And another, reduced to carbonized flesh, apparently kneeling in prayer?
|
|
We have carbonized it and obtained the material we needed.
|
|
The lump of carbonized parchment could not be opened or read.
|
|
It was late morning, and Magid had arranged to introduce Barragán's family to their carbonized relative.
|
|
Pictured is his famed 'Satoyama Scenery' dish that employs fried burdock, soy pulp and carbonized green tea.
|
|
Among other things, the researchers found "deformed, carbonized rounded pieces of wood that come from an intense fire," Dr. Delgado said.
|
|
From the coal chip, made of carbonized bamboo, to the cod and kale, it's wild and delicate, a poetic ode to nature.
|
|
In excavations some two millenniums later, the loaves finally came out of the oven — carbonized, but with their shape and texture intact.
|
|
Within days of the explosion they had sprouted new greenery — surrounded by Hiroshima's horrors of carbonized bodies and black rain and wailing survivors.
|
|
Food-grade activated charcoal is most frequently produced by heating coconut shells to extremely high temperatures until they are carbonized, or completely burned up.
|
|
The treatment — which leaves behind a dense, carbonized layer of blackness — has been around since at least the 18th century, though earlier examples exist.
|
|
Just as charcoal retains the shape of the wood, carbonized Wonder Bread is full of the same tiny holes that make the unburnt version so fluffy.
|
|
She adds bread, so diligently carbonized that your average toast prude might be tempted to carry it to the sink and scrape it clean with a knife.
|
|
The fires carbonized the wood beams that had been used to set off spaces in homes and also effectively baked the bricks between the beams, he said.
|
|
Biotech startups are developing creative methods to mix tattoo inks with biogenic additives including cremated ash, carbonized hair, and even DNA from both the dead and the living.
|
|
For cooking fuel, 97 percent of people living near the park rely on charcoal made by chopping down the park's trees and slowly roasting them into carbonized chunks.
|
|
Here's how it works: Everence, a powdery substance, is synthesized from a sample of DNA — like from the inside of someone's mouth, carbonized hair, or cremated ashes, for example.
|
|
The next day, his yard was coated with fine white ash and peppered with carbonized twigs, shards, and other debris—a disconcerting reminder of just how close it got.
|
|
Really, it no longer shares that much in common with a leaf you may pluck from a tree: It's been carbonized, by being held at 1,832°F for an hour.
|
|
You could barely see the storage structures scattered among the solar panels like enormous alien flowers, many-petalled and made of dark carbonized plastic with an oily undersheen of cobalt and purple.
|
|
Second, some of the items within the settlement that caught fire, such as textiles, were carbonized when they hit the water, and then protected for thousands of years by soft, non-porous river silts.
|
|
"The requirement for the industry to work toward a de-carbonized future is accepted by the GMF," said Peter Stokes, chairman of the GMF, who is also head of shipping with financial advisory firm Lazard.
|
|
"We are a nation-state in a globalizing world and we're having an impact and you're here witnessing one of the key milestones in turning around this carbonized world into a decarbonized, sustainable future," he said.
|
|
"What you're starting to see happen is a closing down of the space to realize profit, sustainability and long-term success by investing in heavily carbonized technologies and an opening up of pursuing clean technologies," she said.
|
|
The experts say this new method may make it possible to read other ancient scrolls, including several Dead Sea scrolls and about 300 carbonized ones from Herculaneum, which were destroyed by the volcanic eruption of Mount Vesuvius in A.D. 79.
|
|
Richard Janko, a classical scholar at the University of Michigan, said the carbonized scrolls from Herculaneum were a small section of a much larger library at a grand villa probably owned by Julius Caesar's father-in-law, Lucius Calpurnius Piso.
|
|
Coal has been displaced by cleaner, cheaper and more effective forms of energy generation, indirectly because of the push of the Paris Agreement on climate change, but directly due to the many constraints emerging from the pernicious attributes of that geologically carbonized substance.
|
|
The contemporary sensibilities breathe new meaning into the ancient daybeds, carbonized bread loaves and reassembled terrazzo floors, but the antiquities — perpetually pregnant with the weight of Pompeian life and destruction — give resonance and depth to contemporary works that can veer toward the esoteric.
|
|
Customization is key to this brand, which means that even though you can start with a run-of-the-mill carbonized bamboo rectangular desk measuring about 48 by 30 inches, you can change things up in terms of size, electronics, power supplies, and more.
|
|
Or, if nothing works, you can't shake these images in your head of dudes in shorts on Eastern Parkway in January, of a carbonized Australia, of emaciated polar bears, take a run through our extensive guide to shopping, cooking and eating in a warming world.
|
|
The rest was a surprising patchwork of landscapes: rush-filled meadows, crisscrossed with fallen logs; large, sunny grasslands punctuated by a few big trees; copses of young pines and willows; and recently burned expanses, where the ground was brownish black, spattered with delicate pink flowers and adorned with carbonized trunks, gleaming and sculptural.
|
|
For the Pompeii menu, he and Ashley Palmer-Watts, the executive chef of Dinner by Heston, drew on the carbonized food remains on display at the museum and the recipes gathered in the first-century Roman cookbook known as Apicius, indulging in a bit of time travel as well as innovating upon the ethos of the ancients.
|
|
Here are the things you need to put in your grab bag: Medical kit, a fire-starting kit (more on this later), a pen knife and a bigger, carbonized steel knife, food, string, a stove and a metal pot to boil water in, a compass and map, head torch, a waterproof poncho, binoculars, water purification tablets, an emergency bag, a tarpaulin, and super-strong weed to take the edge off the stress of the apocalypse (kidding, the smell would attract attention).
|
|
Here, for example, "Caelum" #34 layers Greek myth, metallurgy, the 9/11 attacks, and the speaker's encounter with his employer: Through carbonized mist he brings her, Herakles after pinning death with two falls to spare, freeing Alkestis veiled in toile— rumpled deathware translucently spun to lifewear, she maintains silence: in red-flecked crystals, pyroclast throughout dust samples from Towers 1 & 93, from Building 7, microgeodes of iron beading her veil, buckshot hurled in the billions by thermite, and sidefall pleats welded much as cheddar, boiled then iced, blisters milk through furnace into evidence, reeking of sulfur its midwife, with sulfur's transform thermite, the welder's butter knife through I-beams: these the wardrobe not of rescue but reclamation, vulcanism scorching loss so as to sear denial, quick hurt then long release.
|
|
Differently processed charcoals were used. Fully carbonized charcoal (mostly composed of elemental carbon) in black powder provides its distinctive black color, while its replacement with an incompletely carbonized, brownish colored charcoal produces a dark brown appearance, hence the names "brown powder" or "cocoa powder". The less carbonized charcoal was more reactive than fully carbonized charcoal, somewhat making up for the easy ignition characteristics usually provided by sulfur. The brown charcoal also helped to produce sturdier grains and replaced sulfur in the role of a binder.
|
|
At Griesmer the carbonized remains of white water lily (Nymphaea odorata) tubers were recovered and at Schwerdt and Elam, the carbonized remains of American Lotus (Nelumbo lutea)tubers were recovered from this type of roasting pit.
|
|
Carbonized lignin can be used in electrical applications such as batteries and supercapacitors. The electrical properties of carbonized lignin can be assessed with techniques such as two-and four- point method, impedance spectroscopy, galvanostatic charge-discharge and cyclic voltammetry.
|
|
Lars Rosenberg (born 2 February 1971) is a bass guitarist in several musical bands: Therion (1994–1996), Entombed (1990–1995), Taura (2000–2002) Serpent, Roachpowder, Carbonized, Mental Distortion, Monastery and Furcas. He is also a vocalist in Carbonized and Monastery.
|
|
If coal is gasified to make coal gas or carbonized to make coke then Coal tar is among the by-products.
|
|
Cronology of Death is a 4-way split album with tracks from four death metal groups Sentenced, Carbonized, Bluuurgh... and Xenophobia.
|
|
Carbon fibers are often based on oxidized and via pyrolysis carbonized polymers like PAN, but the end product is almost pure carbon.
|
|
Three burials were located, of which only one was fully excavated. The fire pits may have functioned as earth ovens for the roasting of the white water lily tuber. No trace of the tubers were found at the site, but in similar pits at the Griesmer site in northwest Indiana the carbonized remains of white water lily tuber were identified; and at the Schwerdt Site on the Kalamazoo River in Michigan, the carbonized tubers of a similar water-lily species, American Lotus, were found in deep roasting pits. Both smudge pits contained the carbonized remains of maize.
|
|
The carbonized remains of maize were recovered at Hoxie Farm. Feature 25 yielded 40 kernels, of which 36 were of the Eastern 8-row race.
|
|
No plant remains were located at Knoll Spring, but at Griesmer the carbonized remains of white water lily (Nymphaea tuberosa) tubers were recovered and at Schwert and Elam, the carbonized remains of American Lotus tubers were recovered from similar roasting pits. A few post molds were noted, but their presence was random and the excavators could not detect the outline of a house pattern.
|
|
However, if the bone was heated under reducing conditions, it (and associated organic matter) may have been carbonized. In this case the sample is often usable.
|
|
Others options are conversion to uncarbonized and carbonized biomass fuel, using black soldier fly larvae to produce protein-rich animal feed, and anaerobic digestion for biogas production.
|
|
Some carbonized seeds found in association with the pit-houses appear to show that Jeulmun people were engaged in small- scale cultivation (Bale 2001; Crawford and Lee 2003).
|
|
Piotr Wawrzeniuk (born 1971 in Warsaw) is a Polish historian and musician. Best known for membership in symphonic metal Therion, but also member of Serpent, Carbonized and The Robots.
|
|
Most ancient T. compactum was cultivated between the Neolithic era and the Bronze Age and thus the most common evidence of ancient T. compactum is carbonized. Although carbonized wheat may often resemble its unfossilized counterpart and can often be identified with the same methods described above it is sometimes difficult to distinguish carbonized wheat this way due to a damaged or incomplete specimen. As a general rule, if a naked wheat, wheat with round grains and irregularly broken rachis forming internodes, is uncovered in a European site, excluding all sites on the Italian or Balkan peninsulas, it should be considered a hexaploid club wheat (either T. aestivum or T. compactum ). If such wheat has short internodes it should be identified as T. compactum.
|
|
The first private residence in the US illuminated by gas has been variously identified as that of David Melville (c. 1806), as described above, or of William Henry, a coppersmith, at 200 Lombard Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1816. In 1817, at the three stations of the Chartered Gas Company in London, 25 chaldrons (24 m3) of coal were carbonized daily, producing 300,000 cubic feet (8,500 m3) of gas. This supplied gas lamps equal to 75,000 Argand lamps each yielding the light of six candles. At the City Gas Works, in Dorset Street, Blackfriars, three chaldrons of coal were carbonized each day, providing the gas equivalent of 9,000 Argand lamps. So 28 chaldrons of coal were carbonized daily, and 84,000 lights supplied by those two companies only.
|
|
Large transmitting tubes have carbonized tungsten filaments containing a small trace (1% to 2%) of thorium. An extremely thin (molecular) layer of thorium atoms forms on the outside of the wire's carbonized layer and, when heated, serve as an efficient source of electrons. The thorium slowly evaporates from the wire surface, while new thorium atoms diffuse to the surface to replace them. Such thoriated tungsten cathodes usually deliver lifetimes in the tens of thousands of hours.
|
|
Some artists purposely apply salt water to the surface of wood or cardboard and then apply a high voltage across the surface to generate complex carbonized 2D Lichtenberg figures on the surface.
|
|
The 1975 excavation recovered three wood charcoal samples and were sent for radiocarbon dating. The 2011 excavation yielded more specimens, including carbonized nutshell, seeds, and wood; these specimens weren't analyzed in 2013.
|
|
The scientists used ground- penetrating radar to locate a small buried house which contained the remains of two adults, bronze bowls, ceramic pots, iron tools and other artifacts. Tests revealed that carbonized objects had been carbonized by the heat of the magma. Sigurdsson dubbed the find the "Pompeii of the East", and media reports referred to the "Lost Kingdom of Tambora". Sigurdsson intended to return to Tambora in 2007 to search for the rest of the villages, and hopefully to find a palace.
|
|
Richard Cabeza (a.k.a. Richard Daemon) is a Swedish musician. He played bass in various death metal bands, including Unanimated, Dismember, Carbonized, and Murder Squad. He was also the vocalist of the band General Surgery.
|
|
A total of 27 pit features were identified at the site. Some of these had ash and carbonized material within their fill, and are classified as fire pits. The remainder were classified as refuse pits.
|
|
"Burying biomass to fight climate change" by Richard Lovett, New Scientist, 3 May 2008, pp. 32-5.) In the case of glucose, the reaction releases about 237 calories per gram. When biomaterial is exposed to sudden searing heat (as in the case of a nuclear explosion or pyroclastic flow from a volcano, for instance), it can be carbonized extremely quickly, turning it into solid carbon. In the destruction of Herculaneum by a volcano, many organic objects such as furniture were carbonized by the intense heat.
|
|
The deproteinized bone residue left after the removal of ossein can be used to produce bone ash for the manufacture of bone china. Bones that are unsuitable for ossein production are carbonized to generate bone char.
|
|
A total of 56 pit features were identified at the site. Sixteen of these had ash and carbonized material within their fill, and are classified as fire pits. The remainder were classified as refuse or storage pits.
|
|
Uranium dioxide is carbonized in contact with carbon, forming uranium carbide and carbon monoxide. UO2 \+ 4 C → UC2 \+ 2 CO This process must be done under an inert gas as uranium carbide is easily oxidized back into uranium oxide.
|
|
In addition, this form of unrolling often would leave pages stuck together, omitting or destroying additional information. With X-ray micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), no ink can be seen as carbon-based ink is not visible on carbonized papyrus.
|
|
In solid materials (such as in power cables) a long-time partial discharge typically precedes breakdown, degrading the insulators and metals nearest to the voltage gap. Ultimately the partial discharge chars through a channel of carbonized material that conducts current across the gap.
