The explosion released radioactive material like corium, uranium, and plutonium, and the fire spread these particles for miles.
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Shares of the Princeton, New Jersey-based Agile were trading at $2.43, while that of Corium dropped 4.6 percent to $10.74.
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In the wake of the initial blast, nuclear physicists feared a second explosion caused by melting corium coming into contact with groundwater.
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The health regulator also said that the company would have to resolve the observations found during inspection of third-party manufacturing facility, Corium International Inc .
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On April 26, 1986, the core of a reactor opened at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, releasing enormous amounts of radioactive material like corium, uranium, and plutonium.
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The health regulator cited deficiencies related to its quality adhesion test methods and asked the company to resolve the observations found during an inspection of its third-party manufacturing facility, Corium International Inc.
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RECEIVES A COMPLETE RESPONSE LETTER FROM THE FDA FOR TWIRLA® (AG200-15) FOR THE PREVENTION OF PREGNANCY * AGILE THERAPEUTICS - CRL STATES THAT FDA HAS DETERMINED THAT IT CANNOT APPROVE NDA FOR TWIRLA ITS PRESENT FORM * AGILE THERAPEUTICS INC - CRL IDENTIFIES DEFICIENCIES RELATING TO QUALITY ADHESION TEST METHODS * AGILE THERAPEUTICS-FDA INDICATED APPLICABLE SECTIONS OF AMENDED NDA SUBMITTED BY CO COULD BE INCORPORATED WHEN RESPONDING TO DEFICIENCIES NOTED IN CRL * AGILE THERAPEUTICS - CRL ALSO NOTED THAT OBSERVATIONS IDENTIFIED DURING INSPECTION OF A FACILITY OF CORIUM INTERNATIONAL FOR TWIRLA NDA MUST BE RESOLVED * AGILE THERAPEUTICS INC - CRL DOES NOT IDENTIFY ANY SPECIFIC ISSUES RELATING TO SAFETY OF TWIRLA * AGILE THERAPEUTICS SAYS CRL RECOMMENDS THAT CO ASSESS IN VIVO ADHESION PROPERTIES DEMONSTRATED IN SECURE CLINICAL TRIAL * AGILE THERAPEUTICS - CRL "QUESTIONS" THE IN VIVO ADHESION PROPERTIES OF TWIRLA & THEIR POTENTIAL RELATIONSHIP TO SECURE PHASE 3 CLINICAL TRIAL RESULTS * AGILE THERAPEUTICS INC - "WE ARE EVALUATING THE FDA'S RESPONSE" Source text for Eikon: Further company coverage:
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An accumulated mass of corium will lose less heat than a thinly spread layer. Corium of sufficient temperature can melt concrete. A solidified mass of corium can remelt if its heat losses drop, by being covered with heat insulating debris, or if water that is cooling the corium evaporates. Crust can form on the corium mass, acting as a thermal insulator and hindering thermal losses.
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Mycenastrum corium subsp. ferrugineum has a deep rusty red to reddish orange gleba, clearly distinguishing it from the glebal coloring of the main subspecies. M. corium var. diabolicum has an extremely spiny capillitium.
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Wing of a species of Miridae, showing coriumThe corium is the thickened, leathery, basal portion of an insect forewing or hemelytron in the order hemiptera. Specifically the inner cell of the basal portion is the corium.
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Free and chemically bound water is released from the concrete as steam. Calcium carbonate is decomposed, producing carbon dioxide and calcium oxide. Water and carbon dioxide penetrate the corium mass, exothermically oxidizing the non-oxidized metals present in the corium and producing gaseous hydrogen and carbon monoxide; large amounts of hydrogen can be produced. The calcium oxide, silica, and silicates melt and are mixed into the corium.
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The thermal hydraulics of corium-concrete interactions (CCI, or also MCCI, "molten core-concrete interactions") is sufficiently understood. However, the dynamics of the movement of corium in and outside the reactor vessel is highly complex, and the number of possible scenarios is wide; slow drip of melt into an underlying water pool can result in complete quenching, while the fast contact of a large mass of corium with water may result in a destructive steam explosion. Corium may be completely retained by the reactor vessel, or the reactor floor or some of the instrument penetration holes can be melted through. The thermal load of corium on the floor below the reactor vessel can be assessed by a grid of fiber optic sensors embedded in the concrete.
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A large amount of heat can be released by reaction of metals (particularly zirconium) in corium with water. Flooding of the corium mass with water, or the drop of molten corium mass into a water pool, may result in a temperature spike and production of large amounts of hydrogen, which can result in a pressure spike in the containment vessel. The steam explosion resulting from such sudden corium-water contact can disperse the materials and form projectiles that may damage the containment vessel by impact. Subsequent pressure spikes can be caused by combustion of the released hydrogen.
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Byssomerulius corium is a common species of crust fungus in the family Irpicaceae. The fungus was first described as Thelephora corium by Christiaan Hendrik Persoon in 1801. Erast Parmasto made it the type species of his newly circumscribed genus Byssomerulius in 1967.
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M. corium subspecies ferrugineum was described in 2005 from Jefferson County, Colorado, by Orson K. Miller.
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However, it is common that entomologists refer to the entire basal portion of the wing as the corium.
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The reactor vessel failure may be caused by heating of its vessel bottom by the corium, resulting first in creep failure and then in breach of the vessel. Cooling water from above the corium layer, in sufficient quantity, may obtain a thermal equilibrium below the metal creep temperature, without reactor vessel failure. If the vessel is sufficiently cooled, a crust between the corium melt and the reactor wall can form. The layer of molten steel at the top of the oxide may create a zone of increased heat transfer to the reactor wall; this condition, known as "heat knife", increases the probability of formation of a localized weakening of the side of the reactor vessel and subsequent corium leak.
