Set between 2029 and 2047, the novel follows four generations of the Mandible family as they fend for themselves after the dashing, 97-year-old Douglas Mandible has his fortune wiped out.
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Virtual reconstruction of the mandible, with extrapolated segment shown in grey.
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The skull is in two parts: the mandible and everything else.
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Emily has had multiple surgeries on her mandible, face and ears.
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The stock market follows suit, taking the Mandible family fortune with it.
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They used a Neanderthal mandible to complete the skull in their simulations.
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Past my aching mandible I coughed up a few repressed childhood memories.
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They installed titanium plates to reinforce his hybrid mandible and give it shape.
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They had a complete skull and mandible specimen—meaning they could study its bite.
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Her other injuries include a shattered shoulder, several rib fractures, and a fractured mandible.
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Aside from that, scientists have uncovered some molars and a 0003,2000-year-old mandible.
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As a positive sign it works, the reconstruction matched the Denisovan mandible almost perfectly.
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"The mandible is half a ring, and rings like to break in two spots," O'Carroll explained.
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They'd pulled out a butchered ibex mandible, a number of mollusk shells and pine-nut husks.
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Piltdown Man cranium and mandible as reconstructed by Dr Arthur Smith Woodward (L) and Professor Arthur Keith (R).
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The fundraising page details her multiple injuries, which include a fractured mandible, shattered shoulder and several rib fractures.
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He placed his other hand over his heart and let his strange, sagging mandible soften into a deep frown.
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The chin/mandible looks more prominent and over-closes, while the maxilla is recessed and the lips flop inward (unsupported).
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Image: Jean-Jacques Hublin, MPI-EVA, LeipzigAs for the mandible itself, it contained some ancient features, including very large molars.
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The book follows the respectable, upper-middle-class Mandible family as the economy collapses and the country devolves into chaos.
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"It's a very specific cut they made," said Dr. Gupta, referring to the surgical removal of part of the mandible.
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"The most reasonable explanation is that a hit in the jaw with a fist created the mandible fracture," Anderson tells PEOPLE.
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To date, only five skeletal fossils are known from Denisovans: three molars, a mandible, and the tip of a pinky finger.
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These whales were able to detect high-frequency echoes by sensing vibrations first through the mandible, and then in the inner ear.
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This Denisovan mandible was discovered nearly 21980 years ago by a monk who was wandering through Baishiya Karst Cave in Xiahe, China.
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Her mandible bone wasn't measuring correctly and the doctors didn't know what the outcome would be, but they knew that something wasn't right.
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Sitting in the passenger seat is a burnt skeleton, its mandible slightly ajar, its blackened eye sockets conveying a terror frozen in time.
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"They mentioned relatively significantly less serious injuries above the eye, but did not mention the broken mandible," Anderson tells PEOPLE in this week's issue.
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The Mandible descendants never laid hands on the cash, but it was always there in the background, silently working its mysteries on their psyches.
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Discouraged, Mr. Matrone sold off the jewels and reburied most of the bones, keeping just the dagger, the skull and the lower mandible, Mr. Russo said.
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In that presentation, Emily described how fibula bones from both of her legs were removed and used to build her lower mandible for her jaw reconstruction surgery.
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The recent discovery of a complete skull and mandible, along with the partial skeletons of three individuals, is offering an unprecedented glimpse into the evolution of these animals.
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Image: Katie W. Russell/New England Journal of MedicineThe hospital's ear, neck, and throat surgeon added a plate to the teen's lower mandible and wired the jaw shut.
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Image: Dongju Zhang, Lanzhou UniversityAnother problem with the nature of this discovery is the possibility that the mandible was delivered to the cave by the monk or someone else.
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As noted, this well-preserved mandible, of which only the right half remains, was discovered in 1980 by a monk, but it eventually made its way to Lanzhou University.
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"Not only in the primitive-looking teeth resembling those of more ancient humans, already known from Denisova Cave, but also a short and very robust mandible," Stringer told Gizmodo.
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As the mandible was not present, the team added a lower jaw constructed based on data from other known examples of human mandibles of similar age and geographic origin.
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"My biggest concern is that bones of two different hominin species were combined, a H. heidelbergensis (or H. rhodesiensis) cranium with a Neanderthal mandible," Bastir wrote in an email.
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Road diva, divine mixologist, cancan dancer of the mandible wars, show me the way of mind over what's-the-matter-with-you, girl, swirling from mouths of righteous dudes.
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A team of scientists from China and the United States described the new species based on a cranium, a mandible and some teeth they found in a coal mine.
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That said, the Denisovan mandible was not discovered by the authors of the new paper, a collaboration between the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (MPI-EA) and Lanzhou University.
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"Heading Down River on the USS J-Bone of an Ass" (2017) shows three men on a vessel constructed from a giant mandible, the mast supporting a sail with a gaping hole.
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When the researchers sliced into the mandible fossil from Tanzania's Ruhuhu Valley, they found a benign dental tumor called a compound odontoma that grows within the gums or other jaw soft tissues.
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A mandible belonging to this ancient human relative was identified by a German scientist named Otto Schoetensack in 22.4 near Heidelberg, Germany, and its fossils have been found in Africa and Europe.
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The insects' mandible glands produce 2-heptanone when they are attempting to bite predators, and this chemical has a debilitating effect on such threats to the hive as predatory moth larvae and mites.
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Unfortunately, however, no DNA could be extracted from the mandible, but MPI anthropologist and study co-author Frido Welker conducted a cutting-edge protein analysis to further discern the provenance of the fossil.
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Now came an afternoon of controlled trauma, as the surgeons continued breaking the jaw with precision cuts and then realigned Kirby's profile and bite by pulling the mandible forward, up and to his right.
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"He had a circular puncture to the chin, extensive lacerations in his mouth, multiple disrupted lower incisors, and bony incongruity of the left mandible," the doctors who treated the boy wrote in their report.
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"All those people making assumptions this was a suicide were unaware of the existence of the fractured mandible," Anderson, who has worked in medical examiners offices nationwide, recently told investigative newsmagazine show Crime Watch Daily.
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Researchers from MPI-EA joined the investigation in 2016, a collaboration that eventually led to the identification of the mandible as belonging to a young Denisovan individual who occupied the cave some 160,000 years ago.
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Thankfully, as Hublin explained to Gizmodo, a layer of carbonite crust on the mandible allowed his team to date the fossil, which means they might be able to link it with a particular stratigraphic layer.
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"The most reasonable explanation is that a hit in the jaw with a fist created the mandible fracture," Anderson tells PEOPLE, noting that such blunt force trauma likely incapacitated Michelle prior to the fatal gunshot.
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The move to 3D printing at Boston Children's Hospital started when the simulation department tried to create a model of a mandible that was better than the outsourced molds they would purchase from companies, he said.
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"Based on what has been reported, they do not appear to contain any new evidence not documented in the first three examinations, including the fractured mandible," Dr. Predrag Bulic said — though he had yet to see a copy of the report.
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Eventually, most of the Mandible clan will seek refuge with Florence in East Flatbush, including her sister, Avery, and brother-in-law, Lowell, a former economics professor at Georgetown who failed to predict the current situation and still doesn't comprehend it.
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All that remains of Bountiful House, his once-grand estate, is the silver service, each piece engraved with an M. The M stands for Mandible, of course, but it might just as well stand for Money, the novel's true subject.
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While Army and MIT researchers are still exploring the capabilities and limits of the new material, the potential applications include "transparent face shields, mandible face shields, ballistic vests, extremity protective gear, and blast-resistant combat boots," according to the branch.
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That contributed to changes in the shape of the skull and mandible, which made way for a more complex brain long before agriculture influenced diet, said Jordi Marcé-Nogué, who studies jaw evolution in primates at the University of Hamburg in Germany.
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We walked past majestic ceibas and thick, ropy ficus trees, all while gazing up at playful spider monkeys, a couple of dozing howlers and the odd black-mandible toucan (Julián helpfully brought a small telescope so we could get a closer look).
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He said many of the Xiahe locals remember the discovery made by the monk nearly four decades ago, and that it would be "weird" for a monk to find a mandible somewhere else and then claim to have found it in the Baishiya Karst Cave.
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Take the Denisovan pinky finger bone and mandible, for example, which are separated by a whopping 80,000 years of evolution, not to mention nearly 1,800 kilometers (1,100 miles), which is the distance between Denisova Cave and the Tibetan Plateau, where the jawbone was found.
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Emily was born with skin tags around both of her ears and no lower jaw mandible, which makes it difficult for her to hear and eat, Merrill said, but when she was born, her doctors couldn't determine her medical diagnosis, and they didn't know what to do.
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Three years ago, after I wrote about the Kanam mandible and other ancient cancer cases in an article for Discover magazine, I heard from a dentist in Seattle who was confident that the tumor was a benign growth called a submandibular exostosis, which he had seen in his own patients.
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They're around sidewalks and all across the US. In this area of Florida, you dig into the nest and you find body parts of the trap-jaw ant, which is this really awesome ant that has a spring-loaded mandible it can slam shut at over 100 miles per hour to capture prey.
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It is a skull and its re-adjusted mandible placed in a Lapita vessel "These early populations were the first people to get to the region of what we call remote Oceania ... 3,000 years ago," said Stuart Bedford, professor at the College of Asia-Pacific at the Australian National University and report co-author.
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The alveolar part of mandible is the part of the mandible, adjacent to the teeth, containing the dental alveolus.
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The upper mandible is yellow, and the lower mandible is dark. The female has a pale grey head and lacks the black neck collar and chin stripe patch. The lower mandible is pale. Immature birds have a green head and a grey chin.
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Thysanoptera (thrips) have a variation of piercing mouthparts. During development they lose one mandible, so only the left mandible is present, modified into a stylet.
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The specific name refers to the Araripe Plateau. The holotype, MN 4804-V, is the front part of a mandible. Later remains referred to Brasileodactylus include SMNS 55414, a mandible, and MN 4797–V, the front of a snout and mandible. More complete fossils are BSP 1991 I 27, a fragmentary skeleton, and AMNH 24444, a long skull, with mandible and proximal left wing.
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The upper mandible is reddish with a yellow tip, and the lower mandible yellowish. The female has a smaller red wing patch, and more slaty head.
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After the mandible has been repositioned, screws or mini-plates can be used to fix the mandible directly. This is instead of fixing it indirectly with intermaxillary fixation (IMF).
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Patient exhibits a mandible prognathism. Requires a mandible osteotomy to correct. The mandible osteotomy is intended for those with a receded mandible (lower jaw) or an open bite, which may cause difficulty chewing and jaw pain. For this procedure cuts are made behind the molars, in between the first and second molars, and lengthwise, detaching the front of the jaw so the palate (including the teeth and all) can move as one unit.
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The upper mandible hooked sharply downwards, while the heavy lower mandible hooked sharply upwards towards the middle of the upper mandible. This structure left a gap between the two mandibles when the bird held its beak closed. It is believed that the bill was pale pink in coloration. The jaw muscles were particularly well developed around the bill.
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Its face is grey with a prominent white eye ring. The short, flat bill is bicolored, with the upper mandible dark grey and the lower mandible pinkish orange. The call is a sharp '.
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At birth, however, the mandible is still much smaller (hypoplastic) than it would have been with normal development. After the child is born, the mandible continues to grow until the child reaches maturity.
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This procedure is used for the advancement (movement forward) or retraction (movement backwards) of the chin. First, incisions are made from the first bicuspid to the first bicuspid, exposing the mandible. Then, soft tissue of the mandible is detached from the bone; done by stripping attaching tissues. A horizontal incision is then made inferior to the first bicuspids, bilaterally, where bone cuts (osteotomies) are made vertically inferior, extending to the inferior border of the mandible, thereby detaching the bony segments of the mandible.
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Therefore, platycephalic specializations involved lateral expansion of the braincase and mandible.
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Since mandible fractures are usually the result of blunt force trauma to the head and face, other injuries need to be considered before the mandible fracture. First and foremost is compromise of the airway. While rare, bilateral mandible fractures that are unstable can cause the tongue to fall back and block the airway. Fractures such as a symphyseal or bilateral parasymphyseal may lead to mobility of the central portion of the mandible where genioglossus attaches, and allow the tongue to fall backwards and block the airway.
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This rockfowl measures approximately in length, with its notably long tail contributing about . This species does not show sexual dimorphism. The adult's head is largely featherless, and the skin on the forehead and forecrown as well as the upper mandible of the beak behind the bird's nostril is a powder blue. The lower mandible and rest of the upper mandible are black.
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The upper mandible is orangish-yellow, and the lower mandible is dark. The female has a dull bluish grey head and lacks the black and verdigris collar which is replaced by yellow. The upper-mandible is corn-yellow and there is no black chin stripe or red shoulder patch. Immature birds have a green head and both mandibles are yellowish.
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Most harvesting sites are in tree canopies or patches of savanna grasses. After following the pheromone trail to vegetation, ants climb onto leaves or grass and begin cutting off sections. To do this, they place one mandible, called the fixed mandible, onto a leaf and anchor it. Then they open the other, called the motile mandible, and place it on the leaf tissue.
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Its iris is reddish-brown, the upper mandible is lemon-colored and paler at the base and lower mandible. The legs are flesh-colored. As for the other subspecies in contrast to T. l. ludovicianus, T. l.
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The bill is blackish with a pale base to the lower mandible.
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Sebaceous glands are present on the angle of the jaw and mandible.
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A gull's upper mandible can flex upwards because it is supported by small bones which can move slightly backwards and forwards. The upper mandible is supported by a three-pronged bone called the intermaxillary. The upper prong of this bone is embedded into the forehead, while the two lower prongs attach to the sides of the skull. At the base of the upper mandible a thin sheet of nasal bones is attached to the skull at the nasofrontal hinge, which gives mobility to the upper mandible, allowing it to move upwards and downwards.
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This Arctic tern chick still has its egg tooth, the small white projection near the tip of its upper mandible. Full- term chicks of most bird species have a small sharp, calcified projection on their beak, which they use to chip their way out of their egg.Campbell and Lack (1985), p. 178. Commonly known as an egg tooth, this white spike is generally near the tip of the upper mandible, though some species have one near the tip of their lower mandible instead, and a few species have one on each mandible.
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The dorsal part of mandible is without tubercle and without setose cavity. The incisor edge of mandible is either simple or have single tooth. Prostheca is absent or without articulated, sclerotized process. Maxilla with distinct galea and lacinia.
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Its underparts are white, but it has a blue breast band. The shoulders are black. The flight of the blue-breasted kingfisher is rapid and direct. The large bill has a red upper mandible and black lower mandible.
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Normal bone remodeling activity may resume after puberty. Cherubism is displayed with genetic conformation and when excessive osteoclasts are found in the affected areas of the mandible and maxilla. Large cysts will be present with excessive fibrous areas inside the bone. The fibers and cysts will be found among the trabecula of the Coronoid process, the ramus of mandible, the body of mandible and the maxilla regions.
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Condylar hyperplasia (mandibular hyperplasia) is over-enlargement of the mandible bone in the skull. It was first described by Robert Adams in 1836 who related it to the overdevelopment of mandible. In humans, mandibular bone has two condyles which are known as growth centers of the mandible. When growth at the condyle exceeds its normal time span, it is referred to as condylar hyperplasia.
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Japanese dwarf flying squirrels have evolved differently from other Sciuridae. The differences between Japanese dwarf flying squirrels and other Sciuridae is evident when comparing morphology of the mandible and genetic code. The mandible of the Japanese dwarf flying squirrel does not have a coronoid process unlike the American dwarf squirrels (Microsciurus). The marmots (Marmota) also have a more elongated mandible than the Japanese dwarf flying squirrel.
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On the lower jaw, or mandible, the teeth of Syndontis are attached to flexible, stalk-like structures and described as "s-shaped" or "hooked". The number of teeth on the mandible is used to differentiate between species; in S. omias, there are 40 to 50 teeth on the mandible. The body color is a uniform brownish. The maximum total length of the species is .
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Herren modified the Activator appliance by including clasps on the appliance. He stated that the clasps allowed the activator to attach to the maxillary dentition, and thus make it more stable. He worried that slight movement of mandible during sleeping will allow the activator to fall out. He also extended the acrylic towards the floor of the mandible to restrict the movement of mandible.
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The Coleopterists Bulletin.: 36.1: 26-73 _The Coleopterists Society._ The mandibles are curved to a rounded point at the end, with the left mandible is slightly longer and wider than the right mandible. These mandibles are multi-purpose tools.
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Results indicates that the corpus of juvenile mandible of Lufengpithecus possessed the basic structural framework of the adult mandible of same species and other species such as Sivapithecus, Australopithecus, early Homo, but possess a different framework from modern humans.
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Bulgosuchus is an extinct genus of prehistoric amphibians, known from an incomplete mandible and a femur recovered from the Bulgo Sandstone at Long Reef in Sydney, Australia. The mandible is estimated to have been at least one metre long.
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Intramembranous ossification forms the flat bones of the skull, mandible and hip bone.
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Syngnathia is a congenital adhesion of the maxilla and mandible by fibrous bands.
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The mouth consists of a mandible whose height is less than with a mandible ramus depth of less than . The incisive foramen and the diastema are short. The premaxillaries have dorsal extensions. They have large maxillary and mandibular tooth rows.
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The Hahn's macaw and noble macaw can be distinguished by the Hahn's having a black upper mandible and the Noble's having a lighter, horn-colored upper mandible. Their natural vocalizations are more akin to screeches than they are to whistles.
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The Dicondylia are a taxonomic group (taxon) that includes all insects except the jumping bristletails (Archaeognatha). Dicondylia have a mandible attached with two hinges to the head capsule (dicondyl), in contrast to the original mandible with a single ball joint (monocondyl).
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The known material (hypodigm) of Miniopterus zapfei includes a mandible (lower jaw) with the fourth premolar (p4), first molar (m1), and second molar (m2); a mandible with m1; a mandible with m1 and m2; a mandible with m2 and the third molar (m3); a mandible without any teeth; and an isolated fourth upper premolar (P4). Some of the mandibles also preserve the alveoli (openings) for teeth that have not been preserved. The dimensions of the p4 (length and width) are 1.03 x 0.88 mm; m1 is 1.57 to 1.60 x 1.01 to 1.07 mm; m2 is 1.51 to 1.64 x 0.95 to 1.05 mm; the single m3 is 1.41 mm long; and the single P4 is 1.38 x 1.52 mm.Mein and Ginsburg, 2002, pp.
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On the lower jaw, or mandible, the teeth of Syndontis are attached to flexible, stalk-like structures and described as "s-shaped" or "hooked". The number of teeth on the mandible is used to differentiate between species; in S. pardalis, there are about 15 to 20 teeth on the mandible. The base body color is pale brown, becoming lighter toward the underside. The head has many small, round, dark brown spots.
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This structure contains several rows of short, chisel-shaped teeth. On the lower jaw, or mandible, the teeth of Syndontis are attached to flexible, stalk-like structures and described as "s-shaped" or "hooked". The number of teeth on the mandible is used to differentiate between species; in S. marmoratus, there are about 14 to 18 teeth on the mandible. The base body color is blackish brown, marbled with white.
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This structure contains several rows of short, chisel-shaped teeth. In S. fuelleborni, the toothpad forms a short and broad band. On the lower jaw, or mandible, the teeth of Syndontis are attached to flexible, stalk-like structures and described as "s-shaped" or "hooked". The number of teeth on the mandible is used to differentiate between species; in S. fuelleborni, there are about 51 teeth on the mandible.
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All cuts are made into the middle of the bone, where bone marrow is present. Then, a chisel is inserted into the pre existing cuts and tapped gently in all areas to split the mandible of the left and right side. From here, the mandible can be moved either forwards or backwards. If sliding backwards, the distal segment must be trimmed to provide room in order to slide the mandible backwards.
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Adult males have an all dark bill while females have a reddish lower mandible.
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As the mandible forms they move towards their final position level with the eyes.
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Mandible Cynohyaenodon is an extinct genus of hyaenodontid creodont that lived during the Eocene.
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In mammals, tooth sockets are found in the maxilla, the premaxilla, and the mandible.
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Oral palate unit This procedure is used to correct mandible retrusion and mandibular prognathism (over and under bite). First, a horizontal cut is made on the inner side of the ramus mandibulae, extending anterally to the anterior portion of the ascending ramus. The cut is then made inferiorly on the ascending ramus to the descending ramus, extending to the lateral border of the mandible in the area between the first and second molar. At this time, a vertical cut is made extending inferior to the body of the mandible, to the inferior border of the mandible.
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Mandibles mostly smooth with a few weak striae. Masticatory margin of mandible lacking a diastema and possessing four teeth. The third tooth, counting from the apex, is the smallest. A strongly prominent tooth present about midway on the basal margin of mandible.
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The only bone that remains separate from the rest of the skull is the mandible.
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Its maxilla was also found to be longer than the mandible, and was curved upward.
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This type of fracture involves the alveolus, also termed the alveolar process of the mandible.
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Material from Central America and Venezuela is very similar in color and mandibular dentition. Workers are solid black, and the basal teeth of the mandible vary in size, the second from the base being much larger than the flanking teeth. As a result the mandible appears falcate rather than triangular. A collection from Colombia is distinctive, with the color lighter red brown and the basal teeth of the mandible of more uniform size.
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On the lower jaw, or mandible, the teeth of Syndontis are attached to flexible, stalk-like structures and described as "s-shaped" or "hooked". The number of teeth on the mandible is used to differentiate between species; in S. longirostris, there are about 24 teeth on the mandible. The base body color is olive-brown, with large round black spots in three series on the body. The maximum total length of the species is .
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On the lower jaw, or mandible, the teeth of Syndontis are attached to flexible, stalk-like structures and described as "s-shaped" or "hooked". The number of teeth on the mandible is used to differentiate between species; in S. guttatus, there are about 30 teeth on the mandible. The base body color is brown, and the body is covered with small, round dark spots. The maximum total length of the species is .
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The dentary had three processes that extended backwards into other bones placed further back in the mandible. The articular bone at the back of the mandible was completely fused with the surangular and prearticular bones. The mandible extended hindwards beyond the cotyla (which connected with the condyle of the upper jaw), and this part was therefore similar to a retroarticular process as seen in other taxa. The surangular enclosed two mandibular fenestrae.
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The bill has a yellow lower mandible and a black upper mandible. Sexes are similar, but the male has yellow streaking on the upper mandible, and the female may be slightly duller in plumage. The bill of females is also proportionally a bit shorter (though this is hardly recognizable) and more decurved (which is quite conspicuous in direct comparison).Rodríguez-Flores & Stiles (2005) Males are somewhat more distinct, resembling a barbthroat (Threnetes).
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Some chin implants are fixed to the mandible, while others are held in place by the pocket itself. Another surgical chin augmentation uses the lower prominence of the mandible as the "implant." Known as a sliding genioplasty, the procedure involves cutting a horseshoe-shaped piece of bone from the lower border of the mandible known as an osteotomy. For chin augmentation, the piece of bone is advanced forward to increase to projection of the chin.
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100px The birds forage for food by flying low over the water with the bill open and the lower mandible skimming through the water. When a fish is encountered, it moves up the lower mandible and the bird raises the upper mandible and snaps it with a movement of the head. They forage in small flocks and often associate with terns. They feed mainly on fish but also take small crustaceans and insect larvae.
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Mandible Cirque () is a cirque indenting the coast of Daniell Peninsula west- southwest of Cape Phillips, in Victoria Land, Antarctica. It was named in 1966 by the New Zealand Antarctic Place-Names Committee for its appearance in plan and oblique views suggestive of a mandible.
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Krantz has argued that Gigantopithecus blacki could have been bipedal, based on his extrapolation of the shape of its mandible. However, the relevant part of the mandible is not present in any fossils.Daegling 2004, p. 14 An alternative view is that Gigantopithecus was quadrupedal.
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The three outer tail feathers are white and the fourth pair has the outer web white. The wings are darker brown. The iris is yellow and the upper mandible is dark brown while the lower mandible is yellowish. The tail is faintly cross barred.
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The two maxillary bones are fused at the intermaxillary suture, forming the anterior nasal spine. This is similar to the mandible (lower jaw), which is also a fusion of two mandibular bones at the mandibular symphysis. The mandible is the movable part of the jaw.
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In the mandible (lower jaw), the root of the lower incisor is housed in a distinct capsular process, a protuberance at the back of the jawbone. The lower masseteric ridge (a crest on the outer side of the mandible) is prominent.Goodman et al., 2006, p.
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The lower bill is knife-like and flexible and the tip appears truncated. Young birds have bills that appear normal and with age the lower mandible grows. The upper mandible is capable of considerable mobility. Non-breeding adults are duller and browner than breeding birds.
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The sublingual fovea (or sublingual fossa) is a fovea in the mandible for the sublingual gland.
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Symphyseal fractures are a linear fractures that run in the midline of the mandible (the symphysis).
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Other types of grafts available for the maxilla and mandible include allogeneic, alloplastic, and xenogeneic ones.
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Panoramic radiographs are tomograms where the mandible is in the focal trough and show a flat image of the mandible. Because the curve of the mandible appears in a 2-dimensional image, fractures are easier to spot leading to an accuracy similar to CT except in the condyle region. In addition, broken, missing or malaligned teeth can often be appreciated on a panoramic image which is frequently lost in plain films. Medial/lateral displacement of the fracture segments and especially the condyle are difficult to gauge so the view is sometimes augmented with plain film radiography or computed tomography for more complex mandible fractures.
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They have a light-colored eye ring. Their bill has a dark upper mandible and a yellow lower mandible. In general, their bill is very similar to the Berlpesch's tinamou's except it trends smaller and thinner. The females are generally slightly larger in size then the males.
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There are numerous surgical techniques available to correct the position of the mandible. The most popular of these techniques is the sagittal split osteotomy which "enables the body of mandible to be moved forwards or backwards by sliding the split ramus and angle". This provides a lot of bone overlap for healing. Damage to the inferior alveolar bundle is avoided by sectioning the buccal and retromolar cortex of the mandible and the cancellous bone is carefully split.
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On the lower jaw, or mandible, the teeth of Syndontis are attached to flexible, stalk-like structures and described as "s-shaped" or "hooked". The number of teeth on the mandible is used to differentiate between species; in S. ornatipinnis, there are about 20 to 26 teeth on the mandible. The base body color is yellowish or pale olive on the back and white on the underside. The fins are yellow, with black spots forming into bands.
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On the lower jaw, or mandible, the teeth of Syndontis are attached to flexible, stalk-like structures and described as "s-shaped" or "hooked". The number of teeth on the mandible is used to differentiate between species; in S. resupinatus, there are about 60 teeth on the mandible. The color of the fish is a pale greyish brown on the back and sides, and black on the underside. The fins are grey, and the barbels are whitish.
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On the lower jaw, or mandible, the teeth of Syndontis are attached to flexible, stalk-like structures and described as "s-shaped" or "hooked". The number of teeth on the mandible is used to differentiate between species; in S. smiti, there are about 16 or 17 teeth on the mandible. The color of the fish is brown, with indistinct darker spots and marblings. Round dark spots appear on the rayed fins, and may appear as bands.
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On the lower jaw, or mandible, the teeth of Syndontis are attached to flexible, stalk-like structures and described as "s-shaped" or "hooked". The number of teeth on the mandible is used to differentiate between species; in S. soloni, there are about 18 to 20 teeth on the mandible. The base body color is olive- grey on the back, marbled with brown, and white on the underside. The dorsal and caudal fins have round brown spots.
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Normal movements of the mandible during function, such as mastication, or chewing, are known as excursions. There are two lateral excursions (left and right) and the forward excursion, known as protrusion. The reversal of protrusion is retrusion. When the mandible is moved into protrusion, the mandibular incisors, or front teeth of the mandible, are moved so that they first come edge to edge with the maxillary (upper) incisors and then surpass them, producing a temporary underbite.
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According to the Frame Dominance Theory, when the mandible (jaw) is elevated, a consonant sound will be produced. When the mandible is lowered, a vowel-like sound is produced. Therefore, during a reduplicated sequence of sounds, the consonant and vowels are alternated as the mandible elevates and depresses. The opening and closing of the mouth alone will not produce babbling, and phonation (or voicing) is necessary during the movement in order to create a meaningful sound.
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It is predominantly green with a yellowish-grey head and prominent black facial markings. It has a black stripe from the forehead to the eyes and a broad black band extending from the lower mandible to the sides of the neck. The upper mandible is red in males and black in females, while the lower mandible is black in both sexes. It is listed as near threatened by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).
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The pairs of trigger hairs bracketing the mandible tips are long, shorter than in the other species.
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Cranium, mandible and horns of Menelikia lyrocera In general Menelikia possessed characteristics of a mixed-feeding browser.
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The eye, bill, legs and feet are brown, though the lower mandible is paler and horn-coloured.
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The black-necked aracari measures 35–45 cm (14–18 in) long and weighs 177-309 grams (6-10.9 oz.) It is a typical but thickset aracari with a single red band across its otherwise yellow chest. Its upper mandible is pale yellow while the lower mandible is black.
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Research has shown conflicting views on the function of the chin. Many claim that it provides resistance to forces that cause bending of the mandible while others claim there is no outright purpose to the formation and merely emerged as a point after the shortening of the mandible.
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In his lower jaw, all of the molars had disappeared before his death. This was evidenced by the alveolar sockets being healed and smoothed over in the mandible. What was left on the mandible included incisors, "eye-teeth," and premolars that were worn but still in decent condition.
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The action of the muscle during bilateral contraction of the entire muscle is to elevate the mandible, raising the lower jaw. Elevation of the mandible occurs during the closing of the jaws. The masseter parallels the medial pterygoid muscle, but it is stronger and superficial fibres can cause protrusion.
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The upper mandible is prominent, curves downward, and comes to a point. It is not fused to the skull, which allows it to move independently, and contributes to the tremendous biting pressure the birds are able to exert. A large macaw, for example, has a bite force of , close to that of a large dog. The lower mandible is shorter, with a sharp, upward-facing cutting edge, which moves against the flat portion of the upper mandible in an anvil-like fashion.
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The underparts are off-white with gray on the flanks; the breast is off-white with buffy wash, showing dusky spots that becomes more diffuse toward the sides and the lower breast. They have pink legs, a faint grey eye ring, and gray cheeks. Two third of lower mandible is yellow colored, while tip of lower mandible and upper mandible is blackish. They average slightly smaller than the very similar gray-cheeked thrush but are all but indistinguishable in outward appearance.
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The mandible was recorded as "Canis lupus, the wolf" and some of the other animal bones were assigned to it. The remains were then stored and forgotten for fifty years. In the late 1970s there was renewed interest in the Oberkassel remains and the mandible was re-examined and reclassified as belonging to a domesticated dog. The mitochondrial DNA sequence of the mandible was matched to Canis lupus familiaris – dog, and confirms that the Oberkassel dog is a direct ancestor of today's dogs.
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According to Constantine VII, the mandible of Bardas was also kept in a marble casket in the church.
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Pathologic fracture of the mandible is a possible complication of OM where the bone has been weakened significantly.
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When the mandible (lower jaw bone) is affected, infants may refuse to eat, leading to failure to thrive.
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On the mandible the great length of the diastema between the incisors and premolars is a Giraffine characteristic.
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It has a long beak, at around 16 to 23.8 mm with a slight upward curve. Its upper mandible is dark gray and lower mandible a whitish- pale gray. The feet are dark gray, blackish or brown. The species is easily recognized by its white throat, contrasting with its upper parts.
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The number of teeth on the mandible is used to differentiate between species; in S. multimaculatus, there are about 30 teeth on the mandible. The body color is brown, with large, darker round spots. Smaller spots appear on the ventral, anal, and caudal fins. Large spots appear on the dorsal fin.
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The Masseter is a great, powerful, and very thick muscle covered by a tough, shining fascia lying ventral to the zygomatic arch, which is its origin. It inserts into the posterior half of the lateral surface of the mandible. Its action is the elevation of the mandible (closing of the jaw).
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The bare skin around the eye is blue. The bill has a yellow tip, upper ridge and base of the upper mandible, and the base of the lower mandible is blue. The rest of the bill is mainly black in R. t. cuvieri and mainly reddish-brown in R. t.
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Nomorhamphus ebrardtii grows to a standard length of about . It is an elongate, somewhat compressed fish with the lower mandible considerably longer than the upper mandible. Alongside this there is a fold of skin which projects sideways. The beak contains no teeth but there are small pointed teeth in both jaws.
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The thighs and vent area are yellowish green with blue edging on some of the feathers. The tail feathers are shades of green, some edged with blue. Male birds have a red upper mandible with a yellow tip, while the lower mandible is black. The females have an all-black beak.
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A Homo mandible also recovered from these layers may also represent one of the earliest representatives of Homo sapiens.
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The mandibles have eight teeth overall, with the fourth and seventh from the mandible apex being the longest overall.
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Comparison of miniplates and reconstruction plates in fibular flap reconstruction of the mandible. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 122:1733, 2008.
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"The mandible and dentition of the Early Cretaceous monotreme Teinolophos trusleri". Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology. in press. .
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The first simulations involved static rigid-beam models, assuming the mandible to be nonflexible and muscles to contract isometrically.
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In all the neonates examined from the partially agnathous strain, there was no obvious agenesia of the lower mandible.
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It was identified as a Hyposaurus based on the flat shape of the mandible (lower jawbone) and the elliptical shape of the mandibular symphysis (median line ridge of mandible). The African member occurs in the Late Cretaceous, which supports the idea that Hyposaurus originated in Africa. This fossil is different from other specimens of Hyposaurus because it has a larger eighth alveolus (bony socket for tooth root), smaller interveolar space between the ninth and tenth alveoli, and a ridge along the dorsal side of the mandible.
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Eventually, he encounters a Cleric, Bishop Mandible, who is after the Scrying Sphere of the Glassmakers, the swords of the Blacksmiths, and the products of the Shepherds. Mandible claims the Weaver's distaff to rule the world with an army of the undead, thus fulfilling the prophecies. By playing the draft of "Opening" on a nearby graveyard, he tears the fabric of the universe apart and allows an entity called "Chaos" to enter. Chaos kills Mandible and summons an army of undead to destroy the earth.
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Behemotops emlongi, also described in 1986, was placed in the synonymy of B. proteus in 1994, but was later placed in its own genus, Seuku, in 2014. The first specimen, USNM 186889, a massive tusk in fragments of a mandible — was found in Lincoln County, Oregon () in 1969. In 1977, at the same location, fossil collector Douglas Emlong discovered a poorly preserved half right mandible — USNM 244033 — matching the first specimen. This mandible became the holotype of Seuku emlongi (then described as B. emlongi) when described by .
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The taxon is distinguished by the possession of a modified mandible with an additional joint canal, which also changes the muscle attachments of the mouth tools and allows a modified mandible movement compared to other mandibles (crustaceans, centipedes, jumping bristletails). This so-called dicondyle mandible has two joints with which it is attached to the head capsule, while other taxa have only one single ball joint.Merkmale nach Klausnitzer 1997.Ward C. Wheeler, Michael Whiting, Quentin D. Wheeler, James M. Carpenter: The Phylogeny of the Extant Hexapod Orders.
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In trap-jaw ants (Odontomachus bauri) ballistic movement can be seen in their extremely rapid mandible strikes. The trap-jaw ants mandible has an average closing speed of 38.4 m/s and can produce forces that are 371-504 times the weight of the ant. The ants use these extremely powerful mandible strikes in several novel ways. When the ant attacks a larger animal it will strike the animal and at the same time use the force from the strike to propel itself away from the animal.
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This character is used as a method of differentiating between two different but similar species of Syndontis. In S. tanganyicae, the toothpad is interrupted, with a distinct gap between groups of teeth. On the lower jaw, or mandible, the teeth of Syndontis are attached to flexible, stalk-like structures and described as "s-shaped" or "hooked". The number of teeth on the mandible is used to differentiate between species; in S. tanganyicae, there are 33 to 49 teeth on the mandible, arranged in a single row.
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Adult males are velvety crimson black with a deep crimson throat and breast. The upper mandible of the bill is black, but the enlarged lower mandible is bright silver in appearance. The bill is pointed upwards in display. The female is much duller, with brownish upperparts, reddish brown underparts and a black bill.
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The number of teeth on the mandible is used to differentiate between species; in S. nigromaculatus, there are about 30 teeth on the mandible. The body color is greyish on the top, white on the underside. The body is covered with round black spots. The maximum total length of the species is .
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The spangled kookaburra grows to in length, with females growing slightly larger than males. It has bright blue wings and tail, a white chest and belly, dark eyes, and a striking white-spotted black head. The upper mandible is dark grey whilst the lower mandible is white. Males and females look alike.
