Dr Whittingham discovered that when lithium ions intercalate with a substance called titanium disulphide, the interaction stores a useful amount of energy.
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Some polypyridyl complexes intercalate into DNA and show promise as drugs.Komor, Alexis C.; Barton, Jacqueline K. "The path for metal complexes to a DNA target" Chemical Communications 2013, vol. 49, 3617-3630.
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Acridine and related derivatives (such as amsacrine) bind to DNA and RNA due to their abilities to intercalate. Acridine orange (3,6-dimethylaminoacridine) is a nucleic acid-selective metachromatic stain useful for cell cycle determination.
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MITO-FLAG (also called Mito-FLAG, FLAG-MITO, or FLAG-Mito) adds mitoxantrone to the standard regimen. Mitoxantrone is a synthetic anthracycline analogue (an anthracenedione) that, like idarubicin, can intercalate DNA and prevent cell division.
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In the FLAG-IDA regimen (also called FLAG-Ida, IDA-FLAG, or Ida-FLAG), idarubicin—an anthracycline antibiotic that is able to intercalate DNA and prevent cell division (mitosis)—is added to the standard FLAG regimen.
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Carbon anodes are traditionally used because of lithium's ability to intercalate without unacceptable volumetric expansion. The latter damages the battery and reduces the amount of lithium available for charging. Reduced intercalation limits capacity. Carbon based anodes have a gravimetric capacity of 372 mAh/g for LiC6.
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The highest transition temperature (by June 2009) Tc = 11.5 K is achieved in CaC6, and it further increases under applied pressure (15.1 K at 8 GPa). Graphite's ability to intercalate lithium ions without significant damage from swelling is what makes it the dominant anode material in lithium-ion batteries.
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In the southern part of the basin, thick sequences of volcanic rock are common. Black shale near Badakshan has been found to contain extensive Triassic fossils. In the east, Jurassic limestone, marl, shale and sandstone conformably overlies Triassic sediments. Volcanic rocks intercalate these units between Kabul and Khost.
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As another consequence of their planar structure and electron-acceptor properties, NDIs intercalate into DNA. Because a range of amines can be condensed with the dianhydride. For example, two useful pigments of the perinone class are generated by condensation with phenylenediamine. A variety of ligands with NDI backbones have also been prepared.
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An angular unconformity separates the overlying Hassaouna sandstones from lower Precambrian rocks. These sandstones are inferred to be Cambrian rocks, formed at the beginning of the Paleozoic. In some cases, purple and blue Murizidie series rocks intercalate the sandstones. Orogeny related sedimentation continued through the Ordovician, until a period of tectonic calm in the Silurian.
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The transcription factor II B (TFIIB) recognizes either BRE and binds to it. Both BREs work in conjunction with the TATA box (and TATA box binding protein), and have various effects on levels of transcription. TFIIB uses the cyclin-like repeats to recognize DNA. The C-terminal alpha helices of TFIIB intercalate with the major groove of the DNA at the BREu.
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Because the layers in NbSe2 are only weakly bonded together, different substances can penetrate between the layers to form well defined intercalation compounds. Compounds with helium, rubidium, transition metals, and post-transition metals have been made. Extra niobium atoms, up to one third extra can be added between the layers. Extra metal atoms from first transition metal series can intercalate up to 1:3 ratio.
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Spiropyrans can be used to probe the conformational state of DNA, as certain derivatives can intercalate into DNA when in the open form. Spiropyrans are used in photo controlled transfer of amino acids across bilayers and membranes because of nucleophilic interaction between zwitterionic merocyanine and polar amino acids. Certain types of spiropyrans display ring opening upon recognition of an analyte, for example zinc ions.
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Nature 429, 667–671. When multiple clusters of cells intercalate in the dorsal-ventral axis, through junctional neighbor exchange, the outcome is an extension of germ-band in the anterior-posterior axis. In addition to the simple neighbor exchange, higher-ordered rosette formations have been observed in which five or more cells meet at a vertex. Multicellular rosettes form and resolve in a directional fashion that promotes germ-band elongation.
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Graphite particles can be corroded in molten salts to form a variety of carbon nanostructures including graphene. Hydrogen cations, dissolved in molten Lithium chloride, can be discharged on cathodically polarized graphite rods, which then intercalate into the graphite structure, peeling graphite to produce graphene. The graphene nanosheets produced displayed a single-crystalline structure with a lateral size of several hundred nanometers and a high degree of crystallinity and thermal stability.