|
|
Large combustion features, small basin-shaped hearths and carbonized horizons are recorded throughout the whole MSA sequence.Haaland, Magnus M. (2012) Intra- site Spatial Analysis of the Still Bay units in Blombos Cave, South Africa. Department of Archaeology, History, Culture and Religion. University of Bergen.
|
|
One find dating to c. 3500 BCE was of an infant burial in a basket that had become complete carbonized over time. The oldest dated finds at the site are to c. 9249 BCE, not long after the recession of prehistoric Lake Lahontan from the region.
|
|
Typically the materials that are carbonized are low- carbon and alloy steels with initial carbon content ranging from 0.2 to 0.3%. The workpiece surface must be free from contaminants, such as oil, oxides, or alkaline solutions, which prevent or impede the diffusion of carbon into the workpiece surface.
|
|
During modern archaeological excavations, traces of burnt buildings and carbonized rice were excavated. These materials are evidence of the battle of this time. The castle was listed as one of the Continued Top 100 Japanese Castles in 2017,a list intended as a sequel of Top 100 Japanese Castles.
|
|
The ground surface temperature is thought to have ranged from 3,000 to 4,000 degrees Celsius just after the bombing. Exposing a body to this level of radiant heat would leave bones and carbonized organs behind. While radiation could severely inflame and ulcerate the skin, complete vaporization of the body is impossible.
|
|
Paddy field farming goes back thousands of years in Korea. A pit-house at the Daecheon-ni site yielded carbonized rice grains and radiocarbon dates, indicating that rice cultivation in dry-fields may have begun as early as the Middle Jeulmun pottery period (c. 3500–2000 BC) in the Korean Peninsula.
|
|
Xu et al.,(2013) reported 27 best wiggle-match datings from a single partially charred 264-year-old tree, which is Yin et al.,(2012) also reported 82 best wiggle-matched AMS ages of samples from four carbonized logs, which is 938/939. However, the result of Xu et al.
|
|
Impiety was accused of supporting Nazism and anti-Semitism without any factual basis due to their depiction of Auschwitz and the practices of Josef Mengele in the lyrics of the song "Carbonized" on their album Paramount Evil (2004). Shyaithan denied all allegations and clarified that they are anti-religion instead.
|
|
They consist of possible Lirainosaurus remains, Ampelosaurus atacis, unknown basal euornithopods, probable ankylosaurians, one undetermined dromaeosaurine, and one unknown velociraptorine. The plants known from the formation are represented by carbonized branches and leaves. Invertebrates are solely known from bivalves and gastropods. Fishes from the formation include lepisosteids, and unidentified actinopterygians and teleosteans.
|
|
A2, s35v, 154 cm, 440c and Damascus are the most commonly used. There are many examples of Titanium used in his Folding Knives. Titanium blades often have a carbonized edge for added toughness, since titanium is work hardened and not heat treated. Each sheath is hand made out of leather or kydex.
|
|
Manual examination of small segments of the internal structure of the rolls proved more successful, unveiling the individual fibres of the papyrus. Unfortunately, no ink could be seen on the small samples imaged, because carbon-based inks are not visible on the carbonized scrolls. However, some scrolls were written with ink containing lead.
|
|
To the east of the site of the central structure, porcelain plates, carbonized wooden bowls and balls of rice, plus large quantities of carbonized rice and beans were discovered. According to historical records, during the Heian period, this area was the "Inagawa no shō", a shōen belonging to one of the Five regent houses of the Fujiwara clan, and was possibility the fortified administrative center of the manor constructed by Fujiwara no Tadazane in 1114. Tadazane's grandson, Kujō Kanezane mentions the castle in his Gyokuyō diary, stating that the Jō clan of Echigo Province seized the castle after their defeat by Kiso Yoshinaka in the Gempei War, but were driven away by the forces of Fujiwara no Hidehira from Hiraizumi. The subsequent history of the castle is uncertain; however, as many of the artifacts discovered all date from roughly the twelfth century and have all been scorched or have been carbonized, and as a wide variety of iron projectile points have been found in large numbers everywhere within the interior, it is probable that the castle was destroyed in this conflict and never rebuilt.
|
|
The Wari sealed up and tried to protect the site as if intending to return. McEwan believed after they left, local people wanted to destroy the site and set it ablaze. Completely carbonized beams and burning on the underside of floors suggests the fire was deliberate. Section 1 and 2 had been destroyed by fire.
|
|
There are Huari style objects that are found at Pampa Grande. In addition to the Huari objects, almost all domestic rooms had large amounts of carbonized wood. This suggests that these spaces were burned as part of the Huari invasion. However, this interpretation loses credibility because of the isolated occurrences of Huari style artifacts.
|
|
It sold its Nelco Technology Inc. and acquired Nova Composites, Inc. In 2003, Park and Snecma Propulsion Systems signed an agreement to let Park market SPS’s Raycarb C2 carbonized rayon fabric to manufacturers of rocket motors. In February, 2013, Isola USA Corp and Park settled a patents dispute over Styrene Maleic Anhydride (SMA) in laminates.
|
|
It is both an agronomic and rangeland weed. It prefers soils rich in nitrogen, and is often found on stony or gravelly soils. Carbonized seeds of this weed have been found in early agricultural archaeological sites in Iran. Seeds were first found in strata corresponding to the early days of sheep and goat husbandry.
|
|
The place where they had danced would after remain carbonized, with the grass incapable of growing on the trodden ground, and with the leaves of the surrounding trees scorched. Later, when grass would finally grow, it would have a red or dark-green color, the animals would not eat it, but instead mushrooms would thrive on it.
|
|
Amphirosellinia is a genus of five species of fungi in the family Xylariaceae. It was circumscribed in 2004 with A. nigrospora as the type species. The genus name refers to the similarities in morphology it shares with the genus Rosellinia. Amphirosellinia species grow inside the bark of dicot trees, forming stromata (dense structural tissue) encased by black, carbonized perithecia.
|
|
Along with Brynjulf Fosse he developed a new method for restoration of carbonized papyrus fragments. From 1983 he supervised restoration work in Napoli. These efforts have resulted in restoration of works by Lucretius and Ennius, and relicts of works by ancient comedy writer Caecilius Statius. He was a member of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters.
|
|
The Nanguanli site in Taiwan, dated to ca. 2800 BC, has yielded numerous carbonized remains of both rice and millet in waterlogged conditions, indicating intensive wetland rice cultivation and dryland millet cultivation. Bas-relief of Karmawibhanga of 9th century Borobudur describe rice barn and rice plants being infested by mouse pestilence. Rice farming has a long history in Indonesia.
|
|
Christofer Johnsson (born 10 August 1972 in Upplands Väsby, Stockholm County) is a Swedish composer. He is a founding member and the guitar player for Therion and was previously in Carbonized, Liers in Wait, Messiah, and Demonoid. On 21 March 2006, he announced he will no longer sing for Therion, though he will continue playing guitar for the group.
|
|
Farm Fields, a site near Kinloch, provides some of the earliest known evidence of human occupation in Scotland. Carbonized hazelnut shells found there have been dated to the Mesolithic period at 7700-7500 BC.Edwards, Kevin J. and Whittington, Graeme "Vegetation Change" in Edwards & Ralston (2003) page 70.; at this time the landscape was dominated by alder, hazel and willow scrub.McKirdy et al.
|
|
Carbonized papyri are papyri that have been charred. There seems to be one method for restoring charred papyri. The first step of this method is to carefully separate the layers of the papyrus since they cannot be unrolled due to their condition. This separation is done with either a thin palette knife or a scraper and lifting them with tweezers.
|
|
The Carbonized version is not compatible with Intel-based Macs running Mac OS X Lion and newer versions of macOS, due to the dropping of Rosetta support. In 2020, Al Evans released Cap'n Magneto as freeware and posted a free-to-use registration code on the official Cap'n Magneto website, following the demise of KAGI, the company that handled the game's registration.
|
|
The archaeologist Bernard Fagg investigated the site, and with the help of locals discovered many other artifacts. Iron smelting furnaces were also found at Nok. Occupation dates far before the first iron smelting. A sample of carbonized wood found in the "main paddock" at Nok in 1951 was dated to around 3660 BC though there are questions about the reliability of this conclusion.
|
|
Crawford and Lee 2003:89 Another example of Middle Jeulmun cultivation is found at Jitam-ri (Chitam-ni) in North Korea. A pit-house at Jitam-ri yielded several hundred grams of some carbonized cultigen that North Korean archaeologists state is millet.To, Yu-ho and Ki-dok Hwang 1961.Chitam-ni Wonshi Yuchok Palgul Pogo [Excavation Report of the Chitam-ni Prehistoric Site].
|
|
Charred 8-rowed maize cobs from one of the smudge pits Specimens of wood charcoal from the fire pits were analyzed and found to be primarily oak, hickory and maple, reflecting the makeup of the local deciduous forest. Some carbonized food remains were identified as acorn, walnut, Canadian plum, butternut and hickory nut. Eastern complex maize was present in the two smudge pits.
|
|
The remains of carbonized rope were also discovered in 1882 by Szombathy. In 1981, archaeologists discovered ochre-colored marks on some of the walls at Mladeč. Today, the assemblage of fossils from Mladeč is split among several museums. Szombathy's collection is stored in the Vienna Museum of Natural History, while Jan Knies' collection is stored in the Moravské zemské muzeum.
|
|
Excavations in the 19th century revealed one layer on top of another. The deepest level excavated was 3.60 meters above sea level. Archaeological finds show human activity at that level with the discovery of carbonized wood. An important function of the Forum, during both Republican and Imperial times, was to serve as the culminating venue for the celebratory military processions known as Triumphs.
|
|
The album shows a more experimental edge to the death metal music; keyboard and clean vocals were used sparingly. After the recording, Therion changed members again. Forss left the band, and Hansson had to quit for health issues. For the Central European gigs, Johnsson brought in drummer Piotr Wawrzeniuk from his old band Carbonized, and bassist Andreas Wahl, who was an old friend.
|
|
See also, e.g., Excited state, State (computer science), State pattern, State (controls) and Cellular automaton. Requisite Variety can be seen in Chaitin's Algorithmic information theory where a longer, higher variety program or finite state machine produces incompressible output with more variety or information content. In 2009New Scientist 24 January 2009 James Lovelock suggested burning and burying carbonized agricultural waste to sequester carbon.
|
|
The front outer frame is made of heavy carbonized steel which is capable of sustaining high impact. An ARR coupling system is used, which is compatible with all of KTMB's modern rolling stock. Unlike the latter class 92, the class 82 like its sister classes are endowed with multi-layered tempered glass that is of a higher degree of impact resistance.
|
|
In 2004, Albert Goodyear of the University of South Carolina announced that carbonized plant remains, found as a dark stain in the light soil at the lowest excavated level at the Topper Site, had been radiocarbon dated to approximately 50,000 years ago, or approximately 37,000 years before the Clovis people. Goodyear, who began excavating the Topper site in the 1980s, believes that lithic objects at that level are rudimentary stone tools (and thus "artifacts"). Other archaeologists dispute this conclusion, suggesting that the objects are natural and not human-made. Some archaeologists also have challenged the radiocarbon dating of the carbonized remains at Topper, arguing that 1) the stain represented the result of a natural fire, and 2) 50,000 years is the theoretical upper limit of effective radiocarbon dating, meaning that the stratum is radiocarbon dead, rather than dating to that time period.
|
|
A lucky find is a vessel from a pit containing the carbonized rests of a gruel made inter alia of acorns and meat. The cemetery was placed on the north border of the settlement; so far two urn graves were excavated. Presumably only a very small part of the population was actually buried, the Wietenberg Culture´s cemeteries are generally very small.N.G.O Boroffka, Die Wietenberg-Kultur.
|
|
The Associated Press reported on April 30, 1922, that "Upward of 100 persons were killed today in a mine explosion in the Lupeni district of Transylvania. The bodies of 50 victims were completely carbonized while those of others were blown to pieces."Associated Press, "Hundred Are Killed in Transylvania Explosion", San Bernardino Daily Sun, San Bernardino, California, Monday 1 May 1922, Volume L, Number 63, page 1.
|
|
When a high voltage is applied across the surface, leakage currents may cause localized heating and progressive degradation and charring of the underlying material. Over time, branching, tree-like carbonized patterns are formed upon the surface of the insulator called electrical trees. This degradation process is called tracking. If the conductive paths ultimately bridge the insulating space, the result is catastrophic failure of the insulating material.
|
|
Choe and Bale estimate that at least 14 Middle Jeulmun period (c. 3500-2000 BC) sites have yielded evidence of cultivation in the form of carbonized plant remains and agricultural stone tools.Choe and Bale 2002:110 For example, Crawford and Lee, using AMS dating techniques, directly dated a domesticated foxtail millet (Setaria italica ssp. italica) seed from the Dongsam-dong Shellmidden site to the Middle Jeulmun.
|
|
The burgers arrive and are dry, carbonized and inedible. Harvey, who stands behind all burgers served in his Smokehouses, calls Burdick over to "take them back", Burdick challenges Harvey to do better, which he does. Burdick watching Harvey jump to it at the grill catches Harvey Howard's full name and faints. Burdick completes eating a burger prepared by Harvey and becomes a transformed Harvey employee, hilarious.
|
|
Carbonized bed from the Casa del Tramezzo di Legno in Herculaneum To a large extent, the types and styles of ancient Roman furniture followed those of their Classical and Hellenistic Greek predecessors. Because of this it is difficult to differentiate Roman forms from earlier Hellenistic ones in many cases. Gisela Richter’s typological approach is useful in tracing developments of Greek furniture into Roman expressions.Richter, 97-116.
|
|
He is thought to have been working through the night, as he often did (he once was found working at 11 a.m. when he had set an examination, upon hearing which he replied, "It surely can't be daylight yet!"), when the fatal accident occurred. His body was found, carbonized, by his bed, holding a blanket which he apparently attempted to use to fend off the flames.
