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"calculable" Definitions
  1. that can be calculated

121 Sentences With "calculable"

How to use calculable in a sentence? Find typical usage patterns (collocations)/phrases/context for "calculable" and check conjugation/comparative form for "calculable". Mastering all the usages of "calculable" from sentence examples published by news publications.

They can read our emotions and convert them back into calculable variables.
The accompanying text read: My expressions are a calculable system of metrics.
One last point about the still-calculable risks of a North Korea-U.
This card's value — which is tangible and calculable — comes in the form of benefits and perks.
But that record lives and breathes; it is not calculable or teachable via numbers or bullet points.
"They take an incredible amount of risk, which does not make any calculable sense," the artist said.
It is tempting to think that investing is like this—that the risks are calculable in advance.
"This approach demonstrates that current actions can have a calculable effect on future climate events," it states.
"The effort I put into spending money on drugs, it's not even calculable," Jennifer, now 47, told VICE.
But, she quickly added, that doesn't mean female candidates haven't had an impact in other, perhaps less calculable ways.
Surgery was a definitive intervention at a critical moment in a person's life, with a clear, calculable, frequently transformative outcome.
A lawmaker needs to have participated in at least 15 to 20 non-unanimous votes in order to have a calculable score.
With thousands or even millions of calculable followers, the image of a celebrity can reach farther and speak louder than the typical product alone.
It's an elegant test that takes a vast question about the nature of rational approximation and boils it down to a single calculable value.
Yet while these complicated trajectories are no longer calculable by hand, they rely on the same geometry concepts that Johnson used in the '60s.
However, Coats also noted that Iran has "publicly threatened to push the boundaries" of the deal if there were no calculable benefits from it.
In Afghanistan, the "classical" objective of defeating an enemy army and preventing military defeat should now be replaced with more meaningfully specific and calculable goals.
"The effect has been real and calculable," Allied Pilots Association President Captain Eric Ferguson said at a conference for independent pilot unions in Plano, Texas.
"The effect has been real and calculable," Allied Pilots Association President Captain Eric Ferguson said at a conference for independent pilot unions in Plano, Texas.
"We have a very diverse workplace in general, and I think we are reaping the benefits of that in more ways than are even calculable," Bee said.
Her husband, a Finnish entrepreneur named Robert Oesterlund, had sworn to a Canadian court that his immediately calculable "net family property" totaled just a few million dollars.
It suggests that when making data, as all human efforts have been reduced to, any hierarchy of taste—the superiority of like over dislike—is a calculable fiction.
They've reached their goals, achieving great wealth and power as a result, but at a cost to society that won't be fully calculable for some years to come.
Suiting up again would re-expose Kaepernick to a vein of criticism that has been reserved for mere mortals whose careers are defined by calculable outcomes on the field.
To the extent that they may even be estimated, the calculable risks of a U.S. nuclear war with North Korea will depend upon whether such conflict would be intentional, unintentional or accidental.
" The physicist then asked a basic, calculable question, "What is the probability that, giving Melania Trump the same distinct phrases as used by Michelle Obama, they are used in exactly the same order?
And let's just ask the simple, calculable question: What is the probability that, giving Melania Trump the same distinct phrases as used by Michelle Obama, she uses them in precisely the same order?
In the Netherlands, the desire to make nature orderly and calculable is ever-present, but there is also a wariness, a recognition that the Dutch live in a fragile landscape of extreme contrasts.
Now a wild card -- one that does not discriminate, that does not have a calculable end in sight, that knows no borders, that cannot be planned for effectively -- is shaking what little solid math remained.
"The United States remains attractive but it could be that there is a certain pause in our investment activity until the political conditions are calculable," Wolfgang Eder told ORF radio, without specifying what those investment were.
Considered in that context, pretty much the entirety of Designing Your Work Life proves as disappointing as your boss trying to convince you that you don't deserve a pay raise despite a calculable increase in performance.
Liberal democracy is embattled, she argues, because the socioeconomic model upon which it's built is failing: Capitalism is an ideology that is far more encompassing than it admits, and one that turns every relationship into a calculable exchange.
Startups that are working in software-as-a-service (SaaS) or e-commerce are often considered ideal candidates for alt-VC in its various forms, as returns that can be generated with marginally deployed capital are calculable with reasonable certainty in those fields.
It means convincing the holders of city and state purse strings—the ACS budget is $2.7 billion for 333—to invest in experimental programs whose success won't be calculable for years, and whose failures will be splashed across the media, potentially costing government officials their jobs.
Sporting flip-flops and a T-shirt, her hair a bit wild, Nyasha is a natural beauty and an artist, the opposite of her older sister, who wears elegant brown boots and walks with purpose through what is, to her, a calculable and thus manageable world.
But as the near year approaches, I'll return to the research concerning the decidedly calculable advantages of being active, including the 42 percent increased risk of dying too young if you are unfit and the $2,500 in annual savings potentially enjoyed by those who get out and walk.
The final score — 153-33 — will lodge deep into the memory banks of a frenzied pro-Eagles crowd at U.S. Bank Stadium and the millions of delirious fans across the Delaware Valley, who will belt it out at work or family gatherings or watering holes as calculable proof that, yes, the Eagles did, in fact, win the Super Bowl.
Still, implementing such innovative concepts continues to run into outdated local governance norms for investing in public infrastructure, including municipal bond issuances that do not easily quantify disaster resilience as a calculable return on investment and political resistance to consolidating design, build, and maintenance contracting, which can lure private investment into public projects but risks reducing overall contracting opportunities and creating new user fees.
Correlatively, all that cannot be expressed in quantifiable and calculable terms is held to be uninteresting or unreal.