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Similar black cup fungi with which P. nannfeldtii may be confused include Pseudoplectania vogesiaca, P. nigrella, and Helvella corium.
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The corium undergoes degradation. The Elephant's Foot, hard and strong shortly after its formation, is now cracked enough that a glue-treated wad easily separates its top 1- to 2-centimeter layer. The structure's shape itself is changed as the material slides down and settles. The corium temperature is now just slightly different from ambient.
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In the absence of adequate cooling, the materials inside of the reactor vessel overheat and deform as they undergo thermal expansion, and the reactor structure fails once the temperature reaches the melting point of its structural materials. The corium melt then accumulate at the bottom of the reactor vessel. In the case of adequate cooling of the corium, it can solidify and the damage is limited to the reactor itself. However, corium may melt through the reactor vessel and flow out or be ejected as a molten stream by the pressure inside the reactor vessel.
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The species was originally described in 1805 as Lycoperdon corium in the second volume of Augustin Pyramus de Candolle and Jean-Baptiste Lamarck's Flore Française. They attributed authorship to French botanist Louis Ben Guersent, who discovered it in an alfalfa field between the town of La Sotte and Rouen in northern France. Synonyms include Scleroderma corium published by Arthur Harmount Graves in 1830, and Steerbekia corium published by Elias Magnus Fries in 1849. The species was given its current name by Nicaise Auguste Desvaux in 1842, who circumscribed the genus Mycenastrum to contain it.
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The corium, the leathery base of the wings, is dark brown margined with cream, giving the insect a large cross-shaped pattern.
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In 1986, core samples and samples of debris were obtained from the corium layers on the bottom of the reactor vessel and analyzed.
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Byssomerulius corium is a highly distributed fungus, and has been recorded in Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, and in South, Central, and North America.
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It has been observed to resemble the texture of calloused human skin. The corium is a thick, dense mass of connective tissue fibers that makes up the largest portion of the frontal plate. It contains layers of cells that aide in enlarging or flattening the structure. The corium may also be pigmented, but is clearly delineated from the callus by size and texture.
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During the Three Mile Island accident, a slow partial meltdown of the reactor core occurred. About of material melted and relocated in about 2 minutes, approximately 224 minutes after the reactor scram. A pool of corium formed at the bottom of the reactor vessel, but the reactor vessel was not breached. The layer of solidified corium ranged in thickness from 5 to 45 cm.
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The organs are embedded in the thickened epidermis. The receptor cells lie buried in the deeper layers of the epidermis where they expand into a pocket in the superficial layers of corium. The sense organ is surrounded by a basement membrane which separates corium from epidermis. Epithelial cells form a loose plug over the sensory receptors, allowing capacity-coupled current to pass from the external environment to the sensory receptor.
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Deposition of corium on the containment vessel inner surface, e.g. by high-pressure ejection from the reactor pressure vessel, can cause containment failure by direct containment heating (DCH).
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The puffball grows on or in the ground in prairie or desert habitats. Although widely distributed, it is not commonly encountered. Mycenastrum corium is a threatened species in Europe.
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Boisea rubrolineata or the western boxelder bug is identical to the boxelder bug aside from having prominent red veins on its corium. It is found on the west of North America.
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In the case of high pressure inside the reactor vessel, breaching of its bottom may result in high-pressure blowout of the corium mass. In the first phase, only the melt itself is ejected; later a depression may form in the center of the hole and gas is discharged together with the melt with a rapid decrease of pressure inside the reactor vessel; the high temperature of the melt also causes rapid erosion and enlargement of the vessel breach. If the hole is in the center of the bottom, nearly all corium can be ejected. A hole in the side of the vessel may lead to only partial ejection of corium, with a retained portion left inside the reactor vessel.
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At the uranium oxide fuel rods melt and the reactor core structure and geometry collapses. This can occur at lower temperatures if a eutectic uranium oxide- zirconium composition is formed. At that point, the corium is virtually free of volatile constituents that are not chemically bound, resulting in correspondingly lower heat production (by about 25%) as the volatile isotopes relocate. The temperature of corium can be as high as in the first hours after the meltdown, potentially reaching over .
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The second antennal segment usually is partially pale yellow. Pronotum is blackish-brown. Corium is usually yellowish-whitish and hyaline. Femora are black, while tibiae are brown with a yellow-white band.
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Heterogaster urticae can reach a body length of about . These shiny bugs show yellow-brown to brown pronotum and corium. Antennae are gray-yellow. The head and pronotum are covered with whitish long erect hairs.
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Pure silica fibers are needed as they are more resistant to high radiation levels. Some reactor building designs, for example, the EPR, incorporate dedicated corium spread areas (core catchers), where the melt can deposit without coming in contact with water and without excessive reaction with concrete. Only later, when a crust is formed on the melt, limited amounts of water can be introduced to cool the mass. Materials based on titanium dioxide and neodymium(III) oxide seem to be more resistant to corium than concrete.
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A posterior muscle attachment and cell layers within the corium allow it to change shape between enlarged, semi-enlarged, and flattened. The cell layers become vacuolated to cause enlargement, and may return to normal to cause flattening.
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British Bugs In the Piezodorus lituratus var. alliaceus the corium shows a uniform yellow-greenish color. This species could be confused with the green shieldbug, Palomena prasina, but Piezodorus lituratus has a different habitat and red antennae.
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With the exception of their technology trees, the human factions share many similarities and are functionally identical. However, the Silicons use a different resource model. The White Sharks and Black Octopi require a supply of oxygen to power all their structures and must harvest metal and a special element called Corium to build submarines and facilities, while the Silicons must extract silicon from the sea floor to produce their basic resource and use metal to generate energy and power their regeneration ability. Nevertheless, they harvest Corium in the same way as the human factions do.