|
|
Moondragon, under the influence of the Dragon of the Moon, later separated Christians' life force from the gargoyle body. The body was to be used as a vessel for the Dragon of the Moon, and it became larger and more grotesque. The gargoyle body was carbonized and transformed into a statue of ash, when the Defenders defeated Moondragon and the Dragon of the Moon.Defenders #152.
|
|
After recording album, Therion started to play their first live shows in central Europe, mainly in the Netherlands and Belgium although simultaneously band ran into a few personnel problems. Forss decided to leave the band, Hansson quit the band after health problems. The shows were played using a new line-up. Piotr Wawrzeniuk, from the band Carbonized in which Johnsson also played, took up drumming duties.
|
|
World Archaeology, Vol. 34, No. 3, Luxury Foods. pp. 442–457. In studying precontact archaeological sites in Hawaii, archaeologists have found the concentration of the remains of rats associated with commoner households accounted for three times the animal remains associated with elite households. The rat bones found in all sites are fragmented, burned and covered in carbonized material, indicating the rats were eaten as food.
|
|
The Woodbury Formation is a Mesozoic geologic formation in New Jersey, United States. It primarily consists of massive dark gray clays and silts with carbonized wood fragments and pyrite, it was deposited in a marine setting. The remains of the dinosaur Hadrosaurus have been recovered from this formation.Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press.
|
|
The deposits are marked by mollusks, ostracods and carbonized plant parts, and demonstrate alternating passage of river channels or meandering streams. The lowest deposits are marked by a series of volcanic ash layers. The middle sedimentary deposits are lacustrine, corresponding to the ancient Lonyuman lake interval found at other locations throughout the Turkana Basin. The deposits include many ostracods and mollusks, most notably the gastropod Bellamya.
|
|
Carbon fibres are created when polyacrylonitrile fibres (PAN), Pitch resins, or Rayon are carbonized (through oxidation and thermal pyrolysis) at high temperatures. Through further processes of graphitizing or stretching, the fibres strength or elasticity can be enhanced respectively. Carbon fibres are manufactured in diameters analogous to glass fibres with diameters ranging from 4 to 17 µm. These fibres wound into larger threads for transportation and further production processes.
|
|
The building is entered from the forecourt via a short, dog-legged passage. The building's walls enclose an oval area about with six shallow recesses. Excavations have found two post holes along the axis of the oval that each contained the carbonized remains of a spruce post in width. The species of spruce, Picea abies (Norway spruce), is not native to Scotland; the posts were presumably driftwood carried across from Scandinavia.
|
|
There were principally two types of pits: shallow bowl- like pits and bottle-shaped pits. The shallow pits were possibly used for digging clay to be used in building and later to hold refuse. Carbonized avocado seeds, maize cobs and remnants of textiles, basketry, mats and rope fragments have been found in those that are bottle-shaped. It is thought these pits were used for cooking, storage and refuse containers.
|
|
The first two possible ammonite egg specimens were found in sediments filling the interior of the body chambers of ammonite shells. Lehmann's specimen from the Lias, reported in 1966, was a pouch of about 50 empty egg capsules lying in the innermost part of a mature macroconch's body chamber. The specimen was not filled with sediment, but rather crystalline calcite. The eggsac had been carbonized completely, destroying its fine detail.
|
|
The carbonized remains of cultivated plants were recovered at Knoll Spring. Features 8 and 14 each yielded 7 kernels of Eastern 8-row maize, and Features 11 and 14 together yielded 3 fragments of the common bean, indicating agriculture took place at the site. In addition, 13 fragments of hickory nut shell and 2 fragments of black walnut shell were recovered, as well as two seed of Carex sp.
|
|
Rice grains were also found at the site. The carbonized rice was dated using AMS radiocarbon dating to 8010-7700 BP. Footed stone grinding slabs, in a style identical to those found at the Peiligang culture, were discovered at Yuezhang. This similarity is most likely due to technological transfer. No evidence for domesticated animals were found at Yuezhang, as the animal bones found at the site all came from wild animals.
|
|
If so, the symbol of a sanctified palace entrance would have appeared above the gate of the fortifications: a double blessing. Beyond the gate and inside the citadel was a covered court with a small chamber, which probably functioned as a guard post. On the right, adjacent to the wall, was a building that has been identified as a granary because of the pithoi found there containing carbonized wheat.
|
|
Dionysus, Plato, or Poseidon sculpture excavated at the Villa of the Papyri. Map of Villa of the Papyri. Due to the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD, bundles of scrolls were carbonized by the intense heat of the pyroclastic flows. This intense parching took place over an extremely short period of time, in a room deprived of oxygen, resulting in the scrolls' carbonisation into compact and highly fragile blocks.
|
|
Many of the recovered bodies were carbonized due to the extreme heat of the surge, and were identified by either dental records, or personal belongings they carried with them (e.g. wristwatches or cameras). 17 victims on the outer edges of the affected zone lived for a while, before succumbing later to their injuries (burns to their skin and lungs, or inhaled ash in their windpipe and lungs). The final victim reportedly died on August 8.
|
|
The carbonized particles are then "activated" by exposing them to an oxidizing agent, usually steam or carbon dioxide at high temperature. This agent burns off the pore blocking structures created during the carbonization phase and so, they develop a porous, three-dimensional graphite lattice structure. The size of the pores developed during activation is a function of the time that they spend in this stage. Longer exposure times result in larger pore sizes.
|
|
Map of Oak Forest site showing house locations Map of House 1 A total of 8 house structures and 17 features were identified during the 1958 excavations. The house structures ranged from 25-47.5 feet long and 12-15 feet wide. Some of the houses had pit features as well (fire pits and refuse pits). Most of the features had ash and carbonized material within their fill, and are classified as fire pits.
|
|
UE 1000 There corresponds with the low level of the negative structure number 1. It is a question of a sediment formed by clays with sands and slimes little added of brown greyish color and a very dark grey. There are abundant vegetable carbonized remains, many integrated to the sediment. They are Homogeneous sands rolled of calcareous and quartz (70%), which mix with the marly calcareous substratum that constitutes the landfills in the structure 14.
|
|
Longicrusavis is a ground dwelling carnivore known from the holotype specimen PKUP V1069, found from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation in Liaoning Province, China., which consists of shale slab and counter slab. The skeleton is nearly complete and belongs to an adult individual, with carbonized feathers preserved in full plumage with visible colouration around the head and forelimbs. Like the closely related genus Hongshanornis, Longicrusavis has hindlimbs that are very long relative to the forelimbs.
|
|
The site is located in the former town of Shibakawa, Shizuoka on a hill surrounded by lava flows from Mount Fuji. The site was found to contain the remnants of 14 pit dwellings, arranged around a horseshoe-shaped plaza. The dwellings have a hearth pit at the center, which was found to contain carbonized grains. The excavated remains included some 26,000 items, centering on shards of Jōmon period earthenware, hunting tools and stone implements.
|
|
During the ensuing Miocene epoch the northwestern United States was under an immense forest where beech, cypress, oak, and redwood used to grow. Volcanic activity covered 200,000 square miles of the northwest in lava. Some of these trees were carbonized and preserved by the lava along Santa Creek not far from Emida. Restoration of a Columbian mammoth The Pliocene plants of the Weiser area also left behind many fossils, although these were generally leaf impressions.
|
|
Carbonized were a Swedish avant garde metal band formed 1988 in Saltsjöbaden. The band was formed by Lars Rosenberg in 1988, with Dismember vocalist Matti Kärki. Joined by drummer Piotr Wawrzeniuk, the trio was completed by Therion's Christofer Johnsson, who originally agreed to only perform session guitarwork but eventually became a full-time member. The band never officially split up, but stopped being active after recording the Screaming Machines album in 1994 (released 1996).
|
|
Over 12,000 potsherds were found and analyzed, with pre- existing pottery sequences from Middle America and Mesoamerica used for comparison. Similarly, 8,755 chipped stone artifacts were found and analyzed, being classified in 18 different categories for comparison with those in existing databases. Only 224 ground stone artifacts were found and analyzed. Botanical remains (carbonized macrofossils, pollen, and phytoliths) were found and analyzed to profile the dietary habits of the region's previous inhabitants.
|
|
The docufiction features two interwoven stories. Jack Tanner, an American paleontologist working for the Natural History Museum in London, suggests the theory that a carbonized Tyrannosaurus rex skeleton on display was killed by a dragon, causing him to believe that the legends were more than myth. This ruins Tanner's reputation. As viewed in a flashback, Tanner's theory is proven true, as said Tyrannosaurus battles a female dragon in the Cretaceous but is mortally wounded.
|
|
Sternberg also reported carbonized food remains discovered in the stomach region of the mummy. An analysis of these remains has not yet been performed. Kräusel, in 1922, investigated a concretion of brown plant material in the Senckenberg mummy that consisted mainly of branches and needles of conifers. In both mummies, the possibility cannot be ruled out that the plant material was washed into the abdominal cavity only after the death of the animal.
|
|
Chapatis are one of the most common forms of wheat bread which are a staple food in the Indian subcontinent. The carbonized wheat grains discovered at the excavations at Mohenjo-daro are of a similar variety to an endemic species of wheat still to be found in India today. The Indus Valley is known to be one of the ancestral lands of cultivated wheat. Chapati is a form of roti or rotta (bread).
|
|
Restoration of O. sigmoides Onychodus tooth with carbonized pulp in its pulp cavity, from the Middle Devonian of Wisconsin Many features of onychodont anatomy are known only from Onychodus itself. As other onychodontiformes, it has a highly kinetic and flexible skull. This unusual characteristic was due to the loose attachment of the skull bones, which sometimes overlapped, and were connected only by soft tissue and cartilage. Even the braincase was only partially made of bone.
|
|
The two large mounds and the bwogero are the major earthworks at Ntusi. The mounds, named the male mound (Ntusi IV) and the female mound (Ntusi III), are both approximately forty meters in diameter with a depth of deposition measuring 4 meters. Excavations at the female mound revealed the mound had been used as a refuse dump for a significant period. Excavators uncovered broken grindstones, pottery, cattle bones, carbonized sorghum seeds, and other household refuse.
|
|
Almost all of the fish were small and of the same size. The archaeologists theorize that the fish were caught in nets with a mesh size of about 1/4 inch. As the nets would have had to be pulled by hand, bigger fish would have been able to escape by leaping over the net or swimming away before the net was closed. Carbonized plant seeds were found in hearths and living areas.
|
|
Furthermore, he was part of the experimental band Carbonized from 1988 to 1990. Kärki appeared as a guest-singer of Entombed and sang "But Life Goes On" on the Entombed show in Sala on 24 June 1990. Moreover, he was the bass player for General Surgery during 1988 to 1990, and joined again in early 2000 when the band was temporarily resurrected to record a song for the Carcass tribute album Requiems of Revulsion.
|
|
Xingxueanthus is an extinct genus of plants of dubious affinity which existed in China during the middle Jurassic period. It was first named by Xin Wang and Shijun Wang in 2010 and the type species is Xingxueanthus sinensis. Xingxueanthus is known only from a single specimen of carbonized inflorescence. There is debate as to the taxonomic position of Xingxueanthus, being either an early Angiosperm, a new class of Gymnosperm, or a poorly preserved conipherophyte cone .
|
|
Paramount Evil was the fourth studio album by Impiety released on October 18 2004. Pete Helkamp of Angelcorpse contributed vocals on the track Carbonized. Four pressing formats of the album were available; regular jewel case, digipak edition with a cover of Sepultura’s Morbid Visions and sticker that was limited to 2000 copies, regular vinyl to 500 copies and 100 on picture disc. The album was licensed to Paragon Records for release in North America without the song Morbid Visions.
|
|
In older plants and those receiving variable loadings, trickling filter beds are used where the settled sewage liquor is spread onto the surface of a bed made up of coke (carbonized coal), limestone chips or specially fabricated plastic media. Such media must have large surface areas to support the biofilms that form. The liquor is typically distributed through perforated spray arms. The distributed liquor trickles through the bed and is collected in drains at the base.
|
|
Possible gut contents were reported from the "Trachodon mummy" at the American Museum of Natural History, but were never described. Both of the "mummy" specimens collected by the Sternbergs were reported to have had possible gut contents. Charles H. Sternberg reported the presence of carbonized gut contents in the American Museum of Natural History specimen, but this material has not been described. The plant remains in the Senckenberg Museum specimen have been described, but have proven difficult to interpret.
|
|
The state's ecosystems influenced the movement of the semi-nomadic Archaic Indian. The land gradually changed from a tundra to an evergreen forest, and eventually to forests of oak, hemlock, rhododendron, nut, berries, and Appalachian mixed mesophytic forests.Dwyer 1999:14 The vegetation attracted modern game animals by 7800 BCE. Modern decididuous forests grew south and east of the Allegheny River.2009 Historic Preservation Plan Carbonized nut hulls from the St. Albans Site in Kanawha County date to 7000 BCE.
|
|
The Iron I (Israelite) remains yielded a pillared two-storey public building near the top of the tell, the earliest attributed to Israelites. Collared rim storage jars and some cultic items were found in these buildings, pointing to usage as part of a cultic complex. More than 20 silos were uncovered from this era, included one with carbonized wheat. The destruction layer evident throughout the tell may have occurred in the wake of the Philistine victory at Eben-Ezer.
|
|
Paleobotanical studies were carried out by Willem van Zeist on carbonized plant remains recovered via water flotation. This has shown rain fed agriculture was practiced at Bouqras including cultivation of Emmer, Einkorn and free-threshing wheat, naked and hulled barley, peas and lentils.Van Zeist W. , Waterbolk-Van-Rooijen W., Paleorient, Volume 11/2, The Palaeobotany of Tell Bouqras, Eastern Syria, 1985. Sickle blades, querns and pounders appear in the early stages at Bouqras, but not in later stages.