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These rocks are overlain by conglomerate and flysch from the Carboniferous, as well as acid tuff and Permian continental conglomerates. By contrast, the Kurama Unit has Proterozoic paragneiss, orthogneiss and granite intrusions in its basement rocks. Isotope dating indicates ages ranging from 1.9 billion to 230 million years ago for the metamorphic rocks. Vendian age sandstone and conglomerate intercalate with basalt, limestone and tuff, unconformably overlying the basement rock.
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Another way to enhance CNT electrodes is by doping with a pseudocapacitive dopant as in lithium-ion capacitors. In this case the relatively small lithium atoms intercalate between the layers of carbon.H. Gualous et al.: Lithium Ion capacitor characterization and modelling ESSCAP’08 −3rd European Symposium on Supercapacitors and Applications, Rome/Italy 2008 The anode is made of lithium-doped carbon, which enables lower negative potential with a cathode made of activated carbon.
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The structure of VSR is similar to the core structure of restriction endonucleases, which have a 3-layer alpha/beta/alpha topology. VSR has three aromatic residues (Phe67, Trp68 and Trp86), which intercalate into the major groove, bending the DNA and separating the two strands. The N-terminal domain stabilizes the interaction between the protein and the cleaved product, thereby protecting the nick from DNA ligase until the arrival of DNA Polymerase I.
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This is a common feature in most UK medical curricula. The school's first international students began their studies in September 2006. Hull York Medical School course uses problem-based learningHYMS Problem Based Learning guide There is an emphasis on early and sustained clinical experience in General Practices, hospitals and community settings. The medical school allows students to intercalate a BSc or master's degree in various subjects, such as anatomy, biology and ethics.
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South of the central Afghan swell, regional folding and faulting took place at the end of the Cretaceous and the beginning of the Cenozoic, with marine conditions only in the southeast. Around Khost, calcareous sedimentation continued until the Eocene. Beginning with a basal conglomerate, sedimentary rocks from the Paleocene through the Oligocene coarsen upwards in the southeast and between Khost and Sarobi. Nummulitic limestone and volcanic rocks intercalate with these sedimentary rocks around the edge of the basin.
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Fumes that develop from fat dripping on blistering charcoal are rich in benzopyrene, which can condense on grilled goods. Benzopyrenes are harmful because they form carcinogenic and mutagenic metabolites (such as (+)-benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide from benzo[a]pyrene) which intercalate into DNA, interfering with transcription. They are considered pollutants and carcinogens. The mechanism of action of benzo[a]pyrene-related DNA modification has been investigated extensively and relates to the activity of cytochrome P450 subclass 1A1 (CYP1A1).
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Teniposide causes dose- dependent single- and double-stranded breaks in DNA and DNA-protein cross- links. The substance has been found to act as an inhibitor of topoisomerase II (an enzyme that aids in DNA unwinding), since it does not intercalate into DNA or bind strongly to DNA. The cytotoxic effects of teniposide are related to the relative number of double-stranded DNA breaks produced in cells, which are a reflection of the stabilization of a topoisomerase II-DNA intermediate.
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The ability for lithium ions to intercalate into silicon structures renders various Si nanostructures of interest towards applications as anodes in Li-ion batteries (LiBs). SiNWs are of particular merit as such anodes as they exhibit the ability to undergo significant lithiation while maintaining structural integrity and electrical connectivity. Silicon nanowires are efficient thermoelectric generators because they combine a high electrical conductivity, owing to the bulk properties of doped Si, with low thermal conductivity due to the small cross section.
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Once their election has been ratified, they are permitted to use the post-nominal letters AKC along with their main qualification. Since 1909, only students registered for a University of London degree at King's have normally been allowed to study for the associateship. The three-year course involves weekly lectures concerning theology, ethics and philosophy. At the discretion of the Dean, some postgraduates, and medical/dental students who do not intercalate, are allowed to compress the programme into two years.
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In the clinical setting, amyloid diseases are typically identified by a change in the spectroscopic properties of planar aromatic dyes such as thioflavin T, congo red or NIAD-4. In general, this is attributed to the environmental change, as these dyes intercalate between beta-strands to confine their structure. Congo Red positivity remains the gold standard for diagnosis of amyloidosis. In general, binding of Congo Red to amyloid plaques produces a typical apple-green birefringence when viewed under cross-polarized light.