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The condyloid process or condylar process is the process on the human mandible and some other species' mandibles that ends in a condyle, the mandibular condyle. It is thicker than the coronoid process of the mandible and consists of two portions: the condyle and the constricted portion which supports it, the neck.
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The wings are long and pointed with a white trailing edge. The short, forked tail is white with blackish central feathers. The long, thick bill is orange with a yellow tip and, like the other skimmers, has a lower mandible which is longer than the upper mandible. The legs and feet are red.
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The holotype specimen of Uruguaytherium is a partial mandible (the left mandibular ramus), with a preserved third molar, or M3.
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A gomphosis is a joint between the root of a tooth and the socket in the maxilla or mandible (jawbones).
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A foramen intermandibularis caudalis is on the medial surface of the mandible similar to the related Varannops and Ophiacodon species.
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The upper mandible is black and the lower one pale with a black tip. The bird ranges from in length.
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When the mandible is moved into a lateral excursion, the working side condyle (the condyle on the side of the mandible that moves outwards) only performs rotation (in the horizontal plane), while the balancing side condyle performs translation. During actual functional chewing, when the teeth are not only moved side to side, but also up and down when biting of the teeth is incorporated as well, rotation (in a vertical plane) also plays a part in both condyles. The mandible is moved primarily by the four muscles of mastication: the masseter, medial pterygoid, lateral pterygoid and the temporalis. These four muscles, all innervated by V3, or the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve, work in different groups to move the mandible in different directions.
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Skull Zarafasaura is known from the holotype OCP-DEK/GE 315, an articulated incomplete dorsoventrally crushed skull and mandible and from the paratype OCP-DEK/GE 456, a complete mandible. The holotype was collected in the Sidi Daoui area, from the Upper CIII level of the upper Cretaceous (latest Maastrichtian stage) Phosphates of Morocco.
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New addictions include fossils from Villaggio del Pescatore paleontological site. Among these, Antonio dinosaur, a specimen of Tethyshadros insularis dated 75 million years ago, is the most important exhibits of the museum. The museum include an exhibition hall referred to human evolution. This hall contains the Lonche mandible, a human mandible dated 6400 years ago.
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Mankind focused on Undertaker and applied a Mandible Claw on Undertaker. Bearer tried to hit Mankind with the urn but Mankind pulled Undertaker to prevent from being hit and Undertaker was hit with the urn. This allowed Mankind to apply another Mandible Claw on Undertaker. As a result, Mankind was awarded the victory by TKO.
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The number of teeth on the mandible is used to differentiate between species; in S. melanopterus, there are about 35 to 40 teeth on the mandible. The base body color is dark brown, with dark brown or black fins. Juvenile fish may have some light cross-bands. The maximum standard length of the species is .
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The number of teeth on the mandible is used to differentiate between species; in S. nebulosus, there are about 18 teeth on the mandible. The base body color is yellowish green, with ill-defined, irregular brown to black spots. The underside of the fish is yellowish white. The fins are yellowish green with black spots.
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This site is at the apex of the maximum curvature of the mandible, where the ascending ramus becomes the body of the mandible. The mandibular angle has been named as a forensic tool for gender determination, but recent studies have called into question whether there is any significant sex difference in humans in the angle.
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Sunosuchus thailandicus was described from northeastern Thailand in 1980. It is known only from the mandible, which is very robust. The tip of the jaw is spoon shaped and wider than the portion of the jaw immediately behind it. The mandible was collected from the Phu Kradung Formation near the town of Nong Bua Lamphu.
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Previously to his work, the information about how rotation of jaws playing role in growth of maxilla and mandible was under-appreciated. Björk, through his research, defined concepts of Forward Rotation and Backward Rotation of jaws. He defined Forward Rotation of jaw where the posterior growth of maxilla and mandible is greater than the anterior and Backward Rotation as where the anterior growth of jaws is greater than the posterior areas. Björk also developed seven structural signs that helped find the direction of the growth of mandible, also known as Bjork Analysis.
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Bala warns the ants at the ceremony, while Z goes to the tunnel exit to stop the workers but fails, and the water leaks in. Z and Bala unify the workers into building a towering ladder of themselves towards the surface as the water rises. Meanwhile, Mandible and his soldiers gather at the surface, where he explains his vision of a new colony with none of the "weak elements". When the workers break through, Mandible tries to kill Z, but Cutter rebels against Mandible and instead helps Z and the worker ants.
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Jaw reduction or Mandible angle reduction is a type of surgery to narrow the lower one-third of the face—particularly the contribution from the mandible and its muscular attachments. There are several techniques for treatment—including surgical and non-surgical methods. A square lower jaw can be considered a masculine trait, especially in Asian countries. As a result, whereas square lower jaws are often considered a positive trait in men, a wide mandible can be perceived as discordant or masculine on women, or sometimes in certain men, particularly when there is asymmetry.
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On the lower jaw, or mandible, the teeth of Syndontis are attached to flexible, stalk-like structures and described as "s-shaped" or "hooked". The number of teeth on the mandible is used to differentiate between species; in S. petricola, there are 31 to 50 teeth on the mandible, arranged in a six short rows. Some of the species of Synodontis have an opening or series of openings called the axillary pore. It is located on the side of the body below the humeral process and before the pectoral fin spine.
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Compared with the most well known machairodont Smilodon, commonly referred to as the "saber-toothed cat", the canines are much shorter, the facial portion again is much longer, and the teeth not reduced so far in number. Several machairodonts, namely Megantereon, bear flanges on the mandible, which are very reduced in A. giganteus though characteristics of the mandible associated with the flanges are present, particularly the lateral flattening of the anterior portion of the mandible, creating a cross section more square than semi-circular. The dental formula for this specimen is .
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The tarsus is unfeathered and covered by hexagonal scales. The upper mandible does not have an overhanging festoon to the tip.
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On each of the triangular shaped mandibles, the inner chewing surface is 80 percent as long as the whole mandible length.
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It is continuous with the mental foramen (which opens onto front of mandible) and mandibular foramen (on medial aspect of ramus).
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He was the first person in 1880 to introduce the concept of "jumping the bite for patients with a retruded mandible".
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Edentulous patients with an atrophic mandible require a different plating strategy than dentulous patients who have a greater amount of bone.
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The face is white and the throat and underparts are a uniform cinnamon or rufous. The lower belly is black barred with white and the under- tail converts are red or pink. The iris is chestnut, the upper mandible of the beak is black and the lower mandible grey, and the legs are grey or olive.
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Each half of the mandibular symphysis (where the two halves of the mandible connect) was shaped like an upside-down teardrop. The pterygoid fossa on the inner side of the mandible was very large, and occupied most of the hind part of the dentary. The lower part of this fossa had a boundary, known as the pterygoideus shelf.
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Nevertheless, it was proportionally similar to that of Hovasaurus. The skull had an estimated total length of 55 millimeters (2.2 inches). The mandible (lower jaw) was long and slender. The rear part of the mandible, which was formed by the articular bone, bears a facet which connects to the quadrate bone of the cranium to form the jaw joint.
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Their beak is long and slender. and measures on average 6.77 to 6.95 mm The upper mandible of the beak is brown while the lower mandible is yellow. They have pink legs and feet. Juveniles are overall similar to adults but have less streaking on the head and nape and their chest is paler than adults.
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The black-faced munia has a black face, throat, and upper breast. The nape and back are dark brown, and the wings and tail are black. The underparts and rump are white with fine black speckling or barring. The bill is thick and bicoloured, with a dark upper mandible and blue-gray lower mandible, and the legs are dark.
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Most notably S. insonus is smaller in: length of upper incisors, skull length, nasal length, width of basioccipital, auditory bulla length, the depth of shield bullae, skull depth, width across infraorbital canals, mandible height and mandible ramus depth. In colour, dorsally the Omilteme cottontail is a rufous-black colour whereas the Mexican cottontail is only grey dorsally.
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The number of teeth on the mandible is used to differentiate between species; in S. filamentosus, there are about 20 teeth on the mandible. The color of the fish is greyish, with small, scattered dark spots, and whitish on the underside. The dorsal and caudal fins have small greyish spots. The lower borders of the caudal fin are black.
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The number of teeth on the mandible is used to differentiate between species; in S. caudalis, there are 70 to 80 teeth on the mandible. The body color is a uniform brownish. The maximum total length of the species is . Generally, females in the genus Synodontis tend to be slightly larger than males of the same age.
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Edge-to-edge articulation is when opposing front teeth meet along their incisal edges when teeth are in maximal intercuspal position. In Posselt's envelope this happens in ICP as the incisors of the mandible slide past the cingulum of the upper incisors to meet the biting edge and continue to maintain tooth contact as mandible protrudes forward.
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The entirety of known material for this species consists of a single, poor-quality dry skin, a fluid-preserved animal, and a cranium and mandible. The cranium and mandible are from different animals. The material is deposited in the Zoologisches Museum of Humboldt University in Berlin, Germany. The head and body length is with a tail of .
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The underparts are bright yellow, with a round black spot in the centre of the breast and a red band across the belly. The thighs are chestnut. The bare facial skin is black, becoming ruddy behind the yellow eye. The upper mandible of the bill is bright orange, the lower mandible is black, and the legs are green.
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The number of teeth on the mandible is used to differentiate between species; in S. zambezensis, there are 20 to 35 teeth on the mandible. The body color is brown or olive-colored, and may have small or larger round black spots. The spines are said to be poisonous. The maximum standard length of the species is .
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The number of teeth on the mandible is used to differentiate between species; in S. woosnami, there are about 20 teeth on the mandible. The base body color is dark brown on the back, lighter on the underside. The back, sides, and fins are covered with black dots. The maximum standard length of the species is .
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It lacks the red shoulder band, and the blue shoulder markings are darker and less distinct. The throat and chest are pale green and the belly is yellow. The upper mandible is paler brown-grey with a darker tip, and has been recorded as black while nesting. The lower mandible is pale grey to almost white.
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Loonen, MPJ, Hage, JJ, Kon, M., Plastic Surgery Classics: Characteristics of 50 top-cited articles in forum plastic surgery journals since 1946. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 121:320e, 2008Hidalgo, DA, Fibula free flap: A new method of mandible reconstruction. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 84:71, 1989.Hidalgo, DA, Aesthetic improvements in free flap mandible reconstruction. Plast. Reconstr. Surg.
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10 The squamosal lacks a suspensory process that contacts the tegmen tympani, the roof of the tympanic cavity, a defining character of oryzomyines.Weksler, 2006, p. 40 In the mandible, the mental foramen, an opening in the mandible just before the first molar, opens to the outside, not upwards as in a few other oryzomyines.Weksler, 2006, p.
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Sometimes (e.g. in bony fish), the maxilla is called "upper maxilla", with the mandible being the "lower maxilla". Conversely, in birds the upper jaw is often called "upper mandible". In most vertebrates, the foremost part of the upper jaw, to which the incisors are attached in mammals consists of a separate pair of bones, the premaxillae.
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Ameloblastomas can be found both in the maxilla and mandible. Although, 80% are situated in the mandible with the posterior ramus area being the most frequent site. The neoplasms are often associated with the presence of unerupted teeth, displacement of adjacent teeth and resorption of roots. Symptoms include a slow-growing, painless swelling leading to facial deformity.
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The digastric fossa of the mandible is an anatomical region which occupies a space on the inner surface of the inferior border of the body of the mandible, near the midline bilaterally.Gray's Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice (40th ed.), Churchill-Livingstone, Elsevier, 2008, It is a position of attachment of the anterior belly of the digastric muscle.
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N. arandai is known from a partially complete left mandible and a right calcaneum bone, discovered in the Torgugas Formation in Mexico.
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The submandibular triangle (or submaxillary or digastric triangle) corresponds to the region of the neck immediately beneath the body of the mandible.
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Among permanent teeth, 16 are found in the maxilla and the other 16 in the mandible. Most of the teeth have distinguishing features.
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127 The length of the toothrow is 3.6 mm and the depth of the mandible below the first molar is also 3.6 mm.
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PA 869 is another juvenile mandible of Lufengpithecus lufengensis and was discovered in 1980 in Shihuiba Village, Lufeng County, Yunnan Province in China.
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Its bill was grey-black, paling to grey or pink on the lower mandible. It had red eyes and brown legs and feet.
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Chinese anthropologists Xinzhi Wu and Haowen Tong are not so eager in the adoption of a new species, tentatively assigning the mandible to archaic Homo sapiens, leaving open the possibility of elevating it to a distinct species should more fossils be discovered. In a 2015 paper, Lelo Suvad accepted the validity of the new species H. tsaichangensis. In 2019 Chen Fahu along with a group of co- authors presented a piece suspecting the Penghu 1 mandible to be a member of the hominid group Denisovans. This conclusion has been supported through its comparison with the Denisovan Xiahe mandible.
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Above, the fascia is attached to the superior nuchal line of the occipital bone, to the mastoid process of the temporal bone, and to the whole length of the inferior border of the body of the mandible. Opposite the angle of the mandible the fascia is very strong, and binds the anterior edge of the sternocleidomastoideus firmly to that bone. Between the mandible and the mastoid process it ensheathes the parotid gland—the layer which covers the gland extends upward under the name of the parotideomasseteric fascia and is fixed to the zygomatic arch. It also contributes to the sheath of the digastric.
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The angle of the mandible (gonial angle) is located at the posterior border at the junction of the lower border of the ramus of the mandible. The angle of the mandible, which may be either inverted or everted, is marked by rough, oblique ridges on each side, for the attachment of the masseter laterally, and the pterygoideus internus (medial pterygoid muscle) medially; the stylomandibular ligament is attached to the angle between these muscles. The forensic term for the midpoint of the mandibular angle is the gonion. The gonion is a cephalometric landmark located at the lowest, posterior, and lateral point on the angle.
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The dexterity it exhibits using its foot and beak to dislodge seeds is also shown by the long-billed black cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus baudinii). The two occur in the same habitat, both specialising in extracting the marri's store of large seeds. Both species prise marri seeds out of their woody capsule by manipulating it with the foot and lower mandible, and inserting the point of the upper mandible at openings in the seed-dispersing valve. The marks left by the lower mandible on the marri's nut distinguish it from those fed on by other parrots and cockatoos.
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The submaxillary space is a historical term for the combination of the submandibular, submental and sublingual spaces, which in modern practice are referred to separately or collectively termed the perimandibular spaces. The term submaxillary may be confusing to modern students and clinicians since these spaces are located below the mandible, but historically the maxilla and mandible together were termed "maxillae", and sometimes the mandible was termed the "inferior maxilla". Sometimes the term submaxillary space is used synonymously with submandibular space. Confusion exists, as some sources describe the sublingual and the submandibular spaces as compartments of the "submandibular space".
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This white-eye grows to a length of about . The upperparts, wings and tail are a dark olive green, the throat is yellow and the breast and belly pale grey. The white eye ring is incomplete, there being a gap at the front of the reddish-brown eye. The upper mandible of the beak is black and the lower mandible is grey.
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Males are also more brightly coloured than the females (often having red, black, or blue patches on their fins). Compared with many other halfbeaks, the lower mandible, or beak, is relatively short, on females in particular barely protruding beyond the length of the upper mandible. The males of some species (e.g., N. ebrardtii) have short, straight beaks, but those of others (e.g.
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The beak of a giant squid, surrounded by the buccal mass and limbs All extant cephalopods have a two-part beak, or rostrum, situated in the buccal mass and surrounded by the muscular head appendages. The dorsal (upper) mandible fits into the ventral (lower) mandible and together they function in a scissor-like fashion.Young, R.E., M. Vecchione & K.M. Mangold (1999). Cephalopoda Glossary.
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Fossils of Megamastax were found at Kuanti Formation in Qujing, Yunnan, China. The holotype of Megamastax amblyodus is IVPP V18499.1, a complete left mandible. Two additional specimens, IVPP V18499.2 (a partial left mandible) and IVPP V18499.3 (a right maxilla) have been referred to the species. The generic name of Megamastax is Greek for "big mouth", derived from megalos (big) and mastax (mouth).
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The number of teeth on the mandible is used to differentiate between species; in S. budgetti, there are 55 teeth on the mandible. The body color is a uniform brownish. The maximum total length of the species is , and a standard length of . Generally, females in the genus Synodontis tend to be slightly larger than males of the same age.
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The number of teeth on the mandible is used to differentiate between species; in S. obesus, there are about 18 to 28 teeth on the mandible. The base body color is brown, with darker brown spots or dots, which are more distinct in juvenile fish. Juveniles have whitish fins with round black spots. The maximum standard length of the species is .
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The tepui tinamou is approximately in length. The top of its head and rear of neck are rufous brown, darker on its back, and dusky below with rufous sheen on its upper breast. The sides of its head and throat are grey in color, its upper mandible is black, its lower mandible yellow with black tip, and its legs are olive in color.
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The number of teeth on the mandible is used to differentiate between species; in S. nigrita, there are about 30 to 35 teeth on the mandible. The body color is brown or olive to blackish, with round black spots likely. The fins are greyish to blackish; the caudal fin has black spots or black cross bars. Juveniles are brown, with black spots.
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In painful situations, a temporary splinting of the injured teeth may relieve the pain. Subluxation may also occur in the mandible from the articular groove of the temporal bone. The mandible can dislocate in the anterior, posterior, lateral, or superior position. Description of the dislocation is based on the location of the condyle in comparison to the temporal articular groove.
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The superficial head, the larger, arises by a thick, tendinous aponeurosis from the temporal process of the zygomatic bone, and from the anterior two-thirds of the inferior border of the zygomatic arch. Its fibers pass inferior and posterior, to be inserted into the angle of the mandible and inferior half of the lateral surface of the ramus of the mandible.
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The chicks and eggs of budgerigar in nest box Breeding difficulties arise for various reasons. Some chicks may die from diseases and attacks from adults. Other budgerigars (virtually always females) may fight over the nest box, attacking each other or a brood. Another problem may be the birds' beaks being under-lapped, where the lower mandible is above the upper mandible.
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Transosteal implants, the application of which was strictly limited to the mandible, consisted of a number of screws which were inserted into the inferior aspect of the mandible, some of which extended through and through into the oral cavity.Shulman, LB; Driskell, TD: Dental Implants: A Historical Perspective. In Block, M; Kent, J; Guerra, L, editors: Implants in Dentistry. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1997.
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The angle of the mandible refers to the angle created by the arrangement of the body of the mandible and the ramus. Angle fractures are defined as those that involve a triangular region bounded by the anterior border of masseter muscle and an oblique line extending from the lower third molar (wisdom tooth) region to the posteroinferior attachment of the masseter muscle.
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The pterygoid fovea (occasionally called pit or depression) is located on the mandible. It is a concave surface on the medial side of the neck of the condyloid process of the mandible. It is located posterior to the mandibular notch and inferior to the mandibular condyle. The pterygoid fovea is the site of insertion for the inferior head of the lateral pterygoid muscle.
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The skull is a bony structure that forms the head in vertebrates. It supports the structures of the face and provides a protective cavity for the brain. The skull is composed of two parts: the cranium and the mandible. In humans, these two parts are the neurocranium and the viscerocranium (facial skeleton) that includes the mandible as its largest bone.
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The holotype of Elfridia is a left mandible. Several other tooth-bearing fragments and isolated postcranial elements are assigned to this taxon. It is diagnosed by having lingually recurved tips of the teeth that are positioned asymmetrically on the labial portion. There are nine to ten teeth on the mandible with a greatly enlarged tooth along the mid-length of the tooth row.
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The vent and tail-tip are rufous. The bill is black with yellow to the upper mandible and a white band at the base of the bill. Some white-throated toucanets have a rufous patch near the base of the lower mandible. The throat of the Santa Marta toucanet is pale grey-blue and white or grey-blue in the other subspecies.
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The temporal muscle is the most powerful muscle of the temporomandibular joint. The temporal muscle can be divided into two functional parts; anterior and posterior. The anterior portion runs vertically and its contraction results in elevation of the mandible (closing the mouth). The posterior portion has fibers which run horizontally and contraction of this portion results in retrusion of the mandible.
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It commences in the substance of the parotid gland, on a level with the angle of the mandible, and runs perpendicularly down the neck, in the direction of a line drawn from the angle of the mandible to the middle of the clavicle superficial to the sternocleidomastoideus.[Standring, S., & Gray, H. (2016). Grays anatomy: the anatomical basis of clinical practice. Philadelphia: Elsevier. p.
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The maxillary artery supplies deep structures of the face. It branches from the external carotid artery just deep to the neck of the mandible.
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These three individuals most likely represent members of early Homo, the mandible being from Homo habilis and the partial skeletons being from Homo erectus.
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It has a long tail and a large bill. It has a yellow, bare eye ring and half moon-shaped lappets bordering the mandible.
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The actual growth of mandible is still a question and literature shows that a Twin-Block appliance is as effective as a Herbst appliance.
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They have dark bills with reddish lower mandible. Females are similar looking with mainly white underparts and little green spotting on throat and sides.
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The Twin Block, first described by Clark in 1982, consists of two blocks with interlocking 70° bite planes, which cause forward posturing of the mandible.
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Treatment is surgical. Osteotomy may be done in case of maxillary macrognathia. Mandibular macrognathia is generally managed by resection of a portion of the mandible.
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They have similar mandible and body structures, and it is likely that the differences are only derived from chromosomal alterations during development of the embryo.
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Checking various functional movements like swallowing, respiration, speech, opening and closing and excursive movements of the mandible and careful palpation of both temporomandibular jointsis important.
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The sexes are different; the male has a yellow or golden patch on the forehead whereas the female has a bronze patch. They also differ in that the female has a larger beak. The upper mandible in both sexes is blackish and the lower mandible yellowish. The iris is reddish and there is a pinkish or purplish ring of bare skin around the eye.
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No other described male is even superficially similar to Ravavy. The shape of the mandible in Bothriomyrmex, however, is reminiscent in some respects. The mandible in Bothriomyrmex is not triangular as in Tapinoma for example, but like Ravavy, has a short masticatory margin compared to the basal margin. In Bothriomyrmex, however, the masticatory margin includes at least three teeth, while in Ravavy a single tooth is present.
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Torus mandibularis seen at axial CT and volume rendering. Torus mandibularis is a bony growth in the mandible along the surface nearest to the tongue. Mandibular tori are usually present near the premolars and above the location of the mylohyoid muscle's attachment to the mandible. In 90% of cases, there is a torus on both the left and right sides, making this finding a predominantly bilateral condition.
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Including malocclusion of the dental arches (the maxilla and mandible), radiological findings in some cases have indicated significant overgrowth of the mandibular premolar and molar roots; hypercementosis (overproduction of cementum) of the molars and maxillary incisors; enlarged, funnel-shaped mandibular lingula (spiny structures on the ramus of the mandible); and a radiolucent effect on portions of many teeth, increasing their transparency to x-rays.
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Penghu 1 is a fossil jaw (mandible) belonging to an extinct hominin species of the genus Homo from Taiwan which lived in the middle-late Pleistocene. The precise classification of the mandible is disputed, some arguing that it represents a new species, Homo tsaichangensis, whereas others believe it to be the fossil of a H. erectus, a archaic H. sapiens or possibly a Denisovan.
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The number of teeth on the mandible is used to differentiate between species; in S. depauwi, there are about 30 to 35 teeth on the mandible. The body color is a uniform brownish, with black spots on the fins and a black streak along each lobe of the caudal fin. Juveniles may show dark marbling colors on the sides. The maximum total length of the species is .
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The number of teeth on the mandible is used to differentiate between species; in S. caudovittatus, there are 33 to 38 teeth on the mandible. The body color is grey, tinged with olive on the head and back. The fins are dark, except the spines and their filaments which are whitish. The caudal fin is greyish white, with a deep black band along each lobe.
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The number of teeth on the mandible is used to differentiate between species; in S. frontosus, there are 33 to 48 teeth on the mandible. The body color is grey-brown to blackish on the top, bottom, and sides, with white lips. The maximum total length of the species is . Generally, females in the genus Synodontis tend to be slightly larger than males of the same age.
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The number of teeth on the mandible is used to differentiate between species; in S. geledensis, there are about 18 teeth on the mandible. The color of the fish is brownish on the back and sides, and whitish on the underside. The maximum total length of the species is . Generally, females in the genus Synodontis tend to be slightly larger than males of the same age.
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The number of teeth on the mandible is used to differentiate between species; in S. victoriae, there are 19 to 21 teeth on the mandible. The body color is brown or greyish silver on the back, white on the underside, with large round darker spots, which may be indistinct. Spots sometimes appear on the caudal fin. The maximum standard length of the species is .
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The symphysis was often very thin tranversely and long, accounting for a considerable part of the jaw length, up to 60%. If a crest was present on the snout, the symphysis could feature a matching mandible crest, jutting out to below. Toothed species also bore teeth in their dentaries. The mandible opened and closed in a simple vertical or "orthal" up-and-down movement.
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The number of teeth on the mandible is used to differentiate between species; in S. serratus, there are about 30 to 45 teeth on the mandible. The color of the fish is a uniform grey or brownish on the back, white on the underside. Juveniles may have small dark specs on the back and adipose fin. The maximum total length of the species is .
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The outer surface of the beak consists of a thin horny sheath of keratin called the rhamphotheca, which can be subdivided into the rhinotheca of the upper mandible and the gnathotheca of the lower mandible. This covering arises from the Malpighian layer of the bird's epidermis,Campbell and Lack (1995), p. 47. growing from plates at the base of each mandible.Girling (2003), p. 4.
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There was a diastema (gap) between the incisors and molars of the mandible. The lower incisors were broad, recurved, and placed in a straight line across. The p3 premolar tooth of the mandible was present in most early specimens, but lost in later specimens; it was only present in 6% of the La Brea sample. There is some dispute over whether Smilodon was sexually dimorphic.
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As stated in the study, both, the human and chimpanzee, start out with a v-shaped mandible during the fetal stages, but the chimpanzee mandible remains in that v-shape leading to the development of the simian shelf. The forming of the simian shelf occurs due to the "basal symphysis [being] modified" as a result of the v-shape being maintained past the fetal stage.
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Social animals need an alarm system to alert others to defend against potential threats or to recruit others to attack prey. In Eciton burchellii, along with other large-colony ant species, the alarm pheromone is produced in mandible glands. This is evolutionarily advantageous because the mandible has a large surface area for pheromone's evaporation, the pheromone is released whenever the mandible is opened for biting, and the pheromone is rapidly released when the ant's head is crushed. The specific pheromone used by the Eciton burchellii species is 4-methyl-3-heptanone, which produces an intense, but short-lived, behavioral response by others in the colony.
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The physical craniofacial deformities of PRS may be the result of a mechanical problem in which intrauterine growth of certain facial structures are restricted, or mandibular positioning is altered. One theory for the etiology of PRS is that, early in the first trimester of gestation, some mechanical factor causes the neck to be abnormally flexed such that the tip of the mandible becomes compressed against the sternoclavicular joint. This compression of the chin interferes with development of the body of the mandible, resulting in micrognathia. The concave space formed by the body of the hypoplastic mandible is too small to accommodate the tongue, which continues to grow unimpeded.
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The primary function of the lateral pterygoid muscle is to pull the head of the condyle out of the mandibular fossa along the articular eminence to protrude the mandible. A concerted effort of the lateral pterygoid muscles helps in lowering the mandible and opening the jaw, whereas unilateral action of a lateral pterygoid produces contralateral excursion (a form of mastication), usually performed in concert with the medial pterygoids. Unlike the other three muscles of mastication, the lateral pterygoid is the only muscle of mastication that assists in depressing the mandible (opening the jaw). At the beginning of this action it is assisted by the digastric, mylohyoid and geniohyoid muscles.
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The length of mandible is 8.0–9.1 mm and their forearm is less than 41 mm in length. The margin above nostril lobulated and slightly convex.
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They concluded that this effect resulted due to counter-clockwise rotation of mandible which was caused by intrusion of posterior teeth and increased eruption of incisors.
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It is believed that this allowed them to rotate the back portion of the mandible independently of the front, thus allowing the lower teeth to disengage.
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During his career, Sheppard used his anatomical knowledge to develop a new submission hold, the "mandible claw". It was popularized by professional wrestler Mankind in 1996.
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Nude Beach are an American punk rock band formed in 2008. The band has released albums on Mandible Records, Other Music Recording Co., and Don Giovanni Records.
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Forshaw (2006). plate 107. The adult male and female are identical in external appearance. Juveniles have grey on the upper mandible and are otherwise similar to adults.
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The first step to determining the cause of arrest is to clear and open the upper airway with correct head and neck positioning. The practitioner must lengthen and elevate the patient's neck until the external auditory meatus is in the same plane as the sternum. The face should be facing the ceiling. The mandible should be positioned upwards by lifting the lower jaw and pushing the mandible upward.
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R. filholi mandible in Natural History Museum, Basel Switzerland preserves the oldest, and some of the youngest evidence of the genus in Europe. At Kleinblauen and Bressaucourt in northwest Switzerland the mandible of a juvenile animal, along with other finds, provides the earliest known occurrence of Ronzotherium in Europe. At the late Oligocene locality of Rickenbach 35 fragments of cranial and post-cranial material have been recovered from Chattian strata.
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The underparts are much lighter, darkening towards the vent and undertail coverts. The chin is a dull cream, merging with the throat, which then browns towards the base. The centre of the breast is a dull brown- yellow, while the sides are a reddish brown. The upper mandible of the beak is dark grey with pink edges, while the lower mandible is pink, darkening towards to the tip.
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Lateral pterygoid and the auriculotemporal nerve are lateral relations, the chorda tympani nerve lies medial near its upper end and medial pterygoid is an inferomedial relation. The sphenomandibular ligament is separated from the neck of the mandible below lateral pterygoid by the maxillary artery and from the ramus of the mandible by the inferior alveolar vessels and nerve and a parotid lobule. The ligament is derived from Meckel's cartilage.
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A jaw abnormality is a disorder in the formation, shape and/or size of the jaw. In general abnormalities arise within the jaw when there is a disturbance or fault in the fusion of the mandibular processes. The mandible in particular has the most differential typical growth anomalies than any other bone in the human skeleton. This is due to variants in the complex symmetrical growth pattern which formulates the mandible.
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The anterior belly arises from a depression on the inner side of the lower border of the mandible called the digastric fossa of mandible, close to the symphysis, and passes downward and backward. The anterior body is supplied by the trigeminal via the mylohyoid nerve, a branch of the inferior alveolar nerve, itself a branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve. It originates from the first pharyngeal arch.
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Female in Israel The masked shrike is the smallest of its genus, a slender bird which usually weighs , measuring long with a wingspan. It has a long tail and relatively small bill,Snow & Perrins (1998) pp. 1447–1448. on each side of which is a tomial tooth; the upper mandible bears a triangular ridge which fits a corresponding notch in the lower mandible. This adaptation is otherwise only found in falcons.
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Although there are so many negative effects related to genes that are antagonistically pleiotropic, it is still present among most forms of life. Indeed, pleiotropy is one of the most common traits possessed by genes overall. In addition to that, pleiotropy is under strong stabilizing selection. In one experiment with mice and the morphology of the mandible, 1/5 of the loci had effects of pleiotropy for the entire mandible.
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The number of teeth on the mandible is used to differentiate between species; in S. courteti, there are 13 to 17 teeth on the mandible. The body color is greyish, with many black dots on the head, and larger round black spots on the body and fins. The spots on the sides of the body are the largest, as large as the eye. The maximum total length of the species is .
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The number of teeth on the mandible is used to differentiate between species; in S. macrostigma, there are about 20 to 26 teeth on the mandible. The base body color is brown on the top surface, becoming lighter toward the underside. The back and sides have large round or oval blackish spots, smaller spots appear on the head and fins. The maximum total length of the species is .
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Posselt's envelope of motion or Posselt's envelope of movement refers to the range of motion of the lower jaw bone, or mandible. This envelope was first described by Ulf Posselt in 1952. It is a diagrammatic representation of a sagittal view of maximum mandibular movement. Posselt postulated that in the first 20mm of opening and closing, the mandible only rotates and does not simultaneously move downward and forward.
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The correct spelling is Pareidae, not Pareatidae. Many pareids are snail-eating snakes that have asymmetrical lower jaws, allowing them to pry the soft bodies of snails from their spiral shells. One species, Pareas iwasakii, has an average of 17.5 teeth in its left mandible and 25 teeth in its right mandible. Other species lacking asymmetrical jaws, such as Aplopeltura boa and Asthenodipsas malaccanus, feed instead on slugs or lizards.
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Juvenile with a little orange patch starting to form on its forehead The red- fronted parrot is 28 cm (11 in) long. It is mostly green and has a short black squarish tail. Black feathers on the head, neck, back, and wings have lighter green edges giving a scalloped appearance. The lower mandible is dark grey and the upper mandible has a horn coloured base and a dark grey tip.
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As the holotype of P. manselii and NHMUK PV R1089 share a cranial apomorphy and can both be excluded from other closely related geosaurines, Young et al. (2012) referred it to P. manselii. NHMUK PV R1089 represents even larger individual than the holotype with long mandible, while the mandible of NHMUK PV OR40103a is approximately in length. Thus NHMUK PV R1089 has been estimated to have been about in length.
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The cortical plates are thick and there is a medullary cavity. The sites of the mandible most commonly affected by OM are (decreasing order of frequency) the body, the symphysis, the angle, the ramus and finally the condyle. The mandible's blood supply is primarily via the inferior alveolar artery, and secondarily via the periosteum. Compromise of this supply is a critical factor in the development of OM in the mandible.
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The number of teeth on the mandible is used to differentiate between species; in S. xiphias, there are about 8 teeth on the mandible. The color of the fish is a uniform brown, with small, rounded spots on the sides and adipose fin. The maximum total length of the species is . Generally, females in the genus Synodontis tend to be slightly larger than males of the same age.
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The loose feathers around the forehead of the Dalmatian pelican can form a W-like-shape on the face right above the bill. In the breeding season it has an orange-red lower mandible and pouch against a yellow upper mandible. In winter, the whole bill is a somewhat dull yellow. The bill, at long, is the second largest of any bird, after the Australian pelican (Pelecanus conspicillatus).
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It is a bilateral synovial articulation between the temporal bone of the skull above and the mandible below; it is from these bones that its name is derived. This joint is unique in that it is a bilateral joint that functions as one unit. Since the TMJ is connected to the mandible, the right and left joints must function together and therefore are not independent of each other.
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This mandibular growth center in the condyle allows the increased length of the mandible needed for the larger permanent teeth, as well as for the larger brain capacity of the adult. This growth of the mandible also influences the overall shape of the face, and thus is charted and referred to during orthodontic therapy. When an individual reaches full maturity, the growth center of bone within the condyle has disappeared.
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The upper mandible of the bill is black and the lower mandible yellow, the iris is brown and the legs pale green. The female is similar in appearance but less brightly coloured, the supercilium is green rather than blue, the moustache brownish-green, the hind-neck collar brownish-black and the throat the same colour as the breast. The juvenile resembles the female but has a generally duller colouration.
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Twin-block appliances are used to correct Class II malocclusions with a deficient mandible. The appliance is removable in nature and involves more patient compliance than fixed functional appliances such as Herbst, Forsus or MARA which are attached to teeth. As the patient bites together, they bite with their mandible forward. Clark recommended the appliance to be worn for at least one year in order to see any growth changes happening.
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The cheeks are greyish, the irises are brown and there is a faint eye streak behind the eye. The upper mandible of the beak is dark brown and the lower mandible yellowish-brown. The underparts are cream-coloured or yellowish-buff with a few dark brown spots and streaks on the breast and flanks. The wings are brown with the outer edge of the feathers rimmed with paler brown.
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The most frequent locations of a mandibular fracture. This is the most useful classification, because both the signs and symptoms, and also the treatment are dependent upon the location of the fracture. The mandible is usually divided into the following zones for the purpose of describing the location of a fracture (see diagram): condylar, coronoid process, ramus, angle of mandible, body (molar and premolar areas), parasymphysis and symphysis.
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Below the skull, the skeleton was robust, but otherwise, anatomically modern. Morphological analysis of the Nazlet Khater mandible indicates that the specimen was distinct from the examined Late Pleistocene and Holocene North African specimens. The Nazlet Khater 2 skeleton possesses two plesiomorphic features in its mandible, which are not found among coeval, anatomically modern, humans. This suggests that the ancestors of the specimen may have interbred with neighboring late archaic humans.
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A deflective contact is a contact that diverts the mandible from its intended movement. An example of this is when the mandible is deflected into ICP by the RCP-ICP slide, which path is determined by the deflective tooth contacts. This is often involved in function (e.g. chewing), however in some cases these deflective contacts can be damaging and may lead to pain around the tooth (often associated with bruxism).