|
|
Eight radiocarbon dates on carbonized wood were taken from different features and have established that the site was occupied between AD 1300 and 1550. The latest dates tell that this particular village was not inhabited during the post-contact period, and that the neighboring village site (44ST1) had replaced it by then. 2) The fortified nature of this village indicates that it was a principal place of residence. It is distinguished from ordinary settlements by the fortifications.
|
|
Although the exact date of the original introduction is unknown due to the sparseness of archaeobotanical remains, the earliest evidence are seeds recovered from the Hala Sultan Tekke site of Cyprus, dated to around 1200 BCE. Other archaeobotanical evidence include pollen from Carthage dating back to the 4th century BCE; and carbonized seeds from Pompeii dated to around the 3rd to 2nd century BCE. The earliest complete description of the citron was first attested from Theophrastus, c. 310 BCE.
|
|
The dig also unearthed the remains of thirteen round buildings made of mud and rock.Where's the historical Gilgal? Some of the plants tried and then abandoned during the Neolithic period in the Ancient Near East, at sites like Gilgal I, were later successfully domesticated in other parts of the world. At Gilgal, archaeologists found ancient carbonized figs stored in an 11,400-year-old house which appear to be a mutant "parthenocarpic" variety, bred for human consumption.
|
|
The specimen is crushed into a slab and counterslab pair, so that parts of the specimen are preserved on one side of a split stone and some on the other. This includes exquisite preservation of carbonized skin fibers and pycnofibres. The fibers are preserved around the body of the specimen in a "halo." Wing tissue is preserved, though its extent is debatable, including the exact points of attachment to the legs (or if it is attached to the legs at all).
|
|
One was retrieved from the uppermost carbonized organic deposit and was separated from the rest of the ritual by a marl cap. The other sample came from the lowest level of the shaft. The corrected dates are 10 years from one another: 1440 +/- 110 BP (Beta-75432) and 1450 +/- 100 BP (Beta-76278). When the samples were cleaned in preparation for analysis, a large amount of wood was extracted from the completely organic sample indicating that the fire had been quickly extinguished.
|
|
Piso, a literate man who patronized poets and philosophers, built a fine library there, the only one to survive intact from antiquity. Between 1752 and 1754 a number of blackened unreadable papyrus scrolls were serendipitously recovered from the Villa of the Papyri by workmen. These scrolls became known as the Herculaneum papyri or scrolls, the majority of which are today stored at the National Library, Naples. The scrolls are badly carbonized, but a large number have been unrolled, with varying degrees of success.
|
|
Then a layer of wax paper or plastic paper is placed over the whole reconstruction and then cover that with a glass plate. This step is done to ease the process of turning the papyrus layers over. Through the use of a thin paintbrush and letting the glass plate slide step-by-step, the carbonized layer is strengthened by carefully applying the diluted adhesive through the Japaneses paper from the back. To avoid air bubbles, the whole back must be glued.
|
|
These carbonized remains were left in situ after being exposed during archeological investigations, photographed, and recorded by measured drawings using grid systems tied to "modern" architectural features of the park facilities. The excavation units were stabilized by careful backfilling with soil removed from those units to protect the remains for anticipated future public display. Subsequent archeology in 1975 and 1976 revealed that wooden superstructure and flooring of site's commanding officer's residence and the sutler's store had likewise been destroyed by fire.
|
|
The female dies from her wounds, forcing her infant to survive on his own, escaping a male dragon by learning how to fly for the first time. A later vignette shows the dragon, now an adult, trying to mate. The museum is contacted by Romanian authorities, who discovered an alleged corpse of a dragon in the Carpathian Mountains, along with two carbonized human bodies from the 15th century. Tanner and two colleagues are sent to examine the bodies, moved to a warehouse.
|
|
In paper-insulated high-voltage cables, partial discharges begin as small pinholes penetrating the paper windings that are adjacent to the electrical conductor or outer sheath. As PD activity progresses, the repetitive discharges eventually cause permanent chemical changes within the affected paper layers and impregnating dielectric fluid. Over time, partially conducting carbonized trees are formed. This places greater stress on the remaining insulation, leading to further growth of the damaged region, resistive heating along the tree, and further charring (sometimes called tracking).
|
|
Oxidizable carbon ratio dating is a method of dating in archaeology and earth science that can be used to derive or estimate the age of soil and sediment samples up to 35,000 years old. The method is experimental, and it is not as widely used in archaeology as other chronometric methods such as radiocarbon dating. The methodology was introduced by Archaeology Consulting Team from Essex Junction in 1992.Frink, Douglas S. (1992) The Chemical Variability of Carbonized Organic Matter Through Time.
|
|
Electrical tracking, sometimes called dry banding, is a typical failure mechanism for electrical power insulators that are subjected to salt spray contamination along coastlines. The branching 2D and 3D patterns are sometimes called Lichtenberg figures. 2D carbonized electrical trees (or tracking) across the surface of a polycarbonate plate that was part of a trigatron. These partially conducting paths ultimately led to premature breakdown and operational failure of the device Electrical treeing or "Lichtenberg figures" also occur in high-voltage equipment just before breakdown.
|
|
These early bulbs all had flaws such as an extremely short life and requiring a high electric current to operate which made them difficult to apply on a large scale commercially. In his first attempts to solve these problems, Edison tried using a filament made of cardboard, carbonized with compressed lampblack. This burnt out too quickly to provide lasting light. He then experimented with different grasses and canes such as hemp, and palmetto, before settling on bamboo as the best filament.
|
|
Herculaneum papyrus 1425 (De poem), drawn by Giuseppe Casanova, ca. 1807 Papyrus H, photographed in 2016 The Herculaneum papyri are more than 1,800 papyri found in the Herculaneum Villa of the Papyri, in the 18th century, carbonized by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in AD 79. The papyri, containing a number of Greek philosophical texts, come from the only surviving library from antiquity that exists in its entirety.Interview with Daniel Delattre: the Herculaneum scrolls given to Consul Bonaparte (2010), Napoleon.
|
|
There was a shift away from the hunting of dangerous species like hippos and lions, and a greater dependence on lizards, snakes and rodents instead. Animal domesticates include chicken, guinea fowl, dog, sheep/goat, and cattle. As for plants, sites show evidence of carbonized sorghum and maize phytoliths, that grew together in this area for quite some time. These crops are thought to have been ideal supplements to their diet during times when other crops like yams were in short supply.
|
|
They were inhabited by the aboriginal Guanche Berbers. In the Cave of Don Gaspar there are three levels of occupation, the oldest from the third century CE, while the occupation level in the Cave of Las Palomas is even older, dating back to the third century BCE. The caves are however famous for the discovery of plant debris in the form of carbonized seeds of wheat, barley and beans. This finding helps verify the practice of agriculture on the island of Tenerife in times of the Guanches.
|
|
In 1993, Cap'n Magneto was updated for compatibility with System 7 and Macintoshes up to the Quadra 850. This version was never widely distributed, as the original publisher went out of business before it was released. A quickly-patched version running on Mac OS X appeared as one of the "hacks" at MacHack 2000, known as The Return of Cap'n Magneto. In 2005 a new Carbonized version was released to run natively on Mac OS X, and the original and 1993 versions were released free for download.
|
|
Carbon filament lamps, showing darkening of bulb Sir Joseph Wilson Swan Joseph Swan (1828–1914) was a British physicist and chemist. In 1850, he began working with carbonized paper filaments in an evacuated glass bulb. By 1860, he was able to demonstrate a working device but the lack of a good vacuum and an adequate supply of electricity resulted in a short lifetime for the bulb and an inefficient source of light. By the mid-1870s better pumps had become available, and Swan returned to his experiments.
|
|
Carbonized thatch from one of these structures yielded two calibrated radiocarbon dates of 920 AD each. Pottery from this period shares several types known from the central Cotzumalhuapa area, such as Tiquisate, as well as some local varieties. Mold-made figurines are very common, most of which functioned as whistles, and in the excavations conducted by Jorge Mejía, a burial was discovered with a set of figurine molds. Figurines reflect a diversity of local fauna (such as monkeys, felines, and macaws), but most frequently represent women.
|
|
Because he and his team discovered the longevity of its use, Thomas Edison featured a carbonized bamboo filament in one of his original designs for the light bulb. Bamboo vinegar (called pyroligneous acid) is extracted during production, and is useful for hundreds of treatments in most fields. It contains about 400 chemical compounds and has many applications, including in cosmetics, insecticides, deodorants, food processing, and agriculture. Some studies claim adding bamboo charcoal or bamboo vinegar to the diets of fish or poultry may increase their growth rates.
|
|
These hyphae, along with adhering mineral soil particles, are embedded in a gelatinous matrix. The hyphae of the ectomycorrhizae can become chlamydospores, an adaptation that helps the fungus tolerate unfavorable conditions. Chlamydospores of H. peckii have a peculiar structure—markedly distinct from those of other Bankeraceae—with thick, smooth inner walls and an outer wall that is split radially into warts. The most striking characteristic of the ectomycorrhizae as a whole is the way the black outer layers of older sections are shed, giving a "carbonized appearance".
|
|
Other than the eggs, the specimen does not preserve any of the ammonite's soft parts. The eggs preserved within this shell probably did not belong to the shell's occupant since the eggs probably would have been removed with the rest of the body. The shell itself of Lehmann's specimen belonged to the genus Eleganticeras. The researchers described the other specimen, reported by Muller in 1969 from the Trias, as a "carbonized ghost" that preserved very little detail, not even showing signs of individual egg capsules.
|
|
Preserved alongside skeletal elements is what Luo et al has interpreted as a patagium, or a membranous structure used in gliding or flight assistance. Propatagium, plagiopatagium and uropatagium sub-structures have been identified as well. Morphometric analyses carried out contiguously with another gliding Haramiyid, Maiopatagium furculiferum, from the same locality are consistent with the gliding adaptations of extant mammals and other fossil taxa. The pelage of Vilevolodon is preserved as a mat of carbonized fur and long guard hairs which was compressed upon patagial membranes.
|
|
Their toolkit was characterized by a blade and bladelet-based lithic industry, earthenware pots, stone bowls and pestles, and occasional grindstones. The Savanna Pastoral Neolithic peoples sometimes hunted medium and large game on the plains, and during the culture's lowland phase, they likewise fished in Lake Turkana. Sonia Mary Cole (1954) indicates that certain pestles and grindstones that she excavated from ochreous levels were stained with ochre, while others from the carbonized layers were not. She consequently suggests that the latter were instead used for grinding grain.
|
|
Aligarhwa has been identified as the real Kapilvastu, the Kingdom of King Śuddhodana, father of Gautama Buddha. During excavation of Aligarhwa carbonized rice grains resembling Kalanamak were recovered from one of the rooms, which was identified to be the kitchen store. Faxian, the famous Chinese monk wrote that when Gautama Buddha (Lord Buddha) visited Kapilvastu for the first time after attaining ‘enlightenment’, while passing through Bajha jungle, he was stopped at Mathla village by the people. The villagers asked Siddhartha to give them ‘prasad’.
|
|
4,800 BP, has yielded numerous carbonized remains of both rice and millet in waterlogged conditions, indicating intensive wetland rice cultivation and dryland millet cultivation. Latte stone pillars (haligi) from Hagåtña, Guam From about 4,000 to 2,500 BP, the Austronesian expansion began, with settlers from Taiwan moving south to colonize Luzon in the Philippines, bringing rice cultivation technologies with them. From Luzon, Austronesians rapidly colonized the rest of Island Southeast Asia, moving westwards to Borneo, the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra; and southwards to Sulawesi and Java.
|
|
Sandstone uranium deposits are generally of two types. Roll-front type deposits occur at the boundary between the up dip and oxidized part of a sandstone body and the deeper down dip reduced part of a sandstone body. Peneconcordant sandstone uranium deposits, also called Colorado Plateau-type deposits, most often occur within generally oxidized sandstone bodies, often in localized reduced zones, such as in association with carbonized wood in the sandstone. Precambrian quartz- pebble conglomerate-type uranium deposits occur only in rocks older than two billion years old.
|
|
18); the most interesting remains of the wooden tomb chamber of Zer, a carbonized mass 28 feet by 3 feet, studded with copper fastenings, have entirely disappeared, and of another tomb we read "j'y rencontrai environ deux cents kilos de charbon de bois" (Fouilles, 1896, p. 15), which has been all removed. The ebony tablets of Narmer and Mena — the most priceless historical monuments — were all broken up in 1896 and tossed aside in the rubbish, whence we have rescued them and rejoined them so far as we can.
|
|
Hertelidea lichens have a crustose thallus that is sometimes sorediate. Their apothecia, which are often arranged in conspicuous clusters, are lecideine, meaning that they have a carbonized thin black ring (an exciple) around the cup-shaped apothecium. The paraphyses are weakly to moderately branched and anastomosing, and have pigmented, capitate tips that separate readily in KOH. The asci are eight-spored and Micarea-like, featuring a prominent, amyloid thallus that is more or less lacking an ocular chamber but is pierced by a more darkly staining tubular structure.
|
|
The claim is based on the discovery of enlarged grains, absences of wild grains and on the presumption that the site was beyond the usual habitat of the wild variety of emmer wheat. Flax seeds were present, and fruit, figs and pistachios, were found in large quantities. Stationary containers of mud and stone were found with carbonized grain found on the interior of one designating them as silos. Finally, reeds were widely used, especially as reinforcement in the architecture, but also for mats and baskets and perhaps as bedding or fodder.
|
|
A large park-like garden extends from the back of the villa. Cavities that had once housed the roots of large trees were discovered and shown to be plane trees. Also found were the remains of tree stumps which were shown be olives. Other trees at the Villa Poppaea were also identified, including lemon and oleander; a carbonized apple found on the site indicates the former presence of apple trees. Modern-day replanting of the Villa’s gardens was undertaken only after the gardens’ original plant types and location were known.
