The problem is that novels — like cities — thrive on strange, entropic energies.
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Rocha Pitta's work expresses delight in the limitless, entropic values of nature.
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To see the city at its most entropic, we spent a day mostly on foot.
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Yet a growing number of young people, like Najla, are growing dissatisfied with the entropic stalemate.
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You have the entropic metabolic processes resulting in accumulated damage due to inefficient operation over time.
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Click "Use Stacks" and poof, everything gets sent back to its original entropic position on the desktop.
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Vogt characterized it as entropic and random — good things if you're teaching self-driving cars to drive.
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It is a way of growing order and surprise in a universe that in all other respects tends towards entropic stagnation.
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The contraction is compulsory, the application of narrative form on the messy and entropic world the novel is attempting to represent.
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With the way we understand time right now there's actually no way to escape chaos because we inhabit and experience an entropic universe.
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Rather than trying desperately to preserve America's entropic status quo, policymakers ought to allow free market competition to disrupt and destroy that status quo.
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Ms. Wiazemsky and Mr. de Maublanc maintain a kind of Bressonian passivity in enacting the dank, entropic spiral that sucks their characters ever downward.
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His work reads as slack to me, having given into the entropic drift of our culture, refusing to be earnest or in any energetic way, present.
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Her vivid, elusive movies are observational and fragmented, agitated and entropic in equal measure, populated by accident-prone characters notable for their absence of self-awareness.
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Cruise has been racking up test miles in San Francisco, intentionally working to perfect its technology in what Vogt has characterized as an entropic, random environment.
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But the inevitable, entropic pull back into old patterns of thinking and feeling we spend a lifetime trying to undo can touch off anxiety and despair.
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Gradually, Stellaris becomes about the question of how to face the entropic forces of interstellar, multi-species multiculturalism, a question that concerns politics as well as ethics.
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Four sensor arrays at the corners enable the information flow that enables the vehicle to navigate what Vogt characterized as the entropic and random San Francisco streetscape.
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Instead, the novel is an ode to the clumsier physicality of companionship, where bonds of friendship and love strain against the entropic forces of distance, irritation and habituation.
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It can be hard to know where to look, as the building seems to be in constant motion, a forge spewing out discs in an engulfing, entropic pattern.
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"THIS ISN'T THE PLACE" is structured as a single glacial build that grows in entropic intensity until, at the very last second, it comes to an unexpected total halt.
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Indeed the studiolo, with its hodgepodges and focus on contemplative individuality seems to represent the antithesis of the modern, inspired workspace with its emphasis on worker interchangeability and buzzy, almost entropic collaboration.
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The Sun Ra Arkestra, the fabled free jazz ensemble, embraces volcanic bursts and entropic rambling; the electronic musician JLin creates skittish footwork beats that favor only the bravest and most experienced dancers.
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The idea is that trails of light and gravity particles might encircle the event horizon, and could store, at the very least, entropic information about matter that fell into the black hole.
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Prosecutors said from February 2014 to September 2015, McClatchey tipped Pusey about more than 10 deals involving companies that included Entropic Communications Inc and CVS Health Corp, enabling him to make about $76,000.
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But as you take everything in, the seaside town with its storied past also feels vulnerable and entropic, subject to history's wear and tear — it's a resort in eclipse, a faltering paradise stubbornly making do.
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"It shows the dichotomy of trying to put things into order while the world is going entropic," she said, an allegory about her own struggles at the edge of poverty that she prefers to keep private.
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"It was entropic from the start — the artwork is about a ruin of a family and needed to achieve that state of ruin," said Mr. Wakefield, who was nonetheless surprised at how quickly it all fell apart.
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"The entropic two-step and the evolutionary forces of selection enrich the pathway from order to disorder with prodigious structure, but whether stars or black holes, planets or people, molecules or atoms, things ultimately fall apart," he writes.
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But in the work you also see another sort of resistance in objects exceeding or going awry of the order imposed on them, for instance in the entropic movement of paper falling in the last moments of the central three-channel film.
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The show essentially boils down to a display of sculptures and prints — both capturing a world of post-human decay, where the entropic mess kept in check by human busyness (think of imminent strangulation by dust or vegetation) is allowed unfettered reign.
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The comedian Anthony Atamanuik, on Comedy Central's "The President Show," did a better job of getting across Mr. Trump's entropic style — particularly in a tour-de-force 2017 segment in which the president, leading a camera crew on a tour of New York City, becomes distracted by a truck.
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Advertise on Hyperallergic with Nectar Ads Nancy Spector, the well-known Guggenheim curator and longtime promoter of Richard Prince, once wrote: If [Prince's] entropic, decentered White Paintings evoke the post Ab-Ex work of Rauschenberg and Twombly,[his] Monochrome Jokes channel the reductive aesthetic of Ellsworth Kelly's colored monochrome fields or Brice Marden's early Minimalist paintings.
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You'll often find a stack of barely-cohesive watermelon slices slowly drenching a pile of Oreos to the point of total sogginess on the plate that they share, or maybe a half-melted pint of Häagen-Dazs, or a tray of Jell-O that enters a state of entropic demolition after a few people attack it with their plastic spoons.
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The entropic value at risk is a coherent risk measure.
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These effects are for anisotropic particles referred to as directional entropic forces.
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MST has been used to estimate the enthalpic and entropic contributions to biomolecular interactions.
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Eugene Guth and Hubert M. James proposed the entropic origins of rubber elasticity in 1941.
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Many inequalities satisfied by entropic vectors can be derived as linear combinations of a few basic ones, called Shannon-type inequalities. However, it has been proven that already for n=4 variables, no finite set of linear inequalities is sufficient to characterize all entropic vectors.
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Entropic was acquired by MaxLinear for a total consideration of $287 million on February 3, 2015.
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Developing entropic patches that will self-assemble into simple cubic, body-centered cubic (bcc), diamond, and dodecagonal quasicrystal structures. The local coordination shell partially dictates the structure that is assembled. Spheres are simulated with cubic, octahedral, and tetrahedral faceting. This allows for entropic patches to self-assemble.
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Ariel Caticha is a professor of theoretical physics at State University of New York at Albany (SUNY Albany) and chair of its department of physics. His research interests include Information Physics (Entropic Foundations of Quantum Mechanics, Statistical Mechanics and General Relativity), Entropic and Bayesian Inference, and Information Geometry.
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The dynamic entropic risk measure is a time consistent risk measure if the risk aversion parameter is constant.
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The entropic risk measure is a convex risk measure which is not coherent. It is related to the exponential utility.
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295-307, (2017) the entropic interaction is considered to be a real-life interaction, and it is viewed as a mutual influence of open thermodynamic systems on each other by means of transferring information about their states, changing their entropies and translation of these systems into more probable conditions. The entropic interaction is a quintessential physical interaction that is realized by well- known basic interactions (gravitational, electromagnetic, nuclear strong and weak) through the processes that occur elsewhere in the universe including the solar system, our planet Earth, and living organisms. The basic interactions are considered to be daughter of the entropic interaction. The entropic interaction is not a consequence of existence of some entropy charge and a field accompanying it.
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The theory of entropic gravity abides by Newton's law of universal gravitation on Earth and at interplanetary distances but diverges from this classic nature at interstellar distances. Entropic gravity, also known as emergent gravity, is a theory in modern physics that describes gravity as an entropic force—a force with macro-scale homogeneity but which is subject to quantum-level disorder—and not a fundamental interaction. The theory, based on string theory, black hole physics, and quantum information theory, describes gravity as an emergent phenomenon that springs from the quantum entanglement of small bits of spacetime information. As such, entropic gravity is said to abide by the second law of thermodynamics under which the entropy of a physical system tends to increase over time.
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Matt Visser has shown, to appear in JHEP that the attempt to model conservative forces in the general Newtonian case (i.e. for arbitrary potentials and an unlimited number of discrete masses) leads to unphysical requirements for the required entropy and involves an unnatural number of temperature baths of differing temperatures. Visser concludes: For the derivation of Einstein's equations from an entropic gravity perspective, Tower Wang shows that the inclusion of energy-momentum conservation and cosmological homogeneity and isotropy requirements severely restrict a wide class of potential modifications of entropic gravity, some of which have been used to generalize entropic gravity beyond the singular case of an entropic model of Einstein's equations. Wang asserts that: Cosmological observations using available technology can be used to test the theory.
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Simon's condition can be generalized by taking into account the higher order moments of canonical operators or by using entropic measures.
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The entropic force by a freely-jointed chain has a clear mechanical origin, and can be computed using constrained Lagrangian dynamics.
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Simon's condition can be generalized by taking into account the higher order moments of canonical operators or by using entropic measures.
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A thermodynamic free entropy is an entropic thermodynamic potential analogous to the free energy. Also known as a Massieu, Planck, or Massieu–Planck potentials (or functions), or (rarely) free information. In statistical mechanics, free entropies frequently appear as the logarithm of a partition function. The Onsager reciprocal relations in particular, are developed in terms of entropic potentials.
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For example, encryption schemes that encrypt only secret key material (e.g., key encapsulation or Key Wrap schemes) can be considered under an entropic security definition. A practical application of this result is the use of deterministic encryption algorithms for secure encryption of secret key material. Russell and Wang formalized a definition of entropic security for encryption.
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Verlinde's article also attracted a large amount of media exposure,The entropy force: a new direction for gravity, New Scientist, 20 January 2010, issue 2744Gravity is an entropic form of holographic information, Wired Magazine, 20 January 2010 and led to immediate follow-up work in cosmology, the dark energy hypothesis,It from Bit: How to get rid of dark energy, Johannes Koelman, 2010 cosmological acceleration, cosmological inflation, and loop quantum gravity. Also, a specific microscopic model has been proposed that indeed leads to entropic gravity emerging at large scales. Entropic gravity can emerge from quantum entanglement of local Rindler horizons.
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In addition, because the NPs were considerably small so that configurationally entropic losses of the polymer to incorporate the nanoparticles were also significantly small.
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Erbar, Matthias; Kuwada, Kazumasa; Sturm, Karl-Theodor. On the equivalence of the entropic curvature-dimension condition and Bochner's inequality on metric measure spaces. Invent. Math.
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Because of its connection with the VaR and the relative entropy, this risk measure is called "entropic value at risk". The EVaR was developed to tackle some computational inefficiencies of the CVaR. Getting inspiration from the dual representation of the EVaR, Ahmadi-Javid developed a wide class of coherent risk measures, called g-entropic risk measures. Both the CVaR and the EVaR are members of this class.
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A standard example of an entropic force is the elasticity of a freely-jointed polymer molecule. For an ideal chain, maximizing its entropy means reducing the distance between its two free ends. Consequently, a force that tends to collapse the chain is exerted by the ideal chain between its two free ends. This entropic force is proportional to the distance between the two ends.
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The integration of this approach enables to produce algorithms of which the retroaction loop leans not on a classical entropic model but on a visual quality measurement.
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A proposed explanation is that in a container the substrates are not as tightly bound as in enzyme. The reagents have room to wiggle in a cavity and so the entropic effect might not be as important. Even in the case of enzymes, computational studies have shown that the entropic effect might also be overestimated. Examples of molecules that work via this mechanism are Rebek's tennis ball and Fujita's octahedral complex.
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An s-index, accounting for the non-entropic distribution of citations, has been proposed and it has been shown to be in a very good correlation with h.
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Entropic forces are important and widespread in the physics of colloids, where they are responsible for the depletion force, and the ordering of hard particles, such as the crystallization of hard spheres, the isotropic-nematic transition in liquid crystal phases of hard rods, and the ordering of hard polyhedra. Because of this, entropic forces can be an important driver of self-assembly Entropic forces arise in colloidal systems due to the osmotic pressure that comes from particle crowding. This was first discovered in, and is most intuitive for, colloid-polymer mixtures described by the Asakura–Oosawa model. In this model, polymers are approximated as finite-sized spheres that can penetrate one another, but cannot penetrate the colloidal particles.
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Heat dispersion is one of the examples of the entropic interaction. When one side of a metal pole is heated, a non-homogeneous temperature distribution is created along the pole. Because of entropic interaction between different parts of the pole, the entropy of the entire pole will decrease instantly. At the same time, the tendency appears to obtain a homogeneous distribution of the temperature (and by that to increase the entropy of the pole).
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The entropic risk measure is the prime example of a convex risk measure which is not coherent. Given the connection to utility functions, it can be used in utility maximization problems.
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Archil Kobakhidze argues that this result disproves entropic gravity, while Chaichian et al. suggest a potential loophole in the argument in weak gravitational fields such as those affecting Earth-bound experiments.
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The entropic vector or entropic function is a concept arising in information theory. It represents the possible values of Shannon's information entropy that subsets of one set of random variables may take. Understanding which vectors are entropic is a way to represent all possible inequalities between entropies of various subsets. For example, for any two random variables X_1,X_2, their joint entropy (the entropy of the random variable representing the pair X_1,X_2) is at most the sum of the entropies of X_1 and of X_2: :H(X_1,X_2) \leq H(X_1) + H(X_2) Other information-theoretic measures such as conditional information, mutual information, or total correlation can be expressed in terms of joint entropy and are thus related by the corresponding inequalities.