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The superficial masseter originates on the lateral surface of the anterior maxilla and inserts along the ventral margin of the angular process of the mandible. The lateral masseter inserts here as well and originates from the lateral portion of the zygomatic arch. The small medial masseter originates along the medial surface of the zygomatic arch and inserts along the dorsal portion of the mandible at the end of the tooth row.
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This roentgenphotogramm showed a picture where skull, teeth, soft tissue, x-ray and a photograph was superimposed on each other. After the WWII, Hans and his family moved to West. Bimler eventually developed the Bimler Cephalometric Analysis. As a surgeon during WWII, he treated a patient who lost part of his mandible, and Hans ended up using an appliance which allowed rest of the mandible to inserted into the appliance.
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Zafarraya is a municipality in the province of Granada, Spain, with a population of 2,200 (2003). Zafarraya is known for a Neanderthal mandible found in a cave (Cueva del Boquete) in 1983 by Cecilio Barroso and Paqui Medina. The mandible has been dated to 30,000 years Before Present (BP), and at the time represented the youngest-known Neanderthal remains.Hublin J.J., Barroso Ruiz C., Medina Lara P., Fontugne M., Reyss J.-L.
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Mandible of the oldest recognised dog discovered in Bonn-Oberkassel, Germany, and dated 14,200 years old. In 1914, on the eve of the First World War, two human skeletons were discovered during basalt quarrying at Oberkassel, Bonn in Germany. With them were found a right mandible of a "wolf" and other animal bones. After the end of the First World War, in 1919 a full study was made of these remains.
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For a photo of the mandible of Heterotoma merioptera, see Figure 8 in Heterotoma merioptera is very similar to Heterotoma planicornis and the name may be a synonym.
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The mandibular foramen is an opening on the internal surface of the ramus of the mandible for divisions of the mandibular nerve and blood vessels to pass through.
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The mandibular foramen is an opening on the internal surface of the ramus of the mandible for divisions of the mandibular nerve and blood vessels to pass through.
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The genus's name is a portmanteau of the Latin words Barbatus and rex, meaning "bearded king", in reference to ridges along the mandible and the lizard's large size.
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More than 70% involve the maxilla (usually maxillary anterior alveolar ridge), while the mandible and skull are affected less often. There is often an elevated vanilmandelic acid level.
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The temporomandibular joints can be felt in front of or within the external acoustic meatus during movements of the mandible. Auscultation of the joint can also be performed.
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First, a 5-cm horizontal incision is made 1 fingerbreadth below the right mandible border with the submandibular gland as the posterior boundary extending anteriorly towards the midline.
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Posselt's envelope of motion is named after Dr. Ulf Posselt from the Karolinska Institute, the Institute of Anatomy of the University of Lund and the Roentgen-Diagnostic Department of the State Dental School, Malmö. In 1952, Posselt carried out some investigations on 65 dental students between the age of 20-29, in an attempt to examine the capacity of the mandible for movement in the occlusal and sagittal planes. Since the mandible can go through a vast number of different movement paths, Posselt decided to start by studying the "border movements", a term he uses to denote the mandible's capacity for movement. Then he compared these with the habitual movements of the mandible.
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Oral jaw from side and above of Piaractus brachypomus, a close relative of piranhas In vertebrates, the lower jaw (mandible or jawbone)The mandible is also in some sources still referred to as the inferior maxillary bone, though this is an outdated term which goes back to at least the 1858 first edition of Gray's Anatomy, if not earlier. is a bone forming the skull with the cranium. In lobe-finned fishes and the early fossil tetrapods, the bone homologous to the mandible of mammals is merely the largest of several bones in the lower jaw. It is referred to as the dentary bone, and forms the body of the outer surface of the jaw.
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The incisors of P. boisei are thought to have not been involved in processing food. The long distance between the first molar and the jaw hinge would suggest KNM WT 17000 had an exceptionally long ramus of the mandible (connecting the lower jaw to the skull), though the hinge's location indicates the ramus would not have been particularly deep (it would have been weaker). This may have produced a less effective bite compared to P. boisei. The Peninj Mandible assigned to P. boisei KNM-WT 16005 is quite similar to the Peninj Mandible assigned to P. boisei, exhibiting postcanine megadontia with relatively small incisors and canines (based on the tooth roots) and large cheek teeth.
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Mandible end Lycorhinus, including the remains described by Gow in 1975 as Lanasaurus, is a small ( in length) herbivorous dinosaur despite the long canines it sported in its jaws.
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Capulomala is described on the basis of postglenoid areas of the mandible, which possess a uniquely hypertrophied postglenoid process. Capulomala cannot be reliably associated with any known cranial material.
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Tympanum, cephalic ridges and pineal ocellus absent. Tusk like vomerine teeth present. Large tongue emarginated without a lingual papilla. There are two fang-like processes found on the mandible.
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Tonya Kay is a devoted environmentalist and has held the CEO position of two carbon-neutral film and television industry service companies: Solid Hollywood LLC and Happy Mandible, Inc.
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In snakes, the articular, surangular, and prearticular bones have fused to form the compound bone. The mandible is suspended from the quadrate bone and articulates at this compound bone.
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It has a yellowish bill with a blackish tip to the upper mandible, a pale gray eye ring, and orange irises. Juveniles have a duller plumage and brown irises.
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"The discovery of the skull and associated mandible of a Miocene ape." The Archaeological News Letter 8, December 1948, p.3.Cornwall, I.W. 1948. "The skull of Proconsul africanus".
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It is of medium size with a long mandible and a nose leaf which does not completely cover its nostril. It has brown fur with a relatively pale underside.
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More aggressive cysts, or acute infection of any cyst may cause altered sensation. Sometimes, they cause higher risk of pathological fracture of lower jaw, especially around angle of mandible.
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The most diagnostic features of Lonchodectidae pertain to the teeth and jaws. The teeth on both the upper and lower jaws are generally small, do not vary in size through the length of the jaw, and are placed on raised alveolar margins. The upper palate has a prominent ridge. One genus, Lonchodraco, has prominent crests at the tips of both the skull and mandible, while another, Ikrandraco, only has a crest on the mandible.
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Each mandible is curved almost 90˚ with the bases covered by the edges of the clypeus lobes. On the mandible's ends are two teeth, a smaller sub-apical one and a larger apical one with a groove that likely matches the position of the opposite mandible placement when they are closed. The antennae are distinctly 11-segmented, with a curved scape that just reaches the rear margin of the head capsule when reclined.
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The number of teeth on the mandible is used to differentiate between species; in S. ocellifer, there are 20 to 30 teeth on the mandible. The body color is a grey- brown on the back and on the sides, with a white underside. The body and adipose fin show large black and white spots that are either solid black or a black ring on a white background. The maximum total length of the species is .
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On top of that, condyles being at terminal hinge position. Rotational. During the opening of mandible, rotation is the movement at the start of its movement, this occurs in the lower temporomandibular joint compartment. As mandible is being depressed, condyle is tightly bounded to the articular disc by medial and collateral ligaments, hence only allowing rotational movements. Translation Translation occurs in the upper TMJ compartment and provides most of the mandible's ability to open.
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Forshaw, p. 266 The upper mandible of the bill is blackish grey with a greyish, orange-brown or salmon-coloured base and cutting edge, while the lower mandible a brownish orange a grey-black tip. The cere is blackish grey with a pale brown tinge around the nostrils, the orbital eye- ring is light grey and the iris is dark brown. The legs and feet are dark grey with a red tinge between scales.
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The African quailfinch is 10 centimeters (4 inches) in length and weighs 9-14 grams (0.3-0.5 ounces). It is small and compact with dark grey underparts, barred breasts and flanks, and an orange- buff central belly. The feathers around its eye and on its chin are white. Breeding males have a red bill, while the bills of females and non-breeding males have a brown upper mandible and a red lower mandible.
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There are caves in many parts of Prince of Wales Island due to Southeastern Alaska's karst topography. In 1996, Dr. Heaton and his team of excavators discovered the human remains of a deceased male in his twenties, which include a mandible, the remains of a right pelvis, a series of vertebrae, and several teeth. The mandible was carbon dated at an Accelerator Mass Spectrometry facility in California to 9,730 years before present.Gove, Harry E. 1998.
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The red crested male is on the left. Cockatoos have a large bill, which is kept sharp by rasping the two mandibles together when resting. The bill is complemented by a large muscular tongue which helps manipulate seeds inside the bill so that they can be de- husked before eating. During the de-husking, the lower mandible applies the pressure, the tongue holds the seed in place and the upper mandible acts as an anvil.
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The number of teeth on the mandible is used to differentiate between species; in S. robbianus, there are about 15 to 20 teeth on the mandible. The body color is pale brown, blotched or mottled with darker brown. The ventral and anal fins are dark, the dorsal and caudal fins are lighter. Juveniles show a light streak on each side of the snout, and cross-bars on the dorsal, anal, and caudal fins.
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The number of teeth on the mandible is used to differentiate between species; in S. sorex, there are about 6 to 8 teeth on the mandible. The color of the fish is grey on the back and sides, becoming white on the underside. The fins are light-colored, with a distinct blotch on the dorsal fin near the base, and a dark band on each lobe of the caudal fin. The barbels are white.
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The upper mandible of the bill is black and may or may not fade to grey at the base, while the lower mandible is cream with a grey border in the mouth. The cere and orbital eye-ring are grey and the iris is dark brown. The legs and feet are grey. Generally duller and paler, the female has a more uniform and paler blue face, with highly contrasting cream bare skin around the eye.
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Tumbes sparrow in South Ecuador The Tumbes sparrow is a medium-sized sparrow some long. The beak is broad and conical, with the upper mandible blackish and the lower mandible horn-coloured. The head has a grey crown with a lateral chestnut stripe that continues as far as the nape, a white superciliary stripe and a brown eyestripe. The upper parts are greyish- brown, shaded with buff, and boldly streaked with black.
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The head, neck, breast, belly, and underwings are primarily white, and the legs are pink. There is a red spot on the lower mandible, and the color of the iris is generally dark. In summer, the head and neck are white, with the bill turning bright yellow with a larger red spot on the lower mandible. Juvenile gulls are brown, with black bills, and black legs which quickly fade to adult pink.
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Hidalgo was certified by the American Board of Surgery (1985), and American Board of Plastic Surgery (1987). His initial experience with the fibula free flap for mandible reconstruction was documented in the publication Fibula Free Flap: A New Method of Mandible Reconstruction. This article was ranked sixth of the 25 most cited articles on plastic surgery for the last 50 years. Hidalgo established a fellowship training program in microsurgery during his tenure at Memorial.
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Osr1 is expressed in the first and second branchial arches, in the limb buds, mouth and nasal pits, in the trunk, the forebrain., developing somites, distal mandible and developing eye.
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The holotype is in the paleontological collection at Tübingen University, Germany. Chiniquodon kalanoro is from the Isalo II Formation, Madagascar. This species is known from a mandible (holotype UA 10607).
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They believed in creating the construction bite opening which was beyond the postural rest position. They believed that the mandible would be engaged more if the bite is opened more.
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The rock firefinch (L. sanguinodorsalis) is also similar but has grey only on the crown and its bill has a pale grey patch at the base of the lower mandible.
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The presence of thick bone in the relatively small mandible may indicate better force resistance capacity. However, the question stands of whether the chin is an adaptive or nonadaptive structure.
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A hominin mandible was found in 2013, known as LD 350-1 and dated 2.8 million years old, which may qualify as a very early specimen of the genus Homo.
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Bratlund, B. (2005). Comments on a cut-marked woolly rhino mandible from Zwolen. In: R. Schild (ed.), The killing fields of Zwolén. A Middle Paleolithic kill-butchery-site in Central Poland.
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The digastric muscles are present in a variety of animals, specific attachment sites may vary. For example, in the Orangutan, the posterior digastric attaches to the mandible rather than the hyoid.
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Claude W. Hibbard described the mandible as ? Oryzomys pliocaenicus in a 1939 paper. Hibbard wrote that the fauna was middle Pliocene,Hibbard, 1939, p. 459 but it is now considered Miocene.
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Therefore, each bone and its counterpart bone both grow to a certain extent to maintain the balanced growth. An example is the growth of maxilla corresponding to the growth of mandible.
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Another unique thing to the H. haemorrhoidalis is that they have asymmetrical mouthcones that contain an anteclypeus, labrum, labium, paired maxillary stylets and an unpaired left mandible that is well developed.
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88:574, 1991.Hidalgo, DA, Rekow, A. A review of 60 consecutive fibula free flap mandible reconstructions. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 96:585, 1995.Robey, AB, Spann, ML, McAuliff, TM, et al.
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In human anatomy, the facial skeleton of the skull the external surface of the mandible is marked in the median line by a faint ridge, indicating the mandibular symphysis (Latin: symphysis menti) or line of junction where the two lateral halves of the mandible typically fuse at an early period of life (1-2 years). It is not a true symphysis as there is no cartilage between the two sides of the mandible. This ridge divides below and encloses a triangular eminence, the mental protuberance, the base of which is depressed in the center but raised on either side to form the mental tubercle. The lowest (most inferior) end of the mandibular symphysis — the point of the chin — is called the "menton".
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Anatomical considerations may also dictate preference for surgical or non- surgical approaches. For instance trismus, a bulky tongue, limited extension of the neck, prominent teeth, torus mandibularis (a bony growth on the mandible) or limited width of the mandible would all be relative contraindications to surgery. Tumour related considerations include invasion of the mandible, base of skull and extensive involvement of the larynx or more than half of the base of tongue. Technical considerations in offering surgery as a primary modality include the presumed ability to achieve adequate margins in the resected specimen and the degree of resulting defect, since close or positive margins are likely to result in subsequent adjuvant therapy to achieve disease control, with resultant increased morbidity.
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The vent and tail-tip are rufous. The bill is black with yellow to the upper mandible (amount depends on the exact subspecies) and, in all except the nominate (prasinus) and wagleri groups (see Taxonomy), a white band at the base of the bill. The members of the caeruleogularis group have a rufous patch near the base of the upper mandible, while some members of the albivitta group have a rufous patch near the base of the lower mandible. The throat is white in the nominate and the wagleri group, blue in the caeruleogularis and cognatus group, pale grey-blue in the lautus group, blue or black in the atrogularis group, and white or grey-blue in the albivitta group.
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This leads to tooth crowding, a reduction in tooth size and the number of teeth, which has been attributed to the strong selection for reduced aggression. Compared with the Pleistocene and modern wolves, the Paleolithic dog had a shorter skull length, a shorter viscerocranium (face) length, and a wider snout. It had a wider palate and wider braincase, relatively short and massive jaws, and a shorter carnassial length but these were larger than the modern dog and closer to those of the wolf. The mandible of the Paleolithic dog was more massive compared to the elongated mandible of the wolves and had more crowded premolars, and a hook-like extension in the caudal border of the coronoid process of the mandible.
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In most birds the bones of the tail diminish in size towards its end, but this does not occur in woodpeckers, and the final vertebra, the pygostyle, is very large to anchor the strong tail muscles. The hammering of woodpeckers when drumming or feeding creates great forces which are potentially damaging to the birds. In the great spotted woodpecker and most of its relatives, the hinge where the front of the skull connects with the upper mandible is folded inwards, tensioned by a muscle that braces it against the shock of the impact when the bill is hammering on hard wood. The outer layer of the upper mandible is significantly longer than the more rigid lower mandible and absorbs much of the concussive force.
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The bony core of the beak is a lightweight framework, like that seen on this alt=an owl's skull with the beak attached Although beaks vary significantly in size and shape from species to species, their underlying structures have a similar pattern. All beaks are composed of two jaws, generally known as the upper mandible (or maxilla) and lower mandible (or mandible). The upper, and in some cases the lower, mandibles are strengthened internally by a complex three- dimensional network of bony spicules (or trabeculae) seated in soft connective tissue and surrounded by the hard outer layers of the beak. The avian jaw apparatus is made up of two units: one four-bar linkage mechanism and one five-bar linkage mechanism.
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The appearance of people with the disorder is caused by a loss of bone in the mandible which the body replaces with excessive amounts of fibrous tissue. In most cases, the condition fades as the child grows, but in rare cases the condition continues to deform the affected person's face. Cherubism also causes premature loss of the primary teeth and lack of eruption of the permanent teeth. Cherubism is a rare autosomal dominant disease of the maxilla and mandible.
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Gigantopithecus mandible top-view Scale Gigantopithecus is considered to have been a herbivore. Carbon-13 isotope analysis suggests consumption of C3 plants—such as fruits, leaves, and other forest plants—and Gigantopithecus was likely a generalist feeder. The robust mandible of Gigantopithecus indicates it was capable of resisting high strains while chewing through tough or hard foods. However, the same mandibular anatomy is typically seen in modern apes which primarily eat soft leaves (folivores) or seeds (granivores).
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Inferior alveolar nerve is the most important anatomic structure during mandible reduction surgery and great care should be taken to avoid injury to this nerve. Potential complications include injury to the inferior alveolar nerve which provides permanent numbness and damage to the lower lip and even death. Another factor to consider is the mentalis muscle which elevates the lower lip and chin. During the surgery, the mentalis muscles should be carefully reattached after the mandible bone has been excised.
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Nest in Chiriqui Mountains, Panama The large cup nest, built by the female, is made of coarse plant material and lined with fine fibres. It is placed 0.4 to 4 m up in a dense shrub, grass tussock or pine. The clutch is two brown-speckled pale blue eggs, which are incubated by the female alone for 12–14 days to hatching. The slaty flowerpiercer has an upturned bill with a hooked upper mandible and pointed lower mandible.
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Head and neck anatomy An oral torus is a lesion made of compact bone and occurs along the palate or the mandible inside the mouth. The palatal torus or torus palatinus occurs along the palate, close to the midline, whereas the mandibular torus or torus mandibularis occur along the lingual side of the mandible. Occurrences of tori are more frequent in women than in men. Tori are associated with adulthood and rarely appear before the age of 15.
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Aethesia is an extinct skink (family Scincidae) possibly related to the extant genus Tiliqua, blue-tongued skinks. It is known from the Wellington Caves of New South Wales in Australia. The holotype is the anterior portion of the left mandible, from the symphysis to the splenial bone and containing portions of the coronoid. Teeth number 9 to 15 are intact, with the eighth being a partial tooth and none of the other remaining past the mandible.
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The traumatic bone cyst, also referred to as a simple bone cyst or hemorrhagic cyst, is a pseudocyst that most commonly affects the mandible of young individuals. It is a benign empty or fluid- containing cavity within the mandible body that does not have evidence of a true epithelial lining. This type of bone cyst is a condition found in the long bones and jaws. There is no definitive cause, though it relates to trauma in the oral region.
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Myanmyrma has very long mandibles that near the same length as the head. Each mandible has only two large teeth, one blunt subapical, one sharp apical and the right mandible is notably longer than the left. The clypeus is modified with two large lobes, one on each genal margin and having about fourteen denticles. Occeli are not detectable on the holotype, but the presence of them was not ruled out due to the position of the specimen.
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The medial aspect is made up of the pharynx. Anteriorly it is bordered by the pterygomandibular raphe. Posteriorly it is bordered by carotid sheath posteriolaterally and the retropharyngeal space posteriomedially. The lateral aspect is more involved, and is bordered by the ramus of the mandible, the deep lobe of the parotid gland, the medial pterygoid muscle, and below the level of the mandible, the lateral aspect is bordered by the fascia of the posterior belly of digastric muscle.
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The number of teeth on the mandible is used to differentiate between species; in S. clarias, there are about 6 to 9 teeth on the mandible. The color of the fish is grey to green on the back, white on the underside. The fins are greyish white and the tail is often tipped with red. Juveniles may have small dark marbling patterns on the body and round dark spots on the ventral, anal, and caudal fins.
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The large bill has a red upper mandible and black lower mandible. The legs and feet are dark grey. Some birds may have greyish heads, causing confusion with mangrove kingfisher. However, the lores are dark, creating a dark stripe through the eye (the stripe does not extend through the eye in mangrove kingfisher), and the underwing, primaries and secondaries are black with white underwing coverts (there is a black carpal patch on the white coverts in mangrove kingfisher).
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The rectrices are green-gray in color, and have bright green edges. The undertail is very pale. The throat, breast, and belly are off-white or grayish-white in color, with a greenish tinge to the flank and sides of the breast. The upper mandible of the beak varies in color from black to blackish brown or a dusky gray, with the mandible being pale to blue-gray in color with a dark tip and paler base.
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However, these characteristics have been observed in various non- amniote tetrapods, so they do not signify its status as an amniote. The lower jaw retained a few plesiomorphic characteristics. For example, the inner edge of the mandible possessed three coronoid bones. The mandible also retained at least one large hole along its inner edge known as a meckelian fenestra, although this feature was only confirmed during a 2005 re-investigation of one of the Cutler Formation specimens.
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Granivorous (seed-eating) birds, for example, have ridges in their tomia, which help the bird to slice through a seed's outer hull. Most falcons have a sharp projection along the upper mandible, with a corresponding notch on the lower mandible. They use this "tooth" to sever their prey's vertebrae fatally or to rip insects apart. Some kites, principally those that prey on insects or lizards, also have one or more of these sharp projections, as do the shrikes.
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Contraction of the lateral pterygoid acts to pull the disc and condyle forward within the glenoid fossa and down the articular eminence; thus, action of this muscle serves to protrude the jaw, it with assistance of gravity and the digastricus muscle also opens the jaw. The other three muscles close the mouth; the masseter and the medial pterygoid by pulling up the angle of the mandible and the temporalis by pulling up on the coronoid process of the mandible.
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Sarcolestes was first named in 1893 by Richard Lydekker, and its type species was designated as S. leedsi. The specific name was to honour Alfred Nicholson Leeds, the discoverer of the specimen, and many others like it. The holotype and only specimen, is a partial left mandible and fused scute that was damaged during excavation. The jaw preserved one entire tooth and two crown tips in its alveolus, with the missing bone in the central section of the mandible.
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The head is brown streaked with gray and dark brown; the supercilium is buff, and there is a thin, dark brown submoustachial stripe. The bill is brownish gray, with darker upper mandible and pale bluish gray tomial edge and lower mandible. The iris is dark brown. The chin, throat and breast are pale gray or brownish gray; the belly is whitish; and there are a few well-defined dark brown or black streaks on the lower flanks.
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The orbital skin is grey. Although their common name derives from the white wing panels visible in flight, its facial markings are also distinctive. There are thin, pale lines "across the face, from the base of upper mandible curving above and behind eye, and from lower mandible below eye and curving across sides of head." Subspecies albipennis, found mostly in WA, has large white patches on its wings while subspecies boothi, found in the NT, has smaller patches.
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Mandible fracture causes vary by the time period and the region studied. In North America, blunt force trauma (a punch) is the leading cause of mandible fracture whereas in India, motor vehicle collisions are now a leading cause. On battle grounds, it is more likely to be high velocity injuries (bullets and shrapnel). Prior to the routine use of seat belts, airbags and modern safety measures, motor vehicle collisions were a leading cause of facial trauma.
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Illustration by Frederick William Frohawk The Maui parrotbill is one of the larger Hawaiian honeycreepers, measuring and with a mass of . The bird is yellow on the breast, cheeks, and belly, olive-green on the wings, crown, tail, and back, and has a bright yellow supercilium. The upper mandible of the bird's beak is hooked and dark gray, while the lower mandible is chisel-like and pale ivory. Males are longer-winged, larger-billed, and heavier than females.
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There is a study published by Michael Coquerelle, et al. that targets the study of the mandibular symphysis in the fetal and infant growth of chimpanzees. The mandibular symphysis consists of the external portion of the mandible, and the symphysis refers to the line seen between the two bones found in the middle of the mandible that appear during the fetal and infant stages. In the fetal chimpanzees, the study showed that the mandibular symphysis is "anteriorly inclined".
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One specimen, the type, has been taken in western Kenya. In appearance Jackson's pipit suggests a dark African pipit. It averages about long. The bill is dark with a pink lower mandible.
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This jaw fragment was discovered in 1979, and has some characteristics in common with previous mandible finds. Its connection with Meganthropus appears to be the most tenuous out of the mandibular discoveries.
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The high coronoid process on the mandible suggest the chewing musculatures was more developed than in later pantodonts. The postcranium was robust, and, judging from a single massive humerus, adapted for digging.
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Cromptodon is an extinct genus of cynodonts from the Triassic of Cerro Bayo de Portrerillos, Cerro de las Cabras Formation, Argentina, South America. It is known only from PVL 3858, a mandible.
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This type of construction bite involves significant changes in the vertical dimension. Thus mandible is only brought forward by 2-3mm but vertically the bite is opened by at least 7-8mm.
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But the second maxilliped has segments arranged in usual serial manner; bearing exopod; endopod 4-segmented. Mandible usually with incisor and molar processes and palp. Second maxilla with palp; endite well developed.
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The maxilla is the second most common location after the paranasal sinuses, while the mandible and temporal bone are infrequently affected. This tumor does not frequently extracranial sites nor soft tissues sites.
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Males have a brown-black maxilla and white mandible and females have entirely black bills. Immatures are similar in appearance to adults, but are brownish underneath and lack the white wing spot.
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The female has a dark grey back, head and breast, red belly and only partially orange bill, most of the upper mandible being black. The call is a nasal uk uk uk.
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The mandibular prominence is an embryological structure which gives rise to the lower portion of the face. The mandible and lower lip derive from it.chapter23 It is innervated by the mandibular nerve.
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About six pieces of burned bones and ten pieces of unburned bones was recovered in this site. Most of them were deer mandible and there were fragments of mussel shells that were found.
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Some plesiosaur fossils show pathologies, the result of illness or old age. In 2012, a mandible of Pliosaurus was described with a jaw joint clearly afflicted by arthritis, a typical sign of senescence.
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They have consistently rufous outer wings and a short erectile crest, but the remaining plumage hues and markings are individually and geographically variable. It has a straight lower, and longish, curved upper mandible.
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The mandible of Sphenovipera jimmysjoyi has several characteristics indicative of venom delivery. This includes large curved fangs with grooves seen in other animals that use low-pressure venom delivery, such as colubrid snakes.
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Bisphosphonates are associated with osteonecrosis of the mandible. Prolonged, repeated exposure to high pressures (as experienced by commercial and military divers) has been linked to AVN, though the relationship is not well understood.
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She is streaked with brown on the face, crown, upperparts, throat, breast and flanks, and shows two indistinct buffy wingbars on her brown wings. Her beak is two-toned; the upper mandible ranges in color from dusky brown to black, while the lower mandible is dull orange or dull pink. The immature male is intermediate between the adult male and the adult female. While he shows blackish on his face and throat, he is more streaked below than is the adult male.
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The Norton family of Krugersdorp, South Africa, with Gladys (center) after whom Gladysvale Cave is named Gladysvale is the first cave that Robert Broom visited in the Transvaal in his mid-1930s search for a hominid-bearing cave nearer to Johannesburg than Taung. He visited Gladysvale after a butterfly collector from the Transvaal Museum reported a "human mandible" in the wall of the cave. When Broom arrived at the cave the mandible was gone. Sterkfontein soon lured Broom away from the site.
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The sapphire-spangled emerald (Chionomesa lactea) is a species of hummingbird that occurs in Venezuela, Peru, Bolivia and Brazil from the Amazon south to Santa Catarina; there are uncertain records from east Ecuador. Both male and female have a bright "sapphire" blue chest and chin and green-blue abdomen with a well-delineated white stripe. The bill is almost straight with a black upper mandible and pink lower mandible. The emerald is found in forest edges, mountainous regions and gardens in urban areas.
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The maxillary artery, the larger of the two terminal branches of the external carotid artery, arises behind the neck of the mandible, and is at first imbedded in the substance of the parotid gland; it passes forward between the ramus of the mandible and the sphenomandibular ligament, and then runs, either superficial or deep to the lateral pterygoid muscle, to the pterygopalatine fossa. It supplies the deep structures of the face, and may be divided into mandibular, pterygoid, and pterygopalatine portions.
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Mandible All known specimens of Alcione were uncovered in a 3-year dig that unearthed about 200 pterosaur specimens. The type specimen, FSAC-OB 2, consists of a partial skeleton that preserves various elements, including the femur, humerus, scapulocoracoid, and sternum. Referred specimens include FSAC-OB 217, which consists of metacarpal IV, FSAC-OB 156, a mandible, and the more complete FSAC-OB 4. This specimen consists of the humerus, radius, ulna, a partial metacarpal IV, phalanx IV-1, scapulocoracoids, and synsacra.
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The genus Eurhinosaurus was erected in 1909 in a paper describing the Miocene cetacean Euhinodelphis cocheteuxi. Abel noted that it was not certain whether the cetacean's mandible extended to the tip of the snout or whether it was abbreviated, which was like the case in Ichthyosaurus longirostris in 1851. He considered that the weak, attenuated mandible and some other distinguishing features of Ichthyosaurus longirostris and decided to erect a separate genus and names as Eurhinosaurus. The type species by monotype, was Eurhinosaurus longirostris.
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This mandible and ramus was acquired by Sartono in 1993, and has been dated to between 1.4 and 0.9 million years ago. The ramus portion is badly damaged, but the mandible fragment appears relatively unharmed, although details of the teeth have been lost. It is slightly smaller than Meganthropus A and very similar in shape. Sartono, Tyler, and Krantz agreed that Meganthropus A and D were very likely to be representations of the same species, whatever it turns out to be.
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Although the genus of the Penghu 1 has been widely accepted, there is much discussion on the potential species of the specimen. The Penghu 1 mandible has been described as most similar to Hexian fossils of Homo erectus. Both Penghu 1 and the Hexian mandible share similar crown size, mandibular prominence, and general robustness. As a result of these similarities and their late presence in Eastern Asia, the authors of "The first Archaic Homo of Taiwan" proposed several models for their existence.
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The only G. elginensis specimen is a natural mold of a nearly complete skull and mandible, associated left humerus, and an isolated metapodial or proximal phalanx. The G. locusticeps holotype is a skull lacking the tip of premaxilla, right quadrate, left temporal arch, and mandible. Two occurrences of this species exist in the fossil record. Analyses of G. elginensis and G. locusticeps indicate affinities to each other, but each also shares many characteristics with other taxa, including Pelanomodon, Oudenodon, and Ptychognathus (Lystrosaurus).
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The Asian openbill or Asian openbill stork (Anastomus oscitans) is a large wading bird in the stork family Ciconiidae. This distinctive stork is found mainly in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. It is greyish or white with glossy black wings and tail and the adults have a gap between the arched upper mandible and recurved lower mandible. Young birds are born without this gap which is thought to be an adaptation that aids in the handling of snails, their main prey.
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This space may be created by pathology, such as the spread of pus in an infection. Odontogenic infection of the mandibular anterior teeth may erode through the lingual cortical plate of the mandible. If the level at which the infection breaks out of the mandible is below the attachment of the mylohyoid, then it will spread into the submental space. However, it is more usual for odontogenic infections to spread into the submental space via first involving the submandibular space.
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40 In the mandible, the mental foramen, an opening in the mandible just before the first molar, opens to the outside, not upwards as in a few other oryzomyines.Weksler, 2006, p. 41, table 5 The upper and lower masseteric ridges, which anchor some of the chewing muscles, join at a point below the first molar and do not extend forward beyond that point. There is no capsular process of the lower incisor, a trait Mindomys shares with only a few other oryzomyines.
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The auditory bullae, which house the inner ear, are large. Usually, the mastoid bone lacks openings (fenestrae), which are present in T. talamancae. The pattern of the arteries in the head is primitive, as indicated by the condition of various foramina (openings) and grooves in the skull. Mandible (lower jaw) of Transandinomys bolivaris from Cerro Azul, PanamaGoldman, 1918, plate V The mandible (lower jaw) looks chunky and has a long condyloid process at its back; that of T. talamancae is more slender.
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Measuring the culmen The upper margin of the beak or bill is referred to as the culmen and the measurement is taken using calipers with one jaw at the tip of the upper mandible and the other at base of the skull or the first feathers depending on the standard chosen. In the case of birds of prey where the tip of the mandible may form a long festoon, the length of the festoon may be measured separately as well. In birds of prey the measurement is usually from the bill tip to the ceres. In some birds the distance between the back of the skull and the tip of the beak may be more suitable and less prone to variation resulting from the difficulty of interpreting the feathered base of the mandible.
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A median mandibular cyst is a type of cyst that occurs in the midline of the mandible, thought to be created by proliferation and cystic degeneration of resting epithelial tissue that is left trapped within the substance of the bone during embryologic fusion of the two halves of the mandible, along the plane of fusion later termed the symphysis menti. A true median mandibular cyst would therefore be classified as a non-odontogenic, fissural cyst. The existence of this lesion as a unique clinical entity is controversial, and some reported cases may have represented misdiagnosed odontogenic cysts, which are by far the most common type of intrabony cyst occurring in the jaws. It has also been suggested that the mandible develops as a bilobed proliferation of mesenchyme connected with a central isthmus.
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As stated, the position of maximal closure in the presence of teeth is referred to as maximum intercuspidation, and the vertical jaw relationship in this position is referred to as the vertical dimension of occlusion. With the loss of teeth, there is a decrease in this vertical dimension, as the mouth is allowed to overclose when there are no teeth present to block further upward movement of the mandible towards the maxilla. This may contribute, as explained above, to a sunken-in appearance of the cheeks, because there is now "too much" cheek than is needed to extend from the maxilla to the mandible when in an overclosed position. If this situation is left untreated for many years, the muscles and tendons of the mandible and the TMJ may manifest with altered tone and elasticity.
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The patient is asked to relax the muscles of the mandible, and the measurement for RVD is taken with a WIllis gauge from a point on the chin and a point underneath the nose.
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Individuals with condylar hypoplasia may present with small mandible, symmetry in lower jaw and increased overjet. Depending on the presence or absence of the condyle, an individual may have limited opening of the mouth.
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Prey selection also varies between species as head and mandible size dictate maximum prey size.Swift, M.C. and A.Y. Fedorenko. (1975). Some aspects of prey capture by Chaoborus larvae. Limnology and Oceanography 20:418-425. .
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The submandibular fovea (or submandibular fossa or submaxillary fovea) is an impression on the medial side of the body of the mandible below the mylohyoid line. It is the location for the submandibular gland.
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The beak is orange and the legs are grey. The irises are red except in E. b. bernsteini, which has brown irises. There is no bare skin at the base of the lower mandible.
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Ornamentation varies across the skeleton, with the distinct pustules found in many other plagiosaurids found on the pectoral elements, more typical temnospondyl ridging on the mandible, and more irregular large tubercles on the skull.
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From here, the surgeon can smoothly slide the mandible into its new position. Stabilization screws are used to support the jaw until the healing process is done.Dr. Charles A. Loschiavo. Personal. 2 April 2009.
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It consists of a partial left mandible with teeth. The lower jaw bone fragment is, lacking the tip, six centimetres long. The teeth are eroded. It is the only specimen known of the species.
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It is very similar in appearance to the less widespread sulphur-bellied flycatcher. The streaked flycatcher has a heavier bill, lighter yellow belly, pink basal half of the lower mandible and creamy (not white) superciliary.
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Alternatively, if the former is not possible, consideration should be given to whether roots of teeth can be retained in strategic locations in the maxilla or mandible to help with the stability of the prostheses.
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Articular disc and condyle complex slide inferiorly on the articular eminences, allowing maximum depression of the mandible. Maximal Mandibular Opening (T). Condylar heads are said to be at a maximum anterior- inferior position. Maximum Protrusion.
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The bill is long, slightly decurved, and hooked at the tip. The upper mandible is dark grey, while the lower mainly is pale greyish-horn. The normal call is a loud chev-re chev-re.
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The tumor may spread locally to soft palate and pillars, base of tongue, pharyngeal wall and hypopharynx. It may invade pterygoid muscles and mandible, resulting in pain and trismus. Parapharyngeal space may also get invaded.
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The long, robust bill is yellowish-green, the upper mandible being darker than the lower, and the legs and feet are yellowish-green. Juveniles resemble adults, but the sides of their necks are less olive.
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Mandible of A. moruorotensis Afrotragulus is an extinct genus of tragulid ruminant which existed in Kenya during the early Miocene period. It contains the species Afrotragulus moruorotensis and Afrotragulus parvus, formerly classified in genus Dorcatherium.
