1000 Sentences With "extirpated" | Random Sentence Generator

"poisonous weed" that "must be extirpated from our streams and seas" before the

It's not only jaguars: Predator control and hunting also extirpated mountain lions from the southwest and midwest.

All native large carnivores have been extirpated from these islands, freeing raccoons to strongly impact their terrestrial and marine prey.

Plus, coyotes have spread from their traditional territories all the way east after their biggest predator, wolves, were extirpated from most areas.

But when they started digging into corruption in Mr Erdogan's entourage, the Gulenists were treated as a "parallel state" to be extirpated.

The idea that imported species make up for extirpated ones feels like biodiversity bean-counting rather than real conservation (nothing, after all, has been conserved).

Just as senators extirpated the filibuster after it became a filthy kennel of ideological obstruction, so too are they likely to terminate the blue slip.

Allied with a movement of Sunni tribesmen angered by al Qaeda known as "the Awakening," U.S. troops had largely extirpated al Qaeda from Iraq by 2008.

In fact their beliefs were consistent enough with one another and over time to constitute an alternative religious tradition, occluded but never extirpated by the dominant church.

"It's exciting to have these large, iconic carnivores roaming Central Europe where they were extirpated centuries ago," said Francesca Cagnacci, a researcher on a follow-up project.

Should biologists declare a new species extinct while "Extinction Gong" is on display, the artists will activate a special program via their VPN to name the extirpated.

But it brought with it the idea that all bacteria were germs to be ruthlessly extirpated, rather than a workforce to be exploited—or allies to be encouraged.

So in 2008, when biologists found that the first wolves had returned to Washington since the animals were extirpated there in the 1930s, officials pledged to learn from other states' mistakes.

The idea of "the hunt" in this context, with modern concerns about firearms and the reintroduction of wolves to regions where they had previously been extirpated, reframes this ancient myth in compelling ways.

The jaguar, extirpated from the United States since the mid-20th century, has been making some attempts at a comeback, with some gingerly creeping across the border from Mexico into Arizona and New Mexico.

We should remember that the management of African wildlife is the right and responsibility of range states -- who have managed to maintain populations of large, costly wildlife while in the Global North we have largely extirpated ours.

"It's a bad situation that's made worse by what may be viewed as an essential step in the short term to preserve some herds that might otherwise become extirpated," says Jason Unger, staff counsel at the Edmonton-based Environmental Law Center.

Once considered only a varmint, wolves were extirpated from nearly all of their range through a campaign of bounty hunting, trapping, the killing of pups in the den with dynamite and even biological warfare as trappers introduced mange into wolf populations.

Indigenous vegetable and animal species are extirpated, and supplanted by others of foreign origin, spontaneous production is forbidden or restricted, and the face of the earth is either laid bare or covered with a new and reluctant growth of vegetable forms, and with alien tribes of animal life.

It is listed as endangered and extirpated in Maryland, extirpated in Indiana, presumed extirpated in Ohio, as threatened in Iowa and Rhode Island. It is a special concern and believed extirpated in Connecticut."Connecticut's Endangered, Threatened and Special Concern Species 2015". State of Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection Bureau of Natural Resources.

This is a list of extinct and extirpated animals of Spain.

Like other crustaceans, their populations can be extirpated by lake acidification.

The Chisos and Guadalupe Mountains populations are believed to be extirpated.

This split makes it more likely that populations will become extirpated.

It thus includes the extirpated Eastern cougar and extant Florida panther populations.

They were likely extirpated from Whiteside, which is just west of Chattanooga.

Mammals extirpated from the Olympic Mountains are the fisher (Martes pennanti) and the gray wolf (Canis lupus). The fisher was declared extirpated from Washington State when no fishers were detected during statewide carnivore surveys in the 1990s and 2000s. A reintroduction project was initiated in 2007, in partnership with Olympic National Park. The gray wolf was extirpated from Washington State in the early 20th century.

It is probably extirpated from Florida and the rivers along the Gulf Coast.

274 pp. plus appendices. Some scientists consider a number of the coastal and large river populations of this species to be already extirpated, nearly extirpated, or declining rapidly.Brim Box, K., J. Howard, D. Wolf, C. O'Brian, D. Nez, and D. Close. 2006.

The wild dogs had become extirpated from the park during the 1977-1992 civil war.

It is listed as endangered in Connecticut and New Jersey, and presumed extirpated in Ohio.

It is listed extirpated in Indiana, endangered in New York, and as a special concern and believed extirpated in Connecticut."Connecticut's Endangered, Threatened and Special Concern Species 2015". State of Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection Bureau of Natural Resources. Retrieved 10 January 2018.

The North African ostrich Struthio camelus camelus occurred in this region but is now largely extirpated.

False chinaroot is listed as extirpated in Pennsylvania, endangered in New York, and threatened in Maryland.

In Maine it is possibly extirpated, and in New Hampshire Silene acaulis var. exscapa is threatened.

It is extirpated from the island of Molokai, where its former habitat was cleared for pineapple fields.

Flora of North America. It is extirpated in California.Carex livida. California Native Plant Society Rare Plant Profile.

This mussel has been propagated in captivity and released into appropriate habitat in areas where it has been extirpated.

Dove Publications Pty. Ltd. Its small range combined with extensive habitat destruction and capture for the parrot trade gives cause for serious concerns. It remains fairly common on Sumbawa, but is scarce or rare elsewhere. It appears to have been extirpated from Tanahjampea, and may have been extirpated from Bali and Kalaotoa.

Kew Bulletin Additional Series XIV: London. It was thought to be extirpated in Indiana until it was rediscovered in 2005.

In Ohio, T. cernuum was collected once, in Lake County in 1879. It is now thought to be extirpated from Ohio.

The Nature Conservancy. The species is extirpated from the islands of Kauai and Molokai.USFWS. Solanum incompletum Five-year Review. January 2008.

Year assessed: 2007. The Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources has listed the species as possibly extirpated within the state.

The black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes) became extirpated in Canada in 1937. Between the 1950s and 1981, it was suspected to be entirely extinct until a wild population was discovered in 1981 in Wyoming. The swift fox and sea otter both were extirpated in Canada in the 1930s, but were successfully reintroduced in the beginning of the 1970s.

It is listed as endangered in Connecticut and Pennsylvania. It is listed as threatened in Massachusetts and as possibly extirpated in Maine.

Thus, its range does not include the areas of Philadelphia and Pittsburgh, the two largest cities in Pennsylvania. C. horridus is extirpated in Maine and Rhode Island and is almost extirpated in New Hampshire. In Massachusetts, the snakes are active from mid-May to mid-October. Early settlers were afraid of the snake, as its population was widespread throughout the state.

Tunny was present in the North Sea until the 1950s when commercial herring and mackerel fishing depleted its food supply and it became extirpated.

However, more recent studies suggest that they were extirpated from South America by the end of the Late Pleistocene, before the arrival of people.

Several occurrences have been discovered since the plant joined the endangered species list, including locations on Camp Pendleton, and a few have been extirpated.

They are likely extirpated from Tunisia, where they were once frequent.Isenmann, P. (2005). Birds of Tunisia. Société d'études ornithologiques de France, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle.

Several occurrences are located near recreational areas used for hiking, fishing, and rock climbing. Two occurrences were extirpated when the Blue Mesa Reservoir was created.

It has been extirpated from Maui and Molokai.Schiedea nuttallii. The Nature Conservancy. Plants in a population known from Kauai are actually members of other species.

Although leopards have most likely been extirpated from Morocco, their skins can regularly be seen sold openly as medicinal products or decoration in the markets.

N. Stromberg although the species is now deemed by some to be extirpated from Algeria, due to habitat destruction by humans and by ongoing desertification.

It is threatened by habitat loss caused by agriculture and wood extraction. Burning in 2002-2003 may have extirpated this species from Páramos del Angel.

Painted Hunting Dog: Lycaon pictus, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. N. Stromberg but that canid is thought to be extirpated from the region due to human population expansion.

In the grasslands of Serra da Canastra National Park, Brazil The giant anteater is native to Central and South America. Its known range stretches from Honduras to northern Argentina, and fossil remains have been found as far north as northwestern Sonora, Mexico. It is largely absent from the Andes and has been extirpated in Uruguay. It may also be extirpated in Belize, Costa Rica, and Guatemala.

In Greece, it was common as reported by Herodotus in 480 BC; it was considered rare by 300 BC and extirpated by AD 100. It was present in the Caucasus until the 10th century. It lived in Palestine until the Middle Ages, and in Southwest Asia until the late 19th century. By the late 19th century, it had been extirpated in most of Turkey.

Plantain squirrel (Callosciurus notatus) Long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis) Raffles' banded langur (Presbytis femoralis) was almost extirpated in Singapore There are currently about 65 species of mammals in Singapore. Since the founding of modern Singapore in 1819, over 90 species have been recorded, including large species such as tigers, leopards and sambar deer. Most of these have since become extirpated from Singapore largely due to rapid urban development, with occasional large mammals such as Asian elephants swimming across the Straits of Johor from Johor, Malaysia. Many surviving species have critically low population numbers, the most seriously endangered being the cream-coloured giant squirrel, last sighted in 1995 and now possibly extirpated.

Almost extirpated in Danube, to be probably survived only in River Kolpa.Kottelat, M. and J. Freyhof, 2007. Handbook of European freshwater fishes. Publications Kottelat, Cornol, Switzerland.

This species is endemic to the Tennessee River and its larger tributaries, but it has been largely extirpated due to pollution and the construction of dams.

It is in severe decline, having been extirpated from much of the Coosa River system and all of the waterways in Alabama where it once occurred.

Federal Register March 4, 1994. Today this plant grows on Molokai and the island of Hawaii; it has been extirpated from Lanai.Cyperus fauriei. The Nature Conservancy.

It is a species of special concern and believed extirpated in Connecticut, It is endangered in Illinois, Massachusetts, and North Carolina, and threatened in Ohio and Pennsylvania.

Because of this extensive agriculture, black bears, wolves and about 35 species of plants have been extirpated. The only widespread large mammals remaining are white-tailed deer.

Some species are believed to be extirpated from the province, denoted with (X). Several species have been introduced to Saskatchewan, and established permanent populations, denoted with (I).

Their historic range spanned 16 American states and Alberta, British Columbia, and Saskatchewan in Canada. Between 1988 and 2012, the Canadian population declined by 98%. By 2012, they were extirpated from British Columbia and left with only remnant populations in Alberta with 40 to 60 adult birds, and in Saskatchewan with only 55 to 80 adult birds. By 2013, sage grouse were also extirpated from five U.S. states.

Today the fish occurs mainly in the upper Brazos River system above Possum Kingdom Lake, it is rarely observed below this reservoir and may be extirpated from most or all of the tributaries in the lower river system. Populations are extirpated from the Wichita River, which represented nearly 70% of the known former range of the species. In the upper Brazos it is still a common species.NatureServe. 2013. Notropis oxyrhynchus.

The creek was deliberately poisoned in 1957 to kill fish in potential competition with rainbow trout; many fish species were extirpated from the river and have never recovered.

Herpetologica 57 (1): 23-32). Bull sharks, Carcharhinus leucas, used to be part of the lake's once-diverse ecosystem but were extirpated by the locals by the 1930s.

It is pollinated by insects and is self-incompatible. It is rare, with only dozens of populations known, and has been extirpated from several states due to habitat destruction.

Animal species that can be found in the Yunnan Plateau subtropical evergreen forests include black gibbons, bamboo rats, and asiatic black bears. A notable extirpated species is the tiger.

The species is extirpated in the Baltic Sea. Remaining strongholds where it remains locally common are off western Scotland and in the Celtic Sea.ICES (2017). . Retrieved 31 December 2017.

The older stems are bright red. This plant is becoming more rare due to the disappearance of its coastal habitat. It is extirpated from much of its native range.

National parks (NP) throughout the country, from Kaziranga in the Northeast to Panna in Madhya Pradesh, having been extirpated in Sariska and Panna NPs as a result of hunting.

It is now only known from Lagoa Nova in the municipality of Linhares in Espirito Santo state, having been extirpated from its only other recent locality, Lagoa Juparanã in Linhares.

But these populations have been extirpated, although the populations in Dixie County and Taylor County are stable. Same as the population in the lowlands near the Santee River in South Carolina.

Epioblasma capsaeformis. 2011 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 25 September 2011. It is now extirpated from the Cumberland River system and the main artery of the Tennessee River.

Oliver, G. V. and Bosworth, W. R. III. (1999). Rare, Imperiled, and Recently Extinct or Extirpated Mollusks of Utah: A Literature Review. Utah Division of Wildlife Resources. Publication Number 99-29.

Captive butterfly breeding has been used to replenish extirpated populations of butterflies. One example of this was the commercial breeding of the Florida keys species butterfly by butterfly breeder Fort Lauderdale.

It has probably been extirpated in Hunan, Hubei, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangxi and Jiangxi provinces. It is listed as nationally Critically Endangered, but receives little attention from Chinese wildlife biologists and conservationists.

All introduced species aside from the carp, snakehead, and (possibly) pipefish survived the lake's shrinkage and salinity increase, and during this time period the European flounder (Platichthys flesus) was also introduced to the lake to revive fisheries. The extirpated species (aside from possibly the pipefish) returned to the North Aral Sea following its recovery. Herring, sand smelt, gobies, and flounder also managed to persist in the South Aral Sea, but its increasing salinity led all but the gobies to be eventually extirpated from the area. The decrease in salinity of the North Aral Sea from the 1990s onwards has led to a recovery of its zooplankton population, with many extirpated crustacean and rotifer species returning naturally via the Syr Darya River.

The Point of Rocks refuge population unexpectedly had individuals appear with pelvic fins, which are not found in the species. Genetic evidence showed that around three individuals of the closely related C. nevadensis, which do have pelvic fins, invaded Point of Rocks between 1997 and 2005, hybridizing with the Devils Hole pupfish. The C. nevadensis genes quickly became highly prevalent in the gene pool, with researchers concluding, "...we add hybridization to the long list of problems that have conspired against successful propagation of C. diabolis in artificial settings outside of its native habitat". The School Springs population was extirpated in 2003, the Hoover Dam refugia population became extirpated once more in 2006, and the Point of Rocks refuge was extirpated in 2007.

Because of the "saw", all sawfish are particularly prone to becoming entangled in fishing nets. Historically the longcomb sawfish has been recorded in 37 countries, but it has been extirpated from 2 and possibly extirpated from another 24, leaving only 11 countries where it certainly still survives. In terms of area this means that it certainly survives in only 62% of its historical range. The total population is believed to have declined by more than 80% over three generations.

It is endemic to the Tian Shan mountains of northwest Chinese province Xinjiang. A recent census indicated that the Ili pika may have been extirpated from the Jilimalale and Hutubi South Mountains.

At least 7 occurrences observed in the past have not been relocated but are not yet believed extirpated. This plant is federally listed as an endangered species of the United States.Eriogonum pelinophilum.

Of the two valid occurrences reported in California, at least one is extirpated and the other is in an unknown location. NatureServe has listed the species with the conservation status "possibly extinct".

Within 50 years, C. parasitica killed nearly four billion chestnut trees. The species has been almost completely extirpated within its native range in one of the greatest ecological catastrophes in American history.

It was later described to science and named for him.Letman, J. You can call me Jak. National Tropical Botanical Garden. After Hurricane Iniki in 1992 this specimen was absent and feared extirpated.

This fish lives in several drainages emptying into the Mississippi River, including the Ouachita and Atchafalaya Rivers. It has not been collected in Illinois since the 1970s and is likely extirpated there.

January 1995. The fern was described in 1947 from specimens found at Monte Jayuya. This habitat was cleared for construction and the plant was extirpated. It was later located on Cerro de Punta.

The cattle have a feisty reputation. Black-tailed deer are abundant. Pronghorn and tule elk were extirpated in the late 19th century. Tule elk were reintroduced to Alameda County, and now visit occasionally.

The Chimanimani cycad (Encephalartos chimanimaniensis) is a species of cycad that is endemic to the Chimanimani Mountains of eastern Zimbabwe. It is a threatened species which has been locally extirpated by cycad collectors.

The species is apparently extirpated in the Batang Hari basin (Sumatra) and it seems that all individuals of B. melanopterus exported from Indonesia and Thailand by the aquarium-fish trade are captive bred.

It has been identified at 137 vernal pool complexes, many of which have since been extirpated. Others, however, have been restored and preserved, and the shrimp has been reintroduced into appropriate pool habitat.

Gray bat Georgia is home to more than ninety species of mammals.Mammals, Accessed June 20, 2008University of Georgia, Museum of Natural History: Full List of Species – Mammalia, Accessed June 20, 2008 Many of those mammals who live on Georgia's land have been extirpated, that is they are no longer found in Georgia but exist in other areas. Examples of extirpated species are the bison and the red wolf. Many others are endangered, such as the gray bat and the Indiana bat.

The bloater is native to all of the Great Lakes (except Lake Erie) and in Lake Nipigon. Across its range it is in decline, and it is listed as Vulnerable to global extinction by the IUCN Red List. It was extirpated in Lake Ontario and is extirpated in Lake Nipigon, is uncommon in Lake Michigan and is in decline Lakes Superior and Huron. This decline is caused mostly by predation by the alewife, and also by sea lamprey predation and pollution.

Some have been extirpated by overgrazing, while others tolerate the presence of cattle. Other threats include fire, off-road vehicle use, and the invasion of Onopordum acanthium, Scotch thistle.Astragalus mulfordiae. Center for Plant Conservation.

The flowers have yellow-green petals and are borne in cymes in the leaf axils.Melicope pallida. The Nature Conservancy. Today this plant is limited to the island of Kauai, having been extirpated from Oahu.

Muhlenbergia torreyana. Center for Plant Conservation.Muhlenbergia torreyana. The Nature Conservancy. It has been extirpated from Delaware, Georgia, and New York. This rhizomatous perennial grass produces compressed, blue-green stems up to 75 centimeters tall.

Determination to reclassify the Louisiana Pearlshell (Margaritifera hembeli) from endangered to threatened. Federal Register September 24, 1993. It also once occurred in Arkansas, but it has been extirpated from all the waterways there.Margaritifera hembeli.

El Jefe in Arizona, 2013. Though formerly extirpated from the United States, the North American jaguar has returned to the area from northern Mexico in small numbers. One such jaguar is named El Jefe.

ICBP Technical Publication No. 3, Cambridge. and have been extirpated from some islands that contained Arctic foxes introduced for farming.Bailey, E.P. 1993. Introduction of foxes to Alaskan islands - history, effects on avifauna, and eradication.

For the state of Ohio portion of the ecoregion, the Ohio Department of Natural Resources Division of Wildlife maintains state listed wildlife that are considered endangered, threatened, species of concern, special interest, extirpated, or extinct.

The clans of Kenlochewe were said to have been almost extirpated, while all Dingwalls who numbered 140 were killed and the Munro family of Foulis lost 11, which included the leading men of their clan.

It is threatened by habitat loss- limestone quarrying has extirpated Opisthostoma mirabile from the two lesser outcrops, and fire near the outcrops has caused forest desiccation which has led to a decline in Prosobranch populations.

They are found in healthy natural tall grass and prairie grass from Minnesota to Saskatchewan. They are now considered extirpated from Illinois and Iowa. The largest most stable population is now found in North Dakota.

The populations of darters are generally poorly reported.Near, T.J. Phylogenetic Relationships of Percina(Percidae: Etheostomatinae). Copeia, 2002(1), pp. 1–14. The saddleback darter has been extirpated from the Wabash River section of its range.

The species has been extirpated as a breeder from Kita-no-shima, Enewetak Atoll, Kobishi, and the Bonin Islands (Nishino Shima, Yomejima, and (until recently) Mukojima). It also formerly bred on Bermuda during the Pleistocene.

The range of the Oregon spotted frog (in Oregon, USA). Oregon spotted frogs can be found in south-western British Columbia, Canada, south through the Puget/Willamette Valley through and the Columbia River gorge in south-central Washington to the Cascade Range at least to the Klamath Valley in Oregon, USA. They were previously found in California but have been extirpated there and have also been extirpated from much of western Oregon and Washington. They can occur at an elevation of 20–1,570m asl.

The population living on Grand Cayman numbers about 3,400 individuals (2006 survey), and the population on Cayman Brac consists of 400–500 individuals. The population on Little Cayman was extirpated in the 1940s. The populations were estimated at about 3,550 individuals on Abaco and 6,350 on Inagua in 2006. The populations on the Acklins and Crooked Islands were extirpated in the 1940s, while it, based on fossil remains and archeological findings, historically also has been present on several other islands in the Bahamas (e.g.

M. multivaga is known from Fraser fir and red spruce forests on mountain peaks at and above in the Southern Appalachian Mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee. It has been recorded from Clingmans Dome and Mount Collins (both very small populations), Mount Le Conte, Mount Mitchell (probably extirpated), Grandfather Mountain, and Roan Mountain. The Tennessee population, located in Sevier County, was considered healthy up to 1989, but is now possibly extirpated. On two locations in North Carolina, there was only one spider found each in recent years.

They may then pause to observe the cause of their alarm from cover. They also hide in burrows. Their cryptic behavior has allowed them to survive or even thrive in areas where guans have been extirpated.

It is listed a special concern and believed extirpated in Connecticut."Connecticut's Endangered, Threatened and Special Concern Species 2015". State of Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection Bureau of Natural Resources. Retrieved 28 January 2018.

Alburnus volviticus is a species of ray-finned fish in the genus Alburnus, that is endemic to Greece where it occurred in Lake Volvi and Lake Koronia, although it has now been extirpated from the latter.

It is listed as special concern and believed extirpated in Connecticut."Connecticut's Endangered, Threatened and Special Concern Species 2015". State of Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection Bureau of Natural Resources. Retrieved 28 January 2018.

The mussel is now extirpated from the Illinois River because of pollution. The habitat has been altered by impoundments, including dams and locks. Sedimentation may also have negatively affected the mussel.USFWS. Lampsilis higginsii Five-year Review.

Plectrohyla pokomchi live in cloud forests, generally near cascading mountain streams. The tadpoles develop in the streams. The species is uncommon. There is evidence that it has dramatically declined at some sites, and perhaps been extirpated.

Near the Senegal border there have been historic sightings of the painted hunting dog, Lycaon pictus, but that endangered canid may now be extirpated in that locale.C. Michael Hogan. 2009. Painted Hunting Dog: Lycaon pictus, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed.

Retrieved on 13 February 2011. The rare subspecies mauiensis is endemic to Maui, where there is only a single plant remaining in the montane wet forests. It has been extirpated from Lānai.Bruegmann, M. M. & V. Caraway. (2003).

Under the NatureServe conservation status system, A. dealbata is ranked as apparently secure (G4), but it is considered imperiled in Arkansas and Oklahoma, and the single occurrences in Nebraska and Kentucky are considered extirpated and historical, respectively.

The Imperial Eagle in Mongolia. Raptors Conservation, 20: 186-194. Isolated populations also persist in northwestern, central and eastern Turkey, Cyprus, and northern Iran. As a breeding species, they are probably extirpated as from Afghanistan and Pakistan.

Maine, for example, has only one species (timber rattlesnake); it is rarely seen, and then only in the southern part of the state, but the species is likely extirpated in Maine, with the last sighting in 1901.

It is listed as endangered in Connecticut, (Note: This list is newer than the one used by plants.usda.gov and is more up-to-date.) as threatened in Iowa, as extirpated in Pennsylvania, and as sensitive in Washington.

It is as a special concern species and believed extirpated in Connecticut."Connecticut's Endangered, Threatened and Special Concern Species 2015". State of Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection Bureau of Natural Resources. Retrieved 31 December 2017.

It is listed as a special concern and believed extirpated in Connecticut."Connecticut's Endangered, Threatened and Special Concern Species 2015". State of Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection Bureau of Natural Resources. Retrieved 1 February 2018.

It is listed as a special concern and believed extirpated in Connecticut."Connecticut's Endangered, Threatened and Special Concern Species 2015". State of Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection Bureau of Natural Resources. Retrieved 17 January 2018.

Arctic grayling are considered a secure species throughout their range. Although some populations at the southern extent of its native range have been extirpated, it remains widespread elsewhere and is not listed on the IUCN Red List of threatened species. The fluvial population in the upper Missouri river basin once merited a high priority for listing under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) by the US Fish & Wildlife Service (FWS). This unique southernmost population is now extirpated from all areas of the basin with the exception of the Big Hole River watershed.

The pink-backed pelican (Pelecanus rufescens) is a bird of the pelican family. It is a resident breeder in the swamps and shallow lakes of Africa, southern Arabia, and southern India; it has also apparently extirpated in Madagascar.

Buzeta, Manuel (1851). "Diccionario geográfico- estadístico-histórico de las Islas Filipinas", pg. 138. Imprenta de D. José C. de la Peña, Madrid. Today, alligators or crocodiles have been extirpated in and around Alligator Lake and Laguna de Bay.

The IUCN rates the species as least concern. It is an endangered species in California, where populations have suffered notably. Arizona populations remain strong. It was once found in Nevada, but has been extirpated from its range there.

This fish is now limited to the Pascagoula River drainage in Louisiana and Mississippi states in the United States. It has apparently been extirpated from the Pearl River.USFWS. Species Assessment and Listing Priority Assignment Form. April 4, 2012.

Final Report RFR# DEM705. In: Managing fuels in Northeastern Barrens. In: Publications – Fuel treatments. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts, Department of Natural Resources Conservation It may be extirpated from Ohio, Pennsylvania, Connecticut, mainland New York, and New Mexico.

It is special concern species in Connecticut, where it is believed to be extirpated."Connecticut's Endangered, Threatened and Special Concern Species 2015". State of Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection Bureau of Natural Resources. Retrieved 2 January 2017.

The petaloidea subspecies is listed as a special concern and believed extirpated in Connecticut."Connecticut's Endangered, Threatened and Special Concern Species 2015". State of Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection Bureau of Natural Resources. Retrieved 13 January 2018.

The least poorwill (Siphonorhis brewsteri), or least pauraque, is a species of nightjar in the family Caprimulgidae of birds, the only extant species. It is found on Hispaniola (Haiti and Dominican Republic), though it is thought extirpated from Haiti.

Its natural habitats are forested floodplains, ditches, streamsides, and seepages. With wet weather, the species may enter wooded terrestrial habitats. It is not uncommon in suitable habitat. Some subpopulations have likely been extirpated by loss of bottomland hardwood forests.

Cyanea asarifolia. Center for Plant Conservation. The plant was discovered in 1970 and described as a new species in 1975. The first known population was composed of five or six plants and it is thought to have been extirpated.

C. nickajackensis was listed as a vulnerable species on the IUCN Red List, and as a "species of concern" under the Endangered Species Act. It was extirpated from Nickajack Cave in 1967, and was now thought to be extinct.

The extirpated zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha aralensis) has also been reintroduced to the northern lake. In contrast, only a few invertebrates, mainly nematodes, some rotifers, and parthenogenic brine shrimp, still exist in or have established populations in the South Aral Sea.

This plant has been nearly extirpated from Illinois and Indiana, but it has been reintroduced there in a few select populations. Some natural populations have been rediscovered in Illinois. The plant grows in cedar glades and glade ecotones and open prairies.

Southern Research Station: Compass, Issue 6. It has apparently been extirpated from Louisiana and possibly Florida. Most of these populations are located in Lower Mississippi Alluvial Plain, with the largest population being in the Delta National Forest in western Mississippi.

It is listed as of special concern and believed extirpated in Connecticut. However, this status applies only to native populations."Connecticut's Endangered, Threatened and Special Concern Species 2015". State of Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection Bureau of Natural Resources.

A herd of elk on Flattop Mountain There are 67 native species of mammals in Rocky Mountain National Park, a park in Colorado. Species are listed by common name, scientific name, habitat, and abundance. Extirpated species are marked with an EX.

Sicyos macrophyllus is a rare species of flowering plant in the Cucurbitaceae, the squash family. It is endemic to Hawaii where it is present only on the island of Hawaii. It has likely been extirpated from the island of Maui.Sicyos macrophyllus.

Bay-Delta Conservation Plan . November 7, 2008. The plant has no federal listing but it is listed as an endangered species on the California state level. There are 26 reported occurrences of the plant, but several of these have been extirpated.

Population analysis indicates a precipitous decline in the population of this species, and it is becoming extirpated in many areas due to development; for example, the habitat at the type locality of this species was partially destroyed by a housing development.

The majority of the species is concentrated in the state of Bahia, with occasional records from the nearby state of Minas Gerais. It most likely once occurred in Rio de Janeiro and Espírito Santo, but has likely since been extirpated.

N. Stromberg however, this canid is thought to have been locally extirpated. Benin's climate is hot and humid. Annual rainfall in the coastal area averages 1300 mm or about 51 inches. Benin has two rainy and two dry seasons per year.

Moreover, removal of the oil gland in chicks, which eliminated the main source of lipids, had no effect on subsequent dust bathing.Nørgaard-Nielsen, G. and Vestergaard, K., (1981). Dustbathing behaviour of uropygial gland extirpated domestic hens. Effects of dust deprivation.

Three subspecies are critically endangered. Geoffroy's spider monkey was extirpated on Barro Colorado Island in Panama. Hunting had eliminated the native population there by 1912. However, between 1959 and 1966, an effort was made to reintroduce the species to Barro Colorado.

The species has not been assessed for the IUCN Red List. (Search for Euphyes arpa to verify non-assessment). NatureServe ranks the species with a rounded global conservation status of G3: vulnerable. The species may be extirpated in the Florida Keys.

D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. Specimens were once found in England, but they are now extirpated. For the most part, lemmings of the genus Lemmus can coexist with those of genus Dicrostonyx.

It may have once occurred in the Coosa River, but if so, it has been extirpated from there. The reduction in range has been caused by the degradation of water quality in the river system, the result of urbanization and sedimentation.

At one point in time there were 43 populations of P. lyonii distributed among the Santa Monica Mountains, Simi Valley, Palos Verdes Peninsula and Catalina Island. In a 2006 search only 21 Pentacheata populations could be located, with occurrences on the Palos Verdes Peninsula having long been deemed extirpated. Populations on Catalina Island were thought to be extirpated until 112 individuals were re-discovered in 2011 on a ridgeline near Two Harbors. The most recent area suspected of extirpation is Stunt Ranch where no flowering individuals have been seen since 1990, after an 8-year population decline.

In Texas, paddlefish occurred historically in the Angelina River, Big Cypress Bayou, Neches River, Red River tributaries, Sabine River, San Jacinto River, Sulphur River, and Trinity River. Their historical range also included occurrences in Canada in Lake Huron and Lake Helen, and in 26–27 states in the United States. The Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources listed the paddlefish as extirpated from Ontario, Canada under their Endangered Species Act. The IUCN Red List lists the Canadian populations of paddlefish as extirpated, noting there have been no Canadian records since the early 1900s and distribution in Canada was highly peripheral.

It is listed as endangered in Indiana and Michigan. Eleocharis microcarpa var. filiculmis is a special concern and believed extirpated in Connecticut,"Connecticut's Endangered, Threatened and Special Concern Species 2015". State of Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection Bureau of Natural Resources.

Additional darter species are listed by states. P. sciera itself is not federally listed as endangered, despite being extirpated from North Carolina.Rhode, F.C., M.L. Miller, and R.G. Arndt. 1998. Distribution and status of selected fishes in North Carolina, with a new state record.

The Aztec cichlid has been effectively extirpated from Laguna Azteca. The species and its habitat have been severely impacted by the introduction of tilapias, largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) and sunfish (Lepomis spp.), which greatly threaten the viability of the entire N. molango population.

Salvelinus obtusus is only found in Muckross Lake and Lough Leane, and is threatened by eutrophication. It was formerly found in Lough Tay, Lough Dan, Lough Nalughraman and Lough Acoose, but is now considered extirpated at those sites and is critically endangered.

Puntioplites bulu is a species of ray-finned fish in the genus Puntioplites, it is a widespread species on mainland south-east Asia and on Borneo but it has been extirpated from Cambodia, and has become rarer in other parts of its range.

If either of these habitats becomes unsuitable, darters will be extirpated from that location. A declining groundwater table has eliminated darter breeding sites in some areas. Slackwater darter breeding areas are also potential sites for farm fish ponds, which would inundate the habitat.

It is listed as a species of special concern and believed extirpated in the US state of Connecticut."Connecticut's Endangered, Threatened and Special Concern Species 2015". State of Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection Bureau of Natural Resources. Retrieved January 27, 2018.

Habitat usage by the Page springsnail, Pyrgulopsis morrisoni (Gastropoda: Hydrobiidae) from central Arizona. The Veliger 48(1) 8–16. The entire population of this snail occurs within a two-mile radius. It is known from six sites, a seventh having been recently extirpated.

Any remaining specimens in the Cahaba River are now treated as members of another species, Ptychobranchus foremanianus. It is extirpated from the main Black Warrior River, but it is present in at least two tributaries, which are protected within Bankhead National Forest.

The plant is endangered in Michigan. The minus subspecies is listed as a species of special concern and believed extirpated in Connecticut."Connecticut's Endangered, Threatened and Special Concern Species 2015". State of Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection Bureau of Natural Resources.

Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, p.83. and the endemic Floreana mockingbird becoming extirpated on the island (the few remaining are found on the nearby islands of Gardiner and Champion).Fitter, Julian; Fitter, Daniel; and Hosking, David. (2000) Wildlife of the Galápagos.

Spiraea virginiana Species Profile. Retrieved August 4, 2011. It is thought to have been extirpated from the state of Pennsylvania, due to the changes to the Youghiogheny River (the "Yough") caused by damming. This shrub grows in cracks in rocks alongside flowing water.

The species is extirpated from Hawaii. The last wild individual on Oahu died in the 1990s. Its seeds have been used to propagate more plants which were then outplanted in appropriate habitat. There are no more than 20 individuals remaining on Kauai.USFWS.

Mitu mitu native habitat is subtropical/tropical moist lowland primary forest, where it was known to consume fruit of Phyllanthus, Eugenia and "mangabeira." It is extinct and extirpated in its native range in Alagoas and Pernambuco states, Northeastern Brazil (BirdLife International 2012).

Mencius deplored this and devoted himself to > teaching benevolence and righteousness. His exposition of benevolence and > righteousness won the day, and the teachings of Mo Di and Yang Zhu were > extirpated. In Han times the myriad schools of thought all flourished > together.

The original North American cougars were extirpated during the Pleistocene extinctions around 10,000 years ago; North America was then recolonized by South American cougars and jaguarundis 10,000–8,000 years ago. The extinct North American genus Miracinonyx is another member of this clade.

It is listed as endangered in Illinois and Pennsylvania. It is listed as a special concern species and believed extirpated in Connecticut."Connecticut's Endangered, Threatened and Special Concern Species 2015". State of Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection Bureau of Natural Resources.

The palezone shiner (Notropis albizonatus) is a rare species of ray-finned fish in the family Cyprinidae. It is native to Alabama and Kentucky in the United States. It once occurred in Tennessee, but it has been extirpated from the state.Notropis albizonatus.

It is listed as a species of special concern and believed extirpated in the US state of Connecticut."Connecticut's Endangered, Threatened and Special Concern Species 2015". State of Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection Bureau of Natural Resources. Retrieved January 27, 2018.

It is listed as endangered in Kentucky and Pennsylvania and as special concern species and believed extirpated in Connecticut."Connecticut's Endangered, Threatened and Special Concern Species 2015". State of Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection Bureau of Natural Resources. Retrieved December 23, 2017.

Carex formosa, sometimes called handsome sedge, is a species of sedge that is native to North America. It is listed as an endangered species in Minnesota, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, as threatened in Connecticut, Massachusetts, New York, and Wisconsin, and as presumed extirpated in Ohio.

Federal Register;; v76, (October 27, 2011), 66805-66844. The state of California has introduced an Abalone Recovery Management Plan to guide conservation efforts.Abalone Recovery Management Plan. dfg.ca.gov Black abalone have dramatically declined in numbers throughout their historical range, and are locally extirpated in certain areas.

Greater sirens are classified as Least concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature, although they have been extirpated from some of their former range due to habitat loss. They are protected under Mexican law and are assigned to the "Special Protection" category.

82; Barrow (1988) p. 5. Although the sources that note Roderick's participation in the last Meic Uilleim revolt reveal that the kindred was utterly overcome and apparently extirpated, the fate of Roderick is not recorded.Oram (2013) ch. 4; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 252.

It is also native to the Malay Peninsula and Sarawak in Malaysia, but it is extirpated from the peninsula and in Sarawak it was only known from a single specimen collected in 1961. Its common name is Malay ghostlime.Citrus Variety Collection. University of California, Riverside.

This species is found in eastern Mexico from Tamaulipas to Chiapas. Plants were collected from the lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas in the United States, but this population may have been extirpated as it has not been seen outside of cultivation in some time.

However, the eastern imperial eagle has also been extirpated as a breeding species from Pakistan and Afghanistan.Concepcion, C. B., Bildstein, K. L., Collar, N. J., & Katzner, T. E. (2018). Conservation Threats and Priorities for Raptors Across Asia. In Birds of Prey (pp. 395-418).

This plant grows in the counties of Gulf, Liberty, Franklin and Bay in Florida. There are just under 10,000 individuals in total divided amongst several scattered populations. About 40% of the occurrences are within the Apalachicola National Forest. Several known occurrences have been extirpated.

Narrow floodplains had bottomland hardwood forests. Cropland has now largely replaced the native vegetation. In the process, some prairie species have been extirpated from the ecoregion (e.g., greater prairie chicken); others have been sharply reduced in population and restricted to a few prairie remnants.

Retrieved 19 January 2018. (Note: This list is newer than the one used by plants.usda.gov and is more up-to-date.) New Jersey and Pennsylvania. It is listed as endangered and extirpated in Maryland, as threatened in New York, and as historical in Rhode Island.

It is listed as a special concern species and believed extirpated in Connecticut, (Note: This list is newer than the one used by plants.usda.gov and is more up- to-date.) as rare Massachusetts, and as endangered in New Jersey and in New York (state).

The conservation status of the desert is critical/endangered, with species including the sand gazelle and white oryx threatened, and honey badgers, jackals, and striped hyaenas already extirpated. No formal protected areas exist, but a number of protected areas are planned for Abu Dhabi.

Boninena callistoderma is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Enidae. This species is currently only endemic to Haha-jima and Ane-jima in the Ogasawara Islands (Japan), having been extirpated from other parts of this archipelago.

Hosts for this species include the streamlined chub (Erymystax dissimilis) and blotched chub (Erymystax insignis). This mussel has been extirpated from the Elk River. There is still a population in the Powell River, and the population in the Duck River appears to be viable.

The Nature Conservancy. It is a federally listed endangered species of the United States. This mussel remains in three rivers in Tennessee and Virginia, the Duck, Clinch, and Powell Rivers, having been extirpated from many more. It is now extinct in the state of Alabama.

Ischaemum byrone is a rare species of grass known by the common name Hilo murainagrass, or Hilo ischaemum. It is endemic to Hawaii, where it is present on Kauai, Maui, Molokai, and Hawaii. It was known from Oahu but it is now extirpated there.I. byrone.

It is endangered in the states of New York, and Pennsylvania. It is listed as a special concern species and believed extirpated in Connecticut."Connecticut's Endangered, Threatened and Special Concern Species 2015". State of Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection Bureau of Natural Resources.

64 pp., page 8. It is listed as extirpated species (locally extinct in Canada) in List of Wildlife Species at Risk in Species at Risk Act in Canada. In the US, most occupied sites are in the Gifford Pinchot National Forest in southwestern Washington state.

Wolf reintroduction involves the reestablishment of a portion of gray wolves in areas where native wolves have been extirpated. Reintroduction is only considered where large tracts of suitable wilderness still exist and where certain prey species are abundant enough to support a predetermined wolf population.

It is found in Baltic states, Eastern Europe, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Moldova, the Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. It has been extirpated from Greece.

It has been extirpated from Slovenia and numbers are declining in the Italian and Swiss lakes of Lake Como, Lake Lugano, Lake Maggiore, Lake Iseo and Lake Garda. Some population which are descended from fish introduced to other lakes in Italy appear to be thriving.

At least two populations are in the middle of residential subdivisions, or on the edges;USFWS. Determination of threatened status for four plants from the foothills of the Sierra Nevada Mountains in California. Federal Register September 14, 1998. these may be extirpated by now.

Megalagrion nesiotes is a species of damselfly in the family Coenagrionidae. Its common name is flying earwig Hawaiian damselfly. It is endemic to Hawaii, where it is known from only one location on the island of Maui. It is extirpated from the island of Hawaii.

The distribution of E. brevirostrum, according to the US Fish and Wildlife Service, is known or believed to be in Alabama, Georgia, and Tennessee, including the Conasauga River and the upper Coosa River system. It is only known to populate four different river systems, at about 18 different locations. It is believed to be extirpated in portions of its current range, and to have a stable population in the Upper Shoal Creek, and the Consauga River from Murray County, Georgia, to Polk County, Tennessee. It is “possibly extirpated from the Calhoun County, Alabama, section of Shoal Creek due to impoundments.”Johnston, C.E. and K.B. Damon. 1996.

Mammals and amphibians of Southeast Alaska. The Museum of Southwestern Biology, Special Publication 8:1–191. Studies using mitochondrial DNA have indicated that the wolves of coastal southeast Alaska are genetically distinct from inland gray wolves, reflecting a pattern also observed in other taxa. They show a phylogenetic relationship with extirpated wolves from the south (Oklahoma), indicating that these wolves are the last remains of a once widespread group that has been largely extirpated during the last century, and that the wolves of northern North America had originally expanded from southern refuges below the Wisconsin glaciation after the ice had melted at the end of the last glacial maximum.

The subspecies was extirpated from the original lakes by the ravages of acid rain in the late 1950s, but was saved from extinction by Paul Graf, a hatchery manager at the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. He had brought a brood stock of the fish into the hatchery at Hill's Lake near Charlton, Ontario. He sometimes feared the fish might have been taking up valuable space in the hatchery and, on several occasions, thought about getting rid of them, until they were found to have been extirpated from the wild. Naturalised populations of aurora trout have been introduced into about a dozen lakes in northeastern Ontario as refugia.

They show a phylogenetic relationship with extirpated wolves from the south (Oklahoma), indicating that these wolves are the last remains of a once widespread group that has been largely extirpated during the last century, and that the wolves of northern North America had originally expanded from southern refuges below the Wisconsin glaciation after the ice had melted at the end of the Last Glacial Maximum. These findings call into question the taxonomic classification of C. l. nulibus proposed by Nowak. Another study found that the wolves of coastal British Columbia were genetically and ecologically distinct from the inland wolves, including other wolves from inland British Columbia.

Except for Australia, sawfish have been extirpated or only survive in very low numbers in the Indo-Pacific region. For example, among the four species only two (narrow and largetooth sawfish) certainly survive in South Asia, and only two (narrow and green sawfish) certainly survive in Southeast Asia. Sign for the protection of smalltooth sawfish in Florida, USA The status of the two species of the Atlantic region, the smalltooth and largetooth sawfish, is comparable to the Indo-Pacific. For example, sawfish have been entirely extirpated from most of the Atlantic coast of Africa (only survives for certain in Guinea-Bissau and Sierra Leone), as well as South Africa.

