150 Sentences With "madams" | Random Sentence Generator

The dollhouse fixation bloomed among society madams for the next 300 years.

This is when Ghosh and Nandi have friendly chats with the brothel madams.

Ashok Yadav, the development's head of security, wondered how long the madams could hold out.

Madams at Banishanta paid little heed to the rules, and it seemed the authorities didn't either.

Cops, gangsters, drug dealers, high-end madams: They all turn out to be in business together.

Some madams extend the debts by charging the girls for room, board, and condoms, at exorbitant rates.

In time, sex workers became madams; from Italy, they employed recruiters, transporters, and document forgers in Nigeria.

Charities say madams pay "cultists" -- military-style gangs -- to threaten and sometimes kill girls' relatives back home.

They become madams to free themselves from prostitution and earn the European riches they were initially promised.

Rina and Uma told me that madams go to great lengths to make their girls more attractive to customers.

Madame Claude, born Fernande Grudet on July 6, 1923, in Angers, France, was one of the world's most successful madams.

Madams like Bella Cohen controlled them with violence and money, keeping them in debt to pay for clothes and lodgings.

The objects of their depredations are humanoid robot "hosts" who believe themselves to be actual gunslingers, brothel madams and ranchers' daughters.

All Banishanta madams who have property on the island´s shore pay for the reinforcement of the embankment out of their own pocket.

All hosts have roles to play—they're saloon bar hookers or brothel madams; cattle hands and ranchers—and crucially, they all believe their stories.

In Agadez, sex workers typically earn around three dollars per client, much of which goes to local madams, in exchange for room and board.

The madams form clubs -- sometimes with Facebook pages -- and throw big parties where they charge for entry, using the profits to buy more girls.

The IOM's Margherita Limoni agreed that the strong spiritual and psychological grip of Nigerian pimps, madams and traffickers makes it harder to support the victims.

Taub focusses on the role that intimidation from madams or human traffickers—often in the form of juju rituals—plays in keeping women in prostitution.

The pimps and madams often give the underage girls hormones like oxytocin or oradexon (cow steroids) so they'll develop curves and bring in more customers.

Madams coach the girls to say they are older, so that they are sent to Italy's main reception centers, where migrants can move about freely.

Many such traffickers believe they are being helpful rather than doing harm, calling themselves sponsors rather than madams, a more positive title, according to Eghafona.

But early on Wednesday, at the Mahagun Moderne in Noida, on the outskirts of New Delhi, India's capital, the madams and the maids went to war.

She was also introduced to two of the hospital's team leaders trained to deal with major incidents, Jane Bond of Gold Command and Silver Command's Mark Madams.

According to reports coming from inside these brothels, and the information that Banishanta's workers told me, madams can pay anywhere from $200 or more for one girl.

Westworld is a more literal spin on the traditional shoot-em-up, in which cyborg cowboys and brothel madams become sentient and decide to rebel against their own subjugation.

It is impossible to say how many Nigerians work in Ballarò's brothels, but many of them are abused by clients, and severely beaten, branded, or stabbed by their madams.

When they claimed they weren't able to have sex out of nerves or stress, Rina told me that their madams would insert glass bottles into their vaginas to stretch them.

Last season, the main madams were sidelined: Margaret Wells (Samantha Morton) was sent to America as an indentured servant and Lydia Quigley (Lesley Manville) was locked up in a mental hospital.

The number of Nigerian women arriving in Italy is accelerating - complicating the task of law enforcement agencies determined to keep tabs on the location of pimps or their female brokers known as "madams".

Victims become 'madams' According to a lawyer who represents a charity that works with sex trafficking victims, senior prostitutes are often entrusted with new arrivals and may be given a cut of their earnings.

A brilliantly stylized foreplay sequence is constructed around assassin-related paraphernalia, and both Ian McShane and Laurence Fishburne — as the respective heads of separate killing squads — remind us of madams, pimping death across continents.

Many have no idea they will live under the control of older "madams" and be forced to work for several years to clear their debts, according to the U.N. Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC).

She told me we were going to be used as prostitutes, and that I should not talk to the madams and that I had to stay inside the camp the Italian's would put us in.

Combined with crippling debt and threats of violence, it helps perpetuate a cycle of exploitation in which many victims then become perpetrators, returning to Nigeria as "madams" to recruit more girls, police and rights groups say.

The police were no longer able to raid brothels and torture sex workers; abusive madams could no longer substitute wages with cheap pudding and ratty clothing; and—arguably most importantly—the workers in Sonagachi got medical care.

Madams, who make up almost half of traffickers in Nigeria, are mostly former victims who target others in order to escape prostitution - perpetuating a cycle of exploitation, the UNODC said in its latest global report on human trafficking.

Klemperer's an outsider, trying to figure out what is happening within the walls of the Markos Dance Company after one of the dancers, Patricia (Chloe Grace Moretz) confides in him that she believes the Madams are actually witches.

Although some of the women knowingly entered into contracts for sex work, few realized they would be trapped like slaves for years, with their traffickers colluding with madams to ensure black magic curses, or juju, stopped them escaping.

Pimps, madams, smugglers and even parents bring girls to his shrine in Amedokhian village near the southern Nigerian city of Uromi, where they drink concoctions brewed with pieces of their own fingernails, pubic hair, underwear or drops of blood.

NOIDA, India — The madams in the luxury gated community went to yoga classes and toddler playgroups; the maids soundlessly whisked away dirty dishes and soiled laundry before retreating, at night, to a nearby shantytown of tin sheds and plastic tents.

In the days before women worked in offices (I know, hard to believe, right?), snail mail used formal terms of address, like "Dear SIRS" or "SIRS" because everyone knew there was little to no chance that there would be any "Madams" around.

Madams in Italy have their surrogates in Nigeria take the girls to a local shrine, where the juju priest performs a bonding ritual, typically involving the girl's fingernails, pubic hair, or blood, which the priest retains until she has repaid her debt to her trafficker.

Storyville: Madams and Music, now at the Historic New Orleans Collection (THNOC), explores this complex history through photographs, maps, manuscripts, and architectural remnants, like the transom that once announced the name of madam Lulu White in red glass above the entrance to the plush Mahogany Hall.

Cover of the 2000 Madam & Eve cartoon collection: The Madams are Restless.

Until outlawed in 1906, individual women and their sentences could be brought and sold between brothel madams.