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Elasmostethus tristriatus (also called Juniper Shieldbug) is a species of bugs in Shield bug family. The species are green coloured with pinkish-red corium. They are in length and are active during warm months. They mate during spring.
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Poorly known in Mexico, it has been recorded from Baja California, Chihuahua, Nuevo León, San Luis Potosi, Sonora, Mexico City. The variety M. corium var. diabolicum occurs in Sub-Saharan Africa, tropical Asia, the Caribbean, and South America.
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The March 11, 2011, Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami caused various nuclear accidents, the worst of which was the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster. At an estimated eighty minutes after the tsunami strike, the temperatures inside Unit 1 of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant reached over 2,300 ˚C, causing the fuel assembly structures, control rods and nuclear fuel to melt and form corium. (The physical nature of the damaged fuel has not been fully determined but it is assumed to have become molten.) The reactor core isolation cooling system (RCIC) was successfully activated for Unit 3; however, the Unit 3 RCIC subsequently failed, and at about 09:00 on March 13, the nuclear fuel had melted into corium. Unit 2 retained RCIC functions slightly longer and corium is not believed to have started to pool on the reactor floor until around 18:00 on March 14.
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The color of the legs may be yellowish- green or reddish-yellow.Project NoahInsectoid The head is shorter than the pronotum. Corium shows small spots, but without extensive stains. Pronotum, at the humeral corners, is wider than the abdomen, including connexivi.
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Pronotum has a middle keel running from the front edge to the posterior margin. The scutellum and clavus of the hemielytra are black. Corium is predominantly red. The membrane is matt black, with a white spot at the inner angle.
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Corium or Korion () was a town of ancient Crete, near which was a temple to Athenacomp. Cicero N. D. 3.23; ) and Lake Koresia (λίμνη Κορησία), which was Crete's only natural freshwater lake. Its site is located near modern Voulgari Armokastella, Melampes.
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Generalized morphology of a shield bug Pentatomoidea A: head; B: thorax; C: abdomen. 1: claws; 2: tarsus; 3: tibia; 4: femur; 8: compound eye; 9: antenna; 10: clypeus; 23: laterotergites; 25: pronotum; 26: scutellum; 27: clavus; 28: corium; 29: embolium; 30: membrane.
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The scutellum tends to be yellow. The corium, hind scutellum and pronotum are darker. The antenna are pale brown with the 4th and 5th segments being dark. The anterior angle of the pronotum has a short spine which may sometimes only show as a tubercle.
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Thyreocoris scarabaeoides is a species of shield bug found in Europe. It is small (3–4 mm.), nearly round and dark bronzy coloured. The surface is shining, glabrous and strongly punctured. The antennae are piceous, the scutellum not quite covering the corium and membrane.
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Despite this, several taxonomic authorities prefer to fold Mycenastraceae into the Agaricaceae. It is commonly known as the "leathery puffball", the "tough puffball", or the "giant pasture puffball". María Homrich & Jorge E. Wright published the variety Mycenastrum corium var. diabolicum in 1973 from South America.
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Histology of a skin biopsy from acute phase eosinophilic cellulitis. Note findings of plentiful tissue eosinophils and flame figures at the deeper corium sections (hematoxylin & eosin, original magnification ×40). Diagnosis requires ruling out other potential causes. This includes ruling out vasculitis on skin biopsy.
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Helvella corium is a species of fungus in the family Helvellaceae of the order Pezizales. This inedible cup-shaped fungus is black, and grows on the ground often near willows in deciduous or mixed forests. Although it has a fairly wide distribution, it is uncommon.
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These are soluble in water, allowing mobilization and transport of uranium. They look like whitish yellow patches on the surface of the solidified corium. These secondary minerals show several hundred times lower concentration of plutonium and several times higher concentration of uranium than the lava itself.
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These bugs can be identified mainly on the basis of the fine details of the corium.British Bugs This species is very similar to Lygus wagneri, but usually it is slightly larger, has longer membrane and a more densely pubescent corium. It is also quite similar to Lygus maritimus and Lygus rugulipennis.
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A small black shieldbug, 3.5 mm to 4.5 mm in length, with sparse, long hairs around the head, forewings and pronotum. The corium and rear margin of the pronotum often has reddish markings. It feeds on lady's bedstraw (Galium verum) in sparsely vegetated areas of loose sand in sand dunes.
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A longitudinal brown triangle is located on the middle of their corium. The scutellum of A. lineolatus have two longitudinal brown lines on the surface. The pronotum of the alfalfa plant bug will have two black spots on it. It commonly observed that their femora are spotted with brown specks.
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Canthophorus dubius Canthophorus dubius can reach a length of and a width of . The body of these shieldbugs is oval, black or dark blue, sometimes metallic green or bright violet. The margins to the pronotum and corium of the hemielytra are white. Antennae are black with the second segment smaller than third.
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Scaevola coriacea, the dwarf naupaka, is one of the ten Scaevolas (flowering plants in the Goodenia family, Goodeniaceae), that are endemic to Hawaii. It was first described in 1842 by Thomas Nuttall, and its specific epithet, coriacea, derives from the Latin, corium, which means leather, and describes the tough, thick, leathery leaves.
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The distribution of the blood vessels in the skin of the sole of the foot. The dermis is referred to as corium. The skin can be divided into three main layers including the epidermis, the dermis, and the subcutaneous tissue. Blood is supplied to the skin mainly by two networks of blood vessels.
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The callus is a hard, keratinous section of the frontal plate located highest on the forehead. It is generally more pigmented than the surrounding corium. Underneath the callus is a Malpighian layer of tissue that connects the structure to the maxilla. This layer is supplied with blood via vessel-containing dermal papillae.