Lilford's wall lizard is native to the islands of Menorca and Mallorca in the Balearic Islands, the Cabrera Archipelago to the south of Mallorca, and the neighbouring rocky islets. However it has been extirpated from the two large islands and is now only present on the islets.

However, it has not been reported from Hawaii for several years; therefore the Hawaii population is thought to have been extirpated. It is generally found in fast-flowing waters. L. fasciatus plays a minor role in fisheries. Its main importance to humans is in the aquarium trade.

Center for Plant Conservation. It was also believed extirpated from the state of New York, but at least one population has been rediscovered in Steuben County in 2010.Smith, K. J. and S. Young. (2011). Rediscovery of two federally listed rare plant species in New York.

However, it becomes uncommon at the edges of its range, and is listed as a special concern species in Connecticut. In Maine, the only documented occurrence of this species was collected from Parsonsfield in 1902, and it is currently thought to be extirpated from the state.

The population of C. rufigularis dramatically decreased during the 20th century. It has been completely extirpated from Gonâve Island, and most likely from Haiti. Population estimates have it between 2,500 and 10,000. The Dominican Republic has four conservation areas where this and other species can be protected.

The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1998. Downloaded on 16 December 2015. Once a common lowland forest tree, this species has been overexploited for timber and is now considered to be endangered. A few populations are stable, but many have been reduced, fragmented, and extirpated.

There is one generation over much of range. The species is listed as being of special concern and is believed to be extirpated from Connecticut."Connecticut's Endangered, Threatened and Special Concern Species 2015". State of Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection Bureau of Natural Resources.

Including marine turtles and introduced species, there are 17 reptile species reported on Saint Martin. One species, the Bearded Anole (Anolis pogus), is endemic to Saint Martin. Its local population of one species, the regionally endemic and endangered Lesser Antillean Iguana (Iguana delicatissima), was recently extirpated..

Gray wolves were reintroduced to central Idaho in the 1990s while grizzly bears have been extirpated from the area, and plans to reintroduce them have been abandoned. The Sawtooth National Recreation Area supports habitat for Canada lynx and wolverines, but there have been no recent sightings.

Also available in German: Heinz Staffelbach, Handbuch Schweizer Alpen. Pflanzen, Tiere, Gesteine und Wetter, Haupt Verlag, 2008 (). In 1934, Nazi Germany became the first state in modern history to place the wolf under protection, though the species was already extirpated in Germany at this point.Sax, Boria (2000).

Eleutherodactylus gossei is a species of frog in the family Eleutherodactylidae. It is endemic to Jamaica where it is widespread. An introduced population existed in Bermuda but appears to have been extirpated. The specific name gossei honors Philip Henry Gosse, an English naturalist, missionary, and science writer.

The name "Dolly Varden" may have also been given to S. m. malma independent of the McCloud River fish. Ironically, the original "Dolly Varden" trout (i.e., S. confluentus) apparently likely became extirpated in the McCloud River in the 1970s, although reports continue of its being caught.

Medionidus parvulus, the Coosa moccasinshell, is a rare species of freshwater mussel in the family Unionidae, the river mussels. This aquatic bivalve mollusk is native to Georgia and Tennessee in the United States, and has been extirpated from the state of Alabama.Medionidus parvulus. The Nature Conservancy.

It was feared extirpated from Hawaii until a small population was discovered there in recent years. Now there are 83 individuals estimated on that island. Several have been outplanted into appropriate habitat. The plant is threatened by feral ungulates such as feral pigs, feral goats, and Mouflon.

In the United States portion of the mountain range, apex predators such as grizzly bears and wolf packs had been extirpated from their original ranges, but have partially recovered due to conservation measures and reintroduction. Other recovering species include the bald eagle and the peregrine falcon.

Today the plant is only found on Lanai, and it has been extirpated from Molokai.USFWS. Final Endangered Status for 10 Plant Taxa From Maui Nui, HI. Federal Register September 3, 1999. It is threatened by the degradation of its habitat by deer and introduced species of plants.

The giant barb is one of the world's largest freshwater fish weighing up to , but the natural population has been extirpated from Chao Phraya. The Chao Phraya basin is home to around 280 species of fish, including about 30 endemics.Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (2013). Chao Phraya .

Botanical illustration. Cypripedium candidum is considered rare across Canada, endangered in Ontario, and protected under the Ontario Endangered Species Act. It is believed to be extirpated from Saskatchewan. In Ontario, this orchid has never been common due to limited occurrences of fens in its southern Ontario range.

In Tunisia, North African ostriches were once common in the southern region of the country. The subspecies had been extirpated since 1887. In 2014, North African ostriches were finally returned to Tunisia after 127 years of being extinct. The birds were first reintroduced to Dghoumès National Park.

Lampsilis teres, the yellow sandshell or slough sandshell, is a freshwater mussel native to the United States and Mexico. Although it is considered a species of least concern on the IUCN Red List, it is extirpated from (locally extinct) and endangered in parts of its range.

By 1898, all salmon in Lake Ontario were apparently extirpated. Several additional attempts to establish spawning populations of Chinook, coho and Atlantic salmon in the river took place between 1939 and 1959. In each instance, failure to document subsequent natural reproduction led to each program being discontinued.

Swayne's hartebeest (Alcelaphus buselaphus swaynei) is an endangered antelope native to Ethiopia. Two of the largest remaining populations are located in Senkelle Swayne's Hartebeest Sanctuary and Maze National Park. It has been extirpated from Somalia. It is named after British officer H. G. C. Swayne (1860–1940).

The Indochinese hog deer (Hyelaphus annamiticus;Ungulate Taxonomy – A new perspective from Groves and Grubb (2011) . ultimateungulate.com Also called Annamite deer or Thai hog deer) is a species of hog deer native to Cambodia, Laos, People's Republic of China and Vietnam. It has been extirpated from Thailand.

Pseudogobiopsis oligactis is widely distributed throughout the coastal areas of South and Southeast Asia; from Maharashtra and Karnataka in India and Bangladesh to Thailand, coastal Cambodia, Malaysia, Brunei, Java, Sumatra and Kalimantan. It was thought to extirpated from Singapore but has been rediscovered in that country.

The spotfin chub has a native range endemic to the Tennessee River drainage. This range includes five states: Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, Virginia, and Tennessee. Current surveys show that spotfin chub has been extirpated from Alabama and Georgia.Yoichiro Kanno, Christina U. Schmidt, Steven B. Cook, Hayden T. Mattingly. 2012.

Boulderfields near Sosebee Cove include Dutchman's breeches, squirrel corn, waterleaf and other herbaceous plants. The lake area is populated with white tail deer, grouse and raccoon. The deer population, which was extirpated by 1895, has rebounded since re-introduction by park ranger Arthur Woody during the 1930s.Brown (1998), p.

Federal Register October 10, 1996. The plant occurs in the Waianae and Koʻolau Mountains of Oahu. There are nine populations totalling about 160 mature plants. In areas where the plant has apparently been extirpated, it may reappear in the future as plants sprout from the underground soil seed bank.

Illicium parviflorum , known locally as swamp star anise, is a species of flowering plant in the family Schisandraceae, or alternately, the Illiciaceae. It is native to Florida in the United States. It historically occurred in Georgia, as well, but it has been extirpated from the state.Illicium parviflorum. NatureServe. 2012.

It is listed as endangered in Pennsylvania, historical in Rhode Island, and as a species of special concern and believed extirpated in Connecticut."Connecticut's Endangered, Threatened and Special Concern Species 2015". State of Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection Bureau of Natural Resources. Retrieved 6 December 2017.

T. grandiflorum is legally listed as vulnerable in Quebec, primarily due to habitat destruction as the plant is found in forests neighboring the province's most populous regions. In Maine, where its presence has not been verified in the past 20 years, T. grandiflorum is listed as potentially extirpated.

Phantom cat sightings in the United States should not be confused with sightings of jaguars in their native range in the states of Arizona and New Mexico, or cougars being sighted recolonizing the extirpated eastern cougar's former range in the Northeastern United States and expanding their range eastward.

It is present at about 38 known locations, with some locations newly discovered and some recently extirpated. The habitat is scrub and forest where it often grows alongside slash (Pinus elliottii) and longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) or oaks. Much of the area is flatwoods habitat. The soil is sandy.

Doellingeria infirma is listed as endangered in Massachusetts, and as "historical" in Rhode Island. It is listed as species of special concern and believed extirpated in Connecticut."Connecticut's Endangered, Threatened and Special Concern Species 2015". State of Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection Bureau of Natural Resources.

4 Further restrictions were ordered by the company in 1834. When Russia sold Alaska to the United States in 1867, the Alaska population had recovered to over 100,000, but Americans resumed hunting and quickly extirpated the sea otter again.Silverstein, p. 40 Prices rose as the species became rare.

A. a. sibonius, or as an endemic species, A. sibonius. It has a brown ground color, with lighter brown or white splotches that may alternate to form a zig-zag pattern. A. a. manselli is restricted to Montserrat. Populations on Guadeloupe and Marie- Galante have possibly been extirpated.

In Bavaria, the last wolf was killed in 1847, and had disappeared from the Rhine regions by 1899. In Switzerland, wolves were extirpated in the 20th century; they are naturally coming back from Italy since the 1990s.Heinz Staffelbach, Manuel des Alpes suisses. Flore, faune, roches et météorologie , Rossolis, 2009 ().

Gambusia senilis, the blotched gambusia, is a species of fish in the family Poeciliidae found in Mexico, where it is called guayacon pinto, and formerly in the Devil's River in the Rio Grande basin in Texas. The Texas population was extirpated following the construction of the Amistad Dam.

Destruction of its natural habitat has caused it to vanish from many parts of its former range, and it is nearly extirpated in Central America. In Brazil, the harpy eagle is also known as royal-hawk (in ). The genus Harpia, together with Harpyopsis and Morphnus form the subfamily Harpiinae.

This pheasant has a small population in a limited range which is shrinking due to habitat degradation. Logging is a problem. It was hunted in the past and some populations were extirpated in the 1960s and 1970s. Today its global population is estimated to be over 10,000 individuals.

It is listed as endangered in New York, and as a species of special concern in Rhode Island. It is a special concern and believed extirpated in Connecticut."Connecticut's Endangered, Threatened and Special Concern Species 2015". State of Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection Bureau of Natural Resources.

Now only old individuals can be found there. The species has been reduced to no more than 4 populations. It has been extirpated from the wild in the state of Alabama, but it has been reintroduced there. The only remaining reproducing populations occur in the Clinch and Powell Rivers.

The Recent distribution of Gastrocopta includes North America, eastern Asia, central Asia and South America (Brazil and Venezuela). In Europe, the genus Gastrocopta has been extirpated; its fossils there are known mainly from the Neogene, but its fossil range in Europe is from the Oligocene to the Lower Pleistocene.

The sooty barbet (Caloramphus hayii) is a species of bird in the family Megalaimidae. It is found in Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Sumatra and formerly Singapore where it is extirpated. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. This species is split from the brown barbet (C.

There are three varieties of this species. One, the coastal dunes milkvetch, Astragalus tener var. titi, is a rare plant treated as an endangered species on the federal level. It is probably now limited to coastal Monterey County, having been extirpated from its previous range in southern California.

The Mongolian wild ass (Equus hemionus hemionus), also known as Mongolian khulan, is the nominate subspecies of the onager. It is found in southern Mongolia and northern China. It was previously found in eastern Kazakhstan and southern Siberia before being extirpated there through hunting.Clark, B. and Duncan, P. (1992).

Cyperus trachysanthos is a rare species of sedge known by the common names pu`uka`a and sticky flatsedge. It is endemic to Hawaii, where it is known from Kauai and Oahu. It was known from Niihau, Molokai and Lanai, but it has been extirpated from these islands.Cyperus trachysanthos.

Haplostachys haplostachya is a rare species of flowering plant in the mint family known by the common names honohono or Hawaiian mint. It is endemic to Hawaii, where it is now limited to the island of Hawaii and has been extirpated from Kauai and Maui.Haplostachys haplostachya. The Nature Conservancy.

Stenogyne angustifolia is a rare species of flowering plant in the mint family known by the common name narrowleaf stenogyne. It is endemic to Hawaii, where it is known from the island of Hawaii; it has been extirpated from the islands of Molokai and Maui.Stenogyne angustifolia. The Nature Conservancy.

Tetramolopium arenarium is a rare species of flowering plant in the aster family known by the common name Maui tetramolopium. It is endemic to Hawaii, where it is known only from the island of Hawaii. It is extirpated from Maui. It is threatened by the degradation of its habitat.

Carex collinsii, common name Collins' sedge, is a species of Carex native to North America. It is listed as a special concern species and believed extirpated in Connecticut."Connecticut's Endangered, Threatened and Special Concern Species 2015". State of Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection Bureau of Natural Resources.

Yunnanilus nigromaculatus is a species of stone loach endemic to the Dianchi Lake basin (which includes the small Yangling Lake) in China, but has apparently been extirpated from Dianchi Lake itself due to heavy pollution. It was formerly placed in the genus Eonemachilus.Du, L.-N., Lu, Y.-F.

The ironcolor shiner is endemic to the eastern United States where it occurs from New York south to Florida and west to the Mississippi Basin with outlying populations in the San Marcos River, Texas; the Illinois River drainage in Illinois and Indiana; the Cedar River in Iowa; and the Wisconsin River and Lake Winnebago drainage system in Wisconsin; and the Lake Michigan drainage of southern Michigan and northern Indiana. It has been extirpated from Iowa and once thought to be extirpated from Pennsylvania. The only existing population left in Pennsylvania is in Marshalls Creek. In South Carolina it is widespread but patchily distributed, while in New York the only known population is in the Bashakill wetlands near Port Jervis.

The pygmy madtom was listed as federally endangered throughout its entire range in 1993, so a management plan was drafted in 1994 by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service outlining description of actions to be taken, time frame, responsible parties, labor type and various other activities relating to species repopulation. The two known populations are isolated from each other by impoundments, making recolonization of any extirpated population impossible without human intervention. The absence of natural gene flow among the limited populations of these fishes leaves the long-term genetic viability of these isolated populations in question. Additionally, several madtom species have, for unexplained reasons, been extirpated from sections of their naturally occurring range.

The major native top predator, lake trout, were virtually extirpated from the lake by 1950 due to a combination of overfishing and the effects of sea lamprey. Several species of deepwater ciscos were also extirpated from the lake by the 1960s; the only remaining native deepwater cisco is the bloater. Nonnative Pacific salmon have been stocked in the lake since the 1960s, and lake trout have also been stocked in an attempt to rehabilitate the species, although little natural reproduction of stocked trout has been observed. Lake Huron has suffered recently due to the introduction of a variety of new invasive species, including zebra and quagga mussels, the spiny water flea, and round gobies.

Crested lark in Behbahan, Iran The crested lark breeds across most of temperate Eurasia from Portugal to north-eastern China and eastern India, and in Africa south to Niger. It is non-migratory, and the sedentary nature of this species is illustrated by the fact that it is only a very rare vagrant to Great Britain, despite breeding as close as northern France. While the bird is not commonly found in Scandinavia today, it could be found in Sweden until the 1990s, with sources reporting six individual birds in 1992 before becoming extirpated in Sweden in 1993. The birds have also been extirpated in several other European countries, including Norway (1972), Luxembourg (1973) and Switzerland (1980s).

The Fijian free-tailed bat is evaluated as endangered by the IUCN, a species at risk of becoming extinct. The first Fijian bat sanctuary was established in 2018, The National Trust of Fiji acquired Nakanacagi Cave. The Fijian free-tailed bat is considered extirpated from Tonga due to disturbance and overharvesting.

Population status of North American grassland birds from the North American Breeding Bird Survey, 1966-1996. Studies in Avian Biology 19:27-44. and many need large areas to maintain viable populations. The Columbian Sharp-tailed Grouse, which had been extirpated from the Zumwalt Prairie by 1947Hansen, M. et al. 2005.

Coypu can be completely extirpated in shallow water bodies. During 1948–1949 in the Amu Darya, muskrats constituted 12.3% of jackal fecal contents, and 71% of muskrat houses were destroyed by jackals. Jackals also harm the fur industry by eating muskrats caught in traps or taking skins left out to dry.

Feral cats originally introduced by fishermen to control the endemic rodent population, pose an increasing threat to wildlife breeding sites. E.g. the sooty gull (Larus hemprichii) had a major breeding colony on the island, now extirpated because of introduced rats.Grimmett, Richard, Roberts, Tom and Inskipp, Tim, 2008. Birds of Pakistan.

Wayland, M., and T. Bollinger. 1999. Lead exposure and poisoning in bald eagles and golden eagles in the Canadian prairie provinces. Environmental Pollution 104:341-350. Reintroduction of extirpated native species, such as the swift fox, is another issue that must be balanced with the needs and tolerances of existing species.

Eriocaulon parkeri is a species of flowering plant in the pipewort family known by the common names Parker's pipewort and estuary pipewort. It is native to eastern North America, where its distribution spans the coast from Quebec to North Carolina. It is extirpated from New York and Pennsylvania, however.Eriocaulon parkeri.

The white-tailed deer is the state animal of Pennsylvania. This list of mammals in Pennsylvania consists of 66 species currently believed to occur wild in the state. This excludes feral domesticated species. Several species recently lived wild in Pennsylvania, but are now probably extirpated (locally, but not globally, extinct).

Narthecium americanum is a species of flowering plant in the Nartheciaceae known by the common names yellow asphodel and bog asphodel. It is native to New Jersey in the United States. It is now apparently limited to that state, having likely been extirpated from Delaware, North Carolina, and South Carolina.Narthecium americanum.

Bermuda has no native amphibians. A species of toad, cane toad (Rhinella marina), and two species of frog, Antilles coqui (Eleutherodactylus johnstonei), and Eleutherodactylus gossei were introduced by humans and subsequently became naturalized. R. marina and E. johnstonei are common, but E. gossei is thought to have been recently extirpated.

Their status is not certain, but four of these occurrences are believed extirpated or on the verge of destruction. Remaining stretches of Florida scrub such as that inhabited by the snakeroot are vulnerable to destruction. Much of it has been consumed for development and for agriculture, especially citrus groves.Eryngium cuneifolium.

The blue-and-yellow macaw is on the verge of being extirpated in Paraguay, but it still remains widespread and fairly common in a large part of mainland South America. The species is therefore listed as Least Concern by BirdLife International. It is listed on CITES Appendix II, trade restricted.

Isolated populations become increasingly susceptible to environmental disturbances, and if these populations were extirpated new fishes would be unable to recolonize and counter these local extinctions. Isolation to reduced ranges due to habitat fragmentation can also inhibit gene dispersal, consequently limiting genetic diversity which can lead to reduced fitness of populations.

False gharials are native to Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak, and Indonesia (Sumatra, and Borneo), but were extirpated in Singapore and Thailand. It is unclear if they remain in Java. Apart from rivers, they inhabit swamps and lakes. The species is almost entirely found today in peat swamps and lowland swamp forests.

It used to be included in the former as a subspecies and was long considered a subspecies of the latter. Not much is known about its decline. It most likely once occurred on Rapa itself, though this population has been extirpated by the polynesian rat, feral goats, and feral cats.

Andrena vaga, the grey-backed mining bee, is a species of solitary bee which is found in most of Europe but which is very rare in Great Britain, where it may be recolonizing in the south-east after previously being extirpated. It specialises in feeding on the pollen of willows.

Wildlife of Pennsylvania, Charles Fergus, Amelia Hansen, p. 43, Large predators such as gray wolf and eastern cougar are basically extirpated in the east but still may hunt groundhogs on occasion in Canada.Voigt, D. R., Kolenosky, G. B., & Pimlott, D. H. (1976). Changes in summer foods of wolves in central Ontario.

Butterworth Heineman Ltd., pp 153 – 155. In recent years there have been no sightings of Critically Endangered White-backed Vultures in Yankari and species probably extirpated from the reserve. Yankari is recognized as having one of the largest populations of elephants in West Africa, estimated at more than 300 in 2005.

The Georgia pigtoe (Pleurobema hanleyianum) is a rare species of freshwater mussel in the family Unionidae. It is native to Alabama, Georgia, and Tennessee in the United States, where it has been extirpated from most of its historical range. It was declared extinct by the IUCN,Bogan, A.E. 2000. Pleurobema hanleyianum.

Oeneis tarpeja is a species of butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found from the Caucasus and Volga region across Kazakhstan and southern Siberia to the Amur region and Mongolia. In Ukraine this species became extirpated in the mid-twentieth century. The habitat consists of steppe-clad plains and foothills.

The terrain surrounding Floydada consists of level plains that at one time were covered with grassland vegetation and populated with bison. The bison were extirpated, and with the exception of Blanco Canyon, the shortgrass prairie has been replaced by plowed cropland, where cotton, grain sorghum, wheat, and pumpkins are grown.

Fusconaia flava can be found in lotic habitat anywhere from small streams to large rivers, and can handle various types of substrate including mud, sand, or gravel. Although Fusconaia flava is of least conservation concern, nineteen percent of Kentucky mussels have become extinct or extirpated from Kentucky due to habitat loss.

The red-footed boobies constitute the only polymorphic population in the region, indicating its biogeographical isolation. Both great and lesser frigatebirds used to nest on the island. The breeding populations of both birds have since been extirpated, although they continue to use the island for roosting. There are no resident landbirds.

Blue-listed species includes any indigenous species or subspecies (taxa) considered to be vulnerable in their locale. Vulnerable taxa are of special concern because of characteristics that make them particularly sensitive to human activities or natural events. Blue-listed taxa are at risk, but are not extirpated, endangered or threatened.

It is fairly common in Brazil, Peru and Venezuela, but may have been extirpated in the US. It is listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List, but populations are in decline in many parts of its range due to loss and fragmentation of habitat and persecution for killing poultry.

Deinandra conjugens (Otay Tarplant). City of San Diego Rare Plant Monitoring Report, 2005. The city of San Diego has a conservation plan for this species and monitors it. There are about 34 to 37 occurrences remaining; some known occurrences are thought to have been extirpated since the plant was federally listed.

Kadua cookiana (formerly Hedyotis cookiana) is a rare species of flowering plant in the coffee family known by the common names 'awiwi and Cook's bluet. It is endemic to Hawaii, where it is known only from Kauai, having been extirpated from Molokai and Hawaii.USFWS. Kadua cookiana Five-year Review. August 2010.

Two other known sites have been extirpated by development of the habitat. It is a federally listed endangered species of the United States. This is a perennial grass producing a tuft of stems up to 30 to 50 centimeters tall. The inflorescence is a narrow panicle a few centimeters in length.

The Tennessee darter can be found in the Tennessee River system from West Virginia to Hardin Creek (Harden County) Tennessee. They are absent in the upper Holston River system at the North, South, and Middle forks. It is believed that it has been extirpated from the North Carolina stream systems.

Marine otters are rare and are protected under Peruvian, Chilean, and Argentine law. In the past, they were extensively hunted both for their fur and due to perceived competition with fisheries. Hunting extirpated them from most of Argentina and the Falkland Islands. Poaching is still a problem, but one of unknown magnitude.

All of the parrot species in this family are found in tropical and subtropical zones and inhabit Mexico, Central and South America, the Caribbean islands, sub-Saharan Africa, the island of Madagascar, the Arabian Peninsula, Southeast Asia, Australia and Oceania. Two parrots, one extinct and the other extirpated, formerly inhabited North America.

Roanoke bass are native to a few river systems in Virginia and North Carolina on the Atlantic seaboard of the United States of America. Its range covers the Chowan, Roanoke, Tar, Neuse, and Cape Fear drainage systems but it has seemingly been extirpated from the extreme upper reaches of the Roanoke system.

The Cambrian–Ordovician extinction event occurred approximately 488 million years ago. This early Paleozoic extinction event extirpated many conodonts. The Lau event, about 420 million years ago, a relatively minor mass extinction during the Silurian period, had a major impact on conodont populations. The Kačák Event was a period of significant extinctions.

Zebra in dense brush The Grévy's zebra largely inhabits northern Kenya, with some isolated populations in Ethiopia. It was extirpated from Somalia and Djibouti and its status in South Sudan is uncertain. Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is endangered. It lives in Acacia-Commiphora bushlands and barren plains.

Southern, pg. 129 Meanwhile, his generals defeated the Franks and these operations were directed to clearing Gaul of Germanic invaders (Franks and Burgundians), allowing Probus to adopt the titles of Gothicus Maximus and Germanicus Maximus. Reportedly, 400,000 barbarians were killed during Probus' campaign, and the entire nation of the Lugii were extirpated.

Dichanthelium leibergii ranges north to Alberta, west to Kansas, and east to New York state. Although it is "fairly common" in Manitoba, it is a rare species across much of its range. It is state threatened in Indiana, Michigan, and Ohio and state endangered in New York. It is extirpated in Pennsylvania.

The Eber gudgeon (Gobio intermedius) is a species of gudgeon, a small freshwater in the family Cyprinidae. It is found in streams flowing to Lakes Eber and Akşehir in central Anatolia. The species previously occurred in the lakes themselves but have been extirpated due to the lakes drying out and from pollution.

The Siamese crocodile (Crocodylus siamensis) is a medium-sized freshwater crocodile native to Indonesia (Borneo and possibly Java), Brunei, East Malaysia, Laos, Cambodia, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam. The species is critically endangered and already extirpated from many regions. Its other common names include Siamese freshwater crocodile, Singapore small-grain, and soft-belly.

Biological Conservation, 131(4), 495–504. The population is recovering from its severe downward spiral in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. By the 1880s, this albatross was extirpated from Auckland Island and Enderby Island. Pigs and cats are still a problem, as they take chicks and eggs, on Auckland Island.

This North American species was once abundant, but has become extremely rare and extirpated over much of its range due to hunting and habitat loss. Conservation measures are underway to ensure the sustainability of existing small populations. One of the most famous aspects of these creatures is the mating ritual called booming.

The oyster mussel (Epioblasma capsaeformis) is a rare species of freshwater mussel in the family Unionidae. This aquatic bivalve mollusk is native to the Cumberland and Tennessee River systems of Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, and Virginia in the United States. It has been extirpated from the states of GeorgiaEpioblasma capsaeformis. The Nature Conservancy.

Some bumblebees native to North America are also vanishing, such as Bombus balteatus, Bombus terricola, Bombus affinis, and Bombus occidentalis, and one, Bombus franklini, may be extinct. In South America, Bombus bellicosus was extirpated in the northern limit of its distribution range, probably due to intense land use and climate change effects.

Not an > adversary, but an enemy [...]. Today, Judaism is vanquished. A splendid act > of justice has suppressed [the left-wing publications] Adevărul, Dimineaţa > and Lupta. The rest, it was only in 1940 that I could carry out when, as > Minister of Propaganda, I extirpated all Jewish daily and weekly > publications in Romania.

The plant was listed as a threatened species of the United States in 1993. There are perhaps 50 populations remaining. It is listed as a special concern and believed extirpated in Connecticut,"Connecticut's Endangered, Threatened and Special Concern Species 2015". State of Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection Bureau of Natural Resources.

Any other populations have been extirpated or determined to belong to other species. This plant grows in open talus and rock ledges between stands of Ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir. The soil is sandy and rocky and low in nutrients, and few other plants grow in it. The plant does not tolerate shade.

Houghton Mifflin Harcourt New York, NY. 2011. pg. 524. The fish has also been recorded in the Tennessee River drainages such as the Hatchie River. The saddleback darter was once found in the Wabash River, however it has been extirpated. This raises interest as to what contributed to the extirpation of this darter.

The last population in the wild, in the Orange Free State, was extirpated in the late 1870s. The last known wild quagga died in 1878. Quaggas were captured and shipped to Europe, where they were displayed in zoos. Lord Morton tried to save the animal from extinction by starting a captive-breeding programme.

There has been large loss of animal species through poaching and hunting for bushmeat. Buffalo and elephants have been extirpated in the area. Chimpanzee, mountain monkey, owl-faced monkey, and more than 400 Angolan colobus have also been reported. Reptiles are also reported to consist of 43 species, including 11 endemic species.

Dorcadion fuliginator is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Carl Linnaeus in his landmark 1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae. It is known from Spain, Belgium, Luxembourg (from where it is considered to be extirpated), Netherlands, Portugal, France, Germany, Austria, Lithuania, and Switzerland."Dorcadion fuliginator". BioLib.

Shooting and trapping of American avocets led to population decline until the 1900s. During this time, the species was extirpated from most of the East Coast of the United States. By 1918, Avocets became protected under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (16 U.S.C. 703-712). Since that time, other threats have emerged.

They show a phylogenetic relationship with extirpated wolves from the south (Oklahoma), indicating that these wolves are the last remains of a once widespread group that has been largely extirpated during the last century, and that the wolves of northern North America had originally expanded from southern refuges below the Wisconsin glaciation after the ice had melted at the end of the Last Glacial Maximum. A whole-genome DNA study indicated that all North American wolves were monophyletic and therefore are the descendants of a common ancestor. During the same period, the Soya Strait between Hokkaido and Sakhalin Island was dry for 75,000 years and it was proposed that the extinct Ezo wolf (C. l. hattai) arrived on Hokkaido from Sakhalin.

This wolf is recognized as a subspecies of Canis lupus in the taxonomic authority Mammal Species of the World (2005). Studies using mitochondrial DNA have indicated that the wolves of coastal south-east Alaska are genetically distinct from inland gray wolves, reflecting a pattern also observed in other taxa. They show a phylogenetic relationship with extirpated wolves from the south (Oklahoma), indicating that these wolves are the last remains of a once widespread group that has been largely extirpated during the last century, and that the wolves of northern North America had originally expanded from southern refuges below the Wisconsin glaciation after the ice had melted at the end of the Last Glacial Maximum. These findings call into question the taxonomic classification of C.l.

Rampant poaching between 2006 and 2009 extirpated wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus) from the safari area, and reduced populations of eland, waterbuck, and impala to fewer than 20 individuals. Black Rhinos numbered seven at reintroduction and had increased to 31 individuals, but recent poaching reduced the population to 13 individuals."Chipinge Safari Area". Save African Rhino Foundation.

Its population has been reduced by 70% within 15 years. Population declines have been observed for several locations inhabited by this species. A recent census indicated that the Ili pika may have been extirpated from the Jilimalale and Hutubi South Mountains. Populations have declined in the regions of Jipuk, Tianger Apex, and Telimani Daban.

E. berryi was historically found in outer coastal plains from North Carolina (north to Dare County) to southern Florida (North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia and Florida). It may be extirpated from portions of its historic range. Its habitat consists of wet areas near ponds and swamps, including wet prairies, marshes, and savannas with pitcher plants.

It has been suggested that the species is threatened by unsustainable harvest for consumption and the pet trade, and by competition with and hybridization from escaped or released non-native iguana species from the mainland. There have been plans to reintroduce the species to Redonda, where it may have formerly occurred but was extirpated from.

The giant eland is already extirpated in The Gambia, Ghana, Ivory Coast, and Togo. The western giant eland was once reported in Togo, but is believed to have been confused with the bongo (Tragalephaus eurycerus). In 1970, it was reported eliminated in Uganda, during military operations. Its presence is uncertain in Guinea-Bissau and Nigeria.

Diervilla rivularis is a species of flowering plant in the honeysuckle family known by the common names mountain bush-honeysuckle and hairy bush- honeysuckle. It is native to the eastern United States, where it is limited to the southern Appalachian Mountains. It occurs in Alabama, Georgia and Tennessee. It is extirpated from North Carolina.

Scirpus ancistrochaetus is a rare species of flowering plant in the sedge family known by the common names barbedbristle bulrush and northeastern bulrush. It is native to the northeastern United States from New Hampshire south to Virginia. It used to be found in Quebec but it is now thought to be extirpated there.Scirpus ancistrochaetus.

Juncus debilis, the weak rush, is a plant indigenous to the United States. It is listed as endangered in Massachusetts and New York, and as threatened in Rhode Island. It is listed as a species of special concern in Connecticut and believed extirpated in that state."Connecticut's Endangered, Threatened and Special Concern Species 2015".

The yellow-shouldered amazon (Amazona barbadensis) also known as yellow- shouldered parrot is a parrot of the genus Amazona that is found in the arid areas of northern Venezuela, the Venezuelan islands of Margarita and La Blanquilla, and the island of Bonaire (Caribbean Netherlands). It has been extirpated from Aruba and possibly also Curaçao.

Cuphea aspera is a species of flowering plant in the loosestrife family known by the common names tropical waxweed and Chapman's waxweed. It is endemic to Florida in the United States, where it is limited to Gulf and Franklin Counties on the central Florida Panhandle. It has likely been extirpated from Calhoun County.Cuphea aspera.

Cypripedium arietinum is considered rare to extremely rare in all locations where it occurs. More specifically, it is rare in Ontario and rare in Manitoba. The ram's head lady's slipper is a threatened plant species in other areas within its range, including Wisconsin, Minnesota, Michigan, and Saskatchewan. It is believed to be extirpated in Connecticut.

The redeye piranha is found in northern South America, east of the Andes. They are found in the drainage systems of the Amazon and Orinoco as well as the Essequibo River and other rivers of the Guiana Shield and the coastal rivers of northeastern Brazil. It has been introduced to Florida but is now extirpated.

Retrieved on 31 August 2006. and the Missouri Department of Conservation,Missouri Department of Conservation (2006). Missouri Species and Communities of Conservation Concern . Retrieved on 31 August 2006. as an extirpated species by the Illinois Department of Natural Resources,Illinois Department of Natural Resources (2006). Illinois Fish Families/Species . Retrieved on 31 August 2006.

Symphyotrichum georgianum (formerly Aster georgianus) is a rare species of flowering plant in the Asteraceae, the aster family. Its common name is Georgia aster. It is native to the southeastern United States, where it is known from Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Today it may be extirpated from the state of Florida.

June 24, 2010. The tenth confirmed occurrence is at the Canaveral National Seashore in Volusia County, and it contains about 96 plants. An occurrence has been reported in Indian River County, but it has not been confirmed. The cactus once grew in at least two places in Brevard County, but these populations have been extirpated.

The buff-breasted buttonquail is an endangered species, with a population estimated at 500 individuals and an historical range of . They have been extirpated from large portions of their original range, probably due in part due to cattle overgrazing, sites made unsuitable by fire regimes and general habitat clearances to make way for human habitation.

It has been extirpated from 98% of the former San Joaquin habitat. The giant garter snake has fared better in the Sacramento Valley because rice cultivation and the associated canals have provided habitat. When rice land is fallowed, populations seem to then move away from adjacent ditches.Wylie, G.D., M.L. Casazza, and L.L. Martin. 2004.

Eels were once an abundant species in rivers, and were an important fishery for aboriginal people. The construction of hydroelectric dams has blocked their migrations and locally extirpated eels in many watersheds. For example, in Canada, the vast numbers of eels in the St. Lawrence and Ottawa Rivers have dwindled.American Eel Anguilla rostrata in Canada.

Chlosyne nycteis, the silvery checkerspot, is a species of Nymphalinae butterfly that occurs in North America. It is listed as a species of special concern and believed extirpated in the US state of Connecticut."Connecticut's Endangered, Threatened and Special Concern Species 2015". State of Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection Bureau of Natural Resources.

Medionidus penicillatus, the gulf moccasinshell, is a rare species of freshwater mussel in the family Unionidae, the river mussels. This aquatic bivalve mollusk is native to Alabama, Florida, and Georgia in the United States, where it is in decline and has been extirpated from most of the rivers it once inhabited.Medionidus penicillatus. The Nature Conservancy.

Amsonia orientalis, the European bluestar, is a species of flower in the dogbane family. It is found in European Turkey, and may be extirpated from Greece.Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families Other historical populations appear to be lost. It is threatened by habitat loss, collection for ornamental use, and over-harvesting for research.

While much of the original subtropical evergreen broadleaf forests in this ecoregion has been extirpated due to habitat conversion, secondary forests, seasonal tropical forests, and conifer forests now dominate. Remaining tracts of the original forest vegetation can still be found in protected areas and along inaccessible hills. Protected areas include Wulingyuan, Mount Fanjing, and Zhangjiajie.

The Indian flying frog (Pterorana khare) is a species of frog in the family Ranidae. It is the only species in the monotypic genus Pterorana. It is found in India and Myanmar but extirpated in Nepal. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, and rivers.

However, not all parts of its range have been studied well. The jaguarundi is fairly common in Brazil, Peru and Venezuela. It is possibly extirpated in the US; a 1999 study refuted claims of sightings in Arizona. The last confirmed sighting in the US was probably of a roadkilled individual near Brownsville (Texas) in 1986.

There is a variety of fauna and flora in this region. Previously the Chadian wild dog (Lycaon pictus sharicus) had populations in this region, but they are now regarded as extirpated from the area,C. Michael Hogan. 2009 due to activities of humans as well as desertification, a phenomenon associated with the expanding human population.

In addition, ten rare and relict species have been recorded in the location, indicating that it has refugial qualities for wetland flora. Half of these are now believed to have been extirpated from the location, but others such as Carex elata may offer a source from which to rehabilitate other degraded wetlands in North Macedonia.

Stygionympha dicksoni, or Disckson's brown, is a butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is found in South Africa, in the south-western part of the Western Cape. It was also found at the Tygerberg, but is now extirpated from there. The wingspan is 34–37 mm for males and 35–38 mm for females.

Its range once extended into Oregon and Washington, but it has been extirpated from these states by the installation of dams on the Columbia River.Tiger beetles: Columbia River tiger beetle (Cicindela columbica). The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation. This beetle lives on sand bars and river beaches, especially near dunes, hunting and consuming smaller arthropods.

Pyreferra ceromatica, the anointed sallow moth, is a species of moth native to North America. In the US state of Connecticut it is listed as a species of special concern and is believed to be extirpated."Connecticut's Endangered, Threatened and Special Concern Species 2015". State of Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection Bureau of Natural Resources.

It was at one time responsible for inhibition of the population of largemouth bass in Lake Trinidad (in Henderson County) until it was extirpated, and is implicated in the unionid mussel declines in two bodies of water in Texas. It is also blamed for a severe decline in native fish populations in Warm Springs Natural Area, Nevada.

N. Stromberg however, this canid is thought to have been locally extirpated at the present. The Climate is equatorial, notably with dry and wet seasons with relatively high humidity. The dry season lasts from November to March while the wet season starts from April and ends in October. Average daily temperature ranges between and , almost throughout the year.

Report to the Tasmanian Regional Forest Agreement Environment and Heritage Technical Committee, November:1–68. Tiger quolls were once native to Flinders and King Islands, but were extirpated since the 20th century, so are not present on Tasmanian offshore islands.Hope J. H. (1972) "Mammals of the Bass Strait islands". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 85:163–196.

The campaign itself appears to have been long and arduous, as Bower reports that Gilla Escoip and his two sons were slain in the following year.Oram (2011) p. 190; Ross (2007). Alexander appears to have conducted further operations in the north in 1230, about the time that the Meic Uilleim were extirpated once and for all.Oram (2011) p.

Ongoing threats include illegal hunting and the destruction of nests by vandals. As well as occasional attempts to reintroduce gallinules to islands within their former range from which they have been extirpated, conservation efforts focus on the protection and management of wetlands, predator control, the enforcement of strict hunting laws, public education, and working with private organisations and landowners.

Conservation sites include Cascade Head and the Rock Creek WildernessRock Creek Wilderness - Wilderness.net in Oregon. The butterfly can also be found at Mount Hebo and Clatsop Plains in Oregon and at Lake Earl in California. In Washington, the butterfly is listed as endangered under that state's legislation, though it is now reported extirpated from this state.

By 2003 there were five populations totalling about 201 individuals; only two of the populations contained more than five plants. Since 2003 some more small, scattered populations have been located but others are believed to have been extirpated. It grows in dry coastal habitat among other shrubs, often on basalt cliffs.USFWS. Ma`oli`oli Five-year Review.

The Wallowa River supports populations of steelhead, spring Chinook salmon, and mountain whitefish among other species. Sockeye salmon were extirpated from the Wallowa River when a small dam was constructed at the outlet of Wallowa Lake in the headwaters of the river. The dam was constructed to raise the level of the lake to store water for irrigation.

A local endemic, this plant has been reported from thirteen counties in eastern Florida; it is now thought to be extirpated from Broward County. It is mainly distributed in the St. Johns River drainage. There are several occurrences; one count confirms 23. Some are quite large, and the plant is abundant in a few areas of well- maintained habitat.

Spenneman 2006, p. 257. Ethnographers Krämer and Nevermann reported that the bird became extinct or extirpated around 1880. Based on descriptions of birds seen on Jaluit, Paul Schnee hypothesised that the annañ may have been a Nauru reed warbler. The extinction of the annañ may have been due to hunting by cats,Spenneman 2006, p. 259.

Eupatorium resinosum, or pine barren thoroughwort, is a rare North American plant species in the sunflower family. Eupatorium resinosum is native to the eastern coastal states of the United States, though with a discontinuous distribution. Some populations grow in the Carolinas, others in New Jersey. It formerly grew in New York and Delaware, but is now apparently extirpated there.

It has eleven small populations in Alabama and five in Tennessee but its survival in Kentucky is uncertain. According to a leading expert, Professor James L. Reveal of the University of Maryland, its Kentucky population has been reportedly extirpated. Its 2006 Alabama Natural Heritage Program ranking was G4T2S1, demonstrating an opinion that it was "critically imperiled" in that state.

Henderson and coauthors report that the species was probably present throughout the Lesser Antilles, but was extirpated on many of them. George Proctor (in Acevedo-Rodríguez & Strong, 2005 ) considers Coccothrinax alta to be a distinct species (based on its shorter, more slender trunk, fewer stamens and much smaller fruit, but Rafaël Govaerts considers it a synonym of C. barbadensis.

Acronicta lanceolaria, the lanceolate dagger moth or pointed dagger, is a moth of the family Noctuidae. The species was first described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1875. It is found in North America, from Nova Scotia to British Columbia. It is listed as a species of special concern and believed extirpated in the US state of Connecticut.

The species is confined more to places where wild sika deer live or where deer husbandry is practiced. Leopards were extirpated on the Korean Peninsula during the period of Korea under Japanese rule. At least 624 leopards were killed during the Japanese occupation between 1910 and 1945. In South Korea, the last known leopard was captured in 1970.

Eleoniscus is a genus of the small terrestrial crustaceans known as woodlice. It includes one species, Eleoniscus helenae, which is endemic to Alicante province, Spain, where it is known from two caves. It may have been extirpated from one of the two caves (the species' type location) through the increasing urbanisation of the Macizo de Montgó.

In 1993, David M. Meyers, a researcher who has studied the golden-crowned sifaka, speculated that if bushmeat hunting were to escalate, the species would go extinct in less than ten years since it is easy to find and not fearful of humans. Indeed, bushmeat hunting by people from nearby Ambilobe has already extirpated at least one isolated population.

The Socorro dove is thought to have been extirpated mainly by feral cats, but high levels of understorey grazing by sheep could have limited the population. Human hunting might have temporarily brought down numbers, though little permanent settlement exists on Socorro. Cats were introduced apparently in the early 1970s. They do not seem to have been present in 1953.

The range of adobe parsley is extremely limited: it is known only from Washoe County in Nevada and nearby places in southeastern Oregon, where it has possibly already been extirpated. It is also suspected to exist in Humboldt County, Nevada. Fewer than 20 known populations exist, though these can be large. Adobe parsley lives in loose, rocky habitat.

