek. They then enter the alveolar canals on the infratemporal surface of the maxilla, and, passing from behind forward in the substance of the bone, communicate with the middle superior alveolar nerve, and give off branches to the lining membrane of the maxillary sinus and gingival and dental branches to each molar tooth from a superior dental plexus; these branches enter the apical foramina at the roots of the teeth. The posterior superior alveolar nerve innervates the second and third maxillary molars, and two of the three roots of the maxillary first molar (all but the mesiobuccal root).

Estimated size, compared to a human. Kileskus (meaning lizard in the Khakas language) is a genus of tyrannosauroid dinosaur known from partial remains found in Middle Jurassic (Bathonian stage) Itat Formation of Sharypovsky District, Krasnoyarsk Krai (Russia). Fossils recovered include the holotype maxilla, a premaxilla, a surangular, and a few bones from the hand and foot. Additional remains referred to the species include cervical and caudal vertebrae, as well as a fibula.

Both adults and nymphs of A. nomas are soft-bodied insects resembling aphids, with long narrow antennae. The mandibles are designed for chewing and the central part of the maxilla is modified into a slender rod which is used to brace the psocid while it grinds away with its mandibles. The forehead is enlarged and there are prominent compound eyes and three ocelli. There are glands in the mouth from which silk can be spun.

Marmoretta is known from holotype BMNH R.12020, the anterior region of a right maxilla. Many specimens are referred to the species from the type locality, and together represent a nearly complete skull. All specimens are housed in the Natural History Museum. They were collected from the Mammal Bed of the Forest Marble Formation, at Kirtlington, Oxfordshire, which has yielded a rich assemblage of small vertebrates including mammals, frogs, salamanders and other small reptiles.

Vertical orbital dystopia can occur in facial clefts when the orbital floor and/or the maxilla is involved in the cleft. Vertical orbital dystopia means that the eyes do not lay on the same horizontal line in the face (one eye is positioned lower than the other). The treatment is based on the reconstruction of this orbital floor, by either closing the boney cleft or reconstructing the orbital floor using a bone graft.

He made note of a long snout with a large maxilla; a large, sturdy frontal bone; and the characteristic globular teeth with finely wrinkled enamel. Gilmore concluded that the skull characters were similar to Platecarpus or, more closely, to Brachysaurus (currently Prognathodon). Reconstructed skull of G. dakotensis Studies since Gilmore's assessment establish more specific and more complete lists of diagnostic features. Gilmore correctly inferred that Globidens had a stout, powerfully built skull.

Terapon theraps is a medium sized species of grunter which has an oblong body which shows moderate lateral compression. The jaws are of equal length and the mouth is slightly oblique, gape slightly oblique. In juveniles the maxilla is set level with the front of the eyes, it doesn't reach the eye in adults. The teeth are conical in shape and are arranged in villiform bands with the outermost row greatly enlarged.

A mucogingival junction is an anatomical feature found on the intraoral mucosa. The mucosa of the cheeks and floor of the mouth are freely moveable and fragile, whereas the mucosa around the teeth and on the palate are firm and keratinized. Where the two tissue types meet is known as a mucogingival junction. There are three mucogingival junctions: on the facial of the maxilla and on both the facial and lingual of the mandible.

In 2010, in further excavations on the same spot where the maxilla was found, an almost complete skeleton of a Neanderthal was found, the most complete skeleton (with the bones still attached to the spine) ever found on the Iberian peninsula. In 2019, it was reported that archeologists found a necklace featuring eagle claws, which suggests symbolic purposes.Eagle Talon Jewelry Suggests Neanderthals Were Capable of Human-Like Thought. Megan Gannon, Smithsonian Magazine.

This extension was supplied by neurovascular foramina (small pits) found on the lateral surfaces. The known specimens of the therizinosaurids Erlikosaurus, Neimongosaurus and Segnosaurus preserve numerous neurovascular foramina (more notorious on Erlikosaurus), indicating that a well-developed beak was present in life. Both maxilla and premaxilla were toothed and some species of therizinosaurids had specialized, recurved dentaries such as Segnosaurus and possibly Neimongosaurus. Braincases are known from three therizinosaurids: Erlikosaurus, Neimongosaurus and N. mckinleyi.

Eothyrididae is an extinct family of very primitive, insectivorous synapsids. Only three genera are known, Eothyris, Vaughnictis and Oedaleops, all from the early Permian of North America. Their main distinguishing feature is the large caniniform tooth in front of the maxilla. Eothyridids share with the Caseidae a number of specialised features associated with the morphology of the snout and external naris and it is likely that their common ancestor was close in build to Eothyris.

The anterior lobe of the buccal fat surrounds the parotid duct, which conveys saliva from the parotid gland to the mouth. It is a triangular mass with one vertex at the buccinators, one at the levator labii superioris alaeque nasi, and one at the orbicularis oris. The intermediate lobe lies between the anterior and posterior lobes over the maxilla. The intermediate lobe seems to lose a significant amount of volume between childhood and adulthood.

The Kents Cavern 4 maxilla is a human fossil, consisting of a right canine, third premolar, and first molar as well as the bone holding them together including a small piece of palate.Keith A. 1927. Report on a fragment of a human jaw found at a depth of (10 1/2 ft) 3.2 m in the cave earth of the vestibule of Kent's Cavern. Trans Proc Torquay Nat Hist Soc 5: 1-2.

Life restoration Pampadromaeus was a small bipedal animal. It shows a mosaic of basal and derived traits. It differs from other sauropodomorphs by a combination of characters. Some of these are shared with members of the Theropoda: the premaxilla is pointed downwards forming a subnarial gap with the maxilla and the anterior-most teeth are unserrated; in the location where with theropods the fenestra promaxillaris is positioned, a small depression is present.

The infraorbital nerve travels with the infraorbital artery and vein. It branches from the maxillary nerve in the pterygopalatine fossa and travels through the inferior orbital fissure to enter the orbit. It runs anteriorly along the floor of the orbit in the infraorbital groove to the infraorbital canal of the maxilla. Within the infraorbital canal it has three branches, the posterior superior alveolar nerve, middle superior alveolar nerve and anterior superior alveolar nerve.

Kongonaphon is based on UA 10618, a partial skeleton. The disarticulated skeleton was split between two sandstone blocks, which also preserve a jaw of the rhynchosaur Isalorhynchus. Kongonaphon is the first lagerpetid to have skull material published, as part of a maxilla has been preserved in UA 10618. The fossil also contains a mostly complete femur alongside a caudal (tail) vertebra, foot bones, fragments of the tibia and fibula, and a potential humerus fragment.

The cause is usually a direct blow to the malar eminence of the cheek during assault. The paired zygomas each have two attachments to the cranium, and two attachments to the maxilla, making up the orbital floors and lateral walls. These complexes are referred to as the zygomaticomaxillary complex. The upper and transverse maxillary bone has the zygomaticomaxillary and zygomaticotemporal sutures, while the lateral and vertical maxillary bone has the zygomaticomaxillary and frontozygomatic sutures.

It is known from an incomplete skeleton of an adult (measuring 5.3 m) including maxilla, mandibles, teeth, tusks and other materials have been discovered. The Japanese species S. sendaicus described in 1924 from dentary materials from Pliocene deposits has been ascribed to the genus, as well as the species S. bumiajuensis (formerly Tetralophodon) from the late Pliocene of Java. One individual of S. hanjiangensis was a 30-year-old tall and weighed .

Skorpiovenator's skull was short, stout and covered in the ridges, furrows, tubercles and bumpy nodules that are scattered over the heads of most abelisaurid theropods. It is craniocaudally short, similar to Carnotaurus, and is shorter and deeper than the skulls of Abelisaurus and Majungasaurus. Notably, the maxilla and lacrimal of Skorpiovenator are wider than in the corresponding bones of the remaining abelisaurids. Skorpiovenator had 19 maxillary teeth, which is more than any other known abelisaurid.

It was the first non-Cenozoic sebecosuchian to be described, being assigned to the suborder in 1896 by Arthur Smith Woodward. It was described on the basis of an incomplete snout and articulated lower jaw. The presence of a large saber-like second maxillary tooth and a diastema between the maxilla and premaxilla that made room for a large mandibular tooth suggests that Cynodontosuchus is a member of the family Baurusuchidae.Steel, R. (1973). Crocodylia.

The premaxilae bear strong teeth, with the anterior most tooth being placed directly behind the beginning of the snout. Large nerve foramina are placed close to the dorsal surface of the paired premaxilae. The maxillae bones are unusual for mosasaurids, as they bear teeth which extend posterior to the front of the orbit. It is uncertain exactly how many teeth there were in the maxilla due to breakage, but there is probably around eleven.

Cephalopholis polleni has a body depth which is shorter than the length of its head, the standard length being 2.7 to 3.1 times the depth. It has a slightly truncated caudal fin and a finely serrated, rounded preopercle. The maxilla reached beyond the back of the eye. There are 9 spines in the dorsal fin and 14-16 soft rays, while the anal fin has 3 spines and 8-9 soft rays.

The maxillary tooth plates are easily seen in Hyperodapedon and there are seven cranial, six postcranial, and three dentition synapomorphy traits. Hyperodapedon had jaws that allowed them to have a precision-shear bite to break down the tough plants that they ate. The beak-like premaxilla and hind limbs were used for digging up food. Teeth along the maxilla and dentary had open roots which could not be replaced like other reptiles.

The hard palate is formed by the palatine process of the maxilla and horizontal plate of palatine bone. It forms a partition between the nasal passages and the mouth. On the anterior portion of the hard palate are the plicae, irregular ridges in the mucous membrane that help facilitate the movement of food backward towards the larynx. This partition is continued deeper into the mouth by a fleshy extension called the soft palate.

Ossinodus skulls are broad and heavily ornamented. Ornamentation's include deep pits and ridges all over the skull, on the parietal bones around a raised parietal foramen, as well as the jaw. The pits found on the maxilla and premaxilla are smaller and finer than those found on the skull table. Ossinodus differ from sister taxon Pederpes and Whatcheeriidae as their pits are larger than the pits on Pederpes, with Whatcheeriidae mostly lack dermal pitting.

Dalla Vecchia (2004) recently described two additional specimens, a mandibular ramus and a maxilla, both bearing teeth and nearly uncrushed, and some postcranial remains, from a single late Anisian outcrop, from the southern Alps of Italy. The humerus resembled that of immature individuals of the Asian genus Chaohusaurus, suggesting possible affinities to Grippidia. Tooth Jiang et al. (2008) described and named Xinminosaurus from the mid-late Anisian Guanling Formation of Guizhou, China.

It developed a short secondary bony palate, with crocodilian featuring pterygoids. The elongated choana is located behind the secondary palate, which is made by the premaxilla and maxilla. In modern crocodiles, the choana is between the vomers and the anterior processes of pterygoids. The dentary forms the largest part of the lower jaw with some shallow pits, which indicated that the animal probably has 15-18 teeth, fewer teeth in the far back.

Several studies have discovered that anteriorly missing teeth can accompany retrognathic maxilla, also known as an underbite, prognathic mandible, where the lower jaw protrudes out more than normal, and smaller posterior cranial base length. Occurrence of hypodontia can be associated with reduced anterior lower facial height and lip protrusion. This can be linked to lower maxillary to mandibular plane angles. A more acute mandibular angle and flatter chin may develop as a result.

Their ears will most commonly be low, unevenly set, and malformed in structure. In addition to these facial abnormalities, individuals also have an underdeveloped maxilla and/or mandible with a highly arched and narrow palate which makes speech a very difficult skill to master. Teeth are usually very late to come in and will be undersized and spaced far apart (Carpenter Syndrome-description). Other physical abnormalities often associated with Carpenter Syndrome include extra digits.

By contrast, the long-finned pilot whale's skull has a more elongated rostum and a more exposed maxilla. On average, pilot whales only have 40-48 teeth, about one third the amount seen in other dolphins. The size and weight depend on the species, as long-finned pilot whales are generally larger than short-finned pilot whales. Their lifespans are about 45 years in males and 60 years in females for both species.

Stenaulorhynchus continued to grow teeth throughout its life.Juveniles started out with three rows of upper teeth, with only one lateral to the main groove running along the upper surface of the maxilla. By the time they were adults, Stenaulorhynchus had several rows of maxillary teeth, one or more of which were lateral to the main maxillary groove. Older teeth would wear down with use and be resorbed where they contacted other teeth.

A maxilla assigned with partial certainty to Calyptosuchus has five dental alveoli, and probably contacted the external naris at a point. The vertebrae have keels, unusually among aetosaurs, and the axis vertebra has a noticeable concavity in the sides above which the zygapophyses protrude. Most of these are broken. The centrum of the axis is slightly wider than it is tall, but those of the other cervical vertebrae are taller than they are wide.

Skull of Limnoscelis, in lateral (A) and dorsal (B) views Limnoscelis had a relatively elongated skull, with a narrow snout and wider posterior region. Its teeth were conical and labyrinthodont, with infolding of enamel and dentin. Limnoscelis had particularly well- developed incisors, peaking in size at the anterior maxilla, similar to the placement of the canine tooth of many derived synapsids. This tooth morphology has been used to infer that Limnoscelis was a carnivore.

In addition, the maxilla rotates slightly, which pushes forward a bony process that interlocks with the premaxilla. Caudal skeleton showing symmetrical (homocercal) tail The pharyngeal jaws of teleosts, a second set of jaws contained within the throat, are composed of five branchial arches, loops of bone which support the gills. The first three arches include a single basibranchial surrounded by two hypobranchials, ceratobranchials, epibranchials and pharyngobranchials. The median basibranchial is covered by a toothplate.

In later groups the teeth mostly became conical. Front teeth were often longer, forming a "prey grab" in transversely expanded jaw tips, but size and position were very variable among species. With the derived Pterodactyloidea, the skulls became even more elongated, sometimes surpassing the combined neck and torso in length. This was caused by a stretching and fusion of the front snout bone, the premaxilla, with the upper jaw bone, the maxilla.

In humans (and most other primates) there are usually 20 primary (also "baby" or "milk") teeth, and later up to 32 permanent teeth. Four of these 32 may be third molars or wisdom teeth, although these are not present in all adults, and may be removed surgically later in life. Among primary teeth, 10 of them are usually found in the maxilla (i.e. upper jaw) and the other 10 in the mandible (i.e.

The front teeth in the lower jaw were larger than those of the upper jaw. The front edges of the crowns bore eight denticles (serrations), and the back edge bore nine to eleven. The teeth in the back of the upper (maxilla) and lower jaw were triangular in side view and compressed in front view. They had long roots that were oval in section, and the crowns had a marked at their bases.

The skull has all teeth but the left second and third molars, and additionally contains fragments of the frontal, parietal, and maxilla. Similarities in the cranial morphology to Au. Afarensis include the shape of the braincase and the relatively small brain size. The canines and incisors fall into the size range of Au. Afarensis, but the premolars and molars are comparatively very large. Pa. Boisei is the only hominin with larger post canines.

On the maxilla, the alveolar process is a ridge on the inferior surface, and on the mandible it is a ridge on the superior surface. It makes up the thickest part of the maxillae. The alveolar process contains a region of compact bone adjacent to the periodontal ligament (PDL), called the lamina dura when viewed on radiographs. It is this part which is attached to the cementum of the roots by the periodontal ligament.