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A similar concern arose during the Chernobyl disaster: after the reactor was destroyed, a liquid corium mass from the melting core began to breach the concrete floor of the reactor vessel, which was situated above the bubbler pool (a large water reservoir for emergency pumps, also designed to safely contain steam pipe ruptures). The RBMK-type reactor had no allowance or planning for core meltdowns, and the imminent interaction of the core mass with the bubbler pool would have produced a considerable steam explosion, increasing the spread and magnitude of the radioactive plume. It was therefore necessary to drain the bubbler pool before the corium reached it. The initial explosion, however, had broken the control circuitry which allowed the pool to be emptied.
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Clinical evaluation and identification of characteristics papules may allow a dermatologist to diagnose Degos disease. The papules have a white center and are bordered with a red ring. After lesions begin to appear, the diagnosis for Degos disease can be supported by histological findings. Most cases will show a wedge-shaped connective tissue necrosis in the deep corium.
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The material is therefore subject to both day–night temperature cycling and weathering by water. The heterogeneous nature of corium and different thermal expansion coefficients of the components causes material deterioration with thermal cycling. Large amounts of residual stresses were introduced during solidification due to the uncontrolled cooling rate. The water, seeping into pores and microcracks, has frozen there.
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Heat distribution throughout the corium mass is influenced by different thermal conductivity between the molten oxides and metals. Convection in the liquid phase significantly increases heat transfer. The molten reactor core releases volatile elements and compounds. These may be gas phase, such as molecular iodine or noble gases, or condensed aerosol particles after leaving the high temperature region.
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Chernobylite is a technogenic compound, a crystalline zirconium silicate with a high (up to 10%) content of uranium as a solid solution. It was discovered in the corium produced in the Chernobyl disaster, a lava-like glassy material formed in the nuclear meltdown of reactor core 4.Valeriy Soyfer "Chernobylite: Technogenic Mineral", Khimiya i Zhizn', No 11, Nov. 1990, p.
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Tegmina are very greatly decumbent, very ample, sensibly widened towards the apex, rotundate, with a single regular series of transverse nervures towards the apex; corium, etc. (except at the base) with numerous transverse nervures; many of the longitudinal nervures furcate. Costal membrane dilated, basally narrowed more than twice as long in the middle as the costal area. Posterior tibiae with one spine.
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The heat causing the melting of a reactor may originate from the nuclear chain reaction, but more commonly decay heat of the fission products contained in the fuel rods is the primary heat source. The heat production from radioactive decay drops quickly, as the short half-life isotopes provide most of the heat and radioactive decay, with the curve of decay heat being a sum of the decay curves of numerous isotopes of elements decaying at different exponential half-life rates. A significant additional heat source can be the chemical reaction of hot metals with oxygen or steam. Hypothetically, the temperature of corium depends on its internal heat generation dynamics: the quantities and types of isotopes producing decay heat, dilution by other molten materials, heat losses modified by the corium physical configuration, and heat losses to the environment.
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Elasmostethus interstinctus can reach a length of . These shield bugs have a relatively flat body with the entire upper surface covered with mostly black punctures. The dorsal side is a bright yellow-green, with various red markings. In particular, pronotum is yellow- green, scutellum is green with a red center, clavus and corium are intensely red and the apex of the elytra are also bright red.
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Mycenastrum is a fungal genus in the family Agaricaceae. The genus is monotypic, containing one widely distributed species, Mycenastrum corium, known by various common names: the giant pasture puffball, leathery puffball, or tough puffball. The roughly spherical to turnip-shaped puffball-like fruit bodies grow to a diameter of . Initially covered by a thick, felted, whitish layer, the puffballs develop a characteristic checkered skin (peridium) in age.
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The large European bird great bustard (Otis tarda) has been recorded feeding on the puffball. Because of their thick outer peridium, Mycenastrum corium puffballs can withstand hard blows without breaking, and children have used them as replacements for balls. The puffballs have also been used medicinally in Mexico as a hemostatic, as a throat and lung tonic, and for their purported anti-inflammatory properties.
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Mycenastrum corium is a saprobic species, consuming dead organic debris. It is usually found fruiting on the ground singly, scattered, in rings, or in clusters, but is can also grow underground. Fruiting occurs at low elevations in groups in open habitats dominated by sagebrush and saltbrush, or in grassy or shrubby wet areas in dry prairie. Other reported habitats include old haystacks, on silage, and roadsides.
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Helvella corium has been collected from Asia, Europe, and North America. Fruit bodies grow solitary, scattered, or clustered in groups. It is often found in association with the trees Populus tremuloides or Thuja plicata, or with shrubs from genus Salix (such as Salix herbacea and Salix glauca), Shepherdia canadensis or shrubs from the genus Dryas. Jordan notes a preference for growing on sandy soils or in dunes.
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During the interaction between corium and concrete, very high temperatures can be achieved. Less volatile aerosols of Ba, Ce, La, Sr, and other fission products are formed during this phase and introduced into the containment building at a time when most of the early aerosols are already deposited. Tellurium is released with the progress of zirconium telluride decomposition. Bubbles of gas flowing through the melt promote aerosol formation.
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Common gallinule in Brazil A frontal shield, also known as a facial shield or frontal plate, is a feature of the anatomy of several bird species. Located just above the upper mandible, and protruding along the forehead, it is composed of two main parts: a hard, proteinaceous callus and a soft, fleshy corium. It is thought to play roles in protection, mate identification, sexual selection, and territorial defense.
