156 Sentences With "calcined" | Random Sentence Generator

The right side shows the forest calcined by the fires.

The land through which she guides us is flavid, agnate, calcined, karsty.

Both CRU and AZ China expect severe disruption to the supply of calcined coke and carbon anode, with domestic market shortages generating increased price volatility.

Once the foundation of the Sharon Valley Lime Kiln, constructed circa 1880 to convert limestone into calcined lime, it is the town's most intact vestige of an earlier era.

Carbon additive is a product that is added to molten steel. Carbon additive includes calcined petroleum coke, graphite petroleum coke, calcined anthracite coal, electrical calcined anthracite, and natural graphite. For the steel- making industry, the most suitable carbon additive is calcined petroleum coke with fixed carbon of 98.5%min. Sulfur in calcined petroleum coke is a crucial element, for sulfur impacts the quality of steel.

The last section is for discharging of oil shale ash. Aluminium oxide and sodium carbonate are recovered from calcined dawsonite and calcined nahcolite in the oil shale ash.

The calcined matter is raked out, and lixiviated with water.

Montmorillonite can be calcined to produce arcillite, a porous material. This calcined clay is sold as a soil conditioner for playing fields and other soil products such as for use as bonsai soil as an alternative to akadama.

If a calcined WO3 is used, refluxing the ammonia solution is advisable to accelerate its dissolution.

IGC was used to characterize the adsorption surface properties of calcined kaolin (metakaolin) and the grinding effect on this material.

Electron photomicrographs were taken of both misted and unmisted calcined clay to determine the cause for the difference in their filtration behavior.

The lower the sulfur, the better quality of calcined petroleum coke. The sulfur content of calcined petroleum coke is decided by the sulfur content in petroleum coke. Northeast China is the only source of low sulfur (≤ 0.5) petroleum coke in the world. G-high carbon has been the origin for many trading companies and metallurgical factories when they look for qualified carbon additives.

It is also not cost-effective for contractors unless they do a lot of Cast Earth installations. The calcined gypsum sets quickly. When calcined gypsum is added to soil, the setting time is reduced even further, to mere minutes. Often this quick setting is too fast and a retardant must be added to the mix so it can be poured.

Limestone Calcined Clay Cement is a low-carbon alternative to the standard Portland cement. LC3 can reduce CO2 emissions related to cement manufacturing of cement by reducing the amount of clinker, replacing it with limestone and calcined clays. Low-grade kaoline clays can be used for the production of LC3 and are abundantly available in many parts of the world.

Typical products are, e.g. calcined petroleum coke; zinc calcine; soda ash; pigments and more. The entry temperatures of the products can reach up to 1400 °C.

Alba has three carbon plants that produce about 550,000 metric tonnes of anodes every year. Carbon anodes are produced from calcined petroleum coke and coal tar pitch.

Goa Carbon Limited is an Indian petrochemical company and is engaged in the manufacture and sale of Calcined Petroleum Coke. It is a public company listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange and National Stock Exchange and is the second largest producer of Calcined Petroleum Coke in India. Other specialty consumer segments include titanium dioxide and other chemicals. The company's calcination plant is located approximately 40 kilometers from the Mormugoa Port.

The main components of LC3 are clinker, calcined clay, limestone, and gypsum. Its manufacturing process involves synergetic hydration. Adding large amounts of calcined clay and ground limestone to concrete mixtures, the aluminates from the clay interact with the calcium carbonates from the limestone. The additional alumina in the metakaolin reacts with the ground limestone, leading to a less porous material than other cements and providing equal strength with higher levels of clinker substitution.

Thirty tons of ore were calcined daily in an oil-fired rotary kiln and packed into sacks for shipping. Production ended in 1920 when magnesite again became available from less expensive sources.

The Azilian finds are almost as rich as the Magdalenian ones. They stand out with their typical spearheads and flat harpoons made from deer antlers. The Azilian succession also contained the tomb of a human adult (a 1.68 meter tall male strongly resembling the Chancelade type) and the remains of two adolescents with calcined bones. The skeleton of the adult was not calcined, but instead surrounded by layers of ash and burnt soil – a possible indication for a burial ritual.

The capstone currently has a diameter of 1.6 metres, and is very round as it had been trimmed for use as a millstone. When excavated in 1872 sherds of pottery were found alongside calcined bones.

Tonks, p.89. Trains of calcined ore ran from Hook Norton to Brymbo on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays every week.Ingham, p.20. Ore was also supplied by the independent Hook Norton ironstone quarries of H.W.Baker.