The bumblebee tongue (the proboscis) is a long, hairy structure that extends from a sheath-like modified maxilla. The primary action of the tongue is lapping, that is, repeated dipping of the tongue into liquid. The tip of the tongue probably acts as a suction cup and during lapping, nectar may be drawn up the proboscis by capillary action. When at rest or flying, the proboscis is kept folded under the head.

An anterior crossbite due to skeletal reasons will involve a deficient maxilla and a more hyperplastic or overgrown mandible. People with this type of crossbite will have dental compensation which involves proclined maxillary incisors and retroclined mandibular incisors. A proper diagnosis can be made by having a person bite into their centric relation will show mandibular incisors ahead of the maxillary incisors, which will show the skeletal discrepancy between the two jaws.

The maxillary central incisor is a human tooth in the front upper jaw, or maxilla, and is usually the most visible of all teeth in the mouth. It is located mesial (closer to the midline of the face) to the maxillary lateral incisor. As with all incisors, their function is for shearing or cutting food during mastication (chewing). There is typically a single cusp on each tooth, called an incisal ridge or incisal edge.

Petrels have a plate called the maxillary unguis that forms a hook on the maxilla. The smaller members of the order have a comb-like mandible, made by the tomial plate, for plankton feeding. Most members of the order are unable to walk well on land, and many species visit their remote breeding islands only at night. The exceptions are the huge albatrosses, several of the gadfly petrels and shearwaters and the fulmar-petrels.

The preserved maxilla is partially complete, missing pretty much of its nasal processes (bony projections). It measures in length and the lateral side is smooth compared to the dorsal areas, although its structure is very robust. It preserves 11 alveoli, of which 9 are filled with well-preserved teeth. The teeth display marked homodonty (teeth of similar size) and they are serrated and recurved with the posterior serrations being slightly larger than the anterior serrations.

In Second European Workshop of Vertebrate Paleontology, Abstracts (unpaginated). In total, known material from the type locality includes: a left and a right maxilla; five cervical, five dorsal, and one caudal vertebra; a sacrum; fragmentary rib bones; one end of the right ischium; a fragment of the left scapula, an ulna and a humerus. All of this material was excavated from a by surface, and it is thought to have belonged to a single individual.

The maxilla also bears eleven sockets with four preserved teeth, which are typical of abelisaurids. Like Majungasaurus but unlike Skorpiovenator, the on both edges of the teeth are the same size. Based on comparisons with Carnotaurus and Majungasaurus, the dorsal vertebrae of Tralkasaurus originated from the mid-to-rear back. The that extend out and upward are subtriangular like those of Dahalokely, Viavenator, Majungasaurus, and Masiakasaurus, but unlike the subrectangular processes of Carnotaurus.

The rear portion of the holotype maxilla is characteristically complex and similar to that described for Plateosaurus. These complex traits include a posterolateral flange which likely shielded part of the jugal, a pair of deep dorsomedial grooves (likely articulating with the lacrimal and jugal), and a broad groove behind the medial flange which likely articulated with the palatine. DMNH EPV.63136, the most complete referred dentary Lower jaw bones referred to Kwanasaurus include DMNH EPV.

Infernovenator is diagnosed by a unique combination of features: (1) 61 presacral vertebrae; (2) a triangular postfrontal that contacts the tabular; (3) a circumorbital series formed by the prefrontal, the postfrontal, the lacrimal, and the maxilla; and (4) an ossified septomaxilla. Features shared with the lysorophian Brachydectes and not with other recumbirostrans include: (1) postorbital absent and cheek emargination present; (2) bar-like tabular- squamosal complex; and (3) short and robust dentary.

Anteriorly, the internal nares have the lower canines. The maxilla is adjacent to the palatine, and posterior to the palatine is the long prevomer that meets the premaxilla. The palatine is tooth bearing, as well as the pterygoid that is just posterior to the palatine. The vomer is held by the surrounding vomerine processes that form the choanae’s middle border. Unlike the rest of burnetiamorphs, Burnetia’s interchoanal part of the vomer is not narrow.

Situated beneath (caudal to) the mandibles, paired maxillae manipulate and, in chewing insects, partly masticate, food. Each maxilla consists of two parts, the proximal cardo (plural cardines), and distal stipes (plural stipites). At the apex of each stipes are two lobes, the inner lacinia and outer galea (plurals laciniae and galeae). At the outer margin, the typical galea is a cupped or scoop-like structure, located over the outer edge of the labium.

The two premaxillae are very long and run up over the snout to meet the prefrontals at the orbit. At the anterior tip they are narrow and triangular in cross-section. They form the classic rhynchosaurian beak, and there is evidence on the fossil showing that it was probably covered by a keratinous sheath. The maxilla carries a massive tooth plate and has numerous foramina for nerves and blood vessels to reach the gums through.

Slow expansion techniques expands maxilla at a much slower rate compare to the rapid maxillary expansion technique. In slow expansion technique, a patient is ordered to turn the screw 4 times which amounts of 1mm per week. Patient is instructed to turn the jackscrew at the same rate for next 8–10 weeks to achieve the desired expansion. This slow rate of expansion allows skeletal and dental changes to happen in a 1:1 ratio.

Each patient presents with different malocclusion and will need different amount of expansion. It is a general rule to expand the maxilla to a point where the lingual cusp of maxillary molar teeth touch the buccal cusp of mandibular molar teeth. Studies done decades ago by Krebs (1964), Stockfisch (1969) and Linder Aronson (1979) showed that about one-third to one-half of the expansion was lost before the expansion was eventually stabilized.

The premaxilla also has a pair of bony projections (processes) which connect to other snout bones. The posterodorsal process snakes up the front of the maxilla, separating that bone from the nares (nostril holes). The thin anterodorsal process instead runs along the midline of the snout. The paired nasal bones on the upper edge of the snout are long and rectangular, and at their front edge are the rounded, upwards-pointing nares.

The jaw in tetrapods is substantially simplified compared to fish. Most of the upper jaw bones (premaxilla, maxilla, jugal, quadratojugal, and quadrate) have been fused to the braincase, while the lower jaw bones (dentary, splenial, angular, surangular, and articular) have been fused together into a unit called the mandible. The jaw articulates via a hinge joint between the quadrate and articular. The jaws of tetrapods exhibit varying degrees of mobility between jaw bones.

Instead, the surgeon is often able to go through the interior of the mouth. Cutting one bone is known as an osteotomy, while performing the surgery on both jaws simultaneously is known as a bi-maxillary osteotomy (cutting the bone of both jaws) or a maxillomandibular advancement. The maxilla can be adjusted using a "Lefort I" level osteotomy (most common). Additionally, the midface can be mobilized by using a Lefort II, or Lefort III osteotomy.

The jaw was originally suggested to be a sutureless fusion of the premaxilla and maxilla of a reptile. Each upper jaw holds at least 26 teeth, eleven or twelve of them below the fenestra; the front of the tooth row has not been preserved and the fossil is broken at its end. The teeth are closely packed. The tooth crowns are small, tall and wide, flattened, and triangular with slightly curved edges.

Apert syndrome is a form of acrocephalosyndactyly, a congenital disorder characterized by malformations of the skull, face, hands and feet. It is classified as a branchial arch syndrome, affecting the first branchial (or pharyngeal) arch, the precursor of the maxilla and mandible. Disturbances in the development of the branchial arches in fetal development create lasting and widespread effects. In 1906, Eugène Apert, a French physician, described nine people sharing similar attributes and characteristics.

The human teeth function to mechanically break down items of food by cutting and crushing them in preparation for swallowing and digesting. Humans have four types of teeth: incisors, canines, premolars, and molars, which each have a specific function. The incisors cut the food, the canines tear the food and the molars and premolars crush the food. The roots of teeth are embedded in the maxilla (upper jaw) or the mandible (lower jaw) and are covered by gums.

The appearance of people with the disorder is caused by a loss of bone in the mandible which the body replaces with excessive amounts of fibrous tissue. In most cases, the condition fades as the child grows, but in rare cases the condition continues to deform the affected person's face. Cherubism also causes premature loss of the primary teeth and lack of eruption of the permanent teeth. Cherubism is a rare autosomal dominant disease of the maxilla and mandible.

Details in the skull and teeth, compared with Megantereon Thylacosmilus had large, saber-like canines. The roots of these canines grew throughout the animal's life, growing in an arc up the maxilla and above the orbits. Thylacosmilus teeth are in many aspects even more specialized than the teeth of other sabertoothed predators. In these animals the predatory function of the "sabres" gave rise to a specialization of the general dentition, in which some teeth were reduced or lost.

274x274px The skull is heavily built but with large lateral openings to accommodate jaw musculature, with small orbits restricted to the anterior edge of the large fenestrae. The intertemporal, supratemporal, postfrontal, and jugal bones of the skull have disappeared. The mandibles are short and robust with a small number of large triangular teeth. Although it was initially thought that the maxilla and premaxilla were freely movable, detailed anatomical studies show that this is not the case.

The lower hole allowed air to enter the hollow inside of the bone core of the beak. This premaxillary sinus had a little recess at the top, connected by a nerve channel to the mouth. Maryańska presumed this recess housed a Jacobson's organ, a secondary smelling organ. The main room of the premaxillary sinus was connected to behind with a sinus in the maxilla, which itself was partly divided in two by a transverse bone wall or septum.

There is even some evidence that the animal may have possessed a salt gland next to its nostrils, which would have further aided it in a desert habitat. The teeth were small and leaf-shaped. There are twenty-two of them in each maxilla, seventeen in the right and sixteen in the left lower jaw of the holotype. On the rear skull, the oval occipital condyle is obliquely pointing to below, indicating that the entire head was appending.

The serrations decrease in size towards the crown and extend closer to the root on the front edge of each tooth. The serrations (and the overall shape of teeth in the rear part of the maxilla) resembled those of herbivorous or omnivorous reptiles such as iguanid lizards, basal sauropodomorph dinosaurs, and Protecovasaurus. The presence of a Y-shaped postorbital indicates that Polymorphodon had a diapsid skull. The postorbital had a blunt inner branch and curved rear and lower branches.

The mandibles (lower jaws) are straight and slender, formed by the tooth-bearing dentary bones at the front and the splenial and angular bones at the back. The front tip of the mandibles curves very slightly downwards and inwards. The teeth of Jesairosaurus are pointed and very slightly curved, although they are also conical (particularly so in the maxilla) and only slightly flattened from the side. In addition, the teeth are subthecodont (also known as pleurothecodont).

An ectopic maxillary canine is a canine which is following abnormal path of eruption in the maxilla. An impacted tooth is one which is blocked from erupting by a physical barrier in the path of eruption. Ectopic eruption may lead to impaction. Previously, it was assumed that 85% of ectopic canines are displaced palatally,Ericson S, Kurol J. Incisor root resorptions due to ectopic maxillary canines imaged by computerized tomography: a comparative study in extracted teeth.

The upper surface of a typical iguanodontid skull has a convex curve that extends from the snout to just past the orbit, where the skull flattens out to form a roughly level plane directly above the braincase. The antorbital fenestra, an opening in the skull anterior to the eye sockets, is reduced in size in iguanodontids. Their maxillae are roughly triangular, fairly flat, and sport thickened bony walls. An elongated maxilla is characteristic of the family.

A modern skull diagram of Thalattosaurus alexandrae As noted by Merriam in 1905, the skull of the holotype, referred to as UCMP 9085, was preserved in four pieces. They were originally connected by calcite vein- filled cracks, but were separated during preparation. Three of these four pieces found made up the rostrum. When aligned, the rostrum shape suggested dorsal curvature of the anterior end of the maxilla but ventral deflection in the anterior end of premaxilla.

However, this condition is similar to that of other archosaurs, like Postosuchus kirkpatricki. While Erpetosuchus granti and Erpetosuchus sp. are nearly indistinguishable, the scapula of Parringtonia differs from E. granti in that it has a small bump or tubercle over its shoulder socket, osteoderms that are nearly square instead of being anteroposteriorly longer than wide, and a foramen (or hole) on the outer surface of the maxilla. Parringtonia has five tooth sockets, Erpetosuchus gracilis only four, and Erpetosuchus sp.

The shadow bass, has a lateral line containing 36 to 42 scales. There are 11 spines and 11-12 soft rays in the dorsal fin while the anal fin contains 6-7 spines and 10-11 soft rays. It has a large mouth with the maxilla at the level of the centre of its eye. They are olive to light brown in color and there are frequently 2-4 dark brown vertical bands and blotches along their flanks.

Theropods normally have four premaxillary teeth and the previous record for this group was seven, as found in spinosaurids. In Halskaraptor, the premaxillary teeth are very closely packed, touching each other, and are very elongated, gradually curving to behind. The teeth in the maxilla, estimated in number at twenty to twenty-five, are more robust, curve only at their tips, and are spaced at a larger distance. They are more transversely flattened, with an oval cross-section.

Basal traits consist of a large skull, a short thighbone, the possession of just two sacral vertebrae and the presence of fifteen teeth in the pterygoid. There were four teeth in the premaxilla and about twenty in both the maxilla and the lower jaw for a total of eighty- eight. The teeth were large, elongated, lanceolate, slightly recurved, sharply pointed and coarsely serrated. The lower leg was much longer than the thighbone, indicating Pampadromaeus was a good runner.

The medial palpebral ligament (medial canthal tendon) is about 4 mm in length and 2 mm in breadth. Its anterior attachment is to the frontal process of the maxilla in front of the lacrimal groove, and its posterior attachment is the lacrimal bone. Laterally, it is attached to the tarsus of the upper and lower eyelids. Crossing the lacrimal sac, it divides into two parts, upper and lower, each attached to the medial end of the corresponding tarsus.

General Hartmann was Chief Air Force Prosecutor in the Asia-Pacific Region between 1983 and 1991. He litigated in excess of 100 cases before judges and juries. These cases covered murder, manslaughter, rape, sexual assault, child sexual abuse, theft, drug conspiracies and alcohol-related crimes. In the course of these cases General Hartmann worked with experts in forensic pathology, oral and maxilla facial surgery, orthopedics, ophthalmology, hematology, neurosurgery, pediatric neurosurgery, neurology, drug testing, psychology, and psychiatry.

As in modern seals, Pteroarctos had an orbital wall that was not limited by certain facial bones (like the jugal or lacrimal bone), but was mostly shaped by the maxilla. The ancestors of the Otarioidea and Phocoidea diverged 33 mya. The Phocidae are likely to have descended from the extinct family Desmatophocidae in the North Atlantic. Desmatophocids lived 23–10 Mya and had elongated skulls, fairly large eyes, cheekbones connected by a mortised structure and rounded cheek teeth.

The teeth that would be named Siluosaurus were recovered during the 1992 Sino-Japanese Silk Road Dinosaur Expedition. One tooth, seven millimetres long, was from the upper beak (premaxilla), and the other, 3.7 millimetres high, was from the cheek region of the upper jaw (maxilla). Dong Zhiming, who named the genus in 1997, suggested that it was a hypsilophodontid, and described the teeth as the smallest ornithopod teeth yet known. The type species is Siluosaurus zhanggiani.

Mammalodon, with a length of , was smaller and more primitive than modern baleen whales. Unlike other baleen whales, Mammalodon had a blunt and rounded snout. The left maxilla–upper jaw–of specimen NMV P199986 preserved four premolars and three molars, and the space between the teeth (diastema) increased towards back into the mouth. The molars decreased in size back into the mouth, like in archeocetes, and the bottom jaw had two more molars than the upper jaw.