But Horkheimer and Adorno equate formalism with the drive to make nature calculable, and calculability is assimilated to usefulness.
An effective method for calculating the values of a function is an algorithm. Functions for which an effective method exists are sometimes called effectively calculable.
While helium has documented permeation constants (thus a calculable permeation rate) through glasses, ceramics, and synthetic materials, inert gases such as helium will not permeate most bulk metals.
See also which also gives these definitions for "effective" – the first ["producing a decided, decisive, or desired effect"] as the definition for sense "1a" of the word "effective", and the second ["capable of producing a result"] as part of the "Synonym Discussion of EFFECTIVE" there, (in the introductory part, where it summarizes the similarities between the meanings of the words "effective", "effectual", "efficient", and "efficacious"). In the following, the words "effectively calculable" will mean "produced by any intuitively 'effective' means whatsoever" and "effectively computable" will mean "produced by a Turing-machine or equivalent mechanical device". Turing's "definitions" given in a footnote in his 1938 Ph.D. thesis Systems of Logic Based on Ordinals, supervised by Church, are virtually the same: > We shall use the expression "computable function" to mean a function > calculable by a machine, and let "effectively calculable" refer to the > intuitive idea without particular identification with any one of these > definitions. The thesis can be stated as: Every effectively calculable function is a computable function.
The creation of light elements during BBN was dependent on a number of parameters; among those was the neutron-proton ratio (calculable from Standard Model physics) and the baryon-photon ratio.
This is a relatively fast growing sea urchin, and its age is generally calculable based on its size: one year for every 10 mm. Hyman, Libbie Henrietta. The Invertebrates: Echinodermata The Coelomate Bilateria. 1955.
Further, as the accounting profession formally recognizes in financial accounting standards, the premium cannot be so large that there is not a reasonable chance of a significant loss to the insurer. If there is no such chance of loss, the transaction may have the form of insurance, but not the substance. (See the U.S. Financial Accounting Standards Board standard number 113) #Calculable Loss. There are two elements that must be at least estimable, if not formally calculable: the probability of loss, and the attendant cost.
The currently inhumane and life-threatening defense against refugees and the exploitation by criminal traffickers is thereby reduced. Refugees receive a calculable perspective and incentives for integration. The proposal offers advantages for the countries of destination and origin, as well as for migrants.
Daniel Patrin of Renowned For Sound granted the record a 2/5 rating and stated that it consisted of "calculable, artificial pop music with forced momentum", mimicking the works of Afrojack and Swedish House Mafia which made it lack "any real aspects of individualism".
There are primarily two forms of this anxiety type. The first form refers to a choice in which there are multiple potential outcomes with known or calculable probabilities. The second form refers to the uncertainty and ambiguity related to a decision context in which there are multiple possible outcomes with unknown probabilities.
See the footnote at the end of Soare: 1996. showing that a general solution to the ' is impossible, assuming that the intuitive notion of "effectively calculable" is captured by the functions computable by a Turing machine (or equivalently, by those expressible in the lambda calculus). This assumption is now known as the Church–Turing thesis.
He mentions that it can easily be shown using the elements of recursive functions that every number calculable on the arithmetic machine is computable. A proof of which was given by Lambek on an equivalent two instruction machine : X+ (increment X) and X− else T (decrement X if it not empty, else jump to T).
A capital structure arbitrageur seeks to profit from differential pricing of various instruments issued by one corporation. Consider, for example, traditional bonds, and convertible bonds. The latter are bonds that are, under contracted-for conditions, convertible into shares of equity. The stock-option component of a convertible bond has a calculable value in itself.
According to the Church–Turing thesis, any effectively calculable function is calculable by a Turing machine, and thus a set S is recursively enumerable if and only if there is some algorithm which yields an enumeration of S. This cannot be taken as a formal definition, however, because the Church–Turing thesis is an informal conjecture rather than a formal axiom. The definition of a recursively enumerable set as the domain of a partial function, rather than the range of a total recursive function, is common in contemporary texts. This choice is motivated by the fact that in generalized recursion theories, such as α-recursion theory, the definition corresponding to domains has been found to be more natural. Other texts use the definition in terms of enumerations, which is equivalent for recursively enumerable sets.
The apparent inclination of Proxima Centauri b's orbit has not yet been measured. The minimum mass of Proxima b is , which would be the actual mass if its orbit were seen edge on from the Earth. Once its orbital inclination is known, the mass will be calculable. More tilted orientations imply a higher mass, with 90% of possible orientations implying a mass below .
Additional linear variations result from points located in different directions from the center of the array. Fortunately, any one combination of these variations is unique to one scene point, and is calculable. For a SAR, the two-way travel doubles that phase change. In reading the following two paragraphs, be particularly careful to distinguish between array elements and scene elements.
Locality and journeying: this sounds like "space and time." Succession takes its course in time, as a sequence of moments, as a "flowing." But this is in fact only an understanding of space and time as an ordered, calculable, relationality. Whatever is subject to order must be posited in advance in such a way that it becomes accessible for order and control.
The power that the supercharger consumes is parasitic loss and is usually expressed in kilowatt or horsepower. While the power that the supercharger consumes in comparison to what it generates is small, it is still measurable or calculable. One of the desirable features of a turbocharger over a supercharger is the lower parasitic loss of the former. Drivetrain parasitic losses include both steady state and dynamic loads.
The obvious exception are implicatures following from the maxim of manner, which explicitly relies on the phrasing. Thus, the following utterances have the same implicature as above: : That fruit cake there looks appetizing. : The dessert you brought is really mouthwatering. Conversational implicatures are calculable: they are supposed to be formally derivable from the literal meaning of the utterance in combination with the cooperative principle and the maxims, as well as contextual information and background knowledge.