She may have been one of Blonger's madams, but the exact nature of their relationship has not been determined.

Vina Fields began her career with only eight black women working for her, but she also had one white servant. This made her the only black madam in Chicago to have a servant, as the norm was that only white madams owned servants; 20 years later she was managing 19 women and employing four servants.Blair, 44. Amidst the racial issues that divided black and white madams of Chicago there were issues in the Levee district that all madams had to face, regardless of their skin color and the most pervasive of these issues was rent.

They also attacked the mandatory medical examinations, which were deemed degrading and ineffective to stop the spread of venereal diseases. Many prostitutes lived in the brothels and were bound to the madams by debts to pay off expensive working clothes. Prostitutes were often sold among madams, were subjected to fines, and could only leave the brothel under supervision. Medical expenses were added to their debt.

Denver gained regional notoriety with its range of bawdy houses, from the sumptuous quarters of renowned madams to the squalid "cribs" located a few blocks away. Business was good; visitors spent lavishly, then left town. As long as madams conducted their business discreetly, and "crib girls" did not advertise their availability too crudely, authorities took their bribes and looked the other way. Occasional cleanups and crack downs satisfied the demands for reform.

Organizers of prostitution may be known as pimps (if male) and madams or Mama-san (if female). More formally, one who is said to practice procuring is a procurer, or procuress.

The boom times attracted millionaires and their mansions, as well as hustlers, poverty and crime. Denver gained regional notoriety with its range of bawdy houses, from the sumptuous quarters of renowned madams to the squalid "cribs" located a few blocks away. Business was good; visitors spent lavishly, then left town. As long as madams conducted their business discreetly, and "crib girls" did not advertise their availability too crudely, authorities took their bribes and looked the other way.

Through various means, Minneapolis decided to oust its madams. A citizens' purity crusade, reformers' hysterical belief in white slavery, discrimination against about 86 Chinese immigrants, the Ames trials of a former mayor, grand architectural city remakes, the temperance movement, and anti-corruption activists were behind a raid and arrest of 19 madams including Dorsey in April 1910.Petersen (2013), Chapter 4, "Reforming the City". Caught up in a vice raid in 1911, Dorsey decided that public opinion was against her in Minneapolis.

From 1880 to 1927 there were no prostitution laws. Prostitutes, pimps and madams were charged with vagrancy. Prostitution was legalised and regulated from April 1927. Prostitutes has to register and have a weekly health check.

Though prostitution is only legal in Bangladesh for women aged 18 or older, the average age of newly arriving sex workers is 14, and some sex workers in Daulatdia are as young as 10. Many of them are sold into sex work for about $250, which they are then obligated to pay to pimps who are mostly older women, known as "madams". The sex workers are often tricked by their madams into taking drugs such as Ventolin or Oradexon, which are designed to fatten cattle.

"Of Matrons, madams and Rideau Hall traditions: Sharon Johnston talks about her new novel". Ottawa Citizen, April 10, 2015. She operates a horse training centre,"David Johnston to be Canada's next GG". canoe.ca, July 7, 2010.

"Circus Maximus". Observer Magazine. Retrieved 26 March 2009. This brought him into contact with various madams and prostitutes, a connection which he later used to satisfy the needs of his clients, and introduced him to deviant behaviour.

Many of the young women who are sex workers in Mumbai work under madams or have pimps The madams of female sex workers usually receive payment upfront for the female sex worker performing the sex act. From their wages the female sex workers typically have to pay for electricity, food, rent, interest, and bribes paid to local police. In recent years Mumbai has reported a dwindling number of brothels as a result of gentrification, heightened anti-trafficking efforts and police enforcement raids. This has resulted in the dispersal of sex workers, increasing their vulnerability.

The criminal Code deals with organised crime (Section 60a), third parties (tredjeparts), and procurers, such as pimps (hallik, halliker (pl.)) or madams (S 202), purchase of sexual "services" (S 202a), purchase under 18 (S 203), and human trafficking (menneskehandel) (S 224).

Smith, p. 165–174. Dewey's legal team turned their attention to Lucky Luciano. Assistant DA Eunice Carter oversaw investigations into prostitution racketeering. She raided 80 houses of prostitution in the New York City area and arrested hundreds of prostitutes and "madams".

Madam Dora DuFran or Dora Bolshaw (née Amy Helen Dorothy Bolshaw) (November 16, 1868 - August 5, 1934)findagrave.com Accessed July 2, 2014 was one of the leading and most successful madams in the Old West days of Deadwood, South Dakota.

Madams/pimps may punish clients for physical abuse or failure to pay, and enforce exclusive rights to "turf" where their prostitutes may advertise and operate with less competition. In the many places where prostitution is outlawed, sex workers have decreased incentive to report abuse for fear of self-incrimination, and increased motivation to seek any physical protection from clients and law enforcement that a madam/pimp might provide. The madam/pimp–prostitute relationship is often understood to be abusive and possessive, with the pimp/madam using techniques such as psychological intimidation, manipulation, starvation, rape and/or gang rape, beating, tattooing to mark the woman as "his", confinement, threats of violence toward the victim's family, forced drug use and the shame from these acts. Recent empirical research of madams/pimps, however, suggest that these assumptions about abusive relationships represent stereotyped oppression narratives that may only represent a small percentage of the relationships between madams/pimps and sex workers.

King Saraboji II had build many Madams in Tanjavur district. Some of them are Rajamadam, Sethubava Chatram, Ammani Chatram etc., for the travellers who are travelling in and around Tanjavur. While constructing a Madam, he also creates villages to support the particular Madam.

This reality often forced many brothel owners and madams to move further from the hub of the Levee but Fields was able to stay in the central region for the vast majority of her career. Her ability to maintain her brothel amidst absurd rates of rent and rampant police busts could have been due to the fact that she owned property in the Levee, making her one of only five madams in the city to do so. Blair, 82. She would also lease out this property to other brothel keepers; her ability to maintain multiple profitable ventures within the sex industry of Chicago ultimately contributed to her unique long-term success.

The clients, however, were portrayed as fools who allowed themselves to be deceived. In both literature and paintings the madams were portrayed as evil profiteers. The authorities could not uphold the laws against prostitution and tended to leave brothels alone if they did not cause trouble.