The replacement of a certain amount of MK-750 with selected volcanic tuffs yields geopolymer cement with better properties and less CO2 emission than the simple slag-based geopolymer cement. :Manufacture components: metakaolin MK-750, blast furnace slag, volcanic tuffs (calcined or not calcined), mine tailings and alkali silicate (user-friendly). : :Geopolymeric make-up: Si:Al = 3, in fact solid solution of Si:Al=1 Ca- poly(di-sialate) (anorthite type) + Si:Al =3–5 (Na,K)-poly(silate-multisiloxo) and C-S-H Ca-silicate hydrate.

The replacement of a certain amount of MK-750 with selected volcanic tuffs yields geopolymer cement with better properties and less CO2 emission than the simple slag-based geopolymer cement. :Manufacture components: metakaolin MK-750, blast furnace slag, volcanic tuffs (calcined or not calcined), mine tailings and alkali silicate (user-friendly). : :Geopolymeric make-up: Si:Al = 3, in fact solid solution of Si:Al=1 Ca-poly(di-sialate) (anorthite type) + Si:Al = 3-5 (Na,K)-poly(silate-multisiloxo) and C-S-H Ca-silicate hydrate.

The Port of Longview, established in 1921, has eight marine terminals handling a wide range of cargo from windmills, pencil pitch, calcined coke, pulp bales, lumber, grain, logs and steel. The Port is from the Pacific Ocean.

One way is by sea or lakewater magnesium chloride hydrolyzed to hydroxide, which is then calcined to magnesium oxide by removal of water. Another way is using mined magnesite (MgCO3) that has been calcined to magnesium oxide by carbon dioxide removal. By far the most used raw material is mined dolomite, a mixed (Ca,Mg)CO3, where the calcium oxide present in the reaction zone scavenges the silica formed, releasing heat and consuming one of the products, thus helping push the equilibrium to the right. : (Ca,Mg)CO3 (s) → CaO.

A small amount of industrial production involves wet chemical processes, which start with aqueous solutions of zinc salts, from which zinc carbonate or zinc hydroxide is precipitated. The solid precipitate is then calcined at temperatures around 800 °C.

Sillimanite from Orissa It is a group of metamorphic minerals - sillimanite, kyanite and andalusite. These are polymorphs of alumino-silicate. These are formed under high-pressure and high-temperature conditions. The three minerals are calcined to form mullite.

Initially this ore was delivered direct to Hook Norton Station by horse and cart. Later the Baker's ore was taken to the Brymbo works site where it could be emptied into wagons or calcined as desired.Ingham, p.16.

Cobalt can be extracted also using dialkylphosphinic acid. When cobalt carbonate (CoCO3) is heated (calcined) above 400 °C it decomposes into carbon dioxide (CO2) and cobalt(II) oxide (CoO) and can be refined as an oxide concentrate (see above).

Combustion Resources developed an alternative coke making process. As part of this process, waste coals and other materials are blended and then bound together and briquetted. The green coke briquettes are then calcined in a furnace yielding metallurgical quality coke.

The lime principally used for internal plastering is that calcined from chalk, oyster shells or other nearly pure limestone, and is known as fat, pure, chalk or rich lime. Hydraulic limes are also used by the plasterer, chiefly for external work. Perfect slaking of the calcined lime before being used is very important as, if used in a partially slaked condition, it will "blow" when in position and blister the work. Lime should therefore be run as soon as the building is begun, and at least three weeks should elapse between the operation of running the lime and its use.

Lime plastering is composed of lime, sand, hair and water in proportions varying according to the nature of the work to be done. The lime mortar principally used for internal plastering is that calcined from chalk, oyster shells or other nearly pure limestone, and is known as fat, pure, chalk or rich lime. Hydraulic limes are also used by the plasterer, but chiefly for external work. Perfect slaking of the calcined lime before being used is very important as, if used in a partially slaked condition, it will "blow" when in position and blister the work.

In preparation for use flint pebbles, frequently sourced from the coasts of South-East England or Western France, were calcined to around . This heating process both removed organic impurities and induced certain physical reactions, including converting some of the silica to cristobalite.

Prebaked anodes are divided into graphitized and coke types. For manufacturing of the graphitized anodes, anthracite and petroleum coke are calcined and classified. They are then mixed with coal-tar pitch and pressed. The pressed green anode is then baked at 1200 °C and graphitized.