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The example is the quantum dot where color (intensive variable) is dictated by size, size is normally an extensive variable. There appears to be the integration of these variables. This then appears as the basis of the quantum effect. The key insight to all this is that the difference in the intensive variable gives us the entropic force and the change in the extensive variable gives us the entropic flux for a particular form of energy.
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Marvel Comics. When Smasher comes to the island, Forson has Jude the Entropic Man transform her into his messenger.Avengers World #2 (January 2014). Marvel Comics. Forson is an experienced scientist with genius-level intellect.
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This provides a recurring image of the different ways in which "true nature" can be understood, and a homely parallel to Thomasina's theoretical description of the natural world's structure and entropic decline using mathematics.
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This implies that the pressure of an ideal gas has a purely entropic origin. What is the microscopic origin of such an entropic force or pressure? The most general answer is that the effect of thermal fluctuations tends to bring a thermodynamic system toward a macroscopic state that corresponds to a maximum in the number of microscopic states (or micro-states) that are compatible with this macroscopic state. In other words, thermal fluctuations tend to bring a system toward its macroscopic state of maximum entropy.
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Entropic security is a weaker definition that can be used in the special case where an attacker has very little information about the messages being encrypted. It is well known that certain types of encryption algorithm cannot satisfy definitions such as semantic security: for example, deterministic encryption algorithms can never be semantically secure. Entropic security definitions relax these definitions to cases where the message space has substantial entropy (from an adversary's point of view). Under this definition it is possible to prove security of deterministic encryption.
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Entropic gravity, as proposed by Verlinde in his original article, reproduces the Einstein field equations and, in a Newtonian approximation, a 1/r potential for gravitational forces. Since its results do not differ from Newtonian gravity except in regions of extremely small gravitational fields, testing the theory with earth-based laboratory experiments does not appear feasible. Spacecraft-based experiments performed at Lagrangian points within our solar system would be expensive and challenging. Even so, entropic gravity in its current form has been severely challenged on formal grounds.
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Veldhuis JD, Reynolds GA, Iranmanesh A, Bowers CY. Twenty-Four Hour Continuous Ghrelin Infusion Augments Physiologically Pulsatile Nycthemeral and Entropic (feedback-regulated) Modes of Growth Hormone Secretion. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93(9):3597-603. 51\.
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Graviton turns up alive as part of the new High Council of A.I.M. (alongside Andrew Forson, Jude the Entropic Man, Mentallo, Superia and an undercover Taskmaster) as the Minister of Science.Secret Avengers Vol. 2 #2. Marvel Comics.
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Several interesting physical systems abide by entropic functionals that are more general than the standard Tsallis entropy. Therefore, several physically meaningful generalizations have been introduced. The two most generals of those are notably: Superstatistics, introduced by C. Beck and E. G. D. Cohen in 2003 and Spectral Statistics, introduced by G. A. Tsekouras and Constantino Tsallis in 2005. Both these entropic forms have Tsallis and Boltzmann–Gibbs statistics as special cases; Spectral Statistics has been proven to at least contain Superstatistics and it has been conjectured to also cover some additional cases.
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Another criticism of entropic gravity is that entropic processes should, as critics argue, break quantum coherence. There is no theoretical framework quantitatively describing the strength of such decoherence effects, though. The temperature of the gravitational field in earth gravity well is very small (on the order of 10K). Experiments with ultra-cold neutrons in the gravitational field of Earth are claimed to show that neutrons lie on discrete levels exactly as predicted by the Schrödinger equation considering the gravitation to be a conservative potential field without any decoherent factors.
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City of Chaos, designed by Martyn Oliver and Colin Thornton, combines a board game with elements of fantasy role-playing. The game is set in Byronitar, "City of Chaos", whose inhabitants are in the grip of entropic forces.
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In February 2012, Entropic announced it would buy Trident's set-top box chip business for $60 million. In June 2012, Cambridge Silicon Radio paid $1M for Trident's audio products. Around the same time Sigma Designs purchased Trident's remaining TV chip business.
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In the wake of the discussion started by Verlinde, entropic explanations for other fundamental forces have been suggested, including Coulomb's law, the electroweak and strong forces. The same approach was argued to explain dark matter, dark energy and Pioneer effect.
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Entropic Communications is a provider of semiconductor solutions for the connected home. Founded in 2001, the company is headquartered in San Diego, California, USA, and maintains offices worldwide. The fabless semiconductor company is recognized for inventing the MoCA® (Multimedia over Coax Alliance) home networking technology, creating Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS) Outdoor Unit (ODU) single-wire technology, and developing the industry's first ARM® processor and OpenGL graphics Set-top box (STB), System-on-a-Chip (SoC). Entropic completed its initial public offering on December 7, 2007, listing on the NASDAQ exchange under the ticker symbol ENTR.
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Huxley postulated that psychedelics lessened the strength of the mind's reducing valve, allowing for a broader spectrum of one's overall experience to enter into conscious experience. In the second wave of theories, Swanson includes entropic brain theory, integrated information theory, and predictive processing.
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After the Secret Avengers recruited Taskmaster after freeing him from Bagalia, they send him to infiltrate the new High Council of A.I.M. which consists of Andrew Forson, Graviton, Jude the Entropic Man, Mentallo, Superia, and Yelena Belova.Secret Avengers (vol. 2) #2. Marvel Comics.
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Scafetta was born in Italy. He received a Laurea in physics from the University of Pisa in 1997 and a Ph.D. in physics from the University of North Texas in 2001. His doctoral thesis was titled An entropic approach to the analysis of time series.
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Most authors place the extent of this effect between 5 and 45 cal/(Å2 mol). Note that this surface area pertains to the solute, while the hydrophobic effect is mostly entropic in nature at physiological temperatures and occurs on the side of the solvent.
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The partition coefficients can be transformed to free energy of transfer which includes enthalpic and entropic components, ΔG = ΔH - TΔS. These components are experimentally determined by calorimetry. The hydrophobic effect was found to be entropy-driven at room temperature because of the reduced mobility of water molecules in the solvation shell of the non-polar solute; however, the enthalpic component of transfer energy was found to be favorable, meaning it strengthened water-water hydrogen bonds in the solvation shell due to the reduced mobility of water molecules. At the higher temperature, when water molecules become more mobile, this energy gain decreases along with the entropic component.
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Self-assembly in microscopic systems usually starts from diffusion, followed by the nucleation of seeds, subsequent growth of the seeds, and ends at Ostwald ripening. The thermodynamic driving free energy can be either enthalpic or entropic or both. In either the enthalpic or entropic case, self-assembly proceeds through the formation and breaking of bonds, possibly with non-traditional forms of mediation. The kinetics of the self-assembly process is usually related to diffusion, for which the absorption/adsorption rate often follows a Langmuir adsorption model which in the diffusion controlled concentration (relatively diluted solution) can be estimated by the Fick's laws of diffusion.
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Part of the exceptional reactivity of compounds of hyper leaving groups has been ascribed to the entropic favorability of having one molecule split into three. The ability of hyper leaving groups is enhanced by entropic factors Dialkyl halonium ions have also been isolated and characterized for simple alkyl groups. These compounds, despite their extreme reactivity towards nucleophiles, can be obtained pure in the solid state with very weakly nucleophilic counterions such as SbF and CHB11Cl11−. The strongly electrophilic nature of these compounds engendered by their attachment to extremely labile R-X (R = alkyl, X = Cl, Br, I) leaving groups is illustrated by their propensity to alkylate very weak nucleophiles.
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According to Mach's principle, local physics laws are determined by a large-scale structure of the universe and changes in any part of the universe affect a corresponding impact on all of its parts First of all, such changes are due by the entropic interaction. Once they have a place in one part of the universe, the entropy of the universe as a whole changes as well. That is, the entire universe “feels” such changes at the same time. In other words, the entropic interaction between different parts of any thermodynamic system happens instantly without the transfer of any material substance, meaning it is always a long-range action.
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The internal energy of an ideal gas depends only on its temperature, and not on the volume of its containing box, so it is not an energy effect that tends to increase the volume of the box as gas pressure does. This implies that the pressure of an ideal gas has an entropic origin. What is the origin of such an entropic force? The most general answer is that the effect of thermal fluctuations tends to bring a thermodynamic system toward a macroscopic state that corresponds to a maximum in the number of microscopic states (or micro-states) that are compatible with this macroscopic state.
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This theory gives as result the same formula proposed by Bediaga et al., which describes correctly the high energy data, but also new formulas for the mass spectrum and density of states of fireball. It also predicts a new limiting temperature and a limiting entropic index.
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Landauer stated that information is physical. His principle sets fundamental thermodynamical constraints for classical and quantum information processing. Much effort has been dedicated to incorporating information into thermodynamics and measuring the entropic and energetic costs of manipulating information. Gaining information, decreases entropy which has an energy cost.
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Due to the larger number of possible conformations of ethyl cyclohexane, the A value is reduced from what would be predicted based purely on enthalpic terms. Due to these favorable entropic conditions, the steric relevance of an ethyl group is similar to that of a methyl substituent.
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This means that aside to the regular mixing entropy there is another entropic contribution from the interaction between solvent and monomer. This contribution is sometimes very important in order to make quantitative predictions of thermodynamic properties. More advanced solution theories exist, such as the Flory–Krigbaum theory.
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The hydrophobic effect depends on the temperature, which leads to "cold denaturation" of proteins. The hydrophobic effect can be calculated by comparing the free energy of solvation with bulk water. In this way, the hydrophobic effect not only can be localized but also decomposed into enthalpic and entropic contributions.
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A series of entropy production formulas can be derived. : ∆S heat= [(1/T)a-(1/T)b] x ∆ thermal energy : ∆S expansion= [(pressure/T)a-(pressure/T)b] x ∆ volume : ∆S electric = [(voltage/T)a-(voltage/T)b] x ∆ current These equations have the form : ∆Ss = [(intensive)a -(intensive)b] x ∆ extensive where the a and b are two different regions. This is the long version of Prigogine’s equation : ∆Ss = XsJs where Xs is the entropic force and Js is the entropic flux. It is possible to derive a number of different energy forms from Prigogine’s equation. Note that in thermal energy in the entropy production equation the intensive factor’s numerator is 1.
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If the two free ends of an ideal chain are attached to some kind of micro-manipulation device, then the device experiences a force exerted by the polymer. The ideal chain's energy is constant, and thus its time-average, the internal energy, is also constant, which means that this force necessarily stems from a purely entropic effect. This entropic force is very similar to the pressure experienced by the walls of a box containing an ideal gas. The internal energy of an ideal gas depends only on its temperature, and not on the volume of its containing box, so it is not an energy effect that tends to increase the volume of the box like gas pressure does.
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The hydrophobic interaction is mostly an entropic effect originating from the disruption of the highly dynamic hydrogen bonds between molecules of liquid water by the nonpolar solute forming a clathrate-like structure around the non-polar molecules. This structure formed is more highly ordered than free water molecules due to the water molecules arranging themselves to interact as much as possible with themselves, and thus results in a higher entropic state which causes non-polar molecules to clump together to reduce the surface area exposed to water and decrease the entropy of the system. Thus, the two immiscible phases (hydrophilic vs. hydrophobic) will change so that their corresponding interfacial area will be minimal.
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Already in 1930, Felix Bloch has argued by diagonalizing the Slater-determinant for fermions, that magnetism in 2D should not exist. Some easy arguments, which are summarized below, were given by Rudolf Peierls based on entropic and energetic considerations. Also Lev Landau did some work about symmetry breaking in two dimensions.
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As a result, energy is increased and often gives rise to repulsive forces that aid in keeping the particles separated from each other. Dispersion Stability Mechanisms: Charge Stabilization and Steric or Entropic Stabilization. Electrical repulsion forces are responsible for stabilization through charge while steric hindrance is responsible for stabilization through entropy.
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Beyond Entropy Europe looks at the urban sprawl of Northern Italy as the privileged example of a condition where city and countryside are blurred into an entropic landscape. Through the systematic study of Palladian Villas as territorial catalysts, Beyond Entropy envisions a new form of occupation for this contemporary landscape.
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These ideas were also proposed to explain why small cosolutes, namely protective osmolytes, which are preferentially excluded from proteins, also shift the protein folding equilibrium towards the folded state. However, it has been shown by various methods, both experimental and theoretical, that depletion forces are not always entropic in nature.
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On a microscopic scale, relaxed rubber is a disorganized cluster of erratically changing wrinkled chains. In stretched rubber, the chains are almost linear. The restoring force is due to the preponderance of wrinkled conformations over more linear ones. For the quantitative treatment see ideal chain, for more examples see entropic force.
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Various imaginative ways of collecting this entropic information have been devised. One technique is to run a hash function against a frame of a video stream from an unpredictable source. Lavarand used this technique with images of a number of lava lamps. HotBits measures radioactive decay with Geiger–Muller tubes, while Random.