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Zoroastrianism has numerous festivals and holy days, all of which are bound to the Zoroastrian calendar. The Shahenshahi and Kadmi variants of the calendar do not intercalate leap years and hence the day of the Gregorian calendar year on which these days are celebrated shifts ahead with time. The third variant of the Zoroastrian calendar, known as either Fasli (in India) or Bastani (in Iran), intercalcates according to Gregorian calendar rules and thus remains synchronous with the seasons. For details on the differences, see Zoroastrian calendar.
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Zhou's account is very useful for determining that the 1st month of the Khmer calendar was "kia-to", called Karttika. None of the Khmer inscriptions uses month numbering, but of the three systems used later in Thailand, Karttika was called month 1 in parts of Lanna and was also sometimes so numbered in Laos. The astronomical new year, on the other hand, began in what would have been numbered month 6 (Caitra). This equation is confirmed when Zhou Daguan says he does not understand why they intercalate only in (their) month 9.
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Detailed studies of graphite oxide paper by V. Kohlschütter and P. Haenni date back to 1918. Studies of graphite oxide membranes were performed by Hanns-Peter Boehm, the German scientist who invented the term "graphene", in 1960. The paper titled "Graphite Oxide and its membrane properties" reported synthesis of "paper-like foils" with 0.05 mm thickness. The membranes were reported to be not permeable by gases (nitrogen and oxygen) but easily permeable by water vapors and, suggestively, by any other solvents which are able to intercalate graphite oxide.
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In order for cells to intercalate between one another the adherens junctions that maintain the integrity of the epithelial tissue must be dynamically remodeled. Time-lapse microscopy has captured this process of cell neighbor exchange, which is schematically represented to the right. In the type 1 configuration, two cells contact each other along the anterior-posterior axis, whereas two dorsal- ventral cells do not directly contact. Next, the cell boundary between the two anterior-posterior neighbors selectively shrinks, resulting in an obligatory intermediate type 2 junction, where the four cells share a vertex.
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In 2017, researchers at Clemson Nanomaterials Institute built a prototype Al-ion battery that uses a graphene electrode to intercalate tetrachloroaluminate (). Their new battery technology uses aluminum foil and thin sheets of graphite called few-layer graphene (FLG) as the electrode to store electrical charge from aluminum ions present in the electrolyte. The team constructed batteries with aluminum anodes, pristine or modified FLG cathodes, and an ionic liquid with AlCl3 salt as the electrolyte. They claimed that the battery can operate over 10,000 cycles and the energy density is 200 Wh/kg.
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DNA sample separated using gel electrophoresis of nucleic acids and stained with ethidium bromide, which emits orange light after binding to DNA Ethidium bromide is commonly used to detect nucleic acids in molecular biology laboratories. In the case of DNA this is usually double- stranded DNA from PCRs, restriction digests, etc. Single-stranded RNA can also be detected, since it usually folds back onto itself and thus provides local base pairing for the dye to intercalate. Detection typically involves a gel containing nucleic acids placed on or under an ultraviolet lamp.
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Current collectors in thin film batteries must be flexible, have high surface area, and be cost-effective. Silver nanowires with improved surface area and loading weight have been shown to work as a current collector in these battery systems, but still are not as cost-effective as desired. Extending graphite technology to lithium ion batteries, solution processed carbon nanotubes (CNT) films are being looked into for use as both the current collector and anode material. CNTs have the ability to intercalate lithium and maintain high operating voltages, all with low mass loading and flexibility.
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This lasts four years, the first year covering the same material as the first two years of the five-year course. Second year "accelerated" students are then taught alongside the third year students from the five-year programme. The medical school offers students the chance to intercalate a BSc in another area of study after the 2nd, 3rd or 4th year, either at Newcastle University or externally at another university. After, the 3rd and 4th years, the medical schools also offers students the opportunity to undertake a Master's degree or MPhil.
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The following specialist courses are available instead of undertaking a research project: Medical humanities, History of medicine, Epidemiology and international health. BSc courses that have available places after the allocation of Imperial students are open to medical students from other universities who wish to intercalate. Fifth year covers the specialties of obstetrics and gynaecology, radiology, paediatrics, psychiatry, oncology, general practice, critical care, infectious diseases, dermatology, rheumatology and orthopaedics through clinical attachments. It includes a 4-week course in clinical pathology at the start of the year and a one-week teaching skills course.