|
|
The cultivated lentil Lens culinaris was derived from its wild subspecies L. culinaris subsp. orientalis, although other species may also have contributed some genes, according to Jonathan Sauer (Historical Geography of Crop Plants, 2017.) Unlike their wild ancestors, domesticated lentil crops have indehiscent pods and non-dormant seeds. Lentils are the oldest pulse crop known, and among the earliest crops domesticated in the Old World, having been found as carbonized remains alongside human habitations dating to 11,000 BC in Greece. The lentil is indigenous to Western and Central Asia.
|
|
Cited in . All types of carbonized materials are called charcoal. By convention, charcoal is considered to be any natural organic matter transformed thermally or by a dehydration reaction with an oxygen/carbon (O/C) ratio less than 60; smaller values have been suggested. Cited in . Because of possible interactions with minerals and organic matter from the soil, it is almost impossible to identify charcoal by determining only the proportion of O/C. The hydrogen/carbon percentage Cited in . or molecular markers such as benzenepolycarboxylic acid, Cited in are used as a second level of identification.
|
|
The origin of grains goes back to the Neolithic Revolution about 10,000 years ago, when prehistoric communities started to make the transition from hunter-gatherer to farmer. Modern varieties of grains have been developed over time through mutation, selective cropping, breeding and research in biotechnology. Ancient grains, however, are said to be largely unchanged from their initial domesticated varieties. Various forms of archaeobotanical evidence, such as carbonized and semicarbonizeed grains, coprolites and imprints of grains, husks or spikelets on potsherds, have been found during excavations of Neolithic sites.
|
|
The holotype of Cruralispennia is IVPP 21711, a semi-articulated partial skeleton surrounded by the remains of carbonized feathers. Cruralispennia lived alongside several other species of enantiornitheans, such as Protopteryx, in the Sichakou Basin of the Huajiying Formation, approximately 130.7 million years ago. Despite being one of the earliest known ornithothoraces, this genus possessed several features of derived enantiornitheans as well as some unusual traits convergent with ornithuromorphs, a group containing modern birds. Cruralispennia are also notable for having crural feathers originally described as possessing a unique form unknown in any other feathered animal.
|
|
Charcoal pencils consist of compressed charcoal enclosed in a jacket of wood. Designed to be similar to graphite pencils while maintaining most of the properties of charcoal, they are often used for fine and crisp detailed drawings, while keeping the user's hand from being marked. Carbonized sticks of European spindlewood Other types of artists' charcoal such as charcoal crayons were developed during the 19th century and used by caricaturists. Charcoal powders are used to create patterns and pouncing, a transferring method of patterns from one surface to another.
|
|
There was a large gate at the center of the northern wall, and the post holes and foundation stones from structures which once stood in the middle of the structure have been found, which included a granary with a large amount of carbonized rice. There was also a small temple ruin within the fortifications. Recovered artifacts included roof tiles, Haji ware, Sue ware, inkstands, nails and Jomon pottery. The ruins were backfilled after excavation, and there is nothing to be seen at the site today except for a commemorative stone marker.
|
|
Then the layer is turned over in order to stabilize it from the back, which can be only achieved if the back of the papyrus is does not have any writings. If this is the case, then the pieces cannot be consolidated, unless they are between the inscribed lines. However, this latter process is done only sometimes and with extreme care. A great method of reconstructing a layer of carbonized papyri is to use Japanese Tissue paper and a sheet of glass, on which to place the layer.
|
|
The first commercially successful light bulb filaments were made from carbonized paper or bamboo. Carbon filaments have a negative temperature coefficient of resistance—as they get hotter, their electrical resistance decreases. This made the lamp sensitive to fluctuations in the power supply, since a small increase of voltage would cause the filament to heat up, reducing its resistance and causing it to draw even more power and heat even further. Carbon filaments were "flashed" by heating in a hydrocarbon vapor (usually gasoline), to improve their strength and uniformity.
|
|
Mount Malindang is a complex volcano located in the province of Misamis Occidental in the southern island of Mindanao, Philippines. It is the highest point in the province. The least studied mountain range was formed through several volcanic activities some of which could be historical, evident by the presence of two calderas, surrounded by high rock walls, cinder cones, dome volcano plugs, two sulfurous hot springs, and a crater lake named Lake Duminagat. The amphitheater structures have extensive distribution of volcanic rocks, carbonized wood that are found in pyroclastic deposits.
|
|
The styles were generally rather light and elegant in upper-class furniture, and by modern standards apparently not heavily upholstered. Some items entirely in metal, such as lampstands, braziers and stands for sacrifice, have survived, and some covered by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius have either been carbonized or left hollows in the volcanic rock that can be used as moulds for plaster of Paris, allowing a clear idea of their original form. The rich had tables and chairs supported by marble, and some of these have survived. Wicker was widely used for armchairs.
|
|
The late Eocene amber is hosted in the Mezhigorje Formation, with early reports of occurrences in the underlying Obukhov Formation as well. The formations are found along the northwestern margin of the Ukrainian Crystalline Shield exposed in the Rivne region of the Ukraine and across the border near Rechitsa in the Gomel Region of Belarus. The granite basement rock was overlain by sandy to clayey deposits that were host to alluvial amber. The two formations total between in thickness, both containing interbeds or mixtures of brown coals and carbonized vegetation.
|
|
In addition, numerous examples of Yayoi period earthenware were found, including pots for storage and pots for cooking. The style was mostly with a combed design common throughout the Hokuriku region, but there were also a large number of pieces from Shinano Province, indicating long-distance trade. Rice paddies were not discovered at the site, but a large amount of carbonized rice and stone sickles for harvesting rice were excavated, indicating that rice cultivation exist din the area. The site is preserved "as is", with no reconstruction or public facilities.
|
|
Research and studies were initiated to find a safe method to destroy the materials, and it was discovered they could be incinerated safely under special conditions of temperature and dwell time. However, these herbicides were expensive, and the Air Force wanted to resell its surplus instead of dumping it at sea. Among many methods tested, a possibility of salvaging the herbicides by reprocessing and filtering out the TCDD contaminant with carbonized (charcoaled) coconut fibers. This concept was then tested in 1976 and a pilot plant constructed at Gulfport.
|
|
This was a major repositioning for FreeHand emphasizing the Web and especially Flash output. Creating simple Flash animation from layers was featured. The Perspective Grid, Magic Wand Tracing tool, Lasso tool, and a Page tool that treated pages like objects (resize, clone, rotate, etc.) FreeHand 10.0 sold for $399 in 2000 or $799 as part of the Studio MX bundle. Macromedia released this as Carbonized for both Mac OS 9 and Mac OS X. It shared a common Macromedia GUI Interface and several tools were added or renamed to match Flash tools.
|
|
The carbonizing process can reduce the floor's final hardness significantly compared to non-carbonized bamboo, rendering it softer than some pines and softer than more common red oak. Most bamboo flooring uses a urea-formaldehyde (UF) adhesive in the lamination process. Though the use of UF resins, which emit volatile organic compounds (VOCs), is harmful to indoor air quality, bamboo flooring uses a relatively small amount compared with other materials, such as particleboards. Bamboo flooring products that avoid formaldehyde use are available, including some listed in the GreenSpec Directory.
|
|
Evening Star, October 19, 1954, announcing the encounter of Marius Dewilde, and the other minor incidents that happened on the following days. When people were investigating the point, an approaching train produced a very loud noise when passing by, making it stop. A six-meter depression was found on the exact point where the object had landed, and was immediately said to be the cause of the noise. By light of day, more details were uncovered: the small rocks under the train tracks were all carbonized on the depression.
|
|
In the 1960s in Mammoth Cave, she introduced the practice of performing recreations of ancient lifeways as a method of filling in gaps from incomplete archaeological data. "She has contributed centrally to techniques for recovering carbonized plant remains from archaeological deposits and to understanding the independent origin of pre-maize agriculture in pre-Columbian eastern North America." Her work on the diet of Native Americans who lived in Mammoth Cave has included examining the intestines of bodies found in the cave and has been notably interdisciplinary in scope.
|
|
In 120 meters thick sediments on Svínafellsfjall in Öræfi there are sediments where marks from alder leaves are abundant. The remains are thought to be about 800,000 years old. In Elliðavogur near Reykjavík, there is a layer of 20 cm thick carbonized vegetation on top of a tillite layer, but the remains are just below the Reykjavik dolerite. In these layers, probably from the late ice age, seeds and fruits of various existing endemic plant species have been found along with pollen from birch, willow and other plants.
|
|
The spread of japonica rice cultivation to Southeast Asia started with the migrations of the Austronesian Dapenkeng culture into Taiwan between 3500 and 2000 BC (5,500 BP to 4,000 BP). The Nanguanli site in Taiwan, dated to ca. 2800 BC, has yielded numerous carbonized remains of both rice and millet in waterlogged conditions, indicating intensive wetland rice cultivation and dryland millet cultivation. A multidisciplinary study using rice genome sequences indicate that tropical japonica rice was pushed southwards from China after a global cooling event (the 4.2k event) that occurred approximately 4,200 years ago.
|
|
By the early twentieth century, Krupp armour was rendered obsolete by the development of Krupp cemented armour (also "Krupp cemented steel", "K.C. armor" or "KCA"), an evolved variant of Krupp armour. The manufacturing process remained largely the same, with slight changes in the alloy composition: in % of total – carbon 0.35, nickel 3.90, chromium 2.00, manganese 0.35, silicon 0.07, phosphorus 0.025, sulfur 0.020. KCA retained the hardened face of Krupp armour via the application of carbonized gases but also retained a much greater fibrous elasticity on the rear of the plate.
|
|
A series of paleosoil samples containing organic matter was found below the structures, possibly part of offerings. The excavations revealed the existence burials containing offerings in all platforms, the burials contained human remains, ceramic vessels and figurines. The earliest burial was found at the center of the pyramid, apparently deposited on top of paleosoil immediately before the construction. The ceremonial burials seems to have involved the burning of organic material, large patches of carbonized organic matter were located immediately on top of the paleosoil, below the sand fill of the structure.
|
|
Glass was poured or blown into the molds and allowed to remain long enough for the molds to burn, thereby roughening the surfaces. Each time the mold was blown into, the grain texture changed causing each object in the Finlandia series to be unique although mold-blown. The molds were gradually, and intentionally, destroyed through repeated contact with glass heated to 500 °C (932 F). The changing surface gave each piece a natural randomized "bark" effect created by the carbonized wood, which could not otherwise be convincingly created by an artist.
|
|
Also found were many relics and artifacts related to faith such as clay figures and standing stones. No residence sites from the Yayoi period (300 BC–300 AD) have been found, but there was an abundance of Yayoi period pottery artifacts, indicating that the settlement still existed during that time. In the Kofun period (300 to 538 AD), the foundations for over 80 houses have been found, many of large size, and with one or more hearths. Artifacts included many iron implements, carbonized cultivated cereals such as rice and millet, as well as the bones of cattle and horses.
|
|
"These so-called Terra Preta do Indio (Terra Preta) characterize the settlements of pre-Columbian Indios. In Terra Preta soils large amounts of black C indicate a high and prolonged input of carbonized organic matter probably due to the production of charcoal in hearths, whereas only low amounts of charcoal are added to soils as a result of forest fires and slash-and-burn techniques." (internal citations omitted) Following observations and experiments, a research team working in French Guiana hypothesized that the Amazonian earthworm Pontoscolex corethrurus was the main agent of fine powdering and incorporation of charcoal debris in the mineral soil.
|
|
Utahraptor was unearthed from the Yellow Cat Member, which during the Berriasian to Late Valanginian was a semiarid area with floodplain prairies, riverine forests, and open woodlands predominated by conifers (Pinophyta), ferns (Polypodiopsida), hornworts (Anthocerotophyta) and other vascular plants. During the description of Mierasaurus, it was interpreted that there was also a waterlogged bog-like environment. There is believed to have been a short wet season. This is supported by the presence of charred spores and other carbonized plant debris in the pollen maceral that indicate the occurrence of ancient wildfires ignited during periods of low precipitation.
|
|
Ore deposits are associated with carbonized wood in the sandstone.Roger C. Malan (1968) The uranium mining industry and geology of the Monument Valley and White canyon districts, Arizona and Utah, in Ore Deposits of the United States, 1933-1967, New York: American Institute of Mining Engineers, p.790-804. Mining stopped in the Monument Valley district in 1969, after producing 8.7 million pounds (3900 metric tons) of uranium oxide, more than has been produced from any other uranium mining district in Arizona.Robert B. Scarorough (1981) Radioactive Occurrences and Uranium Production in Arizona, part 3, US Department of Energy, GJBX-143(81), p.264.
|
|
Time-lapse video of mung beans germinating over 10 days The mung bean was domesticated in India, where its progenitor (Vigna radiata subspecies sublobata) occurs wild. Carbonized mung beans have been discovered in many archeological sites in India. Areas with early finds include the eastern zone of the Harappan Civilisation in modern-day Pakistan and western- and northwestern India, where finds date back about 4,500 years, and South India in the modern state of Karnataka where finds date back more than 4,000 years. Some scholars, therefore, infer two separate domestications in the northwest and south of India.
|
|
The holotype and only known specimen of Puertasaurus reuili was discovered in the Santa Cruz Province of southern Patagonia, Argentina. The remains were recovered in Cerro Los Hornos, near the La Leona River, and were reported from the Cerro Fortaleza Formation (which, at the time, was referred to as the Pari Aike Formation). The holotype was discovered in a grey sandstone lens that also preserved the carbonized remains of cycads and conifers. It was given the specimen number of MPM 10002, and consists of four vertebrae, specifically one cervical, one dorsal, and two (about 3% of the skeleton).
|
|
If the later dates were contaminated to the same extent claimed for the earlier dates, the later dates would be several thousand years in the future. Haynes also suggests that soluble matter may have contaminated the carbonized cut bark specimen from lower Stratum IIa, as is the case with the charcoal samples derived from fire features. There is absolutely no evidence for soluble or non-soluble contamination of the cut bark specimen. The faunal remains at Meadowcroft have also been a point of contention; namely, that no Pleistocene fauna has been identified in the stratum dated to the Pleistocene.