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The driving mechanism for micellization is the transfer of hydrocarbon chains from water into the oil-like interior. This entropic effect is called the hydrophobic effect. Compared to the increase of entropy of the surrounding water molecules, this hydrophobic interaction is relatively small. The water molecules are highly ordered around the hydrocarbon chain.
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Fractional Fourier transforms also have applications in quantum physics. For example, they are used to formulate entropic uncertainty relations. They are also useful in the design of optical systems and for optimizing holographic storage efficiency.N. C. Pégard and J. W. Fleischer, "Optimizing holographic data storage using a fractional Fourier transform", Opt. Lett.
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Suggested active residues in squalene-hopene cyclase During the formation of rings A through D, there is very little conformational change. The reaction therefore requires no intermediate and can take place in one step. However, ring E formation is hindered by an entropic barrier, which may explain its absence in the tetracyclic steroids.
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This equivalence does not hold outside of general relativity, e.g., in entropic gravity. that we exist in a four-dimensional geometry known as spacetime. In this picture, the curvature of this 4D space is responsible for the way in which two bodies with mass are drawn together even if no forces are acting.
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The rate of entropy production for the above simple example uses only two entropic forces, and a 2x2 Onsager phenomenological matrix. The expression for the linear approximation to the fluxes and the rate of entropy production can very often be expressed in an analogous way for many more general and complicated systems.
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Entropy also plays a role in a substituent's preference for the equatorial position. The entropic component is determined by the following formula: : \Delta S = R \ln \sigma Where σ is equal to the number of microstates available for each conformation. Possible axial conformations of ethyl cyclohexane. Possible equatorial conformations of ethyl cyclohexane.
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Although the concept of entropy was originally a thermodynamic construct, it has been adapted in other fields of study, including information theory, psychodynamics, thermoeconomics/ecological economics, and evolution. For instance, an entropic argument has been recently proposed for explaining the preference of cave spiders in choosing a suitable area for laying their eggs.
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Treatise on Thermodynamics. Dover, New York. More recently, the Massieu–Planck thermodynamic potential, known also as free entropy, has been shown to play a great role in the so-called entropic formulation of statistical mechanics,Antoni Planes, Eduard Vives, Entropic Formulation of Statistical Mechanics, Entropic variables and Massieu–Planck functions 2000-10-24 Universitat de Barcelona applied among the others in molecular biologyJohn A. Scheilman, Temperature, Stability, and the Hydrophobic Interaction, Biophysical Journal 73 (December 1997), 2960–2964, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403 USA and thermodynamic non-equilibrium processes.Z. Hens and X. de Hemptinne, Non- equilibrium Thermodynamics approach to Transport Processes in Gas Mixtures, Department of Chemistry, Catholic University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 F, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium :: J = S_\max - S = -\Phi = -k \ln Z\, ::where: ::S is entropy ::J is negentropy (Gibbs "capacity for entropy") ::\Phi is the Massieu potential ::Z is the partition function ::k the Boltzmann constant In particular, mathematically the negentropy (the negative entropy function, in physics interpreted as free entropy) is the convex conjugate of LogSumExp (in physics interpreted as the free energy).
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Anatol Slissenko ("Слисенко Анатолий Олесьевич") (born August 15, 1941) is a Soviet, Russian and French mathematician and computer scientist. Among his research interests one finds automatic theorem proving, recursive analysis, computational complexity, algorithmics, graph grammars, verification, computer algebra, entropyAnatol Slissenko. On entropic measures of computations and probabilistic models related to computer science.Publications in Math- Net.
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The orientation dependence of the distance of closest approach has surprising consequences. Systems of hard particles, whose interactions are only entropic, can become ordered. Hard spherocylinders form not only orientationally ordered nematic, but also positionally ordered smectic phases. Here, the system gives up some (orientational and even positional) disorder to gain disorder and entropy elsewhere.
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This is the same sign convention as is used for electron affinity. The property related to the proton affinity is the gas-phase basicity, which is the negative of the Gibbs energy for above reactions,"Gas-phase basicity." Compendium of Chemical Terminology. i.e. the gas-phase basicity includes entropic terms in contrast to the proton affinity.
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By May 2010, the company employed 135 people. In May 2015, MaxLinear acquired Entropic Communications. In April 2016, MaxLinear bought Microsemi's wireless backhaul business, adding about 30 workers to its workforce. In May 2016, MaxLinear announced it would buy Broadcom's "wireless backhaul infrastructure for 80 million in cash," in what was its second acquisition for the year.
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Their definition resembles the semantic security definition when message spaces have highly-entropic distribution. In one formalization, the definition implies that an adversary given the ciphetext will be unable to compute any predicate on the ciphertext with (substantially) greater probability than an adversary who does not possess the ciphertext. Dodis and Smith later proposed alternate definitions and showed equivalence.
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A. Slissenko. On measures of information quality of knowledge processing systems. Information Sciences: An International Journal, 57–58:389–402, 1991.A. Slissenko. On entropic convergence of algorithms in terms of domain partitions. 19 pages, 2016. He collaborated with N.Shanin, S.Maslov, G.Mints and V.Orevkov on automatic theorem proving, and with D.Beauquier D.Grigoriev, D.Burago, A.Rabinovich, P. VasilyevAnatol Slissenko, Pavel Vasilyev.
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Several research groups have attempted to combine LQG with other research programs: Johannes Aastrup, Jesper M. Grimstrup et al. research combines noncommutative geometry with canonical quantum gravity and Ashtekar variables, Laurent Freidel, Simone Speziale, et al., spinors and twistor theory with loop quantum gravity, and Lee Smolin et al. with Verlinde entropic gravity and loop gravity.
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In this theory the depletion force arises from an increase in osmotic pressure of the surrounding solution when colloidal particles get close enough such that the excluded cosolutes (depletants) cannot fit in between them. Because the particles were considered as hard-core (completely rigid) particles, the emerging picture of the underlying mechanism inducing the force was necessarily entropic.
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Nonetheless, there have been some scattered successes for alternative hypotheses, such as a 2016 test of gravitational lensing in entropic gravity. The prevailing opinion among most astrophysicists is while modifications to general relativity can conceivably explain part of the observational evidence, there is probably enough data to conclude there must be some form of dark matter.
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The second important aspect of self-assembly is the predominant role of weak interactions (e.g. Van der Waals, capillary, \pi-\pi, hydrogen bonds, or entropic forces) compared to more "traditional" covalent, ionic, or metallic bonds. These weak interactions are important in materials synthesis for two reasons. First, weak interactions take a prominent place in materials, especially in biological systems.
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14 (1959) 1. In terms of thermodynamics, the hydrophobic effect is the free energy change of water surrounding a solute. A positive free energy change of the surrounding solvent indicates hydrophobicity, whereas a negative free energy change implies hydrophilicity. In this way, the hydrophobic effect not only can be localized but also decomposed into enthalpic and entropic contributions.
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In general, the stability of a metal complex correlates with the denticity of the ligands, which can be attributed to the chelate effect. Polydentate ligands such as hexa- or octadentate ligands tend to bind metal ions more strongly than ligands of lower denticity, primarily due to entropic factors. Stability constants are a quantitative measure to assess the thermodynamic stability of coordination complexes.
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The generation of heat in large quantities accompanies most explosive chemical reactions. The exceptions are called entropic explosives and include organic peroxides such as acetone peroxide. It is the rapid liberation of heat that causes the gaseous products of most explosive reactions to expand and generate high pressures. This rapid generation of high pressures of the released gas constitutes the explosion.
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Pulsed FT spectrometry gives the advantage of requiring a single, time-dependent measurement which can easily deconvolute a set of similar but distinct signals. The resulting composite signal, is called a free induction decay, because typically the signal will decay due to inhomogeneities in sample frequency, or simply unrecoverable loss of signal due to entropic loss of the property being measured.
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In June 2011, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) awarded Verlinde the Spinoza Prize, the highest award available to Dutch scientists including a 2.5 million euro grant for future research. The committee cited his work on the Verlinde formula, the Witten–Dijkgraaf–Verlinde–Verlinde equations, the Cardy-Verlinde formula and entropic gravity as the major achievements leading to the award.
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The volume fraction is analogous to the mole fraction, but is weighted to take account of the relative sizes of the molecules. For a small solute, the mole fractions would appear instead, and this modification is the innovation due to Flory and Huggins. In the most general case the mixing parameter, \chi, is a free energy parameter, thus including an entropic component.
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In addition, synthesis of substituted pyrrolines, tetrahydropyridines, and amides were illustrated in modest to high yield (73-89% ). The driving force for the cyclization reaction was attributed to entropic favorability by forming two molecules per one molecule of starting material. The loss of the second molecule, ethylene, a highly volatile gas, drives the reaction in the forward direction according to Le Châtelier's principle.
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Bresler S. E. and Erusalimsky B. L., Physics and chemistry of macromolecules, Nauka, M.-L., 1965, p.42 In a modern viewVilenchik Lev Z., “Quintessence: A Thermodynamic Approach to the Phenomena of Nature”, Nova Science Publishers, NY, (2016), p.25 Vilenchik Lev Z., “Entropic Essence of Nature”, International Journal of Theoretical Physics Nonlinear optics and Group Theory, Volume 17, Number 4, pp.
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In 2009, Erik Verlinde argued that gravity can be explained as an entropic force. It claimed (similar to Jacobson's result) that gravity is a consequence of the "information associated with the positions of material bodies". This model combines the thermodynamic approach to gravity with Gerard 't Hooft's holographic principle. It implies that gravity is not a fundamental interaction, but an emergent phenomenon.
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The quintessential entropy measure, von Neumann entropy, is one such notion. In contrast, the study of one-shot quantum information theory is concerned with information processing when a task is conducted only once. New entropic measures emerge in this scenario, as traditional notions cease to give a precise characterization of resource requirements. \epsilon-relative entropy is one such particularly interesting measure.
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Marvel Comics. Forson appears as the Supreme Leader of the new High Council of A.I.M., consisting of Graviton (as the Minister of Science), Jude the Entropic Man (as the Minister of Health), Mentallo (as the Minister of Home Affairs), Superia (as the Minister of Education in Bagalia), the female Super-Adaptoid (as the Minister of State in Bagalia), and the undercover Taskmaster (as the Minister of Defense).
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Now he lives and works in Beijing and Chongqing. Zhang makes paintings with sexual imagery often involving small animals such as frogs and snakes,Coleman, S, Zhang Xiao Tao, from AsiaArtNow.com and incorporating images of putrefaction and pollution.Franklin, J, An Entropic Vision , Shine Art Space , Shanghai His work Condom Series: Enlarged Props – Crystal And Fishes 2 sold for US$64,500 at Sotheby's Hong Kong in 2007.
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Such efficiency is a central concept in welfare economics. In finance, utility is applied to generate an individual's price for an asset called the indifference price. Utility functions are also related to risk measures, with the most common example being the entropic risk measure. In the field of artificial intelligence, utility functions are used to convey the value of various outcomes to intelligent agents.
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Reactions used in DCvC must generate thermodynamically stable products to overcome the entropic cost of self-assembly. The reactions must form covalent linkages between building blocks. Finally, all possible intermediates must be reversible, and the reaction ideally proceeds under conditions that are tolerant of functional groups elsewhere in the molecule. Reactions that can be used in DCvC are diverse and can be placed into two general categories.
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Motl writes a science and politics blog called "The Reference Frame: Supersymmetric world from a conservative viewpoint", which has been described as an "over-the-top" defense of string theory. Following the example of Oriana Fallaci, he characterizes himself as a Christian atheist. Motl also describes himself as a "champion of the Consistent Histories interpretation of quantum mechanics", and has strongly criticised Erik Verlinde's entropic gravity theory.
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His chamber works include two pieces written for the Seymour Group: A Dance on Five Claps and Voyage, the latter of which was written for the Seymour Group in conjunction with the internationally renowned bass-clarinettist Harry Sparnaay; Flight and Reverie which premiered at the University of Hawaii; and Entropic Visions which was given by Joshua Rubin at the Lincoln Center in New York.
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Although the existence of dark matter is generally accepted by the scientific community, some astrophysicists, intrigued by certain observations which do not fit some dark matter theories, argue for various modifications of the standard laws of general relativity, such as modified Newtonian dynamics, tensor–vector–scalar gravity, or entropic gravity. These models attempt to account for all observations without invoking supplemental non-baryonic matter.
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The Scribblenauts series features monsters from the Cthulhu Mythos. League of Legends, a popular MOBA, has characters that come from the Void, a dark and entropic space beyond the world of Runeterra. These characters (distinguished by their grotesque purple forms and always having an apostrophe in their name) strongly resemble Lovecraftian monsters. The Xel'naga are an ancient interdimensional race from the fictional universe of the StarCraft.
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From Boltzmann's entropy formula, S= k_B \ln W (with W is the number of states), the entropy is S=2k_B\ln(R/a), where k_B is Boltzmann's constant. Thus, the Helmholtz free energy is :F = E - TS = (\kappa - 2k_BT)\ln(R/a). When F>0, the system will not have a vortex. On the other hand, when F<0, entropic considerations favor the formation of a vortex.