To ensure that essentials vitamins are acquired, they eat almost all parts of animals which they harvest. Ground calcined shells, algae and seaweeds were sources of calcium for Indigenous peoples. Vitamin A is obtained from liver. Vitamin C is primarily found in berries and some other plants.

Keene's cement plaster or Keene's cement is a hard plaster formulation, primarily used for ornamental work. Alternate names are Martin's cement and Parian cement. It is a calcined formulation of regular calcium sulfate plaster with an alum admixture. The compound gives a hard finish that can be polished.

Elkem Carbon Solutions is the world’s largest producer of electrically calcined anthracite and electrode paste, which are necessary in the manufacturing process for steel, aluminium, silicon, ferrosilicon and other metals. There are production plants at Kristiansand (Norway), Shizuishan City (China), Ferroveld (South Africa), Sarawak (Malaysia) and Vitória (Brazil).

Metakaolin is the anhydrous calcined form of the clay mineral kaolinite. Minerals that are rich in kaolinite are known as china clay or kaolin, traditionally used in the manufacture of porcelain. The particle size of metakaolin is smaller than cement particles, but not as fine as silica fume.

Solutions of ceric sulfate have a strong yellow color. The tetrahydrate loses water when heated to 180-200 °C. It is insoluble in glacial acetic acid and pure (96%) ethanol. It was historically produced by direct reaction of fine, calcined cerium (IV) oxide and concentrated sulfuric acid, yielding the tetrahydrate.

The basic formula is 50% calcined cattle bone, 25% Cornish stone and 25% china clay. The stone and clay are both derived from granite. The stone is a feldspathic flux that melts and bonds together the other ingredients. The bone gives the ware strength and helps it keep its shape during firing.

To process bastnäsite ore, it is finely ground and subjected to froth flotation to separate the bulk of the bastnäsite from the accompanying barite, calcite, and dolomite. Marketable products include each of the major intermediates of the ore dressing process: flotation concentrate, acid-washed flotation concentrate, calcined acid-washed bastnäsite, and finally a cerium concentrate, which was the insoluble residue left after the calcined bastnäsite had been leached with hydrochloric acid. The lanthanides that dissolve as a result of the acid treatment are subjected to solvent extraction to capture the europium and purify the other individual components of the ore. A further product includes a lanthanide mix, depleted of much of the cerium, and essentially all of samarium and heavier lanthanides.

17 Feb. 2003 The bone ash that is used in bone china is made from cattle bones that have a lower iron content. These bones are crushed before being degelatinised and then calcined at up to 1250 °C to produce bone ash.‘Production Of Bone Ash For The Manufacture Of Bone China.’ Industrial Ceramics.

Although Djibouti produces minerals, it is an insignificant portion of its economy. Salt, available due to solar evaporation, is harvested at Lake Assal and helps to make the country Africa’s tenth largest salt producer. Limestone and calcined lime are also currently mined in Djibouti. Additional mining candidates include marble, granite, gypsum, diatomite and perlite.

A submerge-arc furnace's shell or casing is fabricated from steel. The lower part is lined with hard blocks of strongly calcined carbon, and the upper part with firebrick. The floor and lower section of the furnace are water-cooled. Three electrodes are placed at the angles of an equilateral triangle with rounded corners.

Calcining temperatures 1000 – 1500 °C produce hard-burned magnesia, which has limited reactivity and calcining at lower temperature, (700–1000 °C) produces light-burned magnesia, a reactive form, also known as caustic calcined magnesia. Although some decomposition of the carbonate to oxide occurs at temperatures below 700 °C, the resulting materials appears to reabsorb carbon dioxide from the air.

Ward of the Madwomen at S. Bonifazio (1865) His presence at exhibitions was frequent and prolific. In 1860, at the Società Promotrice, he exhibited seven paintings, including I Toscani a Calcinato (The Calcined Tuscans). In 1861, he sent to Turin a somewhat polemical The ghetto of Venice. In 1865, he exhibited Le pazze (The Crazy Ones).

The amount of sodium hydroxide solution needed depends upon the amount of silica present in the raw material. The solution is filtered off; carbon dioxide is bubbled through the solution, causing aluminium hydroxide to precipitate, leaving a solution of sodium carbonate. The latter can be recovered and reused in the first stage. The aluminium hydroxide is calcined to produce alumina.

The name "plaster of Paris" came from the fact that it was first of all made by heating gypsum which was mainly found in Paris. A large gypsum deposit at Montmartre in Paris led "calcined gypsum" (roasted gypsum or gypsum plaster) to be commonly known as "plaster of Paris".plaster of Paris definition. Webster's New World College Dictionary at YourDictionary.com.