|
|
Bamboo has been used as an alternative for flooring because of its physical similarities to true hardwoods. Bamboo floor manufacturers and sellers promote its strength, durability, its eco-friendliness and its natural resistance to insects and moisture. The hardness of traditional bamboo flooring ranges from 1180 (carbonized horizontal) to around 1380 (natural), while newer manufacturing techniques including strand woven bamboo flooring range from 3000 to over 5000 using the Janka hardness test. Other flooring materials have comparable Janka ratings, with a higher number indicating a harder material: red oak (1290); white oak (1360); rock maple (1450); hickory (1820); and Brazilian Cherry / Jatoba (2350).
|
|
Vilevolodon diplomylos was described by Luo et al in 2017 concurrently with another euharamiyid, Maiopatagium furculiferum. Descriptions were carried out based on a skull with preserved teeth in occlusion and a mandibular inner ear, and a fairly complete post-cranial skeleton with carbonized residue of a patagial skin membrane, which has been interpreted as a gliding mechanism. The holotype is represented by a slab and counter-slab with fossil elements preserved across both samples. The holotype was found at the Nanshimen site of the Tiaojishan Formation in Quinglong County, Hebei Province, China, and is currently housed at the Beijing Museum of Natural History.
|
|
The inclusions are most of the time carbonized reducing fine detail preservation, and the amber has been subjected to plastic deformation changing the shapes and features of the inclusions. The distortion is visible in the outlines of trapped air bubbles, which are elongated along the plane of distortion, rather than spherical as seen with bubbles in Eocene Baltic amber and Cretaceous Taymyr amber. In some cases the inclusions are at least partially filled with amber rather than being hollow. Sakhalin amber has been attributed a range of geological ages, with Vladimir Zherikhin in 1978 suggesting dates between 59 and 47 million years old.
|
|
Original carbon-filament bulb from Thomas Edison's shop in Menlo Park Light bulbs with a carbon filament were first demonstrated by Joseph Swan in February 1879, and by Edison in October 1879. Carbon filament bulbs, the first electric light bulbs, became available commercially in 1879. In 1904 a tungsten filament was invented by Austro-Hungarians Alexander Just and Franjo Hanaman, and was more efficient and longer-lasting than the carbonized bamboo filament used previously. The introduction of a neutral gas to the glass envelope (or bulb) also helped to improve lifespan and brightness of the bulb.
|
|
Another major source of information is the Roman politician and philosopher Cicero, although he was highly critical, denouncing the Epicureans as unbridled hedonists, devoid of a sense of virtue and duty, and guilty of withdrawing from public life. Another ancient source is Diogenes of Oenoanda, who composed a large inscription at Oenoanda in Lycia. Deciphered carbonized scrolls obtained from the library at the Villa of the Papyri in Herculaneum contain a large number of works by Philodemus, a late Hellenistic Epicurean, and Epicurus himself, attesting to the school's enduring popularity. Diogenes reports slanderous stories, circulated by Epicurus' opponents.
|
|
Wild species of barley and emmer wheat were domesticated and cultivated in the Jordan River Valley as early as the 9th millennium BCE. Archaeologists have found the carbonized seeds of two kinds of primitive wheat, einkorn and emmer, and two-rowed barley, in the earliest levels of digs at Jericho, one of the first cities in the world. During the Pottery Neolithic period (6000 – 4300 BCE), the development of pottery enabled people to produce portable containers for the transportation and storage of food, and an economy based on agriculture and herding developed. Archaeological evidence indicates that figs, lentils and broad beans were being cultivated from Neolithic times.
|
|
In the 11th century Bambandyanalo developed its influence over the region and established itself as a hub in the trade connecting the African inland with the Indian Ocean (Hall 1987:83). It was closely associated with Mapungubwe and was a precursor to the much better known Great Zimbabwe near Masvingo, 125 miles to the north east. The climate was wetter when Bambandyanalo flourished (the "medieval warm period"), and archaeological evidence (carbonized seeds) shows that sorghum and millets were cultivated (Huffman 1996:57). Sometime around 1270 however, the climate changed for the worse ("the little ice age") and the settlement was abandoned as the crops repeatedly failed.
|
|
In Pepelillo's deposit there has recovered coal proceeding from 14 structures, which have offered some quantities of this type of material, being scanty in some, but representatively enough in others. In the Mas de Pepelillo, the fact that the wood is carbonized, it refers to the use of the fire, servant or native. The results of the analysis of the coal have offered a floral scanty list. The content of every structure is different from qualitative and quantitative level, but some dominant species are detected, more than for his relative global values, for his ubiquity in many structures, since it is the example of the Quercus.
|
|
Oleander was a very popular ornamental shrub in Roman peristyle gardens; it is one of the flora most frequently depicted on murals in Pompeii and elsewhere in Italy. These murals include the famous garden scene from the House of Livia at Prima Porta outside Rome, and those from the House of the Wedding of Alexander and the Marine Venus in Pompeii. Carbonized fragments of oleander wood have been identified at the Villa Poppaea in Oplontis, likewise buried by the eruption of Vesuvius in A.D. 79. They were found to have been planted in a decorative arrangement with citron trees (Citrus medica) alongside the villa's swimming pool.
|
|
From 1998 to circa 2015, Obbink was the Director of the Imaging Papyri Project at Oxford. This project is working to capture digitised images of Greek and Latin papyri held by the Ashmolean Museum (the Oxyrhynchus Papyri), and the Bodleian Library and the Biblioteca Nazionale in Naples (the carbonized scrolls from the Villa of the Papyri at Herculaneum), for the creation of an Oxford bank of digitised images of papyri. The newly digitised versions of the literary texts will be published. Research Projects at Oxford University - Imaging Papyri Project An international team of papyrologists combine traditional philological methods with more recent digital imaging techniques.
|
|
They have made accessible heavily damaged texts from the ancient world, many of which had been regarded as being irretrievably lost. In this way the damaged texts of the Oxyrhynchus Papyri and the Villa of the Papyri can now be read for the first time. Obbink has made significant contributions in the fields of ancient literature, society and philosophy. He is familiar with the poetry of Sappho or Simonides discovered in the Egyptian Oxyrhynchus papyri, as he is with the technical-philosophical writings of the Epicurean Philodemus, the text of which he helped recover from the carbonized papyrus rolls discovered in The Villa of the Papyri at Herculaneum.
|
|
In the third period (from the end of the 8th century to the first half of the 10th century), the scale of both the government and the granary area expanded and were connected to the Nitta River directly by a canal. A large quantity of pottery shards, mostly Sue ware and Haji ware and a huge number of roof tiles in various shapes were discovered. The presence of a large amount of carbonized in the granary area indicates that the complex was destroyed by fire around the end of the 10th century. The site is located approximately 15 minutes by car from the Haranomachi Station on the JR East Jōban Line.
|
|
The second sample submitted for absolute dating consisted entirely of carbonized Zea Mays. The conventional, C13 adjusted, radiocarbon age assayed was 800±50 BP (Beta-72568). The calibrated result (2 sigma, 95% probability) was 1170–1290 CE, CRAI a multi- component site in Putnam county. It is represented by numerous thermal features, including large, rock-filled earth ovens on the Kanawha Valley having its origin on the northeast Atlantic Seaboard dating to 900 CE.CRAI 2009 Their decorative pottery attributes are grit-tempered pottery with folded rim strips, cordwrapped paddle edge impressions placed on vessel collars and lip notching and/or cord wrapped dowel impressions.
|
|
Nitrilotriacetonitrile can be homopolymerized or copolymerized with iminodiacetonitrile in the melt in the presence of basic catalysts such as sodium methoxide to form dark-colored solid polymers which can be carbonized to form nitrogen-containing and electrically conductive polymers at temperatures above 1000 °C. The products obtained have not found application as conductive polymers. The hydrogenation of NTAN first converts a cyano group into an imino group which attacks a cyano group (which are adjacent and sterically suitable for forming a six-membered ring) rather than being further hydrogenated to the primary amino group. The end product of the catalytic hydrogenation of nitrilotriacetonitrile is therefore 1-(2-aminoethyl)piperazine.
|
|
For many years it was believed, following research by Colin J. N. Wilson and others, that the eruption could be dated to exactly 186 AD. This meant that it coincided with meteorological phenomena described by Fan Ye in Han China and by Herodian of Antioch in the Roman Empire. This is now questioned. Estimated dates previously suggested for the Taupo eruption have ranged from AD 131 to 233. The earlier date was based on from carbonized vegetation enclosed in the eruption products. However, the 22 selected samples used to obtain an average date of 1,819 ± 17 years BP (AD 131) had much larger standard deviations than the average date itself.
|
|
At Version 5, Canvas was completely rewritten for both platforms and included a QuickDraw palette for creating 3D primitives and renderings. Version 7 of the software saw an internal extrusion engine being used instead of QuickDraw. At version 8, it was the first of the complex graphics programs to be "Carbonized" to run on both Classic and Mac OS X. In April 2003, Deneba Systems was acquired by ACD Systems of Victoria, BC, Canada, the developers of Windows image editing and handling software such as ACDSee, before the release of version 9. Canvas development continued in Miami, under the aegis of ACD Systems of America.
|
|
As a result insects and other inclusions in the amber are not as well preserved as those of other amber locations, even those of older ambers. The inclusions are most of the time carbonized reducing fine detail preservation, and the amber has been subjected to plastic deformation changing the shapes and features of the inclusions. The distortion is visible in the outlines of trapped air bubbles, which are elongated along the plane of distortion, rather than spherical as seen with bubbles in Eocene Baltic amber and Cretaceous Taymyr amber. In some cases the inclusions are at least partially filled with amber rather than being hollow.
|
|
It is also shown that even if Tomie's body is not injured, her body will attempt to sprout another Tomie through tumorous growths, usually when she is emotionally stressed. Some Tomie copies, however, cannot stand one another; one is seen killing one personally, while others order it done through the boys they seduce/enslave. Fire is the only known method to destroy a Tomie for good, though only if the flesh is completely carbonized. The next story arc, beginning as a prequel, reveals that a baby girl can grow naturally into a Tomie via a blood injection and that she can age if she has not yet copied herself.
|
|
Two types of cast iron woks can be found in the market. Chinese-made cast iron woks are very thin (), weighing only a little more than a carbon steel wok of similar size, while cast iron woks typically produced in the West tend to be much thicker (), and very heavy. Because of the thickness of the cast iron, Western-style cast iron woks take much longer to bring up to cooking temperature, and their weight also makes stir-frying and bao techniques difficult. Cast iron woks form a more stable carbonized layer of seasoning which makes it less prone to food sticking on the pan.
|
|
The First Bario Sésamo season was cancelled by the station (RTVE) in 1981 when the station denied the authors to keep their rights on the characters. An agreement was reached where the authors granted full commercial rights to the station except the right to be mentioned as authors and the right to deny the use of the muppets for commercial advertising of carbonized drinks and unhealthy products for children. (Same rights that Jim Henson always kept with all his own characters). As a result, the station canceled the series anyway firing the first creators and banned all the characters to appear in the new season despite the popularity of the show with young audiences.
|
|
These carpets are natural barriers against the cold. Turkish pile rugs and kilims are also frequently used as tent decorations, grain bags, camel and donkey bags, ground cushions, oven covers, sofa covers, bed and cushion covers, blankets, curtains, eating blankets, table top spreads, prayer rugs and for ceremonial occasions. The oldest records of flat woven kilims come from Çatalhöyük Neolithic pottery, circa 7000 B.C. One of the oldest settlements ever to have been discovered, Çatalhöyük is located south east of Konya in the middle of the Anatolian region. The excavations to date (only 3% of the town) not only found carbonized fabric but also fragments of kilims painted on the walls of some of the dwellings.
|
|
According to anthropologist Victor Paz, among the archaeological research done in the Philippines there has not been enough concrete evidence to point towards an early presence of rice agriculture. There is, however, archaeological evidence for the presence of rice remains in the Andarayan site located in northern Luzon which raises discussion on whether or not rice was cultivated at an earlier time than once thought. Excavations have revealed carbonized rice inclusions such as rice husks and stems in earthenware. This discovery represents dry-rice cropping instead of the most common wet-rice agriculture seen in Luzon. Even with this archaeological find, the lack of rice samples make it difficult to attain a “comprehensive study.
|
|
Among the fossils on show, special mention should be made of carbonized remainders of plants (Ortiseia), various gastropod imprints, a fossilized fish (Archaeolepidotus leonardii Accordi) and the reconstructed skeleton of an Ichthyosaurus, as well as coral colonies and ammonites. In addition to a cross-section of local minerals, including those typical of Mont Sëuc, this room also contains a collection of minerals from other alpine deposits (e.g. Teis, Ahrntal, Pfitsch) and from abroad, such as rock crystal, garnet, beryl, apophyllite, aragonite, sulphur, Celestine and amethyst. In the same room, another section offers an insight into the many-sided alpine flora and fauna by way of a herbarium and a collection of stuffed animals, e.g.
|
|
Herculaneum () was an ancient town, located in the modern-day comune of Ercolano, Campania, Italy. The city was destroyed and buried under volcanic ash and pumice in the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD. Like the nearby city of Pompeii, Herculaneum is famous as one of the few ancient cities to be preserved more or less intact, with no later accretions or modifications. The thick layer of ash that blanketed the town also protected it against looting and the elements. Unlike Pompeii, the mainly pyroclastic material that covered Herculaneum carbonized and preserved more wood in objects such as roofs, beds, and doors, as well as other organic-based materials such as food and papyrus.
|
|
As the coppicing of forests became unable to meet the demand, the substitution of coke for charcoal became common in Great Britain, and coke was manufactured by burning coal in heaps on the ground so that only the outer layer burned, leaving the interior of the pile in a carbonized state. In the late 18th century, brick beehive ovens were developed, which allowed more control over the burning process. In 1768, John Wilkinson built a more practical oven for converting coal into coke. Wilkinson improved the process by building the coal heaps around a low central chimney built of loose bricks and with openings for the combustion gases to enter, resulting in a higher yield of better coke.