Both its generic and specific names refer to these autapomorphies (unique characteristics), as Concavispina means "concave spine" and biseridens means "two rows of teeth". It is thought to be most closely related to Xinpusaurus, as both taxa share three derived characters: a maxilla that is curved upward at its anterior end, a humerus (upper arm bone) that is wider near the shoulder than near the elbow, and the presence of less than five cervicals (neck vertebrae).

Caryonosuchus is characterized by a unique combination of characters, including three autapomorphies (unique characteristics) such as a rostrum with horn-like tubercles on the maxilla and on the premaxilla. Caryonosuchus also has autapomorphic rough ornamentation with grooves and bony ridges on its rostrum. DGM 1411-R was found to be an advanced sphagesaurid in a phylogenetic analysis published by de Andrade et al. (2011). The following cladogram shows the position of Caryonosuchus among other sphagesaurids sensu this study.

Only six, larger, teeth were present in the maxilla of the holotype specimen but the number of its tooth positions could not be adequately determined. Specimen CAGS-IG-T1 preserves ten maxillary tooth sockets with room for one or two more in damaged areas. The jugal was a strongly built element with a high-rising front branch that formed part of the lower front edge of the eye socket. The lower jaw lacked an opening in its outer side.

These features include a maxilla which overlaps the nasal, and supratemporal fenestrae positioned high on the skull. In addition, the unfused frontal bones of Colobops also support a place among rhynchocephalians. The strict consensus (average result) of the simplest family trees which include Colobops within Rhynchocephalia is given below. In this strict consensus tree, the structure of Archosauromorpha is reduced to a polytomy, depicting a compromise between many family trees with competing structures but equal complexity.

It sits high on the coronoid process, and is where the masseter muscle would have attached to the dentary. The postdentary bones, which are of particular importance since they form the ear bones in mammals, are absent or severely damaged. The nasal bone is relatively flat, and is separated from the maxilla at the anterior end of the snout by the septomaxilla (a therapsid synapomorphy). The lacrimal bone is smaller and narrower than is typical for early cynodonts.

Pseudanthias bicolor has a relatively elongated, laterally compressed body which has a standard length which is around three times its depth. It has a moderately large, oblique, terminal mouth, although in males the thickening of the upper lip causes it to be slightly inferior. The maxilla is level with the rear edge of the eye. The dorsal fin has 10 spines ands 16-18 soft rays while the anal fin contains 3 spines and 7-8 soft rays.

Tooth count is variable between individuals and increases with skull size. The premaxilla shows the constant number of four teeth per side in all known skulls; however, in the maxilla, the tooth count ranges from 14 to 22. There are 26 teeth in each side of the lower jaw in the largest known skull. The height of the teeth crowns decreases from front to back in the upper jaw, but was more or less constant in the lower jaw.

Cephalopholis urodeta has a body which is less deep than the head is long with the body being around a third as deep as the standard length. The profile between the eyes is convex and the rounded preopercle has a serrated edge and a fleshy lower edge. The maxilla extends beyond the eye. The dorsal fin has 9 spines and 14-16 sodt rays while the anal fin has 3 spines and 8-9 soft rays.

Nasal cavity anatomy The term "nasal cavity" can refer to each of the two cavities of the nose, or to the two sides combined. CT scan in the coronal plane, showing the ostiomeatal complex (green area). The lateral wall of each nasal cavity mainly consists of the maxilla. However, there is a deficiency that is compensated for by the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone, the medial pterygoid plate, the labyrinth of ethmoid and the inferior concha.

Furthermore, vestibular lamina will subsequently hollow and forms the oral vestibule between the alveolar portion of the jaws and the lips and cheeks. Recent studies have found that both the dental lamina and vestibular laminae jointly give rise to the large tooth primordia in the cheek region of the maxilla. Also, in mice, human and sheep, the vestibular lamina and dental lamina originate from a common epithelial placode- odontogenic epithelial zone which is in the upper lip region.

Ossinodus have around 34 teeth along the maxilla as well as an inner row of teeth found on the palatine, vomer, and ectopterygoid. The maxillary fangs are the largest teeth for Ossinodus. The teeth are distally-keeled in the shape of the head of a lance and contain grooves indicative of dentine infolds. From the broken tooth, the tooth were polyplocodont - free of a pulp cavity with "ortho- dentine" folded simply and irregularly to the first degree.

The dentary bone is long (occupying half of the jaw's length), shallow, and triangular, and it bears a groove that widens towards the back of the bone. A distinct fossa on the top surface of the surangular bone separates Jianianhualong from other troodontids. The angular bone projects upwards behind the dentary, like Sinovenator and various other members of the Deinonychosauria. The maxilla of Jianianhualong bore 21 teeth on each side, while the dentary bore 25 on each side.

Wisdom teeth removal (extraction) is the most common treatment for impacted wisdom teeth. In the US, 10 million wisdom teeth are removed annually. The procedure can be either simple or surgical, depending on the depth of the impaction and angle of the tooth. Surgical removal is to create an incision in the mucosa of the mouth, remove bone of the mandible or maxilla adjacent the tooth, extract it or possibly section the tooth and extract it in pieces.

In 2004, Julia Day and Paul Barrett claimed that there were two morphotypes present, based on small differences in the thighbones. In 2008 Benson favoured this idea, but in 2010 concluded the differences were illusory. A maxilla fragment, specimen OUM J13506, was, in 1869 assigned, by Thomas Huxley, to M. bucklandii. In 1992 Robert Thomas Bakker claimed it represented a member of the Sinraptoridae; in 2007, Darren Naish thought it was a separate species belonging to the Abelisauroidea.

They did not find considerable stratigraphic separation between the specimens either. A nearly complete theropod skeleton (KMV 8701) was discovered in the Lufeng Formation, in Yunnan Province, China, in 1987. It is similar to Dilophosaurus, with a pair of crests and a gap separating the premaxilla from the maxilla, but differs in some details. The paleontologist Shaojin Hu named it as a new species of Dilophosaurus in 1993, D. sinensis (from Greek Sinai, referring to China).

Eoraptor compared in size to a human Skeleton of Eoraptor lunensis, known remains depicted in white and light grey, unknown in dark grey. Eoraptor had a slender body that grew to about in length, with an estimated weight of about . It had a lightly built skull with a slightly enlarged external naris. Like the coelophysoids which would appear millions of years later, Eoraptor had a kink in its upper jaws, between the maxilla and the premaxilla.

The largemouth bass is an olive-green to greenish gray fish, marked by a series of dark, sometimes black, blotches forming a jagged horizontal stripe along each flank. The upper jaw (maxilla) of a largemouth bass extends beyond the rear margin of the orbit. In comparison to age, a female bass is larger than a male. The largemouth is the largest of the black basses, reaching a maximum recorded overall length of and a maximum unofficial weight of .

Dogs and other canids possess well-developed nasal turbinates.Wang (2008) p.88. These turbinates allow for heat exchange between small arteries and veins on their maxilloturbinate (turbinates positioned on maxilla bone) surfaces in a counter-current heat-exchange system. Dogs are capable of prolonged chases, in contrast to the ambush predation of cats, and these complex turbinates play an important role in enabling this (cats only possess a much smaller and less-developed set of nasal turbinates).

The roof (superior wall) is formed primarily by the orbital plate frontal bone, and also the lesser wing of sphenoid near the apex of the orbit. The orbital surface presents medially by trochlear fovea and laterally by lacrimal fossa. The floor (inferior wall) is formed by the orbital surface of maxilla, the orbital surface of zygomatic bone and the minute orbital process of palatine bone. Medially, near the orbital margin, is located the groove for nasolacrimal duct.

Sauropsids, the group containing reptiles and birds, had completely lost the contact between the quadratojugal and maxilla. In diapsids, the quadratojugal and jugal form the lower temporal bar, which defines the lower border of the infratemporal fenestra, one of two holes in the side of the head. In early diapsids such as Petrolacosaurus and Youngina, the quadratojugal is long as in amphibians, early synapsids, and "anapsid" reptiles. It forms most of the length of the lower temporal bar.

Sereno and Wilson 1998 p. 46 The ventral process of the postorbital bone is broader when viewed from the anterior when compared to the width when viewed from the lateral side.Sereno and Wilson 1998 p.46-47 Neosauropods lack a point of contact between the jugal bone and the ectopterygoid arch. Instead, the ecterpteryoid arch abuts the maxilla, anterior to the jugal. The external mandibular fenestra, present in prosauropods and some basal sauropods, is entirely closed.

Head Gorgonopsians were a morphologically conservative group, and like all gorgonopsians, Eriphostoma would have been a quadrupedal predator. It was among the smaller members of the group, with a skull less than long. It had a relatively short, deep snout and large orbits compared to other gorgonopsians. Like all gorgonopsians, it had five incisors and a canine tooth on each side of the upper jaw, but it had only three small postcanine teeth in its maxilla.

The maxilla was kept from being part of the margin of the narial opening by the maxillary process. The maxillary process of the premaxilla extended hindwards to the same level as the nasal process. Due to not being fused together, the premaxillae had a fissure along their lower midline. There were two small openings (connected to each other by a shallow groove) near the base of the third and fourth premaxillary teeth, but none near the first and second.

Isalorhynchus is an extinct genus of hyperodapedontine rhynchosaur from the late Triassic period (Carnian stage) of Toliara Province, southwestern Madagascar. It is known from the holotype MDE-R18, a nearly complete maxilla and from other specimens from the same locality, Malio River area. It was found in the Makay Formation (or Isalo II) of the Morondava Basin (or Isalo beds). It was first named by Eric Buffetaut in 1983 and the type species is Isalorhynchus genovefae.

The skull is well preserved though slightly compressed. In the type description the cranium is described as showing a mix of basal characters, like those found in pipe snakes, and advanced traits found in macrostomatans. The cranium shows a small premaxilla which bears no teeth, while the maxilla, palatine, pterygoid, and dentar bones host 73-75 teeth. The preorbital area of the skull, being small and slender, is similar to the preorbital area of pythonine snakes.

The tail of the juvenile is usually shorter, while the mandible is yellowish, and the maxilla have whitish cutting edges. The bird is similar to the slaty-backed forktail, but lacks the slaty back of the latter, and is also smaller in size. It also has a slimmer bill. The white band on its face is narrower than that of the otherwise similar white-crowned forktail: it is also distinguished by its white, rather than black, breast.

Between 58 and 64 teeth lined its jaws, slightly more than in Tyrannosaurus but fewer than in smaller tyrannosaurids like Gorgosaurus and Alioramus. Most of its teeth were oval in cross section, although the teeth of the premaxilla at the tip of the upper jaw had a D-shaped cross section. This heterodonty is characteristic of the family. The longest teeth were in the maxilla (upper jaw bone), with crowns up to 85 millimeters (3.3 in) long.

Skull seen from the front The skull of Tarbosaurus was completely described for the first time in 2003. Scientists noted key differences between Tarbosaurus and the North American tyrannosaurids. Many of these differences are related to the handling of stress by the skull bones during a bite. When the upper jaw bit down on an object, force was transmitted up through the maxilla, the primary tooth- bearing bone of the upper jaw, into surrounding skull bones.

A number of features distinguish Limnoscelis dynatis from the type species Limnoscelis paludis. L. dynatis is thought to be the smaller of the two genera, estimated to be about 20% smaller than L. paludis. The premaxilla differs considerably between the species. While the premaxilla of L. paludis was relatively large, enclosing the entire external naris, the premaxilla of L. dynatis was significantly smaller, with the ventral border of the external naris instead being formed by the maxilla.

After extraction of a tooth, the clot in the alveolus fills in with immature bone, which later is remodeled into mature secondary bone. Disturbance of the blood clot can cause alveolar osteitis, commonly referred to as "dry socket." With the partial or total loss of teeth, the alveolar process undergoes resorption. The underlying basal bone of the body of the maxilla or mandible remains less affected, however, because it does not need the presence of teeth to remain viable.

The southern pygmy perch has a body which is oblong and moderately compressed with a convex dorsal profile and a straight ventral profile. It has a large head the top of which bulges slightly and a blunt snout. It has a slightly oblique, terminal mouth which is protractile with the maxilla reaching to a level near the centre of the eye. There are thin bands of villiform teeth on the jaws and the roof of the mouth.

The labial palps have four segments, while the maxillary palps have five, with the second segments from the maxilla curved rather than hammer shaped. The bodies of the workers and queens have a compact and very robust mesosoma that is moderately convex along the top surface. With the workers there are no suture lines distinguishing the mesopropodeal or promesonotal sutures. The petioles have a node that is scale or wedge shaped when viewed from the side.

Throughout the 1980s, a number of additional specimens were discovered at the locality, including adult and subadult specimens. This allowed Michel Laurin to identify distinguishing characteristics for H. garnettensis and to incorporate it into a phylogenetic analysis, which found it to be outside the Sphenacodontidae. He published these results in 1993. Among the additional specimens was a partial skull consisting of a left maxilla and lacrimal, which were catalogued in the Royal Ontario Museum (ROM) as ROM 43608.

It begins at the middle of the trigeminal ganglion as a flattened plexiform band then it passes through the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus. It leaves the skull through the foramen rotundum, where it becomes more cylindrical in form, and firmer in texture. After leaving foramen rotundum it gives two branches to the pterygopalatine ganglion. It then crosses the pterygopalatine fossa, inclines lateralward on the back of the maxilla, and enters the orbit through the inferior orbital fissure.

The fossils found are currently in the Oklahoma Museum of Natural History (OMNH). Two specimens held in the OMNH that have been part of the diagnostic process of these species are OMNH 52366, an almost complete right maxilla, and OMNH 52367, a partial right dentary. It is uncertain if the two elements belong to the same individual.Modesto 1996 Another commonly mentioned captorhinid, Labidosaurus hamatus, was found in a Lower Permian geologic group in Texas, called the Clear Fork Group.

As with all max anterior teeth, the central incisors are usually located facially to the mandibular teeth when the mouth is closed. In instances when the maxillary anterior teeth are lingual to the mandibular teeth, the condition is referred to as an anterior crossbite. In some cases, this arrangement of teeth may indicate a displacement of the mandible relative to the maxilla and is called Class III or Pseudo-Class III malocclusion. Normal occlusion is Class I occlusion.

Known vertebra fragments, compared to a complete Stegosaurus dorsal vertebra (F) Thirteen teeth are preserved in Paranthodon, but as they extend to the back of the maxilla there were possibly more in life. The teeth are symmetrical as in stegosaurs except Chungkingosaurus. Along the base of the tooth crown there is a swelling (cingulum), which is seen in all other known stegosaurid teeth except Huayangosaurus. The teeth have a middle ridge, with five fewer prominent ridges on either side.

For example, cranial material is known from Stegosaurus, Paranthodon, Kentrosaurus, and Tuojiangosaurus, and the tooth morphology differs in all of them. Maxilla and premaxilla in multiple views The premaxilla of Paranthodon is incomplete, but the anterior process is sinuous and curves ventrally. This is similar to in Miragaia, Huayangosaurus, the ankylosaur Silvisaurus, and Heterodontosaurus, but unlike in Chungkingosaurus, Stegosaurus, Edmontonia and Lesothosaurus. The premaxilla also lacks any teeth, like in every stegosaur except Huayangosaurus where the premaxilla is preserved.