Lizzie's son Arville Lape's Commercial Law textbook while he attended Hammel's Business College in Akron on March 30, 1896 Lizzie Lape had something in common with several other enterprising madams of her generation, that is, she was raised in Kentucky prior to the Civil War. Belle Brezing, the celebrated madam of Lexington, Kentucky upon whom it is believed author Margaret Mitchell based her fictional madam Belle Watling in Gone With The Wind is another. Two other highly successful Chicago-based madams sisters, Minna and Ada Simms aka the Everleigh Sisters of the Everleigh Club, were born in Charlottesville, Kentucky. Whether any of these Kentuckians knew or inspired each other is not known.

Clifford was known to accept diamonds in payment from clients, She was reputed to have had several hundred uncut diamonds. Clifford frequently appeared in court, as did other madams, and was fined. The fine was effectively a licensing fee. She also paid regular bribes to the police to stay open.

The madam takes 50% of the prostitute's earnings. Madams were traditionally older Belgium prostitutes but these have been replaced with mainly Bulgarian women who work for the pimps. This allows the pimps to stay out of the area and away from police attention. Often they remain in their home country.

There has been a sex trade in Dubai for many years. In 1936, Sheikh Saeed's wali forced the prostitutes to get married or to leave. During the 1950s and 1960s, two madams controlled the Iranian prostitutes. One controlled the red- light district in Bur Dubai, the other around Nasser Square (now Baniyas Square).

They howled, got shaved and shorn, bought new clothes and gear. They drank "white mule" straight. Madams and gambling hall operators flourished in towns that were wide open twenty-four hours a day. Violence and ebullient spirits called forth a kind of "peace officer" that cattle towns made famous—the town marshal.

It is also used as a derogatory term when referring to interracial couples, particular those between a white male and Korean female. Yankee whore ( Yanggalbo) and Western whore are also common names. The women are also referred to as U.N. madams (, U.N. madam). Juicy girls is a common name for Filipina prostitutes.

Other prostitutes' rights groups later formed, such as FLOP, HIRE, and PUMA. Heidi Fleiss became one of America's best known madams in the late 1990s. In 1997, "Hollywood Madam" Heidi Fleiss was convicted in connection with her prostitution ring with charges including pandering and tax evasion. Her ring had numerous wealthy clients.

Members of the New South Wales Police and several New South Wales politicians also had connections to the gangs. The two major razor gangs were associated with prominent madams, Kate Leigh (Queen of Surry Hills) and Tilly Devine; (Queen of Darlinghurst and Woolloomooloo). These two gangs began open warfare in 1929, culminating in two riots.

In 2003, there was an Encores! production, starring Tonya Pinkins and Armelia McQueen as the battling bordello madams and Maurice Hines as Captain Jonas, the smuggler. The virginal Ottilie was played by Nikki M. James, and the mountain boy, Royal, was played by Brandon Victor Dixon. Roscoe Lee Browne played the voodoo priest, Houngan.

Ironically, many found themselves always indebted to their mistresses. Her lack of credit made a prostitute unable to buy items necessary for her trade (powder, cosmetics, perfumes, and "evening wear"), and she was forced to buy them through her madam. Some madams, often former prostitutes themselves, rose to become independently wealthy. One was Mary Ann Hall of Arlington, Virginia.

Woodhull and Claflin had hit upon an untapped source of investment capital. Society wives and widows, teachers, small-business owners, actresses, and high-priced prostitutes and their madams sought out Woodhull, Claflin, & Company and the firm was an immediate financial triumph. The sisters soon rented an expensive apartment on 38th Street in the exclusive Murray Hill section of Manhattan.

Benjamin Weinthal founded the brothel, Maison Weinthal, in 1827 at Pijpenmarkt (now Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal), Amersterdam, in the building later numbered as 229 Voorburgwal. The brothel was a short walking distance from the Royal Palace. It was run by various madams until around 1850. Around 1850 the adjacent buildings were purchased and the brothel extended into them.

In the 1970s one junior high school teacher told his students that "The prostitutes who sell their bodies to the U.S. military are true patriots. Their dollars earned greatly contributes to our national economy. Don't talk behind their back that they are western princesses or U.N. madams." Base Community clean up policy, signed by President Park in 1977.

His biographer would admit that "his greatest foible, was a most irregular passion for the fairer sex". Some, however, have suggested that his relationship with brothel keepers may have allowed him to control the trade – although, if true, this association would also have given the madams some hold over him. Again, no documented evidence in known to support these claims.

Davis painted a portrait of Josiah Gregg (1806-1850) between 1950 and 1962, which is in the collection of Palace of the Governors, a New Mexico History Museum. He also painted santos. Davis created a wash drawing of the notorious House of Mirrors brothel, that later became a Buddhist temple. It was used as an illustration in Caroline Bancroft's Six Racy Madams of Colorado.

During the slave period, slaves could sometimes be hired as prostitutes. After the abolition of slavery (1838), many mulatto women became prostitutes or brothel madams, often moving from rural areas to towns such as Port of Spain. In an effort to control the spread of STIs the Contagious Diseases Ordinance was introduced in 1869. This was based in the similar British Act of 1864.

Prostitutes' salaries and payments fluctuate according to the economic conditions of their respective countries. Prostitutes who usually have foreign clients, such as business travelers, depend on good foreign economic conditions. Payment may vary according to regulations made by pimps, brothel keepers, madams, and procurers, who usually take a slice out of a prostitute's income.Global Perspectives on Gender and Work: Readings and Interpretations, Jacqueline Goodman – 2000 p.

During the times of the British Empire many Embrandiri Tulu Brahmin families moved from udupi to several places of India. Most of the families moved to Kerala because of culture and tradition of Kerala Brahmins (Namboothiri) is very much close enough to their culture. They moved to several places of Kerala and founded Madams as their home. Later they used Madam as their family name.

As an expensive "$5.00 House", it offered about ten or twelve girls at any time, as well as a live sex 'circus' that could be viewed for an extra fee.storyville madams, history, the district, cheap, "cribs", rooms, low-priced, prostitutes, tricks, expensive houses, elegant mansions, Basin Street, Storyville, city alderman, Sidney Story, city alderman Sidney Story. Storyvilledistrict.tripod.com (February 14, 1914). Retrieved May 4, 2012.

Upon her return from prison in late 1886, Dorsey leased 119 Second Street North from madam Carrie Moore. She and several other established madams were fined 200 to 350, but they all escaped imprisonment.Petersen (2013), p. 91. Dorsey moved her business to what had become the city's premier red-light district, opening in 1887, on the site formerly used by Etta Forrest, at 116 Second Avenue South.