Globally, the status of the hornyhead chub is secure, but it is considered Critically Imperiled in Wyoming, Kansas, and Pennsylvania, and Possibly or Presumed Extirpated in Colorado and Nebraska. Currently, the National Heritage Program has assigned the hornyhead chub a global ranking of G5 suggesting that the species’ existence is globally secure and of least concern (LC).

Scutellaria ovata has been ranked as globally "secure", the lowest level of conservation concern. However, it becomes locally rare at the edges of its natural range. It is currently is listed as threatened in Minnesota. In Michigan, it was considered "probably extirpated" until in 2007 it was found in The Nature Conservancy's Ives Road Fen Preserve in Tecumseh, Michigan.

The ecoregion's extensive wetlands and coastal lakes are important habitat for migratory and resident water birds. The ecoregion has few endemic or near-endemic species. The endangered orange-bellied parrot (Neophema chrysogaster) overwinters in the vegetated coastal dunes and saltmarshes. The endangered swift parrot (Lathamus discolor) and regent honeyeater (Anthochaera phyrigia) have been mostly extirpated from habitat loss.

The specific name of this fish honours the collector of the type, the botanist Aristide-Horace Letourneux (1820-1890). The species was described as Fundulus letourneuxi in 1880 by Achille Valenciennes with a type locality of Cressida, Corfu. It also formerly occurred on the island of Lefkas but is now considered to be extirpated from both there and Corfu.

The main reason, however, is that the cereal seed is better cleaned. The plant was believed to be completely extirpated in the United Kingdom until 2014, when a single specimen was found growing in Sunderland by an assistant ranger of the National Trust. It can be found in fields, roadsides, railway lines, waste places, and other disturbed areas.

Betta tomi is a species of gourami native to the Malaysian Peninsula where it is currently only found in Johor. It previously also occurred in Singapore but has since been extirpated there. It is an inhabitant of shallow streams that are shaded and have plenty of leaf litter and other debris. This species grows to a length of SL.

The U.S. state of Alabama is home to 93 indigenous reptile species, not including subspecies. Indigenous species include one species of crocodilian, 12 lizard species, 49 snake species, and 31 turtle species. Three native species have possibly been extirpated from the state. These include the eastern indigo snake, southern hognose snake and the mimic glass lizard.

The Chipola slabshell, scientific name Elliptio chipolaensis, is a species of freshwater mussel in the family Unionidae, the river mussels. It is native to Florida in the United States, where it is now found only in the Chipola River and associated creeks. It is extirpated from Alabama. There are no more than about 2500 individuals remaining.

The crawfish frog is listed as near threatened by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, and is listed as endangered in Iowa (where it has likely been extirpated) and Indiana. Habitat loss is the biggest threat to this species, though disease (chytridiomycosis) and competitive pressure from other anurans have also been identified as potential stresses.

Status assessments of Cumberlandia monodonta, Alasmidonta viridis, Simpsonaias ambigua, Lampsilis rafinesqueana, and Quadrula cylindrica cylindrica in Missouri. Missouri Department of Conservation. the Neosho mucket is believed to survive in these two waters. Collections of relic shells from the Verdigris, Neosho, Spring and Big Caney Rivers in Oklahoma indicate that the mussel is now extirpated from these waters.

Book of British Birds, p.69 But it became extirpated from most of the isles in the early 17th century. There were further re-introductions of the 'white neck-ringed' variety in the 18th century. It was rediscovered as a game bird in the 1830s after being ignored for many years in an amalgam of forms.

Like all lichens, this species involves a mutual relationship between an alga and a fungus; in this instance the alga is a green alga, but not Trentepohlia. Reproduction in this species is mainly by fragmentation of the thallus, with an apparent absence of spore production limiting its ability to recolonise parts of its range where it has been extirpated.

There are fewer than 20 occurrences and it is uncommon at most sites. It is now found in the Flint and Chattahoochee Rivers and four tributaries, and Econfina Creek. It is nearly extirpated from the state of Alabama. Like other mussels, this species releases larvae called glochidia that lodge in the gills of fish to develop into juvenile mussels.

Records from North Africa are few in number and the population there is likely to be small. Its historic range included Norway, in which it is now a possibly extirpated species. It is found from sea level up to an altitude of about . It is found in forests, parkland, and in open countryside with scattered woodland.

The seaside amaranth once ranged widely from South Carolina to Massachusetts. It was first identified in New Jersey, but disappeared in that state by 1913. It is now gone from two thirds of its original range.The Nature Conservancy This plant has reappeared on some areas where it was formerly extirpated by habitat loss and recreational activities.

Hydraecia immanis, the hop vine borer moth is a moth in the family Noctuidae native to North America. The species was described by Achille Guenée in 1852. It is listed as a species of special concern and is believed to be extirpated from the US state of Connecticut."Connecticut's Endangered, Threatened and Special Concern Species 2015".

Studies show that in heavily hunted and farmed areas, large-bodied primate species such as spider monkeys are likely to be some of the first species to be extirpated. Reintroduction efforts by researchers at Reserva Ecologica Taricaya have begun along the lower Madre de Dios river where conservation efforts now provide a suitable release site and protected habitat.

The cactus was once found on a ranch in the area, but the owner of the ranch allowed cactus collectors to scour the land for specimens and this species was extirpated from the site. It has also been eliminated from easy-to-reach highway margins where it used to grow. The plant is propagated by growers today.

Trillium flexipes, known as the nodding wakerobin, bent trillium, or drooping trillium, is a species of flowering plant in the family Melanthiaceae. It is found from Minnesota to Ohio, south to Tennessee, with isolated (and sometimes rare) populations in New York, Pennsylvania, Alabama, and other states. It is an endangered species in Ontario and possibly extirpated in North Carolina.

Papaipema maritima, the maritime sunflower borer moth, is a species of moth found in North America. The species was first described by Henry Bird in 1909. The larvae bore into the stems of Helianthus giganteus, forming a stem gall. It is listed as a species of special concern and believed extirpated in the US state of Connecticut.

The tiger (Panthera tigris), dhole (Cuon alpinus), Malabar large-spotted civet (Viverra civettina) and Himalayan wolf (Canis lupus chanco) are some of the most endangered carnivore species. Two rhinoceros species are extinct within the Indian region but the remaining species has its last stronghold within India. The Asiatic cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus venaticus) was extirpated in India in the 1950s.

417–418 Populations of Procyon on New Providence in the Bahamas, Guadeloupe, and Barbados have been regarded as endemic species, but these represent introductions of the common North American raccoon (Procyon lotor). Raccoons were also once present on Cuba, Hispaniola, and Jamaica, probably after being introduced by the Taino, but were eventually extirpated there.Holmgren 1990, pp. 58–59.

Dicerandra cornutissima is a rare species of flowering plant in the mint family known by the common name longspurred mint, longspurred balm, and Robin's mint. It is endemic to Florida in the United States. It is found in Marion County, and possibly Sumter County, but it may have been totally extirpated from the latter.USFWS. Dicerandra cornutissima Five-year Review.

Many rock ridges are dominated by ironwood with a sedge understorey. Porcupines feed mostly on sugar maple and red oak trees, but seasonally feed in hemlock trees. It is likely that all three of these species are at higher than normal populations owing to the comparative absence of natural predators. Wolves and bobcats have been extirpated.

The northern Luzon giant cloud rat can cause extensive damage to rice crops and are sometimes considered a pest. They are regularly hunted for food in the Sierra Madre. It has been extirpated from some regions because of hunting, but overall it appears to be able to withstand hunting pressure and in general it remains common and widespread.

Pseudophoxinus anatolicus, also known as the giant spring minnow or Anatolian minnow, is a species of freshwater fish in the family Cyprinidae. It is found only in Central Anatolia, Turkey, at a few localities. These include Lake Akgöl, Saz Lake with tributaries and Eregli marshes. It was also found in Lake Beysehir, but was extirpated there.

A previous study found about half the density. The preserve contains about 25 percent of the population, while most of the rest is in the Hanawi Natural Area Reserve. The birds were once found throughout Maui and Molokai. A 2019 effort is underway to reintroduce Maui parrotbill to leeward Maui, where it had been previously extirpated.

Independence Lake is a crucial habitat for the threatened Lahontan cutthroat trout. Independence Lake is home to one of only two remaining wild, self-sustaining populations of the Lahontan cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii henshawi). This trout is listed as a threatened species under the Endangered Species Act. It has been extirpated from almost the entirety of its historic range.

The Cuban parakeet (Psittacara euops) is a species of parrot in the family Psittacidae that is endemic to the island of Cuba. It was extirpated from the Isla de la Juventud south of Cuba soon after 1900. Its natural habitats are dry forests, dry savanna, and arable land. The species breeds seasonally, nesting from April to July.

Theliderma metanevra, common name the monkeyface, is a species of freshwater mussel, an aquatic bivalve mollusk in the family Unionidae, the river mussels. It is native to the eastern United States, where it lives in large to medium sized rivers. Although it has been extirpated from certain sections of its range, it is still widespread and fairly common.

Enteromius deserti is a species of ray-finned fish in the genus Enteromius. It is found in permanent, spring fed oases and their associated temporary flows in wadis in the Tassili and Ahaggar mountains in southern Algeria. It formerly occurred in the Tibesti Mountains in southern Libya but are believed to have been extirpated from there.

In New Jesrey the fish's decline is possibly a result of a number of reasons including land use and habitat changes and the introduction of non-native fish which predate on the mud sunfish and in this state it has been recommended that it be classified as a species of special concern. It has been extirpated from Pennsylvania.

Alabama argillacea, the cotton leafworm or cotton worm, is a moth of the family Erebidae. It is native to the New World, but has been extirpated from the United States and Canada, having not been recorded since 1998. In the Neotropics, it can be found from Mexico to northern Argentina. The larva is considered a pest of cotton.

The Oregon spotted frog (Rana pretiosa) (meaning "precious frog") is a member of the true frogs from the family Ranidae. Oregon spotted frogs are found in British Columbia, Washington state and Oregon. They were previously found but have been extirpated in California. In Oregon, the Oregon spotted frog's current range is Deschutes, Lane and Klamath counties.

Recent records of the near-endemic cyprinid Balantiocheilos ambusticauda are also lacking and it is possibly extinct. Three of the largest freshwater fish in the world are native to the river, but these are all seriously threatened: the critically endangered giant barb (wild populations have been extirpated from Chao Phraya, but remain elsewhere), critically endangered giant pangasius, and endangered giant freshwater stingray. The critically endangered red-tailed black shark, a small colourful cyprinid that is endemic to Chao Phraya, is commonly seen in the aquarium trade where it is bred in large numbers, but the only remaining wild population is at a single location that covers less than . The endangered dwarf loach, another species bred in large numbers for the aquarium trade, has been extirpated from most of its range in Chao Phraya.

Following reviews Australia did not use this option after 2011 and in 2013 it too was moved to Appendix I. In addition to Australia and the United States, sawfish are protected in the European Union, Mexico, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Brazil, Indonesia, Malaysia, Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Bahrain, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Guinea, Senegal and South Africa, but they are likely already functionally extirpated or entirely extirpated from several of these countries. Illegal fishing continues and in many countries enforcement of fishing laws is lacking. Even in Australia where relatively well-protected, people are occasionally caught illegally trying to sell sawfish parts, especially the saw. The saw is distinctive, but it can be difficult to identify flesh or fins as originating from sawfish when cut up for sale at fish markets.

C. vanzoi is endemic to Saint Lucia, where it has been extirpated from the main island and is now only native to the small islets of Maria Major and Maria Minor, with fewer than 1,000 individuals estimated. A third population has been established on nearby Praslin Island through translocation. It is the only species of Cnemidophorus found in the Caribbean.

Journal of Freshwater Ecology: 527-537. Habitat destruction is one of the main causes of the decline of this species. It is sensitive to alteration of its habitat, and is now extirpated from Kentucky, and close to extirpation in Georgia. A 2007 survey in north Alabama recovered flame chubs at only 19 of 53 localities that in the 1960s still had populations.

Underside of a female Coenonympha oedippus, the false ringlet, is a species of butterfly in the subfamily Satyridae."Coenonympha Hübner, [1819]" at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms It is found in Austria, Belgium, the Netherlands, France, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Liechtenstein, Mongolia, Poland, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, and Ukraine. It is extirpated from Bulgaria, Germany, and Slovakia.

Pallas's tube-nosed bat (Nyctimene cephalotes), also known as the Torresian tube-nosed bat or northern tube-nosed bat, is a species of megabat in the Nyctimene genus found in Indonesia. Its range may extend to New Guinea, but sightings may be attributable to misidentification. Its range may at one time also have extended to Timor, but was extirpated due to habitat loss.

Sharp-tailed grouse historically occupied eight Canadian provinces and 21 U.S. states pre-European settlement (Johnsgard 2002). They ranged from as far north as Alaska, south to California and New Mexico, and east to Quebec, Canada (Johnsgard 2002). Following European settlement the sharp-tailed grouse has been extirpated from California, Kansas, Illinois, Iowa, Nevada, and New Mexico, (Johnsgard 1973; Connelly et al. 1998).

Euphorbia purpurea is a species of Euphorbia known by the common names Darlington's glade spurge, glade spurge, and purple spurge. It is native to the eastern United States, where it occurs from Ohio and Pennsylvania south to North Carolina. It has been extirpated from Alabama; it was believed lost from Delaware until a population was rediscovered in 1997.Euphorbia purpurea.

It is listed as endangered in Maryland, New Jersey, New York (state), and in Pennsylvania. It is listed as threatened in Arkansas, Iowa, and Minnesota, and as a special concern in Tennessee. It is listed as a special concern and believed extirpated in Connecticut. In Canada, it is only known from Ontario, where it is listed as an S3 species (Vulnerable).

Drasteria occulta, the occult drasteria moth, is a moth of the family Erebidae. The species was first described by Henry Edwards in 1881. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from coastal areas in Maine, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Texas.Naturkundliches Informationssystem It is listed as a species of special concern and believed extirpated in the US state of Connecticut.

Schiedea hookeri is a rare species of flowering plant in the family Caryophyllaceae known by the common names Hooker's schiedea and sprawling schiedea. It is endemic to Hawaii, where it is known only from the island of Oahu. It is thought to have been extirpated from Haleakalā on Maui. It is threatened by the degradation and destruction of its habitat.

It is listed as endangered in Indiana, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Rhode Island, as threatened in Maryland and New York, and as a species of special concern in and Massachusetts. It is a species of special concern and believed extirpated in Connecticut."Connecticut's Endangered, Threatened and Special Concern Species 2015". State of Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection Bureau of Natural Resources.

In South Australia, koalas were extirpated by the early 20th century and subsequently reintroduced.Martin and Handasyde, p. 32. Koalas can be found in habitats ranging from relatively open forests to woodlands, and in climates ranging from tropical to cool temperate. In semi-arid climates, they prefer riparian habitats, where nearby streams and creeks provide refuge during times of drought and extreme heat.

Despite the plant's tolerance of disturbance, populations occurring near roads and cultivated fields are vulnerable. Many populations in the Willamette Valley are threatened or already extirpated by agricultural and urban development. Over the last 150 years 99% of the wetland habitat in the Willamette Valley has been altered or destroyed. The possible future construction of a dam threatens a large population.

Eriogonum evanidum is a rare species of wild buckwheat known by the common name vanishing wild buckwheat. It is native to southern California and Baja California, where it has been collected from widely scattered areas. Most historical occurrences are now extirpated and the plant has not been collected since 1967.The Nature Conservancy Some sources suggest that it is probably extinct.

About 420 species of birds are known to inhabit Mississippi. Mississippi has one of the richest fish faunas in the United States, with 204 native fish species. Mississippi also has a rich freshwater mussel fauna, with about 90 species in the primary family of native mussels (Unionidae). Several of these species were extirpated during the construction of the Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway.

Sympistis forbesi is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It has been recorded from Iowa, Illinois and Minnesota and is believed to be extirpated from the eastern portion of the range in New York and New Jersey. The length of the forewings is 14.5–16 mm for males and 14–16.5 mm for females. The ground colour of the forewings is warm grey.

Golden eagles once nested in the park, but were extirpated around 1900 as a result of disturbance, nest robbing, and persecution. The most common bird species in upland areas are meadow pipits, ravens and stonechats. Rare species are merlins (up to five pairs) and peregrine falcons (at least one pair). Chaffinches and robins are the most common species in the woodlands.

The Nature Conservancy Fire suppression has also altered the habitat to the detriment of the plant; leaf and needle litter builds up while the plant requires stretches of open sand.Local Endangered Species Fact Sheet Urban development is another threat, destroying habitat and leading to habitat fragmentation. There are about 13 known extant populations. Several others are believed to have been extirpated.

It has been extirpated from Kansas and Tennessee and it is rare throughout most of the rest of its range. It may be most prevalent in Missouri. The main threat to the species is the loss of habitat to agricultural use. Its native prairie habitat has been reduced so that now the plant mainly grows on roadsides and rights-of-way.

In 1971 they founded the Cochrane Ecological Institute (CEI), dedicated to breeding endangered wildlife. They accomplished the first successful reintroduction of a North American extirpated carnivore back to its home range, the swift fox. Beryl Smeeton died in Cochrane in 1979, and Miles died in 1988, in Calgary, at the age of 83. Their daughter Clio continues to run the CEI.

Bluefin tunas, for example, are found in Newfoundland and Iceland, and also in the tropical waters of the Gulf of Mexico and the Mediterranean Sea, where some individuals go each year to spawn. Due to overfishing, the range of this genus has declined significantly, having been effectively extirpated from the Black Sea, for example.Hogan, C. Michael, Overfishing. Encyclopedia of Earth. eds.

The species is apparently extirpated in the Batang Hari basin (Sumatra) and it seems that all individuals of B. melanopterus exported from Indonesia and Thailand by the aquarium-fish trade are captive bred. B. ambusticauda is believed to have gone extinct even before it was scientifically described. Humphrey & BainHumphrey, S.R. & Bain, J.R. (1990) Endangered animals of Thailand. Sandhill Crane Press, Gainesville, 468 pp.

Chinese high-fin banded sharks are native to the Yangtze River basin of China. They migrate into relatively fast flowing, shallow headwaters to spawn, but spend the remaining time in the main river sections. The population in the Min River, a tributary of the Yangtze, may have been extirpated. The species is widely cultured in China to supply the food industry.

Considerable natural habitat previously existed within the province, although much of these areas has been destroyed during the period 1965 to 1991 during the foreign intervention years of the Angolan Civil War.John Frederick Walker. 2004Edward George. 2005 In particular, the area was previously suitable habitat for the endangered painted hunting dog, Lycaon pictus, which is now deemed extirpated in the local area.

Beaver was common in the Assabet watershed in pre-colonial times. Concord was in part founded as a beaver pelt trading site between Native Americans and English colonists. Around 1630 it was estimated more than 10,000 beaver pelts were being taken annually in land that now makes up Massachusetts and Connecticut. Due to aggressive hunting, European settlers extirpated beaver from Massachusetts by 1750.

Odynerus spinipes is found in northwestern Europe and Scandinavia as far north as central Sweden and south to the Alps and southern France, there is also a record from Kazakhstan. in Great Britain it is found as far north as southern Scotland but there are very few records from Ireland. It is now thought to be extirpated from in Scotland.

Wolf populations only began declining in the Iberian Peninsula in the early 19th century, and was reduced by a half of its original size by 1900. Wolf bounties were regularly paid in Italy as late as 1950. Wolves were extirpated in the Alps by 1800, and numbered only 100 by 1973, inhabiting only 3–5% of their former Italian range.

In Switzerland, the Eurasian beaver was extirpated in the early 19th century due to hunting for its fur, meat and castoreum. Between 1956 and 1977, 141 individuals were reintroduced to 30 sites in the Rhone and Rhine catchment areas. They originated in France, Russia and Norway. Beavers were reintroduced in the Netherlands in 1988 after being completely exterminated in the 19th century.

Implantation of the blastocyst is delayed until the following spring, when they give birth and the cycle is renewed. Fishers have few predators besides humans. They have been trapped since the 18th century for their fur. Their pelts were in such demand that they were extirpated from several parts of the United States in the early part of the 20th century.

Gaillardia aestivalis is a species of flowering plant in the aster family known by the common name lanceleaf blanketflower. It is native to the south- central and southern United States from Texas east to Florida and north to the Carolinas, Arkansas, and Kansas. There are also reports of historical (now extirpated) populations in Missouri and introduced populations in Nebraska.Gaillardia aestivalis.

By 1980, only about 50 fish were caught, and by 2000, only 10. It was formerly an important fish in local catches below the Khone Phapheng Falls, but surveys between 1993 and 1999 only located a single small individual. Consequently, the giant barb is listed as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List. It has been entirely extirpated from the Chao Phraya River.

Bison and elk once found habitat in the Ouachita Mountains, but have since been extirpated. Today, there are large populations of white-tailed deer, coyote, and other common temperate forest animals. Though elusive, hundreds of black bear roam the Ouachitas. Several cryptic species of salamander are endemic to the Ouachitas and have traits that vary from one locale to another.

In some regions, the frogs have gone extinct completely. For example, a study done in 2004, has claimed that Morelet's tree frog may be extirpated from the region of Southern Mexico. Their survival is dependent upon several factors due to their human and disease caused population decline. Some conservation measures are in place, while others are still in need of implementation or research.

In China, gaur occur in heavily fragmented populations in Yunnan and southeastern Tibet. By the 1980s, they were extirpated in Lancang County, and the remaining animals were split into two populations, viz. in Xishuangbanna–Simao and Cangyuan. In the mid-1990s, a population of 600–800 individuals may have lived in Yunnan Province, with the majority occurring in Xishuangbanna National Nature Reserve.

There are a number of flora and fauna species within this region. Notably this was historic habitat for the endangered painted hunting dog (Lycaon pictus), a canid which is now thought to be extirpated from the region. Eritrea as a whole was extensively forested as recently as 1900. However, at present the total forest cover of Eritrea is less than one percent.

Lampadia webbiana is a species of land snail in the family Helicidae, the true snails. It is endemic to the Madeira archipelago, Portugal. The species is named after botanist Philip Barker-Webb. This snail has only been found on Porto Santo Island and the nearby islet Ilhéu de Cima, but this population has not been refound and may be extirpated.

By 1991 it was thought that there were about five populations remaining in Kentucky, Tennessee, and West Virginia. It is now thought to be extirpated from West Virginia, as the population there was a misidentification. Only a few specimens of the species have been observed recently. If any viable populations remain, they will be located in the Green River of Kentucky.

Dichanthelium hirstii is a species of grass known by the common name Hirst's panic grass. It is native to the eastern United States, where it is extant in Delaware, New Jersey, and North Carolina. It is extirpated in Georgia. This grass produces small tufts or large clumps of stems which can be up to a meter tall in some areas.

Wildlife in this park include the East African oryx, Soemmerring's gazelle, dik-dik, the lesser and greater kudus, and warthogs. Anubis baboons and hamadryas baboons are present, as well as over 453 species of native birds like the North African ostriches.Philip Briggs. 2002 Previously there were packs of the African wild dog (Lycaon pictus), but this species may now be locally extirpated.

Molecular Ecology Resources 8 367-69. It was once present on Santa Cruz Island, and perhaps other Channel Islands, but these occurrences were extirpated by feral goats and pigs.Center for Plant Conservation The plant was feared extinct until small remaining occurrences were discovered in 1986.California Native Plant Society Rare Plant Profile A 1995 estimate of the total remaining population was 500 individuals.

The biggest threat faced by Cumberland rosemary is habitat degradation affecting the rivers. For instance, the construction of Wolf Creek Dam in Kentucky extirpated one population. Dams can impact Cumberland rosemary in two ways: either by permanently flooding its habitat, or by altering the natural flood regime. Without flooding, the plant is unable to compete with taller plants for sunlight.

Males form territories during the breeding season in late spring and early summer. Spawning typically takes place at the upper ends of riffles with sandy and gravelly bottoms interspersed with larger cobbles. Some organisations are endeavouring to conserve populations of the gilt darter and re-introduce it to states where the fish has been extirpated but suitable habitat still exists.

Though giant anteaters live in overlapping home ranges, they are mostly solitary except during mother- offspring relationships, aggressive interactions between males, and when mating. Mother anteaters carry their offspring on their backs until weaning them. The giant anteater is listed as vulnerable by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. It has been extirpated from many parts of its former range.

It is currently threatened by the ongoing deforestation caused by urbanisation, industrialisation, agricultural expansion, and associated road-building. It is also hunted excessively. Consequently, the IUCN classifies it as a Near Threatened species, it may soon become vulnerable with a range occurrence of .BirdLife International (2008) The population formerly believed to be referred to by pernambucensis is either very rare or already extirpated.

The European wildcat (Felis silvestris) is a wildcat species native to continental Europe, Scotland, Turkey and the Caucasus. It inhabits forests from the Iberian Peninsula, Italy, Central and Eastern Europe to the Caucasus. It has been extirpated in England and Wales. In France and Italy, the European wildcat is predominantly nocturnal, but also active in the daytime when undisturbed by human activities.

Endangered Species Research 5 1-5. It has historically been found on the islands of Kauai, Oahu, Lanai, Molokai, and Maui, but it is thought to have been extirpated from four of them and today can be found only on Maui where fewer than 70 individual plants remain. The fern was federally listed as an endangered species of the United States in 1994.

The yellow-legged tinamou suffers from widespread and continuing habitat destruction and hunting pressure. Overall, although its numbers are decreasing they are not critical and therefore listed as Near Threatened by the IUCN. It has an occurrence range of .BirdLife International (2008) There are no recent records from parts of its range, and it appears to have been extirpated from Rio de Janeiro.

The steppe polecat is a nomadic animal which typically only settles in one area until its prey, mainly ground squirrels, are extirpated. It mates from March to May, and generally gives birth to litters of three to six kits, which attain their full growth at the age of two years. It hunts for larger prey than the European polecat, including pikas and marmots.

Collinsia multicolor is a species of flowering plant in the plantain family, known by the common names San Francisco blue eyed Mary and San Francisco collinsia. It is endemic to the San Francisco Bay Area, where it is known from San Francisco to Santa Cruz. As of 2008 there are 22 known occurrences. Populations south of Santa Cruz have been extirpated.

Since the wood is so highly sought after, the trees are still in danger of being harvested. The population on the Big Island grows on the side of Hualālai, a dormant volcano, and so is technically in danger of being extirpated in the event of an eruption. The plant was federally listed as an endangered species of the United States in 1986.

The Arkansas River shiner (Notropis girardi) is a species of ray-finned fish in the genus Notropis. It is native to part of the central United States. Historically this shiner was widespread and abundant throughout the western portions of the Arkansas River basin in Kansas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas. It is extirpated from the River in Kansas and Oklahoma.

Catostomus latipinnis (flannelmouth sucker) is a North American fish identified by its enlarged lower lips. It belongs to the genus Catostomus, commonly known as suckers. Historically, the flannelmouth sucker ranged in the Colorado River Basin, including parts of Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, Nevada, California, and Arizona; however, this species has been entirely extirpated from the Gila River Basin in Arizona.

Trapping can devastate local bird populations and also impact migrants at critical stopover sites. In Malta, three local species have been extirpated by trappers and hunters—the peregrine falcon, the barn owl and the jackdaw. Jonathan Franzen has called Malta "the most savagely bird-hostile place in Europe".Franzen, Jonathan, "Emptying the Skies," The New Yorker, July 26, 2010, p.

Solidago spectabilis is a species of goldenrod known by the common names Nevada goldenrod, basin goldenrod, and showy goldenrod. It is native to the western United States in the Great Basin and surrounding areas. It is found in California, Arizona, Nevada, Oregon, and Utah. There are historical records saying it once grew in southwestern Idaho, but is now extirpated there.

This species is relatively poorly known with few studies of the wild populations. Consequently, it was rated as Data Deficient by the IUCN in 1996. Following a review in 2014, it was moved to Critically Endangered, although this includes both the Central African and West African species. It appears to have been entirely extirpated from several countries where formerly present and declined elsewhere.

Zones of groundwater discharge along the Calaveras Fault zone that traverses the watershed maintain cool summer water temperatures. Tule elk (Cervus canadensis spp. nannodes) were re-introduced to the San Felipe Ranch in three translocations from 1978-1981. These elk were thought to have been extirpated until a breeding pair were discovered in the San Joaquin Valley in 1874-1875.

Does the aforementioned science count before any court? No, thus begins the vigilante justice, the terror of the medical society in the pluralistic chaos of criminality. But terror can only be extirpated with counter-terror, and whoever denies me the protection of the law forces the cudgel into my hand.Kiehne, Karl: Das Flammenwerferattentat in Köln-Volkhoven, in Archiv für Kriminologie, Vol.

None have been found since by a reliable authority, so they are considered extirpated from North America. There have been occasional unconfirmed sightings in subsequent decades, and catching of several specimens in Michigan from 2004 on were reported by a local high school teacher in the New York Biology Teachers Association's publication, however, this remains to be confirmed by a scholarly source.

One hundred and fifteen rattlesnakes have been marked within Brown County State Park in Indiana, one of the only places where they can be found in the state. Its historic range includes southern Ontario and southern Quebec in Canada, but in May 2001, the Canadian Species at Risk Act listed it as extirpated in Canada.Crotalus horridus at Species at Risk Public Registry. Accessed 23 June 2008.

The red giant flying squirrel sensu stricto is the nominate subspecies group (P. p. petaurista and most other subspecies, excluding those mentioned in later groups). The distribution of this group essentially equals the Sundaic region, including Java, Sumatra, Borneo, the Thai-Malay Peninsula, nearby smaller islands, and Singapore (last Singaporean record in 1986, possibly extirpated). They generally inhabit lowlands and foothills, typically below elevation.

It has been extirpated in areas with excess turbidity and siltation in western Ohio. Riparian buffers in agricultural areas can help keep turbidity and contaminants from waterways. The Swatara Creek in Pennsylvania had no fish due to acid mine drainage. Limestone treatments and wetlands were built to mitigate the acid mine drainage and the river chub was one of the first species to return.

Biota of North America Program 2014 county distribution map Some sources say it has probably been extirpated from Canada.Flora of North America, Bloomer’s goldenbush, Ericameria bloomeri (A. Gray) J. F. Macbride Ericameria bloomeri grows in coniferous forests. This is a small shrub reaching a maximum height of about 50 centimeters (20 inches) and covered in a foliage of threadlike to slightly oval leaves a few centimeters long.

Wolves managed to survive in the forests of Braemar and Sutherland until 1684. The extirpation of wolves in Ireland followed a similar course, with the last wolf believed to have been killed in 1786. A wolf bounty was introduced in Sweden in 1647, after the extermination of moose and reindeer forced wolves to feed on livestock. The Sami extirpated wolves in northern Sweden in organized drives.

Artemia salina was first described (as Cancer salinus) by Carl Linnaeus in his ' in 1758. This was based on a report by a German called Schlosser, who had found Artemia at Lymington, England. That population is now extirpated, although specimens collected there are retained in zoological museums. As presently defined, A. salina is restricted to the Mediterranean region of Southern Europe, Anatolia and Northern Africa.

This terrestrial and diurnal species occurs in deciduous dipterocarp forests and agricultural land (e.g., cassava plots). There seem not to be major threats to this species as it tolerates human-modified habitats; however, it has probably been extirpated from Bangkok. It is presumed to be safe in parts of its range that include the Sakaerat Biosphere Reserve on the western edge of the Khorat Plateau.

Brown pelicans stopped nesting on Queen Bess Island and extirpated from all of Louisiana by 1961 because of DDT. In 1968 a reintroduction program was started and young birds were brought from Florida and released. Queen Bess Island was one of three rookery sites chosen. The island had been severely damaged by repeated storms and only 5 of the 36 acres were able to support nesting.

At the same time the populations of bears, lynxes, tigers, wolves, dholes and leopards, which once inhabited the Korean Peninsula, are presently very rare or extirpated, and likewise large ungulates (with the exceptions of roe deer, water deer and wild boar) are uncommon. The local wildlife sustained some damage during the Japanese occupation in 1910–1945 and subsequent Korean War, particularly due to overhunting of tigers.

In the Massif de la Hotte alone there are 42 globally threatened mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians which need conservation efforts. The coastal zone ecosystem has been fairly well preserved and has coral reefs, mangrove forests and estuaries. Coral reefs are not part of the national parks. There are 38 species under the threatened and endangered list and some of them may have been extirpated too.

Silene lanceolata is a rare species of flowering plant in the family Caryophyllaceae known by the common names Kauai catchfly and lanceolate catchfly. It is endemic to Hawaii, where it is known only from Oahu, Molokai, and Hawaii, having been extirpated from Kauai and Lanai. It is threatened by the degradation of its habitat and it is a federally listed endangered species of the United States.Silene lanceolata.

Trilepisium gymnandrum is a species of Trilepisium that is endemic to the Seychelles, where it is threatened by habitat loss. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. Five mature individuals are known in two sub-populations in the mid to high altitude forests of Silhouette Island. The 18th century populations of the larger Mahé and Praslin islands have presumably been extirpated.

It "may very well be the most endangered plant in the United States". It has been extirpated from several of the Keys, including Big Pine Key, the island where it was first discovered in 1919. Today there are two populations, one on Little Torch Key and one on Swan Key. There is also a patch of plants growing where several fragments were planted on North Key Largo.

Warea carteri has probably been extirpated from Brevard County as well as no specimens have been observed in recent years. The status of the two largest populations of W. carteri in central Florida (at Archbold Biological Station and Tiger Creek Preserve) has been monitored for 6 years (M. Evans, Archbold Biological Station, personal communication 1995). Extreme fluctuations of population size are observed year to year.

Since 2003, the Arizona Game and Fish Department and the NWTF have transferred 320 Gould's wild turkeys from Mexico and Arizona to the Chiricahua, Huachuca and Pinalenos mountains, along with the Santa Ritas and Santa Catalinas mountains of southern Arizona, an area where the Gould's once thrived but was extirpated. Since 2000, the NWTF has spent more than $428,000 on Gould's wild turkey restoration.

Quercus lyrata, the overcup oak, is an oak in the white oak group (Quercus sect. Quercus). It is native to lowland wetlands in the eastern and south- central United States, in all the coastal states from New Jersey to Texas, inland as far as Oklahoma, Missouri, and Illinois. There are historical reports of it growing in Iowa, but the species appears to have been extirpated there.

The Cape lion was a Panthera leo melanochaita population in South Africa's Natal and Cape Provinces that was extirpated in the mid-19th century. The type specimen originated at the Cape of Good Hope and was described in 1842. Until 2017, the Cape lion was considered a distinct lion subspecies. Phylogeographic analysis showed that lion populations in Southern and East Africa are closely related.

It is endemic to San Bernardino County, California, where it is known only from the Mojave Desert. It has been found in several locations in and around Barstow, often in gravelly, sandy habitat such as arroyos. The historical range of the plant was wider than it is today; many occurrences have been extirpated. The population sizes and abundance vary, as they probably depend on annual rainfall amounts.

The introduction of brown, rainbow and brook trout into its original ranges essentially extirpated the subspecies from park waters. The National Park Service has an extensive program aimed at reestablishing this subspecies within suitable waters in the park. In 2014 after poisoning out rainbow trout in the Goose Lake chain in the Midway Geyser Basin, park officials established a westslope cutthroat trout broodstock in Goose Lake.

Pua ala has been extirpated from the islands of Lānai and Maui. Threats to its survival include habitat loss, competition with alien plants, predation by goats and deer, and a lack of pollinators. There are five occurrences of the plant remaining in the wild, with a total estimated population of fewer than 200.The Nature Conservancy It is federally listed as an endangered species.

Pages 200. Towards the end of the 19th century, 1824 nests were recorded in Bulgaria, but by 1979 only 5 to 12 pairs remained in the country. Similarly, from a population once numbering in the thousands, the Hungarian population of imperial eagles was driven down to only 10-15 pairs by 1975-1980. In Greece, the eastern imperial eagle was extirpated altogether as a breeding species.

African forest elephant There are about 66 villages in the buffer zone surrounding the park, with the villagers dependent on the park for their livelihoods. With a growing human population, the forest is being lost to slash-and-burn agriculture and illegal logging. Some fishermen are using chemicals (gamalin 20, a herbicide) to kill the fish. It is thought that three species of primate have been extirpated.

For example, wolves being reintroduced to a wild area to curb an overpopulation of elk or deer. Because reintroduction may involve returning native species to localities where they had been extirpated, some prefer the term "reestablishment". Humans have been reintroducing species for food and pest control for thousands of years. However, the practice of reintroducing for conservation is much younger, starting in the 20th century.

The threespot cichlid is found in slow flowing stretches in the lower river valleys of the rivers of the Pacific Slope of Central America from Mexico to Panama, where there is a muddy or sandy substrate. Here it is found among the roots and weeds. It has been found as an introduced species in Florida and Nevada but these populations were extirpated, and in Singapore.

Wolves managed to survive in the forests of Braemar and Sutherland until 1684. The extirpation of wolves in Ireland followed a similar course, with the last wolf believed to have been killed in 1786. A wolf bounty was introduced in Sweden in 1647, after the extirpation of moose and reindeer forced wolves to feed on livestock. The Sami extirpated wolves in northern Sweden in organized drives.

But census data were not available. In 2004, census data were still not available. Based on information by wildlife researchers, it was estimated that 50 to 150 lions reside in Arly-Singou. Previously the endangered painted hunting dog, Lycaon pictus, occurred in Burkina Faso within the Arly-Singou ecosystem, but, although last sightings were made in Arli National Park, the species is considered extirpated throughout Burkina Faso.

It can be further separated from the two most similar species, the dwarf and smalltooth sawfish, by the considerably smaller maximum size of the former species, and the less greenish colour (when alive/recently dead) and essentially Atlantic distribution of the latter species. The smalltooth and longcomb sawfish might historically have come into contact in South Africa, but sawfish appear to have been extirpated from this country.

This was once a common fish in the Yangtze system. It was known from the main river and some of its larger tributaries, as well as some lakes attached to the system. By the late 20th century, it was extirpated from the lower river and limited to the upper reaches in Sichuan. The main causes of its drastic decline include overfishing, including the overharvesting of juveniles.

Salmo marmoratus (marble trout) is a species of freshwater fish in the family Salmonidae. It is characterized by a distinctive marbled color pattern and high growth capacity. The marble trout is found in only handful drainages and rivers of the Adriatic basin in (going from north to south) Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro, while in Albania, the species is considered most likely extirpated.

A week after the bounty was offered, the word "alive" was dropped from the reward notices, but he was neither captured nor betrayed by his people. Bounties have been offered on animals deemed undesirable by particular governments or corporations. In Tasmania, the thylacine was relentlessly hunted to extinction based on such schemes. Gray wolves, too, were extirpated from much of the present United States by bounty hunters.

The golden white-eye has golden plumage and a pale eye-ring. It feeds on insects, fruit, and nectar and forages in pairs or small family groups. The bird is monogamous and lays two eggs in a small cup nest. Fossil evidence shows the golden white-eye once also occurred on Tinian and Rota but was extirpated in those locations through the impact of human activities.

The Sclater's monkey was considered vulnerable but not endangered in 2008. It is hunted throughout the area, except in a very few places where it is held sacred, and is managing to survive. A 2005 report recommended that it be protected within the Edumanom and other reserves in Nigeria. There used to be red-capped mangabeys in the forest, but these are now thought to be extirpated.

Increased temperatures and heatwaves, increased sedimentation, and invasive species (such as Undaria pinnatifida) are sources of physiological stress and disturbance for members of the genus. A marine heatwave in the summer of 2017/18 appears to have caused the local extinction of multiple Durvillaea species at Pile Bay, on the Banks Peninsula. Once the kelp was extirpated, the invasive kelp Undaria pinnatifida recruited in high densities.

In May 2000, the Canadian Species at Risk Act listed the greater prairie chicken as extirpated in its Canadian range (Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario). It was again confirmed by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada in November 2009. Nonetheless, sightings and encounters continue to occur in the south-central regions of Alberta and Saskatchewan, along with southern Ontario, where sightings are extremely rare.

Its distribution is scattered, and the northernmost populations are genetically distinct from the southernmost.Garry Oak Ecosystems Recovery Team In British Columbia there are five or six occurrences known to remain, in Washington the single known occurrence has probably been extirpated, and the Oregon populations are imperiled.COSEWIC Assessment and Status Report on the Coast Microseris Microseris bigelovii in Canada The plant grows in rocky coastline habitats.

This mussel has been extirpated from most streams where it once occurred, including any in the state of Alabama. There are fewer than 12 remaining populations, most of which contain fewer than 500 individuals. The main threat to the species is bad water quality, especially due to acidic mine drainage. Other threats include oil and gas exploration, road construction, channeling of the rivers, logging, agriculture, and pesticides.

Retrieved 25 May 2008. Dickie's Bladder- fern, which was discovered growing on base-rich rocks in a sea cave on the coast of Kincardineshire in 1838.Lusby and Wright (2002) pp. 35–37. By 1860 the original colony seemed to have been extirpated, although the species has recovered and today there is a population of more than 100 plants there, where it grows in a roof fissure.

Limited preview available via Google Books In addition to oak, chestnut and redcedar were historically prominent on Campgaw Mountain. Today, chestnuts have been eliminated by the accidental importation of chestnut blight in the early twentieth century. Redcedar, however, is still abundant along the ridgeline, unlike on nearby Goffle Hill, where the tree has been all but extirpated, and in the Preakness Range, where redcedar has become rare.

It was known from Martin County but it is thought to be extirpated there. The coastal strips of these counties are heavily populated and constantly expanding, leading to the consumption of natural habitat for residential, commercial, and other uses. Remaining occurrences of the plant are on land that is fragmented and degraded. It is invaded by introduced plant species such as Brazilian pepper (Schinus terebinthifolius).

Cucullia speyeri, common names Speyer's paint, Speyer's cucullia or Speyer's hooded owlet moth, is a moth found in North America. It is found from Alberta and Montana to the Atlantic coast from New Hampshire to Virginia. It was described by Joseph Albert Lintner in 1874. In the US state of Connecticut, it is listed as a species of special concern and is believed to be extirpated.

The breeding range of the ferruginous duck is from Iberia and the Maghreb east to western Mongolia, south to Arabia, although in the west is now scarce and localised and locally extirpated in some countries. The duck winters throughout the Mediterranean Basin and the Black Sea, smaller number migrate into sub-Saharan Africa via the Nile Valley. Eastern birds winter in south and south-east Asia.

The California Academy of Sciences has a tule elk (Cervus canadensis nannodes) skull fragment unearthed one mile inland from the mouth of Purisima Creek in 1951. Elk were thought to be extirpated from the entire state by 1873 when elk hunting was ultimately banned by the California Legislature, and current herds are descended from a small number of elk survivors discovered in southern San Joaquin County.

The spectacled caiman lives in parts of the Amazon rainforest that the black caiman was extirpated from. Conservation programs for this species are used in many countries. The most common form of conservation is the use of cropping, which consists of manually reducing the numbers of several wild and abundant species. Long-term effects of cropping have yet to be discovered; more surveys have been recommended.