It is a partial skull with maxilla, two molar teeth and a portion of the base of the skull. The skull is highly fragile and is not fossilised. The morphology of the skull is suggestive of belonging to a female in her late teens to mid- twenties. Near the skull, a complete left femur and right proximal tibia were found which belongs to the same individual. Tom Harrisson also discovered Neolithic burial sites from 2,500 to 5,000 years ago.

In chasmosaurines, the premaxillae met on their midline in a complex bone plate, the rear edge of which was reinforced by the "narial strut". From the base of this strut, a triangular process jutted out into the nostril. Triceratops differs from most relatives in that this process was hollowed out on the outer side. Behind the toothless premaxilla, the maxilla bore thirty-six to forty tooth positions, in which three to five teeth per position were vertically stacked.

Known skull elements of Nectosaurus specimens.Based on the position of the vomers, the general shape of the premaxillae was inferred to be that of a dramatically downward hooking rostrum, descending at a vertical angle. This trait is also known in Hescheleria as well as a specimen referred to Paralonectes in 1993.Nectosaurus also had pointed, needle-like teeth (particularly in the front of the maxilla) and a mandible with a very high and pointed coronoid process.

Catbirds are characterize by ivory-colored bill with the hooked maxilla, large head, green dorsal plumage, ventral spotting, powerful grasping claws and fig-eating habit. In contrast to the other genera within the Ptilonorhynchidae family, all of the Ailuroedus catbirds lack marked sexual dimorphism, are pair bonded, monogamous breeders, with both parents caring for the offspring. They form pair bonds in which the male helps to build the nest, and have simple arboreal chasing displays, without bowers or stages.

This theory was popularized by Scott in 1950s and states that cartilage determines the craniofacial growth. Proponents of this theory state that cartilage is responsible for the growth and bone just replaced it. In this theory, mandibular condyle having cartilage at its end allows the downward and forward growth of the mandible. Maxilla, consisting of the nasal septum and nasomaxillary complex, which is made up of cartilage, moves forward and downward also by the forces from the nasal septum.

Bones in both maxilla and mandible respond to their respective cartilaginous growth centers. To test this theory, two approaches were taken by researchers in past. Either the cartilage was removed from the nasal septum or the cartilage was transplanted into the cultures to see the effects on the growth. When the cartilage was transplanted into the in vitro cultures, it was found that the cartilage from nasal septum grew as nearly as it did in vivo.

Maxilla MCD 4919 from the Serrat del Rostiar 1 locality, possibly from a Pararhabdodon In their 1997 paper, Laurent and colleagues referred remains from the Le Bexen site of the uppermost Cretaceous of Aude, southern France, to the genus.Prieto-Marquez, A., Gaete, R., Rivas, G., Galobart, Á., and Boada, M. (2006). Hadrosauroid dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of Spain: Pararhabdodon isonensis revisited and Koutalisaurus kohlerorum, gen. et sp. nov. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 26(4): 929-943.

Petrified logs are also known from the site. The site was fluvial when its rocks were being deposited, with channel sands and muds, and concretions of calcite-cemented sandstone containing fossils. Following excavation and preparation of the majority of the fossils from the site, its sauropod species was given the name Paluxysaurus jonesi. Neck vertebrae The name Paluxysaurus was based on the specimen FWMSH 93B-10-18, a partial skull including an associated left maxilla, nasal, and teeth.

Gregory S. Paul estimated its length at 7 meters (23 ft), its weight at 1.5 tonnes (1.65 short tons) in 2010. In 2016 Molina-Pérez and Larramendi gave a higher estimation of 8.2 meters (27 ft) and 2.6 tonnes (2.86 short tons). The cranial elements are very robust, and the frontals in particular are strongly thickened. The teeth of the maxilla are gradually recurving and rather flat; those of the premaxilla do not have a D-shaped cross-section.

Pax proteins play critical roles during fetal development and cancer growth. The specific function of the paired box gene 7 is unknown but speculated to involve tumor suppression since fusion of this gene with a forkhead domain family member has been associated with alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. Alternative splicing in this gene has produced two known products but the biological significance of the variants is unknown. Animal studies show that mutant mice have malformation of maxilla and the nose.

The maxillary teeth of Rugarhynchos had negligible curvature and were similar to the premaxillary teeth. The nasal is roughly textured, hosting a prominent ridge along the midline of the skull along with several other low ridges. The rear of the nasals are incised by the triangular front edge of the frontals, creating a wedge-shaped suture also seen in Proterochampsa. The prefrontal and lacrimal form the front edge of the orbit (eye socket) and connect to the maxilla.

Thomas Huxley first found the maxilla in the Lossiemouth Sandstone in 1859, and originally identified it as Stagonolepis, due to its very similar tooth implantation pattern. He later changed his mind and reidentified it as a new species, "Dasygnathus". This name later had to be changed in 1961 as it had already been used for a beetle. In 1964, the specimen of Dasygnathoides was compared with all the known Ornithosuchus specimens and then synonymized by Walker.

A broken jaw that has no teeth in it faces two additional issues. First, the lack of teeth makes reduction and fixation using MMF difficult. Instead of placing circumdental wires around the teeth, existing dentures can be left in (or Gunning splints, a type of temporary denture) and the mandible fixated to the maxilla using skeletal fixation (circummandibular and circumzygomatic wires) or using MMF bone screws. More commonly, open reduction and rigid internal fixation is placed.

In addition to the maxilla, the zygomatic arch and the nasal opening have been used to narrow down possible ancestry. A program called FORDISC has been created that will calculate the most likely ancestry using complex mathematical formulas. This program is continually updated with new information from known individuals to maintain a database of current populations and their respective measurements. Determination of ancestry is incredibly controversial but often needed for police investigations to narrow down subject pool.

Though the book is a work of fiction, it is based on an unsolved homicide that occurred in Santa Barbara County, California in August 1969. A Jane Doe victim had been dumped near a quarry in Lompoc, California, and never identified. At a dinner party, Sue Grafton had a conversation with Dr. Robert Failing, who mentioned the case. He is the forensic pathologist who worked for the Coroner's Office which had retained her maxilla and mandible.

The number of tooth positions is highly variable for the premaxilla and maxilla set. However, no studies indicate that there is a direct correlation between tooth count and skull size. Teeth rows usually consist of 40-45 members. The tripartite dentition, enlarged carinae, and strong terminal members of the premaxilla suggest that Nicrosaurus kapffi (and many other phytosaurs) may be adapted to dismember medium to large-sized prey after killing such prey with a strong, quick blow.

For stability purposes, the RPE usually remain in the patient's mouth anywhere between 3–6 months, but this time may vary between patients. This is often known as "six month retention period" during which the bone fills the gap in the maxilla that was created by the expansion process. To prevent any type of relapse, a retainer is given to the patient to keep the teeth in proper alignment. RPE can be tooth supported, bone supported or both.

This is noteworthy because pneumatic nasals are unknown in any other ceratopsid, which supports that this feature represents a unique derived trait of this genus. Nasutoceratops had as many as 29 tooth positions in the maxilla, each occupied by several stacked teeth. The skull roof between the eye sockets is vaulted and is markedly higher than the snout region. The curved horizontally projecting brow horn arrangement was likened to that of modern cattle by paleontologist David Hone.

The craniofacial surgery to correct hypertelorism is usually done between five and eight years of age. This addresses the psychosocial aspects in the child's early school years. Another reason for correction age five or older is that the surgery should be delayed until the tooth buds have grown out low enough into the maxilla, thus preventing damage to them. Also, before age five the craniofacial bones are thin and fragile, which can make surgical correction difficult.

The bottom margin of the jaw is slightly convex; in Sinornithoides, it is straight. The dentary and angular bones may have formed a flexible joint within the jaw - that is, an intramandibular joint. Unlike Xiaotingia, the dentary and maxilla terminate at the same position in the jaw. Also like other troodontids (with Sinusonasus being an exception), Liaoningvenator has a number of small, closely spaced teeth, with at least 15 in the upper jaw and 23 in the lower jaw.

The quadrate bone is C-shaped, with the open part pointed backwards and upper and lower tips presumably articulating with the rear edge of the quadratojugal bone. Referred maxilla fragments are low and thick, covered in grooves, and curve sharply inwards above the tooth row. If these fragments are correctly referred to Eilenodon, they indicate that this genus had an unusually low and flat snout. The maxillary teeth only have one wear facet, a horizontal one.

The body of the Indian mackerel is moderately deep, and the head is longer than the body depth. The maxilla are partly concealed, covered by the lacrimal bone, but extend till around the hind margin of the eye. These fish have thin dark longitudinal bands on the upper part of the body, which may be golden on fresh specimens. There is also a black spot on the body near the lower margin of the pectoral fin.

Cephalopholis nigripinnis has a body which is less deep than the head is long with the body being around a third as deep as the standard length. The profile between the eyes is convex and the rounded preopercle has a serrated edge and a fleshy lower edge. The maxilla extends beyond the eye. The dorsal fin has 9 spines and 14-16 sodt rays while the anal fin has 3 spines and 8-9 soft rays.

It has a pair of enlarged, grooved teeth at the rear of each upper jaw (maxilla), and produces a mild venom.. The venom affects the snake's natural prey (mainly small frogs and small lizards). The snake tends not to bite humans when handled, but when it does, the venom has relatively mild effects in most individuals (some describe it as a slight irritating/itching sensation with slight swelling). The snake is not considered a risk to human health.

Leptopleuron demonstrates a narrower anterior portion instead. No septomaxilla was observed, but the external naris is oval and immense in size. The maxilla contained five teeth with a significant difference for the tooth row as in contrast to Hypsognathus, the tooth row ended around the anterior region of the orbitotemporal opening. The prefrontal of Leptopleuron is seen to have dorsal exposure in the center of the lacrimal and frontal bones with the anterior edge enveloped by the nasals.

Albertosuchus is an extinct genus of crocodyloid crocodylian from the Late Cretaceous of Canada. The type species Albertosuchus knudsenii was named in 2015 from the Scollard Formation in Alberta. Albertosuchus is the northernmost-known Late Cretaceous crocodylian in North America. Albertosuchus lacks the notch in the upper jaw between the maxilla and premaxilla bones that is characteristic of most crocodyloids, and it also has a very short mandibular symphysis (the connection between the two halves of the lower jaw).

Zarhinocetus is a member of Allodelphinidae, a family of primitive dolphins related to the South Asian river dolphin, measuring in length. The rostrum is narrow and elongated, and the teeth are both polydont and heterodont. Zarhinocetus is distinguished from other allodelphinids in having a depressed medial part of dorsal surface of proximal part of rostrum, enlarged tubercle present on dorsolateral surface of maxilla anterior to antorbital notch, supraorbital process of frontal thicker dorsoventrally, anteroposteriorly-oriented crest present on dorsal surface of supraorbital process of maxilla, bony orbit of larger diameter, dorsal exposures of frontals on cranial vertex asymmetrical with midline suture located to left of cranial midline, zygomatic process of squamosal nearly rectangular in lateral view rather than arc shaped, nuchal crest curving anteriorly at apex posterior to cranial vertex, occipital shield larger and more vertically oriented, occipital condyles proportionally larger; petrosal more massive, with anterior process more robust, posterior process shorter, posterior articular facet for tympanic bulla smaller; tympanic bulla with outer lip more inflated.Toshiyuki Kimura and Lawrence G. Barnes (2016).

Teeth of Eolambia In Kirkland's initial description of Eolambia, he considered it to be a member of the Hadrosauridae, as defined by David B. Weishampel, David B. Norman, and Dan Grigorescu in 1993. Weishampel and colleagues used seven unifying characteristics to define the Hadrosauridae: the upward expansion of the ascending process of the maxilla; the absence of the paraquadrate foramen, which separates the quadrate and quadratojugal; the location of the angular on the inner surface of the lower jaw; the absence of the surangular foramen on the surangular; the narrow teeth of the maxilla; the presence of three or more teeth in each dentary tooth position; and the reduction of the top margin of the scapular blade. The first, fifth, sixth, and seventh of these traits were recognized in Eolambia, with the rest being unknown due to missing material. Kirkland further assigned Eolambia to the Euhadrosauria, defined by Weishampel and colleagues to include the common ancestor of Hadrosaurinae (now the Saurolophinae) and Lambeosaurinae – the two primary branches of hadrosaurids – and all of its descendants.

First, the absence of serrations on maxilla, having a simple notch near the tip of the bill instead, in addition to an undulating margin of the mandible. Second, their nostrils rest closer together, and partially hide beneath an overhanging operculum. Quetzals weigh in relatively heavy around 150 to 250g, and they feed primarily on fruit. Male quetzals also have four noticeably elongated and iridescent feathers (specifically, two pairs of middle upper-tail coverts) that often meet or reach slightly beyond the tail.

Ballard described a method for studying the jaw relationship in the Antero-Posterior direction in 1951. This method used the axial inclination of the incisor teeth to study the relationship. This method removes any influence of soft tissues and dental compensation and permits an adjustment to the inclination of the maxillary and mandibular incisors to their normal value in respect to maxillary and mandibular planes. This method uses incisor overjet as the indicator of the relative position of the maxilla to the mandible.

This requires additional operations at a later age to make sure all parts of the face are in proportion. A disadvantage of early bone reconstruction is the chance to damage the tooth germs, which are located in the maxilla, just under the orbit. The soft tissue reconstruction can be done at an early age, but only if the used skin flap can be used again during a second operation. The timing of the operation depends on the urgency of the underlying condition.

An overdenture is a denture, the base of which covers one or more teeth, prepared roots or implants. An overdenture is usually used for elderly patients that have lost some teeth but not all, rendering them suitable for a set of full dentures. The overdenture is not rigid in the mouth; it is removable. An advantage of overdentures compared to full dentures is that the roots left in the maxilla (upper jaw) help preserve bone of the upper jaw, preventing bone resorption.

Diagram of a single maxilla from the cockroach Periplaneta americana showing the anatomy and musculature The generalized condition in hexapods is for the first pair of maxillae to consist of a basal triangular sclerite called the cardo and a large central sclerite called the stipes from which arise three processes: the lacinia, the galea and the maxillary palp. The lacinia is often strongly sclerotized and toothed. It functions to cut and manipulate food in the mouth.Gullan, P. J. and Cranston, P. S. 2005.

Hind view of mounted skeleton cast of P. mephistocephalus The adult skulls known have a length of about thirty centimetres. Pinacosaurus has exceptionally smooth praemaxillae, front snout bones, forming the bone core of the upper beak, that was in life covered with a horn sheet. The maxilla bears about fourteen teeth. A typical and remarkable element of ankylosaurine skulls is that the nostril is in the shape of a large "narial vestibule" in which several smaller oval holes are present.

In children, orthodontic treatment to expand the volume of the nasal airway, such as nonsurgical Rapid Palatal expansion is common. Since the palatal suture is fused in adults, regular RPE using tooth- borne expanders cannot be performed. Mini-implant assisted rapid palatal expansion (MARPE) has been recently developed as a non-surgical option for the transverse expansion of the maxilla in adults. This method increases the volume of the nasal cavity and nasopharynx, leading to increased airflow and reduced respiratory arousals during sleep.