The musical is set in a corrupt world inhabited by rakish mobsters and their double crossing gangs, raffish madams and their dissolute whores, panhandlers and street people as they conduct their dirty business, ply their trade, and struggle to survive in brothels, shanty towns, and prisons. The plot focuses on the exploits of MacHeath, a suave New York mobster, his three women, and their various trials and tribulations with the law.

New York: Doubleday In the 1920s, for example, it was common practice for the city's mayor, councilmen, and attorneys to take contributions from madams, bootleggers, and gamblers. The top aide of the mayor was involved with a protection racket. Thugs with eastern-Mafia connections were involved in often violent conflicts over bootlegging and horse-racing turf. The mayor's brother was selling jobs in the Los Angeles Police Department.

Zukiswa Wanner was born in 1976 in Lusaka, Zambia, to a South African father and a Zimbabwean mother.Biographical info: Zukiswa Wanner, Kwela. After receiving primary and secondary education in Zimbabwe, she studied for a degree in journalism at Hawaii Pacific University in Honolulu. Her debut novel, The Madams, was published in 2006 and has been called "a racy and hilarious take on the black economic empowerment crowd in Johannesburg".

The Implied Consent law was passed requiring that drivers agree to breath tests when arrested for suspicion of driving while intoxicated. Statutes against narcotics were strengthened giving police and prosecutors more ability to target offenders.Texas Dept of Public Safety (2003), p. 48. Prostitution, which once was largely a cottage industry run by madams, has increasingly become run by pimps and figures who engage in white slavery and other abusive practices.

Materials she used in her concoctions included nails, earthworms, coffee grounds, chicken feathers, red pepper, and beef tongue. The instructions for her "To Kill Someone: Formula I" were to kill a rattlesnake and hang it out to dry in the sun. Then the person's name was written on a piece of paper and placed in the snake's mouth. Jackson was feared by the brothel madams of Storyville for her "sealing power".

Nancy Friday notes that zoophilia as a fantasy may provide an escape from cultural expectations, restrictions, and judgements in regard to sex. Masters (1962) says that some brothel madams used to stage exhibitions of animals mating, as they found it aroused potential clientele, and that this may have encouraged the clients to engage in bestiality.R.E.L. Masters: Forbidden Sexual behavior and Morality. New York, NY 1962, Lancer Books, Inc.

NGOs and sex workers report harassment and corruption by law enforcement and forced health checks. Since the setting up of the Police's "Department for Combating Human Trafficking and Crimes Against Public Morality" in 2013, the situation has deteriorated. In the capital, Bishkek, the former red-light district of Pravda Street is now devoid of prostitutes. A few "mamochki" (madams) are on the street, the sex workers being in nearby hotels.

The house was to become the most famous brothel in 18th century France. Justine Paris did not benefit from this new partnership for long. In November 1773, she died, carried away by the syphilis that had led her to Bicetre. Gourdan gave a funeral oration in her honour on November 14, 1773 at a gathering of Paris's elite prostitutes and madams organised by the Prince of Conti at his residence.

In the 19th century, parlor house brothels catered to upper class clientele, while bawdy houses catered to the lower class. At concert saloons, men could eat, listen to music, watch a fight, or pay women for sex. Over 200 brothels existed in lower Manhattan. Prostitution was illegal under the vagrancy laws, but was not well-enforced by police and city officials, who were bribed by brothel owners and madams.

Petersen (2013), p. 88. In 1886, when she was twenty- two, Dorsey was convicted as "Mary Coon" of selling liquor without a license and running a house of prostitution. Dorsey felt she had cooperated and had contributed towards a liquor license. Other madams were only fined, but Dorsey served 76 days of a 90-day sentence in the Minnesota State Prison in Stillwater, with time off for good behavior.

32 Rue de Navarin was the location of one of Paris's specialized brothels. Mademoiselle Douska was one of the dominant madams there and was famous for the equipment she would often hide in her clothing to use on clients. The facilities included a dungeon, cold stone rooms, a ‘church' where black masses would be said and other BDSM equipment such as whips, chains and cuffs. The site is now a convenience store.

In 1857, she supposedly returned to China a wealthy woman to live the rest of her days in comfort, but returned to California not long afterward. From 1868 until her death in 1928, she lived a quiet life in Santa Clara County, returning to public attention only upon dying on 1 February 1928Gentry, Curt (1964) The Madams of San Francisco; p. 65 three months short of her ninety-ninth birthday in San Jose.

DOI: 10.1163/15685292-02001008 Dance forms such as the Chhau of Odisha literally mean "shadow". The shadow theatre dance drama theatre are usually performed on platform stages attached to Hindu temples, and in some regions these are called Koothu Madams or Koothambalams. In many regions, the puppet drama play is performed by itinerant artist families on temporary stages during major temple festivals. Legends from the Hindu epics Ramayana and the Mahabharata dominate their repertoire.

Paintings of the Malvern Hills include Henry Harris Lines's The British Camp and Herefordshire Beacon (1872), now in the Worcester City Museums. David Prentice, founder member of Birmingham's Ikon Gallery, has been painting the Malvern Hills since 1986. Paul Nash made paintings of the hills from 'Madams' in Gloucestershire and from the 'Rising Sun' hotel on Cleeve Hill near Cheltenham. Dame Laura Knight painted in a studio near Wynds Point below British Camp.

Silks was born in Fayette County, Pennsylvania and raised in Indiana. Having worked as a prostitute in Abilene, Texas and Dodge City, Kansas, she became madam of a brothel in Springfield, Illinois in 1865 at the age of 19. She became one of the best known madams in the west, having brothels in Dodge City, Georgetown, Colorado and Denver, Colorado, where demand for women was high due to the Colorado gold rushes.

While in Rome to further her education between 1986 - 1987, she saw many Nigerian girls on the street. After making inquiry, she realized that most of the girls serve as prostitutes for their madams, who often do not pay them. She also found out that they were deceived with promises to work in Italy, and this prompted her to pledged to do something about the incidence anytime she is in a position of power and authority.

The competition for brothel owners in Deadwood was light, as there were very few girls to choose from, but plenty of men. Her main competition during most of her time in Deadwood was Madam Dora DuFran, but there is no indication that the two madams did not get along. Spencer eventually left Deadwood and was later arrested in Denver, Colorado for shooting his other wife. Evidently Spencer had been married to both a woman in Denver, and Johnson.