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A part of the jugal is expanded, forming a shelf projecting almost across the tooth row vertically, perhaps protecting the teeth. The mandibles have no teeth preserved, and only one dental alveolus, right at the posterior end of the dentary bone. It is estimated that the whole mandible was about 135-140 mm long. A ridge extends along the external side of the mandible, which may have been for the attachment of soft cheek tissue to prevent plant matter escaping while being chewed as in Notosuchus.
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Fibres at the back of the muscle cross the mandible, some being inserted into the bone below the oblique line, others into the skin and subcutaneous tissue of the lower part of the face. Many of these fibers blend with the muscles about the angle and lower part of the mouth. Sometimes fibers can be traced to the zygomaticus, or to the margin of the orbicularis oris. Beneath the platysma, the external jugular vein descends from the angle of the mandible to the clavicle.
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Pakicetid ears had an external auditory meatus and ear ossicles (i.e. incus, malleus, tympanic ring, etcetera) similar to those in living land mammals and most likely used normal land mammal hearing in air. In the pakicetid mandible, the mandibular foramen is small and comparable in size to those of extant land mammals and the acoustic mandibular fat pad characteristic of later whales was obviously not present. The lateral wall of the mandible is also relatively thick in pakicetids, further preventing sound transmission through the jaw.
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The belly and breast of the bird are dull brown with elongated spots that are tawny in color and outlined in dark brown. The spots are largest on the breast, becoming smaller and less visible approaching the vent, while they fade into spreaking on the flanks. The undertail coverts are also dull brown with a faint spots. The upper mandible of the bird's beak is black or dark brown, while the lower mandible varies between greyish-pink to horn-colored, and occasionally has a darker tip.
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The African hill babbler is an arboreal robin-like forest bird with a thin bill, bright reddish brown back and a contrasting grey head and nape. The grey underparts are faintly marked with white streaks and the belly is paler than the breast. There is a yellowish tinge to the feathers on the flanks and the thighs The brown eyes turn red, probably when the birds are breeding. The bill has a black upper mandible, a paler lower mandible and the legs are greyish blue.
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In this paper the authors rename Marsh's Limnocyon protenus as Didymictis protenus and include it among the myacids Wortman had even erected a subfamily of Limnocyoninae within the oxyaenids. Van Valen nests the same subfamily (including Oxyaenodon) within Hyaenodontidae. Gunnell is agnostic whether Limnocyonidae is a group within Hyaenodontidae (although a sister group to the rest of hyaenodontids) or entirely separate. Sinopa fossils: (1) Right upper cheek teeth, P2-M2; (2) Left ramus of mandible (p2-m2); (3) Right ramus of mandible (c-m2).
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Tam Pa Ling (Cave of the Monkeys) is a cave in the Annamite Mountains in north-eastern Laos. It is situated at the top of Pa Hang Mountain, above sea level. Three hominin fossils have been discovered in the cave: TPL1, a skull belonging to an anatomically modern human; TPL2, a mandible with both modern and archaic traits; and TPL3, a partial mandible with both modern and archaic traits. The three fossils represent three separate individuals and date from around 70,000 to 46,000 years old.
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The sphenomandibular ligament (internal lateral ligament) is a flat, thin band which is attached superiorly to the spina angularis (spine) of the sphenoid bone, and, becoming broader as it descends, is fixed to the lingula of the mandibular foramen. The function of the sphenomandibular ligament is to limit distension of the mandible in an inferior direction. It is slack when the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is in closed position. It is taut as the condyle of the mandible is in front of the temporomandibular ligament.
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Some of this material has been assigned to Hynerpeton, but in many cases, these assignments were reverted. For example, paleontologist Jenny Clack referred several addition fossils to the genus in her 1997 review of Devonian trackways. These fossils, which had not been previously noted in the scientific literature, included a jugal (cheek bone), belly scutes, and a portion of the mandible (lower jaw). In 2000, Daeschler described the mandible (ANSP 20901) in more depth, and compared and contrasted it with the remains of Densignathus.
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At the bird park in Taman Mini Indonesia Indah An adult Moluccan king parrot measures 35–40 cm (14 in) in length and has a red head and chest, outer wings dull green (except in subspecies A. a. hypophonius, which are blue), mantle, lesser wing coverts and tail-coverts dark purple- blue. Tail darker blackish blue, irises orange, and the legs are dark grey. The lower mandible is blackish, and the upper mandible is orange-red with a blackish tip, except in the subspecies A. a.
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Graecopithecus tooth (Azmaka, Bulgaria) The original Graecopithecus specimen mandible was found in 1944, "reportedly unearthed as the occupying German forces were building a wartime bunker". The mandible with a third molar that is very worn, the root of a second molar, and a fragment of a premolar is from a site called Pyrgos Vassilissis, northwest of Athens and is dated from the late Miocene. Excavation of the site is not possible (as of 1986) due to the owner having built a swimming pool on the location.
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A buccal exostosis is an exostosis (bone prominence) on the buccal surface (cheek side) of the alveolar ridge of the maxilla or mandible. More commonly seen in the maxilla than the mandible, buccal exostoses are considered to be site specific. Existing as asymptomatic bony nodules, buccal exostoses don’t usually present until adult life, and some consider buccal exostoses to be a variation of normal anatomy rather than disease. Bone is thought to become hyperplastic, consisting of mature cortical and trabecular bone with a smooth outer surface.
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The jaw jerk reflex or the masseter reflex is a stretch reflex used to test the status of a patient's trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V) and to help distinguish an upper cervical cord compression from lesions that are above the foramen magnum. The mandible—or lower jaw—is tapped at a downward angle just below the lips at the chin while the mouth is held slightly open. In response, the masseter muscles will jerk the mandible upwards. Normally this reflex is absent or very slight.
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The number of teeth on the mandible is used to differentiate between species; in S. grandiops, there are 17-26 teeth on the mandible, arranged in a single row. Some of the species of Synodontis have an opening or series of openings called the axillary pore. It is located on the side of the body below the humeral process and before the pectoral fin spine. The exact function of the port is not known to scientists, although its presence has been observed in seven other catfish genera.
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The number of teeth on the mandible is used to differentiate between species; in S. dhonti, there are 22 teeth on the mandible, arranged in a single row. Some of the species of Synodontis have an opening or series of openings called the axillary pore. It is located on the side of the body below the humeral process and before the pectoral fin spine. The exact function of the port is not known to scientists, although its presence has been observed in seven other catfish genera.
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They have compound eyes consisting of a small number of ommatidia and three ocelli or simple eyes on the head. Asymmetric mouthparts of Heliothrips Thrips have asymmetrical mouthparts unique to the group. Unlike the Hemiptera (true bugs), the right mandible of thrips is reduced and vestigial – and in some species completely absent. The left mandible is used briefly to cut into the food plant; saliva is injected and the maxillary stylets, which form a tube, are then inserted and the semi-digested food pumped from ruptured cells.
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Measuring in length, the chestnut-breasted malkoha has a large, curved, pale yellow upper mandible and darker red or black lower mandible, and a bare red patch of rough skin around the eye. The head is grey and wings are dark green fading to blue with age. Its underparts and rump are chestnut, and feet are dark grey. Little sexual dimorphism is seen, as the male and female are similar in plumage, although the male has a pale blue iris and the female yellow.
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The temporomandibular joints are the dual articulation of the mandible with the skull. Each TMJ is classed as a "ginglymoarthrodial" joint since it is both a ginglymus (hinging joint) and an arthrodial (sliding) joint, and involves the condylar process of the mandible below, and the articular fossa (or glenoid fossa) of the temporal bone above. Between these articular surfaces is the articular disc (or meniscus), which is a biconcave, transversely oval disc composed of dense fibrous connective tissue. Each TMJ is covered by a fibrous capsule.
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Cylindroleberididae is a family of ostracods that shows remarkable morphological diversity. The defining feature is the possession of gills: 7–8 leaf-like pairs at the posterior of the body. Other features common to all species in the family include a "baleen-comb" on both the maxilla and the fifth limb, a sword-shaped coxal endite on the mandible, and the triaenid bristles on the basal endites of the mandible. Species of the Cylindroleberididae are found in marine areas, from shallow waters to depths of more than .
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Once freed, the mandible was unmistakably the jaw of a primate and importantly, it preserved a complete row of teeth with little sign of wear. The lack of wear suggested that the primate would have been young, about 20–24 years old, though its classification was as of yet unknown. After they returned to Tbilisi, the mandible was studied in detail by Vekua, Lordkipanidze and archaeologist Leo Gabunia. It was quickly determined to represent a hominid, though its precise position within the family was unclear.
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The Indian skimmer or Indian scissors-bill (Rynchops albicollis) is one of the three species that belong to the skimmer genus Rynchops in the family Laridae. They are somewhat tern-like but like other skimmers, have a short upper mandible and the longer lower mandible that is ploughed along the surface of water as the bird flies over the water to pick aquatic prey. It is found in southern Asia, where it is patchily distributed and declining in numbers. They are mainly found in rivers or estuaries.
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Odontolabis gazella can reach a length of about in females and of about in males. The basic colour is dark brown. The large mandible of males are used to wrestle each other for mating or food.
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Pactolinus gigas has a black body, flat and ovoid. Elytra are shortened and antennae are elbowed with clubbed ends. The mandible mouthpart is well developed. These beetles feed on dung beetle larvae of the genus Ontophagus.
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The articular capsule (capsular ligament) is a thin, loose envelope, attached above to the circumference of the mandibular fossa and the articular tubercle immediately in front; below, to the neck of the condyle of the mandible.
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All birds have a brownish-black beak with a paler base to the lower mandible, brown irises and black legs and feet. Adult length is around with a wing length of and a tarsus length of .
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The beak is black, and in winter the lower mandible is sometimes pale. The feet are pale pink, and the eyes are reddish brown. The juvenile bird has a brownish breast and does not have spots.
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Replica of Dmanisi Skull 3 (D2700) and its associated mandible (D2735) In 2002, Vekua and colleagues described Skull 3 (D2700), including its associated mandible (D2735). Through comparisons with other hominin fossils from around Lake Turkana in Kenya, it was determined that the skull shared a number of particular anatomical features with the skulls of H. ergaster/H. erectus, such as the shape of the squamous part of temporal bone, the zygomatic (cheekbone) root being very thick and there being keeling along the sagittal midline. This means that despite the cranium of Skull 3 being exceptionally small (with its cranial capacity of 600 cc being near the mean of H. habilis), and its face closely resembling that of KNM ER 1813 (a specimen of H. habilis), especially in profile, Skull 3 looks more like a small H. erectus than a H. habilis. Despite some differences, D2700 was deemed to overall be similar to Skulls 1 and 2, with its mandible resembling the D211 mandible and Vekua and colleagues viewed all fossils as belonging to one and the same taxon, not seeing sufficient ground for assigning them to multiple species.
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The facial artery arises in the carotid triangle from the external carotid artery a little above the lingual artery and, sheltered by the ramus of the mandible, passes obliquely up beneath the digastric and stylohyoid muscles, over which it arches to enter a groove on the posterior surface of the submandibular gland. It then curves upward over the body of the mandible at the antero-inferior angle of the masseter; passes forward and upward across the cheek to the angle of the mouth, then ascends along the side of the nose, and ends at the medial commissure of the eye, under the name of the angular artery. The facial artery is remarkably tortuous. This is to accommodate itself to neck movements such as those of the pharynx in deglutition; and facial movements such as those of the mandible, lips, and cheeks.
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Lower toothrow in the mandible: second and third molar, with the first molar missingRay, 1962, plate XIV The only remains of Megalomys audreyae that have been described in the literature are the original two specimens Gregory found, a left upper incisor and a left mandible (lower jaw). The upper incisor is not grooved and its diameter has a length of 2.6 mm and width of 1.5 mm, but exhibits no other significant characters.Ray, 1962, p. 93, table 7 The mandible, which is severely damaged and lacks the condyloid, coronoid, and angular processes at the back of the bone, contains the second and third molar and part of the lower incisor, but the first molar is missing.Ray, 1962, p. 93 The capsular process of the lower incisor, a slight raising of the mandibular bone at the back end of the incisor, is small.
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Odontolabis dalmani can reach a length of about . The basic colour is dark brown, with a fine pubescence. The large mandible of males are used to wrestle each other for mating or food. These beetles are nocturnal.
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Edward Francis Mandible (11 May 1885 – April 1936) was an Australia national representative rugby union fly-half and one of the pioneers who broke away from that code to take up rugby league in Sydney in 1910.
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The complete mandible is estimated to have measured around long. The temnospondyl, dated to the Triassic period, was given the name Bulgosuchus gargantua. It is only known from Long Reef. The original Triassic vegetation is oligotrophic forest.
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Adult males measure and adult females in snout–vent length. The snout is prominent, projecting far beyond the anterior limit of the mandible. Its tip is often slightly uptilted. The head is wider than it is long.
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Piras, P., Malorino, L., Teresi, L., Meloro, C., Lucci, F., Kotsakis, T., & Raia, P. 2013. Bite of the cats: relationships between functional integration and mechanical performance as revealed by mandible geometry. Systematic Biology, Vol. 62, Issue 6.
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The avicularium (pl. avicularia) in cheilostome bryozoans is a modified, non- feeding zooid. The operculum, which normally closes the orifice when the zooids tentacles are retracted, has been modified to become a mandible. Strong muscles operate it.
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While mandible fractures have similar complication rates whether treated immediately or days later, older fractures are believed to have higher non-union and infection rates although the data on this makes it difficult to draw firm conclusions.
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A male will weigh on average around and is larger than a typical female of . The signature feature of the species is its huge, bulbous bill, which is straw-coloured with erratic greyish markings. The exposed culmen (or the measurement along the top of the upper mandible) is , the third longest bill among extant birds after pelicans and large storks, and can outrival the pelicans in bill circumference, especially if the bill is considered as the hard, bony keratin portion. As in the pelicans, the upper mandible is strongly keeled, ending in a sharp nail.
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During the summer, its chin and throat were blackish-brown and the inside of the mouth was yellow. In winter, the throat became white. Some individuals reportedly had grey plumage on their flanks, but the purpose, seasonal duration, and frequency of this variation is unknown. The bill was large at long and curved downward at the top; the bill also had deep white grooves in both the upper and lower mandibles, up to seven on the upper mandible and twelve on the lower mandible in summer, although there were fewer in winter.
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The amber is suggested to have formed in a tropical environment around 5° north latitude and the resin to have been produced by either an Araucariaceae or Cupressaceae species tree. The mandibles of Haidomyrmecini genera are unique among ants in having a movement along the vertical plane. All other species with a trap-jaw type mandible structure show movement along the horizontal plane. Barden and Grimaldi suggest that the mandibles may have been capable of opening up to between 140° and 180°, if 0° is a closed position with the mandible tips near the clypeus.
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Both the quadrate and the corresponding facet on the mandible are very large and strongly built. The numerous teeth of Acerosodontosaurus are conical, sharply pointed, and somewhat recurved. They are slightly longer towards the front of the skull, but otherwise are similar in size and shape throughout the skull and jaw, in contrast to the condition in earlier diapsids like Petrolacosaurus. Currie (1980) estimated that 37 teeth were present in the maxilla and 32 were in the preserved portion of the mandible, based on both preserved teeth and empty tooth sockets.
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Report of Investigations, University of Texas Bureau of Economic Geology 48: 1–75. is another extinct Late Pleistocene coyote that once inhabited what is now Texas. Slaughter described it as being wolf-like and was distinguished from other coyotes by a well-developed posterior cusp on its p2 (the second premolar on its mandible), a longer tooth row relative to the depth of its mandible, a reduced distance between premolars, and a more vertical descending ramus. The cusp dentition was also found in two specimens from Mexico and one from Honduras.
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A sudden thickening in the middle-left side of the vomer may indicate the location of the nose plug muscles. Each mandible in the lower jaw was higher than it was wide, with a larger gap in between the two than in the modern sperm whale. The mandibular symphysis which connects the two halves of the mandibles in the middle of the lower jaw was unfused. The condyloid process, which connects the lower jaw to the skull, was located near the bottom of the mandible like other sperm whales.
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The general characterizing feature of the dental morphology of humans are the lack of facial prognathism, a parabola- shaped mandible and maxilla, and molars that are the same size as the front teeth. Humans also have small crowns in relation to body mass and tend to show a reduction in cusp and root number. The reduction in the dental arcade was accompanied by molars moving posteriorly and axial inclination of the molar roots. Evolution of the mandible has also been hypothesized to provide the necessary physiology required for speech.
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In the end, The Fiend applied The Mandible Claw, and as Bryan tried to escape, The Fiend picked him up and performed a chokeslam while still applying the Mandible Claw to win the match and retain the title. Following the match, medical personnel tended to Bryan. In the penultimate match, Becky Lynch defended the Raw Women's Championship against Asuka (accompanied by Kairi Sane). In the climax, as Asuka attempted to spit green mist in Lynch's face, Lynch kicked Asuka, causing her to spit the mist in the air and into her own face.
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The mandible is then reattached, again with wax, according to the alignment of teeth, or, if no teeth are present, by averaging the vertical dimensions between the mandible and maxilla. Undercuts (like the nasal openings) are filled in with modeling clay and prosthetic eyes are inserted into the orbits centered between the superior and inferior orbital rims. At this point, a plaster cast of the skull is prepared. Extensive detail of the preparation of such a cast is presented in the article from which these methods are presented.
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The number of teeth on the mandible is used to differentiate between species; in S. ilebrevis, there are 50 to 66 teeth on the mandible, arranged in eight short rows. Some of the species of Synodontis have an opening or series of openings called the axillary pore. It is located on the sides of the body below the humeral process and before the pectoral fin spine. The exact function of the port is not known to scientists, although its presence has been observed in seven other catfish genera.
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Berlepsch's tinamou is a medium- sized bird, about , with the male weighing and the female weighing . The plumage of this bird varies somewhat; however there are some features that can be quantified, such as, in general the color is a brownish black to a deep sooty brown. Also, the head and throat tend to be darker than the rest of the body, with a reddish tinge to its crown and nape. The legs and feet are pink and the bill has a dark upper mandible and a pinkish lower mandible.
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Christian entered at #22 and started battling Benoit and Angle. Foley and Orton numerously attacked each other, where Foley was about to perform a Mandible Claw on Orton until Nunzio entered at #23 and Foley turned his focus on Nunzio and performed a Mandible Claw on Nunzio, knocking him down. Orton attacked Foley and then retreated to the backstage. Angle battled Christian and Benoit in the ring while Nunzio sat in the ringside, instead of entering the ring. Big Show entered at #24 and began dominating the participants in the match.
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The number of teeth on the mandible is used to differentiate between species; in S. granulosus, there are 28 to 51 teeth on the mandible, arranged in a single row. Some of the species of Synodontis have an opening or series of openings called the axillary pore. It is located on the sides of the body below the humeral process and before the pectoral fin spine. The exact function of the port is not known to scientists, although its presence has been observed in seven other catfish genera.
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The number of teeth on the mandible is used to differentiate between species; in S. polli, there are 40 to 70 teeth on the mandible, arranged in a 6 to 8 rows. Some of the species of Synodontis have an opening or series of openings called the axillary pore. It is located on the sides of the body below the humeral process and before the pectoral fin spine. The exact function of the port is not known to scientists, although its presence has been observed in seven other catfish genera.
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The number of teeth on the mandible is used to differentiate between species; in S. melanostictus, there are 23 to 36 teeth on the mandible, arranged in a single row. Some of the species of Synodontis have an opening or series of openings called the axillary pore. It is located on the sides of the body below the humeral process and before the pectoral fin spine. The exact function of the port is not known to scientists, although its presence has been observed in seven other catfish genera.
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The number of teeth on the mandible is used to differentiate between species; in S. irsacae, there are 15 to 29 teeth on the mandible, arranged in a single row. Some of the species of Synodontis have an opening or series of openings called the axillary pore. It is located on the sides of the body below the humeral process and before the pectoral fin spine. The exact function of the port is not known to scientists, although its presence has been observed in seven other catfish genera.
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The number of teeth on the mandible is used to differentiate between species; in S. lucipinnis, there are 35 to 51 teeth on the mandible, arranged in six short rows. Some of the species of Synodontis have an opening or series of openings called the axillary pore. It is located on the sides of the body below the humeral process and before the pectoral fin spine. The exact function of the port is not known to scientists, although its presence has been observed in seven other catfish genera.
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The Muknal cave, part of the Naranjal subsystem, contained the remains of a 40 to 50-year-old man, the Muknal Grandfather (9,600 cal BP). Unlike the other two skeletons in the subsystem, the Muknal Grandfather shows evidence of secondary burial. Analysis of these skeletons suggests that Ox Bel Ha was likely used as an important site for ritual burial. Muknalia minima mandible A new genus and species of extinct peccary, Muknalia minima, was identified from a fossil mandible found in the Muknal cave of the Ox Bel Ha system.
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Prior to the following stages of the oral phase, the mandible depresses and the lips abduct to allow food or liquid to enter the oral cavity. Upon entering the oral cavity, the mandible elevates and the lips adduct to assist in oral containment of the food and liquid. The following stages describe the normal and necessary actions to form the bolus, which is defined as the state of the food in which it is ready to be swallowed. 1) Moistening Food is moistened by saliva from the salivary glands (parasympathetic).
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Bonwill-Triangle of the mandible He examined 4,000 mandibles of corpses and another 6,000 from living people and found that the distance between the condyles was four inches and the distance between each condyle and the contact point of the two lower central incisors, the incisal point of the mandible (lower jaw), corresponded. The latter is also called symphysis. These three points form an equilateral triangle, which does not change throughout life. Bonwill presented these findings in 1864 during a meeting of the Delaware Dental Society to the dental public.
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The number of teeth on the mandible is used to differentiate between species; in S. membranaceus, there are about 8 to 14 small teeth on the mandible. The color of the fish is silvery grey or whitish on the back and sides, with the lower parts and underside dark brown to black. The barbels are whitish, with a dark brown or black border on the membrane. Juveniles may have poorly defined dark blotches on the body and spots forming stripes on the fins that will fade with age.
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Management of mandible fractures has been mentioned as early as 1700 B.C. in the Edwin Smith Papyrus and later by Hippocrates in 460 B.C., "Displaced but incomplete fractures of the mandible where continuity of the bone is preserved should be reduced by pressing the lingual surface with the fingers...". Open reduction was described as early as 1869. Since the late 19th century, modern techniques including MMF (see above) have been described with titanium based rigid internal fixation becoming commonplace since the 1970s and biodegradable plates and screws being available since the 1980s.
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Overall the species is estimated to have been 15 millimetres (0.6 inches) long and has a forewing length of 13 millimetres (0.5 inches). A. mastax is distinguishable from the other species in Avitomyrmex by its smaller mandible size, being less than half the length of the head with eight teeth, and additionally the shape of the head capsule. The specimen also has large compound eyes. The specific epithet mastax is from the Greek "mastax" meaning "jaw" or "mandible", a reference to the small size of the mandibles compared to the other species of Avitomyrmex.
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In terms of jaw morphology, a full prenarial crest is a distinctive anatomical feature for Nicrosaurus kapffi. In both the upper and lower jaw, the dentition has five morphologically separated arrays of teeth: tip-of-snout set, premaxilla set, maxilla set, tip-of-mandible set, and dentary set. Moving posteriorly in all of these sets, except the tip-of-the- snout and tip-of-mandible sets, tooth morphology starts out relatively simple and undifferentiated and gradually changes, resulting in a morphocline. The upper dentition is considered to be tripartite.
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The upperparts are dark brown or grey with a blackish crown and two whitish wing bars. The throat and centre of the breast are whitish, the abdomen is pale yellow, and the sides of the flanks and breast are grey-brown. There are large variation in the overall darkness of the plumage, and especially the nominate subspecies from south-eastern Brazil and adjacent parts of Paraguay and Argentina can be very dark, almost approaching the blackish pewee in colour. The beak is short, with a black upper mandible and orange lower mandible.
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When the mandible is in this retruded position, it opens and closes on an arc of curvature around an imaginary axis drawn through the centre of the head of both condyles. This imaginary axis is termed the terminal hinge axis. The first tooth contact that occurs when the mandible closes in the terminal hinge axis position, is termed Retruded Contact Position (RCP). RCP can be reproduced within 0.08mm of accuracy due to the non-elastic TMJ capsule and restriction by the capsular ligaments, thus it can be considered a ‘border movement’ in Posselt’s envelope.
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The Tabon skull cap is considered the earliest skull cap of modern humans found in the Philippines, and is thought to have belonged to a young female. The Tabon mandible is the earliest evidence of human remains showing archaic characteristics of the mandible and teeth. The Tabon tibia fragment, a bone from the lower leg, was found during the re-excavation of the Tabon Cave complex by the National Museum of the Philippines. The bone was sent to the National Museum of Natural History in France to be studied.
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Its face, upper throat, and upper mantle are grey, and its back, upperwing, and tail are grey-black. It has a white rump and underparts with a black thumbmark on underwing and black narrow leading and trailing edges on the wing and black wing tips. Its bill is pale grey-green with a pale yellow upper ridge, and a bright yellow tip on the upper mandible, and a dark spot on the tip of the lower mandible. The juveniles have more extensive grey areas and a blue-grey bill with black tips on both mandibles.
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The oldest fossil tiger beetle yet found, Cretotetracha grandis, comes from the Yixian Formation in Inner Mongolia, China, and dates to the early Cretaceous Period, 125 million years ago. Most fossils found are grey or yellow silty mudstone. Traits that identify Cretotetracha as Cicindelinae include long mandibles shaped like sickles, simple teeth arranged along the mandible's inner surface, antennae that attach to the head between the base of the mandibles and the eye. The left mandible is approximately 3.3 mm and the right mandible is approximately 4.2mm long.
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Skull 3 was provisionally referred to Homo erectus (=ergaster). The researchers also briefly mentioned the D2600 mandible (at this point not yet described) as underscoring the fact that some of the hominin fossils found at Dmanisi departed from the typical morphology of H. erectus, but that Skull 3 could nevertheless be considered as an "extremely small-brained representative of this species".'''''' The D2600 mandible was also described in 2002 by Gabunia, Vekua and Lordkipanidze, together with French archaeologists and palaeoanthropologists Henry de Lumley and Marie-Antionette de Lumley.
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The two species are distinguished by the mandible features, with S. cornutus having longer mandibles that have only two teeth. S. cornutus has less continuous punctures on the pronotum and a much larger projection at the front edge.
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The teeth grow continually and need to be ground down to keep them sharp and functional. This is achieved by grinding the upper and lower teeth together by raising, lowering, and protruding the mandible in a cyclical movement.
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Trendelenburg was also interested in the surgical removal of pulmonary emboli. His student, Martin Kirschner, performed the first successful pulmonary embolectomy in 1924, shortly before Trendelenburg's death. He died in 1924 of cancer of the mandible, aged 80.
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Alcione was a small nyctosaurid pterosaur. Its limb proportions were relatively short compared to related pterosaurs. Its anatomy was relatively typical for the group. Its mandible was narrow and Y-shaped (from a dorsal view), and lacked teeth.
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Finally, when a jaw is malrotated around the vertical axis, it has abnormal yaw. It can occur in maxilla and/or mandible and could result due to abnormal growth of the jaws in itself or as compensatory growth.
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This lion coexisted with early humans and prehistoric fauna. A mandible from the early hominid Homo heidelbergensis was excavated in 1907 at Mauer, Germany.Schoetensack, O. (1908). Der Unterkiefer des Homo heidelbergensis aus den Sanden von Mauer bei Heidelberg.
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Considerable thickening of the cementum can often be observed. A periapical form is also recognized. Cementoma is not exclusive to the mandible as it can infrequently occur in other parts of the body such as the long bones.
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The bony segments are stabilized with titanium plates; no fixation (binding of the jaw) necessary. If advancement is indicated for the chin, there are inert products available to implant onto the mandible, utilizing titanium screws, bypassing bone cuts.
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It is 10.5 cm in length and has a distinct chestnut patch on its flanks. The bill base and lower mandible may be pinkish. Its underparts are whiter. The similar Japanese white-eye is pale brown on its flanks.
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"Breastfeeding in the 21st century: epidemiology, mechanisms, and lifelong effect". Lancet. 387 (10017): 475–90. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(15)01024-7. . During the transition to agriculture, the shape of the human mandible went through a series of changes.
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While the underparts and central back are white. White is also found on the wing bars that line the upper wing. The bill is dark ranging from brown to yellow. As the bill hooks, the lower mandible becomes lighter.
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The fossilized remains of a juvenile, consisting of a mandible and some teeth, were discovered in 1998 in Wyoming in 53-million-year-old rocks. Another member of the genus is known from California, also from the Early Eocene.
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Like most bird species, they have parasites, several species of endoparasitic trematodes are known and some Digenea species that are transmitted via fishes. Birds with abnormal development of a secondary upper mandible have been recorded in govinda and lineatus.
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Design and management of Twin Blocks: reflections after 30 years of clinical use. Journal of Orthodontics. 37: 209-216. This consists of upper and lower removable appliances that each have bite blocks posturing the mandible into a forward position.
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A 2013 Cochrane review assessed clinical studies on surgical (open reduction) and non-surgical (closed reduction) management of mandible fractures that do not involve the condyle. The review found insufficient evidence to recommend the effectiveness of any single intervention.
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The mandible has splenial and angular elements. The fangs are different, too. Unlike other vipers, no hinge action occurs where the prefrontal bone engages the frontal. However, since the maxillary bones rotate almost as far, the fangs can still be erected.
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They have longish bills with a hooked tip, and webbed feet with sharp claws. They look like large dark gulls, but have a fleshy cere above the upper mandible. The skuas are strong, acrobatic fliers. They are generally aggressive in disposition.
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The tail has a subterminal black band and white tips to the feathers. The sexes are alike. The iris is yellow and the bill is black while the base of the lower mandible is greenish grey. The tarsi are grey.
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Anatomical structures are traced first and some structures are bilateral and have tendency to show up as two separate lines, should have an "average" line drawn which is represented as a broken line. These landmarks could include inferior border of mandible.
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In old age, cranial sutures may ossify (turn to bone) completely. The joints between the teeth and jaws (gomphoses) and the joint between the mandible and the cranium, the temporomandibular joint, form the only non- sutured joints in the skull.
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Oral Microbiol Immunol 1991; 6:123–5.Tatakis DN, Kumar PS. Etiology and pathogenesis of periodontal diseases. Dent Clin North Am. 2005; 49:491–516,. Pulpitis can lead to abscess formation and eventually spread to the mandible and other neck spaces.
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As in most other hermits, it has a long, decurved bill. The basal half of the lower mandible is yellow, but otherwise the entire bill is black. The sexes are virtually identical. Juveniles apparently have the entire back pale rufous.
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It was destroyed again, but reappeared as part of Master Org's new body. Its name is a pun on the word mandible. Mandilok's upper female face is voiced by Barbara Goodson while the lower male face is voiced by Ezra Weisz.
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Nankali’s masticatory force systematization categorizes the locations of the forces on different part of mandible/maxilla, which are important in designing a prosthetic and implant treatment in dentistry. The systematization of masticatory force distribution was designed by Dr. Ali Nankali.
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The distinctive greyer endemic race in Sri Lanka, P. h. pectoralis, retains the summer-type plumage all year round. Young birds have a pale lower mandible. The tail feathers are shorter in summer than in the non-breeding winter plumage.
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The mandible bears a distinct two-segmented palp. The incisor process ends in three strong teeth. The molar process shows several blunt knobs. The maxillula has both laciniae slender and ending in bristles and spines; the palp is distinctly bifid.
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Their bill is yellow with a dark spot on the tip of the lower mandible. Finally, they have an orange cheek stripe. The juveniles have more extensive grey and their bill is blue-grey with black tips on both mandibles.
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This type of construction bite involves significant changes in the sagittal or Anterio-Posterior dimension. Therefore, the mandible is brought forward by 6-7mm and it is opened 3-4mm. the vertical opening follows an individual's normal postural rest position.
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Nankali studied chewing in multiple individuals. He found variation in the amount of masticatory force. The masticatory forces changes at eating time according to mouthful characteristic and size. This has various effects on the maxilla and mandible via the teeth.
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The Rondônia bushbird (Clytoctantes atrogularis) is a bird species in the family Thamnophilidae. It is endemic to Brazil. Males are blackish and females are mainly rufous. The stubby, hefty bill has a distinctively upcurved lower mandible and a straight culmen.
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Heterodontosuchus is a dubious genus of extinct phytosaur. The genus was first described from a fragmentary anterior section of the mandible found from the Henry Mountains in southeastern Utah, USA. More fossils were later found from Arizona.von Huene, F. R. (1917).
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Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the FGFR1OP2 gene were found to lead to edentulism in the mandible of a small Korean population (134 subjects aged 60–80 years). Also, when FGFR1OP2 is fused to FGFR1, 8p11 myeloproliferative syndrome can result.
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New series, 8: 1-45 (1976). From the mandible extend two or three pointed teeth. Polistes larval mandibles function in opening and closing the mouth for intaking food. Larval mandibles are both longer and narrower than the mandibles of Vespa larvae.
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The more complete specimen, the holotype, is a partial skull with articulated mandibles and a substantial amount of the postcranial skeleton. The less complete specimen, the paratype, consists only of the right margin of the skull with an articulated mandible.
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DLX2 has been associated with a number of areas including development of the zona limitans intrathalamica and the prethalamus. DLX4 (DLX7) is expressed in bone marrow. DLX5 and DLX6 genes are necessary for normal formation of the mandible in vertebrates.
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There is evidence that the movement of the mandible allowed a shearing action to chew food. Their skeletons changed so that their limbs were more mobile, being less laterally splayed,Mammalian Characteristics. Sam Houston State University. and allowing faster forward motion.
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The plumage is mostly blue-gray with orange underparts from the lower breast to the undertail coverts. There is a long white stripe over the eye. The bill is gray except that the base of the lower mandible is flesh-colored.
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Lateral view of the skull of a Burmese python, with visible kinetic joints labeled. Red = highly mobile, green = slightly mobile, blue = immobile. Red A: the joint between the mandible and quadrate. It is analogous to the joint in mammal jaws.
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Enraged, Mandible tries to lunge at Cutter, but Z pushes Cutter out of the way to save him and is accidentally tackled into the flooded colony with Mandible, who lands upon a root, dying on impact. Cutter orders the soldiers to help the workers and the Queen Ant up to the surface while he himself goes after Z. Although Z has seemingly drowned, Bala resuscitates him. Z is praised for his heroism and marries Bala and Weaver marries Azteca. Together they rebuild the colony, transforming it from a military state into a community that values all of its members.
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The tip of the upper mandible is dark while the base is pale brown bill while the lower mandible is yellowish. The legs and webbing on the foot are yellow in immatures and non-breeding birds while breeding birds have darker grey tarsi and toes with yellow webbing. The sexes are not easily distinguishable but males tend to have black speckles that coalesce on the white throat. Adult females have a shorter bill and tend to have the black at the base of neck and chest separated from the hind neck by a wide buff band that ends at the shoulder.
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E. C. Case named the species Dimetrodon longiramus in 1907 on the basis of a scapula and elongated mandible from the Belle Plains Formation of Texas. In 1940, Romer and Price recognized that the D. longiramus material belonged to the same taxon as another specimen described by paleontologist Samuel Wendell Williston in 1916, which included a similarly elongated mandible and a long maxilla. Williston did not consider his specimen to belong to Dimetrodon but instead classified it as an ophiacodontid. Romer and Price assigned Case and Williston's specimens to a newly erected genus and species, Secodontosaurus longiramus, that was closely related to Dimetrodon.
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The platysma is a superficial muscle that overlaps the sternocleidomastoid. It is a broad sheet arising from the fascia covering the upper parts of the pectoralis major and deltoid; its fibers cross the clavicle, and proceed obliquely upward and medially along the side of the neck. Fibres at the front of the muscle from the left and right sides intermingle together below and behind the symphysis menti; the junction where the two lateral halves of the mandible are fused at an early period of life. It is not a true symphysis as there is no cartilage between the two sides of the mandible.
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Phase 2 involves maxillomandibular advancement, a surgery which moves the jaw top (maxilla) and bottom (mandible) forward. The tongue muscle is anchored to the chin, and translation of the mandible forward pulls the tongue forward as well. If the procedure achieves the desired results, when the patient sleeps and the tongue relaxes, it will no longer be able to block the airway. Success is much better for Phase 2 than for Phase 1 – approximately 90 percent benefit from the second phase, and the success of the Stanford Protocol Operation therefore is due in large part to this second phase.