Any definition, however, must make reference to some specific model of computation but all valid definitions yield the same class of functions. Particular models of computability that give rise to the set of computable functions are the Turing-computable functions and the μ-recursive functions. Before the precise definition of computable function, mathematicians often used the informal term effectively calculable. This term has since come to be identified with the computable functions.
The reflector is a segment of a parabolic reflector, so the antenna is really a parabolic antenna which is fed off-axis. A Hogg horn combines several characteristics useful for radio astronomy. It is extremely broad-band, has calculable aperture efficiency, and the walls of the horn shield it from radiation coming from angles outside the main beam axis. The back and side lobes are therefore so minimal that scarcely any thermal energy is received from the ground.
When measuring diagnostic ability, a commonly reported measure is the area under the curve (AUC). The AUC is calculable from the TOC and the ROC. The value of the AUC is consistent for the same data whether you are calculating the area under the curve for a TOC curve or a ROC curve. The AUC indicates the probability that the diagnosis ranks a randomly chosen observation of Boolean presence higher than a randomly chosen observation of Boolean absence.
Some political theorists have argued that during the period of serfdom, taarof regulated diplomatic discourse at princely courts. It involved a sharp curbing of one's comportment, speech, and action to make people, honor, and prestige calculable as instruments for political advancement. According to D. M. Rejali, for the feudal elite the ornamentation of speech symbolises prestige. With the advent of capitalism and its scientific paradigm, communication became more precise and the formality of taarof a hindrance in the pursuit for rapid capital accumulation.
Several independent efforts to give a formal characterization of effective calculability led to a variety of proposed definitions (general recursion, Turing machines, λ-calculus) that later were shown to be equivalent. The notion captured by these definitions is known as recursive or effective computability. The Church–Turing thesis states that the two notions coincide: any number- theoretic function that is effectively calculable is recursively computable. As this is not a mathematical statement, it cannot be proven by a mathematical proof.
The author has recently suggested a definition corresponding more closely to the intuitive idea (Turing [1], see also Post's [1]). It was stated above that "a function is effectively calculable if its values can be found by some purely mechanical process". We may take this statement literally, understanding by a purely mechanical process one which could be carried out by a machine. It is possible to give a mathematical description, in a certain normal form, of the structures of these machines.
To be sure the acting man is > caught in his illusion of volition; if the wheel of the world were to stand > still for a moment and an omniscient, calculating mind were there to take > advantage of this interruption, he would be able to tell into the farthest > future of each being and describe every rut that wheel will roll upon. The > acting man's delusion about himself, his assumption that free will exists, > is also part of the calculable mechanism.
Bourgeois philosophy understands only empirical reality or normative ethics; it lacks the cognitive ability to grasp reality as a whole. Bourgeois rationalism has no interest in phenomena beyond what is calculable and predictable. Only the proletariat, which has no interest in the maintenance of capitalism, can relate to reality in a practical revolutionary way. When the proletariat becomes aware of its situation as a mere commodity in bourgeois society, it will be able to understand the social mechanism as a whole.
Note that the effective computability of these functions does not imply that they can be efficiently computed (i.e. computed within a reasonable amount of time). In fact, for some effectively calculable functions it can be shown that any algorithm that computes them will be very inefficient in the sense that the running time of the algorithm increases exponentially (or even superexponentially) with the length of the input. The fields of feasible computability and computational complexity study functions that can be computed efficiently.
In his book Investieren statt Sparen Otte describes how private investors can achieve long-term wealth creation. It is in the interest of the investor to carry out his financial planning personally, and not have it performed by a third party. Investment is the most important component of long-term wealth creation, although personal responsibility, transparency and availability of reliable financial information as well as patience for the investment horizon are also essential. Sound investments also involve taking calculable risks.
The efficiency gap is a simply-calculable measure that can show the effects of gerrymandering. It measures wasted votes for each party: the sum of votes cast in losing districts (losses due to cracking) and excess votes cast in winning districts (losses due to packing). The difference in these wasted votes are divided by total votes cast, and the resulting percentage is the efficiency gap. In 2017, Boris Alexeev and Dustin Mixon proved that "sometimes, a small efficiency gap is only possible with bizarrely shaped districts".
Several real-world electromagnetic problems like electromagnetic scattering, electromagnetic radiation, modeling of waveguides etc., are not analytically calculable, for the multitude of irregular geometries found in actual devices. Computational numerical techniques can overcome the inability to derive closed form solutions of Maxwell's equations under various constitutive relations of media, and boundary conditions. This makes computational electromagnetics (CEM) important to the design, and modeling of antenna, radar, satellite and other communication systems, nanophotonic devices and high speed silicon electronics, medical imaging, cell-phone antenna design, among other applications.
Back-to-back (B2B) is a strategy where any open position is immediately closed, e.g. by buying the respective commodity on the spot market. This technique is often applied in the commodity market when the customers’ price is directly calculable from visible forward energy prices at the point of customer sign-up. If BlackIsGreen decides to have a B2B-strategy, they would buy the exact amount of coal at the very moment when the household customer comes into their shop and signs the contract.
In constructive mathematics, Church's thesis (CT) is an axiom stating that all total functions are computable. The axiom takes its name from the Church–Turing thesis, which states that every effectively calculable function is a computable function, but the constructivist version is much stronger, claiming that every function is computable. The axiom CT is incompatible with classical logic in sufficiently strong systems. For example, Heyting arithmetic (HA) with CT as an addition axiom is able to disprove some instances of the law of the excluded middle.