When Honolulu madams needed new prostitutes, they sent a "mail order" to agents, usually in San Francisco, to recruit them and arrange transport to Hawaii. The steamers were met by a detective. O'Hara and the other women were taken to the Blaisdell Hotel on Fort Street, explained the "10 commandments" for prostitutes and told any infraction would lead to them being removed from the islands. They were then taken to the police station, where they were fingerprinted and photographed.

The townspeople were shocked when she was murdered in 1867 and they honoured her with a lavish funeral and hanging of her assailant. Until the 1890s, madams predominately ran the businesses, after which male pimps took over. This led to a general decline in the treatment of women. It was not uncommon for brothels in Western towns to operate openly, without the stigma that was beginning to emerge in East Coast cities as a result of anti-prostitution activism.

Human trafficking victims face threats of violence from many sources, including customers, pimps, brothel owners, madams, traffickers, and corrupt local law enforcement officials and even from family members who don't want to have any link with them . Because of their potentially complicated legal status and their potential language barriers, the arrest or fear of arrest creates stress and other emotional trauma for trafficking victims. Victims may also experience physical violence from law enforcement during raids.Cianciarulo, Marisa Silenzi.

Following the riot, a satirical petition began to circulate, addressed from Page and Cresswell and other London madams. Written to Lady Castlemaine, the King's lover, notorious for her own wild promiscuity, the brothel owners requested that the aristocrat act on the behalf of her 'sisters' and repay the madams for the rebuilding of their brothels, funded by the national tax coffers. They address Castlemaine as a prostitute herself, a great practitioner of "venereal pleasures", and list the sites of the brothels where her fellows struggle. It is addressed as: > The Poor Whores' Petition to the most splendid, illustrious, serene and > eminent Lady of Pleasure the Countess of Castlemayne &c;: The humble > petition of the undone company of poore distressed whores, bawds, pimps, and > panders ... Signed by us, Madam Cresswell and Damaris Page, in the behalf of > our sisters and fellow sufferers (in this day of our calamity) in Dog and > Bitch Yard, Lukenor’s Lane, Saffron Hill, Moorfields, Chiswell Street, > Rosemary Lane, Nightingale Lane, Ratcliffe Highway, Well Close, East > Smithfield etc.

A large focus for madams was keeping their business transactions discreet and staying on the good side of the law, which they did by contributing money to charitable organizations, schools, and churches. Despite those efforts, much of the profit still went to legal fines and fees, since prostitution was largely illegal. Timely payment of these fines could guarantee a madam that her business could continue without fear of being shut down, usually. Brothels were expected to pay significantly higher rent than other tenants.

A brothel required the purchase of regular food and food preparation. A madam had to monitor the cleanliness of the brothel, including the sheets, which had to be changed several times in an evening, and a stock of wines and liquors for clientele. She was the boss of the brothel and so a madam fired and hired servants, maids, and prostitutes. New faces in the brothel were desired by patrons and so madams had to find new women to recruit.

Linnane (2007) p. 75 Others such as Mowry and Turner suggest it is an organ of political ventriloquism on behalf of anonymous, radical dissenters.Melissa M. Mowry (2004) The Bawdy Politic in Stuart England, 1660–1714: Political Pornography and Prostitution, Ashgate Publishing, pp. 60–64 In an act of brazen public satire, the two brothel owners request that the infamous aristocrat act on the behalf of her 'sisters' and repay the madams for the rebuilding of their brothels, funded by the national tax coffers.

Pimps and madams are diverse and variegated, depending on the strata in which they work, and they enter and leave the sex industry for a variety of internal and external reasons, such as family pressure, interactions with the police, and in some cases recruitment from peer sex workers.Stalans, Loretta and Mary A. Finn (2019). "Self-Narratives of Persistent Pimps and Those Anticipating Desistance: Emotions, Conventional Work, and Moral Profitability Calculus", Victims & Offenders, 14(5): 647-669. Procuring can take abusive forms.

The Dumas Brothel was a bordello in Butte, Montana. The brothel was founded by French Canadian brothers Joseph and Arthur Nadeau in 1890 and named after the nominal owner, Delia Nadeau, Dumas, who was Joseph's wife. It grew considerably through the years, with the miners employed by the city's copper mines often patronizing the establishment. After several changes of the "madams" and continuing pressure from authorities, the brothel closed in 1982, described as "a rare, intact commentary on social history".

Maria Teresa Casini was born on 27 October 1864 to Tommaso Casini and Melania Rayner as their first born daughter; she was baptized on the following 29 October. She travelled to Rome for her studies at the Santa Rufina boarding school that the nuns of the Madams of the Sacred Heart conducted. She received her First Communion on 7 May 1878 which solidified her vocation. Due to a period of ill health, she had to leave school and return home for recuperation.

The authors found that 15% of all suicides brought to public hospitals in the U.S. were prostitutes. The book also tracked the growth of homosexual and transvestite prostitution. It found that brothels and "madams" (female brothel owners) had largely become a thing of the past, and that though prostitution was a $1 billion-a-year industry, prostitutes were paid little more than clerical workers, earning $5,000 to $6,000 in 1971 dollars as annual net income for a six-day workweek.

For a fee, prisoners would be allowed outside to beg or even to work. Madams were allowed to keep a brothel going, with payments going to the gaolers.Burford, E. J. In the Clink: Story of England's Oldest Prison, New English Library, 1978 Poorer prisoners had to beg at the grates that led up to street level and sell anything they had with them, including their clothes, to pay for food. Winchester House was raided by rioters protesting the Statute of Labourers in 1450.

Dorsey's sporting house on Eleventh Avenue, which Petersen describes as Richardsonian Romanesque and Larry Millett describes as Romanesque Revival. A community largely of immigrants who lacked political clout was unable to resist the building of a new red-light district in its midst.Petersen (2013), pp. 108–110. In November 1890, Dorsey began her move to Eleventh Avenue, following the lead of madams Mabel Baker, aka Mary Allen, and her sister Frances Stewart, aka Frances Myers, who were the area's main property owners.