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Piezodorus lituratus can reach a length of . These large shieldbugs occur in two adult colour forms. In the spring when they emerge and mate they are predominantly green, while the new generation that appears in the late summer has purplish-red markings on the pronotum and Corium. In autumn they have much paler color, prior to the hibernation they may become darker, but after the hibernation they are bright green.
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Sagittal section of a wild horse hoof. Pink: soft tissues; light gray: bones (P2, P3 and navicular bone); blue: tendons; red: corium; yellow: digital cushion; dark gray: frog; orange: sole; brown: walls) The third phalanx (coffin bone; pedal bone; P3;) is completely (or almost completely) covered by the hoof capsule. It has a crescent shape and a lower cup-like concavity. Its external surface mirrors the wall's shape.
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Lygus rugulipennis Lygus rugulipennis can reach a length of .British bugs These small plant bugs can be identified mainly on the basis of the fine details of the corium, that in this species is very pubescent, with the space among hairs less than the length of one hair. Legs are quite bristly and wings-tips are membranous. The color pattern and markings are quite variable, ranging from purple to yellowish brown.
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Since 2010, Robison has again begun to publish extensively, with work appearing in The Manchester Review,"Radio Talkers" The Manchester Review 5 (Oct 2010) Smokelong Quarterly,"Guard" SmokeLong Quarterly 29 (Sept 2010) The Blue Fifth Review,"For the Film New Orleans Mon Amour" Blue Fifth Review Broadside Series #19 X.v (July 2010) "The Failure of Claws" Blue Fifth Review III (Fall 2010) Commonline,"The Slender Scent" Commonline 10 June 2010 BLIP Magazine,"BE BOP" BLIP Magazine (Fall 2010) Blast Furnace,"History Is The Work Of The Dead" Blast Furnace 1.1 (Winter 2010) Scythe Literary Journal,"Weightless" Scythe Literary Journal IV (Winter 2010) "Kindness" Scythe Literary Journal III (Summer 2010) Metazen,"Gray Gaze" Metazen 9 Sept. 2010 The Raleigh Review,"Rodeo Days" Raleigh Review 1 (2010) Whale Sound,Whale Sound Group reading, 17 Dec. 2010 and Corium Magazine."The Early Style" Corium Magazine 2 (June 2010) Normally reticent, he granted an interview to Smokelong Quarterly,SmokeLong Quarterly Interview, 29 Sept.
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The fuel plates showed signs of catastrophic destruction leaving voids, but "no appreciable amount of glazed molten material was recovered or observed." Additionally, "There is no evidence of molten material having flowed out between the plates." It is believed that rapid cooling of the core was responsible for the small amount of molten material. There was insufficient heat generated for any corium to reach or penetrate the bottom of the reactor vessel.
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The Miridae do not have any ocelli. Their rostrum has four segments. One useful feature in identifying members of the family is the presence of a cuneus; it is the triangular tip of the corium, the firm, horny part of the forewing, the hemelytron. The cuneus is visible in nearly all Miridae, and only in a few other Hemiptera, notably the family Anthocoridae, which are not much like the Miridae in other ways.
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Terris (Lucille Barkley), a young female Martian shows them to their room and serves the group automated meals. The expedition members are amazed at the high level of Martian technology around them and soon ask the council for help with repairing their spaceship. Discreetly, Ikron reveals that their Corium supply is nearly depleted. He recommends that the Earthmen's spaceship be reproduced, once repaired, creating a fleet that can evacuate the Martians to Earth.
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The device contains a quantity of metal designed to melt, diluting the corium and increasing its heat conductivity; the diluted metallic mass could then be cooled by water circulating in the floor. Today, all new Russian-designed reactors are equipped with core-catchers in the bottom of the containment building.Nuclear Industry in Russia Sells Safety, Taught by Chernobyl The AREVA EPR, SNR-300, SWR1000, ESBWR, and Atmea I reactors have core catchers.
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There is some recent evidence that a depression takes place in this phase, with blood pooling ('diastolic phase') mainly into the wall corium. When unloaded, the hoof restores its 'contracted' configuration, the pressure rises and the blood is squeezed out ('systolic phase'). There is a secondary pumping action, with the flexion of the foot, as it is raised. The hoof mechanism ensures an effective blood circulation into the hoof, and it aids general circulation, too.
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The forewings of the winged aquatic bugs are modified into hemelytra (singular, hemelytron), in which the basal part is thickened and leathery and the apical part is membranous. The thickened region is divided into a corium and clavus. The membranous region has veins and the venation is of taxonomic importance. However, in many families, the distinction between the leathery and membranous regions of the hemelytron is not pronounced, and the wing tends to be more fully sclerotized (e.g.
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The composition of corium depends on the design type of the reactor, and specifically on the materials used in the control rods, coolant and reactor vessel structural materials. There are differences between pressurized water reactor (PWR) and boiling water reactor (BWR) coriums. In contact with water, hot boron carbide from BWR reactor control rods forms first boron oxide and methane, then boric acid. Boron may also continue to contribute to reactions by the boric acid in an emergency coolant.
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The fully enlarged form of the frontal plate can be double the size when flattened. Territorial males will enlarge their corium and raise the feathers on the back of their neck to appear larger and more threatening to competing males. Research has also suggested that the shape of the callus serves as an identifying feature for mating pairs. Birds have been observed to show aggression towards another individual in their territory until that individual's frontal plate is fully visible.
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Melanocoryphus albomaculatus has a black head, scutellum, antennae and legs. On the red pronotum are two hook-shaped black spots. The corium of the hemelytra (the partially hardened front wings) is red with a black round spot in the middle, while the membrane (the transparent part of the front wings) is black and in the middle has a white round spot. The connexivum (on the visible side part of the abdomen) is red with black spots.