There are interesting thoughts on what probability really is: > ... probability as a measurable degree of certainty; necessity and chance; > moral versus mathematical expectation; a priori an a posteriori probability; > expectation of winning when players are divided according to dexterity; > regard of all available arguments, their valuation, and their calculable > evaluation; law of large numbers ... Bernoulli was one of the most significant promoters of the formal methods of higher analysis. Astuteness and elegance are seldom found in his method of presentation and expression, but there is a maximum of integrity.
The rotational axis of the earth is tilted from the perpendicular to the plane of its orbit around the sun. This angle causes the altitude angle of the sun to vary with the seasons, by an amount which depends on the direction of the misalignment. It varies predictably throughout the year, increasing and decreasing smoothly at a calculable rate, and is constant for everywhere on earth at the same time. This value is also known to the surveyor, as it is published in a set of tables in an almanac.
The Monte Carlo method, which uses randomness for deterministic problems which are difficult or impossible to solve using other approaches, dates back to the 1940s. In his 1987 PhD thesis, Bruce Abramson combined minimax search with an expected-outcome model based on random game playouts to the end, instead of the usual static evaluation function. Abramson said the expected-outcome model "is shown to be precise, accurate, easily estimable, efficiently calculable, and domain-independent." He experimented in-depth with Tic-tac-toe and then with machine-generated evaluation functions for Othello and Chess.
What is effectively calculable is computable. :" ... Both Church and Turing had in mind calculation by an abstract human being using some mechanical aids (such as paper and pencil)"Gandy in (Barwise 1980:123) Robert Soare (1995, see below) had issues with this framing, considering Church's paper (1936) published prior to Turing's "Appendix proof" (1937). Gandy attempts to "analyze mechanical processes and so to provide arguments for the following: :"Thesis M. What can be calculated by a machine is computable." Gandy in (Barwise 1980:124 Gandy "exclude[s] from consideration devices which are essentially analogue machines ... .
Since then, rupturing fault length, rupture velocity, moment-magnitude and moment energy are routinely calculable from spectra of recorded seismic waves-forms. In 1975, Ben-Menahem used seismic and barometric recording of the Tunguska event of June 30, 1908, to derive the height and energy of the explosion, demonstrating for the first time a feasible non- cometary mechanism of this extraterrestrial bolide encounter with earth. Ben- Menahem is the sole author of a 6-volume, 6000 pages treatise: Historical Encyclopedia of Natural and Mathematical Sciences published in 2009 by Springer Verlag.
Per capita income is often used to measure a country's standard of living. It is usually expressed in terms of a commonly used international currency such as the euro or United States dollar, and is useful because it is widely known, is easily calculable from readily available gross domestic product (GDP) and population estimates, and produces a useful statistic for comparison of wealth between sovereign territories. This helps to ascertain a country's development status. It is one of the three measures for calculating the Human Development Index of a country.
Dirir is a star that is identified with Spica, in the European astronomy, which is used by both the two Somali calendars to interconnect some of their operations in a particular conjunction. As a result, the conjunction is astrologically calculable and observable by the lulation or average time for one lunar phase cycle. The occurrence of the star rising with a particular moon phase is also called Dirir. Thus, Dirir is a monthly conjunction in which the lunar phase changes but its position in the sky is held constant.
The scope of an emergency in the Rohn scale is represented as a continuous variable with a lower limit of zero and a theoretical calculable upper limit. The Rohn Emergency Scale use two parameters that form the scope: percent of affected humans out of the entire population, and damages, or loss, as a percentage of a given gross national product (GNP). Where applied to a specific locality, this parameter may be represented by a gross state product, gross regional product, or any similar measure of economic activity appropriate to the entity under emergency.
Up to now the photon structure function has only been investigated experimentally by electron scattering off a beam of quasi-real photons. The experiments utilize the so-called two-photon reactions at electron–positron colliders , where includes all hadrons of the final state. The kinematics chosen is characterized by the electron scattered at large angles and the positron at very small angles thus providing a calculable flux of quasi-real photons (Weizsäcker–Williams approximation). The cross section for electron–photon scattering is then analyzed in terms of the photon structure function quite analogously to studies of the nucleon structure in electron–nucleon scattering.
Hilbert in [The arrow indicates "implies".] Hilbert then illustrates the three ways how the ε-function is to be used, firstly as the "for all" and "there exists" notions, secondly to represent the "object of which [a proposition] holds", and lastly how to cast it into the choice function. Recursion theory and computability: But the unexpected outcome of Hilbert's and his student Bernays's effort was failure; see Gödel's incompleteness theorems of 1931. At about the same time, in an effort to solve Hilbert's Entscheidungsproblem, mathematicians set about to define what was meant by an "effectively calculable function" (Alonzo Church 1936), i.e.
The Savvidy vacuum is a model of the QCD vacuum which at a basic level is a statement that it cannot be the conventional Fock vacuum empty of particles and fields. In 1977, George Savvidy showed that the QCD vacuum with zero field strength is unstable, and decays into a state with a calculable non vanishing value of the field. Since condensates are scalar, it seems like a good first approximation that the vacuum contains some non-zero but homogeneous field which gives rise to these condensates. However, Stanley Mandelstam showed that a homogeneous vacuum field is also unstable.
In 1922, Alexander Friedmann derived his Friedmann equations from Einstein's field equations, showing that the universe might expand at a rate calculable by the equations. Translated in The parameter used by Friedmann is known today as the scale factor and can be considered as a scale invariant form of the proportionality constant of Hubble's law. Georges Lemaître independently found a similar solution in his 1927 paper discussed in the following section. The Friedmann equations are derived by inserting the metric for a homogeneous and isotropic universe into Einstein's field equations for a fluid with a given density and pressure.