Visitors to the area were both locals and those from other provinces of the Castile and León region. Although some establishments opened until late into the night, most of the activity occurred in the daytime. In the 1960s there were 19 bars in the area as well as the brothels. Notable madams of the time were La Margot, La Peque, Petra and Dolores Campos, who was also known as Mara, who ran establishments such as La Margot, La Inés, Argentina, La Petra, La Merche, Las Conchas, La Portuguesa, La Nicolasa, and the Five Stars.

Brothels have been used formally in China for prostitution and entertainment since Ancient China in its feudal period. For much of China's ancient and imperial history, brothels were owned by wealthy merchants, typically stereotyped as "madams", and engaged in business in urban areas such as the Capital city. Prostitutes, or "courtesans" as they were known, were well-dressed and groomed to the proper table and drinking manners(禮). A Chinese prostitute may have been artistic and skilled at practices such as dancing, playing musical instruments, singing and conversing in verse.

Beneath the cemetery's ancient elms, oaks, and magnolias lie some of the city's most honored and revered dead; flowering dogwoods and crepe myrtles are interspersed with Memphis history, those famous and infamous, loved and feared. There are veterans of every American war, from the American Revolution up to the Vietnam War, and there are people from every walk of life and culture, including Mayors of Memphis, Governors of Tennessee, U.S. Senators, madams, blues singers, suffragists, martyrs, generals, civil rights leaders, holy men and women, outlaws and millionaires and ordinary citizens.

She was born Dorothy Putnam, though she also used two different middle names, "Ione" and "Josephine." Baker signed her name as "Dodie" in her Great Falls High School yearbook in 1933, and became known as "Big Dorothy" during her working years. Her nickname most likely was due to her weight, which was estimated at . Speculation is that she adopted Josephine as her middle name in honor of one of Helena's best-known madams of the late 1800s, Josephine "Chicago Joe" Airey. Legend says she took the surname Baker with inspiration from an Eddy’s Bakery truck.

Ada Everleigh in 1895 The Everleigh sisters Minna and Ada—the madams of the Everleigh Club— carried out very different duties in the operation of the club. Ada, the soft-spoken sister, mainly focused on handling all the business transactions, which included handling the books and allocating finances. She did not only take care of the logistics the club required but she also was responsible for hiring new girls. On the other hand, Minna, the outgoing sister, was responsible for carrying out lessons to teach the new girls charm and culture.

She began her medical career working for the Crippled Children's Centre in Toronto, now known as the Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital."Wife of next Governor General likes to write, but shuns the spotlight, say friends" . Montreal Gazette, July 8, 2010 At the time of her husband's appointment as Governor General, she was taking a creative writing course at Humber College and writing a historical fiction novel. The novel, the first volume of a planned trilogy, was published by Dundurn Press as Matrons and Madams in April 2015.

Prostitution in Nigeria is illegal in all Northern States that practice Islamic penal code. In Southern Nigeria, the activities of pimps or madams, underage prostitution and the operation or ownership of brothels are penalised under sections 223, 224, and 225 of the Nigerian Criminal Code. Even though Nigerian law does not legalize commercial sex work, it is vague if such work is performed by an independent individual who operates on his or her own accord without the use of pimps or a brothel. Nigeria has become a major exporter of women for prostitution.

Jobbins currently writes screenplays full-time with writer/director Stephan Elliott. Their current 'in development' writing credits include: Madams, Dante's Disco Inferno, Forever and a Day, Venetian Wedding and In the Name of Dog. The screenplay; Easy Virtue adapted from a stageplay of the same name by Noël Coward has been produced by Barnaby Thompson for Fragile Films and Ealing Studios under the direction of Stephan Elliott. The film premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival, and has been invited to a variety of international film festivals including the London Film Festival.

In 1773, she met her colleague Marguerite Gourdan at Bicêtre Hospital while undergoing a treatment for syphilis. Together, they founded what was to be the perhaps most famous of all brothels in 18th-century France, on the corner of rue des Deux Portes (now rue Dussoubs) and rue Saint- Sauveur. However, she died of syphilis in September of that year. Gourdan gave a funeral oration in her honour on 14 November 1773 at a gathering of Paris's elite prostitutes and madams organised by the Prince of Conti at his residence.

The numerous miners also attracted the development of a thriving red light district. Among the well- known local madams was Josephine "Chicago Joe" Airey, who built a thriving business empire between 1874 and 1893, becoming one of Helena's largest and most influential landowners. Helena's brothels were a successful part of the local business community well into the 20th century, ending with the 1973 death of Helena's last madam, "Big Dorothy" Baker. Helena's official symbol is a drawing of "The Guardian of the Gulch", a wooden fire watch tower built in 1886.

This novel is a fictionalised biography of Charles Joseph Carter. The main character, Carter, is followed through his career, from his first encounter with magic to his last performance. Along the way he encounters many historical figures, including fellow magicians Harry Houdini and Howard Thurston, United States President Warren G. Harding, BMW founder Max Friz, the Marx Brothers, business magnate Francis Marion "Borax" Smith, the inventor of electronic television Philo Farnsworth, and San Franciscan madams Tessie Wall and Jessie Hayman. Most of the novel centres on the mysterious death of President Harding, who dies shortly after taking part in Carter's stage show.

Edward James Olmos, Bruce Willis (center), and Don Johnson in the episode "No Exit" Many actors, actresses, musicians, comedians, athletes, celebrities, appeared throughout the show's five-season run. They played many different roles from drug dealers to undercover cops to madams. The full list can be seen at the link above, as this is just a partial list. Musicians include Sheena Easton, John Taylor, Andy Taylor, Willie Nelson, Gene Simmons, and Ted Nugent Additionally Glenn Frey, Frank Zappa, Phil Collins, Miles Davis, Frankie Valli, Little Richard, James Brown, Leonard Cohen, the band Power Station, Coati Mundi, and Eartha Kitt.

Some historians, such as Linnane, infer an active role of the addressers Page and Cresswell in the writing of the document. Others such as Mowry and Turner suggest it is an organ of political ventriloquism on behalf of anonymous, radical dissenters., In an act of brazen public satire, the two brothel owners request that the aristocrat act on the behalf of her "sisters" and repay the madams for the rebuilding of their brothels, funded by the national tax coffers. They address Castlemaine as a prostitute herself and list the sites of the brothels where her fellows struggle.

Kandapara has a total of about 600 houses where between 900 and 1,200 sex workers live. The actual number may be higher as the area has many underage prostitutes and their presence is usually hidden by their mothers or the madams who they work for. Many 12-14-year-old girl come to Kandapara from poor families or are trafficked from various countries in southeast Asia including Nepal. These "bonded girls" are indebted to a madam and are unable to go out of the house or keep any of the money they earn until the debt is paid off.