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The dermis or corium is a layer of skin between the epidermis (with which it makes up the cutis) and subcutaneous tissues, that primarily consists of dense irregular connective tissue and cushions the body from stress and strain. It is divided into two layers, the superficial area adjacent to the epidermis called the papillary region and a deep thicker area known as the reticular dermis.James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology (10th ed.). Saunders.
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Thermal decomposition of concrete produces water vapor and carbon dioxide, which may further react with the metals in the melt, oxidizing the metals, and reducing the gases to hydrogen and carbon monoxide. The decomposition of the concrete and volatilization of its alkali components is an endothermic process. Aerosols released during this phase are primarily based on concrete-originating silicon compounds; otherwise volatile elements, for example, caesium, can be bound in nonvolatile insoluble silicates. Several reactions occur between the concrete and the corium melt.
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Detonation risks can be reduced by the use of catalytic hydrogen recombiners. Brief re-criticality (resumption of neutron-induced fission) in parts of the corium is a theoretical but remote possibility with commercial reactor fuel, due to low enrichment and the loss of moderator. This condition could be detected by presence of short life fission products long after the meltdown, in amounts that are too high to remain from the pre-meltdown reactor or be due to spontaneous fission of reactor-created actinides.
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The trochanteral muscles that take their origin in the coxa are always attached distal to the basicosta. The coxa is attached to the body by an articular membrane, the coxal corium, which surrounds its base. These two articulations are perhaps the primary dorsal and ventral articular points of the subcoxo-coxal hinge. In addition, the insect coxa has often an anterior articulation with the anterior, ventral end of the trochantin, but the trochantinal articulation does not coexist with a sternal articulation.
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The corium, a dermo-epidermal, highly vascularized layer between the wall and the coffin bone, has a parallel, laminar shape, and is named the laminae. Laminar connection has a key role in the strength and the health of the hoof. Beneath the rear part of the sole, there is the digital cushion, which separates the frog and the bulb from underlying tendons, joints and bones, providing cushioning protection. In foals and yearlings, the digital cushion is composed of fibro-fatty, soft tissue.
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It was, in fact, a hard and fast design criterion long before the SL-1, from the beginning of the Naval Reactors program, under the leadership of Admiral Hyman Rickover. This design criterion started with the , and continued throughout subsequent submarine and surface ship designs, and with the Shippingport civilian nuclear plant. It continues to be a requirement for all U.S. reactor designs to this day. Although portions of the center of the reactor core had been vaporized briefly, very little corium was recovered.
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Sagittal section of a wild horse hoof. Pink: soft tissues; light gray: bone; blue: tendons; red: corium; yellow: digital cushion; dark gray: frog; orange: sole; brown: walls The hoof surrounds the distal end of the second phalanx, the distal phalanx, and the navicular bone. The hoof consists of the hoof wall, the bars of the hoof, the sole and frog and soft tissue shock absorption structures. The weight of the animal is normally borne by both the sole and the edge of the hoof wall.
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Aerial view of the station in 1975, showing separation between units 5 and 6, and 1–4. Unit 6, not completed until 1979, is seen under construction. The amount of damage sustained by the reactor cores during the accident, and the location of molten nuclear fuel ("corium") within the containment buildings, is unknown; TEPCO has revised its estimates several times. On 16 March 2011, TEPCO estimated that 70% of the fuel in Unit 1 had melted and 33% in Unit 2, and that Unit 3's core might also be damaged.
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Total releases according to these figures were a relatively small proportion of the estimated in the reactor. It was later found that about half the core had melted, and the cladding around 90% of the fuel rods had failed,Kemeny, p. 30. with of the core gone, and around of uranium flowing to the bottom head of the pressure vessel, forming a mass of corium. The reactor vesselthe second level of containment after the claddingmaintained integrity and contained the damaged fuel with nearly all of the radioactive isotopes in the core.
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The juniper shield bug (Cyphostethus tristriatus), (family: Acanthosomatidae), is a large (9-10.5 mm) green shield bug with distinctive pinkish-red markings on the corium. The bug's traditional foodplant is juniper, with the larvae feeding on juniper berries. It has also adapted to use Lawson cypress(Chamaecyparis spp.) as a host. In the United Kingdom it was formerly scarce and restricted largely to southern juniper woodlands but in recent years it has become common across southern and central England as a result of the widespread garden planting of juniper and cypress.
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The sarcophagus locked in of radioactive lava-like corium, of highly contaminated dust and of uranium and plutonium. By 1996 the structure had deteriorated to the point where it was deemed impossible to repair it. Radiation levels were estimated to be as high as per hour (normal background radiation in cities is usually around per hour, and a lethal dose is over 5 hours). A decision to replace the sarcophagus with the New Safe Confinement was taken, and a project to construct the enclosure has since been completed.
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Three Mile Island reactor 2 after the partial meltdown. Corium, also called fuel-containing material (FCM) or lava-like fuel-containing material (LFCM), is a lava-like material created in the core of a nuclear reactor during a meltdown accident. It consists of a mixture of nuclear fuel, fission products, control rods, structural materials from the affected parts of the reactor, products of their chemical reaction with air, water and steam, and, in the event that the reactor vessel is breached, molten concrete from the floor of the reactor room.
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Looking human and being able to communicate in English, their leader, Ikron (Morris Ankrum), the president of their planetary council, explains that they have been receiving Earth's broadcasts by which they learned our languages. Their own efforts, however, to transmit messages to Earth have only resulted in faint signals being transmitted. The Earth crew are brought by the Martians to a vast underground city, which is being sustained by life-support systems fueled by a mineral called Corium. There the crew meet Tillamar (Robert Barrat), a past president and now a trusted council advisor.