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The RFU measurements are used, for DNA profiling, in a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Two common methods for detection of products in real-time PCR are: (1) non-specific fluorescent dyes that intercalate with any double-stranded DNA, and (2) sequence-specific DNA probes consisting of oligonucleotides that are labeled with a fluorescent reporter which permits detection only after hybridization of the probe with its complementary DNA target. Frequently, real-time PCR is combined with reverse transcription to quantify messenger RNA and Non-coding RNA in cells or tissues.
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Thymidine adduct of angelicin. It was shown that angelicin exhibits a multifaceted effect on various biomolecules which stem from the compound’s structure and photoreactivity. For example, the planar structure allows angelicin to intercalate between the DNA bases. When exposed to ultraviolet light, it undergoes a C4-photocycloaddition reaction with thymine and cytosine forming a monoadduct. The double bonds of angelicin involved in this reaction are the 3,4 and 4’,5’. However, the rest of the angelicin’s aromatic system cannot react with the pyrimidine of complementary strand owing to the unfavorable alignment of reactive double bonds.
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65 rather than by priests (kōhen).Meyers, Galilee throughout the centuries, p.265 The "rabbi" in these epigraphs appears to be an honorific for "master", and the role of such rabbis in the synagogue seems to have been that of being donors. For an early dating based on the rare "qedushat" (to his holiness') address used in amoraim correspondence (qedushat mari rabbi Issi ha-cohen ha-mehubad berabi) see Aharon Oppenheimer, "The Attempt of Hananiah, Son of Rabbi Joshua's Brother, to Intercalate the Year in Babylonia" in Peter Schäfer, Catherine Hezser (eds.), The Talmud Yerushalmi and Graeco-Roman culture, p.
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Chronic, subclinical exposure does not lead to symptoms so dramatic as acute aflatoxicosis. Chronic exposure increases the risk of developing liver and gallbladder cancer, as aflatoxin metabolites may intercalate into DNA and alkylate the bases through epoxide moiety. This is thought to cause mutations in the p53 gene, an important gene in preventing cell cycle progression when there are DNA mutations, or signaling apoptosis (programmed cell death). These mutations seem to affect some base pair locations more than others, for example, the third base of codon 249 of the p53 gene appears to be more susceptible to aflatoxin-mediated mutations than nearby bases.
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Dye molecules intercalate or directly label the DNA, and in turn can be correlated with the number of copies initially present. Hence, LAMP can also be quantitative. In-tube detection of LAMP DNA amplification is possible using manganese loaded calcein which starts fluorescing upon complexation of manganese by pyrophosphate during in vitro DNA synthesis. Another method for visual detection of the LAMP amplicons by the unaided eye was based on their ability to hybridize with complementary gold-bound ss-DNA and thus prevent the normal red to purple-blue color change that would otherwise occur during salt- induced aggregation of the gold particles.
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Several types of metal oxides and sulfides can reversibly intercalate lithium cations at voltages between 1 and 2V against lithium metal with little difference between the charge and discharge steps. Specifically the mechanism of insertion involves lithium cations filling crystallographic vacancies in the host lattice with minimal changes to the bonding within the host lattice. This differentiates intercalation anodes from conversion anodes that store lithium by complete disruption and formation of alternate phases, usually as lithia. Conversion systems typically disproportionate to lithia and a metal (or lower metal oxide) at low voltages, < 1V vs Li, and reform the metal oxide at voltage > 2V, for example, CoO + 2Li --> Co+Li2O.
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DAT in the context of chemotherapy is an acronym that means a chemotherapy regimen most often used as an induction regimen in acute myelogenous leukemia, usually for those who are refractory to the standard "7+3" induction regimen or who has relapsed. But this regimen also can be used as primary, first-line induction therapy. The DAT regimen consists of: # (D)aunorubicin - an anthracycline antibiotic that is able to intercalate DNA, thus disrupting cell division and preventing mitosis; # (A)ra-C (cytarabine) - an antimetabolite; # (T)hioguanine - another antimetabolite.Randomized Comparison of DAT Versus ADE as Induction Chemotherapy in Children and Younger Adults With Acute Myeloid Leukemia.