The pied avocet was extirpated as a breeding species in Great Britain by 1840. Its successful recolonisation at Minsmere, Suffolk, in 1947 led to its adoption as the logo of the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds. The pied avocet has spread inland and northwards and westwards in Britain since then and it has bred in Wales and in Scotland in 2018 at Skinflats.

Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. It has adapted to human habitation and can be found in Suva. It occurs on Fiji's larger islands, and on the Lau Islands outwards to Lakeba and Oneata. While the species is today restricted to Fiji, fossil evidence shows that it once occurred in Tonga as well, and was extirpated by early human settlers.

It was very abundant when the islands were first colonised by humans, but was extirpated. The losses on the islands were largely due to deforestation for wood and to create agricultural and grazing land. The exclusion of livestock from the native forest allows it to regenerate and create more suitable habitat. Some illegal hunting and poisoning continues because of the damage this pigeon can do to crops.

The strange-tailed tyrant (Alectrurus risora) is a species of bird in the family Tyrannidae. It is found in northeastern Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, and three small separated localities in southern Brazil. Its natural habitat is subtropical, tropical, dry lowland, or grassland. It is threatened by habitat loss, and is mostly extirpated (extinct) apart from the Iberia Marshlands where you can still see them very rarely in Argentina.

Historically sawfish were also persecuted for the oil in their liver. The largetooth sawfish has been extirpated from many regions where formerly present. Among the 75 countries where recorded historically, it has disappeared from 28 and may have disappeared from another 27, leaving only 20 countries where certainly still present. In terms of area this means that it certainly survives in only 39% of its historical range.

In terms of area this means that it certainly survives in only 19% of its historical range. It is the only sawfish that certainly still survives in the United States (the largetooth sawfish, P. pristis, has likely been extirpated from this country), and it has been listed by the National Marine Fisheries Service as endangered under the Endangered Species Act since 2003.NOAA Fisheries (2 January 2015).

They are threatened mainly from illegal poaching for their horns. The IUCN figures for Diceros bicornis michaeli also include those for black rhinos from South Sudan, Uganda, southwestern Ethiopia, and western Kenya. These are referred to a separate subspecies (Diceros bicornis ladoensis) by some authorities. As the black rhino is extirpated in most of these areas, the status of the latter subspecies is unclear.

This species is susceptible to overfishing, due to its slow reproductive rate and tendency to stay in a certain area. It is believed to have been extirpated by Indonesian artisan fishers at Scott Reef off northern Australia, and is likely becoming rare in many other parts of its range. As a result, the International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed the silvertip shark as vulnerable.

Today this plant grows on Maui, Kauai, and Laysan; it has recently been extirpated from Oahu and the island of Hawaii. The most recent surveys found about 30 individual plants on Maui and four populations on Kauai; these represent the subspecies pennatiformis. On Laysan the plants are of subspecies bryanii, known as Laysan sedge or Bryan's sedge. In 2008 a total of 488 individuals were counted.

Kangaroos and koalas were introduced to the island during the early 1900s, but they have been extirpated by illegal hunting. Goannas are common on the island. From the island there are clear views of the Wangi Wangi peninsula as well as the Eraring, Munmorah and Vales Point power stations. The island has cliff faces on the west and south sides as well as the south east side.

Other projects focus on specific local issues, such as the We Pass project, seeking a solution to the migratory impasse represented by the Iron Gates in the Danube River Basin. For example, currently all anadromous Danube sturgeon (all species except the predominantly freshwater sterlet) are now classed as Critically Endangered or extirpated from the upper and middle reaches of the Danube River above the dams.

It typically grows in wet soils in a wide variety of habitats from bogs and fens to creek shores to ditches. Although it is not considered threatened over most of its distribution, it is imperiled or possibly extirpated over much of its range in the United States. Its flower heads emerge in the late summer to early fall and show pale blue-violet rays with yellow centres.

The akiapōlāau occurs mainly in old-growth mesic and wet forests in Kaū and Hamakua. Koa (Acacia koa) and ōhia lehua (Metrosideros polymorpha) are dominant canopy species in its habitat. Disease- carrying mosquitoes have restricted it to elevations of between . It formerly inhabited māmane (Sophora chrysophylla) -naio (Myoporum sandwicense) dry forests at elevations of on Mauna Kea, but this population was extirpated in 2002.

The golden-line barbel (Sinocyclocheilus grahami) is a species of cyprinid fish endemic to Dian Lake and its tributaries in Yunnan, China. It has been extirpated from the lake itself due to heavy pollution, but survives in a single tributary and a few small temple ponds. This species can reach a length of though most are only around . The greatest weight known for this species is .

Several extinct species were discovered at Kilu Cave. The extinction and extirpation of various bird and mammalian fauna on Baku Island appeared to coincide with the arrival of the Lapita culture. 77 bird bones were recovered from the site. The bones came from 18 different species of landbirds, 7 of which are unspecified or now extinct and 11 of which are now extirpated from Buka Island.

Saskatchewan has 367 rare species of vascular plants of which 135 of these have been listed as endangered. There is listed Small White Lady's Slipper (Cypripedium candidum) as the only local extinction, (extirpated) plant. Endangered plants include the Sand Verbena (Abronia micrantha), Western Spiderwort (Tradescantia occidentalis), Tiny Cryptantha (Cryptantha minima), and Hairy Prairie-Clover (Dalea villosa). Threatened plants include the Slender Mouse-Ear Cress (Halimolobos virgata).

The Zanzibar leopard (Panthera pardus pardus) is a locally extinct leopard population on Unguja Island in the Zanzibar archipelago, Tanzania. It was the island's largest terrestrial carnivore and apex predator. By 2002, it was considered extirpated due to persecution by local hunters. Increasing conflict between people and leopards in the 20th century led to the demonization of the Zanzibar leopard and determined attempts to exterminate it.

The western hartebeest (Alcelaphus buselaphus major) is an antelope native to the medium to tall grassland plains of Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, the Central African Republic, Chad, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, and Togo. It is possibly extirpated from Gambia. Average adults stand tall at the shoulder and weigh . A western hartebeest's coat is fawn-colored, ranging from tan to dark brown.

A high level of genetic similarity has been found among North American cougar populations, suggesting they are all fairly recent descendants of a small ancestral group. Culver et al. propose the original North American cougar population was extirpated during the Pleistocene extinctions some 10,000 years ago, when other large mammals, such as Smilodon, also disappeared. North America was then repopulated by South American cougars.

The subspecies is now limited to Christmas Island. Between 1885 and 1900 it was introduced to the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, where it was plentiful for many years on three islands of the main atoll as well as on North Keeling. However, between the 1940s and 1980s population reduced until becoming extirpated. It is commonly found in most habitats on Christmas Island, including rainforest and gardens.

Gammarus desperatus is a species of amphipod crustacean in the family Gammaridae. G. desperatus was formerly found at three sites in New Mexico, but it has since been extirpated from two of these sites. G. desperatus only survives within Bitter Lake National Wildlife Refuge. It is listed as critically endangered on the IUCN Red List, and as an endangered species under the United States Endangered Species Act.

Sign for the protection of smalltooth sawfish in Florida, USA A smalltooth sawfish briefly captured for tagging as part of a conservation project Smalltooth sawfish are extremely vulnerable to overexploitation because of their propensity for entanglement in nets, their restricted habitat, and low rate of population growth. The species is listed as critically endangered by the IUCN Red List.. The Pristis pectinata species is critically endangered mainly because of the fishing pressure business which feeds into the shark-fin industry.Faria, Vicente V., et al. “Species Delineation and Global Population Structure of Critically Endangered Sawfishes (Pristidae).” Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, vol. 167, no. 1, 2012, pp. 136–164., doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00872.x. Historically it was found in 47 countries, but it has been extirpated from 16 and possibly extirpated from another 25, leaving only 6 countries where it certainly still survives.

The "native species" argument centers on the premise that the horses extirpated in the Americas 10,000 years ago are closely related to the modern horse as was reintroduced. Thus, this debate centers in part around the question of whether horses developed an ecomorphotype adapted to the ecosystem as it changed in the intervening 10,000 years. The Wildlife Society views mustangs as an introduced species stating: "Since native North American horses went extinct, the western United States has become more arid ... notably changing the ecosystem and ecological roles horses and burros play." and that they draw resources and attention away from true native species. A 2013 report by the National Research Council of the U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine also challenged the idea of horses being a reintroduced native species stating that "the complex of animals and vegetation has changed since horses were extirpated from North America".

Previously unknown populations have been discovered.USFWS. Species Account: C. floridana. Seedlings have been planted in several protected areas with appropriate habitat, a strategy that included the reintroduction of populations to areas where the plant had been extirpated. The plant still faces the threat of habitat destruction in much of its range, but much less than in the 1980s: habitat loss to development is not a "major" concern now.

The history of the Ornate Hawk-Eagle, Spizaetus ornatus, in the Atlantic forest of northeast Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 14(4), 405-409. More recently, the continued presence of breeding ornate hawk-eagles was considered doubtful or at critical threat level in western Ecuador and local biologists considered the species to be extirpated from Colima, Mexico. Evidence indicates declines are likely occurring in almost every part of the species’ distribution.

Amphibians such as the vulnerable Oregon spotted frog and the near threatened Cascades frog inhabit some regions of the watershed. Black-tailed deer, Roosevelt elk, cougars, and black bears are the most common of the 63 species of mammals found in the watershed. Fishers and American martens have also been spotted. The gray wolf and the vulnerable grizzly bear once lived in the watershed, but are now considered extirpated.

Today it is only found in remaining wilderness areas. The grey wolf (Canis lupus) is found in a wide variety of habitats from tundra to desert, with different populations adapted for each. Its historical distribution encompasses the vast majority of the Holarctic realm, though human activities such as development and active extermination have extirpated the species from much of this range. The red fox (Vulpes vulpes) is a highly adaptable predator.

The English King James I decreed the plantation of the north of County Wexford with foreigners, clearing out the owners and occupiers of the land. Monaseed Castle was built in 1613 and granted to William Marwood. The subsequent plantation caused a huge displacement of local families, some of whom were transported to Virginia. In 1630, according to one source, '[The] Plantation in the Co. has extirpated the Irish almost quite.

The plant is restricted to vernal pool habitat. It is known from a few localities, and has been recently extirpated from a few others. It does not occur in all of the vernal pools that are apparently available to it, and it probably does not have the ability to disperse easily. Populations are thought to have declined over 70% in the last 100 years, and declines are ongoing.

In the first half of the 19th century, forests in the montane zone were cleared large-scale for the planting of coffee, and afterward tea. The elephant population in the mountains was extirpated. During the British rule, many bull elephants were killed by trophy hunters. One of the British army majors is credited with having shot over 1,500 elephants, and two others are reputed to have shot half that number each.

Ongoing human development of their habitat has caused populations of woodland caribou to disappear from their original southern range. In particular, caribou were extirpated in many areas of eastern North America in the beginning of the 20th century. Woodland caribou were designated as threatened in 2002. Environment Canada reported in 2011 that there were approximately 34,000 boreal woodland caribou in 51 ranges remaining in Canada (Environment Canada, 2011b).

It is susceptible to drought, plants can die in such circumstances. Other potential threats identified were invasive plants, natural disasters and pollution. In 2005 Bomhard et al. predicted, based on their reading of models projecting the effects of climate change, that more than 80% of the population of the time would be extirpated by 2020, which qualified the species for upgrading its conservation status from 'lower risk' to 'critically endangered'.

The Necedah National Wildlife Refuge in central Wisconsin is home to the world's largest population of Karner blues, which benefit from its vast area of savanna and extensive lupine. In May 2000, the Canadian Species at Risk Act listed the Karner blue as being locally extinct in Canada. In 2012, after an unusually hot and dry year, the Karner blue was extirpated in the Indiana Dunes National Park.

Northeast Region, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Eastern elk once lived throughout the east, but was extirpated in the 19th century and declared as extinct by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in 1880.USFWS: Extinct Species Moose as well once roamed throughout the east, but is currently only found in northern New England. Due to its highly prized fur, the sea mink was hunted to extinction in 1903.

This caused a drop in sea level, which exposed a land bridge between Asia and Alaska. Humans crossed over this bridge and started becoming abundant in North America between 11,000 and 12,000 years ago. Despite withstanding the fluctuating climate and concomitant advance and retreat of glaciers, around 10,000 years ago around 32 genera of large mammals suddenly became extinct. Horses were locally extirpated during these end- Pleistocene megafauna extinctions.

The Scottish wildcat has been present in Britain since the early Holocene, when the British Isles were connected to continental Europe via the Doggerland. It was once common throughout all of Great Britain. In Southern England, it was likely extirpated during the 16th century. By the mid-19th century, its range had declined to west-central Wales and Northumberland due to persecution, and by 1880 to western and northern Scotland.

The crystal darter (Crystallaria asprella) is a species of freshwater ray- finned fish, a darter from the subfamily Etheostomatinae, part of the family Percidae, which also contains the perches, ruffes and pikeperches. This small North American fish is found in small, moderate, and swift rivers in the drainage basins of the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers. It is now extirpated from a majority of its range along the Ohio River.

Captive-reared juveniles suggest that there may be a genetic basis for the morphotype and more detailed genetic work is needed to elucidate these relationships. The subspecies is the only living saddle-backed tortoise in the Seychelles islands. It was apparently extirpated from the wild but recently purportedly rediscovered in captivity. The current population of this morphotype is 24 adults, including 18 adult males in nonbreeding captive groups on Mahé Island.

Grazing and trampling by livestock had a negative effect on the plant but grazing has been stopped in the area, causing the plant to rebound. Climate change is considered a threat today. Because the populations are few and small the plant may be extirpated by any major local event, such as wildfire, or by processes such as inbreeding depression. Competition with other plants, especially non-native species, threatens the dudleya.

Eurybia avita is present only in the U.S. states of Georgia, South Carolina and North Carolina, though it is probably extirpated from North Carolina. In South Carolina it is only known from one site in Pickens County, while in Georgia it can be found in 40 to 45 locations. In North Carolina there are currently no known populations. The type location was Stone Mountain, but that population no longer exists.

Solidago rugosa is common throughout most of its range, and is not tracked at the species level in any state or province it is native to.Solidago rugosa NatureServe However, in Connecticut the variety sphagnophila is listed as a special concern and believed to be extirpated from the state."Connecticut's Endangered, Threatened and Special Concern Species 2015". State of Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection Bureau of Natural Resources.

Navarretia ojaiensis plant is a Critically endangered species on the California Native Plant Society Inventory of Rare and Endangered Plants. Many of the known occurrences may no longer exist, because they are in areas that have experienced urban development. All but one of the remaining populations are in locations which are likely to be developed or altered. Two populations known in the Santa Monica Mountains may have been extirpated.

This species is endemic to the Mancilik, Cetinkaya and Kalkam streams I the headwaters of the Euphrates in eastern Anatolia, Turkey. It may have been extirpated from the Mancilik after none were found at the type locality in 2008 but it was found to be abundant at another locality on the same stream in 2009. Its preferred habitat is small streams with gravel beds and a moderately fast current.

Caterpillars of the small moth Bucculatrix sporobolella have only been found on alkali sacaton (Sporobolus airoides). The Laysan dropseed noctuid moth (Hypena laysanensis) on Laysan Island apparently became extinct with the local eradication of S. virginicus by feral rabbits. Seed-eating birds including American sparrows (genus Aimophila) feed on sacaton seeds. S. wrightii is a critical resource for Botteri's sparrow (Aimophila botterii) which at one time was extirpated from Arizona.

The white or pinkish flowers grow in large clusters and appear in summer. The plant grows on wet and wooded slopes, and is native to North America, particularly the Allegheny Mountains area. It is a threatened or endangered species throughout its range in northeastern North America, where it has not been completely extirpated. This vine can grow up to twelve feet in length on wooded and rocky slopes.

Since the 1990s, China's forests have declined significantly. In Yunnan and Guangxi provinces, primary forests are few and isolated, and secondary forests have been severely degraded. Yunnan has lost 42% of its forests and 2,000 or less slow lorises remain. In Guangxi, the Bengal slow loris is nearly extinct; it has been extirpated in Ningming County and only a few individuals are left in Jingxi, Longzhou and Pingxiang.

Below treeline the mountain is heavily forested, with the lower slopes covered with a mixture of lodgepole pine, spruce, aspen, and fir. Some of the fauna reported on the climb to the summit include black bears, marmots, mule deer, pikas, and pocket gophers; there are also many species of birds. Elk, grouse, turkey, and bighorn sheep are present in the area during the summer. Grizzly bears are extirpated.

When reproducing the plant produces a branching fruiting spike which may be up to long. Today the plant is known from just a few occurrences on the islands of Maui and Hawaii. It is historically known from Kauai, but it may be extirpated there. Threats to its existence include damage to the habitat by feral pigs, cattle, and introduced plant species, and the fact that there are few individuals remaining.

Flying at Bosque del Apache National Wildlife Refuge, New Mexico, United States Florida sandhill crane, Ocala National Forest In the 20th century, sandhill cranes were generally extirpated east of the Mississippi River. Although sandhill cranes are not considered threatened as a species, the three southernmost subspecies are quite rare. Resident populations, not migratory birds, cannot choose secure breeding habitat. Many subpopulations were destroyed by hunting or habitat change.

There were less than 40 verifiable sightings of this species in the 20th century, mostly in the Great Lakes region and the Prairies. No individual has been collected or seen since 1966, despite the increased use of citizen science projects such as iNaturalist and recent stinkbug monitoring projects (largely to target the brown marmorated stink bug). The species is likely extirpated from Ontario, and may even be extinct.

Adult butterflies are typically found in areas that are sheltered from the wind, below elevation, and within of the coast. The butterfly was listed as an endangered species in 1992. Habitat loss due to residential and commercial land development has extirpated these butterflies from parts of their range and may threaten some of the remaining populations. Maintaining larval and nectar plants is critical for conservation of these butterflies.

The crawfish frog is found in former prairie regions from Indiana west to Kansas, south to Texas, and east to Mississippi, though it is believed to be locally extirpated in many regions, and remaining populations are often localized and isolated. In 2016 a sizable population was documented in Sumter County, Alabama. A new county record was added in 2017 in Perry County, Arkansas within the Ouachita Mountains. See Notes below.

Several islands in the lake provide critical nesting areas for various birds. Access to Hat, Gunnison, and Cub islands is strictly limited by the State of Utah in an effort to protect nesting colonies of American white pelican (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos). The islands within the Great Salt Lake also provide habitat for lizard and mammalian wildlife and a variety of plant species. Some species may have been extirpated from the islands.

The status of crocodiles within the park is largely unknown; sightings are rare and occur occasionally. There are reports of the false gharial within the park, but these are not confirmed. In addition, the saltwater crocodile was historically present throughout Java's coastal river systems but is currently extirpated in these regions. Small, isolated populations of the saltwater crocodile are reported to exist within Ujung Kulon but confirmation is needed.

Three others have been extirpated; these occurred in areas that were popular recreational sites for hiking, mountain climbing, and other uses. Threats to the remaining populations include erosion, soil compaction from trampling, and development of facilities for recreation, such as trails, ski slopes, parking lots, and bridges. Poaching is also a problem for this species as a mountain wildflower with showy yellow blooms. Pollution, including acid rain, may be a threat.

Orbeli requested aid from the neighbouring Seljuk rulers but his forces completely exhausted before the reinforcements could arrive. Demna was the first to surrender. Throwing himself and his followers on the mercy of his uncle, he was blinded and castrated to ensure the primacy of George’s branch of the family, and the Orbelis were extirpated and their lands and wealth seized. Imprisoned, Demna did not survive the punishment and soon died.

The Eurasian beaver was hunted and trapped to the point of near extinction. Fossil evidence shows that the Eurasian beaver lived from Western Europe to the Chinese-Mongolian border. By the 12th century, only about 1,200 Eurasian beavers were left in this area, and they were extirpated from seven European countries.South, Andy, et al. “Simulating the Proposed Reintroduction of the European Beaver ( Castor Fiber ) to Scotland.” Biological Conservation, vol.

Papaipema circumlucens, the hops-stalk borer moth, is a species of moth native to North America, where it has been recorded from Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Missouri, New Hampshire, Ohio, Saskatchewan and Wisconsin. The species was described by Smith in 1899. It is listed as a species of special concern and is believed to be extirpated from the US state of Connecticut."Connecticut's Endangered, Threatened and Special Concern Species 2015".

A paper plant began releasing toxins into the water in 1908 which led to degradation of not only the Pigeon River but the toxins flowed 79 miles downstream into the French Broad River system. The water pollution extirpated several species of mollusks and fish including the blueside darter Coombs, J.A., L. Wilson, J. Burr, B. Tracy, and V. Harrison. 2004. Pigeon River Revival. Wildlife in North Carolina 68(12): 26-29.

The single known breeding colony on Oahu was estimated in 1997 to contain a minimum of 17 breeding pairs. Proposed conservation measures include continued population monitoring and limiting cave disturbance, the prevention of the establishment of brown tree snakes in the Northern Marianas Islands, control of introduced mud dauber wasps and cockroaches where they damage nests, and the reintroduction of birds to Rota whence they were extirpated in the 1970s.

The species was classified in 1941 as one of the four subspecies in Alaska by Edward Alphonso Goldman. This wolf is recognized as a subspecies of Canis lupus in the taxonomic authority Mammal Species of the World (2005). Wolves were common on the Peninsula before 1900, however, gold was discovered there in 1895. Miners, fearing rabies, commenced poisoning, hunting and trapping the wolves and by 1915 they had been extirpated.

Originally, the Polynesian ground dove inhabited mountainous volcanic islands and nearby atolls and islets. However, the introduction of feral cats and rats have extirpated the ground dove from the mountainous volcanic islands. On the islets and atolls it lives in forests with a well-developed understory of dense bushes, ferns, and grasses, in areas of low, dense scrub, and in groves of Pandanus plants with sparse ground vegetation.

After rumours of some surviving individuals on a ranch at the headwaters of the Yaqui River in the state of Sonora in 1968, American biologist Dr. Carl B. Koford went on a three-month survey but without success. A grizzly was shot in 1976 in Sonora, the fourth confirmed in Sonora, and the first in many decades. The Mexican grizzly is now presumed to be extinct, or perhaps only extirpated.

Iliahialoe inhabits dry forests, low shrublands, and lava plains throughout the archipelago, including the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, but has been extirpated from Laysan and Kahoolawe. Although never recorded on Niihau, its historic presence on the island is almost certain. S. ellipticum is generally found at elevations from sea level to , but populations can occur as high as . An isolated individual was observed growing at on the island of Hawaii.

He likewise obtained the prebend of Slape, or Slope, in the church of Salisbury, and held it till his death. 'When K. Hen. 8 had extirpated the pope's power, he seemed to be very moderate, and also in the reign of K. Ed. 6, but when qu. Mary succeeded he shew'd himself a most zealous person for the Roman Catholic religion, and a great enemy to Luther and reformers'.

The area around Minidoka Dam on the Snake River in Idaho is one of three recent localities where Valvata utahensis can be found. The modern range of the snail extended as far downstream as Grandview (rkm 783, rm 487). However, recent mollusc surveys throughout Utah revealed no live snails, and the species is believed to be extirpated there.Clarke A. H. (1991). Research Summary Submitted to the Utah Field Office, USFWS. 4pp.

The North American cougar lives in various places and habitats. Several populations still exist and are thriving in the Western United States, Southern Florida, and Western Canada, but the North American cougar was once commonly found in eastern portions of the United States. It was believed to be extirpated there in the early 1900s. In Michigan, it was thought to have been killed off and extinct in the early 1900s.

Previously, a self- supporting feral population was established in England, the stronghold of which was in West Bedfordshire. Lady Amherst first introduced the ornamental pheasant on her estates, near the Duke of Bedford's Woburn Abbey, where the birds were also shot for game and interbred.Fitter, p.86 However, since late 2015 the species has been believed to be extirpated in Great Britain with no confirmed sightings since March 2015.

It is endemic to Hawaii, where it is known from seven small populations on the islands of Hawaii, Molokai, Lanai, and Kahoolawe. Though it was described from a specimen collected on Oahu it is now extirpated from that island. It was also known from Niihau, Maui, and Kauai in the past. This plant grows in many types of shrubland and grassland habitat, as well as in some cultivated areas.

Historically, the brown bear occurred in the Middle East from Turkey to Turkmenistan. Today, the brown bear is extirpated in Jordan, Israel and the State of Palestine, and survives only in Turkey, Iran and Iraq. In Syria, brown bear tracks were recorded in the snow in the Anti-Lebanon Mountains in 2004 for the first time in five decades. In February 2011, bear tracks were again recorded in this area.

It is endemic to Mexico, where it is historically known only from the island of Ángel de la Guarda and nearby islets in the northwestern Gulf of California, Baja California. The species is believed to be extirpated from the three smaller islands, and may be extinct on Ángel de la Guarda, as well. The species is threatened by predation by feral cats, and by competition from introduced rodents.

This particular species of sucker can be found in a variety of places within the southwest, ranging from the Yaqui River in Mexico, to the Cajon Bonito south of Douglas in Cochise County. Since 1978, populations have decreased drastically with little recovery. They have completely disappeared from San Bernardino Creek, and The Endangered Species Act is currently trying to protect those in Cochise County. Most have been extirpated since 1968.

The Balkhash marinka has not been assessed by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature but its stocks have drastically declined and the species has been extirpated from many of the smaller lakes within its range. The main threats for this species, and the other indigenous fish of Lake Balkhash are the introduction of exotic fish species such as trout and zander, habitat destruction and the unstable hydrological conditions.

It is close to the Nigerian border, surrounded on the eastern side by several hunting reserves. Plant species reported are 243 species with more of Sudan–Guinea Savanna biome species. It is home to cheetahs, elephants, and is known for its colonies of hippopotamuses. It used to house the last representatives of the western subspecies of the black rhinoceros, but this species is now considered extirpated from the area, and extinct.

The tora hartebeest (Alcelaphus buselaphus tora) is an extremely endangered antelope, native to Eritrea and Ethiopia. It has possibly been extirpated from Sudan. One of the most critically endangered large mammals in the world, it is threatened by poaching and habitat loss. Perhaps fewer than 250 individuals remain in the wild and there is no captive population, as little to no action has been taken to preserve them.

The species name, usdagalun, is from a Cherokee word meaning "cave" or "hole under rock". This organism is endemic to The Cedars, a cave region in the Powell River Valley of southwestern corner of Virginia. It is known from four cave systems. When it was listed as an endangered species, only two populations were known, one of which was thought to have been extirpated by pollution from sawmill sawdust.

This organism can only be found in: five locations in southern California in Riverside County and San Diego County; and two in northern Baja California. Some known population occurrences have been extirpated, including the type locality in Murrieta, in the Peninsular Ranges foothills. The shrimp is threatened by the loss, degradation, and fragmentation of its habitat. Streptocephalus woottoni is a federally listed endangered species of the United States.

Following the salinity increase and drying of the lake, the Aral trout, ruffe, Turkestan barbel and all sturgeon species were entirely extirpated and have not since returned due to dams blocking their migration routes, with the Aral trout and Syr Darya sturgeon (Pseudoscaphirhynchus fedtschenkoi) possibly being driven to extinction due to their restricted range. All other native fish barring the stickleback (which persisted even during the lake's shrinkage and salinity increase) were also extirpated, but have since returned to the North Aral Sea following its recovery from the 1990s onwards. Numerous other mostly salt- tolerant fish species were purposefully or inadvertently introduced during the 1960s, due to the increasing salinity of the lake from hydropower and irrigation projects that reduced the flow of fresh water. These include the Baltic herring (Clupea harengus membras), big-scale sand smelt (Atherina boyeri caspia), black-striped pipefish (Syngnatus abaster caspius), Caucasian dwarf goby (Knipowitschia caucasica), monkey goby (Neogobius fluviatilis), round goby (N.

In his November 6, 1721 letter to the French Minister of the Marine, Louis Denys de La Ronde reported that the island was home to wolves "of a prodigious size", and sent a wolf pelt back to France to substantiate his claim. As the island was cleared for settlement, the gray wolf population may have been extirpated, or relocated to the mainland across the winter ice: the few subsequent wolf reports date from the mid-19th century and describe the creatures as transient visitors from across the Northumberland Strait. The decline of North American wolf populations coincided with increasing human populations and the expansion of agriculture. By the start of the 20th century, the species had almost disappeared from the eastern U.S., excepting some areas of the Appalachians and the northwestern Great Lakes Region. In Canada, the gray wolf was extirpated in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia between 1870 and 1921, and in Newfoundland around 1911.

The reserve was originally established to protect the Lewes wave moth (Scopula immorata), now extirpated from Britain. It consists of grassy heath, woodland and scrub lying on sand over Weald Clay. Large parts of the woodland were planted with conifers in the latter part of the 20th century. As well as the main area of heathy grassland and a pond, it contains broad-leaved woodland of oak, birch and hornbeam, much managed as coppice.

Papaipema sciata, or Culver's root borer moth, is a species of moth found in North America, where it has been recorded from Connecticut, Maine, New York, New Jersey, Iowa, Michigan, Missouri, Minnesota, Illinois, and Wisconsin. It is listed as a species of special concern and believed extirpated in the US state of Connecticut."Connecticut's Endangered, Threatened and Special Concern Species 2015". State of Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection Bureau of Natural Resources.

This swallow breeds only in pineyards on four islands in the northern Bahamas: Andros, Grand Bahama, Abaco, and New Providence. The breeding population on New Providence is, at the very least, greatly reduced from historical levels, and may be extirpated as a breeding species. The Bahama swallow winters throughout the eastern Bahamas and the Turks and Caicos Islands. It is a rare vagrant elsewhere during migration, including south Florida and the Florida Keys.

Some snails and slugs are serious crop pests, and in new environments can unbalance local ecosystems. One such pest, the giant African snail Lissachatina fulica, has been introduced to many parts of Asia and islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans, reaching the West Indies in the 1990s. The predatory snail Euglandina rosea was disastrously introduced in an attempt to control it, as the predator ignored A. fulica but extirpated several native snail species instead.

Ten species of bats have been documented. The grey wolf is listed as an endangered species, while the grizzly bear is listed as threatened. North Cascade National Park has management plans in place to return grizzly bears to the park but not wolves, as the latter is seen as likely to reestablish themselves naturally over time. The park is a prime habitat for grizzly bear, but the species was extirpated from the region by 1860.

Its population on New Caledonia was estimated at less than 400 individuals, but it is now thought to have been extirpated from that island, it remains common on Vanuatu. Rhyacichthys guilberti occurs in coastal streams with a relatively steep gradient set in hilly or mountainous terrain. It feeds on algae and diatoms on rocks and stones. holding on in the fast current using its broadened pelvic and pectoral fins and its compressed head and snout.

Agastache scrophulariifolia was once distributed throughout CT, DC, DE, GA, IA, IL, IN, KS, KY, MA, MD, MI, MN, MO, NC, NE, NH, NJ, NY, OH, PA, SC, SD, TN, VA, VT, WI, WV, and ON, Canada. However, its range is now severely reduced in many areas and in some cases extirpated completely. These declines are largely due to habitat loss, predation by deer, and competition for resources with non-native plants.

Populations across the slender madtom's range have declined since the late 1970s. The species is nearly extirpated in Wisconsin, although once more widespread there than in Minnesota. Causes for decline may include siltation and turbidity in farming areas, and the dewatering of habitats by hydropower operations. Poor farming practices near streams could be contributing sediments and large amounts of nutrients into streams inhabited by slender madtoms and other species that make the overall ecosystem uninhabitable.

The leopard has the largest distribution of all wild cats, occurring widely in Africa as well as the Caucasus and Asia, although populations are fragmented and declining. It is considered to be extirpated in North Africa. It inhabits foremost savanna and rainforest, and areas where grasslands, woodlands, and riverine forests remain largely undisturbed. In sub-Saharan Africa, it is still numerous and surviving in marginal habitats where other large cats have disappeared.

The range once extended as far south as the Coorong and the wetlands of the southeast of South Australia and Western Victoria. For Australia as a whole, it is not threatened and has a controlled hunting season when numbers are large. However, most of the southern populations were extirpated in the mid-20th century by overhunting and habitat destruction. The species has been subject to reintroduction projects such as Bool Lagoon between Penola and Naracoorte.

Eurasian lynx Of the four lynx species, the Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) is the largest in size. It is native to European, Central Asian, and Siberian forests. While its conservation status has been classified as "least concern", populations of Eurasian lynx have been reduced or extirpated from Europe, where it is now being reintroduced. The Eurasian lynx is the third largest predator in Europe after the brown bear and the grey wolf.

Lilium maritimum is a species of lily known by the common name coast lily. It is endemic to California, where it is known only from the coastline north of San Francisco.Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families It formerly occurred south of San Francisco, but these occurrences have all been extirpated. The species is now restricted to the North Coast from Marin County to Del Norte County, and is most common in Mendocino County.

Finch recognized that when tobacco curing barns switched from wood to gas or oil fired heaters in the 1940s, bluebirds were attracted to the metal vent pipes with rain caps as potential nesting sites. Millions of bluebirds became trapped in the pipes and the combustion chambers to starve. As many as 20 dead bluebirds were found when the burners were cleaned. The eastern bluebird was virtually extirpated from tobacco producing areas in the 1950s.

Zanthoxylum flavum is a medium-sized tree in the family Rutaceae. Common names include noyer, West Indian satinwood, yellow sanders, tembetaria, and yellow sandalwood. It is native to Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, the Bahamas, Bermuda, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Guadeloupe, Haiti, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, and the Florida Keys, exclusive of Key West where it has been extirpated. It is threatened by habitat loss and harvesting for its dense, durable wood used in fine woodworking.

The Karner blue butterfly occurs in portions of eastern Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, and New York. Reintroductions have been initiated in Ohio and New Hampshire. The Karner blue butterfly appears extirpated from Iowa, Illinois, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, Maine, and Ontario. Although Karner blue butterflies are characteristic of oak savannas (Quercus spp.) and pine barrens (Pinus spp.) habitats, they also occur in frequently disturbed areas such as rights-of-way, old fields, and road margins.

Ozark hellbenders are endemic to the White River drainage in northern Arkansas and southern Missouri. Historically they have been found in portions of Spring, White, Black, Eleven Point, and Current Rivers and their tributaries. Hellbenders are now considered extirpated in the mainstem White, Black, and Spring Rivers and Jacks Fork, and with their range being considerably reduced in the remaining rivers and tributaries.Johnson, T. R. (2000): The amphibians and reptiles of Missouri.

Asimov said of Campbell's influence on the field: > By his own example and by his instruction and by his undeviating and > persisting insistence, he forced first Astounding and then all science > fiction into his mold. He abandoned the earlier orientation of the field. He > demolished the stock characters who had filled it; eradicated the penny > dreadful plots; extirpated the Sunday-supplement science. In a phrase, he > blotted out the purple of pulp.

The floral communities of the Eurasian steppes and the North American Great Plains have been largely extirpated through conversion to agriculture. Nonetheless, as many as 300 different plant species may grow on less than 3 acres of North American tallgrass prairie, which also may support more than 3 million individual insects per acre. The Patagonian Steppe and Grasslands are notable for distinctiveness at the generic and familial level in a variety of taxa.

This species of sedge is listed as an endangered species in Connecticut and Massachusetts, endangered and extirpated in Maryland, threatened in Minnesota and New York, and as a special concern species in Tennessee. The destruction and degradation by humans of its floodplain habitat around large rivers, for agriculture and the installation of locks and dams, led to its listing as threatened in Minnesota in 1984. It is also threatened by invasive species.

Hardhead are apparently unable to recolonize areas they have been extirpated from and among the suggested measures to conserve the species are the artificialrestocking of suitable areas where it was formerly found. It has been also suggested that managing water flows to suit this species, and other native species, and disadvantage non native species should be researched and put into practice together with measures to mitigate impoundments and canalisation of the streams used by hardheads.

The historical distribution of W. carteri includes the sites of at least 14 herbarium collections made in what is now the Miami urban area in Miami-Dade County, from 1878 to 1934. Nearly all of the suitable habitat for the plant in this area has been altered by urban growth. The remaining tracts of native vegetation have been searched carefully in recent years.ec The plant is almost certainly extirpated from the county.

Eurybia schreberi, commonly called Schreber's aster or nettle-leaved Michaelmas-daisy, is a perennial herb in the composite family. It is native to eastern North America, where it is present in Canada and the United States. The flower heads emerge in the late summer or early fall to show white ray florets and yellow disc florets. It is listed as endangered in Indiana and Iowa, of special concern in Tennessee and possibly extirpated in Maine.

Since 1999 a population has appeared on Trinidad. Although these might have escaped from captivity, it is also possible they have a wild origin. The historical range of this species is thought to have stretched southwards to include the Argentine provinces of Chaco, Corrientes, Formosa and Misiones. Hunting for meat, the pet trade and changes in land use are thought to have caused the species to be extirpated throughout its Argentine range by the 1960s.

The Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources has listed the species as possibly extirpated within the state. The eastern indigo snake was largely eliminated from northern Florida due to habitat loss and fragmentation. A restoration program is currently underway at Apalachicola Bluffs and Ravines Preserve (ABRP) in northern Florida. The eastern indigo snake was last observed at ABRP in 1982, until 2017 when 12 snakes were released as part of the program.

Vipera kaznakovi is threatened by illegal overcollection for the international pet trade (Baran and Atatur, 1998). Additional threats include habitat conversion for urban development, tourism, and agriculture. It is becoming rare throughout the Black Sea coastal part of its range, with many populations already extirpated. Key threats to the habitat of these lowland populations include the development of tourism (such as health resorts) and housing, and agricultural expansion (including the ploughing of submontane areas).

The other native land bird of Laysan is the Laysan finch, an opportunistic hunter. Eighteen other bird species nest here and use Lake Laysan, the only lake in the NWHI, as a rest stop or breeding ground. Laysan also has its share of native plants, many of which, such as Eragrostis variabilis, were extirpated from Laysan during its extinction period and then reintroduced by scientists afterwards, from other leeward islands.Liittschwager 2005, p.128.

The hornyhead chub has not been documented in the Big Sioux River drainage since the finding in 1952, and is likely extirpated from this watershed. They are also found in the Mississippi River basin, Red River drainage, Ohio River and lower Kentucky River systems. They can be found from New York west into the Dakotas with isolated populations in the Platte and Colorado River Systems, and north from Manitoba and south into Kentucky.

In 2007 the Conservation Land Trust established a rewilding program to reintroduce native species which had been extirpated from the wetlands during the 20th century. Giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla), collared peccary (Peccary tajacu), South American tapir (Tapirus terrestris), pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus), and red-and-green macaw (Ara chloropterus) have been reintroduced to the wild, and a captive breeding program for jaguars (Panthera onca) was created to support eventual reintroduction of jaguars to the parks.

Its greatest significance lies in its capability to reveal the history of local pottery-making and of the exploitation of animal species since extirpated from the area. Because the immediate vicinity offers a shallow climb to the summit of the Blue Ridge, the excavators also concluded that the hamlet might have sat along a trail used as a regional trade route. The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.

Ohridohauffenia minuta is a species of minute freshwater hydrobiid gastropod, endemic to springs near Lake Ohrid. The species was originally found in the springs of Studenicista (Bej Bunar) in North Macedonia. Road construction extirpated the only known population, as surveys in 2009 failed to find the species in this site which is also the type locality. The endemic springs were of freshwater, and had stony bottoms with a constant temperature of 11 °C.

The Hawaiʻi akepa survives only in two or three locations, all on the island of Hawaii: one population in Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge (on the Hamakua Coast of Mauna Kea), one in the upper forest areas of Kau (in the southern part of the island), and one on the northern slope of Hualālai (perhaps extirpated). As of 2000, about 14,000 Hawaii akepa remained. They were listed as an endangered species in 1975.

In many rivers of Central Europe, the sea trout have been extirpated because hydropower plants prevent spawning migration. In addition, many spawning grounds have disappeared due to the backflooding of rivers. In more recent times, sea trout have succeeded in re-establishing themselves in some lakes and rivers through the introduction of fish ladders and bypass channels around hydropower plants. In this way spawning migration has been enabled again, albeit in a limited way.

Moxostoma poecilurum is found throughout Mississippi River tributaries on the former Mississippi Embayment running from Southern Kentucky to Southern Arkansas, south to Louisiana. It can also be found in gulf slope drainages from the Choctawhatchee River in Alabama and Florida to Galveston Bay in Texas. It is endemic to the Southeastern United States. The distribution has not been noticeably decreased for any reason, nor has the Blacktail Redhorse been extirpated from any particular location.

The total estimated breeding population is less than 3,000 individuals. Only six of the 22 extant populations south of Ventura are known to contain more than a dozen adults. It has been extirpated from an estimated 75% of its former range in the U.S. The most important threats to the arroyo toad stem from human activities. These activities include encroachment by agriculture, construction of roads, off-road vehicle use, grazing by livestock and mining.

Fishers became extirpated in many northern U.S. states after 1930, but were still abundant enough in Canada to maintain a harvest over 3,000 fishers per year. Limited protection was afforded in the early 20th century, but total protection was not given to the few remaining fishers until 1934. Closed seasons, habitat recovery, and reintroductions have restored fishers to much of their original range. Trapping resumed in the U.S. after 1962, once numbers had recovered sufficiently.

The lesser siren is quite common through most of its range, but rarely seen due to its secretive nature. Like almost all species of amphibian, their numbers are believed to be declining due to general reductions in water quality caused by agricultural pesticide and fertilizer runoff. They are frequently collected and used as bait for fishing. The species was once believed to be extirpated from Michigan, but has been recently rediscovered in limited numbers.

Since 1986, populations of the yellowfin madtom from Citico Creek have been captured and bred in laboratory to be reintroduced into Abrams Creek in Blount County, Tennessee, which in 1957 had half of its 64 species extirpated by ichthyocides with the intention to increase trout fishery. From 1986 until 2003, the population of the yellowfin madtom in Abrams Creek has increased to 1574. Currently, they are no longer stocked and released into Abrams Creek.

The historical distribution of plains topminnow includes two main populations. The first population of Plains topminnows is largely in Nebraska extending into Iowa, southwestern Minnesota, northeastern Colorado and southern South Dakota. The second population is located in Missouri, Kansas and south into Oklahoma. The plains topminnow was found only in one county each in Iowa and Kansas, the topminnow is now believed to be extirpated from both states, with recent studies supporting this.

They are mostly aquatic but can also be found in the vegetation surrounding the lagoons. Breeding takes place in water. The population in the Laguna Blanca (in the Laguna Blanca National Park), which used to be the main subpopulation, has been extirpated by introduced by fish (perch and salmonids). However, other subpopulations, located within the buffer zone of the Laguna Blanca National Park, occur in isolated ponds and mostly appear to be stable.

The tentacles of all Drosera species have special stalked glands on the leaf's upper surface that produce a sticky mucilage. The leaves are considered active flypaper traps that respond to captured prey by bending to surround it. In its native fynbos habitat, the plants compete for space with native marsh grasses and low evergreen shrubs. Of the two known populations of D. regia, the higher altitude site appears to be overgrown and is essentially extirpated.