Ah Toy became the mistress of the ship's captain, who showered gold upon her, so much so that by the time she arrived in San Francisco, Ah Toy had a fair bit of money. Before 1851 there were only seven Chinese women known to be in the city, and noticing the looks she drew from the men in her new town, she figured they would pay for a closer look. Her peep shows became quite successful, and she was known to charge an ounce of gold (sixteen dollars) for a "lookee".Curt Gentry, The Madams of San Francisco: A Highly Irreverent History.

Prostitution in Nigeria is illegal in all Northern States that practice Islamic penal code. In Southern Nigeria, the activities of pimps or madams, underage prostitution and the operation or ownership of brothels are penalized under sections 223, 224, and 225 of the Nigerian Criminal Code. Even though Nigerian law does not legalize commercial sex work, it is vague if such work is performed by an independent individual who operates on his or her own accord without the use of pimps or a brothel. The Nigeria criminal system prohibits national and trans-national trafficking of women for commercial sex or forced labour.

He is prideful and narcissistic, but he is spoiled by his surroundings and is also a novice, so his abilities are almost amateurishly low, with most of his fighting results being due to the matches being fixed. He also performs iaijutsu on stage, which has nothing to do with aikido, where he uses hired applauders each time. ; : The Aiki school's advisor. At the commemorative fencing and judo demonstration of Koinosuke, the winner of the national aikido championship, he gave a speech full of lies and exaggerations to mistresses (madams) who are ignorant of martial arts and fighting moves.

Those who could not pay were forced to work until they had "earned" their freedom. Congolese girls are forced into prostitution in tent- or hut-based brothels or informal camps – including in markets and mining areas – by loosely organized networks, gangs, and madams. Congolese women and children are exploited internally in conditions of involuntary domestic servitude and taken, in smaller numbers, to Angola, South Africa, Republic of the Congo, and European nations for commercial sexual exploitation. Some members of Batwa, or pygmy groups, are subjected to conditions of involuntary servitude in agriculture, mining, and domestic work in eastern DRC.

The Whores' Petition was written to Lady Castlemaine in March 1668 (full text given in file description) The Whores' Petition (also known as The Poor Whores' Petition) was a satirical letter addressed from brothel owners and prostitutes affected by the Bawdy House Riots of 1668, to Lady Castlemaine, lover of King Charles II of England. It requested that she come to the aid of her "sisters" and pay for the rebuilding of their property and livelihoods. Addressed from madams such as Damaris Page and Elizabeth Cresswell, it sought to mock the perceived extravagance and licentiousness of Castlemaine and the royal court.

Starting on Shrove Tuesday 1668, widespread violence swept London in a period that would become known as the 'Bawdy House Riots'. Apprentice boys and men burnt and smashed up brothels, including those owned by madams such as Damaris Page and Elizabeth Cresswell; the rioters assaulted the prostitutes and looted the properties. Many thousand London apprentices could neither afford their prostitutes nor, due to their own working contracts, legally marry. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Some of the brothels were supported by the patronage of King Charles II were representative of Charles's continental Catholic-style court, awash with unaffordable debauchery.

Linnane (2003) p.110 Pope mentions her once more at the end of The Dunciad (1728), making reference to her foul mouth, and again, alongside other notorious madams of the day, in the last verses of his Coronation Epistle (which were suppressed in editions of the poem from 1769 until 1954): > For Want of you, we spend our random Wit on The first we find with Needham, > Brooks, or Briton. Henry Fielding refers to her in his Pasquin (1736) and used Hogarth's representation of her as the model for Mother Punchbowl in The Covent Garden Tragedy (1732).Paulson (2000) p.

IJM director Gary Haugen invited the American television show Dateline (NBC) to film a March 29, 2003 raid which it planned to conduct at a large Cambodian brothel in the village of Svay Pak. The brothel contained approximately 40 girls, many under the age of 10, who were detained by Thai police along with 12 accused pimps and madams. A noodle vendor, who had no involvement with the brothel, was among those who were arrested in the raid; the noodle vendor subsequently died in jail of a stroke. IJM later contracted with a Cambodian human rights organization, LICADHO, to review its actions in organizing the raid.

And what is done so deliberately is done with a purpose. This > defiance of the ordinary, these airs and graces, the formality of the > dialogue with its Sirs and Madams are all there to create an atmosphere that > is unlike that of daily life, to prepare the way for a new and an original > sense of the human scene. And again: > The book is cracked through and through with those fissures which come when > the author seems to be of twenty minds at the same time. Yet it succeeds in > holding miraculously together, not certainly by the depths and originality > of its character drawing but by the vigour of its intellectual power and by > its lyrical intensity.

It is thought that about 400 women enter into prostitution in Mexico City every day, and that eighty percent of those women are entering into prostitution against their will.González, Ramón. (2003) ‘Violencia contra las mujeres deja un millón de víctimas anuales en México,’ (Violence against Women Generates One Million Victims Yearly in Mexico), Comunicación e Información de la Mujer (CIMAC) (Communication and Information on Woman) México. A study by Arun Kumar Acharya suggests that because of sex trafficking victims' inability to protect themselves from forced, unprotected sex at the threat of violence by madams, pimps, and others in power positions over them, sex trafficking victims are the most vulnerable to gender-based violence.

Lulu White was one of the best known madams in Storyville, running and maintaining Mahogany Hall. She employed 40 prostitutes and sustained a four- story building that housed 15 bedrooms and five parlors. She often found herself in trouble with law enforcement for serving liquor without a license and was known to get violent when another intervened in her practice. Her clients were the most prominent and wealthiest men in Louisiana and she is remembered for her glamour and jewels "which were like the 'lights of the St. Louis Exposition' just as reported in her promotional booklet" Prior to leaving New Orleans, White lost $150,000 in her investment schemes following the closure of Storyville.

A mining community with a "work hard, play hard" attitude, Wallace became well known for a permissive approach toward drinking, gambling and decriminalized prostitution. From 1884–1991, illegal yet regulated brothel-based sex work openly flourished because locals believed that sex work prevented rape and bolstered the economy, so long as it was regulated and confined to the northeastern part of town. Throughout the rest of the country, progressive era politics drove red- light districts underground, but madams in Wallace enjoyed unprecedented status as influential businesswomen, community leaders, and philanthropists. Between 1940 and 1960, for example, an average of 30 to 60 women came into town to work in one of the five well-established brothels.