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Rhabdognathus has an extremely elongated snout that makes up around 75% of the length of the entire skull. The total skull length of R. keiniensis is , while the length of the skull of R. aslerensis is unknown because the front of the snout is not preserved in the only known skull, CNRST-SUNY-190. The mandible of Rhabdognathus is as high as it is wide or higher, which distinguishes it from Hyposaurus. The mandible is dorsally directed toward the tip, and the first pair of alveoli (tooth sockets) at the very tip of the jaw are higher than the others.
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The retroarticular process of the mandible (a backwards projection) was long, and the surangular shelf was strongly horizontal. The dentary bone (the front part of the mandible where most of the teeth there were attached) had an up-curved rather than pointed chin. The chin had a large foramen at the tip, and a row of small foramina ran in rough parallel with the upper edge of the dentary. On the inner side, the mandibular symphysis (where the two halves of the lower jaw connected) was flat and smooth, and showed no sign of being fused with its opposite half.
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The beaks of accipitrids are strong and hooked (sometimes very hooked, as in the hook-billed kite or snail kite). In some species, there is a notch or 'tooth' in the upper mandible. In all accipitrids, the base of the upper mandible is covered by a fleshy membrane called the cere, which is usually yellow in colour. The tarsi of different species vary by diet; those of bird-hunting species, such as sparrowhawks, are long and thin, whilst species that hunt large mammals have much thicker, stronger tarsi, and the tarsi of the snake-eagles have thick scales to protect from bites.
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The head is in a dependent position so that fluid can drain from the patient's airway; the chin is well up to keep the epiglottis opened. Arms and legs are locked to stabilize the position of the patientThe jaw-thrust maneuver is an effective airway technique, particularly in the patient in whom cervical spine injury is a concern. It is easiest when the patient is positioned supine. The practitioner places their index and middle fingers behind the angle of the mandible to physically push the posterior aspects of the mandible upwards while their thumbs push down on the chin to open the mouth.
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The shape of these bones varies across the bird families. The lower mandible is supported by a bone known as the inferior maxillary bone—a compound bone composed of two distinct ossified pieces. These ossified plates (or rami), which can be U-shaped or V-shaped, join distally (the exact location of the joint depends on the species) but are separated proximally, attaching on either side of the head to the quadrate bone. The jaw muscles, which allow the bird to close its beak, attach to the proximal end of the lower mandible and to the bird's skull.
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The temporomandibular ligament (external lateral ligament) consists of two short, narrow fasciculi, one in front of the other, attached, above, to the lateral surface of the zygomatic arch and to the articular tubercle on its lower border; below, to the lateral surface and posterior border of the neck of the mandible. It is broader above than below, and its fibers are directed obliquely downward and backward. It is covered by the parotid gland, and by the integument. It prevents posterior displacement of the mandible and prevents the condyloid process from being driven upward by a blow and fracturing the base of the skull.
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The mandible of Segnosaurus was low and elongated, yet relatively robust and shapeless compared to that of Erlikosaurus, which was more gracile. The nearly complete right hemimandible (half of the mandible) is long from front to back, at the highest point, and at the lowest. The , the tooth-bearing bone forming most of the mandible's front part, was complex in shape compared to those of early therizinosaurs. The tooth-bearing part was almost rectangular and sloped downwards in side view with a pronounced arc throughout the upper length of the front end—more extreme than what is known in other therizinosaurs.
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Ergatandromorph (an ant that exhibits both male and worker characteristics) males are known; in 1985, a male M. gulosa was collected before it hatched from its cocoon, and it had a long but excessively curved left mandible while the other mandible was small. On the right side of its body, it was structurally male, but the left side appeared female. The head was also longer on the female side, its colour was darker, and the legs and prothorax were smaller on the male side. Male genitalia are retracted into a genital cavity that is located in the posterior end of the gaster.
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A lower right left Cranial bones recovered from the Manda Beds consist of a badly crushed orbito-ethmoidal region, a practically complete right mandible, two fragments of the left mandible, several loose teeth, a portion of the occiput, and several unidentified fragments. In the upper jaw, only the posterior ends of the maxillae, a portion of the palate, and the floor of the orbits are well preserved. The maxillary postcanines are transversely ovate and have three main cusps arranged upon the same transverse plane. The three main cusps are composed of the lingual, central, and labial cusp.
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The holotype of Allkauren consists of a braincase (MPEF-PV 3613), a mandible (MPEF-PV 3609), and a cervical vertebra (MPEF-PV 3615); a similar cervical vertebra (MPEF-PV 3616) was also referred to the genus. These elements were in 2000 discovered in the Cañadón Asfalto Formation, Cerro Cóndor, Chubut, Argentina, for which dates ranging from the Toarcian to earliest Bathonian have been proposed. Other elements, mostly disarticulated and consisting of a number of limb bones as well as another mandible, were also discovered at the site. The name Allkaruen is Tehuelche in origin, being derived from all ("brain") and karuen ("ancient").
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Most of the other mandibular teeth could not be assessed due to the overlapping snout obscuring details, but seem to resemble the maxillary teeth. The surangular and articular bones (which form the rear upper part of the mandible) were smooth and thin. These features are unique to Venaticosuchus compared to other ornithosuchids, which have a noticeable pit on both the outer surface of the surangular and the inner surface of the articular. The angular bone (which forms the rear lower part of the mandible) was elongated, forming the entire lower edge of the mandibular fenestra and being covered with striations.
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In mammals the jaws are made up of the mandible (lower jaw) and the maxilla (upper jaw). In the ape there is a reinforcement to the lower jaw bone called the simian shelf. In the evolution of the mammalian jaw, two of the bones of the jaw structure (the articular bone of the lower jaw, and quadrate) were reduced in size and incorporated into the ear, while many others have been fused together. As a result, mammals show little or no cranial kinesis, and the mandible is attached to the temporal bone by the temporomandibular joints.
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All species have an eye-stripe and all except the slaty-bellied tesia have a supercilium; this is most prominent in the Javan tesia. The plumage of the chestnut-headed tesia is different from the other species; it has a bright yellow belly, chest and throat, and a deep chestnut coloured head and an incomplete white orbital ring. It lacks the facial stripes of the other species. The bill of all species is long and bicoloured, with a dark upper mandible and a flesh-coloured lower one, as well as strong ridge on the upper mandible.
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A. carahuasensis differs from A. unica in having smaller premolars, with m1 having longer talonid and wider trigonid, p3-m1 with shallower external sulcu and lacking cingulae, and less curved hypolyphid.. Retrieved 3 March 2013. A. carahuasensis is known from a fragmentary mandible.
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Euraphine barnacles have a shell wall of 6 plates, with membraneous basis, rarely calcareous. Plate sutures are often coarsely serrated. In contrast to most other chthamalids, the scutum is higher than wide. The mandible is tridentate, and caudal appendages are usually lacking.
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In 1976, Emlong discovered a juvenile mandible — USNM 244035 — on Olympic Peninsula, Clallam County, Washington (, paleocoordinates ). Retrieved June 2013. which made the holotype of B. proteus. Teeth of a young adult — LACM 124106 – was found in the same rock unit in 1986.
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Promyopias, known from the Afrotropics, is uncommon but widely distributed. Its diet, presumably termites but not actually demonstrated, may be more restricted or specialized than in Centromyrmex. The morphology of the mandible is unique and immediately identifies Promyopias silvestrii. Males are unknown.
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Underside has bright red color with yellow circular spots. Base of mandible has two yellow spots. The bright coloration on the underside could be for unken reflex. Front view and posture It is known from the Western Ghats and the adjoining Nilgiris regions.
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Lundomys molitor is similar to that of Noronhomys. (The illustrated mandible is not of a Lundomys.)Voss and Carleton, 1993, p. 6 Noronhomys vespuccii is known from bone fragments, including five skulls, damaged to various degrees, and many isolated jaws and other bones.
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The digastric muscle stretches between the mastoid process of the cranium to the mandible at the chin, and part-way between, it becomes a tendon which passes through a tendinous pulley attached to the hyoid bone. It originates from the second pharyngeal arch.
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This nocturnal insectivore hunts from a perch like a shrike or flycatcher. It uses its wide mouth to capture insects such as flies and moths. It has a unique tooth in its upper mandible to assist in foraging, but swallows its prey whole.
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Males measure and females to in snout–vent length. There are low warts on the dorsum and brown or yellow spines under the mandible. Males have dark brown nuptial pads. The tadpoles are small (<) and have unusual black markings on a light background.
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The masked flowerpiercer grows to a length of about . The adult male is deep ultramarine blue with a dark mask. The beak is large, black, and upturned, with a characteristic hook on the tip of the upper mandible. The iris is bright red.
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Kalophrynus eok is only known from the holotype, an adult male measuring in snout–vent length. The snout is obtuse and slightly projects beyond the mandible. The head is broader than it is long. The tympanum is distinct; no supratympanic fold is present.
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Sclerosteosis is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by bone overgrowth. It was first described in 1958 but given the current name in 1967. Excessive bone formation is most prominent in the skull, mandible and tubular bones. It can cause facial distortion and syndactyly.
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The antennae are covered with many chemical receptors and act as sensory organs. N. tomentosus has a mandible for chewing its food. The thorax is the center of movement. It is separated into three different regions: the prothorax, the mesothorax, and the metathorax.
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In comparison with larvae of Nylanderia species, those of Paratrechina longicornis in the corresponding instars generally appear to be smaller in overall body size. Larvae of Paratrechina longicornis also show little variation in mandible shape and high variation in head setation patterns.
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The chestnut-bellied hummingbird is small (8.4 cm) with reddish-brown underparts and tail. It has a grey rump and shining green throat and chest. Its legs are small and white while it has a black bill and pinkish base to lower mandible.
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Immature Lord Derby's parakeets are duller in colour than the adults. Juvenile birds have green crowns, orange-red upper and lower mandible (beak), and their irises are dark and do not lighten until they reach maturity between two and three years of age.
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The mandible of Genasauria is also characterized by the possession of a coronoid process that is longer than 50 percent of the depth of the midlength of the dentary.Weishampel, D. B., Dodson, P., & Osmólska, H. (2004). The dinosauria. Univ of California Press.
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The deep temporal nerves provide motor innervation to the temporalis, which is a muscle of mastication that elevates and retracts the mandible. The deep temporal nerves also have articular branches which provide a minor contribution to the innervation of the temporomandibular joint.
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Fitch, Tecumseh W., The evolution of speech: a comparative review, in: Trends in Cognitive Sciences, Vol. 4, No. 7, July 2000 () It is necessary to take into consideration the skull base, the mandible and the cervical vertebrae and a cranial reference plane.
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It is unknown what Mictocaris eats, but it has developed powerful molar and mandible muscles which allows them to chew productively. When originally found, the divers collected 56 specimens of Mictocaris, which can now be found in the National Museum of Natural History.
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In 2007, a molar dating to 1.2–1.1 million years ago was recovered from the nearby Sima del Elefante site. It belonged to a 20–25 year old individual. In 2008, an additional mandible fragment, stone flakes, and evidence of butchery were discovered.
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Ekembo nyanzae had a dental formula of 2:1:2:3 on both the upper and lower jaw. The upper premolars of E. nyanzae were large. This species had a relatively thick enamel on the molars. The mandible of this species was relatively robust.
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The level of protrusion of the mandible angle, the size of the masseter muscle and the overall structure of the jaw are evaluated. Based on the analysis and face-to-face consultation, the surgery plan can be created to produce the desired aesthetic results.
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Redkinia is a genus of rod-like Ediacaran fossil fringed with large and small projections that has been putatively compared with the arthropod mandible and the mouthparts of Wiwaxia and Odontogriphus If a jaw, it would have been used for filter-feeding rather than crushing.
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Near the end of the match, Allie delivered a Best Superkick Ever to Yung into the coffin and tried to close the coffin but Yung prevented it from being closed and applied a mandible claw to knock her out and closed her into the coffin.
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A two jaw surgery can also be performed where Bilateral Sagittal Split Osteotomy can be done to correct any Antero-Posterior changes of the mandible. However, with two jaw surgery a relapse leading to bite opening may happen due to condylar remodeling and resorption.
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The bill is long and ranges from straight to slightly decurved, and the lower mandible is pinkish at base. The adult male is slightly larger than the female, but other than that sexes are similar. Juveniles are similar to adults but duller in coloring.
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Shortly after the discovery of the mandible (jaw bone) of the first Lantian Man at Chenjiawo (), also in Lantian, a cranium (skull) with nasal bones, right maxilla, and three teeth of another specimen of Lantian Man were found at Gongwangling (), another site in Lantian.
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Hukoutherium is an extinct genus of mesonychid which lived during the middle Paleocene in Asia and was named by Chow. The genus became extinct during the Eocene Hukoutherium is known from a mandible with incisors, canines, and broken dentaries, a crushed crania and fragmentary bones.
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Condylar hypoplasia is known as underdevelopment of the mandibular condyle. Congenitally (primary) caused condylar hypoplasia leads to underdeveloped condyle at birth. Hypoplasia of mandible can be diagnosed during birth, in comparison to the hyperplasia which is only diagnosed later in growth of an individual.
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Its mandible is long and extended. Its trigeminal canals contain separate fenestrae on the outer surface of the hyomandibula. In juveniles and adults, the cranial fontanels are found closed. It lacks a lateral ethmoid bone, while its parietal is rectangular, shorter than it is wide.
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Their stereotypical fighting sequence starts with antennal contact and mandible flaring. If neither male concedes from the aggressive display, violent wrestling and biting proceeds. The winner of the fight often exhibits acoustic display. The antennal contact is a way for males to communicate their strength.
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There is a patch of dark grey bare skin behind the eye, and the base of the lower mandible has a bare strip of the same coloured skin. The iris is a distinctive crimson red in colour, and the legs and feet are black.
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The mandible of a Juvenile Goniopholidid (Crocodylefomes) From The Morrison Formation (upper Jurassic) of Wyoming. Paleontology and Geology of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 36. Pp 101-105 Further research is needed to clarify these disputes.
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Even a mandible from the Lower Anisian Mukheiris Formation in Jordan was discovered, and shared many similarities with the genus, including a similarly sized Meckelian fenestra on the inner surface of the lower jaw, teeth with sharp edges, and large fangs in the upper jaw.
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The tail has a white tip and a dark subterminal band. They have a red iris and the eyelids have eyelashes. The casque is short and pointed. The male has a larger casque on a dark bill, and the culmen and lower mandible are yellowish.
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The mandible is the only bone that moves during mastication and other activities, such as talking. While these four muscles are the primary participants in mastication, other muscles are usually if not always helping the process, such as those of the tongue and the cheeks.
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Campbell and Lack (1985), p. 375. In most bird species, the nares are located in the basal third of the upper mandible. Kiwis are a notable exception; their nares are located at the tip of their bills. A handful of species have no external nares.
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Its underwing is white with a black tip, with a broad sharply demarcated dark band at the leading edge. Its bill is large and black with yellow on the upper mandible, and the tip. The juvenile has a darker head and a brown bill.
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The mylohyoid elevates the hyoid and the tongue. This is particularly important during swallowing and speaking. Alternatively, if other muscles are used to keep the position of the hyoid fixed, then the mylohyoid depresses the mandible. It also functions as reinforcing the floor of mouth.
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The submasseteric space is one of the four compartments of the masticator space. Sometimes the submasseteric space is described as a series of spaces, created because the masseter muscle has multiple insertions that cover most of the lateral surface of the ramus of the mandible.
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A ramus () refers to an extension of bone, such as the ramus of the mandible in the jaw or Superior pubic ramus. Ramus may also be used to refer to nerves, such as the ramus communicans. A facet refers to a small, flattened articular surface.
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The three species of the genus Chalcopsitta are about 31 – long. They have long tails, and prominent bare skin at the base of the lower mandible. Males and females have similar external appearance, and juveniles have duller plumage with more marked bare eye-rings.Forshaw (2006).
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The hindgut contains bacteria that digest leaves and makes up a third of the Venezuelan red howler's total body volume. Like other New World monkeys, the Venezuelan red howler's dental formula (maxilla and mandible) is two incisors, one canine, three premolars, and three molars.
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The neurocranium (or braincase) forms the protective cranial cavity that surrounds and houses the brain and brainstem. The upper areas of the cranial bones form the calvaria (skullcap). The membranous viscerocranium includes the mandible. The sutures are fairly rigid joints between bones of the neurocranium.
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A distinctive histological variant of conventional ameloblastoma. Found in near equal frequencies in both maxilla and mandible. Resemble a fibro-osseous lesion with no obvious ameloblasts whilst dominated by dense collagenous tissue (desmoplastic). In one center, desmoplastic ameloblastomas represented about 9% of all ameloblastomas encountered.
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Injury to a peripheral nerve can cause paralysis of muscles on one side of the jaw, with the jaw deviating towards the paralyzed side when it opens. This direction of the mandible is due to the action of the functioning pterygoids on the opposite side.
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Missing and scattered parts of the skull and mandible were reconstructed and fitted together. Specimen P 14344 was designated as the paratype of T. atrox, and consists of the skull, the mandible, seven cervical, two dorsal, two lumbar, and two sacral vertebrae, a femur, a tibia, a fibula, and various foot bones. It was one fourth smaller than the holotype, and may have been a young adult. It was collected by the American paleontologist Robert C. Thorne. The holotype of T. lentis, specimen P 14474, is a partial skull with the teeth of the right side preserved, and is about the same size as the T. atrox paratype.
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Mueller's Eucalyptographia A common species, though its population has been subject to large fluctuations due to change in land use in its region. A dominant tree of several vegetation types when in favourable soils and climates, with rich and sometimes intimate associations to other species. The fruit and seeds are consumed by avian species, and it is a staple in the diet of long-billed black cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus baudinii) and red-capped parrot (Purpureicephalus spurius). Both species prise marri seeds out of their woody capsule by manipulating it with the foot and lower mandible, and inserting the point of the upper mandible at openings in the seed-dispersing valve.
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Holotype skull and mandible of the ornithocheirids Ferrodraco (A) and Mythunga (B), and holotype mandible of Aussiedraco (C) The family Ornithocheiridae has had a controversial and very confusing taxonomic history; paleontologists who have studied this group seem to have had a different opinion on the composition of ornithocheirid taxonomy. A term called Anhangueridae was coined by Diogenes de Almeida Campos and Kellner in 1985 to refer to pterosaurs that belong in this family. In 2001 however, Unwin argued that the name Ornithocheiridae refers to an identical group, and should have nomenclatural priority. He therefore considered Anhangueridae a junior synonym of Ornithocheiridae in his study of pterosaur phylogeny in 2003.
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However, majority of cases are shown to relapse into inherited class III malocclusion during the pubertal growth stage and when the appliance is removed after treatment. Another approach is to carry out orthognathic surgery, such as a bilateral sagittal split osteotomy (BSSO) which is indicated by horizontal mandibular excess. This involves surgically cutting through the mandible and moving the fragment forward or backwards for desired function and is supplemented with pre and post surgical orthodontics to ensure correct tooth relationship. Although the most common surgery of the mandible, it comes with several complications including: bleeding from inferior alveolar artery, unfavorable splits, condylar resorption, avascular necrosis and worsening of temporomandibular joint.
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The modern human Oase 2 skull (cast depicted), found in Peştera cu Oase, displays archaic traits due to possible hybridization with Neanderthals. The early modern human Oase 1 mandible from Peștera cu Oase (Romania) of 34,000–36,000 14C years BP presents a mosaic of modern, archaic, and possible Neanderthal features. It displays a lingual bridging of the mandibular foramen, not present in earlier humans except Neanderthals of the late Middle and Late Pleistocene, thus suggesting affinity with Neanderthals. Concluding from the Oase 1 mandible, there was apparently a significant craniofacial change of early modern humans from at least Europe, possibly due to some degree of admixture with Neanderthals.
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The Arostropsis male adult has an overall coloration which appears to be metallic green and that is caused by numerous small lanceolate scales coating the legs and sides of the body. The male has an elongated body which is in length, tall, and with an overall width of . The rostrum is approximately one and a half times as long as it is wide and is noted for being narrower than the rest of the head. Only the left mandible is still present and attached to the head and the tip section has a distinct curve and the mandible as a whole has a knife like shape.
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Unlike apes and gracile australopithecines, but like humans, the premaxillary suture between the premaxilla and the maxilla (on the palate) formed early in development. At early stages, the P. robustus jawbone is somewhat similar to that of modern humans, but the breadth grows in P. robustus, as to be expected from its incredible robustness in adulthood. By the time the first permanent molar erupts, the body of the mandible and the front jaw broaden, and the ramus of the mandible elongates, diverging from the modern human trajectory. Because the ramus is so tall, it is suggested that P. robustus experienced more anterior face rotation than modern humans and apes.
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As in all toucans, the blue-throated toucanet has a large bill. The bill is black with yellow to the upper mandible, and a white band at the base, but, uniquely among the emerald toucanet group, with a rufous patch near the base of the upper mandible. Its breast and the rest of its body is mostly light and dark shades of green, except for the throat, which is blue, and the tail-tip and crissum (the undertail coverts surrounding the cloaca), which are rufous. Both sexes look very alike, but females generally have a smaller bill and overall are smaller in appearance, these bird are born blind and naked.
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There are large pneumatic openings in the posterior mandible and the whole of the mandible is hollow and was likely air-filled (pneumatic). Caelestiventus is a heterodont, with three different tooth shapes - long fang-like spikes, large "leaf-shaped" blades, and tiny blades. There are two long, spike-shaped teeth near the front of each side of the lower jaws that were likely opposed by similar teeth at the tip of the skull snout (premaxilla). In the lower jaws, behind the fangs, there is a tooth gap (diastema) which is followed by 38 tiny teeth on each side of the lower jaw (mandibular ramus).
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Noggin influences the formation and growth of the palate, mandible and skull through its interaction with neural crest cells. Mice with a lack of NOG gene are shown to have an outgrowth of the mandible and a cleft palate. Another craniofacial related deformity due to the absence of noggin is conductive hearing loss caused by uncontrolled outgrowth of the cochlear duct and coiling. Recently, several heterozygous missense human NOG mutations in unrelated families with proximal symphalangism (SYM1) and multiple synostoses syndrome (SYNS1) have been identified; both SYM1 and SYNS1 have multiple joint fusion as their principal feature, and map to the same region on chromosome 17 (17q22) as NOG.
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The tomial crest was straight for its entire length, and a notch indented the sharp tip of the mandible. The mandible was spear-shaped in side view, due to its lower margin slanting downwards and back from its tip for the front third of its length (the jaw was also deepest at a point one third from the tip). The symphyseal part (where the two halves of the lower jaw connected) of the dentary was very robust. The lower margin formed an angle at the level of the front margin of the nasal foramen, which indicates how far back the rhamphotheca of the beak extended.
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With The Fiend buried under the weapons, Rollins obtained a sledgehammer but the referee urged him to not use it. After contemplation, Rollins slammed the sledgehammer on top of the weapons over The Fiend, and the referee called for the bell to stop the match without a winner. After the cage was raised, paramedics tended to The Fiend, who got up and attacked Rollins with the Mandible Claw. Outside the ring, The Fiend performed Sister Abigail on Rollins and then performed a second Sister Abigail on the exposed concrete before incapacitating Rollins with the Mandible Claw as blood poured from Rollins' mouth as the event ended.
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Sagittal section of the articulation of the mandible Dynamics of temporomandibular joint during voluntary mouth opening and closing visualized by real-time MRI Normal full jaw opening is 40-50 millimeters as measured from edge of lower front teeth to edge of upper front teeth. When measuring the vertical range of motion, the measurement must be adjusted for the overbite. For example, if the measurement from the edge of the lower front teeth to the edge of the upper front teeth is 40 millimeters and the overbite is 3 millimeters, then the jaw opening is 43 millimeters. During jaw movements, only the mandible moves.
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The jaw thrust is a technique used on patients with a suspected spinal injury and is used on a supine patient. The practitioner uses their index and middle fingers to physically push the posterior (back) aspects of the mandible upwards while their thumbs push down on the chin to open the mouth. When the mandible is displaced forward, it pulls the tongue forward and prevents it from occluding the entrance to the trachea. The recovery position refers to one of a series of variations on a lateral recumbent or three-quarters prone position of the body, in to which an unconscious but breathing casualty can be placed.
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Evidence for this comes from a study done by Crossley and his colleagues, in which FGF8 soaked beads were surgically used to replace AER areas with the beads. These studies showed that ectopic limbs formed either fully functional or mostly functional limbs near the normal limbs or limb areas. FGF8 has also been recorded to regulate craniofacial structure formation, including the teeth, palate, mandible, and salivary glands. Decreased expression can result in the absence of molar teeth, failure to close the palate, or decreased mandible size. FGF8 has been documented to play a role in oralmaxillogacial diseases and CRISPR- cas9 gene targeting on FGF8 may be key in treating these diseases.
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The rump and uppertail coverts are also mostly red and highly conspicuous when the birds is in flight. Painted finches have a long, slender and pointed bill which in the male the upper mandible is mostly black with a red tip and the lower mandible is mostly red with light blue-grey patches on either side of the base. The Iris of males is a cream or off-white colour and the legs of males vary between a dark brown to pinkish colour. Females look similar to males, although the red colouration on the face is duller and is restricted to the lores, cheeks and around the eyes.
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Small tooth marks and teeth were attributed to small rodents. Human bone remains include a mandible. What lacks in skeletal remains, evidence of human habitation lies in tools, paintings, and animal carcasses. The large assemblage of faunal evidence implies early humans accumulated the prey from other areas.
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The posterior lobe of the buccal fat pad runs from the infraorbital fissure and temporal muscle to the upper rim of the mandible and back to the mandibular ramus. The buccal fat pads are clearly visible on the cheeks of children of different age, complexion and constitution.
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The canines and Pz were large and sharp like Callimico. Analysis of the mandible and teeth suggest that Mohanamico] is a primitive member of the Pitheciidae. Some similarities with Callimico and Saguinus are also noted raising the possibility that pithecines and callitrichids are monophyletic.Luchterhand et al.
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Tianyuornis however, also possesses several autapomorphies such as a straight dentary, and teeth that were preserved in the maxilla and mandible. The possession of teeth reveals new and important morphological information of hongshanornithids, as well as confirms the controversial presence of teeth of the members of Hongshanornithidae.
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The only known specimens were discovered in the underwater cave system of Hoyo Negro in Quintana Roo, consisting of a partial skull and mandible. It was found to be closer to other Mexican Sloth taxa, like Xibalbaonyx, Meizonyx and Zacatzontli than North American taxa like Megalonyx.
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The yellow-naped amazon is distinguished by its green forehead and crown and a yellow band across the lower nape (back part of neck) and hindneck. The beak is dark gray and is paler towards the base of the upper mandible. The feet are also dark gray.
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J Calif Dent Assoc. 2007 Apr;35(4):271-3. However, articaine is able to penetrate dense cortical bone -- as found in the lower jaw (mandible) -- more than most other local anaesthetics. In people with hypokalemic sensory overstimulation, lidocaine is not very effective, but articaine works well.
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In the next semi-final match, Mankind wrestled Jerry Lawler. The match occurred outside the ring on many occasions. Lawler tried to finish the match by attempting a Piledriver on Mankind. However, Mankind reversed it into a Mandible claw, forcing Lawler to submit to the hold.
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The depressor anguli oris (triangularis) is a facial muscle associated with frowning. It originates from the mandible and inserts into the angle of the mouth. The muscle is innervated by the marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve and receives its blood supply from the facial artery.
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Unlike living boobies, it has a large bill with a convex upper mandible, reminiscent of a toucan. The remains were recovered from the west side of Sud Sacaco Level (4-5 Million year-old) of the Pisco Formation. This area was a sheltered beach with rock platforms.
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The mandible (lower jaw) is robust and shows a high, steeply rising coronoid process (a projection at the back of the bone). Statistical analysis of measurements of the skulls and teeth strongly separates S. durrelli from specimens of the brown-tailed mongoose.Durbin et al., 2010, p.
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PRS is characterized by an unusually small mandible, posterior displacement or retraction of the tongue, and upper airway obstruction. Cleft palate (incomplete closure of the roof of the mouth) is present in the majority of patients. Hearing loss and speech difficulty are often associated with PRS.
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OM of the jaws can occur in all genders, races and age groups. The mandible is affected more commonly than the maxilla. Globally, the most common cause of OM of the jaws is the spread of adjacent odontogenic infection, followed by trauma, including fracture and surgery.
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The spine is the place in the human body where the most irregular bones can be found. There are, in all, 33 irregular bones found here. The irregular bones are: the vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid, zygomatic, maxilla, mandible, palatine, inferior nasal concha, and hyoid.
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Coloration is variable, usually uniformly black, reddish-brown, or dark brown with a pale blue peri-ocular ring. Many specimens have orange spots on the flanks. The margin of the mandible shows usually some White flecks. The iris is black, chocolate, or dull bronze, with yellowish flecks.
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These crests are visible on the exterior. Diagnostic soft part features include a dark brown body with black cirri, and mandible with three, sometimes four teeth. First tooth is separated from rest by large gap. The lower edge bears a row of fine bristles without larger teeth.
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Larvae range from 6-11.6 mm in length. Antennae have three antennomeres and the mandible no longer has individual teeth, but rather is completely fused into a mouth hook. The anterior spiracle is 0.8 times as wide as it is long and contains 9-11 digits.
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Idiacanthidae have a snout equal or less than their bony orbit length with nostrils closer to their eyes than snout. Their premaxilla, maxilla, and mandible teeth are almost all capable of being depressed. Idiacanthidae also present pectoral fins in larvae, but have an absence in adulthood.
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However, the mandible morphology reveals more about their dietary resources. Both have a raised and dome-like anterior cranium, enlarged areas for the attachment of masticatory muscles, enlarged premolars, and reinforced tooth enamel. Bamboo eaters tend to have larger mandibles, while bonecrackers have more sophisticated premolars.
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Tabuce, R. 2016. A mandible of the hyracoid mammal Titanohyrax andrewsi in the collections of the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris (France) with a reassessment of the species. Palaeovertebrata, 40, p.e4. T. tantulus is the smallest Titanohyrax species known, with a body mass of around 23 kg.
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Archaeodontosaurus descouensi right mandible Archaeodontosaurus ("ancient- toothed lizard") is a genus of sauropod dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic. Its fossils were found in the Isalo III Formation of Madagascar. The type species, Archaeodontosaurus descouensi, was described in September 2005. The specific name honours the collector, Didier Descouens.
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The lower mandible appears to have some yellowish colorations. They possess syndactil feet with olive-green or yellowish toes and black claws. A large crest appears to be between the base of the bill and neck. Several individuals have a white collar located around the neck.
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The skull (minus the mandible) is also known as the cranium, and contains the brain. Meninges are protective membranes that surround the brain to minimize damage of the brain when there is head trauma. Meningitis is the inflammation of meninges caused by bacterial or viral infections.
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Incisors (from Latin incidere, "to cut") are the front teeth present in most mammals. They are located in the premaxilla above and on the mandible below. Humans have a total of eight (two on each side, top and bottom). Opossums have 18, whereas armadillos have none.
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Most males, but only 10% of females, have a hooked upper mandible. The immature bird has brown upperparts and a dark grey head and underparts. Its bill is greenish yellow, and its feet and legs are dull red. The downy chicks are black, as with all rails.
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Hyoid bones fractures represent 0.002% of all fractures; they are rare because the hyoid bone is well-protected by its location in the neck behind the mandible and in front of the cervical spine, as well as its mobility. 91.3% of hyoid bone fractures occur in men.
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A recording of Red-Billed toucan at aviary. At first this may resemble a Cuvier's toucan, R. t. cuvieri, but a closer look reveals a brownish patch on the upper part of the mandible, identifying it as a tucanus-cuvieri intergrade. Red-billed toucan Ramphastos t.
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The dark blue patches on either side of the neck form a half collar. The legs and feet are red. The sexes are very similar but the bill of the male is entirely black while the female has some red at the base of the lower mandible.
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Used in patients with Class 3 malocclusion. In this appliance the lip pads are used in the maxillary arch to allow the maxilla to grow. The mandibular arch does not have pads in the anterior to allow the soft tissue forces to act on the mandible.
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It has a total length of 8–10 cm (3–4 in). The relatively long, slightly decurved bill is black with flesh-colored (occasionally orange) base to the lower mandible. The tail is coppery-green with a dark subterminal band. The upperparts and flanks are coppery-green.
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Juvenile playing with a bolt on a cage in Tibet. Juveniles have dark irises and both the upper and lower mandible are orange-red. Breeding season usually begins between April and June. The female lays a clutch of two to four eggs () in nest holes of trees.
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However, other researchers have claimed that the morphology of the hyoid is not indicative of the larynx's position. It is necessary to take into consideration the skull base, the mandible and the cervical vertebrae and a cranial reference plane.Granat et al., Hyoid bone and larynx in Homo.
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Edentulism is a condition which can have multiple causes. In exceedingly rare cases, toothlessness may result from the teeth not developing in the first place (anodontia).Jahangiri, L., Choi, M., Moghadam, M. and Jawad, S. (2015). Interventions for missing teeth: Removable prostheses for the edentulous mandible.
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These termites are much like the family Rhinotermitidae, to which they are related. The soldiers' jaws are sharply toothed on the inner side. At all stages, the mandible is strikingly sharp. The flying stages have fore wings with only one lengdeåre, slightly ahead of the center of the wing.
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The Universal Numbering System for adult human teeth. The view is from a dental practitioner's perspective, meaning tooth 1 is the upper right rear (third) molar. Among permanent teeth, 16 are found in the maxilla and 16 in the mandible, for a total of 32. The dental formula is .
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Miller’s mastiff bats have a powerfully built body, with a broad body frame and narrow wings. They have a thick mandible in comparison to other mastiff bats. They have a distinctive cusp shaped pattern on their molars and lack their third premolar. Males tend to be larger than females.
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The most easily identifiable parts of sirenian skeletons are the skull and mandible, especially the frontal and other skull bones. With the exception of a pair of tusk-like first upper incisors present in most species, front teeth (incisors and canines) are lacking in all, except the earliest sirenians.
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The northern subspecies, Butler's Corella (Cacatua pastinator butleri), are a smaller bird with adults in length and weighing up to . The bill is a dullish grey white, the legs are dark grey and the upper mandible has a long tip.Johnstone, R.J., Storr, G.M. (1998). Handbook of Western Australian Birds.
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Males have long central tail feathers which are shorter in female birds. The tail is green at base and becomes deep blue and widely tipped with bright yellow. The parakeet features a bright red-orange upper mandible with a pale yellow lower. It also has a pale yellow eye.
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The mylohyoid line is a ridge on the internal surface of the body of the mandible. The mylohyoid line extends posterosuperiorly. The mylohyoid line continues as the mylohyoid groove on the internal surface of the ramus. The mylohyoid line is the location of the origin of the mylohyoid muscle.
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The tip of the lower mandible is slightly upturned. The beak is brownish-black and the legs pinkish-grey. The sexes generally look alike but the females may be marginally paler. Juveniles are similar to the adults but tinged with ochre and with dark edges to the upper plumage.
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Abacetus alluaudi is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Pterostichinae. It was described by Tschitscherine in 1899. A. alluaudi is found in Cote d'Ivoire, Africa. A. alluaudi is a shiny black beetle, with an unusual upper jaw (mandible) which is more likely found in Caelostomus species.
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The dark bill has a slaty base to the lower mandible. The legs are dark. The iris is yellow to reddish-brown. This species can be distinguished from the widespread Oriental white-eye, Zosterops palpebrosus, by its larger size, duller greenback and more extensive yellow on the breast.
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Model Megantereon was built like a large modern jaguar, but somewhat heavier. It had stocky forelimbs with the lower half of these forelimbs lion-sized. It had large neck muscles designed to deliver a powerful shearing bite. The elongated upper canines were protected by flanges at the mandible.
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The mandible is longer in B. indicus than in B. mishrai, and P1 is single-rooted in the former but double-rooted in the latter. The diastemata between P1 and P4 in B. indicus is absent in B. mishrai. B. indicus has larger cheek teeth and a larger M3.
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The distinctive long beak set it apart from other sunbirds. The sexes are alike except for a paler base to lower mandible in the female. Male has all black beak. They are found close to their favourite nectar bearing trees, often species of wild Musaceae or flowers in gardens.
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Along with the genetic similarity, the phylogeny of the larva is also explained using morphological characteristics. Starting at the head, larvae are often dark brown. The body is widest at the anterior part of the abdomen and tapers towards the posterior end. The circular, slender mandible is weakly chitinized.
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Ruffini endings function as static mechanoreceptors which position the mandible. Pacinian corpuscles are dynamic mechanoreceptors which accelerate movement during reflexes. Golgi tendon organs function as static mechanoreceptors for protection of ligaments around the temporomandibular joint. Free nerve endings are the pain receptors for protection of the temporomandibular joint itself.