The length of the pulses allowed the plasma temperature to be measured using spectrographic means; although the light emitted was broadband, the Doppler shifting of the spectral lines of slight impurities in the gas (oxygen in particular) led to calculable temperatures. Even in early experimental runs, the team started introducing deuterium gas into the mix and began increasing the current to 200,000 amps. On the evening of 30 August the machine produced huge numbers of neutrons, on the order of one million per experimental pulse, or "shot". An effort to duplicate the results and eliminate possible measurement failure followed.
The history of the Church–Turing thesis ("thesis") involves the history of the development of the study of the nature of functions whose values are effectively calculable; or, in more modern terms, functions whose values are algorithmically computable. It is an important topic in modern mathematical theory and computer science, particularly associated with the work of Alonzo Church and Alan Turing. The debate and discovery of the meaning of "computation" and "recursion" has been long and contentious. This article provides detail of that debate and discovery from Peano's axioms in 1889 through recent discussion of the meaning of "axiom".
Thus, any signal that has propagated through the medium contains information concerning this medium. The change in velocity of the electromagnetic wave induced by propagation through the cometary material is calculable from the time taken by the wave to travel between the orbiter and the lander, while the loss of energy is deducible from the change in signal amplitude. The orbiter will send a signal which will be picked up by the lander. As the orbiter moves along its orbit, the path between it and the lander will vary and so pass through differing parts of the comet.
An example of a primitive recursive programming language is one that contains basic arithmetic operators (e.g. + and −, or ADD and SUBTRACT), conditionals and comparison (IF-THEN, EQUALS, LESS-THAN), and bounded loops, such as the basic for loop, where there is a known or calculable upper bound to all loops (FOR i FROM 1 TO n, with neither i nor n modifiable by the loop body). No control structures of greater generality, such as while loops or IF-THEN plus GOTO, are admitted in a primitive recursive language. Douglas Hofstadter's BlooP in Gödel, Escher, Bach is such a language.
Max Weber's Wirtschaftsgeschichte (General Economic History in English) (1923 translation 1927) is a book of economic theory which was composed by his students from lecture notes and released three years after his death in 1920. In his General Economic History, Weber creates an institutional theory of the rise of capitalism in the west. Unlike in his earlier work, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, religion is given a minor role. The emphasis of the work lies instead on the place of the state and calculable law in allowing economic actors to predict exchange for gain.
To illustrate: If the Monee Tree dropped five new Moneez into the economy tomorrow, the effect would be zero. But, if the Monee Tree dropped one thousand trillion Moneez into the economy tomorrow, the effect would be chaotic because no-one would know how to calculate prices with all the new Moneez flying around relative to the number of Moneez going around the day before. A money would become very useless if its supply rate expanded to such a degree. But, once the expansion of the supply is complete, prices settle back into position and things become accurately calculable again.
To take into consideration short-lived pulses of contaminants found in surface water, passive samplers may be used to monitor and record these pulses that would otherwise be missed. SPMDs can accumulate contaminants from the water column because of triolein (glyceryl trioleate) comprising the lipid membrane that is housed within the canister. However they are most successful in accumulating trace chemicals in surface water with a calculable flow. The amount of chemical measured using an SPMD is related to the surface area of the sampling device therefore using a larger SPMD increases the amount of chemical sampled.
The damage caused by mountaintop removal strip mining has had a calculable effect on the environment and communities in Appalachia. The resource rich region remains economically deprived and suffers from the externalities of coal mining, including the health problems caused by coal pollution. The Office of Surface Mining (OSM) is the federal agency tasked with regulating strip-mining under the Federal Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (SMCRA). According to OSM, "[t]o the extent that low income populations are prevalent in the coalfields, the impacts of mountaintop mining are felt disproportionately by these environmental justice populations".
For economists such as Hyman Minsky, Keynes's limited use of mathematics was partly the result of his scepticism about whether phenomena as inherently uncertain as economic activity could ever be adequately captured by mathematical models. Nevertheless, many models were developed by Keynesian economists, with a famous example being the Phillips curve which predicted an inverse relationship between unemployment and inflation. It implied that unemployment could be reduced by government stimulus with a calculable cost to inflation. In 1968, Milton Friedman published a paper arguing that the fixed relationship implied by the Philips curve did not exist.
In 1948, Claude Shannon used his recently introduced science of information theory to study radar systems and suggest that there were calculable fundamental limits to their performance. This was unexpected, and provoked wide interest in the radar field. In 1949, the Telecommunications Research Establishment (TRE), the Air Ministry's radar research arm, began applying this new concept to consider the extraction of both location and velocity information from a radar signal, and to the expected performance of long-range radars against low flying aircraft and the detection of submarine snorkels in rough seas. The work was interesting enough that the Ministry of Supply funded further development under the rainbow code Orange Poodle.
Mathematics makes up that part of the human conceptual system that is special in the following way: :"It is precise, consistent, stable across time and human communities, symbolizable, calculable, generalizable, universally available, consistent within each of its subject matters, and effective as a general tool for description, explanation, and prediction in a vast number of everyday activities, [ranging from] sports, to building, business, technology, and science." (WMCF, pp. 50, 377) Nikolay Lobachevsky said "There is no branch of mathematics, however abstract, which may not some day be applied to phenomena of the real world." A common type of conceptual blending process would seem to apply to the entire mathematical procession.