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MINE in the context of chemotherapy is an acronym for one of the chemotherapy regimens used for treatment of relapsed or refractory aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and Hodgkin's lymphoma. Today this regimen is often combined with monoclonal antibody rituximab. In this case the regimen is called R-MINE or MINE-R. The [R]-MINE regimen consists of: # Rituximab - anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody that can kill both normal CD20-expressing B cells and malignant ones; # Mesna to prevent the development of hemorrhagic cystitis which may otherwise result from ifosfamide administration; # Ifosfamide - an alkylating antineoplastic agent from oxazafosforine group; # Mitoxantrone - a synthetic anthracycline analogue (anthraquinone) that is able to intercalate DNA and thus prevent cell division (mitosis); # Etoposide - a topoisomerase inhibitor.
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This was resolved by declaring one month as Shudha (pure, clean, regular, proper, also called Deva month) and the other Mala or Adhika (extra, unclean and inauspicious, also called Asura masa). The Hindu mathematicians who calculated the best way to adjust the two years, over long periods of a yuga (era, tables calculating 1000 of years), they determined that the best means to intercalate the months is to time the intercalary months on a 19-year cycle. This intercalation is generally adopted in the 3rd, 5th, 8th, 11th, 14th, 16th and 19th year of this cycle. Further, the complex rules rule out the repetition of Mārgasirsa (also called Agahana), Pausha and Maagha lunar months.
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Stress to the gate, relative to channel electrodes, can be applied in the form of fixed current or bias, driving ions toward - or away from - the electrolyte/channel interface where charge transfer occurs with free carriers. Upon insertion in the channel, the ionic charge is neutralized and the atomic species intercalate or bind to the conductive host matrix, in some cases yielding strain and localized phase transformation. Such reversible processes are equivalent to anodic/cathodic reactions in battery cells or electrochromic devices. Although in ECRAM, the programming of the memory element is defined not as a change in capacity or opacity, but by a change of channel conductivity associated with atomic species being inserted or removed as a result of the stress signal.
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FM in the context of chemotherapy means a chemotherapy regimen used as first- line therapy in indolent lymphomas. In combination with rituximab it is called R-FM or RFM or FM-R or FMR. The [R]-FM regimen consists of: # (R)ituximab - an anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody that is able to kill both normal B cells and malignant ones; # (F)ludarabine - an antimetabolite; # (M)itoxantrone - a synthetic anthracycline analogue (an anthraquinone) that is able to intercalate DNA and prevent mitosis.Fludarabine Plus Mitoxantrone With and Without Rituximab Versus CHOP With and Without Rituximab As Front-Line Treatment for Patients With Follicular Lymphoma This regimen is also sometimes used in some autoimmune disorders that are inherently sensitive to rituximab, fludarabine and mitoxantrone in monotherapies (e.g.
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In biology methylene blue is used as a dye for a number of different staining procedures, such as Wright's stain and Jenner's stain. Since it is a temporary staining technique, methylene blue can also be used to examine RNA or DNA under the microscope or in a gel: as an example, a solution of methylene blue can be used to stain RNA on hybridization membranes in northern blotting to verify the amount of nucleic acid present. While methylene blue is not as sensitive as ethidium bromide, it is less toxic and it does not intercalate in nucleic acid chains, thus avoiding interference with nucleic acid retention on hybridization membranes or with the hybridization process itself. It can also be used as an indicator to determine whether eukaryotic cells such as yeast are alive or dead.
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The Arabs, according to one explanation mentioned by Abu Ma'shar, learned of this type of intercalation from the Jews. The Jewish Nasi was the official who decided when to intercalate the Jewish calendar.Bab. Talmud, Sanhedrin, p. 11. Some sources say that the Arabs followed the Jewish practice and intercalated seven months over nineteen years, or else that they intercalated nine months over 24 years; there is, however, no consensus among scholars on this issue.Bonner 2011, page 21. Postponement (Nasī’) of one ritual in a particular circumstance does not imply alteration of the sequence of months, and scholars agree that this did not happen. Al-Biruni also says this did not happen, and the festivals were kept within their season by intercalation every second or third year of a month between Dhu al-Hijjah and Muharram. He also says that, in terms of the fixed calendar that was not introduced until 10 AH (632 AD/CE), the first intercalation was, for example, of a month between Dhu al-Hijjah and Muharram, the second of a month between Muharram and Safar, the third of a month between Safar and Rabi'I, and so on.
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