Solidago rupestris , the rock goldenrod or riverbank goldenrod,Digital Atlas of the Virginia Flora, Solidago rupestris Raf., Riverbank Goldenrod, Rock Goldenrod is a North American species of flowering plants in the sunflower family. It is found in the eastern United States, found today in the States of Maryland, Virginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee. There are historical records of it formerly growing in Indiana and Pennsylvania as well, but these populations now appear to have been extirpated.

The Alabama spike, scientific name Elliptio arca, is a species of freshwater mussel, an aquatic bivalve mollusk in the family Unionidae, the river mussels. This species is endemic to the United States, where it occurs in river systems in Mississippi, Alabama, and Georgia. Its range has declined significantly in the last 100 years and it will likely be extirpated from parts of its range in the near future.Elliptio arca Auburn University Collections.

The western pond turtle (Actinemys marmorata), also known commonly as the Pacific pond turtle is a species of small to medium-sized turtle in the family Emydidae. The species is endemic to the western coast of the United States and Mexico, ranging from western Washington state to northern Baja California. It was formerly found in Canada, but in May 2002, the Canadian Species at Risk Act listed the Pacific pond turtle as being extirpated.

The stitchbird or hihi (Notiomystis cincta) is a honeyeater-like bird endemic to the North Island and adjacent offshore islands of New Zealand. Its evolutionary relationships have long puzzled ornithologists, but it is now classed as the only member of its own family, the Notiomystidae. It became rare, being extirpated everywhere except Little Barrier Island, but has been reintroduced to two other island sanctuaries and four locations on the North Island mainland.Adams (2019).

Residential building and energy development have caused the greater sage-grouse population to decline from 16 million 100 years ago to between 200,000 and 500,000 today.Broder, John M.. (2010-03-05) No Endangered Status for Plains Bird. Nytimes.com. Retrieved on 2011-08-07. This species is in decline due to loss of habitat; the bird's range has shrunk in historical times, having been extirpated from British Columbia, Kansas, Nebraska, Oklahoma, Arizona, and New Mexico.

Recent and past research has demonstrated that this darter is intolerant of these conditions, and it has been eliminated from a number of streams across its range. Current regulatory mechanisms have been inadequate to prevent these impacts. Conservation Fisheries, Inc. (CFI) reported that CFI, in cooperation with Kentucky Department of Fish & Wildlife, developed captive propagation protocols for reintroduction of Etheostoma spilotum into streams within its native range to restore populations that have been extirpated.

A sub-adult Asiatic lion in Gir Forest, India The Asiatic cheetah is considered to be extirpated in Afghanistan since the 1950s. Two cheetah skins were seen in markets in the country, one in 1971, and then in 2006. The latter was reportedly from Samangan Province. The Caspian tiger used to occur along the upper reaches of Hari-Rud near Herat to the jungles in the lower reaches of the river until the early 1970s.

With the passing of the Endangered Species Act in 1973, the wolf was one of the first mammal species listed. After the wolves were extirpated from Yellowstone, the coyote then became the park's top canine predator. Since the coyote is not able to bring down large animals, this lack of an apex predator resulted in a marked increase in lame and sick megafauna. By the 1990s, the Federal government had reversed its views on wolves.

The red brocket (Mazama americana) is a species of brocket deer from forests in South America, ranging from northern Argentina to Colombia and the Guianas. It also occurs on the island of Trinidad in the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago (it also occurred on the island of Tobago until very recent historical times, but appears to have been extirpated there due to ineffectively regulated hunting of wild game practiced on the island).

Tetramolopium remyi is a rare species of flowering plant in the aster family known by the common names Awalua Ridge tetramolopium and Remy's tetramolopium. It is endemic to Hawaii, where today it is known only from the island of Lanai. It is believed to be extirpated on the island of Maui, having not been observed there since 1944.USFWS. Determination of Endangered Status for Six Plants from the Island of Lanai, Hawaii.

Archaeological evidence along the shore indicates the existence of the lake coincided roughly with the first appearance of humans in the region. The Lahontan cutthroat trout evolved as a predator species within the waters of Lake Lahontan, feeding on native chub and sucker. This subspecies of cutthroat trout survives today in tributary rivers of the Great Basin, and has been reintroduced to Pyramid Lake and Walker Lake after being extirpated during the 20th century.

The species is threatened by the loss and degradation of its habitat. The rocky riverbed substrates in which it spawns are degraded by erosion and sedimentation, which are increased by human activities such as runoff pipes from septic tanks, and trash being dumped into streams. Several populations have been extirpated by these processes. In 2007 a large scale die-off of aquatic life, including blackside dace, occurred in the Acorn Fork in Kentucky.

The endangered Powesheik skipper can be found in the preserve. The Dakota skipper was previously found in the area with specimens being retrieved in the 1980s and last claimed to be found in 2000. Since then they are believed to have been extirpated, their loss believed in part possible from a wildfire and burns designed to control woody encroachment in 2001 and 2002. This prairie- endemic species is also threatened by woody encroachment into prairies.

Trigonostigma somphongsi is probably endemic to the lower Mae Klong Basin near Ratchaburi Province, its type locality being given as only 'Thailand'. Balantiocheilos melanopterus and Ambastaia sidthimunki, two other species originally found in the area have been extirpated due to the modification of river habitats. This species most likely prefers deeply vegetated (therefore dark) river habitats of a neutral to weakly acidic pH, obstructed by organic materials that exude tannin in decomposition.

Both species in the genus have been studied very little, in part due to their remote habitat. However, M. cataphractus (when it contained both the West African and Central African populations) has been classified as critically endangered by the IUCN. Threats include hunting (skin and bushmeat), habitat loss, overfishing (they mainly feed on fish), and general disturbance. Both species have been entirely extirpated from several countries where formerly present, and have declined elsewhere.

Branchinella is a genus of crustaceans in the family Thamnocephalidae. This fairy shrimp genus is found across many parts of the world, but especially western Australia and southern Africa. Several species have small ranges and are threatened by habitat destruction. For example, B. latzi is only known from south Northern Territory and southwest Queensland, but it has been extirpated from the Uluru region due to pollution from urine and faeces of tourists.

Fishermen had introduced lake trout 80 years prior but remained at low densities until the non-native Mysis became established. The bottom-dwelling mysids eliminated a recruitment bottleneck for lake trout by providing a deep water source of food where little was available previously. Lake trout subsequently flourished on mysids; this voracious piscivore now dominates the lake fishery. The formerly abundant kokanee were extirpated, and native bull and westslope cutthroat trout are imperiled.

Orchis spitzelii is a species of orchid found from Sweden (Gotland), eastern Spain to the Caucasus and northwestern Africa. Specifically, it is native to northern Europe (Sweden), central Europe (Austria and possibly extirpated in Germany), southwestern Europe (the Balearic Islands, Corsica, France, and Spain), southeastern Europe (Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Italy, Crete, and countries of the former Yugoslavia), northern Africa (Algeria and Morocco), western Asia (Iran, Lebanon, Syria, and Turkey), and both the North Caucasus and Transcaucasia.

The Brazilian guinea pig (Cavia aperea), lutrine opossum (Lutreolina crassicaudata) and hairy-tailed bolo mouse (Necromys lasiurus) were found only in cultivated or natural fields. The giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) and giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis), important food species for the Mbayá people who live in the reserve, have probably been extirpated due to over- hunting. Large mammals such as the South American tapir (Tapirus terrestris) and Jaguar (Panthera onca) are also at risk of local extinction due to hunting.

The divergence between Paracamelus and Camelops occurred about 11–10 Mya. Paracamelus would continue to live in North America as the High Arctic camel until the middle Pleistocene. During Pleistocene warm periods, a smaller morph of Camelops inhabited Alaska and northern Yukon. These specimens date to around 50–45 thousand years ago, and seem to have been extirpated from the area after this time, similar to the contemporaneous mastodon, the ground sloth Megalonyx, and the giant beaver Castoroides.

The ground cuscus is endemic to New Guinea and Aru Islands and inhabits both forests and scrubland. It is most common at elevations between 500 and 1500 m but has been recorded as low as 200 m and as high as 2600 m. Swampy areas, deltas and floodplains are usually avoided. The ground cuscus is classified as "Least Concern" on the IUCN Red List, although it has been extirpated from parts of its original range by excessive hunting.

There are two native reptiles, the Lord Howe Island gecko and the Lord Howe Island skink, both of which occur only on Phillip Island. The two native mammals, Gould’s wattled bat (Chalinolobus gouldii) and the Eastern free-tail bat (Mormopterus norfolkensis), are both thought to have been extirpated. The reason that many of the native animals are endangered or extinct is largely because of feral animals, such as the black rat (Rattus rattus) and the feral fowl (Gallus gallus).

It has consistently been evaluated as endangered since it was first assessed in 1994, with the exception of 1996-2008 when it was evaluated as critically endangered. The only record of its occurrence on New Georgia Island is a single skull discovered in 1975. Despite extensive surveys, no Guadalcanal monkey-faced bats have been encountered on New Georgia Island since then, and it is feared extirpated from the island. It was last observed on Guadalcanal Island in September 2015.

European oyster once formed large beds in the region and was still present until a few decades ago, when extirpated due to a combination of disease and the continued spread of the invasive Pacific oyster, which now forms large beds in the Wadden Sea. Especially the southwestern part of the Wadden Sea has been greatly reduced. Historically, the Rhine was by far the most important river flowing into this section, but it has been greatly reduced due to dams.

19 former and 42 then serving officers were investigated for alleged corruption. It has been claimed that the Metropolitan Police suffered “endemic corruption” and given the small number of convictions, doubt has been expressed over whether this police force has extirpated the problem. According to The Independent, the gangs used their contacts inside Freemasonry to “recruit corrupted officers”. The report concluded that this was one of “the most difficult aspects of organised crime corruption to proof against”.

Over five hundred prizes were won by his cattle throughout the UK and at major exhibitions in France. When rinderpest struck northeast cattle herds in 1865, McCombie organised Aberdeenshire farmers to raise a compensation fund that made possible the rigorous slaughter policy that extirpated the disease, thus providing the model for modern disease control measures among farm stock.Carter, Ian (1979), Farm Life in Northeast Scotland 1840 - 1914: The Poor Man's Country, John Donald Publishers Ltd., p.

In 2010, giraffes were assessed as Least Concern from a conservation perspective by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), but the 2016 assessment categorized giraffes as Vulnerable. Giraffes have been extirpated from much of their historic range including Eritrea, Guinea, Mauritania and Senegal. They may also have disappeared from Angola, Mali, and Nigeria, but have been introduced to Rwanda and Swaziland. The Masai and reticulated subspecies are endangered, and the Rothschild subspecies is near threatened.

Typical glade inhabitants, like the state-listed eastern collared lizard, Missouri's largest, reaching lengths of , were one found sporadically throughout the park until late 2007. In the 1950s, an unconfirmed capture of a Texas horned lizard near the park was reported. Horned lizards are no longer found in southwest Missouri and are thought to be extirpated. Greater roadrunners can occasionally be seen, along with the giant red-headed centipede, Scolopendra polymorpha, which reaches lengths of 8 inches.

Desmodium humifusum is a species of flowering plant in the legume family known by the common names trailing tick-trefoil, eastern trailing tick-trefoil, and spreading tick-trefoil. It is native to the eastern United States, where it has been reduced to scattered populations in the states of Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Indiana. It once had a wider distribution but it has likely been extirpated from Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, Rhode Island, Virginia, West Virginia, and Missouri.Desmodium humifusum.

Dryococelus australis, commonly known as the Lord Howe Island stick insect or tree lobster, is a species of stick insect that lives on the Lord Howe Island Group. It was thought to be extinct by 1920, only to be rediscovered in 2001. It is extirpated in its largest former habitat, Lord Howe Island, and has been called "the rarest insect in the world", as the rediscovered population consisted of 24 individuals living on the small islet of Ball's Pyramid.

Two other species known to live in the watershed are included in the IUCN Red List: the endangered Siskiyou Mountains salamander, and the vulnerable western pond turtle. Bighorn sheep, gray wolves, grizzly bears, and pronghorns once inhabited the region, but are now considered extirpated. The most common fish inhabiting the river include Chinook salmon, threatened coho salmon, and rainbow trout. Fish populations are declining, however, due to low water quality and barriers such as dams and culverts.

Though cougars are present in Grand Teton, they are rarely seen. Sixty-one species of mammals have been recorded in Grand Teton National Park. This includes the gray wolf, which had been extirpated from the region by the early 1900s but migrated into the Grand Teton National Park from adjacent Yellowstone National Park after the species had been reintroduced there. The re-establishment of the wolves has ensured that every indigenous mammal species now exists in the park.

The Italian wolf was first sighted in southwestern France in 1992. In the two decades following its initial recolonisation, the wolf has expanded its range at the west of the Rhône, in the Massif Central, the eastern Pyrenees, and the Jura and Vosges Mountains. At least 13 transient Italian wolves (12 males and a female) were counted in Catalonia between 2000 and 2011, a century after the local Iberian wolf (C. l. signatus) was extirpated from the area.

The southern Rocky Mountain wolf (Canis lupus youngi) is an extinct subspecies of gray wolf which was once distributed over southeastern Idaho, southwestern Wyoming, northeastern Nevada, Utah, western and central Colorado, northwestern Arizona (but north of the Grand Canyon), and northwestern New Mexico. It was a light-colored, medium-sized subspecies closely resembling the Great Plains wolf (C. l. nubilus), though larger, with more blackish-buff hairs on the back. This wolf was extirpated by 1940.

The reticulated flatwoods salamander (Ambystoma bishopi ) is a species of mole salamander, an amphibian in the family Ambystomatidae. The species is native to a small portion of the southeastern coastal plain of the United States in the western panhandle of Florida and extreme southwestern Georgia. The species once occurred in portions of southern Alabama but is now considered extirpated there. Its ecology and life history are nearly identical to its sister species, the frosted flatwoods salamander (A. cingulatum).

Current research states that Bombus pensylvanicus is uncommon and most likely declining. As stated in previous sections, the northern range of B. pensylvanicus has significantly decreased. Once the most abundant species throughout the southern United States, B. pensylvanicus is now a rare species that has been extirpated in certain areas and has suffered declines in others. Conservation efforts are encouraged in order to maintain the species including agriculture with wildlife-friendly techniques including hedgerows and pest management.

The ecoregion is home several medium-sized and small mammals, including Indian muntjac (Muntiacus muntjak), Eld's deer (Cervus eldi), sambar deer (Cervus unicolor), Indian hog deer (Hyelaphus porcinus), Indian jackal (Canis aureus indicus), rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta), western hoolock gibbon (Hoolock hoolock), and jungle cat (Felis chaus). Larger mammals, including Indian elephant and tiger, have been extirpated from the ecoregion.Wikramanayake, Eric; Eric Dinerstein; Colby J. Loucks; et al. (2002). Terrestrial Ecoregions of the Indo-Pacific: a Conservation Assessment.

Military exercises have also occurred nearby, with sections of the forest being trampled. The plant was known to occur near San Juan long ago, but these occurrences have long since been extirpated by urban development. It now occurs only in one area along the northwestern coast, with one tiny population located near Cayey and a second, smaller one near Bayamón. The plant was discovered in 1899 and named for Cornelius Vanderbilt, who financed plant-collecting expeditions.

El Jefe is significant as he represented, for four years, the only verified jaguar currently living in the United States, where they once were distributed throughout the southwest. Before being found it was believed that the species had been completely extirpated in the United States. Historically, the jaguar was recorded in far western Texas, and the northern parts of Arizona and New Mexico. However, since the 1940s, the jaguar has been limited to the southern parts of these states.

Species reintroduction is the deliberate release of a species into the wild, from captivity or other areas where the organism is capable of survival. The goal of species reintroduction is to establish a healthy, genetically diverse, self-sustaining population to an area where it has been extirpated, or to augment an existing population. Species that may be eligible for reintroduction are typically threatened or endangered in the wild. However, reintroduction of a species can also be for pest control.

Originally named "Ile Rouge" due to its red coloured soil. In 1768 the French claimed possession of the island, naming it after the schooner "La Curieuse", a ship that was under the command of explorer Marc-Joseph Marion du Fresne. Like a number of islands in the Seychelles, there was a native giant tortoise population that was quickly extirpated. In 1771 sailors set fire to the island, intending to make harvesting of the coco de mer nuts easier.

Nine of the eleven species of native forest-dwelling birds have been extirpated from Guam. Five of these were endemic at the species or subspecies level and are now extinct on Guam. Two of these species, the Guam rail and the Guam kingfisher, are being captively bred in zoos in the hope that they can eventually be released back into the wild. Several other native species exist in precariously small numbers, and their future on Guam is perilous.

By middle Miocene, 16–11.6 , a tundra landscape completely replaced any remaining woodlands. At this time, woodlands became completely extirpated from the Antarctic Peninsula and all of Antarctica. A tundra landscape probably persisted until about 12.8 when the transition from a temperate, alpine glaciation to a dynamic ice sheet occurred. Eventually, the Antarctic Peninsula was overridden by an ice sheet, which has persisted without any interruption to this day, in the early Pliocene, about 5.3–3.6 .

Anolis pogus, the bearded anole or Anguilla Bank bush anole, is a species of anole lizard that is extant to the Caribbean island of Saint Martin, located in the Lesser Antilles. Its range used to include Anguilla and possibly Saint Barthélemy, but it is now extirpated from both islands. Males reach a maximum length of 58 mm snout-to-vent. Males have a uniform light brown to orange- brown dorsal surface, with an off-white to yellowish ventral surface.

Bison are a Keystone species for Texas blackland prairies and the herd is used to assist with natural land management that mimics how free-roaming bison affected the land before they were extirpated. The bison at FWNC&R; are genetically pure, an incredibly important feat for bison conservation. Most current bison herds are genetically polluted or partly crossbred with cattle, either purposefully or accidentally. The FWNC&R; partners with university researchers to conduct studies using the bison herd.

They are also social, although adult males and females segregate for most of the year, coming together only to mate. Four distinct groups exist; adult male groups, female-offspring groups, groups of young individuals, and mixed-sex groups. During the breeding season, males fight for access to females and use their long horns in agonistic behaviours. After being extirpated from most areas by the 19th century, the Alpine ibex was successfully reintroduced to parts of its historical range.

The hottest month is May recording temperatures up to , while the coldest month is December to February when it reaches freezing temperature. The region received around of rainfall and the soil is conducive for agriculture. There are a number of flora and fauna species in the high plateau regions in the West. Notably this was historic habitat for the endangered painted hunting dog (Lycaon pictus), a canid which is now thought to be extirpated from the region.

Paretroplus maromandia is an endangered species of cichlid fish from fresh and brackish water in northwestern Madagascar, where known from the Maintsomalaza, Andranomalaza and Maevarano Rivers, and Lake Andrapongy.Sparks, J. S. (2008). Phylogeny of the Cichlid Subfamily Etroplinae and Taxonomic Revision of the Malagasy Cichlid Genus Paretroplus (Teleostei: Cichlidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History Number 314 :1-151 It has already been extirpated from the lake, and is threatened by habitat loss and invasive species.

The Puerto Rican owl is a small owl possessing a brown upperside, a light-brown to white underside, white brown lines and white eyebrows. Sexual dimorphism is minor in this species with females being slightly larger than males. It is usually to in length with a wingspan of to for both sexes, and weighs about to . The species is common in the island of Puerto Rico but is extirpated at the nearby islands of Vieques and Culebra.

During Hill's apprenticeship there was no teaching hospital in Edinburgh. He later wrote "There was no infirmary in Edinburgh when I served my apprenticeship there, so that I never had an opportunity of seeing a cancerous breast extirpated or any other capital operation performed till I performed them myself." The first teaching hospital (the "Little House") opened opposite the head of Robertson's Close on 6 July 1729. Hill joined the Royal Navy as a surgeon in 1730.

The Arabian desert ecoregion holds little biodiversity, although a few endemic plants grow here. Many species, such as the striped hyena, jackal and honey badger have become extirpated due to hunting, human encroachment and habitat destruction. Other species have been successfully re-introduced, such as the Arabian sand gazelle, and are protected at a number of reserves. Overgrazing by livestock, off-road driving, and human destruction of habitat are the main threats to this desert ecoregion.

The white- tailed eagle formerly bred over much wider area, extending west to much of western Europe and perhaps south almost continuously in that region to the Mediterranean. From the 19th century, the species underwent a huge, well- documented decline. Ultimately the white-tailed eagle was almost extinct in Europe, extirpated from all but Scandinavia (mainly remaining in Norway) and some sparse patches of eastern Europe. They were extinct in the entire British Isles by the early 1900s.

St Bernard continues: Having extirpated barbarism and re- established Christian morals, and seeing all things tranquil, St Malachy began to think of his own peace. He therefore resigned the Sees of Armagh and Connor, in 1136 or 1137, but retained as Bishop of Down. He founded a priory of Austin Canons at Downpatrick, and was unceasing in his episcopal labours. Early in 1139 he journeyed to Rome, via Scotland, England, and France, visiting St Bernard at Clairvaux, Champagne.

Myrtle's silverspot is found in sand dune and coastal prairie habitat. Populations were formerly found in dunes and bluffs from San Mateo County north to the mouth of the Russian River in Sonoma County. The populations south of the Golden Gate apparently have been extirpated by urban development. Four populations are known to inhabit coastal terrace prairie, coastal bluff scrub, and associated non-native grassland habitats in western Marin and southwestern Sonoma counties, including Point Reyes.

This mussel had a historical distribution in 56 rivers in 13 states throughout the Mississippi River drainage: Alabama, Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Minnesota, Missouri, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Tennessee, and Wisconsin. While it had a widespread distribution, it was considered rare throughout its range. Today it is considered extirpated from nine of these states, with scattered occurrences remaining in Missouri, South Dakota, Arkansas, and Oklahoma. It has been seen in 18 rivers in the last 25 years.

Acanthomintha ilicifolia, known by the common name San Diego thornmint, is a rare species of flowering plant in the mint family. It is native to Baja California and San Diego County, California, where it is a resident of the chaparral and coastal sage scrub plant communities and vernal pools. Acanthomintha ilicifolia has been extirpated from many of the sites where it was previously noted in San Diego County. It is a federally listed threatened species in the United States.

The black-faced ibis is mainly found in southern South America, ranging throughout most of southern and central Argentina and Chile, where it occurs from sea-level to an altitude of approximately . It also occurs very locally in coastal Peru. While it remains fairly common in Argentina and Chile, this species has now been almost entirely extirpated from the Peruvian part of its range. Overall the species is not threatened, and consequently assigned Least Concern by the IUCN.

The rufous-winged sparrow in Pima County: This species was discovered by Charles Emil Bendire in 1872, near old Fort Lowell, Tucson, where it was common. In 1881, the sparrow was found "sparingly about Tucson and Camp Lowell. It inhabited the mesquite thickets, keeping closely hidden in the bunches of 'sacaton' grass, from which, when flushed, it flew into the branches above." By the late 1880s, the species was probably extirpated from Arizona, perhaps as a result of overgrazing.

War was renewed in 1729, when the Chukchi defeated an expedition from Okhotsk and killed its commander. Command passed to Major Dmitry Pavlutsky, who adopted very destructive tactics, burning, killing, driving off reindeer, and capturing women and children. In 1742, the government at Saint Petersburg ordered another war in which the Chukchi and Koryak were to be "totally extirpated". The war (1744–7) was conducted with similar brutality and ended when Pavlutsky was killed in March 1747.

Because of their prominence, and because they were imported to the United States much later than other carp native to Asia, the term "Asian carp" is often used with the intended meaning of only grass, black, silver, and bighead carp. In the U.S., Asian carp are considered to be invasive species. Of the Asian carp introduced to the United States, only two (crucian and black carp) are not known to be firmly established. Crucian carp is probably extirpated.

The peregrine falcon became an endangered species over much of its range because of the use of organochlorine pesticides, especially DDT, during the 1950s, '60s, and '70s. Pesticide biomagnification caused organochlorine to build up in the falcons' fat tissues, reducing the amount of calcium in their eggshells. With thinner shells, fewer falcon eggs survived until hatching. In several parts of the world, such as the eastern United States and Belgium, this species became extirpated (locally extinct) as a result.

Anthropogenic factors, especially siltation and excess nutrients, are likely to blame for the loss of this fish from the river. The Wabash River flows through the Corn Belt, a major agricultural area of the United States. This puts the river at great risk for increased nutrients from fertilizers and siltation from frequent disturbance of the soil. This reduction in water quality has likely been what extirpated the saddleback darter from the watershed, along with several other fish species.

In 2011, 11 live adult coho and 1 coho carcass was observed, along with three redds, a modest increase over the 2007-2008 spawning season. Statewide the coho population is 1% of its levels in the 1940s and the fish have vanished from 90% of the streams they formerly visited. The Watershed Alliance of Marin reported that no salmon returned to spawn in 2014, prompting concerns that the fish may now be extirpated from the creek.

Delissea subcordata is a rare species of flowering plant in the bellflower family known by the common names Koʻolau Range delissea and oha. It is endemic to Hawaii, where it is known only from the island of Oahu. It is now only found in the Waianae Mountains, and it is believed to be extirpated from the Koʻolau Range, where it once occurred. As of 2008 there were 40 individuals remaining, 28 of which were mature plants.USFWS.

Andersonglossum boreale, known as northern wild comfrey or just wild comfrey, is a species of flowering plant in the borage family, Boraginaceae. It is native to boreal coniferous and mixed forests in North America, from Nova Scotia to British Columbia and Yukon in Canada, south to New Jersey and Indiana in the United States. It is often found in rocky or sandy soils. It is extirpated (locally extinct) from many of the southern parts of its range.

Although they are potentially dangerous to humans and known to respond vigorously to any provocation, under normal circumstances, sicklefin lemon sharks are cautious and tend to retreat if approached. The IUCN has assessed this species as Vulnerable; its low reproductive productivity and rate of movement limits the capacity of depleted stocks to recover. Off India and Southeast Asia, this species has been severely depleted or extirpated by unregulated exploitation for its meat, fins, and liver oil.

It is endemic to Sacramento County, California, where it grows only in vernal pools, a rare and declining type of habitat. As of 1997, two of the nine known populations had been extirpated as habitat has been consumed for urban development, and it was federally listed as an endangered species.USFWS. Determination of endangered status for three plants and threatened status for five plants from vernal pools in the Central Valley of California. Federal Register March 26, 1997.

This beetle is native to the western Palearctic realm, where it occurs throughout much of Eurasia, its distribution extending from Scandinavia to the Mediterranean, North Africa, and Russia, and as far east as India and China. Its distribution is not continuous because it has been extirpated from some areas; it is considered to be extinct in Norway and Luxembourg, for example. It is rare in some regions, being found only in specific and relictual habitat types.

P. pygmaea was initially reported as being endemic to Malabon, Metro Manila in the Philippines, where found at shady river banks. The species has now been extirpated from this area as it was reclaimed, leading to its status as critically endangered by the IUCN. More recently, it has been discovered at a range of other locations in Southeast Asia, including Culion Island, Bali, Sulawesi and Singapore. As part of the aquarium trade, it was imported into Germany in 1958.

The construction of large dams on the Zambezi – Kariba Dam, completed in 1959, and Cahora Bassa Dam, completed in 1974 – altered the ecology of the Zambezi, reducing the annual wet-season flooding of the lower Zambezi and the overall volume of both water and sediment coming into the flooded savannas. Other threats include poaching and over-hunting. Wildlife was decimated during the Mozambican Civil War, and the African bush elephant (Loxodonta africana) and black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) were extirpated.

Other populations are only locally extinct (extirpated), still existence elsewhere, but reduced in distribution, as with the extinction of gray whales in the Atlantic, and of the leatherback sea turtle in Malaysia. Most recently, insect populations have experienced rapid surprising declines. Insects have declined at an annual rate of 2.5% over the last 25–30 years. The most severe effects may include Puerto Rico, where insect ground fall has declined by 98% in the previous 35 years.

The beaver was trapped out and almost extirpated in North America because its fur and castoreum were highly sought after. The beaver furs were used to make clothing and beaver hats. In the United States, extensive trapping began in the early 17th century, with more than 10,000 beaver per year taken for the fur trade in Connecticut and Massachusetts between 1620 and 1630. From 1630 to 1640, around 80,000 beavers were taken annually from the Hudson River and western New York.

The Qianlong Emperor issued direct orders for his commanders to "massacre" the Dzungars and "show no mercy", rewards were given to those who carried out the extermination and orders were given for young men to be slaughtered while women were taken as spoils. The Qing extirpated Dzungar identity from the remaining enslaved Dzungar women and children.Crowe 2014, p. 31. Orders were given to "completely exterminate" the Dzungar tribes, and this successful genocide by the Qing left Dzungaria mostly unpopulated and vacant.

Leporinus fasciatus, commonly known as the banded leporinus or the black- banded leporinus, is a species of characin in the family Anostomidae. L. fasciatus is native to the Amazon Basin in South America, but has been introduced into the US states of Florida and Hawaii. It has not been observed from Hawaii as of 2005; the species is thought to have been extirpated in the region. Leporinus fasciatus has been recorded to reach in length, although individuals reach maturity around .

The deer population was nearly extirpated during the era of western settlement, although it has since recovered. The foothill and transition zones support a wide variety of vegetation types. Small hardwoods such as gambel oak, serviceberry, mountain mahogany, maple and scrub oak tend to occur at elevations of just below the boundary of the alpine zone, but still high enough to receive significant precipitation. In the lower foothills, pinyon–juniper "pygmy forest" mixed with areas of grassland and sagebrush occur between in elevation.

Crystallaria is a genus of freshwater ray-finned fish which is classified in the subfamily Etheostomatinae, commonly known as the darters, part of the family Percidae which also includes the perches, ruffes and pikeperches. They are found in the Mississippi River basin from Ohio to Minnesota and in southern Mississippi, northern Louisiana, and southeastern Oklahoma, and on the Gulf Slope of Escambia, Mobile Bay, and the Pearl River drainages. They have now been extirpated from Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana, and Illinois.

This species is associated with other plants such as Zizania aquatica, Ludwigia palustris, Isoetes riparia, Schoenoplectus pungens, Bidens eatonii, Bidens hyperborea, Polygonum punctatum, Lindernia dubia var. inundata, Elatine minima, Elatine americana, Sagittaria subulata, Sagittaria latifolia, Sagittaria calycina, Acorus calamus, Limosella australis, Micranthemum micranthemoides, Pontederia cordata, Orontium aquaticum, and, in more brackish waters, Spartina alterniflora. There are about 130 occurrences of this plant today, many of which are in Quebec and Maine. There are many known occurrences that are now believed extirpated.

However, the tigers and other large carnivores in Korea were hunted into extinction by the Japanese during the Japanese occupation. Most Korean mammal species are found only in a small part of Korea. The large southeastern island of Jeju, and the rugged northeastern Paektu Mountain region, are particularly known for their distinctive mammal species. Several species, including the Dsinezumi shrew, are found only on Jeju, while many other species, such as the wild boar, are absent or extirpated from there.

American paddlefish populations have declined dramatically primarily because of overfishing, habitat destruction, and pollution. Poaching has also been a contributing factor to their decline and will continue to be as long as the demand for caviar remains strong. Naturally occurring American paddlefish populations have been extirpated from most of their peripheral range, as well as from New York, Maryland, Virginia, and Pennsylvania. The current range of American paddlefish has been reduced to the Mississippi and Missouri River tributaries and Mobile Bay drainage basin.

The green hairstreak also appear to have been extirpated from the site. The heathland moths have also declined with some species not being recorded in recent years. An increase in the density of the grass growing and of tree cover threatening to dry Cleddon Bog out and between 2009 and 2012 management was carried out by the Environment Agency and the Countryside Council for Wales restore the bog and to create new wet habitats for the bog's flora and fauna.

Northome was founded in 1903 and enjoyed a boom time early in the 20th century as a logging town. By the 1930s the big white and red pines were gone and pine trees were essentially locally extirpated due to the unsustainable logging practices of the time, and farming gained importance. Many farmers relocated here from the Dust Bowl conditions in the Dakotas at that time. The Burlington Northern Railroad had a depot in Northome until the 1980s, although passenger service discontinued in 1960.

The plant grows in Florida scrub, sandhills, hammocks, flatwoods, and transition zones between these habitats. Many of these ecosystems are endangered and degraded, with remaining fragments under pressure from destructive forces. It is a plant of the well-drained yellow and white sands that remain from the ancient dunes that once covered this section of Central Florida. Many populations are known to have been extirpated because they occurred on valuable private land and were destroyed when the properties were developed.

It is widespread across much of Mexico from Sonora to Oaxaca, and its range extends just into Arizona in the United States, although some sources suggest that it may now be extirpated in Arizona.SEINet, Southwestern Biodiversity, Arizona chapterBiota of North America Program 2014 county distribution map This plant is a shrub or tree growing up to 10 meters (33 feet) tall. The trunk is swollen, with peeling red-tinged bark. The leaves are pinnate, each made up of 5 to 11 leaflets.

This is one of many European earthworms that are now familiar worldwide as introduced and sometimes invasive species. For example, the Upper Midwest region of the United States has no native earthworms today, the last native taxa having been extirpated during the Ice Age. With European settlers came European earthworm species such as D. rubidus, which now make up the local earthworm fauna. A similar pattern occurred on parts of the Russian Plain, which has a few native earthworms and many introduced species.

The middle spotted woodpecker occurs only in Europe in the Palearctic, from northern Spain and France east to Poland and Ukraine, and south to central Italy (where local), the Balkan Peninsula, Lithuania, Latvia, Turkey, the Caucasus, and Iran. This species used to breed in Sweden but became extirpated in the '80s. However, middle spotted woodpeckers have been seen in Sweden in appropriate breeding habitats after the extirpation. Due to its sedentary nature it has never been recorded in Great Britain.

Coquerel's sifaka (Propithecus coquereli) was previously found at this site but has since been extirpated. Mammals found on the reserve include Madame Berthe's mouse lemur (Microcebus berthae), which is evaluated as an endangered species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and is the smallest species of mouse lemur; an endangered species, Pale fork-marked lemur (Phaner pallescens); red-tailed sportive lemur (Lepilemur ruficaudatus) also vulnerable; and the Fossa (Cryptoprocta ferox), a cat-like, carnivore and also a vulnerable species.

Wildlife in Asia: Cultural Perspectives, Psychology Press, pp. 219–221, Wolves in Japan were extirpated during the Meiji restoration period, in a campaign known as ōkami no kujo. The wolf was deemed a threat to ranching, which the Meiji government promoted at the time, and targeted via a bounty system and a direct chemical poisoning campaign inspired by the similar contemporary American campaign. The last Japanese wolf was a male killed on January 23, 1905 near Washikaguchi (now called Higashi Yoshiro).

The now-extirpated Japanese wolves were descended from large Siberian wolves, which colonized the Korean Peninsula and Japan, before it separated from mainland Asia, 20,000 years ago during the Pleistocene. During the Holocene, the Tsugaru Strait widened and isolated Honshu from Hokkaido, thus causing climatic changes leading to the extinction of most large-bodied ungulates inhabiting the archipelago. Japanese wolves likely underwent a process of island dwarfism 7,000–13,000 years ago in response to these climatological and ecological pressures. C. l.

This list contains 1120 species found in the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Of these 1120 species, 152 are tagged as accidental, 101 as casual, and 54 as introduced. Thirty-three are known to be extinct and one, the thick-billed parrot, has been extirpated though a population remains in Mexico. Thirty-three living species are endemic to Hawaii; an additional 28 former Hawaiian endemics are known to be extinct and a few others are thought to be.

Clarkia imbricata is a rare species of flowering plant in the evening primrose family known by the common name Vine Hill clarkia. It is endemic to Sonoma County, California, where it is known from only one remaining natural occurrence near Vine Hill. A second natural population located on private land was extirpated when the owners plowed up the soil crust.Center for Plant Conservation The California Native Plant Society has established a third population from cuttings and is tending it in a reserve.

For example, the area was earlier a habitat for the African wild dog, Lycaon pictus, although this canid is likely extirpated at present in the local area, due to an expanding human population. Also deer, horses, lions, cheetah, tigers, and many others currently almost non-existed due to increasing population residence were once up on a time inhabited the town and its surrounding serial of rocky mountains called in the local language "Weeranayaasha" meaning "The surrounded ones" due to their shape.

Calyptranthes thomasiana (Thomas' lidflower) is a rare species of plant in the family Myrtaceae. It is found on three islands in the Caribbean. There are fewer than 250 individuals total divided amongst the islands of Vieques in Puerto Rico, St. John in the United States Virgin Islands, and Virgin Gorda in the British Virgin Islands. It has been extirpated from the wild on Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands, where it was first described in 1855, and now only grows there in cultivation.

Status of the Eastern Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) in the European part of Turkey. Acta zoologica Bulgarica Supplementum, 3, 87-93. In the Irkutsk Oblast near Lake Baikal, the mean distance of the central area of nests (each pair had more than one nest on territory) was . The breeding season lasts from late March to September throughout the range but in their former range in Pakistan (where it is now extirpated as a breeder) was said to extend from November to April.

A stocky bird, this forest crow is found on the island of Hispaniola (Haiti and Dominican Republic). It was formerly native to Puerto Rico, but is extirpated there due to considerable forest clearance and hunting. It inhabits both lowland and mountain forest, and unlike the related Cuban crow, does not appear to tolerate areas that have been cleared for farming. It often flies high over the forest canopy and soars on thermals, unlike the palm crow, which rarely, if ever, soars.

Historian Adele Ogden described sea otters are particularly abundant in "Lower California", now the Baja California Peninsula, where "seven bays...were main centers". The southernmost limit was Punta Morro Hermoso about south of Punta Eugenia, in turn a headland at the southwestern end of Sebastián Vizcaíno Bay, on the west coast of the Baja Peninsula. Otter were also taken from San Benito Island, Cedros Island, and Isla Natividad in the Bay. By the early 1900s, Baja's sea otters were extirpated by hunting.

Fenton: 2010 The three species in Canada affected by the syndrome have been recommended for endangered species status. These are the little brown bat, northern long-eared myotis, and the tricoloured bat.Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada: 2012Environment Canada: Tri-colored Bat By 2014, about 99% of brown-nosed bats in New Brunswick had died as a result of the disease, and it is considered functionally extirpated in some parts of eastern Canada.Moore Bats may also transmit rabies to humans.

Osteobrama belangeri (Pengba/Belengee) is a species of ray-finned fish in the genus Osteobrama it was found in the Indian state of Manipur, but has been extirpated there and is found only in aquaculture, and in Myanmar. It is used as a food fish, from fish farms in Manipur and wild caught in Myanmar. The extirpation of this species from Manipur was caused by dam building, habitat degradation and the introduction of alien species which caused the populations to fragment.

The collared peccary is a widespread creature found throughout much of the tropical and subtropical Americas, ranging from the Southwestern United States to northern Argentina in South America. They have been reintroduced to Uruguay in 2017, after 100 years of extinction. The only Caribbean island where it is native, however, is Trinidad. It was once and until fairly recently also extant on the nearby island of Tobago, but is now exceedingly rare (if not locally extirpated) due to overhunting by humans.

Christopher Columbus was the first European to sight the islands in 1493. The Spanish did not colonise Antigua until after a combination of European and African diseases, malnutrition, and slavery eventually extirpated most of the native population; smallpox was probably the greatest killer. The English settled on Antigua in 1632; Christopher Codrington settled on Barbuda in 1685. Tobacco and then sugar was grown, worked by a large population of slaves from West Africa who soon came to vastly outnumber the European settlers.

The red-billed curassow or red-knobbed curassow (Crax blumenbachii) is an endangered species of cracid that is endemic to lowland Atlantic Forest in the states of Espírito Santo, Bahia and Minas Gerais in southeastern Brazil. Its population is decreasing\- Plano de Ação para a Conservação do Mutum-do- sudeste Crax blumenbachii. (Management Plan for the Conservation of the Southeastern Curassow Crax blumenbachii) IBAMA. Accessed 2008-10-02 due to hunting and deforestation, and it has possibly been extirpated from Minas Gerais.

Adult photographed in West Sikkim, India The species has been recorded from northern Pakistan (Hazara and Murree Hills) but the population here may have been extirpated and then in the Himalayan regions of India from western Uttar Pradesh and Himachal Pradesh extending into Nepal, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh and Bhutan (where it is relatively common). It is also found in southeastern Tibet and northern Myanmar. It is found in coniferous and dry- deciduous forest with rocky boulders and cliffs. May make altitudinal movements seasonally.

59:237-248 A California grassland study found that regardless of the treatment, exotic annual and native perennials were able to coexist; neither extirpated the other: exotic annuals persisted in plots to which native perennials had been added and vice versa.Seabloom, E.W., W.S. Harpole, O.J. Reichman and D. Tilman. 2003. Invasion, competitive dominance, and resource use by exotic and native California grassland species. PNAS 100(23)13384-13389 It is possible that native plant seeding subsidies are not actually needed.

The yellow-crowned parakeet (Cyanoramphus auriceps) is a species of parakeet endemic to the islands of New Zealand. The species is found across the main three islands of New Zealand, North Island, South Island and Stewart Island/Rakiura, as well as on the subantarctic Auckland Islands. It has declined due to predation from introduced species such as stoats, although unlike the red-crowned parakeet, it has not been extirpated from the mainland of New Zealand. Its Māori name is kākāriki.

Two displaying males with a female in the background Owing to intense hunting pressure, the population declined rapidly. Perhaps as early as the 1840s, at any rate by 1870, all heath hens were extirpated on the mainland. There were about 300 left on the island of Martha's Vineyard, off Massachusetts, but by 1890 this number had declined to 120–200 birds, mainly due to predation by feral cats and poaching. By the late 19th century, there were about 70 left.

Zoo Biology: Published in affiliation with the American Zoo and Aquarium Association, 25(1), 11-24. Patuxent Wildlife Research Center scientists believe that this is due to an overpopulation of bobcats caused by the absence or decrease in larger predators (the endangered Florida panther and the extirpated red wolf) that formerly preyed on bobcats. At least 12 bobcats have been trapped and relocated in an attempt to save the cranes. American alligators have taken a few whooping cranes in Florida.

The park is home to the largest herd of red deer in Ireland and the formerly extirpated golden eagle were reintroduced into the park in 2000. There is no park ranger in Glenveagh National Park. All decisions are made by administration that is an extension of the department of environment of the Irish Government. In winter 2018 and spring 2019, many native and non- native trees and plants were cleared from the park, and the water and pipe system was updated.

The plant is endemic to California, where it is known from the Inner Northern California Coast Ranges and Southern Sierra Nevada foothills. ;Southern Sierra Three recent occurrences in the southern Sierra, all of which may have been extirpated by now.The Nature Conservancy The plant was thought extinct in the southern Sierra until it was rediscovered at one site in Tulare County in 1992. This site, which was located on private land, has since been converted for orange groves, possibly eliminating the plant.USFWS.

In his lifetime van Gulik was recognized as a European expert on Imperial Chinese jurisprudence. Van Gulik was quite interested in Chinese painting. For example, in his book The Gibbon in China (1967), he devotes quite a few pages to the gibbon-themed paintings in China and Japan, from the Northern Song Dynasty on. Analyzing the portrayal of these apes throughout history, he notes how the realism of the pictures deteriorated as the gibbon population in most of China was extirpated.