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His interests are agrarian studies, ecological economics and political ecology. In the late seventies Martinez Alier became interested in agricultural energetics and the work of Sergei Podolinsky (1850-1891), publishing a text on this with J.M. Naredo in 1982. He is a practitioner of ecological economics, defining many of its key concepts approaches. He argues, against neoclassical economists, that the economy is not circular, but entropic.
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The video features a sock puppet portraying Albert Einstein. The work attracted the attention of Brian May, Queen's guitarist (who also holds a PhD degree in astrophysics), and May posted the video on his website. Blais' YouTube channel has covered such topics as entropic time, exoplanets, and the discovery of insulin as a treatment for diabetes. Blais has collaborated with Dianna Cowern and others.
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Patrick Henry resigned as CEO prior to the sale, in November 2014. Under Patrick Henry's leadership, Entropic Communications completed its first initial public offering and introduced several market leading technologies. On November 10th, 2014, a decision by the Board of Directors stated that it was the right time for a leadership transition, leading to Dr. Ted Tewksbury replacing Patrick Henry as interim President and Chief Executive Officer.
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In their seminal paper on Key Finding attacks, Shamir and van Someren proposed two different approaches to key finding: statistical or entropic key finding and analytical key finding. The former relies on detecting differences in the statistical properties of the data that make up cryptographic keys while the later relies on determining specific byte patterns that must necessarily exist in the target key material and looking for these patterns.
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A perfect sphere is set as α=0. The shape that is faceted to the sphere is defined at α=1. By fluctuating the faceting amount between α=0 and α=1, the lattice can change. Changes include effects on self-assembly, packing structure, amount of coordination of the faceting patch to the sphere, shape of the faceting patch, type of crystal lattice formed, and the strength of the entropic patch.
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Al Nuovo Cimento 3 (1965) 147. With these results, it is expected that at sufficiently high energy, the fireball presents a constant temperature and constant entropic factor. The connection between Hagedorn's theory and Tsallis statistics has been established through the concept of thermofractals, where it is shown that non extensivity can emerge from a fractal structure. This result is interesting because Hagedorn's definition of fireball characterizes it as a fractal.
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Conversely, there could be objections to combining channel estimates of different users, since no user would want their channel estimate to deteriorate in order to improve the average network performance. The James–Stein estimator has also found use in fundamental quantum theory, where the estimator has been used to improve the theoretical bounds of the entropic uncertainty principle (a recent development of the Heisenberg uncertainty principle) for more than three measurements.
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The earthwork relates geo-political boundaries, time zones, growth of the tree and entropic decay in a seminal site-specific work. Body – performance works: Oppenheim's body art grew out of his awareness of his own body when executing earthworks. In these works, the artist's body was both the subject and the object, providing the opportunity to work on a surface not exterior to the self, giving total control over the artwork.
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Chaotropicity describes the entropic disordering of lipid bilayers and other biomacromolecules which is caused by substances dissolved in water. According to the original usage and work carried out on cellular stress mechanisms and responses, chaotropic substances do not necessarily disorder the structure of water. The chaotropic activities of solutes in the aqueous phase (e.g. ethanol, butanol, urea, MgCl2 and phenol) have been quantified using an agar- gelation assay.
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In microsystems the problem rises that the extremely small volumes are difficult to be controlled. The reason is the predominance of surface effects as surface charges, van-der-Waals forces and entropic effects (e.g. dewetting due to rough surfaces: the restriction in degrees of freedom of molecules penetrating such a surface is entropically more expensive than staying in bulk). Furthermore, the microsystem has to be controlled from a macroscopic human scale.
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This allows the vehicle to penetrate into the interstices of the pigment aggregates, thus ensuring complete wetting. Finally, the particles are subjected to a repulsive force in order to keep them separated from one another and lowers the likelihood of flocculation. Dispersions may become stable through two different phenomena: charge repulsion and steric or entropic repulsion. In charge repulsion, particles that possess the same like electrostatic charges repel each other.
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These osmolytes are preferentially excluded from protein surfaces, forming a layer of preferential hydration around the proteins. When the protein folds - this exclusion volume diminishes, making the folded state lower in free energy. Hence the excluded osmolytes shift the folding equilibrium towards the folded state. This effect was generally thought to be an entropic force, in the spirit of the original Asakura–Oosawa model and of macromolecular crowding.
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Examples also included microparticles with complex geometries, such as hemispherical, dimer, discs, rods, molecules, as well as multimers. These nanoscale building blocks can in turn be synthesized through conventional chemical routes or by other self-assembly strategies such as directional entropic forces. More recently, inverse design approaches have appeared where it is possible to fix a target self-assembled behavior, and determine an appropriate building block that will realize that behavior.
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The Ultimate Marvel equivalent of the Negative Zone was originally called the N-Zone. A zone that exists directly below the Ultimate Marvel universe. It is tied to the powers granted to the Fantastic Four and is the homeplace of the Ultimate Fantastic Four villain Nihil. The N-Zone is a universe in the later stages of entropic heat death, with less than a million years of existence left to it.
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On June 19th, 2014 he was found guilty of the assault charge; his sentence consisted of a $400 fine and 40 hours of community service. He was also ordered to undergo an assessment for alcohol and anger management. Patrick Henry was not terminated from his position. In September 2014 Entropic hired Barclays to explore the possibilities of selling the business, which concluded with a sale to MaxLinear on February 3, 2015.
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These forces are spring-like and are not associated with entropy changes. A taut chain can be extended by only about 40%. At this point the force along the chain is sufficient to mechanically rupture the C-C covalent bond. This tensile force limit has been calculated via quantum chemistry simulations and it is approximately 7 nN, about a factor of a thousand greater than the entropic chain forces at low strain.
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Mr Bridges fears for his job as Dupret seeks to reorganise the factory and its workers. Indeed, he retires the dozen or so workers who are within just a few months of the national pension age. Again, the shifting world and entropic status of the factory and the workers places the novel in its Modernist category. One of the competing story-lines between Dupret and Lily is their mutual attempts at finding partners for marriage.
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Again, the themes are familiar – the timeless human condition; history as progressive, cyclical, or entropic; literature, philosophy, and religion as the touchstones of civilization. Three acts dramatize the travails of the Antrobus family, allegorizing the alternate history of mankind. It was claimed by Joseph Campbell and Henry Morton Robinson, authors of A Skeleton Key to Finnegans Wake, that much of the play was the result of unacknowledged borrowing from James Joyce's last work.
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This computes down to having the stack and heap exist at one of several million positions (23 and 24 bit randomization), and all libraries existing in any of approximately 65,000 positions. On 64-bit CPUs, the virtual address space supplied by the MMU may be larger, allowing access to more memory. The randomization will be more entropic in such situations, further reducing the probability of a successful attack in the lack of an information leak.
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Entropy-supplying system calls are system calls in Unix-like operating system kernels through which processes can obtain entropic or random data. The first of these was `getentropy`, introduced to the OpenBSD operating system in release 5.6 (November 2014), as a refactoring of the sysctl(3) KERN_ARND approach used since 1997. Linux offers a very similar system call, `getrandom`, which was based on `getentropy`. It was first available in Linux 3.17, released in October 2014.
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Anderson has defined his emerging design theory as “Emo Urbanism.” It is differentiated from other conceptual processes with a focus on art, culture, ecology, and the fourth dimension. He emphasizes authentic landscape—habitat and complete ecosystems—within an ordered human environment. His work on the Olympic Sculpture Park in Seattle, WA is an example of this with its paradigm shift in nature/human interaction. Anderson’s stroke introduced entropic organization along Seattle’s Elliot Bay.
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2 #18 Superia and the other members of the Dark Avengers were defeated by both Avengers teams when it turned out that her teammate Skaar was the Avengers' double-agent.New Avengers Vol. 2 #23 Superia later appears on the High Council of A.I.M. (consisting of Andrew Forson, Graviton, Jude the Entropic Man, Mentallo, Yelena Belova, and the double agent Taskmaster) as the Minister of Education in Bagalia, a country run and populated by supervillains.Secret Avengers Vol.
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The use of many additional hydrogen bonds has several putative purposes. The stabilization of multiple hydrogen bonds to the enzyme helps overcome the entropic cost of binding. Additionally, the interactions help hold the substrate in a reactive conformation, and the enzyme-catalyzed reaction has near-zero entropy of activation, while typical Claisen rearrangements in solution have very negative entropies of activation. center The use of cation-pi interactions has also been successfully implemented in reactions with synthetic catalysts.
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This suggests that thermodynamically both the icephobic and hydrophobic behaviors can be viewed as entropic effects. However, icephobicity is different from the hydrophobicity. Hydrophobicity is a property which is characterized by the water contact angle (CA) and interfacial energies of the solid-water, solid-vapor, and water-vapor interfaces and thus it is a thermodynamic property usually quantitatively defined as CA>90 degrees. Another difference is that the hydrophobicity is opposed to the hydrophilicity in a natural way.
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Tom 'Ted' Stonier (29 April 1927 in Hamburg; – 15 June 1999) was a biologist, philosopher, information theoretist, educator and pacifist. His scientific studies centered on information provide a plausible explanation to evolutionist concepts of Pierre Teilhard de Chardin. He drafts the principle of the transformation of a primordial energetic soup (big bang) towards a pure informational state (the Chardin's Omega point). He places the current material World in this entropic, dynamical evolution of the energy-matter- information equilibrium.
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The original Asakura–Oosawa model considered only hard-core interactions. In such an athermal mixture the origin of depletion forces is necessarily entropic. If the intermolecular potentials also include repulsive and/or attractive terms, and if the solvent is considered explicitly, the depletion interaction can have additional thermodynamic contributions. The notion that depletion forces can also be enthalpically driven has surfaced due to recent experiments regarding protein stabilization induced by compatible osmolytes, such as trehalose, glycerol, and sorbitol.
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The rubber band experiment demonstrates entropic force and a refrigeration cycle using a simple rubber band. The rubber band experiment is performed by sensing the temperature of a rubber band as it is stretched, and then released. The rubber band first heats up as its stretched, then allowed to equilibrate back to room temperature. The rubber band cools below room temperature when the tension is released, the effect is large enough to be noticed by touch.
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The best-known theories of this class are MOND and its relativistic generalization tensor-vector-scalar gravity (TeVeS),For a review, see: f(R) gravity,For a review, see: negative mass, dark fluid, and entropic gravity. Alternative theories abound. A problem with alternative hypotheses is observational evidence for dark matter comes from so many independent approaches (see the "observational evidence" section above). Explaining any individual observation is possible but explaining all of them is very difficult.
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The Ultimate Fantastic Four encountered an Annihilus-like creature in their first foray into the N-Zone. Translating machines implanted in the Four's space suits dubbed the creature Nihil, though Nihil himself stated this is a caste title and not his proper name. Nihil ruled over a space station composed of the fused remains of several alien space ships. It orbited near a dying red dwarf star for warmth because the whole N-Zone is experiencing entropic decay.
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In 2009, Erik Verlinde proposed a conceptual model that describes gravity as an entropic force. He argues (similar to Jacobson's result) that gravity is a consequence of the "information associated with the positions of material bodies". This model combines the thermodynamic approach to gravity with Gerard 't Hooft's holographic principle. It implies that gravity is not a fundamental interaction, but an emergent phenomenon which arises from the statistical behavior of microscopic degrees of freedom encoded on a holographic screen.
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The Valisk habitat is trapped in yet another realm, nicknamed "the dark continuum". Energistic power is weak in this place, and entropic decay is far more powerful than normal. As a result, Valisk's energy is being lost into the 'dark continuum', as it has been named. Even worse, what energy it does manage to generate attracts the attention of monstrous, immortal, shape-shifting predators known as Orgathé, who attack the habitat with enthusiasm to feed on its power.
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Patchy particles are micron- or nanoscale colloidal particles that are anisotropically patterned, either by modification of the particle surface chemistry ("enthalpic patches"), through particle shape ("entropic patches"), or both. The particles have a repulsive core and highly interactive surfaces that allow for this assembly. The placement of these patches on the surface of a particle promotes bonding with patches on other particles. Patchy particles are used as a shorthand for modelling anisotropic colloids, proteins and water and for designing approaches to nanoparticle synthesis.
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The north becomes synonymous with economic development and industrialization while the South represents the previously colonized countries which are in need of help in the form of international aid agendas. In order to understand how this divide occurs, a definition of "development" itself is needed. Northern countries are using most of the earth resources and most of them are high entropic fossil fuels. Reducing emission rates of toxic substances is central to debate on sustainable development but this can negatively affect economic growth.
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In financial mathematics, the entropic risk measure is a risk measure which depends on the risk aversion of the user through the exponential utility function. It is a possible alternative to other risk measures as value-at-risk or expected shortfall. It is a theoretically interesting measure because it provides different risk values for different individuals whose attitudes toward risk may differ. However, in practice it would be difficult to use since quantifying the risk aversion for an individual is difficult to do.