One example at Annery in North Devon, England, near Great Torrington, was made up of three kilns grouped together in an 'L' shape and was situated beside the Torrington canal and the River Torridge to bring in the limestone and coal, and to transport away the calcined lime in the days before properly metalled roads existed.Griffith, R. S. Ll. (1971). Annery Kiln, Weare Gifford. Grenville College project.

Jet fuel from Cherry Point Refinery accounts for 85% of the fuel used by the Seattle-Tacoma International Airport. Significant quantities of calcined coke are also produced and shipped to the nearby ALCOA aluminium smelter. A fire in February 2012 caused the plant to be shut down for several weeks. A coal export facility known as the Gateway Pacific Terminal was proposed to be built here.

The main use of calcium sulfate is to produce plaster of Paris and stucco. These applications exploit the fact that calcium sulfate which has been powdered and calcined forms a moldable paste upon hydration and hardens as crystalline calcium sulfate dihydrate. It is also convenient that calcium sulfate is poorly soluble in water and does not readily dissolve in contact with water after its solidification.

Soft-paste porcelain is translucent and can be thinly potted. After firing it has similar appearance and properties to hard-paste porcelain. The use of calcined animal bones in porcelain was suggested in Germany in 1689, but bone china was only produced in Britain, with the first patent taken out in 1744. Bone china was perfected by Josiah Spode (1733–1797) of Stoke-upon-Trent in England.

The filtered solution is treated with ammonium carbonate to precipitate . The carbonate is calcined in air to give a mixture of manganese(II) and manganese(IV) oxides. To complete the process, a suspension of this material in sulfuric acid is treated with sodium chlorate. Chloric acid, which forms in situ, converts any Mn(III) and Mn(II) oxides to the dioxide, releasing chlorine as a by-product.

The Phillips catalyst is prepared by impregnating high surface area silica gel with chromium trioxide or related chromium compounds. The solid precatalyst is then calcined in air to give the active catalyst. Only a fraction of the chromium is catalytically active, a fact that interferes with elucidation of the catalytic mechanism. The active catalyst is often depicted as a chromate ester bound to the silica surface.

Eco-Cement is a brand-name for a type of cement which incorporates reactive magnesia (sometimes called caustic calcined magnesia or magnesium oxide, MgO), another hydraulic cement such as Portland cement, and optionally pozzolans and industrial by-products, to reduce the environmental impact relative to conventional cement. One problem with the commercialization of this cement, other than the conservatism of the building industry, is that the feedstock magnesite is rarely mined.

Planché disappeared from the scene almost at once, and the business was developed by Duesbury and Heath, and later Duesbury alone. A talented entrepreneur, Duesbury developed a new body which contained glass frit, soapstone and calcined bone. This enabled the factory to begin producing high-quality tableware. He quickly established Derby as a leading manufacturer of dinner services and figurines by employing the best talents available for modelling and painting.

Black = no data. Soda ash [Na2CO3] can be present in natural water from the weathering of basalt which is an igneous rock. Lime [Ca(OH)2] can be present in natural water when rain water comes in contact with calcined minerals such as ash produced from the burning of calcareous coal or lignite in boilers. Anthropogenic use of soda ash also finally adds to the RSC of the river water.

Lead may be introduced into glass either as an ingredient of the primary melt or added to preformed leadless glass or frit. The lead oxide used in lead glass could be obtained from a variety of sources. In Europe, galena, lead sulfide, was widely available, which could be smelted to produce metallic lead. The lead metal would be calcined to form lead oxide by roasting it and scraping off the litharge.

The original technique was to sprinkle the un-fired ("green") wares with "powdered lead oxide and calcined flint with a trace of manganese oxide". This produced the colour effect within the glaze.Hughes, 85 Whieldon's innovation, about 1750, was his "first important contribution to the pottery trade".Hughes, 85 The pigments were applied under the glaze by painting or sponging with metallic oxides, and then a transparent glaze was applied.

Some peats and mucks contain a sufficient abundance of frustules that they can be mined. Most of Florida's diatomaceous earths have been found in the muck of wetlands or lakes. The American Diatomite Corporation, from 1935 to 1946, refined a maximum of 145 tons per year from their processing plant near Clermont, Florida. Muck from several locations in Lake County, Florida was dried and burned (calcined) to produce the diatomaceous earth.