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The Meckelian groove (or Meckel's groove, Meckelian fossa, or Meckelian foramen, or Meckelian canal) is an opening in the medial (inner) surface of the mandible (lower jaw) which exposes the Meckelian cartilage.\- Palaeos Glossary: M Modern eutherian mammals (which includes placental mammals) do not have a Meckelian groove.
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Pappocetus is an extinct protocetid cetacean known from the Eocene of Nigeria and Togo.. Retrieved April 2013. The type specimen BMNH M11414 an incomplete left mandible with symphysis, a deciduous premolar, and unerupted molars. It was found in Bartonian () layers of the Ameki Formation (, paleocoordinates ). Retrieved April 2013.
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The size range of the black bill is 29 to 35 millimetres, and the upper mandible is acutely hooked. The legs and feet of the species are strong and a light grey or white colour. The pattern of the scales at the tarsus is reticulate. The irides are yellow.
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Also called distoclusion, brachygnathism, overshot jaw, overbite, and parrot mouth, this occurs when the upper teeth rest in front of the lower equivalents. The maxilla is forward (maxillary prognathism) and the mandible is behind (mandibular retrognathism). It is more common in animals with dolichocephalic skulls, such as Collies.
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In hystricomorphs the medial masseter is enlarged and originates on the side of the rostrum (in extreme cases as far forward as the premaxilla), where it then passes through a greatly enlarged infraorbital foramen to insert on the mandible. This gives an almost horizontal resultant to the muscle contraction.
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Others have suggested that a single lineage of Cantius split, with one branch leading to Copelemur, one to Pelycodus, and one gradually acquiring a fused mandible, one of the few diagnostic features between Cantius and Notharctus. Smilodectes either derived from the lineage that became Notharctus or from the more southern Copelemur lineage. Hesperolemur, a middle Eocene taxa, has only recently been described and is currently thought to be an immigrant species. Though some scientists believe that members of the adapiform radiation gave rise to simians because of the long list of dental and cranial similarities including a fused mandible, loss of paraconids, and large, sexually dimorphic canines, normally the European cercamoniines are the specific subfamily cited.
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Here fossil trackways and bone fragments of Ronzotherium dating from the early Oligocene have been discovered at the villages of Saignon and Viens. Further south at Les Milles bone fragments and a nearly intact mandible have been collected. Finds have also come from the city of Marseille itself. At Saint-Henri and Saint-Andre in the north of the city 50 fragments of bone and dentition have been recovered, including a mandible and semi-intact upper jaw Bernard Ménouret und Claude Guérin: Diaceratherium massiliae nov. sp. des argiles oligocènes de Saint- André et Saint-Henri à Marseille et de Les Milles près d’Aix-en-Provence (SE de la France), premier grand Rhinocerotidae brachypode européen.
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A projection from the quadrate bone into the lateral temporal fenestra (opening behind the eye) gave this a reniform (kidney-shaped) outline. The foramen magnum (the large opening at the back of the braincase) was about half the breadth of the occipital condyle, which was itself cordiform (heart-shaped), and had a short neck and a groove on the side. Life restoration showing hypothetical feathers and crest-shape The mandible was slender and delicate at the front, but the articular region (where it connected with the skull) was massive, and the mandible was deep around the mandibular fenestra (an opening on its side). The mandibular fenestra was small in Dilophosaurus, compared to that of coelophysoids.
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There have been many reported cases occurring in Africa which are coexistent with acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis or cancrum oris. In the pre-antibiotic era, acute OM of the jaws was more extensive. Massive, diffuse infections commonly involved the whole side of the mandible, or the whole of one side and the opposite side as far as the mental foramen. Localized osteomyelitis tended to be described as either vertical, where a short segment of the body of the mandible from the alveolar crest to the lower border was involved, and alveolar, where a segment of alveolar bone down to the level of the inferior alveolar canal would sequestrate, including the sockets of several teeth.
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Another major difference between Tarbosaurus and its North American relatives was its more rigid mandible (lower jaw). While many theropods, including North American tyrannosaurids, had some degree of flexibility between the bones in the rear of the mandible and the dentary in the front, Tarbosaurus had a locking mechanism formed from a ridge on the surface of the angular, which articulated with a square process on the rear of the dentary. Some scientists have hypothesized that the more rigid skull of Tarbosaurus was an adaptation to hunting the massive titanosaurid sauropods found in the Nemegt Formation, which did not exist in most of North America during the Late Cretaceous. The differences in skull mechanics also affect tyrannosaurid phylogeny.
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The limbs are very short and the body stout; the feet are tridactyl with diverging metapodials. Studying C. wimani, found a significant sexual dimorphism in the tusks and mandible, most notably the length of the tusks in males. argued that some features in Chilotherium, such as second incisors, mandible, cheek-teeth and other cranial features, are plesiomorphic, while some features in the tusks are apomorphic: the dorsal surface of the tusks in primitive species is turned latero-dorsally in more derived species while the medial edge has become very sharp and sickle-like and rotated dorsally, and thus a more effective cutting tool. Chilotherium were a group of grazing animals that radiated into several subgenera and species.
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When a fracture occurs in the tooth bearing portion of the mandible, whether or not it is dentate or edentulous will affect treatment. Wiring of the teeth helps stabilize the fracture (either during placement of osteosynthesis or as a treatment by itself), so the lack of teeth will guide treatment. When an edentulous mandible (no teeth) is less than 1 cm in height (as measured on panoramic radiograph or CT scan) addition risks apply because the blood flow from the marrow (endosseous) is minimal and the healing bone must rely on blood supply from the periosteum surrounding the bone. If a fracture occurs in a child with mixed dentition different treatment protocols are needed.
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When attempting to identify a flying raptor Debus & Davies recommend concentrating on the bird's silhouette (including shape of wings and proportions), flight style and vocalisations, rather than on details of colouration. Australian falcons can be differentiated from hawks by their toothed upper mandible (with a corresponding notch in their lower mandible) and by their long pointed wings. Brown falcons (Falco berigora) are a common and widespread species in Australia, and they are the most likely to be confused with the black falcon (particularly brown falcon juveniles and black morphs). In fact, Debus & Olsen suggest many observations and behaviour of brown falcons have mistakenly been attributed to the black falcon, due to incorrect identification.
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However, some patients may be totally unaware of similar deflective contacts suggesting that it is the patient's adaptability rather than the contact that may influence the patient's presentation. An occlusal interference is any tooth contact that prevents, or hinders harmonious mandibular movement (an undesirable tooth contact). Non-working side interference (photograph) detectable with articulating paper or plastic shimstock, as the mandible moves to the left (working side). (Institute of Dentistry Aberdeen University) The occlusal interferences may be classified as follows: # Working Side Interference: When there is a heavy or early tooth between the maxillary and mandibular teeth on the side that the mandible is moving towards, and this contact may or may not discludes the anteriors.
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The right teeth were removed before Schwartz studied the specimen. Schwartz selected this specimen as the holotype. The other specimen, AMZ-AS 1730, is a subadult male collected in the wild, of which only the skull, including the mandible (lower jaw), was preserved. The dentition includes both permanent and deciduous teeth.
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Scientific papers IX. Ecological studies of the small mammals of South Turkana. Geographical Journal, 138: 316–338. The length of the hind foot is 35–49 mm with a braincase measuring only 24–25 mm. The length of the mandible is variable in the range of 31.0 to 33.9 mm.
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Brandtia is a monotypic genus of amphipod in the Acanthogammaridae family, containing the species Brandtia latissima. Like other members of the family, it is endemic to Lake Baikal.Mekhanikova, I. V. (2010). Morphology of the Mandible and Lateralia in six endemic Amphipods (Amphipoda, Gammaridea) from Lake Baikal, in relation to Feeding.
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The lower incisors project forward (proodont) and are sharply pointed (Denys et al., 2006; Nowak, 1999). Denys et al. (2006) note that the coronoid process on the mandible is reduced and that the animal appears to have the ability to push its lower jaw (and thereby its incisors) strongly forward.
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Males are 1.2 mm, and ovigerous females are 1.6 mm in total length. The antennule has a single terminal aesthetasc. The mandible lacks palpi; the incisor has four cusps and a spine-row of three or four spines; the molar is stout and distally truncated. The pereon dorsally lacks setae.
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It is a common condition in weaned calves, young bulls, and heifers. The disease has a chronic course, and the general condition can remain quite good. There is a swelling of the maxilla and mandible. Fistulisation occurs after some days, leaving a thick, yellowish, non-odorous pus, with mineralised, grains therein.
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Female Stenopelmatus talpa, also known as the Mexican Jerusalem cricket, are seen to have larger features than male Stenopelmatus talpa. In the case of prothorax width, prothorax length, fore femur, head size, and mandible lengths, females were larger than males. However, males tended to have larger hind femora compared to females.
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Jeholosaurus was a small bipedal herbivore. Because the specimens are juvenile it is hard to ascertain the adult size. The holotype is long with a long tail, nearly half the length of the complete animal. The length of the skull is and the lower jaws of the mandible are each.
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The brown tumor is a bone lesion that arises in settings of excess osteoclast activity, such as hyperparathyroidism. They are a form of osteitis fibrosa cystica. It is not a neoplasm, but rather simply a mass. It most commonly affects the maxilla and mandible, though any bone may be affected.
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Its bill is blackish, sometimes showing some horn color on the lower mandible, and its legs are flesh-colored. The juvenile is a rich brown with slightly paler underparts. However, that plumage is quickly molted. By late summer, young birds are virtually indistinguishable from adults; only their unossified skulls distinguish them.
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In particular, the upper molars are broader and the mandible (lower jaw) is more robust. In bats, robust mandibles are often associated with a diet that includes hard objects.Samonds, 2007, p. 53 H. besaoka was the largest insectivorous bat of Madagascar, a position now filled by the smaller H. commersoni.
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The digastric muscle is involved in any complex jaw action such as speaking, swallowing, chewing and breathing. When the digastric muscle contracts, it acts to elevate the hyoid bone. If the hyoid is being held in place (by the infrahyoid muscles), it will tend to depress the mandible (open the mouth).
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Pax3 is later expressed by various cell types and structures arising from the neural crest, such as melanoblasts, Schwann cell precursors, and dorsal root ganglia. In addition, Pax3-expressing cells derived from the neural crest contribute to the formation of other structures, such as the inner ear, mandible and maxilla.
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Adults have a long tail, brown above and black-and-white below, and a black curved bill with yellow on the lower mandible. The head and upper parts are brown. There is a yellow ring around the eye. This bird is best distinguished by its black facial mask and buffy underparts.
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The tubercles on dorsum and flanks are reddish-orange. The arms and legs are orangish and slightly barred. The hands and feet bear orange and brown bars. The venter is dark, with whitish-yellow spots towards the flanks and extending from hind limb insertions to cover gular region and mandible.
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The oculoauriculovertebral spectrum should also be considered in the differential diagnosis. An example is hemifacial microsomia, which primarily affects development of the ear, mouth, and mandible. This anomaly may occur bilaterally. Another disease which belongs to this spectrum is Goldenhar syndrome, which includes vertebral abnormalities, epibulbar dermoids and facial deformities.
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Scutarx is an aetosaurine suchian known from the Triassic Chinle Formation of Petrified Forest National Park of Arizona and the Cooper Canyon Formation of Texas. The type and only species, Scutarx deltatylus, was described in 2016 by William G. Parker. Known fossils include a mandible and a dentary from Arizona.
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Larvae range from 1.22 to 2.52 mm in length. This instar is characterized by bi-segmented antennae with an ovular top portion and a mandible that is slightly sclerotized, three times longer than it is wide, and containing 7-8 ventral teeth. No anterior spiracles can be observed at this stage.
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The type species for the genus is Apatemys bellus. Apatemys bellus was named by Marsh (1872), and its type specimen (YPM 13512) consists of a mandible. The species of the genus Apatemys belong to the suborder Apatotheria, whose sister taxa are Didelphodonta, Cimolestidae, Palaeoryctida, Pantodonta, Pantolesta, Pentacodontidae, Sarcodontidae and Todralestidae.
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This muscle arises from the oblique line of the mandible, and inserts on the skin of the lower lip, blending in with the orbicularis oris muscle. At its origin, depressor labii is continuous with the fibers of the platysma muscle. Much yellow fat is intermingled with the fibers of this muscle.
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The skull was small, and the cheekbones unornamented as in other pareiasaurids. The skull is 30 cm in length and quite lightly built. The cheekbones form very large quadratojugal "horns" that extend downwards to a great degree, but with a smooth unornamented surface. The mandible has ventral protrusions (further "horns").
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White, T. E. 1942. The Lower Miocene mammal fauna of Florida. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 92(1):1–49. Simojovelhyus, known from a lower partial mandible with three molars from late Oligocene strata near the town of Simojovel in Chiapas, Mexico, was originally described as a helohyid.
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The bill is fairly long, straight and mostly black with some pink on the lower mandible. The adult has copper-green upperparts, becoming copper-bronze on the rump. The head and underparts are bright green, the thighs are white and the tail and legs are black. The sexes are similar.
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In other odontocetes, parts of the frontal and maxillae cover the temporal fossae. In Odobenocetops, these bones are reduced and narrowed so that the temporal fossae is open dorsally. The periotic and tympanic bones are similar to those in other dolphins. No mandible has been recovered and only few postcranial elements.
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This is an important jaw position, as it defines both the anterior-posterior and lateral relationships of the mandible and the maxilla, as well as the superior- inferior relationship known as the vertical dimension of occlusion. These are important considerations when evaluating a patient orthodontically, as well as restoring them prosthodontically.
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Deek, NF, Kao, HK, Wei, FC. The fibula osteocutaneous flap: Concise review, goal-oriented surgical technique, and tips and tricks. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 142:913e, 2018.Jones, NF, Monstrey, S, Gambier, BA. Reliability of the fibular osteocutaneous flap for mandible reconstruction: Anatomical and surgical confirmation. Plast. Recinstr. Surg. 97:707, 1996.
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WCW referees stomped Hebner until Foley stopped them, and ejected them from ringside. Back in the ring, Patrick complained to Foley, allowing Hebner to perform a flying shoulder block, and pin Patrick for the victory. After the match, Patrick argued with Foley. Foley punched him, and applied the mandible claw.
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The flanks and upperparts are green, often tinged golden on the lower back and rump, while the underparts are white. The central rectrices are golden, while the outer rectrices are dark blue with narrow whitish tips. The slightly decurved bill is black with a flesh-coloured base to the lower mandible.
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The upper molars display shearing crests with a sharp ectoloph that is supported by well-developed, distinct stylar cusps that are connected via a buccal cingulum. A prominent lingual cingulum surrounds the protocone. There is no hypocone or pericone. Unlike early Eocene hoanghoniines, Sivaladapis is derived in having a fused mandible.
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It descends with the inferior alveolar nerve to the mandibular foramen on the medial surface of the ramus of the mandible. It runs along the mandibular canal in the substance of the bone, accompanied by the nerve, and opposite the first premolar tooth divides into two branches, incisor and mental.
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LD 350-1 is a fossil hominin mandible fragment discovered in 2013 at the Ledi-Geraru site. It was found by Chalachew Seyoum, an Ethiopian graduate student in the Institute of Human Origins at Arizona State University. The fossil was stratigraphically dated to 2.80 to 2.75 million years old.Villmoare et al.
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The snout projects less than the propliopithecoids of North Africa (i.e. Aegyptopithecus), suggesting some prognathic reduction from the inferred common ancestor of these two primate families. The orbits are widely spaced and the mandible is long and robust, with a relatively broad ramus. Most importantly, however, pliopithecoids had an incompletely ossified ectotympanic tube.
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Clinically and radiologically the disease is characterized by severe shortening of long bones (limb's both proximal and median segments are affected), aplasia or severe hypoplasia of ulna and fibula, thickened and curved radius and tibia. These anomalies can cause deformities of the hands and feet. Hypoplasia of the mandible can also be present.
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Facial reconstruction of One-Eyed Jack. The decedent's mandible was not found; the jawline depicted is an estimation. On August 20, 1979, the skeletal remains of a man were discovered in Tok, Alaska. The decedent had apparently hitchhiked to Alaska in 1978 with another man and was then murdered by his companion.
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Cymothoida is the name of a suborder of isopod crustaceans with a mostly carnivorous or parasitic lifestyle. It contains more than 2,700 described species in four superfamilies. Members of the suborder are characterised by their specialised mouthparts which include a mandible with a tooth-like process which is adapted for cutting or slicing.
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Otherwise, Longicrusavis is one of the closest examples to a toothless bird with an evolving beak. Hongshanornis also appears to have alveoli, despite being described as toothless when it was first named. No alveoli are found in the mandible, indicating that it was likely edentulous. Longicrusavis exhibits an obvious long, thin, pointed beak.
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This analysis was developed by Egil Peter Harvold in 1974. This analysis developed standards for the unit length of the maxilla and mandible. The difference between the unit length describes the disharmony between the jaws. It is important to know that location of teeth is not taken into account in this analysis.
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Historically, surgery provided the single approach to head and neck cancer. Surgical management of OPC carried significant morbidity with a transcervical (through the neck) approach, often involving mandibulotomy, in which the jawbone (mandible) is split. This is referred to as an open surgical technique. Consequently, surgical approaches declined in favour of radiation.
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The facial skeleton comprises the facial bones that may attach to build a portion of the skull. The remainder of the skull is the braincase. In human anatomy and development, the facial skeleton is sometimes called the membranous viscerocranium, which comprises the mandible and dermatocranial elements that are not part of the braincase.
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The first incisor is relatively large and asymmetric and already showed signs of reduction. These facts link Eritherium with other early Proboscideans. Another primitive characteristic is the short symphysis of the mandible. The reconstruction of the upper portion of the skull showed that the eye socket was relatively far forward in the skull.
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The holotype was collected near Presidente Prudente city, São Paulo state. It consists of a dentary, cervical and sacral vertebrae, one ungual, and remains of the pelvic region. The mandible has an 'L' shaped morphology, with the symphyseal region of the dentary slightly twisted medially, a feature never recorded before in any titanosaur.
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Jiangxisaurus was assigned to the taxon oviraptoridae. This genus shares several traits with other oviraptorids, including a short narrow skull with a toothless jaw, and anterior cerivcal vertebrae that bear pleurocoels. In contrast to its nearest relatives, Jiangxisaurus has an elongated mandible and a less pronounced down-turned rostrum on its lower jaw.
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It is a medium-sized bird, in length, and is characterized by its white belly and black back and wings. The tips of the long tail feathers are white. The eyes are yellow; the beak is red and presents a stocky casque on the upper mandible. In females, the casque is smaller.
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Skhul 5 had the mandible of a wild boar on its chest. The skull displays prominent supraorbital ridges and jutting jaw, but the rounded braincase of modern humans. When found, it was assumed to be an advanced Neanderthal, but is today generally assumed to be a modern human, if a very robust one.
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Anteriorly, the nerve gives off the mental nerve at about the level of the mandibular 2nd premolars, which exits the mandible via the mental foramen and supplies sensory branches to the chin and lower lip. The inferior alveolar nerve continues anteriorly as the mandibular incisive nerve to innervate the mandibular canines and incisors.
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The mandible of Progalesaurus is very similar to that of Galesaurus, with its teeth setting it apart from other cynodonts. Progalesaurus has a dental formula of I4/3, C1/1, PC7?/9. The upper incisors are long and thin, with a circular cross-section. The lower incisors are shorter than their upper counterparts.
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The adult white-headed marsh tyrant is 12.7 cm long and weighs 15 g. The male is entirely brown-black, apart from the relatively large white head and yellowish lower mandible. The female has brown upperparts and wings and a black tail. Her underparts, sides of the head and forecrown are dull white.
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The toucan barbet has a robust bill. The toucan barbet is a medium-sized robust barbet, of long and weighing . The beak is robust with a yellow maxilla and a light green mandible, both with dark ends. It is pronged at the end, though the prongs are not noticeable in the field.
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The variegatum subspecies has buff forehead with a brownish gray crown. Trochalopteron variegatum simile is similar to Trochalopteron variegatum variegatum except has gray primary and secondary feathers along with gray outer rectrices. The area around the lower mandible is whiter in this subspecies and the buff on the forehead is more dull.
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Its length is , and its weight is . It is often confused with the plain-backed pipit because both species have plain upperparts. The upperparts of the buffy pipit are paler and buffier than the plain-backed pipit. The buffy pipit has a pale supercilium, and its lower mandible has a pinkish base.
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The broad, flat bill is bicolored, with a yellow lower mandible. Its distinctive call is a long, descending whistle. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forest, subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest, subtropical or tropical moist montane forest, and heavily degraded former forest. The nest is small and cup-shaped.
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Alca torda islandica, named by C.L. Brehm in 1831, occurs throughout Ireland, Great Britain and northwestern France. The two subspecies differ slightly in bill measurements. A third subspecies, Alca torda pica, is no longer recognized because the distinguishing characteristic, an additional furrow in the upper mandible, is now known to be age-related.
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Dolichovespula exhibit microscopic spinous growths all over the palate region, whereas other species have localized growths. Another distinctive feature is the monodentate mandible, where the primary incisor is always linear. Its body size is nearly identical in size to species of Vespula. D. adulterina is a member of a monophyly with D. omissa.
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The nares are smaller than the antorbital fenestrae, a primitive feature for ornithurae birds. In addition, Gobipteryx's skull has an articulated rostrum. The jaw hinge is associated with the articulation of the quadrate with the pterygoid processes. The articular region of the mandible contains internal and retroarticular processes and has uniform symphysis.
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Depth of skull and length of mandible are significantly larger in males. It is the second-palest after the Northwest African cheetah. East African cheetahs have a white-yellowish coat to a tannish coat. Their fur are usually quite shorter and leaner, however some can have a thick coarse fur on the belly.
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The genus Proailurus was first described by Henri Filhol in 1879 for fossils found in the Saint-Gerand site in France. He named two species, Proailurus lemanensis, based on a mandible, and Proailurus julieni. However, P. julieni was later placed in the genus Stenogale. In 1882, Filhol described a third species, Proailurus medius.
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The skull was robustly proportioned and the muzzle was short and broad. The cheek bones (zygomata) were deep and widely arched, the sagittal crest was prominent, and the frontal region was slightly convex. The mandible had a flange on each side of the front. The upper incisors were large, sharp, and slanted forwards.
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Mandible fractures are common injuries. However, coronoid process fractures are very rare. Isolated fractures of the coronoid process caused by direct trauma are rare, as it is anatomically protected by the complex zygomatic arch/ temporo-zygomatic bone and their associated muscles. Most fractures here are caused by strokes (contusion or penetrating injuries).
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Dr. William J. Clark is a Scottish orthodontist known for developing Twin Block Appliance in Orthodontics. This appliance was developed by Dr. Clark in 1977 in Scotland and since then this appliance has been used in correction of Class 2 malocclusions with retrognathic mandible. He also developed invisible TransForce Appliance in 2004.
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This feature is reflected by a posterior expansion of the occipital flange of the squamosal, suggesting muscle fibers originate in the mandible. These muscle fibers would insert into the coronoid process at an angle of 45 degrees to horizontal forming an arrangement that supports the lower jaw being drawn posteriorly thus enabling propaliny.
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Symptoms usually include downward-slanting palpebral fissures and hypoplasia of the zygomatic arches. Patients can also suffer from hypoplasia of the mandible, cleft palate, lower eyelid coloboma, microtia, atresia of the ear canal, and hearing loss. Treatments can include reconstructive surgeries of the eye, ear and zygomatic arch, orthodontics and hearing aids.
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The breast and belly are rufous, except for a dark blackish-blue patch on the breast. The legs and feet of the bird are also red. The bill is entirely black in the male, while the female has a red base to the mandible. The iris of the bird is reddish brown.
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Diagram of medial surface of the mandible, showing the slanting attachment of mylohyoid (the mylohyoid line). This arrangement means that the apices of posterior teeth are more likely to be below the level of mylohyoid. Left submandibular space (right side shown with digastric muscle removed). Infections may spread into the submandibular space, e.g.
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There are several types of ritual burials, including individuals who had been decapitated. Sometimes the heads had been buried with the body, other times they had been removed (possibly as trophies). In some cases, heads had been buried with a separate but whole body. The decapitations had been undertaken leaving the mandible intact.
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In lancetfishes, the fangs appear on both the upper and lower jaws while in daggertooths the fangs are only seen along the upper jaw. Whether it is the fangs or the distinctly protruding mandible that inspired the common name "daggertooth" remains unclear. Anotopterus spp. have been reported to grow to as long as .
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If a cyst expands to a very large size, the mandible may be weakened such that a pathologic fracture occurs. After treatments, the patient should be informed of the risk of recurrence. Some people are more susceptible than others. This can be due to their oral and dental condition or inherited condition.
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It has a robust skull; the greatest length of the skull is approximately . The snout has a rounded and somewhat flattened appearance. The braincase has a breadth of approximately and the mandible (jawbone) has a length of approximately . The upper incisors are large, with the inner pair more prominent than the outer pair.
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38–39 The pattern of grooves and foramina (openings) in the skull indicates that the circulation of the arteries of the head in T. talamancae follows the primitive pattern, as in most similar species but unlike in Hylaeamys. The mandible (lower jaw) is less robust than in T. bolivaris.Musser et al., 1998, p.
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Its natural food consists of seeds, and when feeding young, insects. This bird is similar in size to a reed bunting. It has white underparts with reddish flank, pink legs and a pink lower mandible. The summer male has a black head with a white throat and supercilium and a reddish breast band.
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The female has a heavily streaked brown back and brown face with a whitish supercilium. She resembles a female reed bunting, but has the reddish flank streaks, a chestnut nape and a pink, not grey, lower mandible. The call is a distinctive zit, and the song is a melancholic delee-deloo-delee.
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The adult of this long, starling has mainly dully ash-grey plumage except for a white lower chest, belly and undertail. It has a white iris and dark bill. The sexes are alike, but the juvenile has browner plumage, a brown iris and a dull yellow lower mandible. There are no subspecies.
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The Leakey expedition of 1947–1948 to Rusinga Island in Lake Victoria uncovered more species of Proconsul. Mary Leakey made an especially complete find of Proconsul there in 1948,Leakey, M.D. 1948. "The discovery of the skull and associated mandible of a Miocene Ape." The Archaeological News Letter 8, December 1948, 3.
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Betongia pusilla show a form of dentition and jaw structure that distinguishes them from others of the genus. The mandible is lighter than the extant species, and the teeth are smaller. Molars of Bettongia pusilla are straight sided with an elevated crown, which contrasts with the bulbous shape of other Bettongia species.
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In 1983, Robert E. Marx, a prominent oral and maxillofacial surgeon, refuted the notion that trauma and infection were requirements in the development of ORN. Marx proposed that ORN was the result of cumulative tissue damage caused by radiation, creating disturbances in cell metabolism and homeostasis that resulted in cell death and hypocellular tissues. In addition, radiation causes injury to the endothelial cells of local vasculature, creating a hypovascular environment which leads to decreased oxygen delivery resulting in hypoxic tissues. The decrease of vasculature helps explain why the mandible is more commonly affected than maxilla, as the mandible is served primarily by the inferior alveolar artery, whereas the maxilla is served by various arteries and has a more robust blood supply.
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23–24 In a well-preserved mandible, the length from the alveolus for the first incisor to the end of m3 is 8.80 mm and the depth of the mandible at m1 is 1.50 mm. Miniopterus zapfei can be identified as a Miniopterus on the basis of the possession of three lower premolars (designated p2, p3, and p4, because the original first premolar has been lost); a two-rooted p3; and the nyctalodont molars, with the posterolophid (a crest at the back of the molar) behind the entoconid cusp. M. zapfei is about 30% larger than M. fossilis and has a more slender p4. Compared to living Miniopterus, the cingulum (shelf) that surrounds the P4 is less well-developed and the parastyle crest is weaker.
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It arises from the outer surfaces of the alveolar processes of the maxilla and mandible, corresponding to the three pairs of molar teeth and in the mandible, it is attached upon the buccinator crest posterior to the third molar;Google Books Woelfel's Dental Anatomy: Its Relevance to dentistry, Rickne C. Scheid, Julian B. Woelfel. and behind, from the anterior border of the pterygomandibular raphe which separates it from the constrictor pharyngis superior. The fibers converge toward the angle of the mouth, where the central fibers intersect each other, those from below being continuous with the upper segment of the orbicularis oris, and those from above with the lower segment; the upper and lower fibers are continued forward into the corresponding lip without decussation.
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Mandible showing lower molars, in a lahar deposit at the Paleontological Museum in Tocuila, Mexico An adult Columbian mammoth would have needed more than of food per day, and may have foraged for 20 hours a day. Mammoths chewed their food using their powerful jaw muscles to move the mandible forward and close the mouth, then backward while opening; the sharp enamel ridges thereby cut across each other, grinding the food. The ridges were wear-resistant, enabling the animal to chew large quantities of food that contained grit. The trunk could be used for pulling up large tufts of grass, picking buds and flowers, or tearing leaves and branches from trees and shrubs, and the tusks were used to dig up plants and strip bark from trees.
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This effectively produces an evolute which can be termed the resultant axis of mandibular rotation, which lies in the vicinity of the mandibular foramen, allowing for a low-tension environment for the vasculature and innervation of the mandible. The necessity of translation to produce further opening past that which can be accomplished with sole rotation of the condyle can be demonstrated by placing a resistant fist against the chin and trying to open the mouth more than 20 or so mm. The resting position of the temporomandibular joint is not with the teeth biting together. Instead, the muscular balance and proprioceptive feedback allow a physiologic rest for the mandible, an interocclusal clearance or freeway space, which is 2 to 4 mm between the teeth.
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Just above this ridge, the dentary was pierced by a row of as in Jianchangosaurus and Alxasaurus, which became less regular by the region around the mandibular symphysis, where the two halves of the mandible met at the front. This row was instead directly in line with and on the side of the ridge in Erlikosaurus. The that ran along the inner side of the mandible, was placed further down than in Erlikosaurus and had a consistent depth until the thirteenth tooth position, whereafter it widened. The lower jaw elements behind the dentary (the , surangular, , and bones) were distinct from those of other therizinosaurs, being gracile and linear, and contributing to the hind part of the hemimandible being elongate and almost rectangular.
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More bones bearing the specimen number IGM 100/82 were located but were not mentioned in Perle's description, while the whereabouts of some paratype elements was unknown. In a 2016 re-description of the holotype mandible, which had been little studied since 1979, Zanno and colleagues reported the majority of the tooth crowns had been damaged after collection, and most of them were missing their tips. Of the two (halves of the lower jaw), the right is nearly complete; only the hindmost part and the upper front of its mandibular symphysis (the area where the halves of the mandible meet) was missing. The left hemimandible is fragmented and preserves the front part with some displacement of bone due to crushing.
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Juvenile Adults of both sexes are about 43 cm (17 in) in length, including the long, broad tail. The adult male has a red head, breast, and lower undersides, with a blue band on the back of the neck between the red above and green on the back, the wings are green and each has a pale green shoulder band, the tail is green, and the rump is blue. The male has a reddish-orange upper mandible with a black tip, a black lower mandible with an orange base, and yellow irises. The plumage of the female is very different from the male having a green head and breast, a grey beak, and the pale shoulder band is small or absent.
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Life restoration of a Ludodactylus in flight Holotype skull and mandible of the ornithocheirids Ferrodraco (A) and Mythunga (B), and holotype mandible of the targaryendraconian Aussiedraco (C) In 2019, new species of ornithocheiromorphs were found, and the former species Ornithocheirus wiedenrothi was renamed as Targaryendraco wiedenrothi.Rodrigo V. Pêgas, Borja Holgado & Maria Eduarda C. Leal (2019) On Targaryendraco wiedenrothi gen. nov. (Pterodactyloidea, Pteranodontoidea, Lanceodontia) and recognition of a new cosmopolitan lineage of Cretaceous toothed pterodactyloids, Historical Biology, The discovery of Iberodactylus in Spain also made paleontologists reclassify the genus Hamipterus in a newly named family called Hamipteridae. The ornithocheirid Cimoliopterus was also reclassified as well, and it is currently grouped with Aetodactylus and Camposipterus in the clade Targaryendraconia, specifically to its own family, the Cimoliopteridae.
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Georgian archaeologist and anthropologist alt= The expedition in 1991 was highly productive, uncovering abundant animal fossils and a considerable quantity of stone tools. On the morning of 25 September, a group of young archaeologists, led by Medea Nioradze and Antje Justus uncovered a bow-shaped bone.' Justus was immediately intrigued by the unusual shape of the bone and intuitively guessed that it was a mandible, which was confirmed once it was unearthed more clearly and its teeth were revealed.' As the heads of the expedition, Georgian archaeologists and anthropologist Abesalom Vekua and David Lordkipanidze (then in Tbilisi) were summoned to the site and on the next morning, the mandible was freed from the rock around it, a complicated process that took nearly an entire day.
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Distalization in the maxillary arch is easier than the mandibular arch because maxillary bone has more trabecular bone than the mandible, which has higher percentage of cortical bone. One of the most popular devices that is used to distalize molars is known as Pendulum appliance and Pendex Appliance. These were developed by Hilgers in 1990.
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Cherubism is autosomal dominantly linked. Cherubism has also been found from the random mutation of a gene in an individual having no family history of the condition. However it is not well understood why males tend to express the disease more frequently. Children with cherubism vary in severity in their maxilla and mandible bony lesions.
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Otocephaly, also known as agnathia–otocephaly complex, is a very rare and lethal cephalic disorder characterized by the absence of the mandible (agnathia), with the ears fused together just below the chin (synotia). It is caused by a disruption to the development of the first branchial arch. It occurs in every 1 in 70,000 embryos.
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The upper mandible is black and the lores and orbital areas are yellow with a greenish tinge. The eyes are yellow while legs and feet are black. Juveniles look similar to the adults, but are paler. The only heron with somewhat similarly-colorful plumage characteristics, the widespread purple heron, is much smaller than the Goliath.
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The skull of S. granarius can be used to distinguish it from other species belonging to the European Sorex araneus group of shrews. Comparatively, the snout of S. granarius is small and flat, the mandible possesses a diminished coronoid process and a narrow angular process, and the temporal fossa of the skull resembles a triangle.
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The zygomatic arch is robust and provides a large area for attachment of the masseter muscle. This musculature and its strong mandible give it a powerful bite. Its dental formula is . Its black paws are compact with hairless soles, five digits per manus in which the first toe is slightly set back from the others.
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This specimen was discovered and collected by the Royal Tyrrell Museum of Paleontology field crew. Thalattosaurus borealis was named after its Northern discovery location, with Thalattosaurus meaning "ocean lizard" and borealis coming from boreas (Greek word, βορέας) meaning "Northern." Discovered elements include the anterior part of skull, incomplete mandible, centra, isolated ribs, and left pterygoid.
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A nearly complete but badly crushed skull and mandible of Lagonimico were discovered in the La Victoria Formation, that has been dated to the Laventan, about 13.5 to 12.9 Ma.Defler, 2004, p.32Kay, 1994, p.333 Lagonimico, as Micodon and Patasola magdalenae, also from the Honda Group, have been attributed to the Callitrichinae.Takai et al.
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For these reasons, the lips dry out faster and become chapped more easily. The lower lip is formed from the mandibular prominence, a branch of the first pharyngeal arch. The lower lip covers the anterior body of the mandible. It is lowered by the depressor labii inferioris muscle and the orbicularis oris borders it inferiorly.
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In the book Leading with My Chin, he says he is aware of surgery that could reset his mandible, but does not wish to endure a prolonged healing period with his jaws wired shut. Leno is dyslexic.Carter, Bill. "Pushed From Late Night, Leno Is Set for Prime Time" The New York Times, September 12, 2009.
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The male of the species has a black hood, mandible, and throat, as well as a black tail. Wings are black, but the remiges and rectrices (flight feathers) are fringed with white. The secondary coverts form yellow epaulets. The back and vent are yellow washed with olive, and the underside is almost uniformly yellow.
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The masseteric ridges, which anchor some of the chewing muscles and are located on the outer surface of the mandible, are similar to those of Oryzomys. The molars are very worn, so that only traces of the cusps remain; no accessory small cusps are visible. Each of the teeth has two roots.Baskin, 1978, p.
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It also had a robust mandible to facilitate crushing hard objects. Even the strepsirrhine toothcomb was reduced in this species. Its dental formula was The skulls of both Hadropithecus and Archaeolemur indicate that monkey lemurs had relatively large brains compared to the other subfossil lemurs, with Hadropithecus having an estimated endocranial volume of 115 ml.