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One may regard the entropic forces in polymer chains as arising from the thermal collisions that their constituent atoms experience with the surrounding material. It is this constant jostling that produces a resisting (elastic) force in the chains as they are forced to become straight. While stretching a rubber sample is the most common example of elasticity, it also occurs when rubber is compressed. Compression may be thought of as a two dimensional expansion as when a balloon is inflated.
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Function of symporters and antiporters. In an antiporter two species of ion or other solutes are pumped in opposite directions across a membrane. One of these species is allowed to flow from high to low concentration which yields the entropic energy to drive the transport of the other solute from a low concentration region to a high one. An example is the sodium-calcium exchanger or antiporter, which allows three sodium ions into the cell to transport one calcium out.
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Mark Nelson, in response to claims of magic compression algorithms appearing in comp.compression, has constructed a 415,241 byte binary file of highly entropic content, and issued a public challenge of $100 to anyone to write a program that, together with its input, would be smaller than his provided binary data yet be able to reconstitute it without error. The FAQ for the comp.compression newsgroup contains a challenge by Mike Goldman offering $5,000 for a program that can compress random data.
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The entropic brain is a theory of conscious states informed by neuroimaging research with psychedelic drugs. The theory suggests that the brain in primary states such as rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, early psychosis and under the influence of psychedelic drugs, is in a disordered state; normal waking consciousness constrains some of this freedom and makes possible metacognitive functions such as internal self-administered reality testing and self-awareness. Criticism has included questioning whether the theory has been adequately tested.
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Their first release was the 1983 four-song cassette Entropic Concern. The tracks ("Burning", "Civil Disobedience", "Jumper" and "Wordless One") received airplay on college radio stations. The original tape featured Brian Bogue but was later dubbed to reflect Gilbert Smith's different sound. They were also featured on the seminal alternative compilation Domestic Animals, released by Peter Moore. It was compiled from his huge collection of Live Binaural of the local music scene and a variety of other recordings made from 1979 to 1983.
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Nucleation is often described mathematically through the change in Gibbs free energy of n moles of vapor at vapor pressure P that condenses into a drop. Also the nucleation barrier, in polymer crystallization, consists of both enthalpic and entropic components that must be over come. This barrier consists of selection processes taking place in different length and time scales which relates to the multiple regimes later on. This barrier is the free energy required to overcome in order to form nuclei.
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A solvated ligand that binds the protein of interest is likely to exist as an equilibrium mixture of several conformers. Likewise the solvated protein also exists as several conformers in equilibrium. Formation of protein-ligand complex includes displacement of the solvent molecules that occupy the binding site of the ligand, to produce a solvated complex. Because this necessarily means that the interaction is entropically disfavored, highly favorable enthalpic contacts between the protein and the ligand must compensate for the entropic loss.
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Ecologists and environmentalists have criticized Marx on the ground that natural resources have (or should have) a value which has nothing to do with production costs in labour time, because in fact they are entropic non-reproducible goods.See e.g. Harry Rothman, Murderous providence; a study of pollution in industrial societies. London: R. Hart-Davis, 1972; Elmar Altvater, Gesellschaftliche Produktion und ökonomische Rationalität - Externe Effekte und zentrale Planung im Wirtschaftssystem des Sozialismus. Frankfurt: EVA, 1969; Barry Commoner, The closing circle : confronting the environmental crisis.
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In these systems phases that would be labeled as disordered by virtue of their higher entropy (in the sense of Clausius or Helmholtz) are ordered in both the everyday sense and in Landau theory. Under suitable thermodynamic conditions, entropy has been predicted or discovered to induce systems to form ordered liquid- crystals, crystals, and quasicrystals. In many systems, directional entropic forces drive this behavior. More recently, it has been shown it is possible to precisely engineer particles for target ordered structures.
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In financial mathematics and stochastic optimization, the concept of risk measure is used to quantify the risk involved in a random outcome or risk position. Many risk measures have hitherto been proposed, each having certain characteristics. The entropic value at risk (EVaR) is a coherent risk measure introduced by Ahmadi-Javid, which is an upper bound for the value at risk (VaR) and the conditional value at risk (CVaR), obtained from the Chernoff inequality. The EVaR can also be represented by using the concept of relative entropy.
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Invoking the theory of rubber elasticity, one considers a polymer chain in a cross-linked network as an entropic spring. When the chain is stretched, the entropy is reduced by a large margin because there are fewer conformations available. Therefore, there is a restoring force, which causes the polymer chain to return to its equilibrium or unstretched state, such as a high entropy random coil configuration, once the external force is removed. This is the reason why rubber bands return to their original state.
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In allometric scaling, maximum potential life span (MPLS) is directly related to metabolic rate (MR), where MR is the recharge rate of a biomass made up of covalent bonds. That biomass (W) is subjected to deterioration over time from thermodynamic, entropic pressure. Metabolism is essentially understood as redox coupling, and has nothing to do with thermogenesis. Metabolic efficiency (ME) is then expressed as the efficiency of this coupling, a ratio of amperes captured and used by biomass, to the amperes available for that purpose.
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Bimolecular reactions are highly dependent on the concentration of substrates. Therefore, when a supramolecular container encapsulates both reactants within its small cavity, the effective local concentration of the reactants is increased and, as a result of an entropic effect, the rate of the reaction is accelerated. That is to say an intramolecular reaction is faster than its corresponding intermolecular reaction. Although high raise in effective concentration is observed, molecules that employ this mode of catalysis have tiny rate acceleration compared to that of enzymes.
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Entropic security is a security definition used in the field of cryptography. Modern encryption schemes are generally required to protect communications even when the attacker has substantial information about the messages being encrypted. For example, even if an attacker knows that an intercepted ciphertext encrypts either the message "Attack" or the message "Retreat", a semantically secure encryption scheme will prevent the attacker from learning which of the two messages is encrypted. However, definitions such as semantic security are too strong to achieve with certain specialized encryption schemes.
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DNA condensation can be induced in vitro either by applying external force to bring the double helices together, or by inducing attractive interactions between the DNA segments. The former can be achieved e.g. with the help of the osmotic pressure exerted by crowding neutral polymers in the presence of monovalent salts. In this case, the forces pushing the double helices together are coming from entropic random collisions with the crowding polymers surrounding DNA condensates, and salt is required to neutralize DNA charges and decrease DNA-DNA repulsion.
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Dynamic hydrogen bonds between molecules of liquid water The origin of the hydrophobic effect is not fully understood. Some argue that the hydrophobic interaction is mostly an entropic effect originating from the disruption of highly dynamic hydrogen bonds between molecules of liquid water by the nonpolar solute. A hydrocarbon chain or a similar nonpolar region of a large molecule is incapable of forming hydrogen bonds with water. Introduction of such a non- hydrogen bonding surface into water causes disruption of the hydrogen bonding network between water molecules.
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In water, formation of salt bridges or ion pairs is mostly driven by entropy, usually accompanied by unfavorable ΔH contributions on account of desolvation of the interacting ions upon association. Hydrogen bonds contribute to the stability of ion pairs with e.g. protonated ammonium ions, and with anions is formed by deprotonation as in the case of carboxylate, phosphate etc; then the association constants depend on the pH. Entropic driving forces for ion pairing (in absence of significant H-bonding contributions) are also found in methanol as solvent.
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This double structural constraint decreases the diversity of the conformations that the variable regions can adopt, and this reduction in conformational diversity lowers the entropic cost of molecular binding when interaction with the target causes the variable regions to adopt a single conformation. As a consequence, peptide aptamers can bind their targets tightly, with binding affinities comparable to those shown by antibodies (nanomolar range). Peptide aptamer scaffolds are typically small, ordered, soluble proteins. The first scaffold, which is still widely used, is Escherichia coli thioredoxin, the trxA gene product (TrxA).
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Washu has the same ability to phase shift through solid objects, convert matter directly to energy with no entropic loss (in the form of an energy saber), and she can duplicate herself. One of her favorite tricks, when captured, is to reappear elsewhere, and point to the "her" that was captured, which is now merely a stuffed doll in her likeness, sometimes with a cute ribbon if she remembers to add it. Washu is also the creator of Fuku, Ryo- Ohki's sister, in the Tenchi Muyo! GXP series.
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The opera character Scatherus is the anthropomorphic representation of despair, with lyrics influenced by both psychoanalyst Carl Jung's writings on the "shadow" portion of the psyche, as well as Saint Augustine's writings on the "felix culpa" and its relation to the Fall of Man. The lyrics refer to Scatherus as being an "entropic void", asserting that when the emptiness of despair is used as the quantitative measure of disorder in human experience, it reveals itself to be a vital, positive constant. This song features Veronica Freeman on vocals.
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The role of hydrogen bonds in protein folding has also been linked to osmolyte-induced protein stabilization. Protective osmolytes, such as trehalose and sorbitol, shift the protein folding equilibrium toward the folded state, in a concentration dependent manner. While the prevalent explanation for osmolyte action relies on excluded volume effects that are entropic in nature, recent circular dichroism (CD) experiments have shown osmolyte to act through an enthalpic effect. The molecular mechanism for their role in protein stabilization is still not well established, though several mechanisms have been proposed.
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Most supramolecular chemists in the past prefer to build rigid structures out of fear of entropic cost. This problem could perhaps be mended by Baker and Houk's "inside-out approach" which allows a systematic de novo enzyme development. This computational method starts simply with a predicted transition state structure and slowly builds outward by optimizing the arrangement of functional groups to stabilize the transition state. Then it fills out the remainder of the active site and, finally, it generates an entire protein scaffold that could contain the designed active site.
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Reed Richards, Bruce Banner, the Beast, and several other brilliant scientists convene to discuss a solution to Death's absence. They decide to access the imprisoned Jude the Entropic Man, who can turn others to dust on contact, and synthesize his essence into a chemical to end the suffering of those unable to die. With the chemical complete, Reed, growing suspicious of Mar-Vell's motives, plans to use Pym Particles to slow Paradise's rapid growth within the Negative Zone. Mephisto frees Jude from captivity, convincing him to go on a killing spree.
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Physical deposition uses mechanical, electromechanical or thermodynamic means to produce a thin film of solid. An everyday example is the formation of frost. Since most engineering materials are held together by relatively high energies, and chemical reactions are not used to store these energies, commercial physical deposition systems tend to require a low- pressure vapor environment to function properly; most can be classified as physical vapor deposition (PVD). The material to be deposited is placed in an energetic, entropic environment, so that particles of material escape its surface.
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DCU superhero Captain Atom finds himself stranded in the Wildstorm Universe. Majestic of the Wildcats discovers that the dimension-leap has fundamentally destabilised Atom, and concludes that his continued presence in the Wildstorm Universe will cause its imminent entropic destruction. The Authority offer to help Captain Atom find the way home, cruising the Bleed in search of the DC Universe, and at first he strikes up a romantic relationship with the Engineer. However, Atom becomes horrified by the Wildstorm superheroes' casual attitudes toward violence and the lives of ordinary people.
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He was stopped and defeated by the X-Men, after he double-crossed Roxxon and tried to flee with his professional fee of a billion dollars. While attempting to flee, one of the giant monsters dropped a cargo hold directly on top of him, which contained the entire billion dollars in cash.Astonishing X-Men #36-41 Mentallo later appears as part of the new High Council of A.I.M. (consisting of Andrew Forson, Graviton, Jude the Entropic Man, Superia, Yelena Belova, and the undercover Taskmaster) as the Minister of Public Affairs.Secret Avengers Vol.
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Hydrophobic forces are the attractive entropic forces between any two hydrophobic groups in aqueous media, e.g. the forces between two long hydrocarbon chains in aqueous solutions. The magnitude of these forces depends on the hydrophobicity of the interacting groups as well as the distance separating them (they are found to decrease roughly exponentially with the distance). The physical origin of these forces is a debated issue but they have been found to be long-ranged and are the strongest among all the physical interaction forces operating between biological surfaces and molecules.
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Cavitand cages are formed by linking bowl-shaped organic molecules called cavitands. The two "bowls" are linked with organometallic complexes. In order for a cavitand cage to efficiently self-assemble, the following requirements must be met: The cavitand scaffold must be rigid, the incoming metal complex must impose cis geometry, and there must be enough preorganization in the structure such that the entropic barrier to create the cage can be overcome. The complexes used to assemble cavitand cages are square planar with one η2 ligand; this helps enforce the final geometry.
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Erik P. Verlinde, Emergent Gravity and the Dark Universe, SciPost Phys. 2, 016 (2017) The result provides a candidate explanation for dark matter similar to the Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) proposal and explains the empirical relationship between dark matter and the Hubble constant. By Aug 1st 2018 the paper has been quoted in 153 physics papers, including by well- known physicists such as Lee Smolin, and Mordehai Milgrom - originator of MOND. Explanation of modified gravity through entropic gravity is a "quantum gravity theory" merging "general theory of relativity" with "quantum field theory".