Strong formulations of the precautionary principle - without regard to its most basic provisions (i.e., that it is to be applied only where risks are potentially high AND not easily calculable) - when applied to the principle itself as a policy decision, may rule out its own use. The reason suggested is that preventing innovation from coming to market means that only current technology may be used, and current technology itself may cause harm or leave needs unmet; there is a risk of causing harm by blocking innovation.Brown, Tracey (9 July 2013)The precautionary principle is a blunt instrument The Guardian, Retrieved 9 August 2013Sherry Seethaler.
Within the radical reflexivity of Descartes and Locke, there had been a vision of a rational, calculable, and manipulable self. Rousseau, however, articulated a view in which the natural inclinations of the self were hidden deep within, barely apprehendable, and corrupted by the beliefs and reason of society. Following Rousseau, to understand the self was not simply to describe what was evident in a reflexive analysis of the mind, but a task of discovering and bringing to light what was hidden within. Art became a process of expressing—of making manifest—our hidden nature and, by so doing, creating and completing the discovery within the artistic expression.
The rate therefore measured is the quantity of the substance in the urine that originated from a calculable volume of blood. Relating this principle to the below equation – for the substance used, the product of urine concentration and urine flow equals the mass of substance excreted during the time that urine has been collected. This mass equals the mass filtered at the glomerulus as nothing is added or removed in the nephron. Dividing this mass by the plasma concentration gives the volume of plasma which the mass must have originally come from, and thus the volume of plasma fluid that has entered Bowman's capsule within the aforementioned period of time.
The choice of a cyclamen may be a visual pun referring to colour cycle in the background. The background may have been inspired by a Japanese wood block print of the 1860s, perhaps a kimono pattern, which was in Signac's gallery. It is probably also a reference to the aesthetic theories of Charles Henry, whose 1885 book Introduction à une esthétique scientifique influenced Signac and Seurat. Henry's book on colour theory and the "algebra" of visual rhythm (which proposed a deterministic and calculable link between outer stimuli and psychic reaction) was illustrated by Signac, 1890, either Application de nouveaux instruments de précision (cercle chromatique, rapporteur et triple décimètre esthétiques) a l'archéologie.
If the bomb were not subject to drag, its path would be purely ballistic and it would impact at an easily calculable point, the vacuum range. In practice, drag means that the impact point is short of the vacuum range, and this real-world distance between dropping and impact is known simply as the range. The difference between the vacuum range and actual range is known as the trail because the bomb appears to trail behind the aircraft as it falls. The trail and range differ for different bombs due to their individual aerodynamics, and typically have to be measured on a bombing range.
It would thus be anomalous, the Postal Service posits, to deny it a benefit afforded to other infringers— namely, the ability to challenge a patent de novo before the Patent Office, rather than only with clear and convincing evidence in defense to an infringement suit. Federal agencies, however, face lower and more calculable risks than nongovernmental actors, so it is reasonable for Congress to have treated them differently. Excluding federal agencies from AIA review proceedings also avoids the awkward situation of having a civilian patent owner defend the patentability of her invention in an adversarial, adjudicatory proceeding initiated by one federal agency and overseen by a different federal agency [wherein both agencies belong to the same executive branch].
The Wilson Quarterly credited Posner with providing "a grand tour of the practices of other cultures and eras", but considered his arguments less than fully persuasive, criticizing his explanation of the "rationality of women wearing high heels". The reviewer concluded that, "Ironically, Posner may fail to convince his readers that eroticism involves so many rational, "economically" calculable acts, even while he provides a model of how a jurist can dispense with personal prejudice and reason dispassionately about sex." Hadfield criticized Posner for explaining the sexual division of labor in terms of biological differences between men and women. She argued that his discussion of sexual behavior focused disproportionately on men and in particular on male homosexuality.
The LHC continues to probe for the presence of supersymmetry, the leading candidate model for new physics beyond the Standard Model. Around the same time Kane and Leveille performed the first calculation of the Feynman rules for gluinos, and of the production of gluinos at colliders, which turns out to be one of the most important ways to discover supersymmetry at the LHC. Gordon Kane is also well known for his work with Howard Haber, putting together and elucidating the structure of the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM) into a complete and calculable context in 1984. Their seminal article published in 1985 remains one of the single most important references on supersymmetry and the MSSM.
Bhabha has been criticized for using indecipherable jargon and dense prose. In 1998, the journal Philosophy and Literature awarded Bhabha second prize in its "Bad Writing Competition,"The Bad Writing Contest, Press Releases, 1996–1998, accessed 4 April 2010. which "celebrates bad writing from the most stylistically lamentable passages found in scholarly books and articles." Bhabha was awarded the prize for a sentence in The Location of Culture (Routledge, 1994): :If, for a while, the ruse of desire is calculable for the uses of discipline soon the repetition of guilt, justification, pseudo- scientific theories, superstition, spurious authorities, and classifications can be seen as the desperate effort to "normalize" formally the disturbance of a discourse of splitting that violates the rational, enlightened claims of its enunciatory modality.
Because the spacecraft were flying with almost no additional stabilization thrusts during their "cruise", it is possible to characterize the density of the solar medium by its effect on the spacecraft's motion. In the outer Solar System this effect would be easily calculable, based on ground-based measurements of the deep space environment. When these effects were taken into account, along with all other known effects, the calculated position of the Pioneers did not agree with measurements based on timing the return of the radio signals being sent back from the spacecraft. These consistently showed that both spacecraft were closer to the inner Solar System than they should be, by thousands of kilometres--small compared to their distance from the Sun, but still statistically significant.