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Karongasaurus (meaning "Karonga District" lizard) is a genus of titanosaur sauropod dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous. It was a titanosaurid sauropod. Its fossils, consisting solely of part of a lower mandible and a few teeth, were found in the Dinosaur Beds of Malawi. The type species, Karongasaurus gittelmani, was described by Elizabeth Gomani in 2005.
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Illustration of the remains of "Crocodilus" (Massaliasuchus) affuvelensis from the Fuvelian Lignites, 1869. Mandible resembling Musturzabalsuchus illustrated at top. Musturzabalsuchus was assigned to Alligatoroidea on the basis of several characters, including a lateral displacement of the foramen aereum of the articular. Additionally, the enlarged fourth mandibular tooth occludes into a pit in the rostrum.
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Dicynodontoides was first described by Owen in 1876 based on a poorly preserved, but fairly complete skull and mandible, and was originally referred to the genus Dicynodon.Owen, R. 1876. Descriptive and Illustrated Catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia in the Collection of the British Museum. Trustees of the British Museum of Natural History, London, 88 pp.
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This type of activator is particularly suitable for treatment in the early mixed dentition but can also be used in other stages of dental development. In addition to guiding the mandible to a Class I relationship, it can also be used to align teeth and to correct crowding. The LM-Activator is made of silicone.
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A crescent-shaped white patch formed by tertiary coverts; smaller on the underside of the wing. Ten primaries, twelve rectrices. Central tail feathers sooty brown with rusty tips; outer ones rusty with sooty brown barring. Bill blackish, lower mandible slightly paler, pointed, thin and short, rather like in an insectivorous passerine than a wader.
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The apical three teeth on each mandible blade are elongated and slender for grasping prey. Both the mesonotum and pronotum have a slight "u" shaped profile, with the undersides of each curved upwards. The propodium sports short spines, long, on the rear edge, while the petiole has longer spines centrally placed and reaching in length.
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The legs and feet are bright red. It is about long with a wingspan of , and weighs . The female is identical in appearance to the male except that her lower mandible is orange-red with a black tip. The juvenile is similar to the adult, but with duller and greener upperparts and paler underparts.
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The Sphenomandibularis is a muscle attaching to the sphenoid bone and the mandible. It is a muscle of mastication. Unlike most of the muscles of the human body, which had been categorized several centuries ago, Sphenomandibularis was discovered in the mid-1990s at the University of Maryland at Baltimore. The findings were published in 1996.
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The bill is fairly short and thin, with a slightly downcurving upper mandible. The bill, legs, and feet are black and the eye is dark brown with a dark eye-ring, which is not readily visible. It is about 18 cm in length, with a long tail. It has a dark brown head and upperparts.
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Sarcolestes (meaning "flesh robber") is an extinct genus of ankylosaurian ornithischian dinosaur from the Oxford Clay of England. The current type and only species is S. leedsi, and the holotype is a single partial left mandible. The genus and species were named in 1893 by Richard Lydekker, who thought they belonged to a theropod.
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Male frigatebird Gular skin (throat skin), in ornithology, is an area of featherless skin on birds that joins the lower mandible of the beak (or bill) to the bird's neck. Other vertebrate taxa may have a comparable anatomical structure that is referred to as either a gular sac, throat sac, vocal sac or gular fold.
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A study that used Chinese, Malay and Indian judges said that Chinese men with orthognathism where the mouth is flat and in-line with the rest of the face were judged to be the most attractive and Chinese men with a protruding mandible where the jaw projects outward were judged to be the least attractive.
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Submasseteric abscesses are relatively rare, and may be confused with a parotid abscess or parotitis. They tend to be chronic. The submasseteric space may be involved by infections that spread from the buccal space. Sometimes mandibular fractures in the region of the angle of the mandible may cause an infection of the submasseteric space.
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The EIA type 4307A is a power output pentode possessing a similar power rating, but significantly different characteristics to the far more common type 807 thermionic valve/vacuum tube. The "SY" prefix denotes the site of manufacture as being Sydney. The plant, operated by Standard Telephones and Cables Pty. Ltd. was located on Mandible StreetN.
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R. marginata are a dark reddish color (slightly lighter than Ropalidia revolutionalis), with yellow spots on some joints and a yellow ring around the lower abdomen. Males differ from females by having a weaker mandible and lacking a stinger. The female workers are not morphologically different from the queen and are more distinguishable by behavior.
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The bill is yellow with a red spot on the lower mandible. The eye is bright, pale to medium yellow, with a bare yellow or orange ring around it. In winter, the head and neck are streaked with brown. First-cycle bird in Texas Young birds take four years to reach fully adult plumage.
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The middle portion which fibers run in an oblique direction towards inferior and anterior are used for both elevation and retraction of the mandible and in a unilateral contraction provoque lateral movement of the mandible.Scheid, R. C., Woelfel, J. B., & Woelfel, J. B. (2007). Woelfel's dental anatomy: Its relevance to dentistry. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
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Canis c.f. variabilis from northeastern Siberia dated 360,000–400,000 years old. In 2015, a study recovered mDNA from ancient canid specimens that were discovered on Zhokhov Island and the Yana river, arctic northeastern Siberia (which was once a part of western Beringia). These specimens included the mandible of a 360,000–400,000 YBP Canis c.f.
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Otofacial syndrome is an extraordinarily rare congenital deformity in which a person is born without a mandible, and, consequently, without a chin. In nearly all cases, the child does not survive because it is unable to breathe and eat properly. Even with reconstructive surgery, the tongue is extremely underdeveloped, making unaided breathing and swallowing impossible.
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The cutting edges of the maxilla and mandible are serrated which aids in securing live prey and fruit. These serrations, along with the decurved tip of the bill, are also useful in cutting food items into smaller pieces., Fowler, Murray.E. and R.Eric Miller (2008) "Zoo and wild animal medicine: current therapy", Elsevier Health Sciences, Vol.6.
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All known specimens of Barbaridactylus were uncovered in a 3-year dig that unearthed about 200 pterosaur specimens. Its type specimen is FSAC-OB 232, which consists of its right femur, left radius, ulna, humerus, and scapulocoracoid, and partial mandible. Four other specimens have been referred to Barbaridactylus, FSAC-OB 8, 9, 10, and 11. They are all humeri.
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Undertail is brownish grey. The feet and legs are pinkish to purplish grey. During breeding season, the bill and gape are black; however, outside of breeding the bill obtains an orange-yellow or orange-brown base (only on the lower mandible in some individuals) with a yellow gape. Four subspecies are recognised: Ptilotula penicillata penicillata, P. p.
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Chromatogenys is an extinct genus of Scincomorph lizard from the Santonian of Hungary, containing the species C. tiliquoides. It is known from the Csehbánya Formation with the remains consisting of a partial right mandible, the name coming from the vibrant colours on the preserved specimen. The dentition is durophagous, and the animal likely ate hard shelled prey.
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Because cherubism changes and improves over time, the treatment should be individually determined. Generally, moderate cases are watched until they subside or progress into the more severe range. Severe cases may require surgery to eliminate bulk cysts and fibrous growth of the maxilla and mandible. Surgical bone grafting of the cranial facial bones may be successful on some patients.
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Meanwhile, while filling in for Z, Weaver meets and falls in love with Z's co-worker and friend Azteca. Z returns home and is hailed as a war hero (despite not doing anything and left traumatized). Secretly irate, Mandible congratulates him and introduces him to the Queen. There he meets Bala, who eventually recognizes him as a worker.
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Vader and Mankind both took turns and continued to attack Bulldog. Owen tried to save his partner, but Vader used his strength while Mankind used his cheating tactics to overwhelm Owen. Mankind trapped Bulldog to the outside and applied the mandible claw on him. Both men were counted out as the match resulted in a draw.
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Surgical techniques are used to directly reduce the size of a large mandible. Depending on the candidate's individual facial structure, either mandibular resection can be performed alone or in conjunction with a sagittal mandibular reduction. The surgery is performed under general anesthesia through tracheal intubation. The standard surgical procedure uses an intraoral approach, as it leaves no visible scars.
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Baeotherates is known from the holotype OMNH 55758, a dentary bone from the right mandible. It was collected within the Dolese Brothers Limestone Quarry of Richard's Spur in Comanche County, Oklahoma and found in the Garber Formation of the Sumner Group, which dates to the middle Sakmarian stage of the Early Permian, about 289 ± 0.68 million years ago.
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The upper mandible is black, the lower is yellow with a black tip. The male has a slightly darker throat than the female. The males form communal leks where they sing and flash their tails to attract the females. The song varies over its range, but typically is high, squeaky, complex and repeated again and again.
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The mandible of Akidolestes cifellii is similar to that of Zhangheotherium and Maotherium. They all have a coronoid process and dentary condyle. At the same time, the structure and surface features of the teeth of Akidolestes are closer to spalacotheriids as compared with zhangheotheriids. Based on these overall dental characteristics, Akidolestes has been classified as a member of Spalacotheriidae.
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Yellow-backed orioles are a yellow-bodied, sexually monomorphic species. They average in length from beak to tail; making it a relatively medium-sized oriole species. Exposed skin and claws are bluish-black; in adults, the bill is black, with the base of the mandible becoming bluish-grey. Adult males display strongly contrasting yellow and black plumage.
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136–137 Lamberton recognized a third species, Cryptoprocta antamba, on the basis of a mandible (lower jaw) with abnormally broad spacing between the condyloid processes at the back.Lamberton, 1939, p. 191 He also referred two femora (upper leg bones) and a tibia (lower leg bone) intermediate in size between C. spelea and C. ferox to this species.Lamberton, 1939, p.
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The principal feature of Laron syndrome is abnormally short stature (dwarfism). Physical symptoms include: prominent forehead, depressed nasal bridge, underdevelopment of mandible, truncal obesity, and micropenis in males. The breasts of females reach normal size, and in some are large in relation to body size. It has been suggested that hyperprolactinemia may contribute to the enlarged breast size.
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Mitilanotherium is an extinct genus of giraffes from the Pliocene and Pleistocene of Europe. The mandible (the lower jaw bone) of Mililanotherium sp. It was a medium-sized giraffid, resembling the modern okapi, with two long ossicones directly above its eyes, and relatively long and slender limbs. Fossils have been found in Greece, Romania, Ukraine, and Spain.
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It is quite short in Tasmanian populations but longer in northern New South Wales. The beak is a similar shape to that of the little raven, though more massive and heavy-set. The upper mandible, including the nares and nasal groove, is covered with bristles. The mouth and tongue are black, as are the powerful legs and feet.
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Fossils have been found in the Eodicynodon Assemblage Zone of the Karoo deposits, in the Lower Beaufort Beds in Beaufort West, by the director of the BPI, Professor Bruce Rubidge.Four specimen are known. A holotype (NMQR 2987) and three paratypes (NMQR 2985, 2986 and ROZ K95). All of them are known from skull and mandible bones.
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The juvenile is similar but has a pale lower mandible and white fringes to the feathers of the upper body. The overall length is about 22 cm making it about the same size as the syntopic Cacomantis merulinus and Cacomantis variolosus. The hepatic forms of those can be similar but supercilium, long beak and barred tail distinguish this species.
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2 Two vessels containing the skull and the mandible were placed alongside the body of the skeleton in the Mayan lip-to-lip tradition.Skidmore 2011, p. 2 The archaeologists also discovered an incense burner alongside the man which depicted a Jester God Headband or maize god with hun jewel (symbol of rulership).Estrada-Belli 2011, pg.
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In the main event, "The Fiend" Bray Wyatt defended the Universal Championship against Goldberg. After a stare down, Goldberg quickly performed a spear on The Fiend, but The Fiend kicked out at one. The Fiend then applied the Mandible Claw on Goldberg, who managed to power out of it. Goldberg performed three more spears for a near- fall.
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It also seems to have had larger nostrils, with the nostril openings in the bone being in length. The mandible was about long and deep proximally. The skull had an attachment scar above the temporal fossa. The supraoccipital ridge on the skull was quite strongly developed, and a biventer muscle attachment in the parietal region below it was conspicuous.
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The referral of the additional femur and tibia has been questioned by later researchers. In 2003 Jaime Eduardo Powell tentatively referred them to cf. Argyrosaurus and in 2012 Philip Mannion and Alejandro Otero considered it an indeterminate titanosaur. The incomplete mandible attributed to A. wichmannianus is squared off at the front with each dentary bone being L shaped.
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Gonial Angle - Ar-Go-Me. In a patient who has a clockwise growth pattern, the sum of 3 angles will be higher than 396 degrees. The ratio of posterior height (S-Go) to Anterior Height (N-Me) is 56% to 44%. Therefore, a tendency to open bite will occur and a downward, backward growth of mandible will be observed.
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The upper mandible of the bill is black, and the lower is gray with a black tip. The iris and legs are dark brown. Juveniles of the species resemble adults but for the base of their beaks being yellow, proportionately shorter, and their overall coloring being less vibrant. Przevalski's nuthatch is a medium-sized bird, measuring about in length.
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The bill, while large and broad, is also short, barely projecting past the face. It is delicate, but has a unique "tooth" on the cutting edge of the upper mandible that may assist in foraging. Unlike the closely related nightjars, the potoos lack rictal bristles around the mouth. The legs and feet are weak and used only for perching.
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The undertail and underwing are greenish-yellow similar to that of several other small macaws (e.g. red- bellied and golden-collared macaw). The medium-sized bill is pale greyish-horn with a black base (extent varies, but upper mandible in adults typically appears mainly pale). The iris is whitish with a narrow, often barely visible, maroon eye-ring.
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P. sepulta The species name vetula is from the Latin "vetulus" meaning old or wizened. With a body length of it is the second smallest species, after P. primigena. The head is wider than it is long and has eyes placed to the front of the midpoint. The mandible length is less than the head length.
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The corellas have a wingspan of 90 cm, and range from 43–48 cm in length and 560–815 g in weight. They have a variety of loud and raucous calls. They are very similar in appearance to Butler's corella, the only other subspecies of the western corella, being slightly larger with a longer upper mandible.
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The retromolar area of a human mandible is covered by the retromolar pad (also known as the piriformis papilla), an elevated triangular area of mucosa. It is composed of non-keratinized loose alveolar tissue covering glandular tissues and muscle fibers. It is important for supporting lower complete and partial dentures as well as landmarking in the fabrication of dentures.
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The specific name means "very long" in Latin, again in reference to the lower jaws. The holotype is the mandible, specimen MLP-118 (Museo de La Plata). In 1889 Ameghino emended the name to a more grammatically correct Phororhacos but the earlier name has priority. In 1891, it was by him recognized to be a bird.
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The worker is variable in size, from in length, and color, from light yellow to darker brownish yellow, but usually with a "chocolate" abdomen. It has a square head and 12-segmented antennae with club-like tips. Each mandible has three large teeth and a much smaller fourth tooth. The body is mostly smooth and shiny with erect setae.
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The vent and tail-tip are rufous. The bill is black with yellow to the upper mandible and a white band at the base of the bill. The throat is blue or black and the eye-ring is very dark, almost appearing blackish from a distance. The legs are dull greyish and the iris is dark.
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Bruxism is the para- functional movement of the mandible, occurring during the day or night. It can be associated with presence of audible sound when clenching or grinding the teeth. This is usually reported by parents or partners if the grinding occurs during sleep. In some cases, dental erosion is also associated with severe dental attrition.
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The mandibles have a flare in width near the center of their length and sport between 9 and 10 teeth with the apical three teeth on each mandible blade elongated and slender for grasping prey. The propodium sports short spines on the rear edge, while the petiole two spines which angle vertically up from the petiole face.
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It is most commonly seen in the canine and premolar regions of the mandible, and are sometimes confused with lateral periodontal cysts. It is not normally problematic, but when it grows larger, it can cause some discomfort. It can be removed by simple surgical excision. They are developed late in life, generally up to the sixth decade of age.
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The snout was narrow, and the upper jaw had a gap or kink below the nostril. It had a pair of longitudinal, plate- shaped crests on its skull, similar to a cassowary with two crests. The mandible was slender and delicate at the front, but deep at the back. The teeth were long, curved, thin, and compressed sideways.
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In 1949, also in Swartkrans Cave, Broom and Robinson found a mandible which they preliminary described as "intermediate between one of the ape-men and true man," classifying it as a new genus and species "Telanthropus capensis". Most immediate reactions favoured synonymising "T. capensis" with "P. crassidens" whose remains were already abundantly found in the cave.
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Wieslochia weissi is an extinct species of passerine bird from the early Oligocene (27.8 - 33.9 Ma) of Germany. Remains of this species have been found in a clay pit in Frauenweiler near Wiesloch, Germany. The holotype is a dissociated skeleton on two slabs. Another specimen consisting on a mandible and a cranium has been found in the same horyzon.
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Thliptosaurus skull with diagram isolating the mandible. The mandibular symphysis of the dentaries is long, creating a long, flattened shovel-like beak tip. The rest of the jaws is otherwise roughly v-shaped, as is typical for dicynodonts. The dentary has a tall plate on its sides that obscures the external mandibular fenestra, an unusual condition amongst dicynodonts.
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Infection that begins below the buccinator's attachment point with the maxilla will spread inferiorly into the vestibular space. Rarely, the infection will spread upwards into the maxillary sinus and cause a sinusitis. In the lower jaw (mandible), the primary spaces are the sublingual, submandibular, and submental spaces. The location of the mylohyoid dictates the spread of infection.
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Two species are known, Reiszia gubini and R. tippula, both found in middle Permian sediments in the Mezen River Basin of European Russia. R. gubini is known from a partial skull and mandible, while R. tippula is known only from a mandible.M. F. Ivakhnenko, 2000. The Nikkasauridae-Problematic Primitive Therapsids from the Late Permian of the Mezen Localities. Paleontol.
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The mandible has a long and slender shape with grooves and pits on the skull roof. The dentary is long with a posterodorsal process that extends into the lower jaw and overlapping the surangular. The angular and prearticular bones are long with the splenial almost as long as the dentary. The coronoid was unidentifiable in this specimen.
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Adults have streaks on the throat and breast Like other Ammomanes larks, the species has a wide curved beak with the nostrils covered by feathers. The hindclaw is as long as the hindtoe and moderately curved. The base of the lower mandible is fleshy while the rest is horn-grey. The legs are also flesh coloured.
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Derived traits for Cynosaurus are: subvertical mentum on anterior lower jaw, robust mandible with relative high horizontal ramus, broad snout up to 32% of skull length and adult Cynosaurus lacking pineal foramen (Van den Brandt et al., 2018). In early Cynodonts the parietal bone extends ventrally to the sidewall of the braincase (Rubidge et al., 2001).
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The margin of the mandibular foramen is irregular; it presents in front a prominent ridge, surmounted by a sharp spine, the lingula of the mandible which gives attachment to the sphenomandibular ligament; at its lower and back part is a notch from which the mylohyoid groove runs obliquely downward and forward, and lodges the mylohyoid vessels and nerve.
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Trochalopteron variegatum variegatum has distinctive yellow primary and secondary feathers with cinnamon-tipped greater coverts and black primary coverts. Trochalopteron variegatum variegatum has yellow outer rectrices. The area around the beak is black up until the eye, which is broken with a white eye ring. Buff area at the base of the mandible fades to whitish.
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Osteomyelitis of the jaws is osteomyelitis (which is infection and inflammation of the bone marrow, sometimes abbreviated to OM) which occurs in the bones of the jaws (i.e. maxilla or the mandible). Historically, osteomyelitis of the jaws was a common complication of odontogenic infection (infections of the teeth). Before the antibiotic era, it was frequently a fatal condition.
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Its teeth were small relative to body size. The lack of a diastema (gap) between the second incisor and first premolar of the mandible indicates that Oreopithecus had canines of size comparable to the rest of its dentition. In many primates, small canines correlate with reduced inter-male competition for access to mates and less sexual dimorphism.
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The auriculotemporal nerve passes between the neck of the mandible and the sphenomandibular ligament, gives off parotid branches and then turns superiorly, posterior to its head and moving anteriorly, gives off anterior branches to the auricle. It then crosses over the root of the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, deep to the superficial temporal artery.
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The common tailorbird is a brightly coloured bird, with bright green upperparts and creamy underparts. They range in size from and weigh . They have short rounded wings, a long tail, strong legs and a sharp bill with curved tip to the upper mandible. They are wren- like with a long upright tail that is often moved around.
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This particular zigzag behavior was seen in all Brazilian Meliponini species studied. The bees also alert one another by secreting mandible glandular secretions. In flight, the bees will rub their mandibles on the surface of blades of grass and stones. P. subnuda contain the tube-shaped mandibular gland which serve as a reservoir for these secretions.
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The mandible (lower jaw) was tipped by the predentary, a bone unique to ornithischians. This bone also supported a beak similar to the one found on the premaxilla. All the teeth in the lower jaw were found on the dentary bone. Snouts of Heterodontosaurus (A), Abrictosaurus (B), and Tianyulong (C) Heterodontosaurids are named for their strongly heterodont dentition.
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The temporalis is a great mass of mandibular muscle, and is also covered by a tough and shiny fascia. It lies dorsal to the zygomatic arch and fills the temporal fossa of the skull. It arises from the side of the skull and inserts into the coronoid process of the mandible. It too, elevates the jaw.
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The breast is speckled with pale brown and the underparts are white. The legs and feet are yellow and the beak dark brown, apart from the base of the lower mandible which is yellow or pale brown.Hayman, Peter; Marchant, John; Prater, Tony (1986): Shorebirds: an identification guide to the waders of the world. Houghton Mifflin, Boston.
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Measurements of the mandible have shown that the curve of the jaw is relative to the length of the jaw; a longer jaw means a stronger curve. A distinguishing feature of Prodeinotherium is that the area at the base of the curve in the jaw is flat, while a depression is seen in all specimens of Deinotherium.
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The mouth curves downwards and the upper lip curves outwards, due to a fleshy philtrum. These facial features become more noticeable as the individual ages, as Mandible growth outstrips that of the maxilla leading to a clear midface hypoplasia. There is also a mild brachycephaly. Disrupted sleep patterns are characteristic of Smith–Magenis syndrome, typically beginning early in life.
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Trigona fuscipennis bees and Trigona corvina are often mistaken for one another since they are similar in appearance. Trigona fuscipennis workers are also completely black with one narrow red band just before the apex of the mandibles. But unlike the T. corvina species, they are smaller, have a slightly different mandible color and do not have erect black bristles.
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Amphilestes is known from various dental and mandibular remains. The dental formula of the mandible is 4:1:4:5. The premolars are symmetrical and the crowns look like tricusped molars, with the central cusp being largest in premolars and molars, though the size difference is less great in the premolars. George Gaylord Simpson (1928, p. 71)G.
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Paralabrax clathratus has an elongate, relatively deep, compressed body with a pointed snout and a large mouth. The mouth extends back as far as the centre line of the pupil and the lower mandible protrudes to form part of the snout. There are teeth all over the roof of the mouth. The margins of the preopercle have fine serrations.
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PA 868 is a juvenile mandible which was in process of sprouting its first molar of the Lufengpithecus lufengensis and was found in the Yunnan Province in southwestern China around the late 1950s.Zhao, Lingxia, and Zhufang He."Dental Development and Ontogeny of Late Miocene Large-bodied Hominoids from Yunnan, China." AS Anthropological Science (2004): 79-83. Print.
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Woodburne (2003, p. 212) reports that the holotype is a right mandible named AM F66763. The preserved molars are m1–m3. Examination of the jaw fragment revealed a mandibular canal, which has been proposed to indicate the presence of a bill, similar to those of the extinct species Obdurodon dicksoni and the modern platypus Ornithorhynchus anatinus.
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Elfin facies is a form of facies where the patient presents with facial characteristics bearing some similarities to those traditionally associated with elves. It is characterized by prominent forehead, widely spaced eyes, upturned nose, underdeveloped mandible, dental hypoplasia, and patulous lips. It can be associated with Williams syndrome or Donohue syndrome (which is also known as leprechaunism).
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In the subspecies around the North Pacific in particular and in females elsewhere too, there may be faint brownish bars on the breast. The bill is large and hooked at the tip and coloured nearly black, but pale at the base of the under mandible (though the extent varies seasonally). The legs and feet are blackish.Harris & Franklin (2000): pp.
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In October 2014, the fossil remains of an early hominin were discovered at the site. A mandible and six teeth were discovered. The hominin fossils belonged to at least three distinct individuals. The hominin fossils were dated to around 700,000 BP, making the Mata Menge fossils the oldest hominin fossils yet discovered on the island of Flores.
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Bentsen State Park, Texas, US Both males and females have a black mandible and throat, as well as a black back and long black tail. Wings are black, but the remiges and rectrices (flight feathers) are fringed with white. These form a single white wing bar and white wing spots when folded. The secondary coverts form orange epaulets.
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A dinosaur's dentition included all the teeth in its jawbones, which consist of the dentary, maxillary, and in some cases the premaxillary bones. The maxilla is the main bone of the upper jaw. The premaxilla is a smaller bone forming the anterior of the animal's upper jaw. The dentary is the main bone that forms the lower jaw (mandible).
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Thalattosaurs often have a pronounced retroarticular process at the rear of the mandible. Thalattosauroids are more specialized than askeptosauroids in jaw anatomy, as they have evolved a large peak-like coronoid bone and an angular bone that extends far forwards along the lower edge of the jaw. Palatal dentition is extensive in thalattosauroids but absent in askeptosauroids.
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It was estimated to be 2 million years old, when the area of Belgrade was the edge of a Quaternary lake. The skeleton was almost undisturbed, with especially well preserved mandible with teeth, which were used to identify the species. The ribs and femurs were also in excellent shape. The bones were transported to the Museum of Serbian Land.
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Adults are approximately in length, are bright green with a yellow area on the forehead, and a horn-colored (gray) beak, sometimes with a dark tip, but lacking the reddish coloring on the upper mandible that is present in the nominate yellow-crowned amazon.Amazona ochrocephala. Lexicon of Parrots, online version. Arndt-Verlag. Accessed 16 February 2010.
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Brooke, 2004. p. 67 A Laysan albatross feeds its chick. The parent pumps food from a modified foregut, the proventriculus, and the chick catches the meal in its lower mandible. Upon hatching, the chicks are semi-precocial, having open eyes, a dense covering of white or grey down feathers, and the ability to move around the nesting site.
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Adult wingspan is 20.5-23.9 cm; tail length is 13.4-16.8 cm and bill length is 1.5-2.5 cm. The spotted nightjar's bill is flesh-brown to blackish, occasionally paler nearer to the gape of the lower mandible. The iris is brown to very dark brown; legs and feet are brown with darker claws.Schodde, R., & Mason, I. J. (1980).
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The adult snowy-crowned tern has a moderate-sized head and a slender body. It reaches a length of about . The bill is slender, flattened, slightly down-curved and about the same length as the head. It is black with a yellow tip, a yellow edging to the mandibles and a yellow base to the lower mandible.
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The area covering the head of the wasp has a grainy exterior. The eyes are bare to the environment and the head appears to be convex upon further inspection. However, the head converges downward when viewed from the lateral side. In the jaw or mandible, the upper tooth is longer and wider than the lower tooth.
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As its name suggests, the broad-billed motmot has a broad, flattened bill. Its bill is black, has serrated edges, and has a keel on the upper mandible. This species does not demonstrate sexual dimorphism, which means that both the male and female look alike. Juveniles of this species are duller and darker than the adults.
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Like all fractures, consideration has to be given to other illnesses that might jeopardize the patient, then to reduction and fixation of the fracture itself. Except in avulsive type injuries, or those where there might be airway compromise, a several day delay in the treatment of mandible fractures seems to have little impact on the outcome or complication rates.
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The ant is about long, thus smaller than the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta. It is covered with reddish-brown hairs. Their larvae are plump, and hairy, with a specific conformation of mouthparts and unique mandible morphology that allows for precise species identification. The colonies live under stones or piles; they have no centralized nests, beds, or mounds.
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When producing /r/, the elevation of the mandible can compensate for restriction of tongue movement. Also, compensations can be made for /s/ and /z/ by using the dorsum of the tongue for contact against the palatal rugae. Thus, Horton et al. proposed compensatory strategies as a way to counteract the adverse effects of ankyloglossia and did not promote surgery.
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The vent and tail-tip are rufous. The bill is black with yellow to the upper mandible and a white band at the base of the bill. The throat is white and the colour of the eye-ring is very dark, appearing blackish from a distance. The legs are dull greyish and the iris is dark.
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The lower mandible is black, and the legs are green. Juvenile collared aracaris are much duller, with sooty- black head and brownish green upperparts. The red rump and yellow underparts are paler, and the breast spot, belly band and bill pattern are indistinct. The call of the collared aracari is a loud, sharp pseek, or peeseek.
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Archaeorhynchus was a medium-sized avialan, measuring about long. The three specimens have well-preserved skulls showing important anatomical information, including: slender maxilla and premaxilla, short nasals and discrete mandible elements. The skull bones of the holotype were slightly dislocated due to transportation. All three known fossil specimens have a preserved vertebrae column, although they are not entirely complete.
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Mandible of C. stenognathus C. paulistanus has about ten autapomorphies or unique characteristics. The external naris (the nostril opening in the skull) is bordered only by the premaxillae bones. Each premaxilla has four teeth set into it. There is a gap called a diastema in the premaxillary tooth row, and a diastema in between the premaxillary and maxillary teeth.
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The body, which ranges between light and dark reddish-brown, is thinly covered in setae. The body surface is shiny and patterned with tiny hexagonal structures. Unlike most species of Mycocepurus, males and females are physically similar. Distinguishing characteristics include the mandibles; the mandible terminates in a tooth in females, but does not do so in males.
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The genus is the largest primate found at La Venta,Defler, 2004, p.33 with estimated body masses of S. tatacoensis at and of S. victoriae at .Silvestro, 2017, p.14 Stirtonia tatacoensis and S. victoriae are known by several teeth, a mandible and a maxilla that closely resemble, and are almost indistinguishable from, the living Alouatta.
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The orange-winged amazon is a mainly green parrot about long and weighing about 340 g. It has blue and yellow feathers on its head which varies in extent between individuals. The upper mandible is partly horn colored (gray) and partly dark-gray. It has orange feathers in the wings and tail, which can be seen when in flight.
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Pariosternarchus amazonensis has a wide head, measuring up to a seventh as wide as long, with a completely flat ventral surface. The mouth is small and slung beneath the moderately long snout; conical teeth are present in both jaws. The sensory canals along the mandible are highly expanded. P. amazonensis is laterally compressed with a short body cavity.
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Leonardus is a fairly small mammal, similar in size to Necrolestes and Notoryctes. It is known from two specimens, the holotype MACN-RN 172, composed of a left maxilla, four associated molariform teeth and two pairs of alveoli, and MACN- RN 1907, a right mandible with two molariforms. Said molariforms are vaguely peg-like, with a dome-like stylocone.
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The genus name is derived from Tendaguru and a Latinized Greek pteron, "wing". The specific name honors Reck. The genus is based on holotype MB.R.1290, a partial mandible with teeth (the symphyseal region, where the two lower jaws meet and fuse into one element). The top of the back of the symphysis is very concave.
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Weksler, 2006, p. 35 The parapterygoid fossae, which are located behind the third molars, are excavated beyond the level of the palate, but not as deeply as in Holochilus and Lundomys.Weksler, 2006, p. 36 The mastoid skull bone contains a conspicuous opening, as in most oryzomyines.Weksler, 2006, p. 41 The mandible (lower jaw) is short and deep.
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Some agricultural workers found them and notified the police, who then took them to a public hospital. Rodrigo Rojas' burns were fatal. He had second- and third-degree burns that covered 90% of his body, a broken mandible and broken ribs, and a collapsed lung. He lingered for four days after the incident, and died on 6 July 1986.
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The elytra are rounded at the posterior, almost equally long and wide, and covered in short branching hairs. Male beetles have three teeth at the apex of the mandibles; females have two. What distinguishes this species from all other New Zealand stag beetles is a long conical vertical tooth, on the top of the mandible, in both sexes.
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Head detail Regardless of sex, the hornet's head is a light shade of orange and its antennae are brown with a yellow-orange base. Its eyes and ocelli are dark brown to black. V. mandarinia is distinguished from other hornets by its pronounced clypeus and large genae. Its orange mandible contains a black tooth that it uses for digging.
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Amazona oratrix hondurensis: A new subspecies of parrot from the Sula Valley of northern Honduras. Bull. BOC 117: 203-223. A. auropalliata caribaea on the Islas de la Bahía, which is relatively close to the recently described A. oratrix hondurensis, may have a relatively pale lower mandible, indicating that gene flow may occur between the two.Lousada, S. 1989.
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Articulator Semi-adjustable articulator with mounted casts An articulator is a mechanical hinged device used in dentistry to which plaster casts of the maxillary (upper) and mandibular (lower) jaw are fixed, reproducing some or all the movements of the mandible in relation to the maxilla. The human maxilla is fixed and the scope of movement of the mandible (and therefore the dentition) is dictated by the position and movements of the bilateral temperomandibular joints, which sit in the glenoid fossae in the base of the skull. The temperomandibular joints are not a simple hinge but rotate and translate forward when the mouth is opened. The principal movements reproduced are: at rest (centric jaw relation), in protrusion (to bite), from side to side (lateral excursion) to chew, in retrusion, and any possible combination of these.
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In 1979, American anthropologist A. E. Johnson Jr. used the dimensions of gorillas to estimate a femur length of and humerus length of for Gigantopithecus, about 20–25% longer than those of gorillas. In 2017, Chinese palaeoanthropologist Yingqi Zhang and American anthropologist Terry Harrison suggested a body mass of , though conceded this was likely an overestimate and it is impossible to obtain a reliable body mass estimate without more complete remains. Gigantopithecus had a dental formula of , with 2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 premolars, and 3 molars in each half of the jaw for both jaws. The average maximum length of upper canines for presumed males and females are and , respectively, and Mandible III (presumed male) is 40% larger than Mandible I (presumed female), which implies sexual dimorphism with males being larger than females.
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The mandibular fossa (glenoid fossa) is bounded, in front, by the articular tubercle; behind, by the tympanic part of the bone, which separates it from the external acoustic meatus; it is divided into two parts by a narrow slit, the petrotympanic fissure (Glaserian fissure). The anterior part, formed by the squamous part, is smooth, covered in the fresh state with cartilage, and articulates with the condyle of the mandible. Behind this part of the fossa is a small conical eminence; this is the representative of a prominent tubercle which, in some mammals, descends behind the condyle of the mandible, and prevents its backward displacement. The posterior part of the mandibular fossa, formed by the tympanic part of the bone, is non-articular, and sometimes lodges a portion of the parotid gland.
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Veldmeijer and colleagues assigned the front part of a mandible collected from the same formation to T. sethi in 2005. They concluded that although the two specimens differed in several details, the differences were not significant enough to base a new species on the mandible, and that the new specimen filled in the gap of Kellner and Campos' T. sethi skull reconstruction. Palaeontologists Jaime A. Headden and Herbert B. N. Campos coined the new binomial Banguela oberlii, based on their reinterpretation of the jaw tip as belonging to a toothless member of the family Dsungaripteridae, in 2014. The generic name is Portuguese for "toothless" and the specific name honours private collector Urs Oberli, who had donated the specimen to the Naturmuseum St. Gallen (where it is catalogued as NMSG SAO 25109).
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A 2005 beam- theory study by the palaeontologist François Therrien and colleagues found that the bite force in the mandible of Dilophosaurus decreased rapidly hindwards in the tooth-throw. This indicates that the front of the mandible, with its upturned chin, "rosette" of teeth, and strengthened symphysal region (similar to spinosaurids), was used to capture and manipulate prey, probably of relatively smaller size. The properties of its mandibular symphysis was similar to those of felids and crocodilians that use the front of their jaws to deliver a powerful bite when subduing prey. The loads exerted on the mandibles were consistent with struggle of small prey, which may have been hunted by delivering slashing bites to wound it, and then captured with the front of the jaws after being too weakened to resist.
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Infections originating in either maxillary or mandibular teeth can spread into the buccal space, usually maxillary molars (most commonly) and premolars or mandibular premolars. Odontogenic infections which erode through the buccal cortical plate of the mandible or maxilla will either spread into the buccal vestibule (sulcus) and drain intra-orally, or into the buccal space, depending upon the level of the perforation in relation to the attachment of buccinator to the maxilla above and the mandible below (see diagrams). Frequently infection spreads in both directions as the buccinator is only a partial barrier. Infections associated with mandibular teeth with apices at a level inferior to the attachment, and maxillary teeth with apices at a level superior to the attachment are more likely to drain into the buccal space.