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Depletion forces in colloid-polymer mixtures drive colloids to form aggregates that are densely packed locally. This local dense packing is also observed in colloidal systems without polymer depletants. Without polymer depletants the mechanism is similar, because the particles in dense colloidal suspension act, effectively, as depletants for one another This effect is particularly striking for anisotropically shaped colloidal particles, where the anisotropy of the shape leads to the emergence of directional entropic forces that are responsible for the ordering of hard anisotropic colloids into a wide range of crystal structures.
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A major importance of macromolecular crowding to biological systems stems from its effect on protein folding. The underlying physical mechanism by which macromolecular crowding helps to stabilize proteins in their folded state is often explained in terms of excluded volume - the volume inaccessible to the proteins due to their interaction with macromolecular crowders. This notion goes back to Asakura and Oosawa, who have described depletion forces induced by steric, hard-core, interactions. A hallmark of the mechanism inferred from the above is that the effect is completely a-thermal, and thus completely entropic.
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It should not be referred to as a distribution of the entropy in the space. Entropy interaction reflects only an “order” and “structure” of the space, the state of the space and physical systems in it and, ultimately, affects the energy, behavior and evolution of such systems as well as the space as a whole. The entropic interaction results in the alteration of symmetry, free energy, and other characteristics of the physical system. Using this interaction, all material objects in Nature exert a certain influence on each other, regardless of the distance between them.
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In the Earth X trilogy, Universe X in particular, the Ultimate Nullifier is one of the cosmic objects Captain Marvel, resurrected as a child, gathers to create Paradise. Later, it is used against Death after Marvel's spiritual counterpart, Mar-Vell, reveals to Thanos how Death has manipulated him in the past and gives the Ultimate Nullifier to him. Thanos annihilates Death and removes her from power, paving the way for the new paradise. However, as an unforeseen consequence, it leaves those still living unable to die, forcing the remaining heroes on Earth to resurrect Jude The Entropic Man as a means for dying.
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Models like PB and GB allow estimation of the mean electrostatic free energy but do not account for the (mostly) entropic effects arising from solute-imposed constraints on the organization of the water or solvent molecules. This is termed the hydrophobic effect and is a major factor in the folding process of globular proteins with hydrophobic cores. Implicit solvation models may be augmented with a term that accounts for the hydrophobic effect. The most popular way to do this is by taking the solvent accessible surface area (SASA) as a proxy of the extent of the hydrophobic effect.
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It is prepared by the dehydrogenation of pyridine using Raney nickel: :2C5H5N → (C5H4N)2 \+ H2 Although uncoordinated bipyridine is often drawn with its nitrogen atoms in cis conformation, the lowest energy conformation both in solid state and in solution is in fact coplanar, with nitrogen atoms in trans position. Protonated bipyridine adopts a cis conformation. Upon complexation, the related N,N-heterocyclic ligand phenanthroline does not incur an enthalpic and entropic penalty, and thus its complexes tend to be more stable. With respective pKa's of 4.86 and 4.3 for their conjugate acids, phenanthroline and bipy are of comparable basicity.
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In abstract algebra, a medial magma or medial groupoid is a magma or groupoid (that is, a set with a binary operation) which satisfies the identity :(x \cdot y) \cdot (u \cdot v) = (x \cdot u) \cdot (y \cdot v), or more simply xy\cdot uv = xu\cdot yv for all x, y, u and v, using the convention that juxtaposition denotes the same operation but has higher precedence. This identity has been variously called medial, abelian, alternation, transposition, interchange, bi-commutative, bisymmetric, surcommutative, entropic etc.Historical comments J.Jezek and T.Kepka: Medial groupoids Rozpravy CSAV, Rada mat. a prir.
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NacaskulNacaskul, P. (2010) Systemic Import Analysis (SIA) – Application of Entropic Eigenvector Centrality (EEC) Criterion for a Priori Ranking of Financial Institutions in Terms of Regulatory-Supervisory Concern, with Demonstrations on Stylised Small Network Topologies and Connectivity Weights, 14 May 2010, Bank for International Settlements (BIS) Asian Research Financial Stability Network Workshop, 29 March 2012, Bank Negara Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. . . posits that a financial institution is systemically important if it is highly connected (e.g. via interbank lending market/money market channel) to systemically important banks. Those, in turn, are systemically important if they are highly connected to systemically important banks, and so on.
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In spite of the various forms of these materials, many of their properties have common physicochemical origins, such as a large number of internal degrees of freedom, weak interactions between structural elements, and a delicate balance between entropic and enthalpic contributions to the free energy. These properties lead to large thermal fluctuations, a wide variety of forms, sensitivity of equilibrium structures to external conditions, macroscopic softness, and metastable states. Active liquid crystals are another example of soft materials, where the constituent elements in liquid crystals can self propel. Soft matters, such as polymers and lipids have found applications in nanotechnology as well.
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The formation of acetals reduces the total number of molecules present (carbonyl + 2 alcohol → acetal + water) and therefore is generally not favourable with regards to entropy. One situation where it is not entropically unfavourable is when a single diol molecule is used rather than two separate alcohol molecules (carbonyl + diol → acetal + water). Another way to avoid the entropic cost is to perform the synthesis by acetal exchange, using a pre-existing acetal-type reagent as the OR'-group donor rather than simple addition of alcohols themselves. One type of reagent used for this method is an orthoester.
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Some commentators contend that object-oriented ontology degrades meaning by placing humans and objects on equal footing. Matthew David Segall has argued that object-oriented philosophers should explore the theological and anthropological implications of their ideas in order to avoid "slipping into the nihilism of some speculative realists, where human values are a fluke in an uncaring and fundamentally entropic universe". Other critical commentators such as David Berry and Alexander Galloway have commented on the historical situatedness of an ontology that mirrors computational processes and even the metaphors and language of computation. Pancomputationalism and digital philosophy explore these ideas further.
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Furthermore, small peptides (such as single alpha-helices or α-Helices) can lose helicity in solution due to entropic factors, which diminishes binding affinity. α-Helices are the most common protein secondary structure and play a key role in mediating many protein–protein interactions (PPIs) by serving as recognition motifs. PPIs are frequently misregulated in disease, provides the long-running impetus to create alpha-helical peptides to inhibit disease-state PPIs for clinical applications, as well as for basic science applications. Introducing a synthetic brace (staple) helps to lock a peptide in a specific conformation, reducing conformational entropy.
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Global downhill folding (or one-state folding) is another scenario in which the protein folds in the absence of a free energy barrier under all conditions. In other words, there is a unimodal population distribution at all temperatures and denaturant concentrations, suggesting a continuous unfolding transition in which different ensembles of structures populate at different conditions. This is in contrast to two-state folding, which assumes only two ensembles (folded and unfolded) and a sharp unfolding transition. Free energy barriers in protein folding are predicted to be small because they arise as a result of compensation between large energetic and entropic terms.
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The boiling point elevation happens both when the solute is an electrolyte, such as various salts, and a nonelectrolyte. In thermodynamic terms, the origin of the boiling point elevation is entropic and can be explained in terms of the vapor pressure or chemical potential of the solvent. In both cases, the explanation depends on the fact that many solutes are only present in the liquid phase and do not enter into the gas phase (except at extremely high temperatures). Put in vapor pressure terms, a liquid boils at the temperature when its vapor pressure equals the surrounding pressure.
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The depletion force is described as an entropic force because it is fundamentally a manifestation of the second law of thermodynamics, which states that a system tends to increase its entropy. The gain in translational entropy of the depletants, owing to the increased available volume, is much greater than the loss of entropy from flocculation of the colloids. The positive change in entropy lowers the Helmholtz free energy and causes colloidal flocculation to happen spontaneously. The system of colloids and depletants in a solution is modeled as a canonical ensemble of hard spheres for statistical determinations of thermodynamic quantities.
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This hexagonal phase is often referred to as a (28×5) structure, distorted and rotated by about 0.81° relative to the [011] crystal direction. Molecular dynamics simulations indicate that this rotation occurs to partly relieve a compressive strain developed in the formation of this hexagonal reconstruction, which is nevertheless favored thermodynamically over the unreconstructed structure. However, this rotation disappears in a phase transition at approximately T = 970 K, above which an un-rotated hexagonal structure is observed. A second phase transition is observed at T = 1170 K, in which an order-disorder transition occurs as entropic effects dominate at high temperature.
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The Salesman told Joe that he could put York Hills on the map and that he wanted Joe to be one of his agents in charge of renovating the dead town. Joe eagerly agreed and he shook the Salesman's hand in agreement. When he touched the Salesman's hand, Joe quickly began undergoing a dramatic transformation into a creature of Hellfire known as Brimstone. The Salesman then revealed that he was a powerful entropic entity who planned to put York Hills on the map by killing all of its inhabitants, an act that Brimstone would carry out.
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Nevertheless, the functional forms of the Arrhenius and Eyring equations are similar, and for a one-step process, simple and chemically meaningful correspondences can be drawn between Arrhenius and Eyring parameters. Instead of also using Ea, the Eyring equation uses the concept of Gibbs energy and the symbol ΔG‡ to denote the Gibbs energy of activation to achieve the transition state. In the equation, kB and h are the Boltzmann and Planck constants, respectively. Although the equations look similar, it is important to note that the Gibbs energy contains an entropic term in addition to the enthalpic one.
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The entropic brain hypothesis by Robin L. Carhart-Harris (2014) refers to a theory which is informed by neuroimaging research that uses the hallucinogen induced neurological state to make inferences about other states of consciousness. The expression "entropy" is applied here in the context of states of consciousness and their associated neurodynamics, while high entropy is synonymous with high disorder. It is proposed that a general distinction can be made between two fundamentally different modes of cognition: Primary and secondary consciousness. Primary consciousness is associated with unconstrained cognition and less ordered (higher-entropy) neurodynamics that preceded the development of modern, normal waking consciousness in adults.
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Site-directed mutagenesis of the potential acid/base residues in the active site did not affect catalysis leading to the conclusion that Dnr K most likely acts as an entropic enzyme in that rate enhancement is mainly due to orientational and proximity effects. This is in contrast to most other O-methyltransferases where acid/base catalysis has been demonstrated to be an essential contribution to rate enhancement. Dox A catalyzes three successive oxidations in streptomyces peucetius. Deficient DXR production is not primarily due to low levels of or malfunctioning Dox A, but because there are many products diverted away from the pathway shown in Figure 2.
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Alternatively, steric or entropic repulsion is a phenomenon used to describe the repelling effect when adsorbed layers of material (such as polymer molecules swollen with solvent) are present on the surface of the pigment particles in dispersion. Only certain portions (anchors) of the polymer molecules are adsorbed, with their corresponding loops and tails extending out into the solution. As the particles approach each other their adsorbed layers become crowded; this provides an effective steric barrier that prevents flocculation. This crowding effect is accompanied by a decrease in entropy, whereby the number of conformations possible for the polymer molecules is reduced in the adsorbed layer.
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The Micronas and NXP acquisitions involved a substantial and diverse product portfolio and a large number of employees in widely dispersed operations in the U.S., Europe, Asia, and other locations. The acquisitions significantly increased the Trident's revenues to $557 million in 2010 but also greatly worsened its profitability and cash flow, resulting in a loss from operations of $173 million in 2010 and net loss of $129 million. According to unaudited results for 2011, revenues decreased by 46.5% in 2011, resulting in another net loss of $150 million. On January 4, 2012, Trident filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection appointing Entropic Communications as the stalking horse bidder.
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Siderophores usually form a stable, hexadentate, octahedral complex preferentially with Fe3+ compared to other naturally occurring abundant metal ions, although if there are fewer than six donor atoms water can also coordinate. The most effective siderophores are those that have three bidentate ligands per molecule, forming a hexadentate complex and causing a smaller entropic change than that caused by chelating a single ferric ion with separate ligands. Fe3+ is a strong Lewis acid, preferring strong Lewis bases such as anionic or neutral oxygen atoms to coordinate with. Microbes usually release the iron from the siderophore by reduction to Fe2+ which has little affinity to these ligands.
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James thought of Switzerland, in particular, as his "second home," as he had taught there every year since 1981. In the summer of 1995, he had a third solo exhibition at Galerie Jonas in Switzerland, which coincided with the release of a retrospective monograph of his work, Michael James: Studio Quilts. The book included essays and large photos of his quilt- building process, as well as photographs of the individual quilts. He was one of five American artists invited to exhibit in the 8th International Triennial of Tapestry that year in Lodz, Poland, and his piece, The Metaphysics Of Action: Entropic Forms won a juror's citation.
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A depletion force is an effective attractive force that arises between large colloidal particles that are suspended in a dilute solution of depletants, which are smaller solutes that are preferentially excluded from the vicinity of the large particles. One of the earliest reports of depletion forces that lead to particle coagulation is that of Bondy, who observed the separation or 'creaming' of rubber latex upon addition of polymer depletant molecules (sodium alginate) to solution. More generally, depletants can include polymers, micelles, osmolytes, ink, mud, or paint dispersed in a continuous phase. Depletion forces are often regarded as entropic forces, as was first explained by the established Asakura–Oosawa model.