Kachru's research has explored a broad range of topics in string theory and quantum field theory,World Science Festival and their applications in cosmology, condensed matter physics, and elementary particle theory. He has made central contributions to the study of compactifications of string theory from ten to four dimensions, especially in the investigation of mechanisms which could yield string models of dark energy or cosmic inflation. He has also made notable contributions to the discovery and exploration of string dualities, to the study of models of supersymmetry breaking in string theory, and to the construction of calculable dual descriptions of strongly coupled particle physics and condensed matter systems. More recently, his work has focused on connections between geometry, number theory, and string theory.
In a world that the audience may perceive as highly trusting, as well as dignified and courteous, Iago demonstrates a "malign opportunism", argues Adamson, throughout the play responding to circumstance rather than a preconceived blueprint. However, he does have a technique, and in the cases of Roderigo, Brabantio and Cassio they are effectively the same attack. First, he offers hypocritical condolences for the men's unfortunate circumstance (Brabantio, whose daughter has eloped on Iago's urging, for example), and in doing so he highlights his own keenness to help. He then advises his target to "mend it for your own good", all the while playing individuals off against each other: other losses are calculable in the benefit they potentially have for him.
Delayed evaluation has the advantage of being able to create calculable infinite lists without infinite loops or size matters interfering in computation. For example, one could create a function that creates an infinite list (often called a stream) of Fibonacci numbers. The calculation of the n-th Fibonacci number would be merely the extraction of that element from the infinite list, forcing the evaluation of only the first n members of the list. For example, in the Haskell programming language, the list of all Fibonacci numbers can be written as: fibs = 0 : 1 : zipWith (+) fibs (tail fibs) In Haskell syntax, "`:`" prepends an element to a list, `tail` returns a list without its first element, and `zipWith` uses a specified function (in this case addition) to combine corresponding elements of two lists to produce a third.
As for the third question, the court found nothing in logic or law to militate against acceptance of the notion that an extant right may be transferred to another forthwith despite its being subject to a condition. It is accepted law that a contingent right is capable of immediate transfer. The fact that the right may in time turn out to be worth little, or less than the parties anticipated, does not detract from this proposition; the requirement that the object of a cession be certain did not mean that the money value of the ceded right had to be precisely calculable when the transfer of that right occurred.352E-E/F, 352F/G-G, 352H/I-I. The dictum in Tuckers Land and Development v Strydom1984 (1) SA 1 (A).24E-25B.
In general, a test statistic is selected or defined in such a way as to quantify, within observed data, behaviours that would distinguish the null from the alternative hypothesis, where such an alternative is prescribed, or that would characterize the null hypothesis if there is no explicitly stated alternative hypothesis. An important property of a test statistic is that its sampling distribution under the null hypothesis must be calculable, either exactly or approximately, which allows p-values to be calculated. A test statistic shares some of the same qualities of a descriptive statistic, and many statistics can be used as both test statistics and descriptive statistics. However, a test statistic is specifically intended for use in statistical testing, whereas the main quality of a descriptive statistic is that it is easily interpretable.
Each residence hall monitors and displays real time and historic electricity and water use. Some dorms also have special lamps which display a color depending on how real time energy use compares to the average historic energy use. The school's Campus Committee on Shareholder Responsibility provides students, faculty, and staff with the opportunity to make suggestions and decisions on proxy votes. A student board, the Oberlin College Green EDGE Fund, manages a set of accounts to support local sustainability, resource efficiency, and carbon offsetting projects. The Green EDGE Fund, created in 2007, allocates grants for environmental sustainability projects and verifiable carbon offsetting projects within the Oberlin community, as well as loans from a revolving fund for projects at Oberlin College that reduce resource consumption and have calculable financial savings for the college.
However, commercially available pistonphones are not calculable devices and must themselves be calibrated using a calibrated microphone if the results are to be traceable; though generally very stable over time, there will be small differences in the sound pressure level generated between different pistonphones. Since their output is also dependent on the volume of the chamber (coupling volume), differences in shape and load volume between different models of microphone will have an influence on the resulting SPL, requiring the pistonphone to be calibrated accordingly. Sound calibrators are used in an identical way to pistonphones, providing a known sound pressure field in a cavity to which a test microphone is coupled. Sound calibrators are different from pistonphones in that they work electronically and use a low-impedance (electrodynamic) source to yield a high degree of volume independent operation.
On-base percentage is calculable for professional teams dating back to the first year of National Association of Professional Base Ball Players competition in 1871, due to the component values of its formula being recorded in box scores of the time. However, the statistic was not conceptualized until sometime in the late 1940s by Brooklyn Dodgers team statistician Allan Roth, in consultation with then- Dodgers general manager Branch Rickey. In 1954, Rickey, who was then the general manager of the Pittsburgh Pirates, was featured in a Life Magazine graphic in which the formula for on-base percentage was shown as the first component of an all-encompassing "offense" equation. However, it was not named as on-base percentage, and there is little evidence that Roth's statistic was taken seriously at the time by the baseball community at large.
The elements heavier than iron with origins in dying low-mass stars are typically those produced by the s-process, which is characterized by slow neutron diffusion and capture over long periods in such stars A calculable model for creating the heavy isotopes from iron seed nuclei in a time- dependent manner was not provided until 1961. That work showed that the large overabundances of barium observed by astronomers in certain red-giant stars could be created from iron seed nuclei if the total neutron flux (number of neutrons per unit area) was appropriate. It also showed that no one single value for neutron flux could account for the observed s-process abundances, but that a wide range is required. The numbers of iron seed nuclei that were exposed to a given flux must decrease as the flux becomes stronger.