|
|
A typical thermopolium would consist of a small room attached but not accessible to a house with a distinctive masonry counter in the front. An example of this can be seen in Ostia in the House of the Painted Vaults. Embedded in this counter were earthenware jars (called dolia) used to store dried food like nuts (hot food would have required the dolia to be cleaned out after use, and because they are embedded in the counter, it is believed that they were not used to store hot food, but rather dried food where cleaning wouldn't be necessary). A dolium in the thermopolium attached to the House of Neptune and Amphitrite in Herculaneum had the carbonized remains of nuts.
|
|
Nabataean trade routes Many examples of graffiti and inscriptions—largely of names and greetings—document the area of Nabataean culture, which extended as far north as the north end of the Dead Sea, and testify to widespread literacy; but except for a few letters no Nabataean literature has survived, nor was any noted in antiquity.The carbonized Petra papyri, mostly economic documents in Greek, date to the 6th century: Glen L. Peterman, "Discovery of Papyri in Petra", The Biblical Archaeologist 57 1 (March 1994), pp. 55–57P. M. Bikai (1997) "The Petra Papyri", Studies in the History and Archaeology of JordanMarjo Lehtinen (December 2002) "Petra Papyri", Near Eastern Archaeology Vol.65 No.4 pp. 277–278.
|
|
Rocking cradle A cradle is an infant bed which rocks but is non-mobile.Paula S. Fass, Mary Ann Mason - Childhood in America 2000 0814726925- Page 622 "An infant's cradle referred to the baby's place of lodging, whether in a wicker basket, old box, old chest, or specially designed bed. What really mattered was that any sort of separate bed was better for an infant than being put to sleep with its .." It is distinct from a typical bassinet which is a basket- like container on free-standing legs with wheels. A carbonized cradle was found in the remains of Herculaneum left from the destruction of the city by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 CE.
|
|
Wawrzeniuk was a member of Swedish symphonic metal band Therion, doom metal side project of Therion and Entombed members—Serpent, Swedish death metal band Carbonized and Swedish punk rock group The Robots. He is best known for his membership in Swedish symphonic metal band Therion, where he was singer and drummer between 1992 and 1996. Later he performed as a guest lead vocalist on Secret of the Runes (2001) bonus tracks, Lemuria and Sirius B (2004), and also as a live vocalist during the 20th Year Anniversary Tour in 2007. A cooperation with Joakim Knutsson (Rise and Shine) resulted in creation of Downforce of Doom, a doom act to release its debut album in 2010.
|
|
Somnathpur figures at the sides hold maize-like objects in their left hands In 1879, Alexander Cunningham wrote a description of the carvings on the Stupa of Bharhut in central India, dating from c. 200 BCE, among which he noted what appeared to be a depiction of a custard-apple (Annona squamosa). Cunningham was not initially aware that this plant, indigenous to the New World tropics, was introduced to India after Vasco da Gama's discovery of the sea route in 1498, and the problem was pointed out to him. A 2009 study claimed to have found carbonized remains that date to 2000 BCE and appear to be those of custard-apple seeds.
|
|
Because of its waterlogged condition the Flag Fen Basin was an area where peat deposits developed around 2000 BCE, and they survive there today. Archaeologists believe that the community was destroyed at the end of the Bronze Age by a fire that damaged the posts that held the homes above the waterlogged earth, causing the dwellings to collapse into the river and forcing the inhabitants to flee. The effects of the fire then carbonized the remains of the collapsed buildings, helping to preserve them. From there the anaerobic conditions generated by silt deposits from the fens protected the wooden posts and rafters of the collapsed structures from rotting away under the influence of air and bacteria.
|
|
However, they could potentially avoid the imprisonment, as Brazilian law says that anyone who gets a sentence of twenty or more years in jail, automatically qualifies for a second trial. One of the children that survived that attack was supposedly shot several times before he could testify against policemen that were to go to trial, and ended up fleeing from Brazil in order to save his life. The international community severely condemned the attack, and many in Brazil asked for the prosecution of those who shot the Candelária Church children. The event also was mentioned in the song The Candelaria Massacre recorded by a Brazilian death metal band Lacerated And Carbonized (from the 2013's album The Core of Disruption).
|
|
Almost all PAN resins are copolymers made from mixtures of monomers with acrylonitrile as the main monomer. It is a versatile polymer used to produce large variety of products including ultra filtration membranes, hollow fibers for reverse osmosis, fibers for textiles, oxidized PAN fibers. PAN fibers are the chemical precursor of high-quality carbon fiber. PAN is first thermally oxidized in air at 230 °C to form an oxidized PAN fiber and then carbonized above 1000 °C in inert atmosphere to make carbon fibers found in a variety of both high-tech and common daily applications such as civil and military aircraft primary and secondary structures, missiles, solid propellant rocket motors, pressure vessels, fishing rods, tennis rackets and bicycle frames.
|
|
The archaeologists Petros Themelis and Maria Siganidou recovered the top parts of the charred papyrus scroll and fragments from ashes atop the slabs of the tomb; the bottom parts had burned away in the funeral pyre. The scroll was carefully unrolled and the fragments joined together, thus forming 26 columns of text. It survived in the humid Greek soil, which is unfavorable to the conservation of papyri, because it was carbonized (hence dried) in the nobleman's funeral pyre. However, this has made it extremely difficult to read, since the ink is black and the background is black too; in addition, it survives in the form of 266 fragments, which are conserved under glass in descending order of size, and has had to be painstakingly reconstructed.
|
|
Carbonized high-voltage discharge tracks cross the surface of a polycarbonate sheet If the plate receives a mixture of positive and negative charges as, for example, from an induction coil, a mixed figure results, consisting of a large red central nucleus, corresponding to the negative charge, surrounded by yellow rays, corresponding to the positive charge. The difference between positive and negative figures seems to depend on the presence of air; for the difference tends to disappear when the experiment is conducted in vacuum. Peter T. Riess (a 19th-century researcher) theorized that the negative electrification of the plate was caused by the friction of the water vapour, etc., driven along the surface by the explosion which accompanies the disruptive discharge at the point.
|
|
Since the area was a lowland and poorly drained, the pillars used in the construction of the buildings were driven deep into the ground, in some cases up to 1.6 meters. This enabled many of they bases to survive while the tops rotted away. In addition to the building foundations, a large number of Haji ware and a smaller number of Sue ware earthenware shards, and horse fittings, wooden farming tools (such as hoes, shovels, forks and geta wooden clogs were found, as well as a large amount of carbonized rice. The village began to form in the early Kofun period (4th century) from the appearance of the earthenware, and is considered to have reached its peak in the latter period (7th century).
|
|
The Cave of Hearths in South Africa has burn deposits, which date from 700,000 to 200,000 BP, as do various other sites such as Montagu Cave (200,000 to 58,000 BP) and the Klasies River Mouth (130,000 to 120,000 BP). Strong evidence comes from Kalambo Falls in Zambia, where several artifacts related to the use of fire by humans have been recovered, including charred logs, charcoal, carbonized grass stems and plants, and wooden implements, which may have been hardened by fire. The site has been dated through radiocarbon dating to be at 110,000 BP and 61,000 BP through amino-acid racemization. Fire was used for heat treatment of silcrete stones to increase their workability before they were knapped into tools by Stillbay culture in South Africa.Callaway.
|
|
Additionally, carbonized tissue impressions show that it had a rectrical bulb, the muscles around the tail which allow the tail feathers to be fanned out during flight, and retraced when at rest. These adaptations are rare among Mesozoic birds, many of which are known to have had long, pointed wings and very few, if any, long tail feathers. The rectrical bulb and plough- shaped pygostyle allowing for tail fanning is also a unique characteristic of ornithurine birds, of which Yixianornis is among the earliest known. In a 2006 study, Julia Clarke, Zhou Zhonghe and Zhang Fucheng found that the ability to fan the tail, along with the broad wings, show that it probably preferred environments with dense vegetation, where high maneuverability in flight would be necessary.
|
|
These lists indicate the potential foods that were available, but not necessarily how regularly the food was eaten or how significant it was in the cuisine, which needs to be derived from other sources. Archaeological remains include the items used for the production of food, such as wine or olive presses; stone and metal implements used in the preparation of food; and amphorae, jars, storerooms and grain pits used for storage. Animal bones provide evidence of meat consumption, the types of animals eaten, and whether they were kept for milk production or other uses, while paleobotanical remains, such as seeds or other carbonized or desiccated plant remains provide information about plant foods. Using both written and archaeological data, some comparisons can be drawn between the food of ancient Israel and its neighbors.
|
|
Pomegranate, late Southern Song dynasty or early Yuan dynasty circa 1200–1340 (Los Angeles County Museum of Art) The pomegranate is native to a region from modern-day Iran to northern India. Pomegranates have been cultivated throughout the Middle East, South Asia, and Mediterranean region for several millennia, and it is also cultivated in the Central Valley of California and in Arizona. Pomegranates may have been domesticated as early as the fifth millennium BC, as they were one of the first fruit trees to be domesticated in the eastern Mediterranean region. Carbonized exocarp of the fruit has been identified in early Bronze Age levels of Tell es-Sultan (Jericho) in the West Bank, as well as late Bronze Age levels of Hala Sultan Tekke on Cyprus and Tiryns.
|
|
Those fibers were manufactured by heating strands of rayon until they carbonized. This process proved to be inefficient, as the resulting fibers contained only about 20% carbon and had low strength and stiffness properties. In the early 1960s, a process was developed by Dr. Akio Shindo at Agency of Industrial Science and Technology of Japan, using polyacrylonitrile (PAN) as a raw material. This had produced a carbon fiber that contained about 55% carbon. In 1960 Richard Millington of H.I. Thompson Fiberglas Co. developed a process (US Patent No. 3,294,489) for producing a high carbon content (99%) fiber using rayon as a precursor. These carbon fibers had sufficient strength (modulus of elasticity and tensile strength) to be used as a reinforcement for composites having high strength to weight properties and for high temperature resistant applications.
|
|
The unfortified Strata X–VIII settlement was found only in the upper city in Field I on the Northeast Acropolis. It yielded Cypriot and Mycenaean imported pottery and Anatolian Grey burnished ware, attesting to international maritime trade. Egyptian influences are also evident, inter alia, in the burial containing a 19th Dynasty seal and scarab and in the 14th century BCE scarab bearing the name of the Egyptian Pharaoh Amenhotep III and dedicated to the "Lady of the Sycamore Tree," usually associated with the foundations of Egyptian shrines, an heirloom found in a later Iron I phase. The last Canaanite city of Stratum VIII was destroyed in a violent conflagration, dramatically illustrated on the Summit by a severely- burnt storeroom complex that yielded jars containing carbonized grains, lentils, and figs.
|
|
Thomas A. Edison Papers, Rutgers School of Arts and Sciences Edison continued trying to improve this design and on November 4, 1879, filed for U.S. patent 223,898 (granted on January 27, 1880) for an electric lamp using "a carbon filament or strip coiled and connected to platina contact wires". The patent described several ways of creating the carbon filament including "cotton and linen thread, wood splints, papers coiled in various ways". It was not until several months after the patent was granted that Edison and his team discovered that a carbonized bamboo filament could last over 1,200 hours. U.S. Patent#223898: Electric-Lamp. Issued January 27, 1880. In 1878, Edison formed the Edison Electric Light Company in New York City with several financiers, including J. P. Morgan, Spencer Trask,"Handbook of Research on Venture Capital".
|
|
However, muscle scars or other indications of attachment have not been found for the plates, which argues against a respiratory function. Recent histological study of layered plates from a probable subadult indicates that they may have started as cartilage and became bone as the animal aged. Such plates are known from several other ornithopods and their cerapodan relatives. The nature of this genus' integument, be it scales or something else, is currently unknown, although potential evidence exists: Charles Gilmore described patches of carbonized material near the shoulders as possible epidermis, with a "punctured" texture, but no regular pattern, and William J. Morris suggested that armor was present, in the form of small scutes he interpreted as located at least along the midline of the neck of one specimen.
|
|
Glaser, Bruno, Johannes Lehmann, and Wolfgang Zech, Ameliorating physical and chemical properties of highly weathered soils in the tropics with charcoal – a review, Biology and Fertility of Soils 35.4 219-220 (2002) ("These so called Terra Preta do Indio (Terra Preta) characterize the settlements of pre-Columbian Indios. In Terra Preta soils large amounts of black C indicate a high and prolonged input of carbonized organic matter probably due to the production of charcoal in hearths, whereas only low amounts of charcoal are added to soils as a result of forest fires and slash-and-burn techniques.") (internal citations omitted) In forest areas such horticulture is often carried out in swiddens ("slash and burn" areas).McGee, J.R. and Kruse, M. (1986) Swidden horticulture among the Lacandon Maya [videorecording (29 mins.)].
|
|
The class 83 cab head is designed to be bottom heavy with the bulk of the power transformers located beneath the coach with full use of the top for passenger use, power traction motors are contained within the bogie itself. In terms of safety, the front outer frame is made of heavy carbonized steel, that is capable of sustaining high impact, same as KTM Class 82. Unlike the latter class 92, the class 83 like its sister classes are endowed with multi-layered tempered glass that is of a higher degree of impact resistance. The class 83 has a top speed of 140 km/h, at the time of launch this was similar to the top speed of the other classes but significantly faster than the railbuses that were in use at the time.
|
|
Thirty of the forty-six fragments of pottery, all from the same vessel, had carbonized residues, suggesting its use for the cooking of foodstuffs. Eight AMS radiocarbon dates were generated from five of the fragments and three pieces of associated charred wood; these suggested a date of 11,800 to 11,500 BC. With calibration, this dating was pushed back to 14,500 to 14,000, as early as around 16,500 BP. Other datings have given a range between 13780 ± 170 and 12680 ± 140 BC. This makes the Odai Yamamoto I site important to the understanding of the transition between the Pleistocene and the Holocene. In recognition of their importance, the excavated artifacts have been designated a Municipal Cultural Property. Stoneware and pottery excavated from the Odai Yamamoto I site is preserved at the Oyama Furusato Museum at Oyama Elementary School.