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When exposed to air studtite converts over a short time to the metastudtite UO4·2(H2O) form. Despite their apparent chemical simplicity, these two uranyl species are the only reported peroxide minerals. They may also be readily formed on the surface of nuclear waste under long-term storage and have been found on the surface of spent nuclear fuel stored at the Hanford, Washington nuclear site. It has also been reported that studtite has since formed on the corium lavas that were created during the course of the Chernobyl nuclear plant accident.
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In the field, Calbovista puffballs are sometimes difficult to reliably distinguish from Calvatia sculpta. Although the latter species has prominent pyramidal warts, some specimens of Calbovista (especially young ones) may share this feature and the distinction between them becomes blurred. Microscopic differences can be used to tell the two species apart: Calvatia puffballs do not have a highly branched and entangled capillitium. Another lookalike, Mycenastrum corium, has a smooth peridium, a reduced or absent base, tends to split open in maturity into irregularly shaped sections, and has spiny capillitial threads.
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Generic synonyms are Vassiliĭ Matveievitch Czernajew's 1845 Endonevrum and Stephan Schulzer von Müggenburg's 1876 Pachyderma. In 1948, Sanford Myron Zeller circumscribed the new family Mycenastraceae, containing both Mycenastrum as the type genus, and Bovista. A 2001 molecular study supported the inclusion of Mycenastrum corium in the Lycoperdales, where it was traditionally placed. In a more recent (2008) cladistic analysis, Mycenastrum was shown to be a sister group to the Lycoperdaceae; authors Larsson and Jeppson agreed with Zeller (1949) and Pilat's (1958) decision to regard Mycenastrium as a monotypic genus in the separate family Mycenastraceae.
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Mature fruit bodies can be broken loose from attachment to the substrate and be rolled around by wind, similar to some Bovista puffballs. Although the species is not frequently encountered, it has been suggested that this is because it grows in locations "rather seldom visited by mycologists". M. corium could be a useful indicator species for climate change. The puffball is widely distributed, and has been recorded in Africa (Zimbabwe), Asia (China, India, Iran, Mongolia, and Yemen), South America (Argentina, Chile and Uruguay), North America, Australia, and New Zealand.
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If the coronet skin has any dark patch, the walls show a corresponding pigmented line, from the coronet to the ground, showing the wall's growth direction. This layer has predominately protective role, and is not as resistant to ground contact, where it can break and flake away. The water line is built up by the coronet and by the wall's corium (the living tissue immediately beneath the walls). Its thickness increases proportionally to the distance from the coronet and, in the lower third of the walls, is thicker than the pigmented layer.
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Based on external appearance, Plectania nannfeldtii is similar to Pseudoplectania vogesiaca. Although this latter species may be difficult to distinguish by its less hairy external fruit body surface, its microscopic characters identify it more definitively: P. vogesiaca has spores that are much smaller, typically with widths of 12–14 µm. Helvella corium is another black cup fungus that appears in the spring; it has smaller spores, whitish margins on the cup edges, and shorter stems than P. nannfeldtii. Pseudoplectania nigrella is smaller, with a hairier outer surface, a darker inner cup surface, and a rudimentary stem.
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The inclusion of iron and chromium rich regions probably originate from a molten nozzle that did not have enough time to be distributed through the melt. The bulk density of the samples varied between 7.45 and 9.4 g/cm3 (the densities of UO2 and ZrO2 are 10.4 and 5.6 g/cm3). The porosity of samples varied between 5.7% and 32%, averaging at 18±11%. Striated interconnected porosity was found in some samples, suggesting the corium was liquid for a sufficient time for formation of bubbles of steam or vaporized structural materials and their transport through the melt.
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One scenario consists of the reactor pressure vessel failing all at once, with the entire mass of corium dropping into a pool of water (for example, coolant or moderator) and causing extremely rapid generation of steam. The pressure rise within the containment could threaten integrity if rupture disks could not relieve the stress. Exposed flammable substances could burn, but there are few, if any, flammable substances within the containment. Another theory, called an 'alpha mode' failure by the 1975 Rasmussen (WASH-1400) study, asserted steam could produce enough pressure to blow the head off the reactor pressure vessel (RPV).
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In Europe it is found in southern Scandinavia and is widespread to the south of the continent. Although it was reported in Scotland in 2010 (its first appearance on the British mainland), the grassland habitat where it was found has since become heavily eroded, and may be unsuitable for future appearances of the species. Mycenastrum corium is a threatened species in Europe, and is listed as vulnerable in the Regional Red List of Poland. In North America, it is most common in western regions of the United States and Canada, but it has also been recorded in eastern Canada.
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This is the same process that creates potholes on roads, accelerates cracking. Corium (and also highly irradiated uranium fuel) has the property of spontaneous dust generation, or spontaneous self-sputtering of the surface. The alpha decay of isotopes inside the glassy structure causes Coulomb explosions, degrading the material and releasing submicron particles from its surface. However, the level of radioactivity is such that during 100 years, the lava's self irradiation ( α decays per gram and 2 to of β or γ) will fall short of the level required to greatly change the properties of glass (1018 α decays per gram and 108 to 109 Gy of β or γ).
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In the Chernobyl disaster, the fuel became non-critical when it melted and flowed away from the graphite moderator; it took considerable time to cool, however. The molten core of Chernobyl (that part that was not blown outside the reactor or did not vaporize in the fire) flowed in a channel created by the structure of its reactor building and froze in place before a core–concrete interaction could happen. In the basement of the reactor at Chernobyl, a large "elephant's foot" of congealed core material was found, one example of the freely flowing corium. Time delay, and prevention of direct emission to the atmosphere (i.e.