This subspecies is native to East Africa. It occurs in South Sudan, to the west of the Nile, Uganda and the north-eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. Its range used to extend into northwestern Tanzania, where it grazed the grasslands margining Lake Victoria, and into southwestern Kenya, but it has been extirpated from these countries. It is typically found in open or wooded savanna, within a reasonable distance of water, and it also occurs in grasslands near rivers and lakes.

Most of the pigeons are found below 1000 m (3300 ft), and their prime environment appears to be steep ravine-indented slopes along artificial watercourses, with the occasional large dead laurel tree and much tree heath. This species is highly mobile between different areas at different times of year. It was very abundant when the islands were first colonised by humans, but was extirpated. The losses on the islands were largely due to deforestation for wood and to create agricultural and grazing land.

It has been found on the islands of Tillangchong, Bompuka, Teressa, Camorta, Trinket, Nancowry, Katchal, Meroe, Trak, Treis, Menchal, Little Nicobar, Kondul, Great Nicobar and Megapode Island. The species may have occurred on Car Nicobar in the early 1900s. A survey after the 2004 tsunami, however, indicated that the species had been extirpated on the islands of Trax and Megapode. The eggs as well as adults are sought after by natives for food and birds may have been transported across islands.

The Malagasy coucal has a wide range and is quite common in Madagascar and the island of Aldabra. It is believed to be extirpated on Assumption Island in the Seychelles, where it has not been recorded since 1906. In the other parts of its range the population seems stable and, although the exact number of these birds is not known, it is likely that there are more than 10,000 mature individuals; the IUCN thus lists the bird as being of "least concern".

The marbled darter (Etheostoma marmorpinnum) is a species of freshwater ray- finned fish, a darter from the subfamily Etheostomatinae, part of the family Percidae, which also contains the perches, ruffes and pikeperches. It is endemic to the eastern United States. It occurs in Tennessee in the Little River drainage and formerly occurred in the Holston River where it is now extirpated, not having been collected there since the completion of the South Fork Holston Dam. This species can reach a length of SL.

In the study, the Zoological Society of London and the Kunming Institute of Zoology in China studied sites in 16 provinces over four years. The researchers had been unable to confirm survival of wild salamanders at any of the 97 sites they surveyed. The study also brought up worries that commercial farms and conservation programs were crossbreeding what they described as five distinct species of Chinese giant salamanders. All the wild populations studied were found "critically depleted or extirpated" by the study.

Efforts toward active conservation efforts in the remaining Houston toad occupied counties and even efforts within counties from which the toad has been extirpated are needed. In spring 2008, the Lost Pines Habitat Conservation Plan was approved by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. The plan describes a management and recovery plan for the Houston toad in designated habitat in Bastrop County. In September, 2011, the Bastrop County Complex fire devastated a large part of the Houston toad's habitat.

It is now known from only two sites in Ontario. It is threatened in the United States, extirpated from Pennsylvania, endangered in South Dakota and Wisconsin, Kentucky, and Michigan, and rare in Missouri and North Dakota. In Illinois, it was listed as endangered in 1980, downgraded to threatened in 1998, and delisted in 2014, when the Illinois Endangered Species Protection Board considered it to be "recovered and/or more common than originally thought". It is listed in Canada as N2, or endangered.

In the United States, Linnaea borealis ssp. americana is of conservation concern in several states along or near the southern edge of the species' range, including Arizona, Iowa, Massachusetts, North Dakota, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia, and was known historically but now considered extirpated or possibly so in Illinois, Indiana, New Jersey, Ohio, Rhode Island, and Tennessee. In Canada, Linnaea borealis ssp. longiflora is considered of conservation significance in the Yukon Territory, along the eastern edge of its range, where ssp.

An Italian wolf in a mountainous habitat in the Apennines in Sassoferrato, Italy Wolves occurred originally across Eurasia and North America. Deliberate human persecution because of livestock predation and fear of attacks on humans has reduced the wolf's range to about one-third of what it once was. The wolf is now extirpated (locally extinct) in much of Western Europe, the United States and Mexico, and in Japan. In modern times, the wolf occurs mostly in wilderness and remote areas.

The park can be accessed via the N19 highway via Diapaga (in the dry season also via Pama). Arli National Park has several pools, such as Tounga where there is a waterhole and there are two pools which are often visited by up to twenty hippos. The park was earlier a habitat for the West African wild dog (Lycaon pictus manguensis), although this canid is likely extirpated from the local area due to an expanding human population, and a lack of national protection.

It is endemic to the Central Valley of California, where it grows only in vernal pools, a rare and declining type of habitat. Many known occurrences of the plant have been extirpated as land in the heavily agricultural Central Valley has been altered, and it was federally listed as a threatened species in 1997.USFWS. Determination of endangered status for three plants and threatened status for five plants from vernal pools in the Central Valley of California. Federal Register March 26, 1997.

Natalus primus is considered vulnerable and only inhabits one cave in Cueva La Barca on Isla de la Juventud island and province. The population is abundant in that single cave, but this species is likely to go extinct due to its limited dispersal range, human disturbance and loss of habitat. It is estimated that there are only 100 mature individuals. This species is known to have become extirpated throughout most of Cuba suggesting a population decline that may have continued until the present.

It is endemic to the Central Valley of California, where it grows only in vernal pools, a rare and declining type of habitat. Many known occurrences of the plant have been extirpated as land in the heavily agricultural Central Valley has been altered, and it was federally listed as an endangered species in 1997.USFWS. Determination of endangered status for three plants and threatened status for five plants from vernal pools in the Central Valley of California. Federal Register March 26, 1997.

The fruit is a silique up to 6 centimeters long. This endangered plant once occurred across the San Joaquin Valley and well into the surrounding coastal and Transverse Ranges, as well as the Sierra Nevada foothills. As the Central Valley floor was converted to agriculture on a large scale, the plant was extirpated from there.CSU Stanislaus Endangered Species Profile It currently exists in three remaining areas: the Carrizo Plain, Santa Barbara Canyon in Santa Barbara County, and the Kreyenhagen Hills in Fresno County.

Polygonum tenue, the slender knotweed or pleat-leaf knotweed, is a North American species of plants in the buckwheat family. it is widespread across south-central Canada (Ontario) and the eastern and central United States from Maine to Georgia, west as far as Minnesota, South Dakota, Nebraska, and Texas (though apparently now extirpated from Maine and New Hampshire).Biota of North America Program 2014 county distribution map Polygonum tenue is a herb up to tall. Stems are green or brown, not wiry.

European- American settlement of the mountains has adversely impacted native species. Examples of some species that are known to have declined include western toads, greenback cutthroat trout, white sturgeons, white-tailed ptarmigans, trumpeter swans, and bighorn sheep. In the United States portion of the mountain range, apex predators such as grizzly bears and gray wolves had been extirpated from their original ranges, but have partially recovered due to conservation measures and reintroduction. Other recovering species include the bald eagle and the peregrine falcon.

The IUCN rates this as a common species with a conservation status of "least concern". Human activities have however impacted salmon populations across parts of its range. The major threats are from overfishing and habitat change. Salmon decline in Lake Ontario goes back to the 18th–19th centuries, due to logging and soil erosion, as well as dam and mill construction. By 1896, the species was declared extirpated from the lake.Harb, M. "Upstream Battle", Canadian Geographic Magazine, June 2008, p.

In Massachusetts, the Northeastern beach tiger beetle remains extirpated in most sites. On Martha’s Vineyard, surveys conclude a total of 3,388 adult beetles were present in 2005; this number dropped to about 374 adults in 2018. Fortunately, there has been success at the Monomoy National Wildlife Refuge in Chatham, MA where adult beetles were translocated from Martha’s Vineyard from 2000 to 2003. After this translocation, 26 adults were observed in 2004 and this grew to 2,687 adults living at the Monomoy site by 2018.

S. mutans is implicated in the pathogenesis of certain cardiovascular diseases, and is the most prevalent bacterial species detected in extirpated heart valve tissues, as well as in atheromatous plaques, with an incidence of 68.6% and 74.1%, respectively. Streptococcus sanguinis, closely related to S. mutans and also found in the oral cavity, has been shown to cause Infective Endocarditis. Streptococcus mutans has been associated with bacteraemia and infective endocarditis (IE). IE is divided into acute and subacute forms, and the bacterium is isolated in subacute cases.

Edmund Geer during the 1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet Argali are considered a near threatened species, due to domestic livestock ranching and hunting, among other things. As the world's largest sheep, the lure to gather a trophy specimen is strong among sports-hunters. They are hunted for both their meat and their horns, used in traditional Chinese medicine, and poaching continues to be a major (and difficult to manage) problem. Argali have been extirpated from northeastern China, southern Siberia, and parts of Mongolia.

The actual government consisted of a governor, a powerful council, on which half of the councillors were appointed by the Lords Proprietors themselves, and a relatively weak, popularly elected assembly. Within three generations of Columbus, the Spanish from their Florida base had started to emigrate up the coast of modern North Carolina. A hostile Virginia tribe drove them back to Georgia. A Scottish contingent had meanwhile settled in South Carolina only to be extirpated by the Spanish, who inhabited Parris Island, SC, as late as 1655.

Some populations elsewhere have formerly been referred to as this species, but are now recognized as separate, including A. franciscana of the Americas. That species has been widely introduced to places outside its native range, including the Mediterranean region, where it locally outcompetes the native A. salina. This has already happened in parts of Portugal, Spain, France, Italy and Morocco. An alternative taxonomic treatment is to recognized the extirpated English population as a species of its own, to which the name A. salina should be restricted.

The Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis; ) is a critically endangered member of the family Acipenseridae in the order Acipenseriformes. Historically, this anadromous fish was found in China, Japan, and the Korean Peninsula, but it has been extirpated from most regions due to habitat loss and overfishing. It is strictly protected by the Chinese government, named a "national treasure" much like its mammalian counterpart, the giant panda. China has several conservation programmes, including reserves specifically aimed at this species and restocking through release of juveniles in the Yangtze River.

The chucky madtom has an extremely small distribution and is only known to live in two streams in the French broad river system in eastern Tennessee. Only one specimen has been found in Dunn Creek in Sevier County. The Dunn Creek specimen was found in 1940 and no other specimens have been found in that location since leading many to believe the population in Dunn Creek has been extirpated. The majority of the specimens have come from Little Chucky Creek in Greene county Tennessee.

In Belgium. The species has an extensive distribution across Europe. It can be found inhabiting an area stretching from the lowlands of Central and Southern Europe to Siberia, in Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, and Ukraine. However, they are believed to be extirpated in Switzerland and possibly in Siberia as well; the records of frogs being in Siberia at all may have been in error.

An archaeophyte is a plant species which is non-native to a geographical region, but which was an introduced species in "ancient" times, rather than being a modern introduction. Those arriving after are called neophytes. In Britain, archaeophytes are considered to be those species first introduced prior to 1492, when Christopher Columbus arrived in the New World and the Columbian Exchange began. In some cases, introduced species, whether archaeophytes or neophytes, may have been native species before the ice ages, which extirpated vast numbers of plant species.

Tule Elk at Tomales Point The northernmost part of the peninsula is maintained as a reserve for tule elk (Cervus canadensis nannodes), an elk subspecies historically native to the region. Elk are readily seen there. Although they had been completely extirpated from Point Reyes by the nineteenth century, in 1978, ten tule elk were reintroduced to Point Reyes from the San Luis National Wildlife Refuge near Los Banos. By 2009, the population climbed to over 440 elk at Tomales Point's 2,600 acres of coastal scrub and grasslands.

32 and following (p. 49 of the pdf), published by CAB international in Biorational tree fruit pest management, 2009 In the 20th century, seven fish parasites were found in Hibbards Creek and 13 in Sturgeon Bay.Parasites of Fish from the Great Lakes: A Synopsis and Review of the Literature, 1871-2010 by Patrick M. Muzzall and Gary Whelan, February 2011, Great Lakes Fishery Commission Miscellaneous Publication 2011-01 During an experiment an estimated several thousand Mayflies hatched in Sawyer Harbor in 2016. They had previously been extirpated.

Accounts in both Arizona and New Mexico indicate birds visiting regularly, as well as over- wintering in Arizona. However, these accounts co-occurred with heavy shooting, logging, and development that extirpated the thick-billed parrot from its US range. The disruption of Native American ways of life greatly decreased the range of some bird species (e.g., the boreal owl) that utilized Native American irrigation and farm land, and it is possible that the thick-billed parrot also suffered from this effect of European colonization.

Le Petit Journal Napad wilków (Attack of the wolves) by Józef Chełmoński (1883) at the Museum of Polish Army, Warsaw, Poland Wolf attacks are injuries to humans or their property by any subspecies of wolf. Their frequency varies with geographical location and historical period. Gray wolf attacks are rare because wolves are often subsequently killed, or even extirpated in reaction by human beings. As a result, wolves today tend to live mostly far from people or have developed the tendency and ability to avoid them.

It occurs naturally in eastern parts of Canada and the United States, from Ontario to Newfoundland, south to the northern parts of Florida, and east to Iowa. It is considered extirpated from Manitoba. H. canadense was discovered in Europe as early as 1935 near Almelo in the Netherlands, with previously collected specimens in 1909 determined to be H. canadense as well. The herb was reputed to have been discovered in 1959 in France but has since been shown to be erroneous, the specimens collected being H. majus.

The gray wolf was extirpated by federal and state governments from all of the U.S. by 1960, except in Alaska and northern Minnesota. The decline in North American wolf populations was reversed from the 1930s to the early 1950s, particularly in southwestern Canada, because of expanding ungulate populations resulting from improved regulation of big game hunting. This increase triggered a resumption of wolf control in western and northern Canada. Thousands of wolves were killed from the early 1950s to the early 1960s, mostly by poisoning.

Eurybia avita, commonly called Alexander's rock aster, is a rare North American plant species, a herbaceous perennial in the composite family that was formerly considered part of the genus Aster. It is native to the southeastern United States. It is of conservation concern as it is found in less than 50 sites, typically only in sandy soils near granite flatrocks, and it is most likely already extirpated in North Carolina. Its habitat is threatened by development and the recreational use of the area where it grows.

Sclerolinon is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the flax family containing the single species Sclerolinon digynum, which is known by the common name northwestern yellowflax. It is native to the western United States where it is known from Washington and Idaho through central California; however, it may now be extirpated from Idaho.Washington State Sensitive Plants It grows in seasonally wet habitat such as mountain meadows and vernal pools. This is an annual herb producing a hairless, erect stem up to 20 centimeters tall.

Historically, the angelshark occurred in the temperate waters of the northeastern Atlantic, from southern Norway and Sweden to the Western Sahara and the Canary Islands, including around the British Isles and in the Mediterranean and Black Seas. In recent times, it has been extirpated from the North Sea and large portions of the northern Mediterranean. This benthic shark inhabits the continental shelf, preferring soft substrates such as mud or sand, and can be found from near the coast to a depth of . It sometimes enters brackish environments.

The lizard is mainly found in beach areas and upland forest. Once indigenous to the island of St. Croix, the population was extirpated, likely due to habitat loss and the introduction of the Indian mongoose to the island in the 1880s. The lizard is found on four islands: Protestant Cay, Green Cay, Ruth Cay (a man-made island, constructed by dredging in the 1960s), and Buck Island. Eleven individuals were introduced to Ruth Island in 1990, and 57 individuals were introduced to Buck Island in 2008.

The false gharial is listed on CITES Appendix I. Currently population surveys indicate that while the false gharial is not for the most extirpated from areas it used to inhabit, the distribution of individuals is much more spotty than the previously more connective distribution, putting the animals at risk of genetic isolation.Stuebing, R. B., Bezuijen, M. R., Auliya, M., & Voris, H. K. (2006). The current and historic distribution of Tomistoma schlegelii (the False Gharial)(Müller 1838)(Crocodylia, Reptilia). The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 54(1), 181-197.

Many species of birds and medium-sized mammals have been extirpated from the mainland portion of the ecoregion, principally from loss of habitat. Koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) were introduced to Kangaroo Island in the 1920s. As koala numbers increased, over-browsing caused declines in some native eucalypts, particularly the rough-barked manna gum (Eucalyptus viminalis ssp. cygnetensis). The Government's Koala Management Program captures and sterilizes koalas, plants trees of the over-browsed species, and fixes collars on some trees to prevent koalas from climbing them.

The beaver is named Jose Serrano, after the Congressman, and was sighted below the East Tremont bridge at Drew Gardens as recently as June, 2009. Beaver had not lived in New York City since the early 19th century when trappers extirpated them completely from the state. In the summer of 2010 a second beaver joined Jose, doubling the beaver population in New York City. Beaver were once important to the city's economy and pair of beaver appear on the city's official seal and flag.

Lying in the midst of desert north of the 17th parallel, the Aïr plateau, with an average altitude between , forms an island of Sahel climate which supports a wide variety of life, many pastoral and farming communities, and dramatic geological and archaeological sites. There are notable archaeological excavations in the region that illustrate the prehistoric past of this region. The endangered painted hunting dog (Lycaon pictus) once existed in this region, but may now be extirpated due to human population pressures in this region.C. Michael Hogan. 2009.

Arctic wolf, one of the most northern occurring of wolves Wolf distribution is the species distribution of the wolf (Canis lupus). Originally, wolves occurred in Eurasia above the 12th parallel north and in North America above the 15th parallel north. However, deliberate human persecution has reduced the species' range to about one-third, because of livestock predation and fear of wolf attacks on humans. The species is now extirpated (made locally extinct) in much of Western Europe, in Mexico, and much of the United States.

The golden jackal (Canis aureus) has become the top predator in most of the ecoregion. The Caracal (Caracal caracal) can be found in the shrublands and mountains, and wild boar (Sus scrofa) in woodlands and forests. The eastern portion of the ecoregion has scattered populations of spotted hyaena (Hyaena hyaena) and Persian gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa). The large predators lion (Panthera leo), Syrian brown bear (Ursus arctos syriacus), wolf (Canis lupus), and cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) have been mostly or completely extirpated from over-hunting and habitat loss.

The Ocmulgee slimy salamander (Plethodon ocmulgee) is a species of salamander in the family Plethodontidae. It is endemic to the state of Georgia in the United States, where it is found in regions of the coastal plain and Piedmont that are associated with the Ocmulgee River drainage system. It is only known from a few counties, and due to this restricted range, it is at high risk of extinction. Many populations of this species are already experiencing precipitous declines, with some even possibly being extirpated.

Calopogon oklahomensis, commonly known as the Oklahoma grass pink or prairie grass pink, is a terrestrial species of orchid native to the United States, restricted to the states of Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Wisconsin and is extirpated (locally extinct) throughout most of its range. It has flowers that are white, pink or purple, with a labellum with an apical region of yellow hairs. It was described by Douglas H. Goldman in 1995.

The subpopulations in Australia are among the few that remain viable, but even they have declined, and the species no longer occurs in New South Wales. It receives a level of protection in Australia, Bahrain, Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Qatar, South Africa (where already extirpated) and the United Arab Emirates, but enforcement of fishing regulations are often lacking. All sawfish species are listed on CITES Appendix I, which restricts international trade. Longcomb sawfish have few natural enemies, but can fall prey to large sharks and crocodiles.

It was listed as endangered under the U.S. Endangered Species Act on September 1, 1988. It has been extirpated from most of its natural range as a result of human activities. Releases of cold water from Tims Ford Reservoir likely explain its disappearance from the upper Elk River in Lincoln County, Tennessee. Flooding of lower reaches of Shoal Creek by Wilson Dam and industrial pollution in upper reaches of the stream probably led to the loss of the population formerly present in Shoal Creek.

N. munitus is a diminutive catfish with a disjunct distribution across the southeastern United States. It is historically known from the Pearl River drainage and the Upper Tombigbee River drainage in Mississippi and Louisiana, and the Alabama River and Cahaba River drainages in Alabama. However, it has been extirpated from the main channel of the Tombigbee and Alabama Rivers, and is currently limited to the Coastal Plain rivers. The species lives exclusively in medium to large rivers free of sedimentation and over gravel shoals.

By 1993 Trifolium amoenum was thought to be extinct, after the population in Vacaville, California depleted, but was rediscoveredConnors, P. G. (1994) Rediscovery of showy Indian clover. Fremontia 22: 3–7 by Peter Connors in the form of a single plant on a site in western Sonoma County.U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Arcata Division, 1655 Heindon Road, Arcata, Ca. The seeds from this single plant organism were used to grow more specimens. The Sonoma County location has been developed and any plants remaining there have been extirpated.

Samaruc habitat, a brackish pond at the mouth of the Torrent del Pi in L'Ametlla de Mar. The Valencia hispanica or Valencia toothcarp (samaruc in Valencian) is a species of freshwater fish in the family Valenciidae endemic to the south of Catalonia and the Valencian Community, Spain. There is at least one historical record of this species from near Perpignan in France but the species has been extirpated from that country. Its natural habitat are marshes, freshwater springs, coastal freshwater lagoons and acequias which may connect these.

Houting head There is however controversy whether whitefish surviving in the southeastern North Sea sector of Denmark (Wadden Sea) and considered there as houting (Danish: snæbel) represent the same species as the houting that was extirpated from the more southwestern parts of the North Sea.Hansen M.M., Fraser D.J., Als T.D. & Mensberg K.L.D.(2008). Reproductive isolation, evolutionary distinctiveness and setting conservation priorities: The case of a European lake whitefish and the endangered North Sea houting (Coregonus spp.). BMC Evolutionary Biology 8:137 doi:10.1186/14716-2.

A Bonin petrel The range of the Bonin petrel extends beyond the Ogasawaras to include other islands in the northern Pacific region. There are two restricted-range species of birds on the islands; the Japanese woodpigeon (Columba janthina) and the Near Threatened Bonin white-eye (Apalopteron familiare), formerly known as "Bonin honeyeater". The Japanese woodpigeon was extirpated in the Iwo Island groups in the 1980s. The formerly endemic Bonin pigeon (Columba versicolor), Bonin thrush (Zoothera terrestris) and Bonin grosbeak (Carpodacus ferreorostris) are now extinct.

Out of three species that have been extirpated in Canada in written history, two have since been reintroduced. The sea mink formerly lived in the Maritime Provinces, but became extinct following overhunting and habitat destruction. The eastern elk, a subspecies of the elk or wapiti, was also formerly found in Quebec and Ontario, but was made extinct for much the same reasons as the sea mink. Eastern cougars were also found in the eastern provinces, but became extinct soon after populations in the United States were eradicated.

Gypsy moth defoliation of hardwoods along the Allegheny Front near Snow Shoe, Pennsylvania, in July 2007, may be a cause of woodrat population declines. In parts of their range (New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania), the Allegheny woodrat population has been in decline over the past 30 years. They have been extirpated from Connecticut, Massachusetts, New York, and parts of Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Maryland. The reasons for the decline are not yet entirely understood, but are believed to involve a combination of factors.

Currently it is considered "rare" in Pennsylvania, a species of special concern in Rhode Island], threatened in Iowa, Maryland, and New Hampshire; it is endangered in Vermont, and is extirpated (locally extinct) in Maine. Human development has eliminated a large portion of its viable habitat. Remaining habitat is often fragmented, which is problematic for the lupine because it limits the range over which it can reproduce. Viable lupine habitat is often difficult to maintain because it flourishes after fires and other forms of disturbance.

The Indochinese leopard is distributed in Southeast Asia, where today small populations remain only in Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Cambodia, and southern China. In Laos, Vietnam and Singapore it is suspected to have been extirpated. Peninsular Malaysia and the Northern Tenasserim Forest Complex on the Thailand-Myanmar border are at present considered strongholds, and eastern Cambodia a priority site. In Myanmar's Chatthin Wildlife Sanctuary, the leopard population declined so drastically between the 1940s and 1980s, that by 2000 it was estimated as being close to locally extinct.

The area protects critical breeding, lambing, and winter range of the largest population of non-migratory California bighorn sheep in the world, a blue-listed species. Approximately 500 bighorn sheep live in the area, feeding on bunchgrass and other low growing plants, and finding refuge from predators in the steep breaks at the edges of grassland benches. In the past, the Junction California bighorn sheep have also provided a source of sheep for transplants to other areas of North America where the sheep had been extirpated.

The second leading cause of population decline is habitat loss and in the region of Tangkoko the anoa are actually extirpated. Logging is a large issue due to the fact that both species prefer core forested habitat that is far away from humans and the influences that come with them. By logging, humans create much more fragmented habitat and, therefore, a decrease in the area where the anoa can breed and live. This habitat fragmentation also alters the natural mixing of populations of the anoa.

Species such as bobcat have been rebounding, and mountain lions have been recorded in Southwest Iowa in the last decade. Historically, fauna also included American bison, prairie chicken, mule deer, elk, and gray wolf; these were extirpated by the late nineteenth century. The Missouri River valley had historically been a major migration corridor for birds, however, the channelization of the river and destruction of wetlands has led to a marked decline. The corridor still boasts one of the best areas to view raptor migrations on the continent.

Over the past half century, paddlefish populations have been on the decline. Attributable causes are overfishing, pollution, and the encroachment of human development, including the construction of dams which block their seasonal upward migration to ancestral spawning grounds. Other detrimental effects include alterations of rivers which have changed the natural flow, and resulted in the loss of spawning habitat and nursery areas. American paddlefish have been extirpated from much of their Northern peripheral range, including the Great Lakes and Canada, New York, Maryland and Pennsylvania.

Mammals in the region today include whitetail deer, chipmunk, raccoon, skunk, groundhog, opossum, weasel, field mouse, flying squirrel, cottontail rabbit, gray foxes, red foxes, gray squirrels, red squirrels and several types of bat. Bobcat, snowshoe hare, and black bear are also found in the more remote forests and parks. Mink and beaver are much less often seen. Four species (or subspecies) – the Virginia big-eared bat, the Indiana bat, the West Virginia northern flying squirrel and the (potentially extirpated) eastern cougar – are federally listed as endangered.

Buldir's remoteness and the extreme difficulty of landing a boat safely on the island gave it a unique ecological history. Neither Russian nor American fur traders thought it was worth the effort to stock Buldir with Arctic or red foxes, as was done on 190 other Aleutian islands. Since the fur traders did not land, the island also escaped introduced rats. In consequence, the ground-nesting birds of Buldir continued their lives undisturbed by mammalian predators, while on other Aleutian Islands entire species were extirpated.

The Polynesian ground dove was originally found in both the Tuamotu Archipelago and the Society Islands. It has since been extirpated from the Society Islands, where it was found on Tahiti and Moorea. In the Tuamotus it has been recorded on Arakita, Hao, Hiti, Maria Est, Marutea Sud, Matureivavao, Rangiroa, Tenararo, Tenarunga, and Vanavana. In addition, local reports have suggested that the Polynesian Ground Dove likely lived on Fakarava, Katiu, Makemo, Manihi, Tahanea, Tikehau, and Tuanake, although no specimens were ever collected from these islands.

It has important aquatic bird fauna, of several species and in great number. The lagoon used to host the largest known subpopulation of the endemic Patagonia frog (Atelognathus patagonicus), but this has been extirpated by introduced predatory fish; the species survives in isolated ponds in the buffer zone of the national park. Near the lagoon is the Salamanca cave, historically inhabited by humans, where rock paintings, typical of northern Patagonia, can be seen. Other mapuche and prehistoric human artifacts have been found in the park.

There is an old record from the Nolin River system, where the species no longer occurs. The frecklebelly darter as well as most other darter species in the area are vulnerable to decimation through perturbations such as strip mining; stream channelization projects threaten available habitat in Tennessee. It is believed that these factors as well as the damming of natural river systems may have extirpated the species from other areas in the southeast. Non-native Invasive fish species could also be a cause of limited distribution.

One species in the genus, Marshallia grandiflora (Appalachian Barbara's buttons) is extinct, having been wiped out in the early 20th century. It was formerly considered conspecific with Marshallia pulchra (Beautiful Barbara's buttons or Monongahela Barbara's buttons), which is endangered in Kentucky, Pennsylvania, and Tennessee, and has been extirpated in Maryland. That species is found in bogs and scoured riverbanks, and requires periodic flooding to maintain open habitat. Marshallia obovata (Spoonshape Barbara's buttons or Piedmont Barbara's buttons), is listed as endangered in Florida and threatened in Tennessee.

It is native to the west coast of North America in California, where it is known from only a few remaining occurrences in the Central Coast of California region. It is a federally listed endangered species in the United States. It is present in two native locations in San Luis Obispo County, California, and it has been reintroduced nearby in Nipomo and Los Osos.CNPS Inventory It is known from historical occurrences in Washington,Flora of North America but it may have been extirpated from that state.

These species are mostly found in undeveloped areas of Aliso and Wood Canyons, the upper reaches of Aliso Creek, and some parts of English Canyon Creek. Aliso Canyon is one of the most diverse bird habitats in Orange County, with some 122 nesting and migratory species found there. The canyon also has raptors including northern harrier, Cooper's hawk, golden eagle and peregrine falcon. Native frogs and the arroyo toad once inhabited the creek, but they were extirpated by damage to the channel following floods in 1983.

Pocock's The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma - Mammalia Vol 2 The steppe polecat does not hold sharply defined home ranges. During warm seasons, especially in areas rich in ground squirrels, aged polecats hold relatively stable territories until they have extirpated their prey. Younger polecats are less sedentary, and will sleep overnight in the burrows of ground squirrels they have killed. Females nursing their litters are the most settled, but will begin roaming once the kits are old enough to accompany them.

Eradication of goats started in 2003, concluding successfully in 2006. Confirmatory monitoring took place from 2007-2009. Following the eradication, for the first time in over 150 years germination and survival of tree species was recorded, more than 130,000 in 2009, as well as observation of six native species believed extinct or extirpated from the island. The project for environmental restoration of Guadalupe Island, coupled with advances in other islands, has national and global significance, placing Mexico as an international leader in the conservation of ecosystems.

The pygmy short-horned lizard is often mistaken for its close relative the greater short-horned lizard (P. hernandesi ) which has the same basic body type consisting of small pointed scales around the head and back. Until recent mitochondrial DNA evidence, the greater short-horned was considered to be the same species as the pygmy short-horned. They are now considered distinct species with the pygmy short-horned lizard occupying the northwest portion of the United States and extreme southern British Columbia (now extirpated from Canada).

Populations of this damselfly have been extirpated due to the destruction and degradation of habitat in the heavily urbanized area where it occurs. It lived in wetland habitat in Glen Canyon Park in the city of San Francisco until these moist spots were fragmented too extensively to support populations. After patches of wetland in the park were restored, the damselfly was reintroduced and persisted for a short while before disappearing once more. Though the reintroduction failed, it provided data about the habitat requirements for the insect.

The species is presumed extirpated from two locales, occurring only at El Yunque National Forest and the Maricao State Forest. The elfin forest at El Yunque National Forest is characterized by high rainfall and humidity, low temperatures and insolation, and constant winds. It is found at mountain summits and is primarily composed of dense shrub and small trees with moss and epiphyte growth in its plants and floor. The species richness is low when compared to other types of forests (tabonuco, palo Colorado and palma sierra forests) found in the Luquillo Mountains.

It appears on the reverse side of the Costa Rican 5,000 colón note. While the white-faced capuchin is very common in Costa Rica and Panama, the monkey has been largely extirpated from Honduras and much of Nicaragua. Many Honduran capuchins were captured and relocated to the island of Roatán, and many Nicaraguan capuchins were captured and relocated to the island of Ometepe. In Nicaragua, wild capuchins may still be easily spotted in regions around Masaya, as well as around Bluefields and other locations around the South Caribbean coast.

J. singaporensis only lives in Singapore, and has only ever been recorded from two locations. One of these was inside Bukit Timah Nature Reserve, but that population is believed to have been extirpated, as recent surveys have failed to find any examples there. The second population is outside the nature reserve at Bukit Batok, partly on private land, and partly on military land. Acidification of the first stream may have caused the first population to die out, while a lowering of the water table in the second stream threatens the second population.

The white-bellied duiker (Cephalophus leucogaster) is a duiker found in central Africa. Little is known on the ecology of the species, and only some information on habitat and diet is available. Duikers are a fairly small species of antelope that originate from, and still reside in, sub-Saharan Africa. The white-bellied duiker ranges in Cameroon, the Central African Republic, the Republic of the Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, and Gabon,(Wilson & Reeder, 1993) while it is likely to have been extirpated in Uganda.

Similarly, the European Union more recently banned the importation of wild-caught birds in 2007. These legislations may help increase their population in the wild. In the past, the sun parakeet has been considered safe and listed as least concern, but recent surveys in southern Guyana (where previously considered common) and the Brazilian state Roraima have revealed that it possibly is extirpated from the former and rare in the latter. It is very rare in French Guiana, but may breed in the southern part of the country (this remains unconfirmed).

Blind Dragon acts as an intermediary between Lilith and Samael: > Blind Dragon rides Lilith the Sinful -- may she be extirpated quickly in our > days, Amen! -- And this Blind Dragon brings about the union between Samael > and Lilith. And just as the Dragon that is in the sea (Isa. 27:1) has no > eyes, likewise Blind Dragon that is above, in the likeness of a spiritual > form, is without eyes, that is to say, without colors.... (Patai 81:458) > Samael is called the Slant Serpent, and Lilith is called the Tortuous > Serpent.

In 1997, the island was declared rat-free, following an eradication programme, and extirpated birds have been reintroduced to the island. The birds include the South Island saddleback (tieke), yellowhead (mohua) and Stewart Island robin. Other birds on the island that are rare on the mainland include the Stewart Island subspecies of southern brown kiwi (tokoeka), rifleman (tititipounamu), yellow-crowned and red-fronted parakeet, and South Island kaka or forest parrot, as well as several other species. The endangered yellow-eyed penguin uses the island for breeding sites.

Dominant males gain mating access to females, which bear the sole responsibility for raising the young. The giraffe has intrigued various cultures, both ancient and modern, for its peculiar appearance, and has often been featured in paintings, books, and cartoons. It is classified by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as vulnerable to extinction, and has been extirpated from many parts of its former range. Giraffes are still found in numerous national parks and game reserves but estimates as of 2016 indicate that there are approximately 97,500 members of Giraffa in the wild.

Management interference is intended to be minimal and "let nature take its course" wherever possible, while managing some ecological processes such as fires and controlled grazing. A balance of grazing regimes is important to maintain the combination of short and medium grasses defining the dry mixedgrass natural subregion. Cattle do not graze in the same way as the now-extirpated bison did, but have been used to simulate natural processes. Grazing management maintains the grassland ecosystem in its climax state, but overgrazing must be avoided to prevent soil erosion and loss of biodiversity.

Hawkins A comparative view of the human and animal frame, 1860 Skeleton of Mammuthus meridionalis at the French Museum of Natural History Scientific classification of Elephantidae taxa embraces an extensive record of fossil specimens, over millions of years, some of which existed until the end of the last ice age. Some species were extirpated more recently. The discovery of new specimens and proposed cladistics have resulted in systematic revisions of the family and related proboscideans. Elephantids are classified informally as the elephant family, or in a paleobiological context as elephants and mammoths.

However, these drugs have little effect on the majority of these autoinfective larvae during their migration through the body. Hence, repeated treatments with ivermectin must be administered to kill adult parasites that develop from the autoinfective larvae. This means the full treatment dose of ivermectin every two weeks, to kill all non-larvae adult strongyloids before further reproduction leading to auto-infection, until all larvae capable of maturing into adult strongyloides are extirpated. Follow-up stool samples, potential additional treatment, and blood tests are necessary to guarantee cure.

The population of Delacour's langurs has declined rapidly in recent years. As of 2006, only 19 populations were known, following a dramatic decline in the total population of approximately 20% between 1999 and 2004. Since that time, two of the populations have been extirpated, and only that in the Van Long Nature Reserve may still be large enough to remain viable. Classified as critically endangered by the IUCN, the primary threat to the species is hunting for traditional medicine, with loss of forest habitat and the local development of tourism also being a potential risk.

Canada lynx The Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis), or Canadian lynx, is a North American felid that ranges in forest and tundra regions across Canada and into Alaska, as well as some parts of the northern United States. Historically, the Canadian lynx ranged from Alaska across Canada and into many of the northern U.S. states. In the eastern states, it resided in the transition zone in which boreal coniferous forests yielded to deciduous forests. By 2010, after an 11-year effort, it had been successfully reintroduced into Colorado, where it had become extirpated in the 1970s.

Conversely, the Mediterranean monk seal was extirpated from much of its former range, which stretched from the Mediterranean to the Black Sea and northwest Africa, and only remains in the northeastern Mediterranean and some parts of northwest Africa. Several species of pinniped continue to be harvested. The Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals allows limited hunting of crabeater seals, leopard seals and Weddell seals. However, Weddell seal hunting is prohibited between September and February if the animal is over one year of age, to ensure breeding stocks are healthy.

There are predators such as spotted hyena, striped hyena and African leopard. The endangered painted hunting dog had populations in the Horn of Africa, but pressures from human exploitation of habitat along with warfare have reduced or extirpated this canid in this region. Some important bird species of the Horn are the black boubou, the golden-winged grosbeak, the Warsangli linnet, and the Djibouti spurfowl. The Horn of Africa holds more endemic reptiles than any other region in Africa, with over 285 species total and about 90 species which are found exclusively in the region.

Sassafras albidum (sassafras, white sassafras, red sassafras, or silky sassafras) is a species of Sassafras native to eastern North America, from southern Maine and southern Ontario west to Iowa, and south to central Florida and eastern Texas. It occurs throughout the eastern deciduous forest habitat type, at altitudes of up to 1,500 m (5000 feet) above sea level.Flora of North America: Sassafras albidumU.S. Forest Service: Sassafras albidum (pdf file)Hope College, Michigan: Sassafras albidum It formerly also occurred in southern Wisconsin, but is extirpated there as a native tree.

Genetically pure westslope cutthroat trout have been extirpated throughout most of their historic range due to habitat loss and introduction of non- native species. Remaining populations survive in isolated populations, mostly in headwater streams above natural downstream barriers. The introduction of rainbow and brown trout into Missouri River tributaries eliminated the westslope cutthroat trout from most of its eastern range in Montana. Introductions of non-native kokanee salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka), lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) and lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) into Flathead Lake and the Flathead River system caused drastic declines in westslope cutthroat trout populations.

The starry sturgeon (Acipenser stellatus) also known as stellate sturgeon or sevruga (Drakul, , and ), is a species of sturgeon. It is native to the Black, Azov, Caspian and Aegean sea basins, but it has been extirpated from the last and it is predicted that the remaining natural population will follow soon due to overfishing. It is considered critically endangered by the IUCN and international trade in this species (including its caviar) is restricted by CITES. The starry sturgeon is an anadromous species, which migrates up rivers to spawn.

It has frequently been said to occur in Myanmar (Burma), but this is entirely based on pre-1930 records and likely refers to close relatives only described later, notably Danio kyathit. Likewise, old records from Sri Lanka are highly questionable and remain unconfirmed. Zebrafish have been introduced to California, Connecticut, Florida and New Mexico in the United States, presumably by deliberate release by aquarists or by escape from fish farms. The New Mexico population had been extirpated by 2003 and it is unclear if the others survive, as the last published records were decades ago.

The jaguar (Panthera onca) is a large felid species and the only extant member of the genus Panthera native to the Americas. The jaguar's present range extends from the southwestern United States and Mexico in North America, across much of Central America, and south to Paraguay and northern Argentina in South America. Though there are single cats now living within Arizona, the species has largely been extirpated from the United States since the early 20th century. It is listed as Near Threatened on the IUCN Red List; and its numbers are declining.

A wildlife crossing structure on the Trans-Canada Highway in Banff National Park, Canada. Wildlife-friendly overpasses and underpasses have helped restore connectivity in the landscape for wolves, bears, elk, and other species. Rewilding is large-scale conservation aimed at restoring and protecting natural processes and core wilderness areas, providing connectivity between such areas, and protecting or reintroducing apex predators and keystone species. Rewilding projects may require ecological restoration or wilderness engineering, particularly to restore connectivity between fragmented protected areas, and reintroduction of predators and keystone species where extirpated.

"These dam removals provide perhaps the best example of large-scale environmental remediation in the twenty-first century. This restoration, however, has occurred on a case-by-case basis, without a comprehensive plan. The result has been to put into motion ongoing rehabilitation efforts in four distinct river basins: the Elwha and White Salmon in Washington and the Sandy and Rogue in Oregon." An organization called Rewilding Australia has formed which intends to restore various marsupials and other Australian animals which have been extirpated from the mainland, such as Eastern quolls and Tasmanian devils..

When competing clans, tribal wars, disease and typhoons extirpated or very nearly exterminated human populations or forced migrations, feral fowl, pigs and dogs would often remain on these remote islands. Natural predators such as monitor lizards, seabirds, pythons and other predators would hunt out the feral chickens with the most domesticated traits. Those incapable of flying or running rapidly would not live long enough to reproduce. Those incapable of surviving long periods without fresh water would also perish, and those lacking the appropriate instincts to survive frequent typhoons would also be selected against.

Mongoose introduction was very successful in rat control, but the mongoose also hunts reptiles, birds and bird eggs, threatening many local island species. It has also been extremely successful regarding its second purpose in getting rid of snakes; on many of the Caribbean islands where it was released the native snakes have been extirpated and now only exist on offshore islands, at least one species from St. Croix in the Virgin Islands may now be extinct. In 2016, the European Commission put the mongoose on the list of invasive alien species in the EU.

Verbesina dissita is a rare species of flowering plant in the aster family known by the common name bigleaf crownbeard. It is native to northern Baja California in Mexico, where it is known from about 23 occurrences, although some of these may have been extirpated or are vulnerable to destruction.The Nature Conservancy It is also known from a 3.2-kilometer section of the coastline near Laguna Beach in southern California, where it is susceptible to extirpation in a highly developed section of valuable oceanfront land. Other threats include erosion and competitive introduced species of plants.

A relatively high proportion of plant seeds eaten by mountain tapirs successfully germinate in their dung, probably due to a relatively inefficient digestive system and a tendency to defecate near water. Although a wide range of seeds are dispersed in this manner, those of the endangered wax palm seem to rely almost exclusively on mountain tapirs for dispersal, and this plant, along with the highland lupine, declines dramatically whenever the animal is extirpated from an area. Predators of mountain tapirs include cougars, spectacled bears, and, less commonly, jaguars.

Predators of the European mink include the European polecat, the American mink, the golden eagle, large owls and the red fox. Red fox numbers have increased greatly in areas where the wolf and Eurasian lynx have been extirpated, as well as areas where modern forestry is practised. As red foxes are known to prey on mustelids, excessive fox predation on the European mink is a possible factor, though it is improbable to have been a factor in Finland, where fox numbers were low during the early 20th century.

In 1987, just five bird species were confirmed in the watershed, while for fish, benthic invertebrates, and certain insects there were no confirmed observations, in part due to insufficient site coverage. Steelhead trout have recently begun to return to San Juan Creek, only to find many man-made obstructions preventing them from spawning. Historic accounts suggest that San Juan Creek provided habitat for steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss irideus) in many historic accounts. However, pollution and competition from introduced sport fishes such as bluegill and striped bass have extirpated steelhead in the creek.