|
|
The island also has several archaeological sites of Guanche time (prior to the conquest), which generally are cave paintings that are scattered throughout the island, but most are found in the south of the island. Two of the most important archaeological sites on the island are the Cave of the Guanches, where the oldest remains in the archipelago have been found, dating to the 6th century BC, and the Caves of Don Gaspar, where the finding of plant debris in the form of carbonized seeds indicates that the Guanches practiced agriculture on the island. Both deposits are in the town of Icod de los Vinos. Also noteworthy on the island is the Estación solar de Masca (Masca Solar Station), which was an aboriginal sanctuary for the celebration of rites related to fertility and the request for rainwater.
|
|
The first successful test was on 22 October 1879, and lasted 13.5 hours. Edison continued to improve this design and by 4 November 1879, filed for a US patent for an electric lamp using "a carbon filament or strip coiled and connected ... to platina contact wires." granted 27 January 1880 Although the patent described several ways of creating the carbon filament including using "cotton and linen thread, wood splints, papers coiled in various ways," Edison and his team later discovered that a carbonized bamboo filament could last more than 1200 hours. In 1880, the Oregon Railroad and Navigation Company steamer, Columbia, became the first application for Edison's incandescent electric lamps (it was also the first ship to use a dynamo). Albon Man, a New York lawyer, started Electro-Dynamic Light Company in 1878 to exploit his patents and those of William Sawyer.
|
|
Life restoration of the plumage pattern suggested by specimens preserving feathers and skin Ornithomimus, like many dinosaurs, was long thought to have been scaly. However, beginning in 1995, several specimens of Ornithomimus have been found preserving evidence of feathers. In 1995, 2008 and 2009, three Ornithomimus edmontonicus specimens with evidence of feathers were found; two adults with carbonized traces on the lower arm, indicating the former presence of pennaceous feather shafts, and a juvenile with impressions of feathers, of which were up to five centimetres in length, in the form of hair-like filaments covering the rump, legs and neck was also discovered. The fact that the feather imprints were found in sandstone, previously thought to not be able to support such impressions, raised the possibility of finding similar structures with more careful preparation of future specimens.
|
|
This process can be done solely for the mechanical properties (hardness and toughness) it imparts, or, by packing the parts in bone charcoal and other chemicals and heating in a heat treatment furnace for varying time periods, it is possible to introduce rich colors into the carbonized surface. This type of case hardening, known as color case hardening, is prized for its rich mottled blues, purples, browns and grey tones. It is possible, with highly skilled craftsmen using highly proprietary processes, to control the hues and patterns so closely that one familiar with high grade custom firearms can usually recognize the maker of another shooter's firearm solely by the colors and patterns on its parts; an important distinction on extremely costly firearms of the highest grade. Typically, its use is usually restricted to receivers, rarely barrels.
|
|
They were claimed to be reasonably stable, even against moisture and oxygen, as long as the terminal alkynes on the chain are capped with inert groups (such as tert-butyl or trifluoromethyl) rather than hydrogen atoms. The study claimed that the data specifically indicated a carbyne-like structures rather than fullerene-like ones. However, according to H. Kroto, the properties and synthetic methods used in those studies are consistent with generation of fullerenes.Kasatockin V.I., Koudryavtsev Y.P, Sladkov A.M, Korshak V.V Inventor's sertification, N°107 (07/12/1971), priority date 06/11/1960 Another 1995 report claimed detection of carbyne chains of indeterminate length in a layer of carbonized material, about 180 nm thick, resulting from the reaction of solid polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE, Teflon) immersed in alkali metal amalgam at ambient temperature (with no hydrogen-bearing species present).
|
|
We are manufacturing it > here in Shelby, but it is the same filament which our Professor Chaillet > discovered in Germany, and one that is most successfully being used by two > of the most prominent lamp factories of Europe, by a special arrangement > with our Professor Chaillet. The filament is much nearer pure carbon than > anything on the market, it being so hard after being carbonized that it will > scratch glass very readily....We could ourselves secure patents on over a > hundred different devices, which we use in our manufacture, but prefer to > keep them secret....We are not selling lamps on prices, but on quality.... At first, Chaillet did not patent the new lamp design, nor its details, preferring to keep them as trade secrets. Chaillet filed a patent application on October 22, 1900, which was granted on July 2, 1902.
|
|
The result of their efforts, a dramatically enhanced IDE called FB^3, was released in September 1999, featuring among many other things a separate compiler application, various open, hence modifiable runtimes, inline PPC assembly, a simplified access to the Macintosh Toolbox Application Programming Interface (API), as well as an expanded library of built-in functions. Major update releases introduced a full-featured Appearance Compliant runtime written by Robert Purves and the Carbon compliance of generated applications. Once completely carbonized to run natively on the Mac OS X, the FutureBASIC Integrated Development Environment (FB IDE) was called FB4 and first released in July 2004. Based in Diamondhead, Mississippi, Staz Software was severely hit by Hurricane Katrina in August 2005 and development pace was slowed at a time when major effort was required to keep the IDE up to date with Apple's evolution towards the Intel-based Macintosh.
|
|
Oinochoe from the Metropolitan Museum of Art (inv. 91.1.454) The first appearance of a ceramic type that can clearly be classified as bucchero occurred around 675 BCE at the coastal community of Caere (the modern-day Cerveteri), with somewhat later centers of production to be found at Veii and Tarquinia, both cities, like Caere, located in the southern part of the Etruscan heartland. Bucchero ware would seem to have been the natural sequel to the impasto pottery associated with the earlier Villanovan culture from which the Etruscan civilization, itself, had evolved. Etruscan pottery is distinguished from Villanovan impasto by the more sophisticated processing of the clays used which were finely levigated to remove the traces of grit common in the earlier pottery, by its being uniformly turned on a potter's wheel, by its carbonized black fabric in contrast to the brown or tan color found in impasto pottery.
|
|
Roland Mourer and Cécile Mourer- Chauviré working for the Royal University of Phnom Penh undertook the first excavations from 1965 to 1969 and almost immediately brought to light evidence of prehistoric human occupation in Laang Spean from as long ago as 6.240 years BP. Objects found included tools made of hornfel, pottery, burnt animal bones, carbonized matter, shells of mollusks and a great variety of micro fauna remains. In a deeper middle layer they found artifacts and tools, that "showed similarities with [] so-called Hoabinhian sites that had been uncovered in Southeast Asia, suggesting the possibility of a common cultural bedrock for a group of humans stretching from Burma to Vietnam." Thirty years of war and ten years of mine clearing prevented further excavations. The French-Cambodian Prehistoric Mission - a team of Cambodian and French archaeologists and students - has resumed archaeological work since 2009 in room no.
|
|
Evidence pertaining to Minoans and the practice of human sacrifice has been found around three sites: (1) Anemospilia, in a MMII (1800-1700 BCE) building near Mount Juktas, interpreted as a temple, (2) an EMII (2900–2300 BCE) sanctuary complex at Fournou Korifi in south central Crete, and (3) Knossos, in an LMIB (1500–1450 BCE) building known as the "North House." (explanation of abbreviations) The temple at Anemospilia was destroyed by earthquake in the MMII period. The building seems to be a tripartite shrine, and terracotta feet and some carbonized wood were interpreted by the excavators as the remains of a cult statue. Four human skeletons were found in its ruins; one, belonging to a young man, was found in an unusually contracted position on a raised platform, suggesting that he had been trussed up for sacrifice, much like the bull in the sacrifice scene on the Mycenaean-era Agia Triadha sarcophagus.
|
|
Every year since 2003, Graf von Faber-Castell has produced a line of limited edition fountain pens, namely "Pen of the Year". These are regarded as some of the most prized pens in the world due to their fine craftsmanship and limited production. Each "Pen of the Year" has a nib of 18 carat bicolor gold with a barrel of exotic materials. Below is a list of the "Pen of the Year" materials. 2003 "Pen of the Year" - snakewood 2004 "Pen of the Year" - amber and platinum 2005 "Pen of the Year" - stingray leather 2006 "Pen of the Year" - ebony and mammoth ivory 2007 "Pen of the Year" - primeval fossil 2008 "Pen of the Year" - Indian satinwood 2009 "Pen of the Year" - horsehair 2010 "Pen of the Year" - carved carbonized leather 2011 "Pen of the Year" - jade Due to the limited production as well as the rarity of the material, the 2011 "Pen of the Year" has a MSRP of 3500 USD.
|
|
Carbonized bread found in Pompeii The Neapolitan painter Massimo Stanzione poses a woman in festive local costume (ca 1635) with a market chicken: only the rich ate chicken on an ordinary occasion Lithography from an original drawing by Teodoro Duclère (1816–1869), titled"Il tavernaio" The Roman garum is the ancient sauce most similar to that used for the modern Colatura di Alici, typical of Cetara. It can be traced back to the sweet-sour taste typical of the Roman cooking described by Apicius, along with the use of raisins in salty dishes, like the pizza di scarola (endive pie), or the braciole al ragù (meat rolls in ragù sauce). The use of wheat in the modern pastiera cake, typical of Easter, could have had originally a symbolic meaning, related to cults of Artemis, Cybele and Ceres and pagan rituals of fertility, celebrated around the Spring equinox. The name struffoli, a Christmas cake, comes from the Greek word στρόγγυλος (stróngylos, meaning "round-shaped").
|
|
The earliest evidence for foxtail millet in Southeast Asia comes from various sites in the Khao Wong Prachan Valley in central Thailand, with the site at providing the earliest date with direct AMS dating to around 2300 BC. The earliest evidence for foxtail millet in East Siberia comes from the archaeological site at Krounovka 1 in Primorsky Krai, dating to around 3620–3370 BC. The earliest direct evidence for foxtail millet in Korea come from Dongsam-dong Shell Midden, a Jeulmun site in southern Korea, with a direct AMS date of around 3,360 BC. In Japan, the earliest evidence for foxtail millet comes from the Jōmon site at Usujiri in Hokkaido, dating to around 4,000 BP. Foxtail millet arrived in Europe later; carbonized seeds first appear in the second millennium BC in central Europe. The earliest definite evidence for its cultivation in the Near East is at the Iron Age levels at Tille Hoyuk in Turkey, with an uncorrected radiocarbon date of about 600 BC.
|
|
The end-of-life scenario for a thoriated-tungsten filament is when the carbonized layer has mostly been converted back into another form of tungsten carbide and emission begins to drop off rapidly; a complete loss of thorium has never been found to be a factor in the end-of-life in a tube with this type of emitter. WAAY-TV in Huntsville, Alabama achieved 163,000 hours (18.6 years) of service from an Eimac external cavity klystron in the visual circuit of its transmitter; this is the highest documented service life for this type of tube. It has been said that transmitters with vacuum tubes are better able to survive lightning strikes than transistor transmitters do. While it was commonly believed that at RF power levels above approximately 20 kilowatts, vacuum tubes were more efficient than solid-state circuits, this is no longer the case, especially in medium wave (AM broadcast) service where solid-state transmitters at nearly all power levels have measurably higher efficiency.
|
|
In 1855 and 1886, Rundell presented two reports to the Board of Trade and the Houses of Parliament giving his observations on the deviation of the compass in vessels having the compasses corrected by magnets. At the 1851 Great Exhibition, Rundell exhibitied a carbonized cast-iron magnet He proposed a way of marking ships to mark percentages of every ships volume as a guide to determine her freeboard He conducted experiments on the with Frederick J Evans RN. The work with Evans related to dealing with the disturbing elements arising from the iron and the magnetisation of the ships. Evans published his work in conjunction with Archibald Smith In 1889, Rundell created charts showing the horizontal variation in the magnetic force acting on a ship's compass needle by the iron within the ship (Dygograms) for HMS Polyphemus, HMS Curlew and HMS Dreadnought are held at National Maritime Museum, Greenwich He published many articles in The Engineer between 1857 and 1883.
|
|
Kīlauea's ecological community is additionally threatened by the activity of the volcano itself; lava flows often overrun sections of the volcano's forests and burn them down, and volcanic ash distributed by explosive eruptions often smothers local plant life. Layers of carbonized organic material at the bottom of Kīlauea ash deposits are evidence of the many times the volcano has wrought destruction on its own ecosystem and that of its neighbor Mauna Loa, and parts of the volcano present a dichotomy between pristine montane forest and recently buried volcanic "deserts" yet to be recolonized. Kīlauea's bulk affects local climate conditions through the influence of trade winds coming predominantly from the northeast, which, when squeezed upwards by the volcano's height, result in a moister windward side and a comparatively arid leeward flank. The volcano's ecology is further complicated by height, though not nearly as much as with its other, far taller neighbors, and by the local distribution of volcanic products, making for varied soil conditions.
|
|
The Jōban Joint Power Co., Ltd. was founded to provide baseline electrical power to the Tokyo Metropolis using low-grade coal from the Jōban coal fields of Fukushima Prefecture. The first two units came on line in 1957, followed by Units 3 and 4 in 1960, Unit 5 in 1961, Unit 6 in 1966 and Unit 7 in 1970. Due to increasing costs for domestic coal, Units 7 through 9 were designed to burn a mixture of carbonized sewage sludge with coal and heavy oil. Units 8 and 9 came on line in 1983. In March 2011, biomass (wood pellets) was introduced to the mixture. A Coal Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) demonstration unit was constructed and tested from September 2007 to March 2013. Commercial operation began as Unit 10 in April 2013, and the institute was merged into Joban Joint Thermal Power. Due to the age of the facilities and cost of maintenance and operation, Units 1-5 were abolished by 1987 and Unit 6 in November 2015.
|
|