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A Generation III nuclear reactor has a 72-hour capability of passive cooling to prevent damage to its core should the plant face a total blackout after an emergency shut down. If core overheating and meltdown became unavoidable, these reactors have core catchers that will trap the molten fuel and stop the nuclear reaction (although Lungmen, as other ABWR does not have a core catcher but rely on passive cooling of the corium). Finally, a tight containment ensures that no evacuation zone is required around a Generation III nuclear power plant. The ABWR was designed to a 0.3G earthquake acceleration standard with the Lungmen units seismic hardening increased to 0.4G.
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The oxide phase, in which the nonvolatile fission products are concentrated, can stabilize at temperatures of for a considerable period of time. An eventually present layer of more dense molten metal, containing fewer radioisotopes (Ru, Tc, Pd, etc., initially composed of molten zircaloy, iron, chromium, nickel, manganese, silver, and other construction materials and metallic fission products and tellurium bound as zirconium telluride) than the oxide layer (which concentrates Sr, Ba, La, Sb, Sn, Nb, Mo, etc. and is initially composed primarily of zirconium dioxide and uranium dioxide, possibly with iron oxide and boron oxides), can form an interface between the oxides and the concrete farther below, slowing down the corium penetration and solidifying within a few hours.
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The oxide layer produces heat primarily by decay heat, while the principal heat source in the metal layer is exothermic reaction with the water released from the concrete. Decomposition of concrete and volatilization of the alkali metal compounds consumes a substantial amount of heat. The fast erosion phase of the concrete basemat lasts for about an hour and progresses to about one meter in depth, then slows to several centimeters per hour, and stops completely when the melt cools below the decomposition temperature of concrete (about ). Complete melt-through can occur in several days even through several meters of concrete; the corium then penetrates several meters into the underlying soil, spreads around, cools and solidifies.
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Coracle on the River Severn near Ironbridge The structure is made of a framework of split and interwoven willow rods, tied with willow bark. The outer layer was originally an animal skin such as horse or bullock hide (corium), with a thin layer of tar to waterproof it – today replaced by tarred calico, canvas, or fibreglass. The Vietnamese/Asian version of the coracle is made of interwoven bamboo and waterproofed by using resin and coconut oil. Oval in shape and very similar to half a walnut shell, the coracle has a keel-less flat bottom to evenly spread the load across the structure and to reduce the required depth of water – often to only a few inches.
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Some fear that a molten reactor core could penetrate the reactor pressure vessel and containment structure and burn downwards to the level of the groundwater. It has not been determined to what extent a molten mass can melt through a structure (although that was tested in the Loss-of-Fluid-Test Reactor described in Test Area North's fact sheet). The Three Mile Island accident provided real-life experience with an actual molten core: the corium failed to melt through the Reactor Pressure Vessel after over six hours of exposure, due to dilution of the melt by the control rods and other reactor internals, validating the emphasis on defense in depth against core damage incidents.
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At the top of the hoof wall is the corium, tissue which continually produces the horn of the outer hoof shell, which is in turn protected by the periople, a thin outer layer which prevents the interior structures from drying out. The wall is connected to the coffin bone by sensitive laminae, a flexible layer which helps to suspend and protect the coffin bone. The main tendon in the hoof is the deep digital flexor tendon, which connects to the bottom of the coffin bone. The impact zone on the bottom of the hoof includes the sole, which has an outer, insensitive layer and a sensitive inner layer, and the frog, which lies between the heels and assists in shock absorption and blood flow.
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During the late 1980s the state of NJ discovered that wastes from the refining and production of the chrome plated products had been used as apparent Clean fill in various residential settings, and was also had contaminated a number other industrial locations. Lioy conducted a comprehensive study of chromium wastes in Jersey City, including residential exposures and the bioavailability and size distribution if the wastes. The work found that similar to current lead problems, the chromium exposures indoors were highly related to the levels found in house dust and not ambient air. In addition the use of dust laden corium as a marker of exposure was extremely valuable in conclusively defining that the removal of the wastes in the residential neighborhoods brought the levels of chromium down to background by the end of 2000.
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TEPCO to start "scanning" inside of Reactor 1 in early February by using muon – Fukushima DiaryMuon Scans Begin At Fukushima Daiichi – SimplyInfo With this scanning setup it will be possible to determine the approximate amount and location of the remaining nuclear fuel within the RPV, but not the amount and resting place of the corium in the PCV. In March 2015 TEPCO released the result of the muon scan for Unit 1 which showed that no fuel was visible in the RPV, which would suggest that most if not all of the molten fuel had dropped onto the bottom of the PCV – this will change the plan for the removal of the fuel from Unit 1.Muon Scan Finds No Fuel In Fukushima Unit 1 Reactor Vessel – SimplyInfoIRID saw no fuel or water remaining in reactor core of Reactor 1 – Fukushima Diary In February 2017, six years after the disaster, radiation levels inside the Unit 2 containment building were crudely estimated to be about 650 Sv/h.
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Most nuclear power plants feature a containment building whose role is to be the ultimate barrier, as per the defense-in-depth principle, against the release of radionuclides in the environment during accidents involving partial or total reactor core damage, that is, in which the integrity of the nuclear fuel (first barrier) is lost. In the most severe of such scenarios, if the fuel remains insufficiently cooled for prolonged periods of time, the integrity of the primary system (second barrier) can be threatened as well, for example if a substantial mass of molten fuel (corium) reaches the bottom of the reactor pressure vessel and melts through it. At this point most of the cooling water of the primary circuit will have been released into the containment atmosphere if it had not already been released through a pipe rupture (LOCA), along with volatile fission products such as Cesium and Iodine from the molten fuel, thereby increasing containment pressure. Although nuclear power plants are equipped with systems designed to cool the containment atmosphere (such as containment spray systems), these may be unavailable in the case of a severe accident (for example a Station Blackout in which all power is lost).
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