The anterodorsal process, which wraps above the nares to contact the nasal bones on the top edge of the snout, is typically quite short in pseudosuchians. However, poposauroids have elongated anterodorsal processes, longer than the main premaxillary body. The posterodorsal process, which wraps below the nares to contact the maxilla on the side of the snout, possesses the opposite state. It is much shorter in poposauroids (compared to other pseudosuchians), restricted to only a portion of the lower edge of the nares.

Anomocephalus possess five upper incisors that have an ovoid-shaped crown when observed from the occlusal view. The dentition of the maxilla begins as tiny peg-like elements that become buccolingually wide and mesiodistally short. Six teeth are located on the pterygoid/ epipterygoid with four additional empty/damaged alveoli which suggests that there were at least ten teeth that made up the right palatal dentition. These palatal teeth have long, curved roots and the crowns are rectangular with an occlusal basin.

However, given that it was never formally published, it remained an invalid nomen nudum. In 2015, a bonebed designated as Z183 was discovered within of the approximate location described by Parrington. This bonebed contained at least three individuals of different sizes, represented by 27 bones, all of which were mixed in with the remains of an allokotosaurian; new elements not known previously included the maxilla, quadrate, braincase, axis, sacral vertebrae, humeri, ischia, and calcaneum. They were stored at the National Museum of Tanzania.

Schindylesis is an articulation in which two bones are joined by fitting the ridge of one bone into the groove of another. Also known as a "wedge-and- groove" joint, the name is derived from the Greek 'skhindulesis', meaning "to cleave", as in cutting with a stump with an axe. This fibrous suture joint can be found between the vomer and the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone as well as between the vomer and the gap between the maxilla and palatine.

Based on the potential for further research, four temporary permits were obtained in the area for exploration from the Mining Cadastral Office of Madagascar. In April 2003, a joint team from the Milan Natural History Museum (MSNM) and Civic Museum of Fossils of Besano launched a privately-funded expedition to the region. Pasini collected a number of teeth during this expedition. In June 2003, he gained access to one of the two skull fragments, a maxilla, and recognized that the teeth were identical.

In the original description of Tambachia, Sumida et al. (1998) concluded that Anconastes was the closest relative of Tambachia. Characteristics that supported this relationship included the absence of an internarial fenestra (which is also seen in dissorophids, but was interpreted as a convergent trait), the reduction of the suborbital process of the lacrimal, and a contribution to the ventral orbital rim (the rim of the eye socket) by the maxilla rather than the palatine. Below is a cladogram modified from Sumida et al.

The maxilla of the Rodrigues starling was shorter, less curved, had a less slender tip, and had a stouter mandible. Not enough remains of the Rodrigues starling have been found to assess whether it was sexually dimorphic. Subfossils show a disparity in size between specimens, but this may be due to individual variation, as the differences are gradual, with no distinct size classes. There is a difference in bill length and shape between two Rodrigues starling specimens, which could indicate dimorphism.

A major component in this technique is the training of tongue posture and establishing equilibrium between the tongue, lips and the cheek muscles. Tongue exercise proved to be successful in treating tongue thrust. Tongue exercise alone was reported to be successful in cessation of thumb sucking and treatment of anterior open bite malocclusion. When the tongue rests against the palate it begins to expand the maxilla by applying a slow and consistent force to the lingual (tongue side) surfaces of the teeth.

Another diastema of nearly equal length is found between the fifth and sixth alveolus; this diastema is seen in MNHN SAM 124 and is much longer in MSNM V4047 but is absent from Suchomimus and Cristatusaurus. The maxilla fragment referred to Oxalaia (MN 6119-V) has two alveoli and a broken third one that includes a partial tooth. Like the praemaxilla, it had preserved nutrient canals. It also features a shallow dent in the middle, suggesting it was located near the (bony nostrils).

The skull of Plateosaurus is small and narrow, rectangular in side view, and nearly three times as long as it is high. There is an almost rectangular lateral temporal foramen at the back. The large, round orbit (eye socket), the sub-triangular antorbital fenestra and the oval naris (nostril) are of almost equal size. The jaws carried many small, leaf-shaped, socketed teeth: 5 to 6 per premaxilla, 24 to 30 per maxilla, and 21 to 28 per dentary (lower jaw).

Like the coelophysoids, Tawa has a kink in its upper jaws, between the maxilla and the premaxilla. With respect to limb proportion, the femur is very long compared to the tibia. A neck vertebrae adaptation in Tawa supports the hypothesis that cervical air sacs predate the origin of the Neotheropoda and may be ancestral for saurischians, and also links the dinosaurs with the evolution of birds. Compared to earlier dinosaurs like Herrerasaurus and Eoraptor, Tawa had a relatively slender build.

The two halves of a hummingbird's bill have a pronounced overlap, with the lower half (mandible) fitting tightly inside the upper half (maxilla). When a hummingbird feeds on nectar, the bill is usually opened only slightly, allowing the tongue to dart out and into the interior of flowers. Hummingbird bill sizes range from about 5 mm to as long as 100 mm (about 4 in). When catching insects in flight, a hummingbird's jaw flexes downward to widen the gape for successful capture.

Most of the skull of Goronyosaurus is preserved in the material, although it is heavily crushed and distorted. Overall the skull is long and narrow compared to other mosasaurids, with an estimated complete length of and a width of only . This ratio (6.31:1) is most similar to Tylosaurus nepaeolicus (6.18:1) among other mosasaurs, followed by Plesiotylosaurus (5.64:1) and Tylosaurus proriger (5.3:1). Restored skull The snout bones of the premaxilla, maxilla and nasals are distorted and flattened laterally.

Like rhynchosaurs, Colobops had a shortened snout with a maxilla that overlaps the nasal. In addition, the supratemporal fenestrae of Colobops and rhynchosaurs are positioned high on the skull, about the same level as the upper edge of the orbit. Other archosauromorphs, such as Prolacerta, had supratemporal fenestrae in a slightly lower position, with the bones forming the outer edge of the holes being positioned about midway up the orbit. However, this classification was only slightly better supported than certain alternative interpretations.

The shape of the skull is traditionally restored as wider and shorter than that of Plateosaurus, but this appearance may be due just to differential crushing experienced by the various specimens. Some features of the skull are variable between individuals; for example, the thickness of the upper border of the orbit and the height of the posterior maxilla. These differences may be due to sexual dimorphism or individual variation. Diagram of the skull of Massospondylus, showing the various skull openings.

A non-directional exploitation of morphospace from smaller ancestors with a smaller size restriction is responsible for a large body size in Hyperodapedon. Hyperodapedon have a single row of teeth in mandible bites between their two rows of teeth fixed to a plate which is formed by a union of the maxilla with the palatine. Other key traits are the two maxillary grooves and a single dentary blade, along with missing the infraorbital foramen. The supraoccipital and opisthotics are fused together.

Fossils of Arganasuchus were first reported by Jean-Michel Dutuit in 1979, who referred a maxilla, dentary, femur, and fibula to Ticinosuchus. These fossils were found in the lower part of unit T5 (the Irohalene Member) of the Timezgadiouine Formation. This geological formation, which is found in the Argana Basin of Morocco, may have been deposited in the Carnian stage of the Late Triassic period. Arganasuchus dutuiti was named and described in 2007 by Nour-Eddine Jalil and Karin Peyer.

The skull of Jianianhualong is small and sub-triangular, with a short snout and a wide skull roof like Mei.The frontmost-preserved bone of the snout is the maxilla, the main body of which is taller than long. This contrasts Jianianhualong from all other members of the Troodontidae, along with the top margin of the bone forming a large angle of 45° with the bottom margin. The rear branch of the bone is also deep, like derived troodontids but unlike Sinovenator.

Irritators teeth were circular in cross section, as opposed to the laterally flattened condition of most theropod teeth. The enamel (first layer of the teeth) was thin, with a finely wrinkled texture also observed in Baryonyx. Both of Irritators maxillae preserve nine teeth, although the left maxilla's tooth crowns are more intact, and there are traces of a tenth tooth in the rock matrix. The teeth were deeply inserted into the jaw and widely spaced towards the front of the maxilla.

The specimen IGM 100/50 consists of a partial maxilla, scapulocoracoid and manual ungual, and specimen IGM 100/51 compromises a fragmentary skull with lower jaws and other elements, incomplete ilium, and metatarsals of the right foot. These fossils were found in Outer Mongolia. Iren Dabasu and Bayan Shireh dinosaur faunas are very similar, so it is not surprising that a species of Alectrosaurus would be found there. Furthermore, several partial skeletons found in both Inner and Outer Mongolia might belong to Alectrosaurus.

Its antenna shows a basicerite bearing an acute, ventrolateral tooth. Its mouthparts are typical for Alpheus: its mandible with a 2-jointed palp, its incisor process bearing about 12 teeth, and showing a stout molar process; its maxillula has a bilobed palp, while its maxilla shows no characteristics of note. The surface of each somite on its abdomen bears conspicuous setae that are proximal to its dorsoposterior margin. Its uropodal exopod has a strong lateral spine, and a sinuous diaresis.

The mandible consists of a single molar process, which is pointed and has a cutting edge which is dark coloured and shows a few small teeth; there is a distinct three-segmented palp. The maxilla has two endites, the lower is oval to quadrangular, the upper is truncate and has the distal margin with strong spines; there is a single undivided palp. The three maxillipeds all have a well-developed exopod with a multi-articulated flagellum. The epipod is oval.

Neither preservation nor phylogenetic bracketing are stable enough to determine whether a postfrontal bone was present, or instead lost (which is the situation in dinosaurs). Also like dinosaurs, the quadrate partially overlaps part of the squamosal in lateral view. The front tip of the jugal is pointed, wedging between a wide lower banch of the lacrimal and a presumably sloping rear portion of the maxilla. The ectopterygoid has a curved jugal process and a deep ventral fossa, similar to Lewisuchus and theropod dinosaurs.

The description of Hipposideros winsburyorum was published in 1999 by Suzanne J. Hand and Henk Godthelp, assigning the species to the genus Hipposideros. The type locality is the Neville's Garden Site at the Riversleigh fossil area. The registration of specimen, the maxilla numbered QM F30575, was inadvertently applied to several pieces of fossil material discovered at Riversleigh, a species of Mormopterus and a molar attributed to the Miocene Icarops aenae. The specific epithet honours supporters of research at Riversleigh, Janet and Keith Winsbury.

The lateral view of a king cobra's skull showing fangs All elapids have a pair of proteroglyphous fangs to inject venom from glands located towards the rear of the upper jaw. The fangs, which are enlarged and hollow, are the first two teeth on each maxillary bone. Usually only one fang is in place on each side at any time. The maxilla is intermediate in both length and mobility between typical colubrids (long, less mobile) and viperids (very short, highly mobile).

These tooth features indicate that aphanosaurs were carnivorous, as many meat-eating reptiles (including theropod dinosaurs such as Velociraptor) had the same features. The front edge of the maxilla also has a small pit, similar to some silesaurids. The rear part of the frontal possessed a round, shallow pit known as a supratemporal fossa. In the past it was believed that only dinosaurs possessed supratemporal fossae, but its presence in aphanosaurs (and Asilisaurus, a silesaurid) shows that it was variable among many avemetatarsalians.

Parringtonia is an extinct genus of Triassic archosaur within the family Erpetosuchidae, known from the type species Parringtonia gracilis. It is known from a single specimen, NHMUK R8646, found from the Anisian-age Manda Formation of Tanzania. This specimen, like most archosaur material from the Manda Formation, is fragmentary, including only a maxilla and a few postcranial bones. They show similarities with those of another archosaur called Erpetosuchus, known from the Middle Triassic of Scotland and the eastern United States.

NHMUK R8646 consists of a right maxilla or upper jaw bone, a left scapula or shoulder blade, part of what might be the ischium bone of the pelvis, five complete and four partial dorsal vertebrae, three caudal vertebrae, and five osteoderms. Some vertebrae show suture lines where different parts have begun to fuse, indicating that the individual was immature when it died. NHMUK R8646 most closely resembles the bones of Erpetosuchus granti from Scotland and Erpetosuchus sp. from the eastern United States.

The premaxilla carries 5 incisors each, and maxillary bones hold the canine and 3 molars. Broom notes that there is evidence of a lost secondary canine on one of the maxillary bones, due to the apparent remains of its root, almost filled in with spongy bone. This second molar is later refuted as the remains of a baby tooth, which is also seen in Lycosuchidae. The 3rd,4th and 5th incisors have serrations, with increasing flatness toward the maxilla (5th being the flattest).

Post-caniniform keels on the maxilla are present even in specimens lacking tusks. However, pre and post-canine teeth are always absent in this genus. Dicynodontoides features a jaw symphysis that narrows anteriorly, tapering to a blunt point, and forming a shovel-shaped snout, which contrasting with the normally flattened area present in other dicynodont forms. Its palatine bone is smooth and significantly reduced to the lateral border of the internal nostril, having important implications for food processing (see below).

The holotype and only known specimen of Geminiraptor is CEUM 7319, a maxilla recovered from the Lower Yellow Cat Member of the Cedar Mountain Formation, in Utah, dating to at least the early Barremian stage (about 130 million years ago). Geminiraptor was named by Phil Senter, James I. Kirkland, John Bird and Jeff A. Bartlett in 2010. The generic name is from the Latin geminae (“twins,” in honor of the Suarez sisters) and raptor ("seizer"). The specific name refers to Drs.

In the area at the bottom of Goubet (Dankalélo, not far from Devil's Island), circular stone structures and fragments of painted pottery have also been discovered. Previous investigators have also reported a fragmentary maxilla, attributed to an older form of Homo sapiens and dated to ~250 Ka, from the valley of the Dagadlé Wadi. Prehistoric rock art and tombs in Djibouti. Pottery predating the mid-2nd millennium has been found at Asa Koma, an inland lake area on the Gobaad Plain.

When they are born, short-finned pilot whales weigh about at a length of . Long-finned and short-finned pilot whales are often hard to tell apart. However, as their names indicate, short-finned pilot whale flippers are shorter than those of the long-finned pilot whale, measuring about 1/6th of the body length. Short-finned pilot whales also have fewer teeth – 7–9 in each row – and a shorter and broader rostrum with a premaxilla that covers more of the maxilla.

Another cause can be a bony deficiency, commonly seen in people of normal weight. When the jaw bones (mandible and by extension the maxilla) don't project forward enough, the chin in turn will not project forward enough to give the impression of a defined jawline and chin. Despite low amounts of fat in the area, it can appear as if the chin is melting into the neck. The extent of this deficiency can vary drastically and usually has to be treated surgically.

In 1947 a fragment of a maxilla, designated Ksar Akil 2, and referred to as Ethelruda, was discovered in material from level XXVI or XXV, at around , which is stratigraphically deeper than Egbert. The layer that Ksar Akil 2 was found in is the start of the Initial Upper Paleolithic in the Levant. An Emireh point was also found in this level. Ethelruda was thought to be lost for many years, but was relocated in storage at the National Museum of Beirut.

Skull and jaw anatomy Distinguishing features of the teleosts are mobile premaxilla, elongated neural arches at the end of the caudal fin and unpaired basibranchial toothplates. The premaxilla is unattached to the neurocranium (braincase); it plays a role in protruding the mouth and creating a circular opening. This lowers the pressure inside the mouth, sucking the prey inside. The lower jaw and maxilla are then pulled back to close the mouth, and the fish is able to grasp the prey.