" That year, IJM founder Gary Haugen worked with Cambodian officials to mount an operation to rescue children and arrest perpetrators; despite problems arising from police bribery, "a dozen suspected pimps and madams are in custody, and 37 girls [were] rescued, many under the age of 10." Upon returning to Svay Pak six months later, Dateline members were again offered prostituted children; Minister Sochua was not surprised by the reversion, blaming "extreme poverty and widespread corruption". When Dateline followed-up in 2008, the show reported that "Svay Pak is a changed place. […] Many of the brothels have closed their doors and moved out of town, replaced by restaurants, a phone store, even a children's community center serving children, some of the same children who were once exploited here.

Dorothy's brothel was on the second floor of this building in downtown Helena Dorothy's fully preserved personal bathroom, with starburst lights, black tile and a double-wide bathtub Baker was the last in a long line of Helena madams. While Helena had a thriving red light district in the late 1800s, most brothels in Helena's red light district were shut down following World War I. The prostitution business then moved downtown, with a madam named Pearl Maxwell opening a brothel in that area by 1918. The building that came to house Dorothy's, called the St. Louis Block, was built in 1882. It originally was a dry goods store, and over the years had business tenants that included bars, a Vaudeville theater, bowling alley, bootery, and bank.

Until the 1890s, madams predominantly ran the businesses, after which male pimps took over, and the treatment of the women generally declined. It was not uncommon for bordellos in Western towns to operate openly, without the stigma of East Coast cities. Gambling and prostitution were central to life in these western towns, and only later – as the female population increased, reformers moved in, and other civilizing influences arrived – did prostitution become less blatant and less common.Anne M. Butler, Daughters of joy, sisters of misery: prostitutes in the American West, 1865–1890 (1985) After a decade or so the mining towns attracted respectable women who ran boarding houses, organized church societies, worked as laundresses and seamstresses and strove for independent status.

It was located outside the city of Paris, near Chaillot, which meant that the clients could not go there by foot, which ensured that they mostly came from the upper class. While most brothels in mid 18th-century Paris had no more than three prostitutes working in their brothels at any one time, Justine Paris had 14 and she also employed a master of writing, dance and music to educate them. According to Casanova, she charged by the hour. As was other madams engaged in elite prostitution for clients from the nobility, the activity of Justine Paris was tolerated by the police as long as she functioned as a police agent and kept the police informed about the activity, business and life of their important clients and personnel.

In the Malayalam translation of History of Travancore from the Earliest Times, C. K. Kareem claims that Ettuveettil Pillais were gradually grown as Madambies, even though it conflicts with the source material. Dewan Nanoo Pillai refers that Madampimars and Ettuveettil Pillais were the hereditary enemies of Marthanda Varma. T. K. Velu Pillai claims that Ettuveettil Pillais are mistaken for the Madathil Pillais, who were entrusted to manage the properties of six madams or areas; and that the chiefs or leaders were Ettuveettil Madambimar and not Ettuveettil Pillamar. He also claims that Kulathur Pillai and Kazhakkoottathu Pillai were mentioned as Pillais of six houses including the name of a Tamilian in the royal edicts, even though there are no such explicit informations in the referred royal edicts, Mathilakam Records – M. Doc. CXXX.

The less extrovert but more intelligent Hummel specialized in civil law and ran the firm's thriving blackmail racket, representing chorus girls and thwarted lovers, threatening married men with exposure and well-off young bachelors with suits for breach of promise of marriage. At its peak, operating from offices just across the road from NYPD headquarters on Centre Street, Howe and Hummel received fat retainers from a significant proportion of the criminals, brothel-keepers, and abortionists of New York. All 74 madams rounded up during a purity drive in 1884 named Howe and Hummel as their counsel, and at one time the firm represented 23 out of the 25 prisoners awaiting trial for murder in the city's Tombs prison and had an undeclared interest in the twenty-fourth. Bill Howe's persuasive abilities were the stuff of legend.

The less extrovert but more intelligent Hummel specialised in civil law and ran the firm's thriving blackmail racket, representing chorus girls and thwarted lovers, threatening married men with exposure and well-off young bachelors with suits for breach of promise of marriage. At its peak, operating from offices just across the road from NYPD headquarters on Centre Street, Howe and Hummel received fat retainers from a significant proportion of the criminals, brothel-keepers, and abortionists of New York. All 74 madams rounded up during a purity drive in 1884 named Howe and Hummel as their counsel, and at one time the firm represented 23 out of the 25 prisoners awaiting trial for murder in the city's Tombs prison and had an undeclared interest in the twenty-fourth. Bill Howe's persuasive abilities were the stuff of legend.

In the U.S., madams/pimps can be arrested and charged with pandering and are legally known as procurers. This, combined with the tendency to identify pimping with African-American masculinity, may provide some of the explanation for why approximately three- fifths of all "confirmed" human traffickers in the United States are African- American men. It has recently been argued that some of the extreme examples of violence cited in the article below come primarily from such stereotyping supported by Hollywood screenwriters, selective and decontextualized trial transcripts, and studies that have only interviewed parties to sex commerce in institutions of rescue, prosecution, and punishment, rather than engaging rigorous study in situ. A 2018 study by researchers from the University of Montreal divided the construct of a "pimp" into three distinct categories, including "Low-profile" pimps (primarily female pimps), "Hustlers" (predominantly male and violent, marking the common stereotype) and the "abused" (even male-female split, more likely to be subjected to violence than committing it).

Vina Fields was one of the most successful and well known African American brothel madams to come out of Chicago at the turn of the century. Her career began in the 1870s when she established her brothel, House of Pleasure, in the Levee District of Chicago. At the height of her 30 year long career she was housing and managing 60 women; this enabled her to become one of Chicago's wealthiest African Americans with a reputation as a smart and giving business woman.Cynthia Blair, I've Got to Make My Living': Black Women's Sex Work in Turn-of-the-Century Chicago (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010), 1. She was described as a true “character of the red light district.”Blair, 1. Not much is known about Vina Fields’ personal life, but historian Cynthia Blair details her massive impact on the sex industry of Chicago, giving her the recognition she deserves as an influential and important African American woman in the history of Chicago.