Sagittaria sanfordii is an uncommon species of flowering plant in the water plantain family known by the common names valley arrowhead and Sanford's arrowhead. It is endemic to California, where it is known from a few scattered occurrences on the North Coast and in the Central Valley. Many occurrences previously noted in the Central Valley and in southern California have been extirpated as the plant's aquatic habitat has been lost to human activity.California Native Plant Society Rare Plant Profile Sagittaria sanfordiiis an aquatic perennial herb up to 130 cm tall, growing from a spherical tuber.

The remainder of the wars saw the Greeks take the fight to the Persians. The Athenian dominated Delian League of cities and islands extirpated Persian garrisons from Macedon and Thrace, before eventually freeing the Ionian cities from Persian rule. At one point, the Greeks even attempted an invasion of Cyprus and Egypt (which proved disastrous), demonstrating a major legacy of the Persian Wars: warfare in Greece had moved beyond the seasonal squabbles between city-states, to coordinated international actions involving huge armies. After the war, ambitions of many Greek states dramatically increased.

The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has assessed the Galapagos shark as least concern, but its low reproductive rate limits its capacity to withstand population depletion. There is no specific utilization data available, though this species is certainly caught by commercial fisheries operating across many parts of its range. The meat is said to be of excellent quality. While still common at areas such as Hawaii, the Galapagos shark may have been extirpated from sites around Central America and its fragmented distribution means other regional populations may also be at risk.

Ivory hunting and loss of habitat to agriculture had all but exterminated elephants from the Cape region of Africa by 1900. The last elephant in the vicinity of the Cape peninsula was killed in 1704 and elephant populations west of the Knysna region were extirpated prior to 1800. By 1775 the remaining Cape elephants had retreated into forests along the foothills of the Outeniqua / Tsitsikamma coastal mountain range around Knysna, and dense scrub-thickets of the Addo bushDudley, J.P. 1996. African elephants in coastal refuges. Pachyderm 21: 78-83.

Lake Barombi Mbo or Barombi-ma-Mbu is a lake near Kumba in the Southwest Region of Cameroon. It is located in the Cameroon volcanic chain, and is the largest volcanic lake in this region. It is one of the oldest radiocarbon- dated lakes in Africa,Past climate variability through Europe and Africa with the youngest lava flow in it being about one million years old. On old colonial maps the area was known as Elefanten Sea (Elephant Lake), but the elephants living in the area were extirpated due to ivory trading.

Ganoid scales are nearly impenetrable and are excellent protection against predation. Unlike other gar species, the upper jaw of an alligator gar has a dual row of large, sharp teeth that are used to impale and hold prey. Alligator gar are stalking, ambush predators, primarily piscivores, but they also ambush and eat water fowl and small mammals they find floating on the water's surface. Populations of alligator gar have been extirpated from much of their historic range as a result of habitat destruction, indiscriminate culling, and unrestricted harvests.

Southern flying squirrel As familiar as squirrels are the eastern cottontail rabbit (') and the white-tailed deer ('). The latter in particular has greatly increased in abundance as a result of the extirpation of the eastern wolf (') and the cougar. This has led to the overgrazing and browsing of many plants of the Appalachian forests, as well as destruction of agricultural crops. Other deer include the moose ('), found only in the north, and the elk ('), which, although once extirpated, is now making a comeback, through transplantation, in the southern and central Appalachians.

Only two wild populations of the snail are known to exist, specifically, Three Lakes near Kanab, Utah and Vasey's Paradise.Miller, Mark P.; Stevens, Larry P.; Busch, Joseph D.; Sorensen, Jeff A.; Keim, Paul. Amplified fragment length polymorphism and mitochondrial sequence data detect genetic differentiation in endangered southwestern U.S.A. ambersnails (Oxyloma epp.) The latter was not discovered until 1991 when a survey of mollusks in the area was conducted. There was formerly a third population present in Kanab, Utah, but it is believed to have become extirpated through the destruction of its habitat.

Notoedric mange, a disease caused by mites, becomes epidemic in western gray squirrel populations and is a major source of mortality. Other species of eastern gray squirrels, fox squirrels, California ground squirrels and wild turkeys are expanding and compete with the western gray. Listed as extirpated in some California areas, the western gray squirrel in southern California is generally found only in the mountains and surrounding foothill communities. Local rehabilitation experts recount the Eastern Fox Squirrels were released in urban regions of Los Angeles throughout the 20th Century.

The Alabama shad spawns in medium to large flowing rivers from the Mississippi River drainage to the Suwannee River, Florida. They are found in some Gulf coast drainages, but are thought to be extirpated from those drainages west of the Pascagoula River drainage in Mississippi.Adams, S.B., S.T. Ross, and M.L. Warren Jr. 2000. Literature review, information needs assessment, and research proposal for Gulf sturgeon, Alabama shad and American eel: diadromous fishes of USFS Region 8. USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Center for Bottomland Hardwoods Research, Oxford, MS.Mettee, M.F., and P.E. O’Neil. 2003.

Once widespread across the Holarctic, it has disappeared from many areas which are now more heavily populated by humans. Despite being extirpated from or uncommon in some of its former range, the species is still widespread, being present in sizeable stretches of Eurasia, North America, and parts of North Africa. It is the largest and least populous of the five species of true accipitrid to occur as a breeding species in both the Palearctic and the Nearctic. For centuries, this species has been one of the most highly regarded birds used in falconry.

The second site is the Pitkin Marsh, which was nearly extirpated by land development in 1960s, but approximately 200 plants remain. A major subdivision is planned in the surrounding area, but a "conservation easement" agreement between the California Department of Fish and Game and the landowner will mitigate in preserving this population. The recent threat to the Pitkin Marsh colony occurred when a parcel, including part of the marsh, was proposed for development as a 29-bed residential care facility. This zoning application is pending with the County of Sonoma.

The Ohio Department of Natural Resources has classified the Appalachian grizzled skipper as a state endangered species due to declining population numbers in the state. One of the main causes of this decline is an unintended reaction to the spraying of pesticides aimed at controlling gypsy moth populations. Many populations of gypsy moths targeted to be sprayed with the insecticide biflubenzuron were unknowingly nested near or with unknown grizzled skipper colonies. This spraying has caused many populations to be extirpated in the Appalachian region and the state of New Jersey.

Alaskan least weasel (M. n. eskimo) The least weasel has a circumboreal, Holarctic distribution, encompassing much of Europe and North Africa, Asia and parts of northern North America, where it occurs mainly in places where the stoat is not found, and has recently been extirpated from New York. It has been introduced in New Zealand, Malta, Crete, the Azore Islands and also São Tomé off West Africa. It is found throughout Europe (but not Ireland) and on many islands, including the Azores, Great Britain, and all major Mediterranean islands.

This species is found in the drainage of the Queiq River in Syria and Turkey, and the upper Euphrates drainage in Turkey and possibly in this drainage in Syria and Iraq. It has almost been extirpated from the Queiq as this river has virtually dried out but it remains abundant in the Euphrates. This species can be found in a wide range of habitats as long as there is a moderately fast current from small upland streams to banks of large rivers. It can also occur in stagnant water bodies such as reservoirs.

Slightly to the west of the Hoggar range, a population of the endangered African wild dog (Lycaon pictus) remained viable into the 20th century, but is now thought to be extirpated within this entire region. Analysis of collected scat in 2006 showed the presence of the Northwest African cheetah in the region. Between August 2008 and November 2010, four individuals were recorded by camera traps. A single cheetah was filmed and photographed by Algerian naturalists in 2020 in the national park in the Atakor volcanic field whose peaks approach a height of .

Eurybia chlorolepis, commonly known as the mountain wood aster, mountain aster, or Appalachian heartleaf aster, is a herbaceous perennial native to the southeastern United States. It is present only at relatively high elevations in the Appalachian mountains. Although it is not considered seriously threatened due to a large number of sites in some of its range, it is often locally endangered and possibly extirpated in the south of its range. Eurybia chlorolepis is an herb up to 80 cm (32 inches) tall, spreading by means of underground rhizomes.

In the early 1900s, coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) were abundant in Walker Creek, but were nearly extirpated apparently due to severe erosion and siltation secondary to overgrazing and logging operations. In 1975 D. W. Kelley performed a comprehensive investigation of steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and coho salmon populations. He found small numbers of steelhead young-of-the-year in all viable habitat areas in the watershed, but only eight coho near the confluence of Chileno and Walker Creek. In addition, the Soulajule Reservoir dam blocked all anadromous salmonid fish migration to Arroyo Sausal.

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Nationally, Atlantic white cedar are protected in the Great Dismal Swamp National Wildlife Refuge, Alligator River National Wildlife Refuge, Cape Cod National Seashore, Croatan National Forest, Francis Marion National Forest, Ocala National Forest, and Apalachicola National Forest. Altered fire regimes, logging, and draining of wetlands outside of the few protected areas have all contributed to the general decrease in the size and occurrences of Atlantic white cedar strands. The tree is listed as Rare in Georgia and New York, of Special Concern in Maine, and Extirpated in Pennsylvania.

Its historic range in the main stem of the Kern River it probably extended downstream below where Isabella Dam is today and upstream in the South Fork of the Kern River as far as Onyx creek. The subspecies has been extirpated in the Kern river from the Johnsondale bridge downstream. The Kern River trout hybridize with nonnative, introduced stocks of rainbow trout, and Behnke (2002) doubts that pure Kern River rainbow trout still exist in their historic range. Recent genetic analyses however suggest that some un-hybridized populations still exist.

Currently, E. cinereum is listed as threatened in Tennessee, a species of special concern in Kentucky and Virginia, and endangered by the American Fisheries Society. It is regarded as extirpated from Georgia and Alabama.(Boschung 1992, Shephard & Burr 1984) It is also listed as a species of management concern in the Fish and Wildlife Service's Southeast Region. Populations currently protected by the National Park Service include those in the Big South Fork of the Cumberland River and populations in the Emory and Obed River systems.Boschung, H. T. 1992.

The Lahontan cutthroats of Pyramid and Walker Lakes were of considerable importance to the Paiute tribe. These trout, as well as cui-ui, a sucker found only in Pyramid Lake, were dietary mainstays and were used by other tribes in the area. When John C. Frémont and Kit Carson ascended the Truckee River on January 16, 1844, they called it the 'Salmon Trout River', after the huge Lahontan cutthroat trout that ran up the river from Pyramid Lake to spawn. American settlement in the Great Basin nearly extirpated this species.

Rarer British ferns came under severe threat from Victorian fern collectors in the mid 19th century in Scotland, a period of collecting that became known as Pteridomania (or "fern-fever"). In 1860 Dickie reported that the original colony had been extirpated from the yawn where its original discovery had occurred. The evidence for this is conflicting, but today there is a population of more than 100 plants there, where it grows in a roof fissure in the company of Athyrium filix-femina and Dryopteris dilatata.Lusby (2002) p. 109.

In what is known as the Conata Basin region of the grassland, the most successful Black-footed ferret reintroduction program undertaken by the federal government, has established a small but sustainable population of these previously extirpated mammals. In 2010, South Dakota Senator Tim Johnson introduced the Tony Dean Cheyenne River Valley Conservation Act of 2010, a bill that would designate over of the National Grassland as protected wilderness. The act would allow the continuation of grazing and hunting on the land and would create the first national grassland wilderness in the country. In Jan.

It once occurred around the San Francisco Bay, but any populations there are now extirpated. It probably once grew along the Petaluma River north of the bay, as remains of the species have been found in adobe bricks there.California Native Plant Society Rare Plant Profile By 1991 the total remaining number of individuals was estimated to be below 500, and the plant was federally listed as an endangered species of the United States in 1994.USFWS. Endangered or threatened status for five plants and the Morro shoulderband snail from western San Luis Obispo County, California.

Malaxis bayardii, or Bayard's adder's-mouth orchid, is a species of orchid native to northeastern North America. It is found from Massachusetts to North Carolina, with isolated populations in Ohio and Nova Scotia. There are historical reports of the plant formerly growing in Vermont and New Jersey, but it seems to have been extirpated in those two states It grows in dry, open woods and pine barrens at elevations of less than 600 m (2000 feet). Malaxis bayardii is a terrestrial herb up to 26 cm (10.4 inches) tall.

As such, this sole endemic North American ferret allows examining the impact of a severe genetic restriction on subsequent biological form and function, especially on reproductive traits and success. The black‐footed ferret was listed as endangered by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) in 1967. Declared extinct in 1979, a residual wild population was discovered in Meeteetse, Wyoming, in 1981. This cohort eventually grew to 130 individuals and was then nearly extirpated by sylvatic plague Yersinia pestis and canine distemper virus Canine morbillivirus, with eventually 18 animals remaining.

A great blue heron (Ardea herodias) rookery was protected and made part of the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore in 1980. The herons, numbering 98 nesting pairs as of 2001, have made their home on the eastern portion of the wet woods along the Little Calumet River for more than 60 years. They return to the region after wintering in the southeast and south central States. Beaver (Castor canadensis) were hunted for their fur since the era of the French trappers only to be extirpated from Indiana in the nineteenth century.

The first record of Gillia altilis in the Great Lakes drainage was from Oneida Lake, New York State, around 1915-1918. However, in subsequent years it was likely extirpated from this water body. Gillia altilis was able to colonize the Lake Ontario drainage basin by means of the Erie Canal system in New York State, which connects this part of the Great Lakes with the Hudson River. The snail was later recorded from Niagara-on-the-Lake, Lake Ontario, in 1936, and in the Erie Canal at various times before 1940.

The majority of remaining C. monodonta populations are small and geographically isolated. This leaves individual populations highly susceptible to eradication due to a single catastrophic event, such as a chemical contaminant spill. Furthermore, the re- propagation of this species into its historical range cannot occur due to its patchy distribution; without human intervention, its range will inevitably shrink as populations are extirpated. The exchange of genetic material between populations is also limited due to C. monodonta’s distribution, which can result in inbreeding and decreased fitness in the species’ offspring.

Although the bees affected by the pesticide were able to collect more pollen, they took a longer amount of time doing so. Of 19 species of native nestmaking bumblebees and six species of cuckoo bumblebees formerly widespread in Britain, three have been extirpated, eight are in serious decline, and only six remain widespread. Similar declines have been reported in Ireland, with four species designated endangered, and another two considered vulnerable to extinction. A decline in bumblebee numbers could cause large-scale changes to the countryside, resulting from inadequate pollination of certain plants.

It has now been extirpated from all of these states except for Tennessee and Alabama, where it possibly remains in the main flow of the Tennessee River. However, no live individuals have been documented since 1997.White wartyback (Plethobasus cicatricosus) 5-year review United States Fish and Wildlife Service If a viable population is discovered, plans exist for the white wartyback to be reintroduced to the French Broad River and the Holston River in Tennessee. There are currently no live individuals that exist in laboratories or propagation facilities.

Partula suturalis was extirpated due to the introduction of the carnivorous land snail Euglandina rosea (the rosy wolfsnail). In 1977, biologists deliberately released the rosy wolfsnail onto Moorea Island in an effort to control a previously introduced invasive species, the giant African land snail, Lissachatina fulica. This release coincided with additional releases of rosy wolfsnails on Tahiti and other Society Islands in the 1980's and 1990's. The release of rosy wolfsnails on Moorea island resulted in the extirpation of all 9 of the Moorean partula species including Partula suturalis.

In Denmark, the last boar was shot at the beginning of the 19th century, and by 1900 they were absent in Tunisia and Sudan and large areas of Germany, Austria and Italy. In Russia, they were extirpated in wide areas by the 1930s. The last boar in Egypt reportedly died on 20 December 1912 in the Giza Zoo, with wild populations having disappeared by 1894–1902. Prince Kamal el Dine Hussein attempted to repopulate Wadi El Natrun with boars of Hungarian stock, but they were quickly exterminated by poachers.

New England states are indicated in red There are 7 orders, 17 families, 40 genera, and 60 species represented among the mammals of New England. If extirpated, coastal, introduced, and accidental species are included these numbers increase to 8 orders, 26 families, 67 genera, and 105 species. The region includes the U.S. states of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island. The makeup and distribution of the mammals in New England are largely the result of the Last Glacial Maximum when the Laurentide Ice Sheet covered virtually the entire region.

Believed to have been extirpated from the state by 1970 due to destruction of its territory and human encroachment, the bobcat gained legal protection in 1972. It is classified as a game species with a closed season; in 1991 it was added to the list of endangered species in New Jersey. Between 1978 and 1982, the state introduced 24 bobcats from Maine into the northern portion of the state. Since 1996, they have been monitored by biologists with the aid of GPS transmitters in order to determine habitat ranges and preferences.

There are a total of 142 species recorded from the island of Vieques. Some species, such as the Puerto Rican parrot, have been extirpated from the island but are, nonetheless, included in this list. Extinct species are not included in this list. This list presents the following information for each species: common and scientific name of each species, preferred habitat, breeding status in Vieques and frequency of occurrence for each season (winter spans from December to February, spring from March to May, summer from June to August, fall from September to November).

For this reason much of the habitat of the C. ohlone has already been developed or is in danger of being developed. C. ohlone habitat has been affected by encroachment of nonnative vegetation which create a dense, shady over-story. Low, spare vegetation with open spaces is required for the beetle to forage and lay eggs. According to the Fish and Wildlife Service, "without management efforts to reduce and control vegetation encroachment by nonnative species, C. ohlone will likely decline and may become extirpated in all of the locations where the species is known presently" .

The species has an extremely wide range and appears to be the hornbill species most adaptable to habitat alterations; it is thus not currently considered to be threatened. What declines in oriental pied hornbill population have been reported are mainly caused by legal and illegal logging, which decreases the availability of suitable nesting and fruiting trees. A. albirostris are subject to some hunting pressure (casques are sold as souvenirs) and are popular as pets in some areas. It has also been noted that the species has been almost completely extirpated from southern China.

The trocaz pigeon formerly bred on both the main island of Madeira and nearby Porto Santo Island. It was very abundant when the islands were first colonised by humans, but was extirpated on Porto Santo, and by 1986 had declined to about 2,700 birds. Hunting was banned in that year, and there are now between 7,500 and 10,000 individuals in approximately of suitable habitat. The losses on the two islands, the only inhabited ones in the archipelago, were largely the result of deforestation for wood and to create agricultural and grazing land.

The gilt darter (Percina evides) is a small freshwater fish in the genus Percina, a ray-finned fish in the perch family. It can be found in a number of states in the Mississippi River drainage of the United States although it has been extirpated from some river systems in which it was at one time present, mostly due to siltation and pollution problems. Males are more colorful than females and can grow to a length of about . It is a benthic fish that feeds primarily on small aquatic insect larvae.

The West Virginia State Wildlife Center is a zoological park in French Creek, West Virginia. Operated by the West Virginia Division of Natural Resources, the Wildlife Center displays many of West Virginia's wildlife, including both native and introduced species. A few of the animals at the Wildlife Center were once found naturally in West Virginia, but were extirpated by the early 1900s. The Wildlife Center comprises and displays 29 different species of West Virginia mammals, birds, and reptiles, which are located along a trail through a mature hardwood forest.

While the majority of this species is localized in northern Idaho, some instances of capture/sighting in western Montana and southeastern British Columbia have occurred. About 95% of observed populations in Idaho and Montana have been verified extant since 1987; the remainder may have [extirpated], but with a general lack of knowledge on the population trends of the Coeur d'Alene salamander. The majority of known specimens has been observed in the St. Joe and North Fork Clearwater River basins, but they also occur in the Selway, Kootenai, and Moyie drainages.

The brown woolly monkey is present in the upper Amazon basin in South America, ranging from the Rio Tapajos in Brazil, to eastern Peru, Ecuador and Colombia. They also used to be found in Bolivia, however it is likely they have been extirpated by hunters. They are found in the rainforest, usually in the canopy of the tallest trees, though they may also be found at shrub layer. In certain seasons it is also common for groups to enter flooded forests, due to a higher concentration of berries.

These species are common in the nearby and wetter Sierra Nevada range west of the Owens Valley and must have been more widespread in the White Mountains until Holocene droughts extirpated them in most of this drier range. A number of plant species are endemic to the White Mountains, including the White Mountains horkelia, Horkelia hispidula. Fauna include two herds of bighorn sheep, mule deer, marmots and feral horses. Permanent streams have no native fish, but there are naturalized populations of trout including rare Paiute cutthroat trout which is protected from angling.

The Sulu bleeding-heart is endemic to the island of Tawi-Tawi and its nearby islets in the southwestern part of the Philippines's Sulu Archipelago. The bleeding-heart is believed to be extirpated on the Tawi-Tawi mainland, but there are indigenous reports of the species on the nearby islets of Tandubatu, Dundangan, and Baliungan. There is also an unconfirmed nineteenth-century sight record of the species from the island of Jolo in the center of the Sulu Archipelago. The species lives in primary and secondary forests that have a closed canopy.

The desert pupfish was once a common fish, but it is now extirpated from most of its historical natural range. The decrease in population has been a trend since the early 1900s due to habitat destruction and fragmentation. It has been, and continues to be, preyed upon and displaced by non-native fishes, such as tilapia. Presently, the only remaining natural populations of the desert pupfish are located at a few sites in the Salton Sea drainage in California, and the Colorado River Delta in Baja California and Sonora, Mexico.

The Bastrop State Park Lake is prime breeding habitat for the Houston toad and is closed to the public during their mating season in February and March. In 1970, the Houston toad was federally listed as an endangered species. It was extirpated from the Houston, Texas area by the 1960s, likely coincident with the severe drought of the 1950s and concurrent development of its forested habitat in that region. Though the largest and most immediate threat is habitat loss, the reduced toad populations are also vulnerable to automobiles, predators, pesticides and drought.

Reintroduction sites will be chosen where habitat conditions are suitable and there is some level of protection (e.g., within wildlife management area or national forest boundaries). Survivability and movement patterns of released fish will be assessed through mark-recapture methods and through periodic monitoring using non-invasive methods, such as visual census techniques. Accordingly, 110 juvenile Etheostoma spilotum were released to Sugar Creek, Kentucky in an effort to restore the species to a stream (near the source population) where the species had apparently been extirpated, but which exhibited currently suitable habitat.

The Little Blackfoot River has a relatively healthy fishery. Species present include mottled sculpin, mountain whitefish, slimy sculpin, westslope cutthroat trout, brook trout, brown trout, and rainbow trout, with the last three being introduced species. Although the fishery is generally healthy, westslope cutthroat trout have been listed as a "species of concern" by the Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks due to declining numbers and loss of habitat. Bull trout, as a "threatened" species by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, have been extirpated from the watershed.

These were the first sightings of lions in the country in 39 years. In the same year, a population of up to 200 lions that was previously thought to have been extirpated was filmed in the Alatash National Park, Ethiopia, close to the Sudanese border. In 2005, Lion Conservation Strategies were developed for West and Central Africa, and or East and Southern Africa. The strategies seek to maintain suitable habitat, ensure a sufficient wild prey base for lions, reduce factors that lead to further fragmentation of populations, and make lion–human coexistence sustainable.

Most of these species are well known to have increased in numbers following human disturbance, however. Smaller declines were observed where pythons were only recently documented and the greatest mammalian abundances were observed outside of the python's current range. Burmese pythons were the dominant predator of reintroduced marsh rabbits (Sylvilagus palustris) in Everglades National Park, and predation by pythons extirpated the rabbit population in less than 11 months.McCleery RA, Sovie A, Reed RN, Cunningham MW, Hunter ME, Hart KM (2015) Marsh rabbit mortalities tie pythons to the precipitous decline of mammals in the Everglades.

The horse, clade Equidae, originated in North America 55 million years ago. By the end of the Late Pleistocene, there were two lineages of the equine family known to exist in North America: the "caballine" or "stout-legged horse" belonging to the genus Equus, and Haringtonhippus francisci, the "stilt-legged horse". Recent studies of ancient DNA suggest that the North American caballine horses included the ancestor of the modern horse. At the end of the Last Glacial Period, the non-caballines went extinct and the caballines were extirpated from the Americas.

Individual fitted with a GPS tracking device for research on habitat use and movement The giant golden-crowned flying fox is endemic to the Philippines; it was the first endemic species of that country to be described, which it was in 1831. Surveys reported in 2005 and 2011 documented this species on the islands of Bohol, Boracay, Cebu, Leyte, Luzon, Mindanao, Mindoro, Negros and Polillo. It was formerly found on the island of Panay, though this population has been extirpated. It is a forest specialist, occurring mostly at elevations from sea level to .

It can grow as far as 150 lbs. in weight and 7 feet in length. It is native to the Black, Azov, Caspian and Aegean Sea basins although it has been extirpated throughout most of its range. Because the Stellate sturgeon was once the most common and fastest to reproduce, this made Sevruga caviar the most commonly found of the sturgeon caviars, and the most inexpensive of the three main types of sturgeon caviar - Beluga, Osetra and Sevruga. It’s calculated that about half the caviar production comes from Sevruga.

Lizards previously documented include: Anolis critatellus and Sphaerodactylus macrolepis. Based on their distribution and habitat requirements on surrounding islands, one might expect the following species to be present as well: Iguana iguana, Hemidactylus mabouia, Mabuya mabouya, and Amphisbaena fenestrata. Iguana pinguis, a species endemic to the Puerto Rico Bank, has been extirpated from most developed islands in the region, but might survive on one or more of the islands in the study area. Two snakes found on St. Thomas might occur on Hans Lollik: Typhlops richardii and Liophis exequuis.

Immature of race emeria from eastern India This is a bird of lightly wooded areas, more open country with bushes and shrubs, and farmland. Irruptions have been noted from early times with Thomas C. Jerdon noting that they were "periodically visiting Madras and other wooded towns in large flocks." It has established itself in Australia and in Los Angeles, Hawaii, and Florida in the United States, as well as in Mauritius, on Assumption Island and Mascarene Islands. In Florida, it is only found in a small area, and its population could be extirpated easily.

Adaptive Apex Locator overcomes as the disadvantages of the popular apex locators 4th generation – low accuracy on working in wet canals, as well the disadvantages of devices V th generation – difficulty on working in dry canals and necessarily of compulsory, additional wetting. Adaptive Apex Locator continuously defines humidity of the canal and immediately adapts for dry or wet canal. On this way is possible to be measured as in dry and in additional wetted canals as well, canals with blood or exudates, canals with still not- extirpated pulp.

The pugnose shiner is a non-abundant species of Notropis and within the United States, it is distributed across parts of Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan. It is native to North America and its historic range was from eastern Ontario and Western New York to North Dakota, Illionios, Indiana, and Ohio, ending in the St. Lawrence River drainage. The population that was once in North Dakota is now thought to be extirpated due to tributy and uprooted vegetation within the freshwater lakes and streams.Also can be found in Orlando Florida the St. John chain.

Crucian carp is probably extirpated. Since 2003, however, several adult, fertile black carp have been captured from the Atchafalaya and other rivers connected to the Mississippi River. Dr. Leo Nico, in the book Black carp: Biological Synopsis and Risk Assessment of an Introduced Fish, reports that black carp are probably established in the United States. In South Florida, the local water management district stocks the canals with sterilized grass carp to control the hydrilla plant, which tends to block the locks and drainage valves used to control water flow from the Everglades.

Schistura atra is a species of ray-finned fish in the stone loach genus Schistura. This species has only been recorded from the drainage systems of the Nam Theun and Nam Gnouang, tributaries of the Mekong, in Laos. It can be found in the parts of streams with deep water and fast currents where it lives among the rocks. The lower parts of the basins it occurs in have been impacted by damming and this species has probably been extirpated from these area but it continues to survive upstream of the reservoirs.

Cyprinion kais, the Kais kingfish or smallmouth lotak, is a species of ray- finned fish in the genus Cyprinion. It is found in the drainage basins of the rivers Tigris and Euphrates, and was also found in the Queiq system but it appears to have been extirpated from that basin following the drying up of that river. Its range covers Turkey, Syria, Iraq and Iran. Its preferred habitat is flowing water in larger warm streams and rivers from where it migrates to canals and probably to other artificial water bodies to forage.

A grizzly in Denali National Park The grizzly bear is listed as threatened in the contiguous United States and endangered in parts of Canada. In May 2002, the Canadian Species at Risk Act listed the Prairie population (Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba range) of grizzly bears as extirpated in Canada. As of 2002, grizzly bears were listed as special concern under the COSEWIC registry and considered threatened under the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Within the United States, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service concentrates its effort to restore grizzly bears in six recovery areas.

Grizzly bears occasionally kill cougars in disputes over kills. There have been several anecdotes, primarily from the late 19th and early 20th centuries, of cougars and grizzly bears killing each other in fights to the death. The other big cat present in the United States which might pose as a threat to bears, is the jaguar; however, both species have been extirpated in the regions of the Southwest where their former habitats overlapped, and grizzlies remain far absent from the regions along the U.S.-Mexico border, where jaguars appear to be returning.

The Government of Canada maintains a list of all plant and animal species, or designatable units (DUs) thereof, federally recognized as special concern, threatened, endangered, extirpated, and extinct in Canada under Schedule I of the Species at Risk Act (SARA). This is known as the List of Wildlife Species at Risk. Species listed on SARA Schedule I receive federal legal protections under the Act, including the protection of individuals, populations, and their habitat from harm. Listing on Schedule I of the act also mandates the formation of a species recovery team and strategy.

The grizzly bear is the state animal of Montana. The California golden bear is the state animal of California. Both animals are subspecies of the brown bear and the species was extirpated from the latter state. The coat of arms of Madrid depicts a bear reaching up into a madroño or strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo) to eat some of its fruit, whereas the Swiss city of Bern's coat of arms also depicts a bear and the city's name is popularly thought to derive from the German word for bear.

In 1856 Henry Baker Tristram said of Palestine "A few years ago the whole Ghor (Jordan Valley) was in the hands of the fellaheen, and much of it cultivated for corn. Now the whole of it is in the hands of the Bedouin, who eschew all agriculture…The same thing is now going on over the plain of Sharon where….land is going out of cultivation and whole villages rapidly disappeared….Since the year 1838, no less than twenty villages there have thus erased from the map, and the stationary population extirpated."H.

American avocets were previously found across most of the United States until extirpated from the East Coast. The breeding habitat consists of marshes, beaches, prairie ponds, and shallow lakes in the mid-west, as far north as southern Canada. These breeding grounds are largely in areas just east of the rocky mountains including parts of Alberta, Saskatchewan, Montana, Idaho, Washington, Utah, North and South Dakota, Nebraska, Colorado, and even down to parts of New Mexico, Oklahoma and Texas. Their migration route lands them in almost every state in the western United States.

It was rediscovered in 1989 and has since been identified in five national parks, although it is very rare within its range. Likewise, the greater bamboo lemur (Prolemur simus) was thought to be extinct as recently as the late 1970s, but a population was located near Ranomafana National Park in the late 1980s. Historically, it had a much wider geographic distribution, shown by subfossil remains, but today it remains one of the world's 25 most endangered primates. One distinctive morph (possibly a species or subspecies) of sifaka, has not been so fortunate, having been extirpated from all known localities.

This species is classified as least concern on the IUCN Red List (assessed in 2007). Species are listed as such due to their wide distribution, presumed large population, or because they are unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category. The timber rattlesnake is listed as endangered in New Jersey, Vermont, Massachusetts (along with the copperhead viper), Virginia, New Hampshire, Indiana, and Ohio, and it is threatened in New York, Connecticut, Illinois, Minnesota, and Texas. Timber rattlesnakes have already been extirpated in Maine and Rhode Island and only one population remains in New Hampshire.

Trapping, loss or degradation of aquatic habitats through filling of wetlands, and development of coal, oil, gas, tanning, timber, and other industries, resulted in extirpations, or declines, in North American river otter populations in many areas. In 1980, an examination conducted on U.S. river otter populations determined they were extirpated in 11 states, and had experienced drastic lapses in 9 others. The most severe population declines occurred in interior regions where fewer aquatic habitats supported fewer otter populations. Although the distribution became reduced in some regions of southern Canada, the only province-wide extirpation occurred on Prince Edward Island.

Populations also occurred in the foothill streams of the Sierra Nevada and Coast Ranges, and in Owens Valley, Death Valley, and scattered locations in the Mojave Desert. Least Bell's vireos winter in Baja California Peninsula. Unlike during the breeding season, they are not limited in winter to willow-dominated riparian areas, but occupy a variety of habitats including mesquite scrub within arroyos, palm groves, and hedgerows bordering agricultural and residential areas. At the time of endangered species listing by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in 1986, it had been extirpated from most of its historic range, and numbered just 300 pairs statewide.

P. rebeli has been rigorously studied in Europe because it has priority conservation status and was classified as "vulnerable" in 2000 by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. It was first brought to the IUCN's attention and listed on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species in 1986. The species was categorized as "vulnerable" because its population decreased by 20-50% in the last 25 years and has been extirpated from at least one country. The causes of this drastic population reduction are thought to be agricultural land use changes, abandonment of extensive management, and deforestation.

Springer US. The mean mass of prey per study has varied from as little as , near the now former Aral Sea in Turkmenistan with the Turkmen jerboa (Jaculus turkmenicus) being the primary prey species, to , in Spain with the European rabbit being the primary prey species.Jaksić, F. M., & Marti, C. D. (1984). Comparative food habits of Bubo owls in Mediterranean-type ecosystems. Condor, 288-296. Remarkably, in northern Spain, where the rabbit is now extirpated (as was the eagle-owl for a time in the 20th century), the average weight of prey can dip as low as .

They have also been found to cross saltwater to islands northward; and reached the Chilean mainland in the 1990s. On balance, because of their landscape-wide modifications to the Fuegian environment and because biologists want to preserve the unique biota of the region, most favor their removal. North American beavers were released in Finland in 1937, before it was realized that they formed a separate species; following this, 7 beavers expanded to a population of 12,000 within 64 years. Eurasian beavers had earlier been extirpated from the region, so the release was intended as a reintroduction project.

After 200 years, a lone beaver returned to New York City in 2007, making its home along the Bronx River, having spent time living at the Bronx Zoo and the Botanical Gardens. Though beaver pelts were once important to the city's economy and a pair of beavers appears on the city's official seal and flag, beavers had not lived in New York City since the early 19th century, when trappers extirpated them completely from the city. The return of "José", named after Representative José Serrano from the Bronx, has been seen as evidence that efforts to restore the river have been successful.Trotta, Daniel.

Competition is most serious with livestock, especially domestic yak and domestic sheep, with which argali are frequently forced to intermingle and from which they often catch diseases and parasites. The main predators of argali are Himalayan wolves, which often exploit harsh winter conditions (such as deep snow) to capture the wild sheep, though they can and do take specimens of any age or condition year around. Where not locally extirpated, snow leopards and leopards are also predators of argali of any age. Eurasian lynx and wolverines may seldom kill argali to at least the size of winter-weakened ewes.

The IUCN characterizes 'recent' extinction as those that have occurred past the cut-off point of 1500, and around 80 mammal species have gone extinct since that time and 2015. Some species, such as the Père David's deer are extinct in the wild, and survive solely in captive populations. Other species, such as the Florida panther, are ecologically extinct, surviving in such low numbers that they essentially have no impact on the ecosystem. Other populations are only locally extinct (extirpated), still existing elsewhere, but reduced in distribution, as with the extinction of gray whales in the Atlantic.

Initially, it was thought that the wolf and moose populations would reach a stable balance. However, during the nearly sixty years of the study, the populations of both species have fluctuated up and down with the number of moose ranging from a high of nearly 2500 down to 500 and the number of wolves ranging from a high of 50 down to one in 2017/18. During 2016, the wolf population was nearly extirpated with only two severely inbred wolves present. The moose population was about 2/3rd of its historical maximum with ample forage and growing rapidly.

The population of bull trout and other native species of fish in Banff's lakes has also dwindled, with the introduction of non-native species including brook trout, and rainbow trout. Lake trout, westslope cutthroat trout, and Chiselmouth are rare native species, while chinook salmon, White sturgeon, Pacific lamprey, and Banff longnose dace are likely extirpated locally. The Banff longnose dace, once only found in Banff, is now an extinct species. Wildlife overpass The Trans- Canada Highway, passing through Banff, has been problematic, posing hazards for wildlife due to vehicle traffic and as an impediment to wildlife migration.

Numerous species of antbird formerly resident in the area were extirpated, in no small part due to increased levels of nest predation on the island. While the species lost from Barro Colorado are not globally threatened, they illustrate the vulnerability of species in fragmented habitats and help explain the declines of some species. The majority of threatened species have very small natural ranges. Some are also extremely poorly known; for example the Rio de Janeiro antwren is known only from a single specimen collected in 1982, although there have been unconfirmed reports since 1994 and it is currently listed as critically endangered.

The muskrat and beaver were exploited for their fur and beaver pelts. Beavers are still trapped for the fur trade industry and were almost extirpated in the first half of the 20th century. The Mid-Boreal Upland ecoregion within the Boreal Plains Ecozone features white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus), silver-haired bat (Lasionycteris noctivagans) and the other mammals of the northern boreal forests. There is a lower population of mammalian wildlife amidst the fens, marshes, bogs and swamps that demark the muskeg area of the Mid-Boreal Lowland.

The leopard (Panthera pardus) is one of the five extant species in the genus Panthera, a member of the Felidae. It occurs in a wide range in sub-Saharan Africa, in small parts of Western and Central Asia, on the Indian subcontinent to Southeast and East Asia. It is listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List because leopard populations are threatened by habitat loss and fragmentation, and are declining in large parts of the global range. In Hong Kong, Singapore, Kuwait, Syria, Libya, Tunisia and most likely in Morocco, leopard populations have already been extirpated.

Conversely, the Mediterranean monk seal was extirpated from much of its former range, which stretched from the Mediterranean to the Black Sea and northwest Africa, and remains only in the northeastern Mediterranean and some parts of northwest Africa. Polar bears can be hunted for sport in Canada with a special permit and accompaniment by a local guide. This can be an important source of income for small communities, as guided hunts bring in more income than selling the polar bear hide on markets. The United States, Russia, Norway, Greenland, and Canada allow subsistence hunting, and Canada distributes hunting permits to indigenous communities.

The Romans recognized three appellations: Caucinian Falernian from the highest slopes, Faustian Falernian from the center (named for its one-time owner Faustus Cornelius Sulla, son of the dictator), and generic Falernian from the lower slopes and plain. The esteemed vintages grew in value as they aged, and each region produced different varieties as well: dry, sweet, and light. Other famous wines were the sweet Alban from the Alban Hills and the Caecuban beloved by Horace and extirpated by Nero. Pliny cautioned that such 'first-growth' wines not be smoked in a fumarium like lesser vintages.

Other risks identified include the long-term effects of disturbance and stress on the animals, and the demographic consequences if the sub-population near the dam was extirpated. The persistence of threats at the site means that only the lowest risk activities are compatible with dolphin persisting in the area, though developers state that "construction impacts [on dolphins are] necessary". The project would reduce flow to the Khone Phapheng Falls and surrounding channels. Environmental Impact Assessment documents indicate that the guaranteed flow would be the equivalent of an extreme dry-season low-flow (800 cubic meters per second).

Long Lake Dam is a concrete gravity dam on the Spokane River, between Lincoln County and Stevens County about northwest of Spokane in eastern Washington. It forms Long Lake (Washington), a long reservoir, and has a hydroelectric generating capacity of 71 megawatts. The dam was built by Washington Water Power (now Avista Utilities), which operates five other dams along the Spokane. Upon its completion in 1915, Long Lake Dam completely blocked salmon migrations to the upper portions of the Spokane River watershed, although much larger Grand Coulee Dam on the Columbia River extirpated salmon from the entire Spokane basin by 1942.

The Yellowstone Park Bison Herd formed naturally from a few bison that remained in the Yellowstone Park area after the great slaughter at the end of the 19th century. Yellowstone National Park is one of the very few areas where wild bison were never completely extirpated. It is the only continuously wild bison herd in the United States. Numbering between 3,000 and 3,500, the Yellowstone Park bison herd is descended from a remnant population of 23 individual bison that survived the mass slaughter of the 19th century by hiding out in the Pelican Valley of Yellowstone Park.

Many salmon runs are dominated by hatchery-bred fish. In the Columbia River, once one of the largest salmon- producers, over 80% of the total run is now hatchery-bred fish. The pattern of salmon decline is not unique to western North America. Of the Earth's four regions where salmon runs occurred historically (Asian Far East, Atlantic Europe, eastern North America, and western North America), it appears probable that salmon runs in California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and southern British Columbia, without a dramatic change in current and long-term trends, will emulate the other three: extirpated or much reduced runs.

According to the Solemn League and Covenant, ratified by the parliaments of England and Scotland, and also by the Assembly of Divines at Westminster in 1643, Presbyterianism was to be maintained in the kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland, and popery, prelacy, superstition, heresies, schism, &c.;, were to be extirpated. The Covenanters in Scotland contended, as is well known, under much suffering, for this species of Presbyterian supremacy throughout the reigns of Charles II and James VII. As a measure of pacification at the Revolution, Presbytery was established in Scotland by act of parliament 1690; but it was of a modified kind.

The coconut crab (Birgus latro) is a species of terrestrial hermit crab, also known as the robber crab or palm thief. It is the largest land-living arthropod in the world, with a weight up to . It can grow to up to in length from each tip to tip of the leg. It is found on islands across the Indian Ocean, and parts of the Pacific Ocean as far east as the Gambier Islands and Pitcairn Islands, similar to the distribution of the coconut palm; it has been extirpated from most areas with a significant human population, including mainland Australia and Madagascar.

It is found primarily in Siberia east of the Sosva River and the Urals, in the East Siberian Mountains, including the Verkhoyansk Range, northeast to the Anadyr Highlands, east to the Kamchatka Peninsula and south into Manchuria,JSTOR - Emmett Reid Dunn, The Salamanders of the Family Hynobiidae with outlying populations also in northern Kazakhstan and Mongolia, northeastern China, and on the Korean Peninsula. It is believed to be extirpated from South Korea. An isolated population exists on Hokkaidō, Japan, in the Kushiro Shitsugen National Park. A breeding ground of Siberian salamanders in Paegam, South Hamgyong, is designated North Korean natural monument #360.

Most of the larger mammal species have been extirpated from Mauritania. Among the antelopes the Scimitar-horned oryx, addax, korrigum and dama gazelle are extinct, the bohor reedbuck, Buffon's kob, Dorcas gazelle and red-fronted gazelle are extinct and the bushbuck and slender-horned gazelle are of indeterminate status. In the area of Diawling National Park, the last lion was shot in 1970 and there have been no sightings of manatees or hippopotamus in recent years. The Mediterranean monk seal has one of its last strongholds in the world in the coves along the Cap Blanc Peninsula near Nouadhibou.

Wolf after re-introduction When Yellowstone National Park was created in 1872, gray wolf (Canis lupus) populations were already in decline in Montana, Wyoming and Idaho. The creation of the national park did provide protection for wolves or other predators, and government predator control programs in the first decades of the 1900s essentially didn't eliminate the gray wolf from Yellowstone. The last wolves were killed in Yellowstone in 1926. After that time, sporadic reports of wolves still occurred, but scientists confirmed that sustainable wolf populations had been extirpated and were absent from Yellowstone during the mid-1900s.

The Coeur d'Alene salamander (Plethodon idahoensis) is a species of woodland salamander in the family of lungless salamanders (Plethodontidae). This species was once known as Plethodon vandykei idahoensis, a subspecies of Van Dyke's salamander localized in northern Idaho. While the majority of this species is localized in northern Idaho, there are some instances of capture/sighting in western Montana and southeastern British Columbia. Approximately 95% of observed populations in Idaho and Montana have been verified extant since 1987; the remainder may have [extirpated], however there is a general lack of knowledge on the population trends of the Coeur d'Alene salamander.