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He is noted for several pioneering discoveries that advanced the field of polymer physics, which was recognised by the award of the Bingham Medal for rheology in 1965. These included the treatment of the flexible, randomly kinked molecule in Brownian motion of polymers; the explanation of the entropic origin of the elastic force; and the Kinetic Theory of Rubber Elasticity.H. Leaderman, Physics Today, August (1965)A. J. Staverman, Journal of Polymer Science Polymer Symposium, 51, 45 (1975)Herman Mark, Journal of Chemical Education, 58, 527 (1981) Aside from establishing the first polymer physics laboratory at an academic institution in America, Dr. Guth had an international reputation in physics and polymer science.
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It also makes 38 nonpolar contacts to MUP, whereas IBMP only makes 15 contacts which are the next most nonpolar contacts. There is a slight difference in the binding affinities and forms for NPN bound in wild-type MUP and the Y120F MUP mutant. In wild-type MUP there is just enough room for the amine group of NPN to makes a water mediated hydrogen bond to Tyr120, whereas in Y120F MUP mutant, there is a slight shift and the amine group makes a direct hydrogen bond to Tyr120. Much is still unknown about the entropic and enthalpic effects of the MUP binding site.
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Azoulay's debut novel Lazaretto was published in summer 2019 in Hebrew.Lazaretto, Shay K. Azoulay (in Hebrew) A review in Haaretz described the novel as “an ambitious, high-tension novel, seeped in paranoia... Lazaretto is a disturbing and stirring dystopia which haunted me while I was reading it and even after I’d finished.”Lazaretto: In This Novel the "State of Tel Aviv" Becomes a Dystopian Reality - Haaretz, 20 January 2020 (in Hebrew) Azoulay has also written a series of short stories entitled "Minor Writers of the Entropic Age". These stories include "The Invention of H. P. Lovecraft", published in Flapperhouse Magazine,The Invention of H. P. Lovecraft - Flapperhouse Magazine, Fall 2016.
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However, Albrecht and Lorenzo Sorbo argued that the probability of an inflationary cosmos, consistent with today's observations, emerging by a random fluctuation from some pre-existent state is much higher than that of a non-inflationary cosmos. This is because the "seed" amount of non- gravitational energy required for the inflationary cosmos is so much less than that for a non-inflationary alternative, which outweighs any entropic considerations. Another problem that has occasionally been mentioned is the trans-Planckian problem or trans-Planckian effects. Since the energy scale of inflation and the Planck scale are relatively close, some of the quantum fluctuations that have made up the structure in our universe were smaller than the Planck length before inflation.
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Like most local composition models, UNIQUAC splits excess Gibbs free energy into a combinatorial and a residual contribution: :G^E = (G^E)^C + (G^E)^R The calculated activity coefficients of the ith component then split likewise: : \ln \gamma_i = \ln \gamma^C_i + \ln \gamma^R_i The first is an entropic term quantifying the deviation from ideal solubility as a result of differences in molecule shape. The latter is an enthalpicHere it is assumed that the enthalpy change upon mixing can be assumed to be equal to the energy upon mixing, since the liquid excess molar volume is small and Δ Hex=ΔUex+Vex ΔP ≈ ΔU correction caused by the change in interacting forces between different molecules upon mixing.
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He argued that rigid molecules with a slight mismatch to the transition state cannot be an efficient catalyst. Rather than investing so much synthesis effort on one rigid molecule that we cannot determine its precise geometry to the sub-angstrom level which is required for good stabilization, Sanders suggested the use of many small flexible building blocks with competing weak interactions so that it is possible for the catalyst to adjust its structure to accommodate the substrate better. There is a direct trade-off between the enthalpic benefit from flexible structure and the entropic benefit from rigid structure. Flexible structure could perhaps bind the transition state better but it allows more room for the substrates to move and vibrate.
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At finite temperature, the molecule spends most of its time in these low-lying states, which thus dominate the molecular properties. Global optimization can be accomplished using simulated annealing, the Metropolis algorithm and other Monte Carlo methods, or using different deterministic methods of discrete or continuous optimization. While the force field represents only the enthalpic component of free energy (and only this component is included during energy minimization), it is possible to include the entropic component through the use of additional methods, such as normal mode analysis. Molecular mechanics potential energy functions have been used to calculate binding constants, protein folding kinetics, protonation equilibria, active site coordinates, and to design binding sites.
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In it Pick was pessimistic that mankind was not achieving its creative potential. He returned to the subject in lectures he gave in the 1930s when he outlined his concern that at some not too distant point progress in civilisation would come to a natural end and a stable condition would arise where, he believed, it would be hard to maintain creativity and an entropic decline would follow. Later, in the last year of his life and with the Second World War under way, he published two booklets on postwar reconstruction, Britain Must Rebuild and Paths to Peace. Pick wrote the introduction to the English translation of Walter Gropius's The New Architecture and the Bauhaus published in 1935.
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One driver of protein evolution is the optimization of such catalytic activities, although only the most crucial enzymes operate near catalytic efficiency limits, and many enzymes are far from optimal. Important factors in enzyme catalysis include general acid and base catalysis, orbital steering, entropic restriction, orientation effects (i.e. lock and key catalysis), as well as motional effects involving protein dynamics Mechanisms of enzyme catalysis vary, but are all similar in principle to other types of chemical catalysis in that the crucial factor is a reduction of energy barrier(s) separating the reactants from the products. The reduction of activation energy (Ea) increases the fraction of reactant molecules that can overcome this barrier and form the product.
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The method was originally known as the method of multipliers, and was studied much in the 1970 and 1980s as a good alternative to penalty methods. It was first discussed by Magnus Hestenes, and by Michael Powell in 1969. The method was studied by R. Tyrrell Rockafellar in relation to Fenchel duality, particularly in relation to proximal-point methods, Moreau–Yosida regularization, and maximal monotone operators: These methods were used in structural optimization. The method was also studied by Dimitri Bertsekas, notably in his 1982 book, together with extensions involving nonquadratic regularization functions, such as entropic regularization, which gives rise to the "exponential method of multipliers," a method that handles inequality constraints with a twice differentiable augmented Lagrangian function.
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Taylor's early work includes Vicissitudes, Grace Reef, The Lost Correspondent and The Unstill Life. All are located in the world´s first public underwater sculpture park in the Caribbean Sea in Molinere Bay, Grenada, West Indies, and situated in a section of coastline that was badly damaged by Hurricane Ivan in 2004.Voigts, Dr Jessie, ″Jason deCaires Taylor & Museo Subauatico de Arte(MUSA)″ ″Wandering Educators″, 19 June 2010 Taylor's works create haunting, enigmatic underwater scenes, often depicting the mundaneness of life on dry land transported into an alchemic new environment. Instead of the entropic process typically associated with the ocean's corrosive tendencies, Taylor's pieces encourage organisms to grow and affect the surfaces of his creation.
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The next arc "N-Zone" has the four traveling on the spaceship Awesome (a name of Johnny's choice) to the dimension where they got their powers. They encounter an alien named Nihil whose dimension has only a few hundred thousand years left before succumbing to an entropic heat death, and wishes to escape from his world to ours. In "Think Tank" the team meet Rhona Burchill (a re-imagined Mad Thinker), who captures them and attempts to sell them to the highest bidder. In Ultimate Fantastic Four Annual #1, they meet Crystal of the Inhumans, and as a result of trespassing on their home destroy it, forcing the Inhumans to move to a new one.
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Luc Steels writes: "A component has a particular functionality but this is not recognizable as a subfunction of the global functionality. Instead a component implements a behaviour whose side effect contributes to the global functionality ... Each behaviour has a side effect and the sum of the side effects gives the desired functionality". In other words, the global or macroscopic functionality of a system with "emergent functionality" is the sum of all "side effects", of all emergent properties and functionalities. Systems with emergent properties or emergent structures may appear to defy entropic principles and the second law of thermodynamics, because they form and increase order despite the lack of command and central control.
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Given the overwhelming abundance of liquid water found in biological systems and the high prevalence of dissolved ionic species, understanding the behavior of ions in solution is critical. Ions in solution must overcome not only the preferred entropic state of disordered water molecules in order to form a solvation shell, but also the powerful hydrogen bonding interactions found between water molecules. Attraction between the solute ion and water increases with the solute’s electric charge and decreases with its radius. Hydration number estimates are not limited to integer values (for instance, estimates for sodium include 4, 4.6, 5.3, 5.5, 5.6, 6, 6.5, and 8), with some of the spread of estimated values being due to differing detection methods.
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Alternatively, he praised the element of control within the tracks which came to "recognizable signatures at the center of the entropic sound that seems to be coming apart in real time." The individual tracks on Collapse were received positively by critics, with Daryl Keating of Exclaim! labelling the songs as "absolute gems" and Carlos Hawthorn from Resident Advisor feeling that each track had "moments abstract enough to grab your attention and human enough to keep it." Writing for NME, Tom Connick described the EP as "music for Mad Max's post-apocalyptic parties [...] a mad- hatter's box of tricks, blown up and reconstructed" and called it Aphex Twin's "most essential" release in years.
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At the facility, Philpot wakes up and finds the Colonel in the lab, watching Roper with Maggie, courtesy of the flying video drone launched from Roper's weapon. Philpot lectures the Colonel on the dangers of infecting the timeline when she reminds him that so long as everyone that goes through the Hoop stays through it, no damage can be done. She simply wants Roper to kill Rip and the others so the project's future excursions to that era won't be disrupted by any of them trying to get back home, presumably bringing any entropic fluctuations to the timeline with them. Philpot seems to agree with this logic when he suddenly assaults the Colonel, pushing her out of the lab and sealing the door.
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When the information capacity of a storage system or a communication channel is presented in bits or bits per second, this often refers to binary digits, which is a computer hardware capacity to store binary data (0 or 1, up or down, current or not, etc.). Information capacity of a storage system is only an upper bound to the quantity of information stored therein. If the two possible values of one bit of storage are not equally likely, that bit of storage contains less than one bit of information. Indeed, if the value is completely predictable, then the reading of that value provides no information at all (zero entropic bits, because no resolution of uncertainty occurs and therefore no information is available).
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In physical science, the term entropy means the tendency of the physical system to lose energy and coherence over a period of time, like a gas dissipating until it is all but gone. An "entropic family" is one that loses its sense of emotional closeness because members neglect the family’s inner life and community ties. Social scientists now agree that effective family traditions promote a sense of identity and a feeling of closeness, a sense of security and assurance in today’s fast, hectic, and ever-changing world. William Doherty, a social scientist has explained in his book "The Intentional Family" that as family bonds are weakened by busy lifestyles, families can stay connected only by being intentional about maintaining important rituals and traditions.
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Helices observed in proteins can range from four to over forty residues long, but a typical helix contains about ten amino acids (about three turns). In general, short polypeptides do not exhibit much α-helical structure in solution, since the entropic cost associated with the folding of the polypeptide chain is not compensated for by a sufficient amount of stabilizing interactions. In general, the backbone hydrogen bonds of α-helices are considered slightly weaker than those found in β-sheets, and are readily attacked by the ambient water molecules. However, in more hydrophobic environments such as the plasma membrane, or in the presence of co-solvents such as trifluoroethanol (TFE), or isolated from solvent in the gas phase, oligopeptides readily adopt stable α-helical structure.
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Bron is there to impersonate a famous scientist of interest to the Destroyers, and has been given implants through which a monitoring team can see what he sees, hear what he hears and talk to him, even when separated by interstellar distances. The plot hinges on a fictional science, the study of the entropic "patterns of Chaos", which allows predictions of events with an accuracy that was not before possible. Both Earth and the Destroyers—and specifically Bron himself—are discovered to be the target of an extraterrestrial interstellar murder campaign that was hatched 700 million years ago. He succeeds in joining together the Earth and Destroyer fleets and confronts the aliens, to discover that his destiny is inextricably entangled with theirs.
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Glotzer made fundamental contributions to the field of the glass transition, for which the molecular dynamics simulation of Lennard-Jones particles exhibiting dynamical heterogeneity in the form of string-like motion in a 3D-liquid is of particular significance. In addition, her paper together with Michael J. Solomon on anisotropy dimensions of patchy particles has become a classic work, inspiring research directions of groups around the world. Glotzer and collaborators also hold the record for the densest tetrahedron packing and discovered that hard tetrahedrons can self-assemble into a dodecagonal quasicrystal. Glotzer and collaborators coined the term ‘Directional Entropic Forces’ in 2011 to denote the effective interaction that drives anisotropic hard particles to align their facets during self-assembly and/or crystallization.
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In the Arrhenius equation, this entropic term is accounted for by the pre-exponential factor A. More specifically, we can write the Gibbs free energy of activation in terms of enthalpy and entropy of activation: ΔG‡ = ΔH‡ – T ΔS‡. Then, for a unimolecular, one-step reaction, the approximate relationships Ea = ΔH‡ \+ RT and A = (kBT/h) exp(1 + ΔS‡/R) hold. Note, however, that in Arrhenius theory proper, A is temperature independent, while here, there is a linear dependence on T. For a one-step unimolecular process whose half-life at room temperature is about 2 hours, ΔG‡ is approximately 23 kcal/mol. This is also the roughly the magnitude of Ea for a reaction that proceeds over several hours at room temperature.