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Retruded contact position (RCP) also known as centric relation, describes the relationship of the mandible to maxilla when the mandibular condyles are in their most superior and anterior position, independent of tooth contact. According to the latest definition by The Glossary of Prosthodontic Terms, RCP is defined as “The maxillomandibular relationship in which the condyles articulate with the thinnest avascular portion of their respective discs, with the complex in the anterior-superior position against the slopes of the articular eminences. This position is independent of tooth contact. It is restricted to a purely rotary movement about the transverse horizontal axis.” RCP is said to be a relatively reproducible position. Posselt in his ‘Studies in the Mobility of the Human Mandible’ found that the RCP is reproducible to 0.08mm.
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The submandibular lymph nodes (submaxillary glands in older texts), three to six in number, are placed beneath the body of the mandible in the submandibular triangle, and rest on the superficial surface of the submandibular gland. One gland, the middle gland of Stahr, which lies on the facial artery as it turns over the mandible, is the most constant of the series; small lymph glands are sometimes found on the deep surface of the submandibular gland. The afferents of the submandibular glands drain the medial canthus, the cheek, the side of the nose, the upper lip, the lateral part of the lower lip, the gums, and the anterior part of the margin of the tongue. Efferent lymph vessels from the facial and submental lymph nodes also enter the submandibular glands.
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The synovial membrane covers the inner surface of the articular capsule in the TMJ, except for the surface of the articular disc and condylar cartilage. The lower joint compartment formed by the mandible and the articular disc is involved in rotational movement—this is the initial movement of the jaw when the mouth opens. The upper joint compartment formed by the articular disc and the temporal bone is involved in translational movement—this is the secondary gliding motion of the jaw as it is opened widely. The part of the mandible which mates to the under- surface of the disc is the condyle and the part of the temporal bone which mates to the upper surface of the disk is the articular fossa or glenoid fossa or mandibular fossa.
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The first evidence of Neanderthal/human contact was discovered in 2009 with a mandible belonging to a young Neanderthal from the modern-human-inhabited (indicated by Aurignacian technology) Grotte des Rois, France. The mandible shows cut marks which are similar to the butchery seen in the reindeer bones also in the cave, which could indicate human predation of Neanderthals, human skinning of Neanderthal heads (as trophies), or a pre-burial ritual involving tooth extraction. Pre-burial ritual is better supported as other Aurignacian sites have evidence of post-mortem tooth extraction (but for modern humans), perhaps to use as jewellery. Shanidar 3 died from complications from a stab wound, likely originating from a light-weight, long-range projectile, a technology that possibly only H. sapiens had, which implies Neanderthal/modern human violence.
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Gabunia and colleagues interpreted H. georgicus as a descendant of H. habilis or H. rudolfensis and an early species "near the roots of the Homo branch", "foretelling the emergence of Homo ergaster".' Palaeoanthropologist Sang-Hee Lee supported the classification of all the Dmanisi hominin fossils as belonging to the same species (though made no comment on if that species should be H. erectus or H. georgicus) in 2005, noting that despite the differences in brain capacity between the skulls, they were not more morphologically distinct from each other than individuals of different sexes in modern great apes.'''''' The D2600 mandible (later associated with Skull 5), designated as the type specimen of Homo georgicus in 2002 Lordkipanidze and colleagues described Skull 4 and its mandible in 2006, noting that it was similar to the fossils discovered previously and stating that with the possible exception of the D2600 mandible, all of the Dmanisi fossils were assignable to a single species. The researchers noted that the hominin population shared several traits with more primitive hominins, such as Australopithecus and earlier Homo, notably the low cranial capacities, but that many other aspects of their morphology aligned them with H. erectus, particularly African H. erectus (H.
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The dental arcade is U-shaped, and the mandible is thin and light. The incisors are broad and flat, while the molars have low, rounded cusps with thick enamel. The most noticeable characteristic of the dentition of Hylobates lar is the presence of large, dagger-like canines in both the upper and lower jaw. These canines are not sexually dimorphic.
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Victoriapithecus macinnesi had a dental formula of 2:1:2:3 on both the upper and lower jaws. Its lower molars are bilophodont with low cusps. The canines show sexual dimorphism and the mandible is relatively deep compared to other Old World monkeys. On the forelimbs, the distal end of the humerus shows a narrow articulation and a deep ulnar notch.
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Cryonectes is characterized by a unique combination of characters including a very slight constriction between premaxillae and maxillae, its snout is greatly elongated and the mandible has a long symphysis bearing seven tooth position and retaining a ventral mandibular ridge. A cladistic analysis performed by Peggy Vincent, Nathalie Bardet and Emanuela Mattioli found it to be basal to Pliosaurus, Peloneustes and other pliosaurids.
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A 10 year observational period found that implants which supported overdentures in the mandible had a survival rate ranging from 91.7% to 100%. Furthermore, implant survival rates with respect to their attachment system were found to be best for the ball type attachment which was an average of 95.8 - 97.5%, followed by the bar and magnet ranging from 96.2 - 100% , and 91.7% respectively.
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External measurements recorded were as follows: the head-and-body length ranged from , the tail length ranged from , and ear length was between . Weight ranges from . Basically dark brown on the back, the caenolestid may have a lighter underbelly. This caenolestid has a relatively stronger cranium and shorter mandible, suggesting that it can feed on tougher material than can other shrew opossums.
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The maxilla will be affected up to and including the orbits and sometimes inside the lower orbits. The maxilla and zygomatic bones are depressed and eyes appear to gaze upward. The maxilla has been found to be more severely affected in most cases than the mandible bone. Some patients found with lower inner orbital growths and cysts may lose vision.
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Overall, the notharctines retain a very primitive primate morphology. They have long broad snouts, a dental formula of 2.1.4.3, a lacrimal bone within the orbit, and, except for Notharctus, an unfused mandible. All have small orbits which indicate a diurnal lifestyle and there is some evidence of the reduction of the sense of smell in favor of the sense of sight.
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During mandible development, most of it is formed through intramembranous ossification, where endochondral ossification will occur in the proximal region. TGF-β is important for cell proliferation and differentiation during skeletogenesis. During this process, TGF-β can stimulate differentiation into either chondrocytes or osteoblasts via FGF, Msx1, and Ctgf signalling pathways. General gene knock out of the TGF-β resulted in death.
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The genus is based on holotype CAR-0018, an almost complete but crushed 161 millimetres long mandible (fused lower jaws), which differs from that of all known other ctenochasmatids in its short teeth and low tooth count (eleven per side). Also a detached hyoid is present.Dong, Z., and Lü, J. (2005). A New Ctenochasmatid Pterosaur from the Early Cretaceous of Liaoning Province.
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Stigmatomma is a genus of ants in the subfamily Amblyoponinae. The genus has a worldwide distribution, and like most other amblyoponines, Stigmatomma species are specialized predators. First described by Roger (1859), it was for a long time considered to be a synonym of Amblyopone until it was revived as an independent genus by Yoshimura & Fisher (2012) based on worker mandible morphology.
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He sustained a broken mandible in a collision with Alen Pamić during an aerial challenge. Despite the injury Ibáñez decided to play in the Croatian Cup semifinals against Hajduk Split. He played until the 79th minute of the match when he was substituted. After the match, he underwent surgery, although he reportedly asked manager Jurčić to play one more league match against Lokomotiva.
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Thalassoleon could be the ancestor of the modern northern fur seal. T. mexicanus was comparable in size to the largest fur seals, with an estimated weight of 295–318 kg (650-700 lb).Geological Survey professional paper, Volume 992 By Geological Survey (U.S.) T. macnallyae, based on size of the mandible, may have grown much larger, similar in size to a walrus.
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The cephalosome of adult male specimens has a distinct produced frontal border with conical superior fronto-lateral processes with a slightly sunken inferior conical medio-frontal process. The dentate blades of the mandibles each contain ten or eleven processes, with the overall mandible being .8 times the length of the cephalasome. The cephalosome of adult females is rectangular with convex lateral margins.
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When examined, cells with abundant granular eosinophilic and small eccentric nuclei are found. A delicate fibrovascular network can be found between the cells. It has an unusual resemblance to granular cell myoblastoma and is more common in the maxilla than the mandible. A congenital Epulis can potentially involute, therefore, if it is not interfering with feeding and breathing, monitoring the lesion is advised.
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The fossa can smell, hear, and see well. It is a robust animal and illnesses are rare in captive fossas. Cranium (dorsal, ventral, and lateral views) and mandible (lateral and dorsal views) Both males and females have short, straight fur that is relatively dense and without spots or patterns. Both sexes are generally a reddish-brown dorsally and colored a dirty cream ventrally.
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Deltavjatia was a procolophonoid reptile from the Tatarian stage of the Permian time period. It had a large body of about in length. Deltavjatia was an herbivore and lived in what is now Russia. The first specimen of Deltavjatia was a specimen of a skull and lower mandible (PIN 2212/1), found in the Urpalov Formation in Kotelnich, Vyatka River.
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Spodoptera exempta was first described by Francis Walker in 1856. The species of Spodoptera are distributed around the world, mostly inhabiting tropical and subtropical areas. There are 30 known species in the genus, and roughly half are considered agricultural pests. There are two final larval stages based on the mandible structure of the species: serrate-like mandibles and chisel-like mandibles.
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A relatively small puffin, Dow's puffin is intermediate regarding the extent of dorsoventral expansion of the rostrum and mandible, between living puffins of the genus Fratercula, and the closely related rhinoceros auklet (Cerorhinca monocerata). Both the common name and the specific epithet honour Ronald J. Dow who provided assistance and logistical support for the paleontological work carried out on San Nicolas Island.
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All ages have a pink bill with a black cutting edge on the upper mandible, along with pale pink legs. The northern royal albatross can be distinguished from the southern at sea by its upper wings, the plumage of which are all dark compared to the large areas of white on the southern. The two species also differ in behavior.
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After finding the humerus, a cast was made and the team continued to search for more bones. Two assistants took the casts around the cave to try and find a match to the ends. After searching deeper in the cave, the team was able to discover more bones encased in the breccia. A mandible was found still attached to the cranium.
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The black patch has a raised edge and appears to be a distinct part of the face. The eyelid and eyering are a thin line of black surrounding the bird's large, dark brown eyes. The beak is robust, disproportionately large, and black. This beak can be considered crow-like, is noticeably decurved in the upper mandible, and is about long.
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Based on the character states observed by Dlussky and Rasnitsyn they moved the species to Paratrechina. Fossil species belonging to the Prenolepis genus group were again examined and reviewed in 2010 by John LaPolla and Gennady Dlussky. Based on the mandible, pronotal structure and mesonotal setae they moved the species to Nylanderia, noting the species to be the oldest in the genus.
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These were found in the upper Muschelkalk, which dates back to the Ladinian stage of the Middle Triassic. Material found in France includes the holotype skull of S. gaillardoti and a partial mandible referred to S. mougeoti. Both were described by von Meyer. The skull, which served as the basis for the first description of Simosaurus, has since been lost.
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40 The mandible (lower jaw) is robust. The two masseteric ridges, which anchor some of the chewing muscles, are joined together as a single crest for a portion of their length and extend forward to a point below the first molar. The capsular process, a raising of the mandibular bone at the back end of the lower incisor, is well developed.
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The jaw and dental morphology of Palaeolama distinguish it from other laminae. Palaeolama tend to have a comparatively more dorsoventrally gracile mandible. Like Hemiauchenia, Palaeolama lack their second deciduous premolars and can further be differentiated by the distinct size and shape of their third deciduous premolars. Their dentition has also been described as more brachyodont-like (short crowns, well developed roots).
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The upper or lower jaw can be overgrown (macrognathia) or undergrown (micrognathia). It has been reported that patients with micrognathia are also affected by retrognathia (abnormal posterior positioning of the mandible or maxilla relative to the facial structure). These patients are majorly predisposed to a class II malocclusion. Mandibular macrognathia results in prognathism and predisposes patients to a class III malocclusion.
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The species have a pair of lateral teeth that are located on each side. It mandible is simple, with its setae and tergum are both long. The first instar egg-bursters have only one tooth, while its femora have up to 10 setae. Its anal tube is in length, which is the same length of its head, and is shorter than its cersi.
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Crouzon syndrome is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder known as a branchial arch syndrome. Specifically, this syndrome affects the first branchial (or pharyngeal) arch, which is the precursor of the maxilla and mandible. Since the branchial arches are important developmental features in a growing embryo, disturbances in their development create lasting and widespread effects. This syndrome is named after Octave Crouzon,L.
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There are 13 thoracic (chest), 7 lumbar (abdomen), 4 sacral (hip), and 38 caudal (tail) vertebrae.Carleton and Goodman, 1996, p. 238 The upper incisors have orange enamel and are opisthodont, with the cutting edge of the tooth inclined backwards. The root of the lower incisors extends though the mandible (lower jaw) to a low capsular process at the back of the jawbone.
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The skull was longer and lower proportionally than in any other known hadrosaurid. The toothless portion of the anterior mandible was relatively longer than in any hadrosaur. The extreme length and breadth did not appear until an individual reached maturity, so many specimens lack the distinctive shape. The bones surrounding the large openings for the nostrils formed deep pockets around the openings.
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The prevalence of peripheral ossifying fibromas is highest around 10 – 19 years of age. It appears only on the gingiva, more often on the maxilla rather than the mandible, and is frequently found in the area around incisors and canines. The adjacent teeth are usually not affected. Peripheral ossifying fibromas appear microscopically as a combination of a mineralized product and fibrous proliferation.
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In the mandible (lower jaw), there is a capsular process—a protuberance at the back of the jawbone that houses the root of the lower incisor. Below the molars, the upper and lower masseteric ridges (crests which support some of the chewing muscles) are sometimes conjoined towards the front, and they extend forward to a point below the first lower molar (m1).
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The elytra and forewings are normally well developed in beetles, but in Histeridae the elytra are shortened and rectangular. The shortened elytra expose the final two of the seven tergites. The head has compound eyes, a mandible mouthpart, and shortened antennae. A distinctive characteristic is that the antennae are elbowed and contain three antennomeres that form a club at the end.
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The only known specimen of ? Oryzomys pliocaenicus is a mandible (lower jaw) found in the spring of 1935 by David Dunkle in Edson Quarry, Sherman County, Kansas. It is in the collections of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University as specimen MCZ 6202. Edson Quarry is in the Ogallala Formation and the Hemphillian North American Land Mammal Age.
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Interior of the cave Šipka is a cave located near Štramberk, Moravian-Silesian Region, Czech Republic, 440 m above sea level. In 1880, a mandible of a Neanderthal child was found there. The age of the child has been estimated to be between 9 and 10 years.Jiří Svoboda, Vojen Ložek, Emanuel Vlček, "Hunters between East and West: the Paleolithic of Moravia", 1996, , pp.
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In general, E. major has a more robust skull, both in cranial length and breadth, and mandible. Their teeth are specialized and insectivore-like due to their diet. The two species have conspicuously different dentitions, which are more robust in E. major. One of the most noticeable diagnostic differences between these two species is the much more expansive auditory bullae in E. major.
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In the mandible there are at least ten pairs of teeth, perhaps twelve. The back teeth are small, the front teeth are very long, robust and curved, pointing moderately forwards. At the front they form a large, intermeshing "prey grab", that may have been used to snatch fish from the water surface. The teeth of Angustinaripterus resemble those of Dorygnathus.
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Only Megalocephalus is known to share this brassicate patch with colosteids. The mandibles were also unique in the fact that they possessed a single elongated hole along their inner surface, known as an exomeckelian foramen (or a meckelian fenestra). Earlier stegocephalians like Ichthyostega possessed a subtle slit in the mandible, while most later groups had a series of smaller, well-defined holes.
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The drain is kept in place for a variable period of time following the procedure. Long standing buccal abscesses tend to spontaneously drain via a cutaneous sinus at the inferior of the space, near the inferior border of the mandible and the angle of the mouth. An untreated cutaneous sinus can cause disfiguring soft tissue fibrosis, and the tract can become epithelial lined.
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The fish has a structure called a premaxillary toothpad, which is located on the very front of the upper jaw of the mouth. This structure contains several rows of short, chisel-shaped teeth. On the lower jaw, or mandible, the teeth are attached to flexible, stalk-like structures and described as "s-shaped" or "hooked". The maximum total length of the species is .
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The fish has a structure called a premaxillary toothpad, which is located on the very front of the upper jaw of the mouth. This structure contains several rows of short, chisel-shaped teeth. On the lower jaw, or mandible, the teeth are attached to flexible, stalk-like structures and described as "s-shaped" or "hooked". The maximum standard length of the species is .
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The fish has a structure called a premaxillary toothpad, which is located on the very front of the upper jaw of the mouth. This structure contains several rows of short, chisel-shaped teeth. On the lower jaw, or mandible, the teeth are attached to flexible, stalk-like structures and described as "s-shaped" or "hooked". The maximum standard length of the species is .
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The fish has a structure called a premaxillary toothpad, which is located on the very front of the upper jaw of the mouth. This structure contains several rows of short, chisel-shaped teeth. On the lower jaw, or mandible, the teeth are attached to flexible, stalk-like structures and described as "s-shaped" or "hooked". The maximum total length of the species is .
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The fish has a structure called a premaxillary toothpad, which is located on the very front of the upper jaw of the mouth. This structure contains several rows of short, chisel- shaped teeth. On the lower jaw, or mandible, the teeth are attached to flexible, stalk-like structures and described as "s-shaped" or "hooked". The maximum total length of the species is .
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The fish has a structure called a premaxillary toothpad, which is located on the very front of the upper jaw of the mouth. This structure contains several rows of short, chisel-shaped teeth. On the lower jaw, or mandible, the teeth are attached to flexible, stalk-like structures and described as "s-shaped" or "hooked". The maximum total length of the species is .
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Taphonomy of debris- flow hosted dinosaur bonebeds at Dalton Wells, Utah (Lower Cretaceous, Cedar Mountain Formation, USA). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 280(1-2):1-22. Another factor that degraded the bones before burial was consumption by insects. Insects, probably beetle larvae, consumed portions of the bones that were in contact with the ground, as evidenced by burrows and mandible marks.
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The fish has a structure called a premaxillary toothpad, which is located on the very front of the upper jaw of the mouth. This structure contains several rows of short, chisel- shaped teeth. On the lower jaw, or mandible, the teeth are attached to flexible, stalk-like structures and described as "s-shaped" or "hooked". The maximum total length of the species is .
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The fish has a structure called a premaxillary toothpad, which is located on the very front of the upper jaw of the mouth. This structure contains several rows of short, chisel-shaped teeth. On the lower jaw, or mandible, the teeth are attached to flexible, stalk-like structures and described as "s-shaped" or "hooked". The maximum total length of the species is .
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The fish has a structure called a premaxillary toothpad, which is located on the very front of the upper jaw of the mouth. This structure contains several rows of short, chisel-shaped teeth. On the lower jaw, or mandible, the teeth are attached to flexible, stalk-like structures and described as "s-shaped" or "hooked". The maximum standard length of the species is .
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The fish has a structure called a premaxillary toothpad, which is located on the very front of the upper jaw of the mouth. This structure contains several rows of short, chisel-shaped teeth. On the lower jaw, or mandible, the teeth are attached to flexible, stalk-like structures and described as "s-shaped" or "hooked". The maximum standard length of the species is .
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The fish has a structure called a premaxillary toothpad, which is located on the very front of the upper jaw of the mouth. This structure contains several rows of short, chisel-shaped teeth. On the lower jaw, or mandible, the teeth are attached to flexible, stalk-like structures and described as "s-shaped" or "hooked". The maximum total length of the species is .
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The fish has a structure called a premaxillary toothpad, which is located on the very front of the upper jaw of the mouth. This structure contains several rows of short, chisel-shaped teeth. On the lower jaw, or mandible, the teeth are attached to flexible, stalk-like structures and described as "s-shaped" or "hooked". The maximum standard length of the species is .
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The fish has a structure called a premaxillary toothpad, which is located on the very front of the upper jaw of the mouth. This structure contains several rows of short, chisel-shaped teeth. On the lower jaw, or mandible, the teeth are attached to flexible, stalk-like structures and described as "s-shaped" or "hooked". The maximum total length of the species is .
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The fish has a structure called a premaxillary toothpad, which is located on the very front of the upper jaw of the mouth. This structure contains several rows of short, chisel-shaped teeth. On the lower jaw, or mandible, the teeth are attached to flexible, stalk-like structures and described as "s-shaped" or "hooked". The maximum total length of the species is .
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Their modification included creating construction bite which allowed the bite to open around 10-15mm beyond the postural rest position of the mandible. They believed that viscoelastic properties of soft muscles and elasticity of soft tissues were predominating ways of how muscular adaptation and changes in form happened. Their sagittal opening remained around 3-5mm distal to the maximum protrusion of one's jaw.
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This type of activator was designed by Hamilton who used the expansion of an arch in this approach. The appliance has a screw in the middle for expansion. The activator is bonded to the maxillary arch and the forward guidance of the mandible can happen due to the lingual flanges of the appliance. This type of appliance is used in non-compliant patients.
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Steel, R. (1973). Crocodylia. In: O. Kuhn, ed., Handbuch der Paläoherpetologie 16:1-116. Stuttgart. Fischer. E. brumpti is one of the most common fossil crocodylians found in the Turkana Basin, along with Crocodylus. A complete articulated skull and mandible referrable to E. brumpti was found in situ from the Kaiyumung Member of the Nachukui Formation in Lothagam in 1992.
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The evolution of feeding strategies in phocid seals (Pinnipedia, Phocidae). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 38(6), Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 02 November 2018, Vol.38(6). The thickness of the mandible is especially important, as it provides both high bite force and increased surface area for muscular attachment between the jaws, which allows for stronger mastication.Churchill, M., & M. Clementz. (2015).
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The Golden-chested Tanager is an attractive glossy dark navy-blue bird, to black tinged blue- violet, featuring bright golden-yellow patches on the chest, the lower-belly to the crissum, and on the underwing coverts which contrasts with the blackish flight-feathers. It is a chunky medium-sized bird with a large head, a robust short mandible, and a relatively short tail.
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Hullihen also founded the Wheeling Hospital which established the first hospital-based dental clinic in United States. During his career he performed around 1,100 orthognathic surgeries including the first mandibular osteotomy surgery to correct a protrusive malposed alveolar segment of the mandible. Due to his achievements, American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons dedicated its 55th annual meeting to Hullihen's memory.
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The head was bluer, with a dark line running from the eye to the cere. It had a broad black collar running from the chin to the nape, where it became gradually narrower. The underside of the tail was greyish, the upper beak was dark reddish brown, and the mandible was black. The legs were grey and the iris yellow.
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Lateral view of the tongue, with extrinsic muscles highlighted The four extrinsic muscles originate from bone and extend to the tongue. They are the genioglossus, the hyoglossus (often including the chondroglossus) the styloglossus, and the palatoglossus. Their main functions are altering the tongue's position allowing for protrusion, retraction, and side-to-side movement. The genioglossus arises from the mandible and protrudes the tongue.
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Dynamics of chemical mimicry in the social parasite wasp Polistes semenowi (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Parasitology, 129, 643-651. Once the host nest has been infiltrated, the parasitic female physically attacks the host queen to subdue her and become the colony's new queen. P. semenowi displays several morphological adaptations for parasitism such as increased mandible size and an enlarged Van der Vecht's organ.
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The temporomandibular joint is high and the mandible is enlarged. Rhinos have one or two horns made of agglutinated keratin, unlike the horns of even-toed ungulates, which have a bony core. The number and form of the teeth vary according to diet. The incisors and canines can be very small or completely absent, as in the two African species of rhinoceros.
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Panoramic radiography is the only common tomographic examination still in use. This makes use of a complex movement to allow the radiographic examination of the mandible, as if it were a flat bone. It is commonly performed in dental practices and is often referred to as a "Panorex", though this is a trademark of a specific company and not a generic term.
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Its dentition was quite small in comparison to the size of the mandible and the animal as a whole. It varied between 60 and 90 cm (24–36 in) in length (more than half of which belonged to the tail), and 20 cm (8 in) in height. It weighed a couple of kilograms. These sizes could vary from one specimen to another.
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Zhao, Lingxia, Qingwu Lu, and Wending Zhang. "Age at First Molar Emergence in Lufengpithecus Lufengensis and Its Implications for Life-history Evolution." Journal of Human Evolution (2007): 251-57. Print. In the juvenile mandible of Lufengpithecus, the superior part of the anterior surface and the vertical implantation of the anterior teeth are a lot like the adults of the same species.
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The maxilla was short and deep, and probably contained a sinus. The maxilla had a series of foramina that corresponded with each tooth position there, and these functioned as passages for erupting replacement teeth. The mandible articulated with the skull below the back of the orbit. The tooth-bearing part of the lower jaw was long, with the part behind being rather short.
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The film was produced by Foley and Morgan Spurlock. It chronicles the lives of members of the Fraternal Order of Real Bearded Santas. In 2018, Foley's infatuation for all things Christmas was documented in musical form with the song Mandible Claus by the B+ Players Foley had a small role as a wrestling referee in the 2019 film The Peanut Butter Falcon.
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The fish has a structure called a premaxillary toothpad, which is located on the very front of the upper jaw of the mouth. This structure contains several rows of short, chisel-shaped teeth. On the lower jaw, or mandible, the teeth are attached to flexible, stalk-like structures and described as "s-shaped" or "hooked". The maximum total length of the species is .
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The fish has a structure called a premaxillary toothpad, which is located on the very front of the upper jaw of the mouth. This structure contains several rows of short, chisel-shaped teeth. On the lower jaw, or mandible, the teeth are attached to flexible, stalk-like structures and described as "s-shaped" or "hooked". The maximum total length of the species is .
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The fish has a structure called a premaxillary toothpad, which is located on the very front of the upper jaw of the mouth. This structure contains several rows of short, chisel-shaped teeth. On the lower jaw, or mandible, the teeth are attached to flexible, stalk-like structures and described as "s-shaped" or "hooked". The maximum total length of the species is .
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The fish has a structure called a premaxillary toothpad, which is located on the very front of the upper jaw of the mouth. This structure contains several rows of short, chisel-shaped teeth. On the lower jaw, or mandible, the teeth are attached to flexible, stalk-like structures and described as "s-shaped" or "hooked". The maximum total length of the species is .
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The flank spots are faint or absent in juvenile fishes. The body of this fish is strongly compressed, oblong and elliptical in shape with the dorsal and ventral profiles are similarly convex. In the adults the upper mandible reaches the rear margin of the pupil. The soft rays of posterior dorsal and anal fins are made up of semi-attached finlets.
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The holotype fossil, SAM-PK-1070, is preserved in negative relief and has a partial skull, mandibles, axial skeleton, pectoral and pelvic girdles, osteoderms, and femur elements. The preserved femurs include a complete left and partial right. Partial skull elements present are the maxilla, quadrate, parabasisphenol, jugal, quadratojugal, mandible, and the palate. Little of the skull roof remains in this specimen.
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Al-Baghdādī wrote that during the famine in Egypt in 597 AH (1200 AD), he had the opportunity to observe and examine a large number of skeletons. This was one of the earliest examples of a postmortem autopsy, through which he discovered that Galen was incorrect regarding the formation of the bones of the lower jaw [mandible], coccyx, and sacrum.
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Like most Old World warblers, this small passerine is insectivorous. This is a typical leaf warbler in appearance, greyish-green above and off-white below. Its single wing bar distinguishes it from most similar species except the greenish warbler, Phylloscopus trochiloides. It is larger than that species and has a heavier, dagger-like bill, with a dark tip to the lower mandible.
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Gill (1995), p. 148. The muscles that depress the lower mandible are usually weak, except in a few birds such as the starlings and the extinct Huia, which have well-developed digastric muscles that aid in foraging by prying or gaping actions. In most birds, these muscles are relatively small as compared to the jaw muscles of similarly sized mammals.
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The fascia itself is made of two layers: A superficial layer (lat. Lamina superficalis) that passes cranial into the temporal fascia and lateral into the masseteric fascia, and a deeper layer (lat. Lamina profunda) that covers the Stylohyoid muscle, the styloglossus and the Musculus stylopharyngeus. The superficial layer is attached to the zygomatic arch above and to the mandible below.
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They have stout legs and webbed feet, with the web connecting all four toes. In some species, the webs are brightly colored and used in courtship displays. The bill is usually conspicuously colored, long, deep at the base, and pointed, with saw-like edges. The upper mandible curves down slightly at the tip and can be moved upward to accept large prey.
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Adult males have more pronounced bony crests on the top and back of their skulls, giving their heads a more conical shape. These crests anchor the powerful temporalis muscles, which attach to the lower jaw (mandible). Adult females also have these crests, but they are less pronounced. Like all gorillas, they feature dark brown eyes framed by a black ring around the iris.
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Because the attachment of mylohyoid (the mylohoid line) becomes more superior towards the posterior of the mandible, posterior infected teeth are more likely to drain into the submandibular space, and infected anterior teeth are more likely to drain into the sublingual space, since the apices of the teeth are more likely to be below and above the mylohoid line respectively (see diagram).
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An affected infant typically has the following triad of signs and symptoms: soft-tissue swelling, bone lesions, and irritability. The swelling occurs suddenly, is deep, firm, and may be tender. Lesions are often asymmetric and may affect several parts of the body. Affected bones have included the mandible, tibia, ulna, clavicle, scapula, ribs, humerus, femur, fibula, skull, ilium, and metatarsals.
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Muscles of the neck attach to the skull, hyoid bone, clavicles and the sternum. They bound the two major neck triangles; anterior and posterior. Anterior triangle is defined by the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, inferior edge of the mandible and the midline of the neck. It contains the stylohyoid, digastric, mylohyoid, geniohyoid, omohyoid, sternohyoid, thyrohyoid and sternothyroid muscles.
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Warthin's tumor primarily affects older individuals (age 60-70 years). There is a slight male predilection according to recent studies. The tumor is slow growing, painless, and usually appears in the tail of the parotid gland near the angle of the mandible. In 5-14% of cases, Warthin's tumor is bilateral, but the two masses usually are at different times.
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Sidron mandible Morphologically, the El Sidrón humans show a large number of Neanderthal lineage-derived features even though certain traits place the sample at the limits of Neanderthal variation. Integrating the El Sidrón human mandibles into the larger Neanderthal sample reveals a north–south geographic patterning. The cave is in the northern portion, southern Neanderthals show broader faces with increased lower facial heights.
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This arch divides into a maxillary process and a mandibular process, giving rise to structures including the bones of the lower two-thirds of the face and the jaw. The maxillary process becomes the maxilla (or upper jaw), and palate while the mandibular process becomes the mandible or lower jaw. This arch also gives rise to the muscles of mastication.
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Meckel's cartilage forms in the mesoderm of the mandibular process and eventually regresses to form the incus and malleus of the middle ear, the anterior ligament of the malleus and the sphenomandibular ligament. The mandible or lower jaw forms by perichondral ossification using Meckel's cartilage as a 'template', but the maxillary does not arise from direct ossification of Meckel's cartilage.
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Due to her 75 years old Vasfiye character in Yalan Dünya, right shoulder of Gonca Vuslateri collapsed, her vocal chords were seriously damaged and her mandible ached. She regularly goes to physiotherapist, sound therapist. During an interview she has stated that her mother decided she and her older sister were going to be artist. But economic troubles forced them too hard.
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Size of Bagaraatan ostromi compared to a human Posterior part of left mandible of Bagaraatan ostromi, stereophotographs in lateral, posterior, dorsal, and medial views Holtz classified Bagaraatan as a basal tyrannosauroid, Coria identified it as a troodontid, and Rauhut placed it in Maniraptora.O. W. M. Rauhut (2003). The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Special Papers in Palaeontology 69: 1-213.
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The underwing has grayish-brown remiges with white shafts to the outer primary feathers. The axillaries and covert feathers are dark, with a broad, silver-gray central area. The tail is dark gray with a variable silvery cast. The lower mandible is blackish, with a greenish-black gular pouch at the bottom for draining water when it scoops out prey.
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There is a bluish white throat patch and the tail is white in both sexes. Both sexes have a bill with a few folds on the upper side towards the base of the upper mandible. The skin around the eye is bluish. The iris of the male is orange red while the female has an olive brown with a pale yellow ring.
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The mandibular symphysis was abbreviated, and the mandible was deepest where the mandibular rami (halves of the lower jaw) diverged. The maxilla of the upper jaw was very slender, and only deep. The tip of the beak was rounded, blunt, and heavily built. The tips of the jaws bore a semicircle of 48 teeth which were even in size, triangular, and compressed sideways.
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B. nobilis larvae are approximately 7.0 mm in length. Their brown colored heads are long, thin, and tapered, with a curved mandible and topped by two eyes. B. nobilis larvae have white bodies, and unlike adults have very few setae. The only setae are located on the last body segment where there are eight long ones neatly arranged in pairs.
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The bill is dark, somewhat stout and heavy and the iris is reddish. The sexes are not distinguishable in the field and the juvenile has a paler base to the mandible and less streaks on the underside. There are whitish spots at the tip of the tail feathers. The nominate race is found on the plains of the mainland of the Indian Subcontinent.
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These expand slightly at the tips to give narrow racquets long. The wing length averages , the tail is long, and the tarsus averages . The iris and eyelid are white, giving the appearance of a white eye ring, and the broad, bright greenish-yellow bill has a black hooked tip to the upper mandible. The large, strong feet and legs are flesh-coloured.
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The failure of growth of the mandible (lower jaw) can rapidly result in dental overcrowding. In this case it is best to remove teeth early rather than hoping that there will be mandibular (lower jaw) growth. Overcrowding can result in the teeth being severely displaced and again it is best to act early because later correction orthodontically can be extremely difficult.
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The upper border of the ramus of mandible is thin, and is surmounted by two processes, the coronoid process anteriorly and the condyloid process posteriorly, separated by a deep concavity, the mandibular notch, or sigmoid notch. It allows the passage of the masseteric nerve (a branch of the mandibular nerve (V3) division of the trigeminal nerve), masseteric artery and masseteric vein.
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This species is, however, claimed to be a juvenile and has been attacked by a larger pliosaur. Some media sources claimed that Monster of Aramberri was a Liopleurodon but its species is unconfirmed thus far. Another very large pliosaur was Pliosaurus macromerus, known from a single incomplete mandible. It may have reached , assuming the skull was about 17% of the total body length.
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Because the coronoid process of the mandible lies deep to many structures, including the zygomatic complex (ZMC), it is rare to be broken in isolation. It usually occurs with other mandibular fractures or with fracture of the zygomatic complex or arch. Isolated fractures of the coronoid process should be viewed with suspicion and fracture of the ZMC should be ruled out.
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Specimens have been recorded at up to in length, and weighing up to . Growth can be rapid. They are among the fastest fish in the sea. The wahoo may be distinguished from the related Atlantic king mackerel and from the Indo-Pacific narrow-barred Spanish mackerel by a fold of skin which covers the mandible when its mouth is closed.
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The site of the incision is extra-oral, and usually made 2–3 cm below, and parallel to, the inferior border of the mandible. Ludwig's angina is a serious infection involving the submandibular, sublingual and submental spaces bilaterally. Ludwig's angina may extend into the pharyngeal and cervical spaces, and the swelling can compress the airway and cause dyspnoea (difficulty breathing).
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Often near the mandible there were two upper canine teeth, presumably extracted from the maxilla before or after removal. This ritual was done with precision and skill, suggesting a long term of use. A second form of ritual burial was the removal of arms or legs. One arm was often cut off at the shoulder, and placed on top of the other arm.
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40–41 In the mandible (lower jaw), the mental foramen, an opening just before the first molar, opens sidewards, not upwards as in a few other oryzomyines.Weksler, 2006, p. 41, table 5 The upper and lower masseteric ridges, which anchor some of the chewing muscles, join at a point below the first molar and do not extend forward beyond that point.Weksler, 2006, p.
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Midway through the match, Undertaker dropped Mankind again from the top of the cell by chokeslamming him through the roof. Near the end of the match, Mankind spread thumbtacks in the ring and applied a Mandible claw on Undertaker but Undertaker dropped him on the thumbtacks and executed a Chokeslam and a Tombstone on Mankind onto the thumbtacks for the win.
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The snout is very short, not projecting. The upper jaw is emarginated mesially. The width of the mandible at the symphysis nearly equals the horizontal diameter of the orbit. A large shield covers the upper surface of the snout and the crown, sometimes divided into three, one shield around the upper jaw and one on each side between the eye and the ear.
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