Furthermore, Szechuanosaurus zigongensis was found to be closely related to Y. shangyouensis and therefore was designated as the second species of Yangchuanosaurus. Yangchuanosaurus zigongensis is known from four specimens including ZDM 9011 (holotype), a partial postcranial skeleton; ZDM 9012, a left maxilla; ZDM 9013, two teeth and ZDM 9014, a right hind limb. It was first described by Gao (1993), and all specimens were collected from the Middle Jurassic Xiashaximiao Formation in the Dashanpu Dinosaur Quarry of Zigong, Sichuan.Gao, Y. (1993).

Russian Academy of Sciences, Palaeontological Institute, Special Issue: 1-50. However, it was later discovered that N. valifanoi was actually a new misidentified specimen of Gobipteryx minuta. The mistake was, at least in part, due to a misidentification of the maxilla and dentary bones of the skull. In 1994, an expedition to the Gobi Desert was conducted by the American Museum of Natural History and the Mongolian Academy of Sciences, where a well preserved Gobiptetyx minuta skull was found in the Nemegt Basin.

The Florisbad Skull belonged to a specimen within the size range of modern humans, with a brain volume larger than modern averages, at 1,400 cm3. The skull was also found with Middle Stone Age tools. The fossil skull is a fragment, preserved are the right side of the face, most of the frontal bone, and some of the maxilla, along with portions of the roof and sidewalls. A single, upper right, third molar was also found with the adult skull.

The process on the maxilla usually indicates the presence of an antorbital fenestra in archosauriforms, but in Azendohsaurus this space is occupied by the lacrimal bone in front of the eyes. This is a unique arrangement unknown in other Triassic archosauromorphs, except for the related Shringasaurus. The orbits are almost entirely occupied by the large sclerotic rings, suggesting large eyes. The lower temporal fenestra is open at the bottom, separating the jugal and the quadratojugal bones (a primitive trait for archosauromorphs).

Holotype quadrate (MTM 2011.43.1) of Pannoniasaurus inexpectatus Pannoniasaurus was a medium-sized mosasauroid, estimated to grow up to a maximum of in length. It exhibited a combination of primitive characteristics, such as having no predental rostrum, the premaxilla-maxilla suture ends anterior to or level with the midline of the fourth maxillary tooth, a nearly straight frontoparietal suture, and a shallow quadrate alar concavity. It also had elongated stapedial pit that was at least three times longer than it was wide.

Nectosaurus was a member of a group of marine reptiles known as thalattosaurs, characterized by their long, paddle-like tails and short legs with independently movable digits. Most thalattosaurs had extended premaxillae, forming a rostrum. Thalattosaurs with downward curving, hook-like premaxillae (such as Nectosaurus) are known as thalattosauroids. Although a 2001 analysis considered it a close relative of Xinpusaurus and Paralonectes because it was interpreted as having an upward- curving maxilla, further inquiry has shown that this was mistaken.

Gammarus baysali is a cave-dwelling species of freshwater amphipod crustacean, found in Turkey. The species belongs to the broader Gammarus pulex group and was scientifically described in 2013 from Cumayanı Cave, Zonguldak Province. The most discriminant characters of this species are the minute eyes, densely setose fifth peduncle and flagellar segments of antenna 2, elongated pereiopods, and setose anterior margins of pereiopods 5 to 7. Additionally, the palp of right maxilla 1 has 4 setae along its outer margin.

James J. Stivers, co-founder of the Humanatone Company, is credited to coining this instrument as a "Humanatone". Operating out of New York City, his nose whistles were made of tin plates. Today, nose whistles are often sold as children's novelties and are made of plastic, although enthusiasts use techniques to modify instruments for easier use by adults, as well as better sound. Using beeswax to extend the nose cup to accommodate an adult's larger maxilla is one such technique.

Barbed hypostome (center) of Ixodes holocyclus flanked by paired palps. The hypostome (also called the maxilla, radula, or labium) is a calcified harpoon- like structure near the mouth area of certain parasitic arthropods including ticks, that allows them to anchor themselves firmly in place on a host mammal while sucking blood. This mechanism is normally so strong that removal of a lodged tick requires two actions: One to remove the tick, and one to remove the remaining head section of the tick.

Saurosuchus is known from numerous specimens coming from the Ischigualasto Formation. Apart from the holotype, it was identified another individual: specimen PVL 2198; consisting of a partial maxilla, left illium, right and left ischium, eleven dorsal vertebrae, osteoderms, ribs and teeth. Sill referred additional specimens, PVL 2557, 2472 and 2267. The specimen PVL 2557 consists of two dorsal vertebrae, right and left sacrals, nine caudal vertebrae, right illium, ischium and partial pubis, right femur, tibia, fibula, tarsus and pes, ribs and chevrons.

Stocker (2010) diagnosed Pravusuchus hortus by a single unambiguous autapomorphy (unique trait) and additionally by a unique combination of characters. Unlike all other phytosaurs, the lateral rim of its external naris (i.e. nostril) is formed by the "septomaxilla", and not by the nasal bone. The element in phytosaur skulls anterior to the external nares, located between the nasal, maxilla and premaxilla, has traditionally been referred to as the septomaxilla, however it probably is not homologous to the septomaxillae of squamates and synapsids.

The distinguishing synapomorphy that defines Doleserpeton are its bicuspid, pedicellate teeth. Each bicuspid, pedicellate tooth in Doleserpeton had two cusps with a separation from the root by a region of uncalcified fibrous tissue. The uncalcified regions of the bicuspid teeth in Doleserpeton were often lost and replaced during its lifetime to support a carnivorous diet. The maxilla contained 60 bicuspid, pedicellate teeth, in which 40 teeth were located in the upper jaw and 20 teeth were located in the lower jaw.

Most of the skull bones were not preserved, with the exception of both lower jaws as well as a toothed maxilla bone. All of the teeth are slender and conical, and their internal structure has shallowly folded enamel unlike almost all other microsaurs. The teeth are largest right behind the tip of the snout and diminish in size towards the back of the mouth. The complete left mandible was 2.6 centimeters (1.0 inches) in length, indicating that the skull was similar in size.

Teeth have also been found in the Aguja Formation Dromaeosaurus had a relatively robust skull with a deep snout. Its teeth were rather large and were shaped like a curved cone with a coat of enamel covering the crown. It had only nine teeth in each maxilla. Dromaeosaurus also had a vein at the back of the head, the vena capitis dorsalis, that drained the front neck muscles through two long canals running to the posterior surface of the brain.

There were eight teeth in the maxilla; these teeth were large and serrated, with the second tooth being the largest. They were teardrop-shaped in cross section, unlike other ornithosuchids. Similar to Riojasuchus and the erpetosuchid Pagosvenator, the jugal (cheek bone) had a Y-shaped ascending process (upward- branching bone) which defined the lower edge of the eye socket. The quadratojugal bone (at the rear lower corner of the skull) was L-shaped, with two branches converging at a 45 degree angle.

The lateral wall and the floor of the orbit are separated posteriorly by the inferior orbital fissure which transmits the zygomatic branch of the maxillary nerve and the ascending branches from the pterygopalatine ganglion. The infraorbital vessels are found in the inferior orbital fissure, and travel down the infraorbital groove into the infraorbital canal and exit through the infraorbital foramen. Inferior division of ophthalmic vein passes through the inferior orbital fissure. It is formed by the sphenoid bone and maxilla.

Skull reconstruction There were three teeth in the premaxilla, in contrast to Herrerasaurus (which possessed four). The contact between the premaxilla and maxilla encompassed two fenestrae (holes): a subnarial fenestra which was situated low on the snout and an additional smaller fenestra positioned above it. While a subnarial fenestra is common in herrerasaurids and theropods, the additional fenestra is unique to Gnathovorax. Like other archosaurs, a small basin known as the antorbital fossa is present in front of the antorbital fenestra.

These include MWC 2907 (a right dentary fragment from Westwater Canyon), BYU 11460 (a dentary fragment from Dry Mesa Quarry), MWC 1200 (a left maxilla fragment from near Uravan), and DMNH 10685 (numerous jaw fragments and teeth from Garden Park). Components of the last specimen were discussed in a 2018 study on the microstructure of Eilenodon teeth. Eilenodon remains have also been reported from a site in Carbon County, Wyoming. Eilenodon is much more rare than another Morrison rhynchocephalian, Opisthias.

The incident happened as Aparicio was attempting the faena, a series of passes in which a torero uses his cape and sword before delivering the estocada, or death blow. The bull immediately withdrew its horn from Aparicio's neck and he attempted to leave the bullring, but lost consciousness and had to be carried out. Two other matadors stepped in and slew Opiparo. The result of the injury was a punctured tongue, a fractured hard palate, a fractured upper maxilla and several broken teeth.

This genus is taxonomically and phylogenetically challenging to classify, as these snakes possess several morphological traits that distinguish them from all other snake species; head scales with numerous sensory papillae, large prefrontal scales, and an upper jaw which has a spiny palatine process. They also lack any pelvic girdle vestiges, a left lung, or a coronoid bone. In 2004, cytochrome b sequencing suggested a sister relationship of Xenophidion to Bolyeriidae from Mauritius. Similar to Boyleriidae, spinejaw snakes have a jointed maxilla.

This contrasts with the rest of the teeth, which are generally cone-shaped. The single tooth in front of the maxillary fang, as well four immediately behind it are very small. These small teeth are followed by six somewhat larger maxillary teeth and a final small tooth. Five teeth are also present in each premaxilla (a pair of bones at the tip of the snout), with the third tooth being a caniniform tooth similar to that of the maxilla and dentary.

They have the ability to go to the surface to breathe if the water level is too low. The extinct species of the Amiiformes can be found fossilized in Asia and Europe, but the bowfin is the last living species in the order. Characteristics of Amiiformes are a cylindrical body with a long dorsal fin, single gular plate, heterocercal caudal fin, 10 to 13 flattened branchiostegal rays, maxilla included in gape, and prominent ocellus near upper base of caudal fin.

The holotype NCSM 21558 includes most regions of the skeleton: a partial skull (premaxilla, maxilla, lacrimal, and jugal), portions of the jaw (angular and articular), an atlantal intercentrum, neural arches from a cervical and dorsal vertebra, ribs, and an upper arm bone (humerus). A single referred specimen, NCSM 21623, is represented by part of a humerus, smaller than that of the holotype. The holotype and referred specimen were described in more detail by Drymala and Zanno in a 2016 PLOS One article.

The describing authors established some diagnostic traits. In the depression for a skull opening, the fenestra antorbitalis, to the front a second opening is present, a fenestra maxillaris, that occupies much of the front part of this depression. The teeth in the maxilla only on their rear edges have denticles which are very small and directed towards the point of the teeth. The neck vertebrae are mildly opisthocoelous: with centra that are convex in front and concave at the rear.

It has a triangular-shaped form in a lateral view and flattened to the inner sides. The partial rostral joint is square and the lateral surface is somewhat concave but in the medial surface the articulation for the maxilla can be identified. The upper surface of the rostral joint forms a flattened socket-like structure that continues towards the rear with the base of the postorbital ramus. This ramus is projected to the top and slightly tilted towards the rear.

Large loreal caputegulae—strap-like, side osteoderms of the snout—completely roofed the enlarged opening of the nostrils, giving a bulbous appearance. The nostrils also had an intranarial septum, which separated the nasal passage from the sinus. Each side of the snout had five sinuses, four of which expanded into the maxilla bone. The nasal cavities (or chambers) of Ankylosaurus were elongated and separated by a septum at the midline, which divided the inside of the snout into two mirrored halves.

Hajdu–Cheney syndrome causes many issues with an individual’s connective tissues. Some general characteristics of an individual with Hajdu–Cheney syndrome include bone flexibility and deformities, short stature, delayed acquisition of speech and motor skills, dolichocephalic skull, Wormian bone, small maxilla, hypoplastic frontal sinuses, basilar impression, joint laxity, bulbous finger tips and severe osteoporosis. Wormian bone occurs when extra bones appear between cranial sutures. Fetuses with Hajdu–Cheney syndrome often will not be seen to unclench their hands on obstetrical ultrasound.

Since 2006, in the context of the Korea-Mongolia Joint International Dinosaur Project, numerous additional specimens have been referred to Talarurus, found at the Baynshire and Shine Us Khuduk localities. These in 2014 were still undescribed. Another specimen referred to this genus from the Bayshin Tsav locality is composed of an (undescribed) incomplete skull with cranial roof, occipital part and braincase. A second undescribed specimen, collected at the Baga Tarjach locality, consists of a fragment of a maxilla with eight teeth.

Amotosaurus is an extinct genus of tanystropheid protorosaur from the earliest Middle Triassic (early Anisian stage) of Black Forest, southwestern Germany. Amotosaurus is known from the holotype SMNS 50830, a partial skeleton including left maxilla with teeth, cervical series, pelvic girdle and other postcranial remains. Other specimens include SMNS 90600-90601, SMNS 50691, SMNS 54783a-b and SMNS 54810\. It was first described and named by Nicholas C. Fraser and Olivier Rieppel in 2006 and the type species is Amotosaurus rotfeldensis.

The type and only species of Lanasaurus is L. scalpridens, described by Christopher Gow in 1975 from the same horizon as Lycorhinus. The generic name is derived from Latin lana, "wool" and Greek saurus, "lizard", and honours Professor Alfred Walter Crompton, nicknamed "Fuzz" because of his woolly hair. The specific name is derived from Latin scalprum, "chisel", and dens, "tooth". It is based on a partial upper jaw bone, the maxilla, holotype BP/1/4244, found in the Upper Elliot Formation of Free State.

Jersey calf with wry nose Wry nose is a deviation of the rostral maxilla, meaning that the upper jaw and nose are deviated to one side. This usually causes the nasal septum (the cartilage plate that separates the right and left nasal passageways) to be deviated as well, resulting in obstruction of the airway, and breathing difficulties. Wry nose is most obvious in species with long faces, such as horses and cattle. It is a congenital abnormality, meaning that it is present at birth.

From the preserved replacement teeth, it appears that tooth replacement progressed from the back to the front of the jaw, with teeth alternatingly emerging from the front and rear sockets in each pair. The tooth of each front socket would have overlapped those from the rear socket, due to the size of the crowns. Unlike the teeth of the maxilla, the teeth of the lower jaw are leaf-shaped, and bear a primary ridge displaced backwards from the center of the crown. However, they are also large.

Counter-intuitively, it is the cast of the maxilla which moves relative to the cast of the mandible and the articulator. An articulator assists in the accurate fabrication of the biting surfaces of removable prosthodontic appliances (dentures), fixed prosthodontic restorations (implants, crowns, bridges, inlays and onlays) and orthodontic appliances. Used with skill it ensures correct interdigitation of the teeth and an anatomically functional biting plane. This means less occlusal adjustments before and after fitting dental appliances and fewer chronic conflicts between the teeth and the jaw joints.

A fully-adjustable articulator reproduces the movement of the temporomandibular joints in all possible dimensions and functional movements. They are necessary for large or complex restorative cases where a correct occlusion is being substantively restored. The relationship between the temporomandibular joints and the maxilla and the functional relationship of the jaws are transferred to the articulator by means of a separate facebow. Individual patient's casts may be mounted and dismounted from a single articulator using a variety of disposable baseplates, either mechanical or magnetic.