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The eternal return of all memory initiated by the will to power is an entropic force again inherent to all life. Opposed to this interpretation, the "will to power" can be understood (or misunderstood) to mean a struggle against one's surroundings that culminates in personal growth, self-overcoming, and self-perfection, and assert that the power held over others as a result of this is coincidental. Thus Nietzsche wrote: It would be possible to claim that rather than an attempt to 'dominate over others', the "will to power" is better understood as the tenuous equilibrium in a system of forces' relations to each other. While a rock, for instance, does not have a conscious (or unconscious) "will", it nevertheless acts as a site of resistance within the "will to power" dynamic.
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As the clay particles approach each other to within two times the thickness of the polymer layers, the loops and tails of the polymers on one surface will start to block those on the other surface, leading to a decrease in configurational entropy. This is unfavorable because it increases the Gibbs free energy of the system, and it will be more energetically favorable for the colloid particles to remain farther apart.The morphology of polymer-clay aggregates is dictated by the entropic and enthalpic contributions to the energy of their interactions. Three possible morphologies depicted above include (1) intercalated, in which polymer molecules alternate with clay layers, (2) flocculated, in which the alternating clay/polymer layers begin to aggregate, and (3) exfoliated, in which a polymer matrix supports individual, separated clay layers.
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They were to act as guardian angels to those in Paradise and help those in the Realm of the Dead realize that they were indeed dead so that they could travel over to Paradise and live out their perfect afterlife. During her time as one of the Avenging Host, its members began to doubt Mar- Vel's intentions, believing that he was no aware that he had no idea what occurred outside Paradise, that as it grew it threatened to consume the Negative Zone. Their doubts in Mar-Vel's quest were further strengthened when they began to realize that no new dead were appearing in Death's former realm. Phoenix would relay this information to Scott Summers, prompting the heroes of Earth-9997 to seek out Jude, the Entropic Man to become the new death.
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In 1996, Yassini founded YAS Corporation, LLC in Boston, MA where he served as CEO and president from 1997-2017. As founder, president and CEO of “YAS” (which refers to a pleasant-smelling Iranian flower Of Jasmine), Yassini was instrumental in the creation of multiple start-up companies that have either been acquired or have successfully staged initial public stock offerings. He also led hundreds of strategic and tactical projects that improved the quality of life for citizens across the world. He served as senior executive consultant and member of the board of directors on a number of privately and publicly held companies, ranging from small innovative start- ups (Broadband Access Systems, TrueChat, Entropic Communications, and others) to leading broadband service providers such as Comcast, Cablevision Systems Corp.
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In 1979, NME critic Andy Gill reviewed the album, stating that "Neu took the repetitive pulse of rock, stretched it out and wove lush, shifting layers of sound over the framework to produce a distinctive, hypnotic music which, whilst undeniably rock, was definitely outside-looking-in." and that "this strain which reaches full fruition on Neu '75, and it's because of this that the album's so pivotally important". The review referred to the tracks "Hero", "E-Musik" and "After Eight" as "damn-near perfect as makes no difference, an achievement which exhausts superlatives". Gill called the track "Hero" "magnificent", comparing it to "Brown Sugar" or Bob Seger's "Rosalie". Gill assessed "Isi", "Seeland" and "Leb' Wohl'" as "less immediate but only slightly less satisfying: evocative, entropic, hot-summer-daze music which balances — and is even more successfully "ambient" than — side two's sweaty nightclub pulse".
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Thunderbolts vol. 1, #135 (September 2009) After Natasha's escape from the Thunderbolts, Osborn then revealed the true Yelena in stasis to Scourge and warned him that she could be his replacement on the team.Thunderbolts vol. 1, #136 (September 2009) The real Yelena is later freed from stasis by members of A.I.M. who install the female Adaptoid on the High Council of A.I.M. (alongside Andrew Forson, Graviton, Jude the Entropic Man, Mentallo, Superia, and an undercover Taskmaster) as the Minister of State in Bagalia (a country populated by supervillains).Secret Avengers vol. 2, #2 (March 2013) After the death of the original Black Widow at the hands of Captain America's Hydra doppelganger then defeat at hands of the real Captain America in Secret Empire, Yelena began to reassume the Black Widow identity once again, but now to honor the late-Natasha.
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R Cont, A Moussa and E. B. Santos (2013) Network structure and systemic risk in banking systems in: Handbook of Systemic Risk, Cambridge University Press, p 327-368.Nacaskul, P. (2010) Systemic Import Analysis (SIA) – Application of Entropic Eigenvector Centrality (EEC) Criterion for a Priori Ranking of Financial Institutions in Terms of Regulatory-Supervisory Concern, with Demonstrations on Stylised Small Network Topologies and Connectivity Weights, 14 May 2010, Bank for International Settlements (BIS) Asian Research Financial Stability Network Workshop, 29 March 2012, Bank Negara Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. . .Nacaskul, P. & Sabborriboon, W. (2011) Systemic Risk – Identification, Assessment and Monitoring based on Eigenvector Centrality Analysis of Thai Interbank Connectivity Matrices, 27 December 2011. . . The impact is measured not just on the institution's products and activities, but also the economic multiplier of all other commercial activities dependent specifically on that institution.
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A single-crystal, or monocrystalline, solid is a material in which the crystal lattice of the entire sample is continuous and unbroken to the edges of the sample, with no grain boundaries. The absence of the defects associated with grain boundaries can give monocrystals unique properties, particularly mechanical, optical and electrical, which can also be anisotropic, depending on the type of crystallographic structure. These properties, in addition to making them precious in some gems, are industrially used in technological applications, especially in optics and electronics. Because entropic effects favour the presence of some imperfections in the microstructure of solids, such as impurities, inhomogeneous strain and crystallographic defects such as dislocations, perfect single crystals of meaningful size are exceedingly rare in nature, and are also difficult to produce in the laboratory, though they can be made under controlled conditions.
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The various conditions can use one or more physical mechanisms to lower the solubility of the molecule; for example, some may change the pH, some contain salts of the Hofmeister series or chemicals that lower the dielectric constant of the solution, and still others contain large polymers such as polyethylene glycol that drive the molecule out of solution by entropic effects. It is also common to try several temperatures for encouraging crystallization, or to gradually lower the temperature so that the solution becomes supersaturated. These methods require large amounts of the target molecule, as they use high concentration of the molecule(s) to be crystallized. Due to the difficulty in obtaining such large quantities (milligrams) of crystallization-grade protein, robots have been developed that are capable of accurately dispensing crystallization trial drops that are in the order of 100 nanoliters in volume.
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At its simplest, the theory holds that when gravity becomes vanishingly weak—levels seen only at interstellar distances—it diverges from its classically understood nature and its strength begins to decay linearly with distance from a mass. Entropic gravity provides the underlying framework to explain Modified Newtonian Dynamics, or MOND, which holds that at a gravitational acceleration threshold of approximately , gravitational strength begins to vary inversely (linearly) with distance from a mass rather than the normal inverse-square law of the distance. This is an exceedingly low threshold, measuring only 12 trillionths gravity's strength at earth's surface; an object dropped from a height of one meter would fall for 36 hours were earth's gravity this weak. It is also 3,000 times less than exists at the point where crossed our solar system's heliopause and entered interstellar space.
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The recursive definition is equivalent to performing eigendecomposition of a matrix of connectivity weights and assigning systemic importance in proportion to the values of the principal eigenvector. The "entropic" factor correction is introduced therein to correct for the possibility that performing eigendecomposition on weighted connectivity matrices may occasionally yield "degenerate" systemic importance scores (all financial institutions identical in terms of systemic importance). Nacaskul & SabborriboonNacaskul, P. & Sabborriboon, W. (2011) Systemic Risk – Identification, Assessment and Monitoring based on Eigenvector Centrality Analysis of Thai Interbank Connectivity Matrices, 27 December 2011. . . then extends the Systemic Importance Analysis (SIA) above, which focuses on systemic leverage each individual financial institution exerts on the overall system, to Systemic Vulnerability Analysis (SVA), whereby the overall system is assessed as to how vulnerable it is to disproportionate systemic leverages exerted by individual financial institutions, and applied the methodology to Thai interbank money-market funding matrix.
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Sperimental work of the mysterious author Arallū, The Dim Reverberation of the Chaosholder is presented by the author as a "dungeon crawler comic", first volume of the entire half-yearly series that will be composed of eight volumes. Arallū introduces us so: > Give up any illusions and consciously be entropic containers. > I'm not recounting to answer your questions but to let you exist in an > anomalous aesthetic the contents that are yours since forever. > Their space-time, instead, does not belong to you... Strongly videogame culture influenced, it develops in first person and in a similar way as roleplaying games; the protagonist/reader (as the "Obsidian Golem") have to face claustrophobic undergrounds, and to explore the obscure and alienating universe, solving small puzzles, while escorted by N'Tar, a monster forced to accompany and show him the way by a mysterious entity, that works as sole narrator.
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Ruben was born in Philadelphia in 1979 and raised in Wilmington, Delaware, where he was one of seven valedictorians at Concord High School, a National Merit Scholar and a Presidential Scholar. He majored in Molecular Biology at Princeton University, graduating in 2001 with minors in Engineering Biology, Creative Writing, and Theater & Dance, receiving the Gregory T. Pope '80 Prize for Science Writing. While at Princeton, Ruben served as the drum major of the Princeton University Band and wrote sketches and songs for the Princeton Triangle Club. He earned his Ph.D. in Biology at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore in 2008, where he used isothermal titration calorimetry and spectrophotometry to quantify the enthalpic and entropic contributions of enzyme-ligand interactions, specifically the binding of novel hydroxymethylcarbonyl isotere-based dipeptidomimetic compounds to the plasmepsin family of aspartic proteases used by the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum for breaking down human hemoglobin.
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The theory claims to be consistent with both the macro- level observations of Newtonian gravity as well as Einstein's theory of general relativity and its gravitational distortion of spacetime. Importantly, the theory also explains (without invoking the existence of dark matter and its accompanying math featuring new free parameters that are tweaked to obtain the desired outcome) why galactic rotation curves differ from the profile expected with visible matter. The theory of entropic gravity posits that what has been interpreted as unobserved dark matter is the product of quantum effects that can be regarded as a form of positive dark energy that lifts the vacuum energy of space from its ground state value. A central tenet of the theory is that the positive dark energy leads to a thermal-volume law contribution to entropy that overtakes the area law of anti-de Sitter space precisely at the cosmological horizon.
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Furthermore, both hydrophobicity and icephobicity can lead to quite complex phenomena, such as self-organized criticality-driven complexity as a result of hydrophobic interactions (during wetting of rough/heterogeneous surfaces or during polypeptide chain folding and looping) or ice crystallization (fractal snowflakes). Note that thermodynamically both the hydrophobic interactions and ice formation are driven by the minimization of the surface Gibbs energy, ΔG = ΔH − TΔS, where H, T, and S are the enthalpy, temperature, and entropy, respectively. This is because in the hydrophobic interactions large positive value of TΔS prevails over a small positive value of ΔH making spontaneous hydrophobic interaction energetically profitable. The so-called surface roughening transition governs the direction of ice crystal growth and occurs at the critical temperature, above which the entropic contribution into the Gibbs energy, TΔS, prevails over the enthalpic contribution, ΔH, thus making it more energetically profitable for the ice crystal to be rough rather than smooth.
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For a Schottky reaction in MgO, the Kröger–Vink defect reaction can be written as follows: Note that the vacancy on the Mg sublattice site has a −2 effective charge, and the vacancy on the oxygen sublattice site has a +2 effective charge. Using the law of mass action, the reaction equilibrium constant can be written as (square brackets indicating concentration): Based on the above reaction, the stoichiometric relation is as follows: Also, the equilibrium constant can be related to the Gibbs free energy of formation ΔGf according to the following relations, Relating equations and , we get: :exp− = [v]2 Using equation , the formula can be simplified into the following form where the enthalpy of formation can be directly calculated: :[v] = exp− + = A exp−, where A is a constant containing the entropic term. Therefore, given a temperature and the formation energy of Schottky defect, the intrinsic Schottky defect concentration can be calculated from the above equation.
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Novelty theory is a pseudoscientific idea that purports to predict the ebb and flow of novelty in the universe as an inherent quality of time, proposing that time is not a constant but has various qualities tending toward either "habit" or "novelty". Habit, in this context, can be thought of as entropic, repetitious, or conservative; and novelty as creative, disjunctive, or progressive phenomena. McKenna's idea was that the universe is an engine designed for the production and conservation of novelty and that as novelty increases, so does complexity. With each level of complexity achieved becoming the platform for a further ascent into complexity. The 64 hexagrams from the King Wen sequence of the I Ching. The basis of the theory was originally conceived in the mid-1970s after McKenna's experiences with psilocybin mushrooms at La Chorrera in the Amazon led him to closely study the King Wen sequence of the I Ching.
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