Swift fox Order: Carnivora, Family: Canidae Occurrence: Grasslands The swift fox (Vulpes velox) is a small light orange-tan fox around the size of a domestic cat found in the western grasslands of North America, such as Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas. It also lives in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta in Canada, where it was previously extirpated. It is closely related to the kit fox and the two species are sometimes known as subspecies of Vulpes velox because hybrids of the two species occur naturally where their ranges overlap. The swift fox lives primarily in short-grass prairies and deserts.

This population has now grown to a total of 432 individuals with an annual growth rate of 7.27 percent, according to the latest census carried out in 2016. With this upsurge in the population, authorities are planning a possible transfer of some wild water buffaloes to the flood plains of Chitwan National Park where they have been extirpated around 1950's. If the proposed translocation happens, this will present a natural Predator-Prey scenario since wild water buffaloes in Koshi Tappu has been lacking their natural predators in the form of tiger, leopard and dhole for quite a long time.

The mountain tapir is found in the cloud forests and páramo of the Eastern and Central Cordilleras mountains in Colombia, Ecuador, and the far north of Peru. Its range may once have extended as far as western Venezuela, but it has long been extirpated from that region. It commonly lives at elevations between , and since at this altitude temperatures routinely fall below freezing, the animal's woolly coat is essential. During the wet season, mountain tapirs tend to inhabit the forests of the Andes, while during the drier months, they move to the páramo, where fewer biting insects pester them.

Between 1998 and 2006, 70% of pygmy slow lorises seized by authorities died before reaching a sheltering zoo, resulting in replacement demand and additional captures from the wild. Within the whole Indochinese region, populations of the pygmy slow loris have drastically decreased as a result of military activities, defoliant spraying, logging, and massive off- takes, especially in Vietnam. It has been extirpated in the northern part of this country due to the belief that it is a crop pest. The demand of the pet and the medicinal markets is further aggravating the situation, which is reflected by its abundance in many local markets.

Brook trout populations depend on cold, clear, well-oxygenated water of high purity. As early as the late 19th century, native brook trout in North America became extirpated from many watercourses as land development, forest clear-cutting, and industrialization took hold. Streams and creeks that were polluted, dammed, or silted up often became too warm to hold native brook trout, and were colonized by transplanted smallmouth bass and perch or other introduced salmonids such as brown and rainbow trout. The brown trout, a species not native to North America, has replaced the brook trout in much of the brook trout's native water.

In December 2001 a herd of about 30, including 10 juveniles, was observed in the vicinity of the Gash River. The elephants seemed to have formed a symbiotic relationship with olive baboons, with the baboons using the water holes dug by the elephants, while the elephants use the tree-top baboons as an early warning system. It is estimated that there are around 100 African bush elephant left in Eritrea, the most northerly of East Africa's elephants. The endangered African wild dog (Lycaon pictus) was previously found in Eritrea, but is now deemed extirpated from the entire country.

It is a domed grazing subspecies, differing from the Aldabra tortoise in its broader shape and reduced ossification of the skeleton; it differs also from the other controversial giant tortoise in the Seychelles, the saddle-backed morphotype (Arnold's giant tortoise). It was apparently extirpated from the wild but is now known only from 37 adults, including 28 captive, and 8 on Cousine Island, 6 of which were released in 2011 along with 40 captive-bred juveniles. Captive-reared juveniles show that there is a presumed genetic basis to the morphotype and further genetic work is needed to elucidate this.

Historically, this woodpecker's range extended in the southeastern United States from Florida to New Jersey and Maryland, as far west as eastern Texas and Oklahoma, and inland to Missouri, Kentucky, and Tennessee. Today it is estimated that there are about 5,000 groups of red- cockaded woodpeckers, or 12,500 birds, from Florida to Virginia and west to southeast Oklahoma and eastern Texas, representing about 1% of the woodpecker's original population. They have become locally extinct (extirpated) in Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri, New Jersey, and Tennessee. Male at nest cavity in longleaf pine The red-cockaded woodpecker makes its home in fire-dependent pine savannas.

The aplomado falcon's habitat is dry grasslands, savannahs, marshes, and, in Brazil, is commonly observed in some large cities, such as São Paulo. It ranges from northern Mexico and Trinidad locally to southern South America, but has been extirpated from many places in its range, including all of northern and central Mexico except for a small area of Chihuahua. Globally, however, it is so widespread that it is assessed as Species of Least Concern by the IUCN. It feeds on large invertebrates and small vertebrates, with small birds making up the overwhelming bulk of its prey.

It has been spotted as an accidental at least seven times in the Western Palearctic with records from the British Isles (5), the Azores (1) and Iceland (1). In 1963, the mourning dove was introduced to Hawaii, and in 1998 there was still a small population in North Kona. The mourning dove also appeared on Socorro Island, off the western coast of Mexico, in 1988, sixteen years after the Socorro dove was extirpated from that island. The mourning dove occupies a wide variety of open and semi-open habitats, such as urban areas, farms, prairie, grassland, and lightly wooded areas.

Another Cyclura species of similar size, the Anegada ground iguana (Cyclura pinguis), once occurred in the archipelago but it became extirpated due to predation by dogs, cats, and humans, habitat destruction, and competition from goats and pigs, and is now restricted to Anegada. The most common lizard in Puerto Rico is the sharp-mouthed lizard (Anolis pulchellus). The anole lizards of Puerto Rico, and the Greater Antilles in general, represent an interesting case of adaptive radiation. Anole lizards in the Greater Antilles are more closely related to other species within the same island than to species of adjacent islands.

In situ sourcing for restorations involves moving individuals from an existing wild population to a new site where the species was formerly extirpated. Ideally, populations should be sourced in situ when possible due to the numerous risks associated with reintroducing organisms from captive populations to the wild. To ensure that reintroduced populations have the best chance of surviving and reproducing, individuals should be sourced from populations that genetically and ecologically resemble the recipient population. Generally, sourcing from populations with similar environmental conditions to the reintroduction site will maximize the chance that reintroduced individuals are well adapted to the habitat of the reintroduction site .

The Guam rail (Hypotaenidia owstoni) (Chamorro name: ko'ko' ) is a species of flightless bird, endemic to the United States territory of Guam. The Guam rail disappeared from southern Guam in the early 1970s and was extirpated from the entire island by the late 1980s. This species is now being bred in captivity by the Division of Aquatic and Wildlife Resources on Guam and at some mainland U.S. zoos. Since 1995, more than 100 rails have been introduced on the island of Rota in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands in an attempt to establish a wild breeding colony.

The swift fox (Vulpes velox) is a small light orange-tan fox around the size of a domestic cat found in the western grasslands of North America, such as Montana, Colorado, New Mexico, Kansas, Oklahoma and Texas. It also lives in southern Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta in Canada, where it was previously extirpated. It is closely related to the kit fox and the two species are sometimes known as subspecies of Vulpes velox because hybrids of the two species occur naturally where their ranges overlap. The swift fox lives primarily in short-grass prairies and deserts.

Swift fox Order: Carnivora, Family: Canidae Occurrence: E, H The swift fox (Vulpes velox) is a small light orange-tan fox around the size of a domestic cat found in the western grasslands of North America, such as Colorado, New Mexico and Texas. It also lives in Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta in Canada, where it was previously extirpated. It is closely related to the kit fox and the two species are sometimes known as subspecies of Vulpes velox because hybrids of the two species occur naturally where their ranges overlap. The swift fox lives primarily in short-grass prairies and deserts.

By 1960, few wolves remained in Sweden, because of the use of snowmobiles in hunting them, with the last specimen being killed in 1966. The gray wolf was extirpated in Denmark in 1772 and Norway's last wolf was killed in 1973. The species was decimated in 20th century Finland, despite regular dispersals from Russia. The gray wolf was only present in the eastern and northern parts of Finland by 1900, though its numbers increased after World War II. In Central Europe, wolves were dramatically reduced in number during the early 19th century, because of organized hunts and reductions in ungulate populations.

The harpy eagle is considered critically endangered in Mexico and Central America, where it has been extirpated in most of its former range; in Mexico, it used to be found as far north as Veracruz, but today probably occurs only in Chiapas in the Selva Zoque. It is considered as near threatened or vulnerable in most of the South American portion of its range; at the southern extreme of its range, in Argentina, it is found only in the Parana Valley forests at the province of Misiones.The Misiones Green Corridor . Redyaguarete.org.ar. Retrieved on 2012-08-21.

Edward Lee Greene collected the first recorded specimen of this plant in 1890 in Vacaville, California (in Solano County). The historical range of Trifolium amoenum was from the western extreme of the Sacramento Valley in Solano County west and north to Marin and Sonoma Counties,Environmental Impact Report for the proposed Roblar Road Rock Quarry, Earth Metrics Inc. Report 7673, prepared for Sonoma County and the California State Clearinghouse, September, 1989 where many sites were presumed extirpated by urban and agricultural development. From further expansion of the human population, Trifolium amoenum had become a rare species by the mid 1900s.

In the Sierra de Perijá, Hyalinobatrachium pallidum was abundant and reproductively active at two localities with small fast-flowing creeks surrounded by primary cloud forest and abundant stream-side vegetation. It was scarce at a third locality, a small creek in secondary forest with shaded coffee plantations. The Guacharaquita population was considered almost extirpated by habitat loss in the assessment by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in 2004. However, Rojas-Runjaic and colleagues suggest that the conservation status of this species should be reassessed in light of broader distribution than was known at the time of the assessment.

Natural prairies have been almost extirpated from Louisiana, mostly by clearing for agriculture. Less than one thousand acres of calcareous prairie may remain in the entire state, three pieces of which are associated with Kisatchie: the Kieffer prairie (769 acres), the historic Tancock Prairie (45 acres), and the historic Bartram Prairie (1,190 acres). The latter two are referred to as "historic" because they were mentioned in 1836 survey records; they have reverted to forest. So thoroughly have the prairies of North America been cleared that remnants such as these are likely to be of national significance.

If given no supplemental food, particularly in areas with high numbers of predators, farm cat populations may occasionally become extirpated if there are few nearby strays and a low breeding population. Predators, accidents, disease, parasites and hunger will all take a toll. More often, especially when supplemental food is provided, overpopulation is common, and losses then occur primarily due to disease or accidents, with predation playing a minor role—all insufficient to make a substantial dent in the population. Where numbers become an issue, some farm cat populations are controlled by shooting, poisoning, or trapping excess numbers.

Occasionally, woodchucks may suffer from parasitism and a woodchuck may die from infestation or from bacteria transmitted by vectors.The Wild Mammals of Wisconsin, Charles A. Long, p 162, In areas of intensive agriculture and the dairying regions of the state of Wisconsin, particularly the southern parts thereof, the woodchuck by 1950 had been almost extirpated. Jackson (1961) suggested that, although the amount of damage done by the woodchuck had been exaggerated, the excessive persecution by people pursuant thereto had substantially reduced its numbers in Wisconsin. In some areas marmots are important game animals and are killed regularly for sport, food, or fur.

Due to deforestation, this woodpecker was extirpated in Ireland in the seventeenth century, but the island has been naturally recolonised, with the first proven nesting in County Down in 2007. Its expansion in range is continuing, with breeding proven or suspected in at least 10 counties by 2013, with the main concentration in Down and County Wicklow. Genetic evidence shows the birds to be of British, rather than Scandinavian, ancestry, with the populations in Northern Ireland and the Irish Republic having separate origins. The great spotted woodpecker was also found to have been nesting in the Isle of Man from 2009.

It was additionally extirpated as a breeder from Austria around 1900, from Hungary by 1952 and from Spain by 1954. The recovering German breeding population of 8,000 pairs is still also a fraction of the size of the large numbers that once bred in the country. Poland has 15,000 breeding pairs, 50 pairs breed in the Czech Republic and 2009 was the first confirmed breeding in Slovakia. The main threat to the species, and the primary reason for its decline in the Western Palearctic, comes from habitat loss and degradation, as a result of dam construction, urbanisation, agricultural expansion, and drainage of wetlands.

During the 1980s, migratory Japanese sardine was one of the most abundant fish in the summer. Pinniped: The main pinnipeds were a significant object of harvest for the indigenous populations of the Kuril islands, both for food and materials such as skin and bone. The long term fluctuations in the range and distribution of human settlements along the Kuril island presumably tracked the pinniped ranges. In historical times, fur seals were heavily exploited for their fur in the 19th and early 20th centuries and several of the largest reproductive rookeries, as on Raykoke island, were extirpated.

Tourism is an important industry in Moncton and historically owes its origins to the presence of two natural attractions, the tidal bore of the Petitcodiac River (see above) and the optical illusion of Magnetic Hill. The tidal bore was the first phenomenon to become an attraction but the construction of the Petitcodiac causeway in the 1960s effectively extirpated the attraction. Magnetic Hill, on the city's northwest outskirts, is the city's most famous attraction. The Magnetic Hill area includes (in addition to the phenomenon itself), a golf course, major water park, zoo, and an outdoor concert facility.

In: Microbial mediation of plant-herbivore interactions (Barbosa, P.; Krischik, V.A. & Jones, C.G., eds.) New York: John Wiley and Sons. pp. 199-226. The strongest evidence for anti-herbivore benefits of fungal endophytes come from studies of herbivore populations being extirpated when allowed to feed only on infected plants. Examples of local extinction have been documented in crickets, larval armyworms and flour beetles. Yet chemical defenses produced by fungal endophytes are not universally effective, and numerous insect herbivores are unaffected by a given compound at one or more life history stages; larval stages are often more susceptible to toxins than adults.

Six species were introduced to Texas, two are known to be extinct and another is thought to be, and a fourth is extirpated and possibly extinct. An additional accidental/historical species has been added from another source. This list is presented in the taxonomic sequence of the Check-list of North and Middle American Birds, 7th edition through the 61st Supplement, published by the American Ornithological Society (AOS). Common and scientific names are also those of the Check-list, except that the common names of families are from the Clements taxonomy because the AOS list does not include them.

Critical habitat (specific geographic area essential for the conservation) for the Newcomb's snail was designated 20 August 2002. The designation includes eight stream segments and associated tributaries, springs, seeps, and adjacent riparian areas totaling 1,812 hectares (4,479 acres), and including of stream channel. Critical habitat for the Newcomb's snail includes the six stream locations known to be occupied and two sites where snails were observed historically but are now thought to be extirpated (Hanakoa Stream and Hanakāpī`ai Stream). Newcomb's snail is the first and only freshwater organism found in Hawai`i listed under Federal and State law as threatened.

Solidago uliginosa, or bog goldenrod, is a North American species of flowering plants in the sunflower family. It is found in eastern Canada (from Nunavut to Newfoundland and Manitoba) and the eastern United States (Great Lakes, Northeast, and Appalachian Mountains as far south as northeastern Georgia. There are historical reports of the species growing in Alabama, but these populations appear now to have been extirpated).Biota of North America Program 2014 state-level distribution map Solidago uliginosa is a perennial herb up to 200 cm (80 inches or 6 2/3 feet) tall, spreading by means of underground rhizomes.

Charismatic species are often used as flagship species in conservation programs, as they are supposed to attract people's feelings more. However, being charismatic does not protect species against extinction: all of the 10 most charismatic species are currently endangered, and only the giant panda shows a demographic growth from an extremely small population. Beginning early in the 20th century, efforts to reintroduce extirpated charismatic megafauna to ecosystems have been an interest of a number of private and non-government conservation organizations. Species have been reintroduced from captive breeding programs in zoos, such as the European bison to Poland's Białowieża Forest.

Hewitson visited Ronas Hill and wrote of his experience: > Our main object was to get some eggs of the Skua Gull...and had soon the > pleasure of examining one of these fine birds, first on the wing and > afterwards dead at our feet. We went to their head-quarters and were much > disappointed in not seeing more of them. They were once abundant here but > the last year a man of the name of Dunn, a bird stuffer from Hull, for his > own private gain nearly extirpated this rare bird. We did not during the day > see above 5 or 6 pairs.

In many cases the removal of introduced species is sufficient to allow a return to a pre-disturbance state, but generally active management, often in the form of replanting native flora and reintroduction of extirpated fauna is needed to achieve restoration goals. Planting of native species helps to replenish species that were either grazed or out competed. Species of animal can be translocated either from existing populations, or from captive bred populations. These reintroductions need to be carefully managed, particularly in the case of endangered species, where the potential benefits need to be weighed against the possibility of failure.

At Galveston, Texas during spring migration At High Island, Texas This species is migratory, wintering in southern Florida, northern Central America, the West Indies and most of the Lesser Antilles. This species is a very rare vagrant to western Europe. While the species is still common as a breeder across most of eastern North America, there are conspicuous gaps in their breeding range that were likely once breeding grounds. They have been extirpated as a breeder from much of the Midwest as well as from many areas in Massachusetts, New Jersey, Connecticut, New York, Rhode Island and Vermont.

Video clip The brown spider monkey is among "The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates", and is one of only two Neotropical primates (the other being the yellow-tailed woolly monkey) to have been included in this list in both 2006–2008 and 2008–2010. The population is estimated to have decreased by at least 80% and some populations have already been extirpated. Few remaining populations are of adequate size to be viable long-term. Almost 60 brown spider monkeys were recorded at various zoo (mostly European) that participated in the International Species Information System in 2010, but breeding is slow.

A herd of wild water buffaloes in Kaziranga National Park, Assam The wild water buffalo occurs in India, Nepal, Bhutan, Thailand, and Cambodia, with an unconfirmed population in Myanmar. It has been extirpated in Bangladesh, Laos, Vietnam, and Sri Lanka. It is associated with wet grasslands, swamps, flood plains and densely vegetated river valleys. In India, it is largely restricted to in and around Kaziranga, Manas and Dibru- Saikhowa National Parks, Laokhowa Wildlife Sanctuary and Bura Chapori Wildlife Sanctuary and in a few scattered pockets in Assam; and in and around D'Ering Memorial Wildlife Sanctuary in Arunachal Pradesh.

It is believed to be extinct in the Society Islands and extirpated from much of its range in the Tuamotus; however, these islands are rarely visited by ornithologists, and many small islets need to be explored to determine if they also host a surviving population of the Polynesian ground dove. Additionally, a survey in the 1970s missed the population of ground doves on Rangiroa Atoll, implying that it may survive undetected on other islets. In addition to the threat from introduced predators, the low-lying atolls on which it survives are threatened by rising sea levels.

The sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus) is a relatively small species of sturgeon from Eurasia native to large rivers that flow into the Black Sea, Azov Sea, and Caspian Sea, as well as rivers in Siberia as far east as Yenisei. Populations migrating between fresh and salt water (anadromous) have been extirpated. Due to overfishing (for its flesh, caviar, and isinglass), pollution, and dams, the sterlet has declined throughout its native range and is considered vulnerable by the IUCN. Restocking projects are ongoing, and it has been introduced to some regions outside its native range, but the latter have generally not become self-sustaining.

Historical distribution The tiger historically ranged from eastern Turkey and Transcaucasia to the coast of the Sea of Japan, and from South Asia across Southeast Asia to the Indonesian islands of Sumatra, Java and Bali. Since the end of the last glacial period, it was probably restricted by periods of deep snow lasting longer than six months. Currently, it occurs in less than 6% of its historical range, as it has been extirpated from Southwest and Central Asia, large parts of Southeast and East Asia. It now mainly occurs in the Indian subcontinent, the Indochinese Peninsula, Sumatra and the Russian Far East.

Main Ridge provides critical habitat for two endemic amphibians, Pristimantis turpinorum (Turpin's frog) and Mannophryne olmonae (Bloody Bay tree frog), which are endemic to northeastern Tobago and for the coral snake mimic Erythrolamprus pseudoreginae. The white-tailed sabrewing (Campylopterus ensipennis) is endemic to northeastern Venezuela and the Main Ridge; after Hurricane Flora in 1963 the hummingbird was thought to be extirpated from Tobago, but was rediscovered in 1974. Plant species endemic to Tobago which have been recorded from Main Ridge include Odontonema brevipes, Duguetia tobagensis, Phyllanthus acacioides, Besleria seitzii, Cybianthus pittieri, Pilea tobagensis, and Justicia tobagensis.

Beaver (Castor canadensis) were hunted for their fur since the era of the French trappers only to be extirpated from Indiana by 1900. 1935 re-introductions of Wisconsin and Michigan beaver into Indiana were successful and the aquatic herbivorous mammal was spotted in the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore beginning in 1968. Whitaker reported a beaver colony in Salt Creek in 1994 as well as beaver sign in the lower portions of the Little Calumet River. Beaver create wetlands which remove sediment and pathogens and increase trout and salmon abundance as their ponds make ideal fish-rearing habitat.

Mile 15 of Big Spring Creek Big Spring Creek is a popular angling location for trout anglers with significant public access along its length. There are six public Fishing Access Sites operated by the Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks between river mile 27 and mile 15. Fly fishing is popular for rainbow and brown trout as well as brook trout in some sections with fish population estimates up to 1500 catch-able fish per mile. The creek was once populated with Westslope cutthroat trout which were eventually extirpated with the introduction rainbow and brown trout in the 1920s.

Species at Risk Act (SARA) for Woodland Caribou, Boreal population In 2008, there were "57 recognized local populations or units of analysis for Boreal caribou in Canada." The 2008 report described three measurable criteria for monitoring caribou habitat population trend—Declining (D), Stable (S), Increasing (I) or Unknown (U), population size—Very Small, Small, or Above Critical, and range disturbance— Very Low, Low, Moderate, High or Very High. By 2018, the boreal woodland caribou had 51 herds, and the Southern Mountain Caribou population had 15. By 2019, the Southern Mountain Caribou South Selkirk herd was extirpated (locally extinct).

The subspecies gets its name from the island of Corsica from where it was, however, extirpated in the early 1970s. At that time, the less than 250 animals that still existed on Sardinia were protected and plans were elaborated for a reintroduction on Corsica. Captive breeding on the latter island began in 1985 and the population increased from 13 founders to 186 captive animals. Reintroduction could finally begin in 1998, and as of 2007, the Corsican population was about 250 individuals, with a total of about 1,000 for the subspecies, which has therefore been downgraded to near threatened on the IUCN Red List.

Liophis portoricensis (a lizard- eating ground snake) has been reduced in numbers or extirpated on the large islands within its range. Geochelone carbonaria, the red-legged tortoise, has not been recorded but may be present. No amphibians are known to live on Hans Lollik, but it is possible that one or more species of coquí (Eleutherodactylus) occurs there. These tiny frogs create foam nests to protect their eggs and tadpoles from desiccation and standing freshwater is not required for reproduction while adult frogs hide in damp areas, such as the leaf bases of bromeliads, to avoid xeric conditions.

Located on the bird migration route, the Pacific Flyway, the preserve is designated an Important Bird Area by the American Bird Conservancy and National Audubon Society. Several rare birds, such as the Tri-colored Blackbird and the Greater Sandhill Crane, have been identified. Many bird species that have been extirpated from most of the Central Valley are returning to the area. The preserve is between two growing urban centers, Sacramento in the north, and Stockton to the south, which threaten to constrict the protected areas to a narrow corridor extending from the Sierra foothills to the Sacramento River Delta.

Oxynoemacheilus galilaeus is known with certainty from two lakes in the drainage basin of the River Jordan, Lake Hula in Israel and the smaller Lake Muzairib in Syria. It has been extirpated from Lake Hula and Lake Muzairib is affected by moderate pollution and a declining water level due to over abstraction and lowe rainfall, although the species is said to be still abundant in that lake. It has been reported from a third lake, Lake Tiberias, but that is now thought to be a mislabelled specimen. It is a lake species which can be found near the lake shores.

These shiners are typically found in the waters of Cochise County and San Bernardino Creek. They were extirpated from the United States for a brief period during 1969-70, but they have recently been reintroduced to Arizona and other regions of the Southwest. The San Bernardino Wildlife Refuge has been working for the recovery of this threatened species by reintroducing it into various ponds around Cochise County. After the reintroduction in 1990, the beautiful shiner has made its way from Cochise County to Southern parts of Sonora and Mexico, traveling to the Santa Maria and Santa Clara drainages to spawn.

Its natural habitat is rivers. It is threatened by the drying up of the rivers and streams in which it is found, caused by overuse, damming and less rainfall, as well as by pollution. In Syria it has been extirpated from the Barada and can now only be found in the upper reaches of the Awaj to the west of Damascus. It is a highly variable species and different populations can differ from their neighbouring populations that in the past they have been described as species or subspecies and this has led to a large number of synonyms for Oxynoemacheilus insignis.

The Gila chub has been found in streams of the Gila River drainage in Arizona, and in the Santa Cruz River system in Sonora, Mexico; however, recently, the Gila chub species has not been documented in the San Pedro drainage in Sonora, Mexico. The Gila chub has also been recently discovered in these specific drainages in Arizona: Santa Cruz River, Middle Gila River, San Pedro River, Agua Fria River, and the Verde River. These fish have also been extirpated from the Monkey Spring of the Santa Cruz River, and Fish and Cave Creeks of the Salt River.

Small White Lady's Slipper - extirpated species Silver buffaloberry Canada thistle The native flora of Saskatchewan includes vascular plants, plus additional species of other plants and plant-like organisms such as algae, lichens and other fungi, and mosses. Non-native species of plants are recorded as established outside of cultivation in Saskatchewan, of these some non- native species remain beneficial for gardening, and agriculture, where others have become invasive, noxious weeds. Saskatchewan is committed to protecting species at risk in Canada. The growing season has been studied and classified into plant hardiness zones depending on length of growing season and climatic conditions.

At the present, of course, Matadero Creek has been lengthened to connect to Adobe Creek in Mayfield Slough in the Palo Alto Flood Basin. In June, 1980 local residents spotted a milky substance in the creek that was determined to be wheelchair cleaning solvent dumped into the waters by the Veterans Administration Medical Center. The large population of resident Pacific tree frogs (Pseudacris regilla regilla) near the creek was nearly extirpated. In the 1970s the "nightly tree frog chorus along Matadero Creek was almost deafening in the mating season and loud during all the warmer months", according to Barron Park historian, Douglas Graham.

The river is noted for its recreational salmon fishery, which is sustained by the efforts of the Salmon River Fish Hatchery, located north of Altmar on a tributary to the Salmon River. Hatchery staff raise over three million young trout and salmon each year to be stocked in streams and lakes throughout New York State, including the Salmon River itself. The Salmon River derives its name from the landlocked Atlantic salmon which were of great importance to Native Americans and early settlers of the region. However, these native salmon were extirpated from the river by 1872 and from Lake Ontario by 1898.

The Coeur d'Alene salamander, (Plethodon idahoensis) is a species of woodland salamander in the family of lungless salamanders (Plethodontidae). This species was once known as Plethodon vandykei idahoensis, a subspecies of Van Dyke's salamander localized in northern Idaho. While the majority of this species is localized in northern Idaho, there are some instances of capture/sighting in western Montana and southeastern British Columbia. Approximately 95% of observed populations in Idaho and Montana have been verified extant since 1987; the remainder may have [extirpated], however there is a general lack of knowledge on the population trends of the Coeur d'Alene salamander.

Its distribution is circumpolar and is most abundant in Scandinavia, the Ural and Altai mountains and the eastern United States. It is also found in Japan, Alaska, Canada, coastal Greenland and various European locations including the Alps. It is considered "Threatened" or "Endangered" in the states of Illinois, Iowa, and Maryland and "Presumed Extirpated" in Ohio. Also found in West Virginia and North Carolina, it is the most common Woodsia species in the US. Its UK distribution is confined to Angus and the Moffat Hills in Scotland, north Wales and Teesdale and the Lake District in England.

Fatal attacks on humans are rare, but have recently been increasing in North America as more people enter cougar territories, and build developments such as farms in their established territory. Intensive hunting following European colonization of the Americas and the ongoing human development into cougar habitat has caused the cougar populations to drop in most parts of its historical range. In particular, the North American cougar is considered to have been mostly extirpated in eastern North America (the population referred to as the eastern cougar) in the beginning of the 20th century, except for the isolated Florida panther subpopulation.

The cougar was extirpated across most of its eastern North American range (with a notable exception of Florida) in the two centuries after European colonization, and faced grave threats elsewhere. It currently ranges across most western American states including occasional sightings from Alaska, the Canadian provinces of Alberta, Saskatchewan and British Columbia, and the Canadian territory of Yukon. There have been widely debated reports of possible recolonization of eastern North America. DNA evidence has suggested its presence in eastern North America, while a consolidated map of cougar sightings shows numerous reports from the mid-western Great Plains through to eastern Canada.

The Asiatic cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus venaticus), also known as Iranian cheetah, is a Critically Endangered cheetah subspecies surviving today only in Iran. It once occurred from the Arabian Peninsula and the Near East to the Caspian region, Kyzylkum Desert and India, but has been extirpated there during the 20th century. The Asiatic cheetah survives in protected areas in the eastern-central arid region of Iran, where the human population density is very low. Between December 2011 and November 2013, 84 individuals were sighted in 14 different protected areas, and 82 individuals were identified from camera trap photographs.

Few estimates of population density are available. Assuming average population densities of 0.25 animals per km2 in regions where it is known to be common or abundant, and 0.02 per km2 elsewhere, and with a total area of occupancy of 327,000 km2, a total population estimate of around 28,000 is suggested. Only about 60% are in protected areas, suggesting the actual numbers of the lowland subspecies may only be in the low tens of thousands. In Kenya, their numbers have declined significantly and on Mt. Kenya, they were extirpated within the last decade due to illegal hunting with dogs.

The black-rumped waxbill (Estrilda troglodytes) is a common species of estrildid finch found in Southern Africa. It has an estimated global extent of occurrence of 2,000,000 km². It is found in Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, The Democratic Republic of the Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Eritrea, Ethiopia, France (introduced by Guadeloupe), Gambia, Ghana, Guadeloupe, Guinea, Kenya, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Portugal (introduced), Puerto Rico, Senegal, Sudan, Togo, Uganda, United States (introduced in Puerto Rico) and Virgin Islands (possibly extirpated). And recently witnessed (on 20 September 2019) by a bird watcher Santhana Srinivasan on Kingdom of Bahrain.

Duff and Eleanor Holbrook relocated from Georgia to the South Carolina Lowcountry in 1951, where he took a job on a turkey trapping project with the South Carolina Wildlife Department, now called the Department of Natural Resources. The instructions given to Holbrook for his new job were simple, "You want to keep this job, catch turkeys and deer." There were virtually no wild turkeys or white-tail deer in large parts of South Carolina. Wild turkeys, as well as deer, had been largely extirpated from most of the state, particularly the Piedmont and mountain regions upstate.

Bird count of the elfin woods warbler (2001) In September 1989, Hurricane Hugo struck the central and eastern region of Puerto Rico, affecting three (the El Yunque National Forest, Toro Negro and Carite populations) of the four known populations of the elfin woods warbler. A survey conducted two years later in the Toro Negro Forest, located in the Cordillera Central, did not find any individuals. Recent surveys suggest that, for reasons yet unknown, the populations at Carite and Toro Negro were likely extirpated. Continued monitoring of the elfin woods warbler populations is achieved through bird counts performed every three to four years by the Puerto Rican Breeding Bird Survey (PRBBS).

The Union for Conservation of Nature's red list of endangered species has 1,414 species of fish that are at risk of extinction. Stocking them into lakes, rivers, and streams can support existing populations that are threatened and reduce the number of endangered or extirpated species. Many of the fish commonly used for stocking also have low reproductive rates and tend to be overfished if not stocked annually. Moreover, as stocked fish tend to contain larger trophy fish, many anglers are more willing to pay for a fishing license, meaning state fishing departments have more revenue to spend on natural resource management and conservation efforts.

Felis margarita – "sand dune cat" Stenodactylus doriae Cerbalus aravaensis Israeli researchers at the University of Haifa, in collaboration with Jordanian academics, discovered evidence indicating that the organisms inhabiting the Sands of Samar have a unique genetic composition. In 2010, researchers identified a never-before-classified species of spider living in the Samar sands – the largest of its kind in the Middle East. Other animals, such as the Sand cat, that once roamed the dunes have become extirpated. According to local residents, predators like wolves, foxes and jackals, which thrive on the easy access to food provided by increased agricultural development, have supplanted more delicate organisms uniquely adapted to extreme environments.

The conservation situation is more grim in central and west Africa presumably for both the Nile and west African crocodiles. The crocodile population in this area is much more sparse, and has not been adequately surveyed. While the natural population in these areas may be lower due to a less-than-ideal environment and competition with sympatric slender- snouted and dwarf crocodiles, extirpation may be a serious threat in some of these areas. At some point in the 20th century, the Nile crocodile appeared to have been extirpated as a breeding species from Egypt, but has locally re- established in some areas such as the Aswan Dam.

Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. The presence of the English was detrimental in several other ways. The English demand for furs as a trade item had extirpated the beaver from coastal New England, forcing the Massachusett deeper into enemy territory to procure beaver pelts, thus leading to retaliatory attacks from the Mahican, armed by the Dutch, and the Abenaki and Tarratine, armed by the French, whereas the English banned the sales of firearms to the local tribes, rendering them defenseless. The use of wampum by the Natives, mainly as a record keeper, sacred or ceremonial gift and at times exchanged for goods was erroneously thought of as currency.

Luke Hunter is an Australian biologist and is the President of Panthera Corporation, a New York-based conservation charity he helped to create in 2006 which is dedicated to the range-wide conservation of the world’s wild cat species.Big cats take pride of place at Taronga Zoo Prior to that, he headed the Great Cats Program of the Wildlife Conservation Society, and held positions at universities in Australia and South Africa. Hunter has worked on the ecology and conservation of carnivores in Africa since 1992. His doctorate and post-doctoral research developed methods to re-establish populations of cheetahs and lions in areas where they had been extirpated from Southern Africa.

E. atripinne is listed as “secure” in Tennessee, so not much effort has been put into the management of the species on a state or federal level. However, the Cumberland snubnose darter is very sensitive to siltification. In fact, this may be the single biggest problem as far as human-induced negative influences on the species. It is rare or absent in murky water or where stream gravel is covered by silt. Thus, it would be very sensitive to human activities such as stream channelization, sedimentation, and impoundment, which are known threats to species’ viability. Statuses in other states include “vulnerable” and “possibly extirpated” in the case of North Carolina.

The Maryland darter is listed as endangered by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service The United States Fish and Wildlife Service has determined that due to difficulty of detection, in spite of infrequent observations since initial discovery in 1912, that is not sufficient evidence to declare the species extinct. However, other organizations such as the IUCN has listed the Maryland darter as extinct on the IUCN list of threatened species. The state of Maryland has the species listed as SH, indicating that, historically, the species occurred in the state but is believed to be extirpated, having not been observed for a period of over 20 years.

The mountain chicken was once found on many of the Lesser Antillean islands in the eastern Caribbean, but is now restricted to just Dominica and Montserrat. It once occurred for certain on Guadeloupe, Martinique, Saint Kitts and Nevis, but is now extirpated in these places, and may have also inhabited Saint Lucia and Antigua. There was an unsuccessful attempt of introducing it to Jamaica and Puerto Rico (where not native). In the early 2000s, the mountain chicken was largely restricted to the Centre Hill of northern Montserrat, having been lost from much of the rest of the island by recent volcanic eruptions, and on the western side of Dominica.

The second major dispersal to the southeast came in the mid-20th century from Texas and reached the Carolinas in the 1980s. These coyotes have hybridized with the remnant red wolf populations before the 1970s when the red wolf was extirpated in the wild, which has also added to coyote genetic diversity and may have assisted adaptation to this new niche as well. Both of these two major coyote dispersals have experienced rapid population growth and are forecast to meet along the mid-Atlantic coast. The study concludes that for coyotes the long range dispersal, gene flow from local populations, and rapid population growth may be inter-related.

Approximately 100 species of mammal are known to inhabit, or to have recently inhabited, the Korean Peninsula and its surrounding waters. This includes a few species that were introduced in the 20th century; the coypu was introduced for farming in the 1990s, and the muskrat was introduced in the early 20th century into the Russian Far East and was subsequently first recorded in Korea in the Tumen River basin in 1965. The Siberian tiger is the national animal of the South Korea. The Siberian tiger and Amur leopard have probably been extirpated from Korea, but are still included in standard lists of Korean mammals.

Most of these fish populations have been significantly reduced due to the introduction of nonnative fish, Asian clam (Corbicula fluminea), and mysid shrimp. Competition from introduced fish led cutthroat trout to be completely extirpated from the lake in the early 20th century until reintroduction efforts started in 2019. Introduced fish species include lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush _),_ rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss gairdneri), sockeye salmon (Oncorhyncus nerka), brown trout (Salmo trutta), brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), common carp (Cyprinus carpio), golden shiner (Notemigonus crysoleucas), western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis), bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus), black (Pomoxis nigromaculatus) and white (P. annularis) crappie, largemouth (Micropterus salmoides) and smallmouth (Micropterus dolomieu) bass, and brown bullhead (Ameiurus nebulosus).

There may be as many as 50 endangered painted hunting dogs (Lycaon pictus) in the Tibesti, although some regard these relict populations as extirpated, partially due to the Darfur refugee turmoil and other Sudan generated conflicts. Bats are heavily represented in the Tibesti, including the desert long-eared bat (Otonycteris hemprichii), greater mouse-tailed bat (Rhinopoma microphyllum), Hamilton's tomb bat (Taphozous hamiltoni), Mauritian tomb bat (Taphozous mauritianus) and the trident bat (Asellia tridens). The Cape hare (Lepus capensis), desert hedgehog (Paraechinus aethiopicus), olive baboon (Papio anubis), rock hyrax (Procavia capensis) and the Saharan striped polecat (Ictonyx libyca) also populate the area. Reptile and amphibian fauna is poor in the Tibesti range.

In South Africa this plant occurs in two disjunct populations in the provinces of Mpumalanga (eastern) and KwaZulu- Natal (northern). The KwaZulu-Natal range is restricted to the hills around the town of Vryheid and the Ithala Game Reserve in the eNgotshe region around the town of Louwsburg, but as of 2019 it has become extirpated from the Vryheid hills. The Mpumalanga population spills over into Eswatini, where the tree grows only in the far northwest -this population is found in the hills south of the town of Barberton and southeast from Kaapsehoop, an old gold rush town -an ancient land with very special ultramafic soil. Protea curvata also occurs here.

Hordeum intercedens is an diploid, annual species of wild barley known by the common names bobtail barley and vernal barley. It is native to southern California and northern Baja California, where it is an increasingly rare member of the flora in saline and alkaline soils near seasonal waterflows and vernal pool habitats. Today most occurrences are located on the Channel Islands of California; many of the occurrences known from the mainland have been extirpated in the process of land development.California Native Plant Society Rare Plant Profile This is an annual grass growing erect to bent in small tufts with stems up to 40 centimeters long.

The Philippine crocodile has been extirpated in Samar, Jolo, Negros, Masbate, and Busuanga. Populations still survive in the Northern Sierra Madre Natural Park within the Luzon rainforest, San Mariano, Isabela, Dalupiri island in the Babuyan Islands, Abra (province) in Luzon and the Ligawasan Marsh, Lake Sebu in South Cotabato, Pulangi River in Bukidnon, and possibly in the Agusan Marsh Wildlife Sanctuary in Mindanao. It was historically found in parts of Visayas and until the numbers were drastically cut by, mainly, habitat destruction. These Crocodiles eat ailing fish in a significantly higher proportion than healthy fish, thus improving the common health of the fish stock.

The geographic division between Malayan and Indochinese tigers is unclear as tiger populations in northern Malaysia are contiguous with those in southern Thailand. In Singapore tigers were extirpated in the 1950s, and the last one was shot in 1932. Between 1991 and 2003, tiger signs were reported from early-succession vegetation fields, agricultural areas outside forests in Kelantan, Terengganu, Pahang, and Johor, and many riparian habitats outside forests in Pahang, Perak, Kelantan, Terengganu, and Johor. Most of the major rivers that drain into the South China Sea had some evidence of tigers, whereas those draining into the Strait of Malacca in the west did not.

The species is currently classified as endangered because it has a very small range, restricted to isolated undisturbed offshore islets. Megapodius laperouse occurs on Palau and the Northern Mariana Islands (to USA), and is extirpated from Guam (to USA) The introduction of dogs, cats, pigs, and rats is believed to have led to the decline of this species throughout most of the islands. Along with increased predation, during the Japanese occupation of the islands of Saipan and Tinian, most of the vegetation of both islands was burnt and replaced by large sugar cane farms. It is estimated that only 2000-2500 of the species remain.

Atlantic salmon became extirpated in the River Lagan, which enters the Irish Sea through the port of Belfast, between 1750 and 1800, coinciding with a period of major population growth, industrialisation and the construction of a navigable waterway based on the river. The latest record of a salmon population in the river dates from 1744. From 1950 to 1990, water quality in the river improved as a result of improved sewage treatment, the Lagan Navigation was abandoned and fell into disuse, and many industrial effluents were diverted to sewer. A fish survey in the early 1970s found no fish at all in the urban reach of river through Belfast.

Brook trout populations, if already stressed by overharvest or by temperature, are very susceptible to damage by the introduction of exogenous species. Many lacustrine populations of brook trout have been extirpated by the introduction of other species, particularly percids, but sometimes other spiny-rayed fishes. In addition to chemical pollution and algae growth caused by runoff containing chemicals and fertilizers, air pollution has also been a significant factor in the disappearance of brook trout from their native habitats. In the U.S., acid rain caused by air pollution has resulted in pH levels too low to sustain brook trout in all but the highest headwaters of some Appalachian streams and creeks.

Acanthobrama tricolor, or the Damascus bream, is a species of freshwater fish in the family Cyprinidae. It is endemic to Syria and the Golan Heights, and is recently only known two specimens found in the Masil al Fawwar river system in the late 1980s. It has been extirpated from the Barada river system, where it has not been seen since 1908. It is considered Critically Endangered, and may possibly be extinct, but no studies of the river systems in the Golan Heights have been conducted, and it may still survive there, but the lower Barada is now dry, and the middle portions of the river are heavily polluted.

A prolific and adaptable species, the eastern gray squirrel has also been introduced to, and thrives in, several regions of the western United States and in 1966, this squirrel was introduced into Vancouver Island in Western Canada in the area of Metchosin, and has spread widely from there. They are considered highly invasive and a threat to both the local ecosystem and the native squirrel, the American red squirrel. Overseas, Eastern gray squirrels in Europe are a concern because they have displaced some of the native squirrels there. They have been introduced into Ireland, Britain, Italy, South Africa, and Australia (where it was extirpated by 1973).

The Antillean cave rail may have also occurred in the Virgin Islands. With a population of 13 individuals in 1975, the Puerto Rican parrot almost became the seventh, but conservation efforts helped save the species from extinction. However, it is still one of the ten most critically endangered birds in the world. Four Puerto Rican birds, the Hispaniolan parakeet, the white-necked crow, the Cuban crow, and the limpkin, became extirpated after Puerto Rico's population expansion in the latter half of the nineteenth century and three more species, the black- bellied whistling duck, the black rail, and the American flamingo, no longer breed in the archipelago.