Once the impressions have been cast, a set of models has been produced that provide the clinician and dental technician with a replica of the upper and lower jaws with which to work in order to produce the final complete denture. An integral part to the construction is to record how the patient is or should be biting, (i.e. the spatial relationship between the maxilla and the mandible) as well as recording all the necessary information for the next stage, the wax try-in.

The inferior oblique arises from the orbital surface of the maxilla, lateral to the lacrimal groove. Unlike the other extraocular muscles (recti and superior oblique), the inferior oblique muscle does not originate from the common tendinous ring (annulus of Zinn). Passing lateralward, backward, and upward, between the inferior rectus and the floor of the orbit, and just underneath the lateral rectus muscle, the inferior oblique inserts onto the scleral surface between the inferior rectus and lateral rectus. In humans, the muscle is about 35 mm long.

The frontal sinuses are located in the frontal bone; the sphenoidal sinuses in the sphenoid bone; the maxillary sinuses in the maxilla; and the ethmoidal sinuses in the ethmoid bone. A narrow opening called a sinus ostium from each of the paranasal sinuses allows drainage into the nasal cavity. The maxillary sinus is the largest of the sinuses and drains into the middle meatus. Most of the ostia open into the middle meatus and the anterior ethmoid, that together are termed the ostiomeatal complex.

Reconstructed Theiophytalia skull mounted on a Camptosaurus skeleton cast, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid Detailed comparisons by Brill and Carpenter (2006) also showed that the skull differed in a number of key features from that of Camptosaurus, namely: a longer, heavier, and more rugose snout; a wider dorsal process on the maxilla; a proportionally smaller antorbital fenestra; and stouter quadrate, with a bulbous articulation for the lower jaw. Compare the skull image with that of Camptosaurus. Therefore, they put it into its own genus and species.

Skeletal restoration showing known elements Among its sister taxa, Linheraptor is believed to be most closely related to Tsaagan mangas. Linheraptor and Tsaagan were intermediate between basal and derived dromaeosaurids. The two share several skull details, among which a large maxillary fenestra — an opening in the maxilla, an upper jaw bone — and lack various features of more derived dromaeosaurids such as Velociraptor. Senter (2011) and Turner, Makovicky and Norell (2012) argue that Linheraptor exquisitus is a junior synonym of Tsaagan mangas, but Xu, Pittman et al.

The posterior half of the skeleton was found in articulation and the anterior dorsal and cervical vertebrae and forelimbs were found partially disarticulated prior to burial. The skull was discovered slightly separated from the vertebral column. The skull and anterior presacrals were also exposed at the time of discovery and had been partially been destroyed by erosion. From the material known of the snout, only a small fragment of the right maxilla has been recovered and shows that the interdental plates are fused, but not striated.

Excluding the pseudocaniniforms, the maxillary tooth size remains roughly constant but gradually decreases after the pseudocaniniforms in both species; all tooth sockets after the twelfth are replaced by a continuous trough. In total, K. guimarotae had at least 15 maxillary teeth, and K. langenbergensis 17 or 18. Meanwhile, the dentary exhibits 21 teeth in K. langenbergensis and at least 20 in K. guimarotae. Like the maxilla, distinct sockets for dentary teeth are replaced by a groove from the eleventh tooth backwards in K. langenbergensis.

In the second clause, he uses the Hebrew or as derived from the Arabic ghar / "the bones in which the teeth are set (Os Maxilla and Os Mandíbula)". Therefore, the correct reading is: "My skin and flesh cling to my bones, and I am left with (only) my skull," giving us a stark description of the advanced stage of Job’s disease. In modern times, "by the skin of my teeth" is used to describe a situation from which one has barely managed to escape.

Carnivory can be inferred for Teleocrater from the single tooth that was preserved, which is compressed, recurved, and bears serrations on both edges. Like other members of the Archosauria, the recess in the maxilla in front of the antorbital fenestra (the antorbital fossa) extends onto the backward- projecting process of the bone, and the palatal projection of the two maxillae contacted each other. Additionally, like early dinosaurs, there is a depression on the frontal bone in front of the supratemporal fenestra (the supratemporal fossa).

Skull diagram The skull of Ekrixinatosaurus was boxy and proportionally shorter and deeper than most other large carnivorous dinosaurs. The jaws also curved upward, a trait shared with some other abelisaurs. The skull is estimated to be approximately 83 cm long based on comparisons with Carnotaurus and Majungasaurus, and while Abelisaurus does not have a complete maxilla its preserved size is similar to that of Ekrixinatosaurus. As in other abelisaurids, the facial bones, especially the nasal bones, were sculptured with numerous small holes and spikes.

The lower jaw contained 22 teeth, and the upper jaw contained 18 teeth. Unlike other sperm whales with functional teeth in the upper jaw, none of the tooth roots were entirely present in the premaxilla portion of the snout, being at least partially in the maxilla. Consequently, its tooth count was lower than those sperm whales, and, aside from the modern dwarf (Kogia sima) and pygmy (K. breviceps) sperm whales, it had the lowest tooth count in the lower jaw of any sperm whale.

These teeth are sharp, curved, and flattened from the side, indicating that Kadimakara was a carnivorous reptile. The teeth are set in deep sockets and fused to the bone in several areas. The rear edge of the maxilla clearly connects to a smaller bone known as a lacrimal, which forms the front edge of the orbit. The upper side of the snout was formed by a pair of large bones known as nasals which presumably contacted the frontals in an area which has not been preserved.

There was also a small, circular pair of holes ("anterior palatal vacuities") at the tip of the snout and elongated, rectangular choanae along the edge of the snout. The premaxilla bones at the tip of the snout had a complex tongue-and-groove connection to the maxilla bones directly behind them. This configuration, which is only visible from the palate, is seemingly unique to Saharastega among temnospondyls. The pterygoid bones had a narrow, bulbous contact with the parasphenoid bone (which forms the base of the braincase).

The Xujiayao hominin Twenty hominid fossils were discovered at Xujiayao, consisting of 12 parietal bones, 1 temporal bone, 2 occipital bones, 1 mandibular bone fragment, 1 juvenile maxilla, and 3 isolated teeth. The fossils remains at Xujiayao are difficult to classify and are of an uncertain taxonomic lineage, possibly representing a distinct hominin lineage. The Xujiayao fossils are characterized by a mix of Homo erectus and Homo sapiens features. The skulls also have a thick cranial vault, at the upper range of Homo erectus pekinensis.

It was smaller and paler than the nominate race. The total length was 172 mm, the tail length 72.5 mm, the hind foot length 22.3 mm, the ear length 22.3 mm, and largest skull length was 27.6 mm. The zygomatic breadth was 13.9 mm, the preorbital breadth was 4.4 mm, the nasal length was 10.9 mm, and the length of the teeth in the maxilla was 3.9 mm. The upper parts were pink cinnamon, with a rufous hue in the middle of the back.

The synapomorphies of Branchiosauridae include a palatine with a prominent process which extends from the center of the bone to contact the maxilla; six rows of isolated, slender and multi-ended branchials; 21-22 presacral vertebrae (reversed in some forms). One skeleton of the branchiosaurid Melanerpton tenerum has been discovered with preserved skin pattern. The preservation shows a regular pattern of bright spots blurred by dark pigments on the dorsal skin. This is the first record of this mosaic- type pattern in an extinct amphibian.

Within the Apateon-clade, A. kontheri forms the basal-most taxon followed by A. gracilis, A. pedestris, A. dracyiensis and the sister- taxa A. caducus and A. flagrifer. The genus Branchiosaurus is plesiomorphic with no autapomorphies. Branchiosaurus retains the prefrontal-postfrontal contact, the anteriorly extended jugal and ventral osteoderms. In the post- Branchiosaurus clade the prefrontal-postfrontal contact is lost (although reversed in A. dracyiensis), the maxilla sutures with quadratojugal in late development, the jugal is anteriorly shortened and ventral ossified osteoderms are lost.

However, in recent work one such species, Tungussogyriinus bergi has been further analyzed and shown to share clear synapomorphies with branchiosaurids including the Y-shaped palatine resulting in a gap between ectopterygoid and maxilla as well as brush-like branchial denticles. T. bergi differs from all other branchiosaurids in two autapomorphies: elongated process of ilium and tricuspid dentition. Thus, Tungussgyrinus is thought to represent a clade that is the closest relative to all other branchiosaurids and two new subfamilies, Tungussogyrininae and Branchiosaurinae fall under Branchiosauridae.Werneburg, R. 2009.

Chamberland and Profitt in 2011 published a paper in AJODO which looked at long-term and short-term effects of SARPE procedure. The procedure of SARPE was done with pterygoid plate separation to achieve the transverse expansion of the maxilla. The authors observed skeletal changes of about 3-4mm and these changes were stable. In an earlier study published in 2008, the same authors stated that about one-third of the transverse dental expansion obtained with SARPE is lost, however the skeletal expansion remains the same.

It has conspicuous crimson bill ornaments--a round red knob with bony core adorns the maxilla base, while the cere extends apically at least halfway under this knob and below the mandible base forms a small fleshy wattle.del Hoyo (1994a) Females have black plumage just like the male, but their crissal area is reddish buff. In some, the remiges and sometimes the wing coverts have faint brownish marbling. Their bills and irides are also blackish, but their feet and legs are a greyish flesh color.

A left mandible (lower jaw) of Agathaeromys praeuniversitatis, seen from the outer side. All the teeth are missing. The maxilla (upper jaw) is known only for A. donovani. In these fossils, the back margin of the incisive foramen (an opening in the palate) is about at the same level as the front of M1, and the back margin of the zygomatic plate (a bony plate at the side of the skull, connected to the zygomatic arch) is also close to the front of M1.

One skull fossil, given the name Apidima 1, shows a mixture of modern human and primitive features and has been dated to be more than 210,000 years old, older than a Neanderthal skull ("Apidima 2") found at the cave, which makes Apidima 1 the oldest proof of Homo sapiens living outside Africa,Earliest modern human found outside Africa. BBC News. 10 July 2019. the second oldest being the maxilla from Misliya cave, Mount Carmel, Israel, with a maximum age of about 190,000 years ago.

Concavispina is an extinct genus of thalattosaur reptile from the early Late Triassic (Carnian stage) Xiaowa Formation of Guangling, Guizhou, southern China. It contains a single species, Concavispina biseridens. It is known only from the holotype ZMNH M8804, a nearly complete 364 cm long skeleton. Concavispina can be differentiated from other thalattosaurs by possessing two rows of blunt teeth on the anterior part of the maxilla (upper jaw bone) and a V-shaped notch on the dorsal margin of each neural spine in the dorsal (back) vertebrae.

Caniform teeth are found at the front of jaws, although these can be rather small in a few species. They do not have any obviously enlarged caniform teeth in the middle of the lower jaw. There are teeth on the roof of the mouth. In adults, the maxilla does not have a noticeable bony protrusion on the lower rear angle, although they can have an deep step or hook-like process which is hidden by the upper lips, on the rear part of its lower edge.

Left maxilla In the mid-seventies, a fragmentary small theropod skeleton was discovered by Jaime Eduardo Powell and José Fernando Bonaparte at the Estancia El Brete-site. In 1977, the discovery was reported in the scientific literature.Bonaparte, J.F., Salfitty, J.A., Bossi, G., Powell, J.E. 1977. "Hallazgos de dinosaurios y aves cretácicas en la Formación Lecho de El Brete (Salta), próximo al límite con Tucumán". Acta Geológica Lilloana 14: 19-28 The type species, Noasaurus leali, was named and described by Bonaparte and Powell in 1980.

The maxilla preserves 14 alveoli, the presence of two concave surfaces suggest an elliptical and elongate antorbital fossa. Based on comparisons with Camptosaurus and Dakotadon, the two isolated teeth are clasiffied as dentary and maxillary, having a shield-shaped crown and lozenge-shaped crown respectively. The scapular bone is almost complete; a denticle is preserved on the predentary, various vertebrae indicate a very iguanodontian-like body shape, specially dorsal vertebrae. The two right metatarsals are classified as metatarsals III and IV based on Camptosaurus and Iguanodon.

Faunal assemblages from the upper Horseshoe Canyon Formation, an early Maastrichtian cool-climate assemblage from Alberta, with special reference to the Albertosaurus sarcophagus bonebed This article is one of a series of papers published in this Special Issue on the theme Albertosaurus. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 47(9), 1159-1181. which dates to about 68.5 million years ago. The only known specimen consists of parts of the upper and lower jaws—both premaxillae, a right maxilla, both dentaries—teeth and numerous small fragments.

Unusually, the posterior process of the maxilla extends as far back as the orbit, and about halfway along it, possibly even projecting into the orbit at points. The maxillary dental groove is extremely shallow, only deep. The lacrimal-nasal contact is elongated, so that the lacrimal, rather than the prefrontal, forms the posterior edge of the naris. The anterior process and shaft of the jugal are unusually narrow, but the posterior plate is well-developed and extends as high as the middle of the orbit.

Restoration of Agujaceratops mariscalensis Size comparison of Agujaceratops mariscalensis to a human Juvenile Agujaceratops skeleton as reproduced by Triebold Paleontology in Woodland Park, Colorado, USA In 1938, three dinosaur bone beds were excavated, and ceratopsian material was collected from Big Bend National Park (Texas) by William Strain. This material was studied by Lehman in 1989 and named Chasmosaurus mariscalensis. It is known only from the holotype UTEP P.37.7.086 a partial adult skull which includes a braincase, left supraorbital horncore, left maxilla and a right dentary.

The of the upper jaw were lined with 15 blade-like teeth on each side in the holotype. The first eight of these teeth were very long and robust, but from the ninth tooth onward they gradually decrease in size. As typical for theropods, they featured finely edges, which in the holotype contained some 10 denticles per . Specimen MWC 1 merely showed 11 to 12, and specimen UMNH VP 5278 12 teeth in each maxilla; the teeth were more robust and more recurved in the latter specimen.

The typical cranial anatomy of a bird. Pmx= premaxilla, M= maxilla, D= dentary, V= vomer, Pal= palatine, Pt= Pterygoid, Lc= Lacrimal The skull consists of five major bones: the frontal (top of head), parietal (back of head), premaxillary and nasal (top beak), and the mandible (bottom beak). The skull of a normal bird usually weighs about 1% of the bird's total body weight. The eye occupies a considerable amount of the skull and is surrounded by a sclerotic eye-ring, a ring of tiny bones.

This boss stops just above the edge of the nostrils, separated from the frontals by a notch, although the prefrontal bones also sport their own smaller, weakly developed boss. The rough texture of the snout implies it was covered with a layer of horny keratin, like the beak. The maxilla is robust, more so in one specimen than the other, in which the caniniform process housing the tusk is also more strongly developed. The caniniform process is vertical, and so the prominent tusks point directly downwards.

However, Parrish also noted that Gracilisuchus differed from other rauisuchians in the absence of an ossification at the back of the top of the skull, and the absence of a fenestra between the premaxilla and maxilla. In a 1994 analysis, Lars Juul moved Gracilisuchus inside the Paracrocodylomorpha, placing it as the sister taxon of Postosuchus (then a poposaurid). Paracrocodylomorpha, in turn, was united with the Ornithosuchidae to form the Dromaeosuchia. Both analyses suggested that the squamosal flange of Gracilisuchus was homologous with that of Postosuchus and crocodylomorphs.