"Additional premium provision" means, in the context of finite risk insurance, a provision of an insurance or reinsurance contract that requires or strongly encourages the insured to pay the insurer some calculable amount as a result of losses paid or incurred under that insurance or reinsurance contract, excluding provisions for additional premium due to changes in exposure or policy audit. "Commutation provision" means a verbal or written agreement, whether or not formally incorporated into an insurance or reinsurance policy, that allows the policyholder to commute the policy, usually implying that all liabilities and rights created by that contract are extinguished in return for the balance of an experience account. Generally provisions such as "profit sharing" or "low claims bonus," which also produce a return of premium that can be reduced by claims payments, are not considered Commutation Provisions if they do not extinguish the contract. Loss-based return and additional premium provisions in conventional loss-based rating plans, e.g.
A. M. Turing's paper On Computable Numbers, With an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem was delivered to the London Mathematical Society in November 1936. Again the reader must bear in mind a caution: as used by Turing, the word "computer" is a human being, and the action of a "computer" he calls "computing"; for example, he states "Computing is normally done by writing certain symbols on paper" (p. 135). But he uses the word "computation" in (Davis 1967:118) in the context of his machine-definition, and his definition of "computable" numbers is as follows: :"The "computable" numbers may be described briefly as the real numbers whose expressions as a decimal are calculable by finite means ... .According to my definition, a number is computable if its decimal can be written down by a machine." in (Davis 1967:116) What is Turing's definition of his "machine?" Turing gives two definitions, the first a summary in §1 Computing machines and another very similar in §9.
The journal impact factor (JIF) was originally designed by Eugene Garfield as a metric to help librarians make decisions about which journals were worth subscribing to, as the JIF aggregates the number of citations to articles published in each journal. Since then, the JIF has become associated as a mark of journal "quality", and gained widespread use for evaluation of research and researchers instead, even at the institutional level. It thus has significant impact on steering research practices and behaviours. Already around 2010, national and international research funding institutions have pointed out that numerical indicators such as the JIF should not be referred to as a measure of quality.. DFG Press Release No. 7 (2010) In fact, the JIF is a highly manipulated metric, and the justification for its continued widespread use beyond its original narrow purpose seems due to its simplicity (easily calculable and comparable number), rather than any actual relationship to research quality.
Reconciling these points appears to require explaining why there is an almost-perfect cancellation resulting in the visible mass of ~ 125 GeV, and it is not clear how to do this. Because the weak force is about 1032 times stronger than gravity, and (linked to this) the Higgs boson's mass is so much less than the Planck mass or the grand unification energy, it appears that either there is some underlying connection or reason for these observations which is unknown and not described by the Standard Model, or some unexplained and extremely precise fine-tuning of parameters however at present neither of these explanations is proven. This is known as a hierarchy problem. More broadly, the hierarchy problem amounts to the worry that a future theory of fundamental particles and interactions should not have excessive fine-tunings or unduly delicate cancellations, and should allow masses of particles such as the Higgs boson to be calculable.
In mathematics, complex multiplication (CM) is the theory of elliptic curves E that have an endomorphism ring larger than the integers; and also the theory in higher dimensions of abelian varieties A having enough endomorphisms in a certain precise sense (it roughly means that the action on the tangent space at the identity element of A is a direct sum of one-dimensional modules). Put another way, it contains the theory of elliptic functions with extra symmetries, such as are visible when the period lattice is the Gaussian integer lattice or Eisenstein integer lattice. It has an aspect belonging to the theory of special functions, because such elliptic functions, or abelian functions of several complex variables, are then 'very special' functions satisfying extra identities and taking explicitly calculable special values at particular points. It has also turned out to be a central theme in algebraic number theory, allowing some features of the theory of cyclotomic fields to be carried over to wider areas of application.
Butler suggests that "[t]he critical promise of drag does not have to do with the proliferation of genders…but rather with the exposure of the failure of heterosexual regimes ever fully to legislate or contain their own ideals", although such remarks fail to indicate how the inadequacies of heterosexual regimes might be explicitly exposed. According to Butler, gender performance is only subversive because it is "the kind of effect that resists calculation", which is to say that signification is multiplicitous, that the subject is unable to control it, and so subversion is always occurring and always unpredictable. Moya Lloyd suggests that the political potential of gender performances can be evaluated relative to similar past acts in similar contexts in order to assess their transgressive potential: "Even if we accept that there are incalculable effects to all (or most) statements or activities, this does not mean that we need to concede that there are no calculable effects." Conversely, Rosalyn Diprose lends a hard-line Foucauldian interpretation to her understanding of gender performance's political reach, as one's identity "is built on the invasion of the self by the gestures of others, who, by referring to other others, are already social beings".
Former owner Scott Salyer was accused of racketeering and corruption charges in early 2010 stemming from a five-year investigation targeting the processed-tomato division of his company SK Foods by the United States Department of Justice. The investigation, named "Operation Rotten Tomato" by Federal investigators, was prompted when Dale Campbell of Weintraub Tobin representing The Morning Star Packing Company, paid for an internal investigation, the Vilfer Report, over an embezzlement by a former sales executive who had subsequently gone to work at SK Foods L.P. having been turned into a key informant for the FBI and operative working with the FBI against Salyer. Investigators alleged that the company bribed buyers such as Frito-Lay, Kraft Foods and Safeway to accept tomato paste with higher mold counts than listed, to pay above-market prices, and to provide SK with information on competitors' activities. Court documents filed by the lawfirm of Keker and Vannest demonstrate Salyer and SK Foods never paid any bribes, while senior district Judge Lawrence K. Karlton found no calculable victimization recommending parties should seek civil remedies, in United States Eastern District of California Sacramento, CA case number 2:10-cr-00061 LKK. In the case 2:2009-cv-00208 Morning Star Packing Company, et al v.

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