The sling-jaw wrasse possesses the most extreme jaw protrusion found among fishes. The species can extend its jaws up to 65% the length of its head. The speed and length to which the jaw protrudes allows it to capture small fish and crustaceans. The genus this species belongs to possess one unique ligament (vomero-interopercular) and two enlarged ligaments (interoperculo-mandibular and premaxilla-maxilla), which along with a few changes to the form of cranial bones, allow it to achieve extreme jaw protrusion.

The specific name refers to the Niniveh Limestone Member of the Greene Formation, dating from the Sakmarian where it was found at Clark Hill in Monroe County, Ohio. The holotype is specimen MCZ 3386, found by Donald Baird in June 1955. It consists of a partial skeleton with fragmentary skull, a spine from the axis, four back vertebrae, four tail vertebrae, neck ribs, dorsal ribs, a shoulder blade, two humeri, and the right pelvis. Specimen MCZ 4458, a right maxilla, was referred to the species.

The front branch of the pterygoid bone makes a right angle to the outer side. The ectopterygoid bone is positioned behind the pterygoid and has a recurved outer side branch in the direction of the jugal as well as a rear branch. Teeth in the maxilla and the dentary bone possess multiple cusps, sometimes as high as six or seven, while erupted teeth with three cusps are absent. The first, second and third maxillary teeth are recurved, with the curvature gradually diminishing along the series.

Size comparison Terrestrisuchus was a small, slender crocodylomorph with very long legs, quite unlike modern crocodilians. It was initially estimated to have been between long, although this estimate may be based on juvenile specimens and fully grown Terrestrisuchus may have reached or exceeded in length. Its skull was long and narrow, with a tapering, pointed triangular snout lined with sharp curved teeth. The upper jaw margin was straight, and lacked a diastema (a gap in the tooth row) between the maxilla and the premaxilla.

Upper and lower maxilla of the alt=A black-and-white sketch of three views of a fossil bat's jaws and teeth The most recent common ancestor of Rhinolophus lived an estimated 34–40 million years ago, splitting from the hipposiderid lineage during the Eocene. Fossilized horseshoe bats are known from Europe (early to mid-Miocene, early Oligocene), Australia (Miocene), and Africa (Miocene and late Pliocene). The biogeography of horseshoe bats is poorly understood. Various studies have proposed that the family originated in Europe, Asia, or Africa.

Upon its discovery, Cox determined that the most significant feature of Sangusaurus was its posterodorsally directed intertemporal bar. Differences setting Sangusaurus apart include the presence of a low boss behind the pineal foramen and the posterodorsally directed intertemporal bar, which is narrower than in other stahleckeriids. Based on the fragments recovered, Cox suggested the skull would have been 35–40 cm long. Other features diagnosing Sangusaurus are its anteriorly taping maxilla and palatal ridges that meet at the lateral rather than anterior edge of the bone.

Near the middle of the floor, located infraorbital groove, which leads to the infraorbital foramen. The floor is separated from the lateral wall by inferior orbital fissure, which connects the orbit to pterygopalatine and infratemporal fossa. The medial wall is formed primarily by the orbital plate of ethmoid, as well as contributions from the frontal process of maxilla, the lacrimal bone, and a small part of the body of the sphenoid. It is the thinnest wall of the orbit, evidenced by pneumatized ethmoidal cells.

Assuming that this is the case, it is very close to Edaphosaurus, because only Glaucosaurus and Edaphosaurus completely lack both canine teeth and a canine buttress, lack the transverse flange of the pterygoid, and have prefrontal with a ventral (descending) process which is expanded toward the middle of the skull, forming an anterior housing for the eyeball. However, Glaucosaurus differs from any of the known sorts of Edaphosaurus in have an incredibly long maxilla, and in the equally extreme length of the prefrontal's ventral process.

A sagittal or side view image of a human head. The upper alveolar ridge is located between numbers 4 and 5. The alveolar ridge (; also known as the alveolar margin) is one of the two jaw ridges, extensions of the mandible or maxilla, either on the roof of the mouth between the upper teeth and the hard palate or on the bottom of the mouth behind the lower teeth. Most of the roof of one's mouth is the hard palate and the soft palate.

First described in the journal Nature by Marc Godinot and Mohamed Mahboubi in 1992, Algeripithecus was once widely considered one of the oldest known fossil simian primates, giving weight to the African origins hypothesis for simians. It was originally interpreted as a propliopithecid, but was also seen as a proteopithecid by Godinot in 1994 and as a parapithecoid by Seiffert et al. starting in 2005. Based on the discovery of additional fossil teeth and a maxilla (upper jaw) between 2003 and 2009, Tabuce et al.

Xixiasaurus had four closely packed teeth in each premaxilla, as in most other theropods, with roughly oval (tooth-sockets). The premaxillary teeth were smaller than the hindmost teeth of the maxilla. There was a distinct constriction between the crown and root of the premaxillary and frontmost ten maxillary teeth. The inner surfaces of the premaxillary tooth crowns were convex and the outer surfaces were somewhat concave, which created a D-shape when viewed in cross-section, a feature shared with a few other troodontids.

Daemonosaurus differs from Herrerasaurus based on key features in the skull and because it has much larger teeth in the premaxilla. Daemonosaurus differs from Eodromaeus based on features of the jaw bone, skull, cheek bones, and because it has much larger teeth in the premaxilla. Daemonosaurus differs from Eoraptor lunensis based on the presence of much larger premaxillary and anterior maxillary teeth and a much more restricted antorbital fossa on the maxilla. Daemonosaurus differs from Tawa hallae and Coelophysis bauri in features of the skull bones.

The teeth at the front of the mouth, by the beak, were smaller with larger teeth in the middle portion of the jaw. The lower teeth included one raised row of buccal teeth and several rows running diagonally on the medial and lingual portions. The teeth continued to grow throughout the animals life but, unlike with reptiles, the new teeth formed at the back of the tooth row. That happened within the groove on the surface of the lower jaw and three grooves on the maxilla.

Stenaulorhynchus shares characteristics with other early rhynchosaurs, including their ankylothecodont dentition (teeth within deep sockets and fused to the bone) and precision-shear bite. They also have double-bladed dentaries and grooves on the upper surface of the maxilla. One of the differences between them is that Stenaulorhynchus had smaller maxillary teeth with a larger gap between the tooth rows. Stenaulorhynchus is differentiated from the later Hyperadapedon by its more lateral eyes, more forward braincase, and longer lower jaw with the teeth located more anteriorly.

In 1989, palaeoartist Walter Ferguson recommended KNM WT 17000 be classified into a different species, walkeri, because the holotype of aethiopicus comprised only the jawbone and KNM WT 17000 preserves no jaw elements. Ferguson's classification is almost universally ignored, and is considered to be synonymous with P. aethiopicus. Several more lower and upper jaw specimens have been unearthed in the Shungura Formation, including a juvenile specimen, L338y-6. In 2002, a 2.7–2.5 Ma maxilla, EP 1500, from Laetoli, Tanzania, was assigned to P. aethiopicus.

On April 4, 2012, eight months after the formation, they released their first full album, self-titled My First Story, that by 2013 had already sold 20,000 copies. This work was the first release from the record label Intact Records (established by Core Trust which operates Subciety). The music video of the lead song "Second Limit" was directed by Maxilla, a video production team known for coldrain, Crossfaith, and SiM. The band's first independent show, “HIGHEST LIFE PARTY Vol. 1”, held in June sold out immediately.

The dentary of the lower jaw was found to be the biggest of all the mandibular parts. There also looked to be approximately 40–50 teeth found on each mandible (both the premaxilla and maxilla), producing marginal teeth. With these teeth Dendrerpeton can both catch its larger prey, and was also found to feed on insects which was determined through examination of fossils and presence of insects in the coal forests. The elements of the skull which are on the surface and exposed have s all over.

The teeth of Sisteronia are rectangular in cross-section with small crown and root, the labiolingual length being usually equal to one half of the anteroposterior length. As suggested by its delicate, slender and unworn teeth, Sisteronia preyed on soft and small prey such as small fishes and neocoleoid cephalopods. Sisteronia can be also distinguished from other platypterygiines by a combination of characters. Unlike Aegirosaurus and Sveltonectes insolitus, the anterior process of its maxilla is elongated anteriorly, reaching the level of the nasal bone.

The maxillae occupy a lateral position, one on each side of the head behind the mandibles. The proximal part of the maxilla consists of a basal cardo, which has a single articulation with the head, and a flat plate, the stipes, hinged to the cardo. Both cardo and stipes are loosely joined to the head by membrane so they are capable of movement. Distally on the stipes are two lobes, an inner lacinea and an outer galea, one or both of which may be absent.

The holotype specimen, DH1 The holotype specimen, DH1, comprises a male partial calvaria (top of the skull), partial maxilla, and nearly complete jawbone. The paratypes, DH2 through 5, all comprise partial calvaria. Berger and colleagues named the species Homo naledi, the species name meaning "star" in the Sotho language, because the remains came from Rising Star Cave. The remains of at least three additional individuals—two adults and a child—were reported in the Lesedi Chamber of the cave by John Hawks and colleagues in 2017.

Within the microstructure of the soft palate lie a variety of variably-oriented fibers that create a nonuniform surface with a nonuniform density distribution. The tissue has been characterized as viscoelastic, nonlinear, and anisotropic in the direction of the fibers. Young modulus values range from 585 Pa at the posterior free edge of the soft palate to 1409 Pa where the soft palate attaches to the maxilla. These properties are useful when quantifying the effects of corrective orthopedic devices such as the Hotz Plate on cleft lip.

As a result of its small size and heightened vulnerability to predation, this species of crocodile has a heavily armoured neck, back, and tail and also has osteoderms on its belly and underside of neck. Osteolaemus has a blunt short snout, as long as it is wide, similar to that of a Cuvier's dwarf caiman, probably a result of occupying a similar ecological niche. The dentition consists of four premaxillary teeth, 12 to 13 on the maxilla, and 14 to 15 on the dentary bone. O. t.

The left and right fangs can be rotated together or independently. During a strike, the mouth can open nearly 180° and the maxilla rotates forward, erecting the fangs as late as possible so that the fangs do not become damaged, as they are brittle. The jaws close upon impact and the muscular sheaths encapsulating the venom glands contract, injecting the venom as the fangs penetrate the target. This action is very fast; in defensive strikes, it will be more a stab than a bite.

Kenomagnathus (meaning "gap jaw", in reference to the diastema in its upper tooth row) is a genus of synapsid belonging to the Sphenacodontia, which lived during the Pennsylvanian subperiod of the Carboniferous in what is now Garnett, Kansas, United States. It contains one species, Kenomagnathus scottae, based on a specimen consisting of the maxilla and lacrimal bones of the skull, which was catalogued as ROM 43608 and originally classified as belonging to "Haptodus" garnettensis. Frederik Spindler named it as a new genus in 2020.

The teeth must mesh together the way gears mesh in a transmission. If the interdigitation of the opposing cusps and incisal edges are not directed properly the teeth will wear abnormally (attrition) break away irregular crystalline enamel structures from the surface (abrasion) or fracture larger pieces (abfraction). This is a three-dimensional movement of the mandible in relation to the maxilla. There are three points of guidance: the two posterior points provided by the temporomandibular joints and the anterior component provided by the incisors and canines.

Over time, as synapsids became more mammalian and less 'reptilian', they began to develop a secondary palate, separating the mouth and nasal cavity. In early synapsids, a secondary palate began to form on the sides of the maxilla, still leaving the mouth and nostril connected. Eventually, the two sides of the palate began to curve together, forming a U shape instead of a C shape. The palate also began to extend back toward the throat, securing the entire mouth and creating a full palatine bone.

The cheeks, nape and neck are light grey to greyish-silver, and the underparts are slate-grey. The legs are black, as is the short stout bill, the length of which is about 75% of the length of the rest of the head. There are rictal bristles covering around 40% of the maxilla and 25% of the lower mandible. The irises of adults are greyish or silvery white while those of juveniles are light blue, becoming brownish before whitening at around one year of age.

Speculative restoration of the head of D. borealis The teeth of Dimetrodon borealis are long, recurved, and distinctively teardrop-shaped, being widest at the middle rather than the base. The teardrop shape of the teeth is an indication that Dimetrodon borealis belongs to the family Sphenacodontidae. The shape of the maxilla indicates that Dimetrodon borealis had a deep skull like those of other advanced sphenacodontids like Dimetrodon. Like most other species of Dimetrodon, Dimetrodon borealis has an enlarged caniniform tooth near the front of the jaw.

Maxillomandibular advancement (MMA) or orthognathic surgery, also sometimes called bimaxillary advancement (Bi-Max), or maxillomandibular osteotomy (MMO), is a surgical procedure or sleep surgery which moves the upper jaw (maxilla) and the lower jaw (mandible) forward. The procedure was first used to correct deformities of the facial skeleton to include malocclusion. In the late 1970s advancement of the lower jaw (mandibular advancement) was noted to improve sleepiness in three patients. Subsequently, maxillomandibular advancement was used for patients with obstructive sleep apnea (see Sleep apnea).

Wargosuchus (meaning "warg crocodile") is an extinct genus of baurusuchid mesoeucrocodylian from the Late Cretaceous of Argentina. It is known from a fragmentary skull from the Santonian-age Bajo de la Carpa Formation of the Neuquén Group, found in the vicinity of Neuquén, Neuquén Province, and was described by Agustín Martinelli and Diego Pais in 2008. The type species, and so far the only species, is Wargosuchus australis. Wargosuchus is based on MOZ-PV 6134, a partial right premaxilla and maxilla, and partial skull roof.

Kwanasaurus hails from Triassic deposits in the Eagle Basin surrounding the town of Eagle, Colorado. This area contains the most northern exposures of the Chinle Formation, which is famous for its Late Triassic fossils of dinosaurs and other reptiles. Tentative terrestrial reptile biostratigraphy estimates that the Eagle Basin fossils, which were preserved in red siltstone, belong to the Revueltian biozone of the mid to late Norian stage of the Triassic, 215-207 million years ago. The holotype of Kwanasaurus is a partial silesaurid maxilla, DMNH EPV.65879.

The Mediterranean horse mackerel has an elongated, compressed body (up to in length, common length ) with a large head and projected lower jaw. The nostrils are small and close- set and the eyes are protected by a well-developed adipose eyelid. Its upper jaw, or maxilla, is also large and wide. Its body is a dusky color, blue to grey to black in color dorsally and on top of the head, while the lower two- thirds of the body is white to silver in color.

Carletonomys cailoi is an extinct rodent from the Pleistocene (Ensenadan) of Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. Although known only from a single maxilla (upper jaw) with the first molar, its features are so distinctive that it is placed in its own genus, Carletonomys. Discovered in 1998 and formally described in 2008, it is part of a well-defined group of oryzomyine rodents that also includes Holochilus, Noronhomys, Lundomys, and Pseudoryzomys. This group is characterized by progressive semiaquatic specializations and a reduction in the complexity of molar morphology.

There is also a certain degree of variation in tooth number, P. solvayi has 12 teeth on the maxilla and 13 on the dentary whilst P. overtoni has 14 dentary teeth. Of all species, P. solvayi has the most different teeth from other members of the genus. The tooth crowns are generally large and quite strongly striated and the anterior teeth are more procumbent than in any other mosasaurs. The premaxillary teeth are almost horizontal and the anterior dentary teeth only slightly less so.