The setting speed can be increased by using impure limestone in the kiln, to form a hydraulic lime that will set on contact with water. Such a lime must be stored as a dry powder. Alternatively, a pozzolanic material such as calcined clay or brick dust may be added to the mortar mix. Addition of a pozzolanic material will make the mortar set reasonably quickly by reaction with the water.

Two of the bodies were incinerated and were not recovered. Men employed to clear the crash site and repair the permanent way reported finding calcined bones and lumps of flesh. Some of the human remains had coins fused to them from the intense heat of the fire. The bodies that could be recovered were moved to Thirsk station and an inquest was opened immediately so that the bodies could be released to the families.

Coke anodes are made of calcined petroleum coke, recycled anode butts, and coal-tar pitch (binder). The anodes are manufactured by mixing aggregates with coal tar pitch to form a paste with a doughy consistency. This material is most often vibro-compacted but in some plants pressed. The green anode is then sintered at 1100–1200 °C for 300–400 hours, without graphitization, to increase its strength through decomposition and carbonization of the binder.

If more fuel were injected in the calciner, the extra amount of air drawn through the kiln would cool the kiln flame excessively. The feed is 40-60% calcined before it enters the rotary kiln. The ultimate development is the "air-separate" precalciner, in which the hot combustion air for the calciner arrives in a duct directly from the cooler, bypassing the kiln. Typically, 60-75% of the fuel is burned in the precalciner.

Lately, many efforts have been made in order to improve PEI diffusion within the porous structure of the support used. A better dispersion of PEI and a higher CO2 efficiency (CO2/NH molar ratio) were achieved by impregnating a template-occluded PE-MCM-41 material rather than perfect cylindrical pores of a calcined material, following a previously described route. The combined use of organosilanes such as aminopropyl-trimethoxysilane, AP, and PEI has also been studied.

The western end of the line was at Loch Cuithir, where diatomite - known locally as Cailc (Scottish Gaelic for chalk) - was extracted from the lochbed and dried on wire nets. The seaward terminus had warehouses on the cliff-top at Invertote. At the base of the cliff was a factory where the diatomite was kiln dried, ground and calcined. The line was extended from the factory onto a pier into the Sound of Raasay.

This precipitate is then thickened and centrifuged before being calcined to uranium oxide. Canadian practice favours the production of uranium oxide from ammonium diuranate, rather than from uranyl nitrate as is the case elsewhere. Ammonium diuranate was once used to produce colored glazes in ceramics. However when being fired this will decompose to uranium oxide, so the uranate was only used as a lower cost material than the fully purified uranium oxide.

The simplest method for preparing ceramic superconductors is a solid-state thermochemical reaction involving mixing, calcination and sintering. The appropriate amounts of precursor powders, usually oxides and carbonates, are mixed thoroughly using a Ball mill. Solution chemistry processes such as coprecipitation, freeze-drying and sol-gel methods are alternative ways for preparing a homogeneous mixture. These powders are calcined in the temperature range from 800 °C to 950 °C for several hours.

The mine closed in 1947 and the Twywell quarries in 1948.The quarries at Lowick and Sudborough continued until 1952, still sending their ore by tramway past the village of Islip to the Islip sidings for transhipment to the main line. Calcined ore which had been left near to the ironworks was extracted until 1969.Tonks. Page 154 The site of the iron works was occupied by various industrial and commercial concerns after closure.

Donnington Bridge has a single arch span of 170 feet between supports and an overall width of 56 feet 8 inches. It is constructed of reinforced concrete deck slab cast integrally with 10 pre- stressed concrete legs triangulated to meet the hinges enclosed within the abutments. The abutments are clad externally with precast concrete units faced with Criggion Green and Blue Shap stone and the fascias of the bridge are calcined flint.

Inhalation of crystalline silica is harmful to the lungs, causing silicosis. Amorphous silica is considered to have low toxicity, but prolonged inhalation causes changes to the lungs. Diatomaceous earth is mostly amorphous silica, but contains some crystalline silica, especially in the saltwater forms. In a study of workers, those exposed to natural D.E. for over 5 years had no significant lung changes, while 40% of those exposed to the calcined form had developed pneumoconiosis.

ExxonMobil's in situ technology (ExxonMobil Electrofrac) uses electrical heating with elements of both wall conduction and volumetric heating methods. It injects an electrically conductive material such as calcined petroleum coke into the hydraulic fractures created in the oil shale formation which then forms a heating element. Heating wells are placed in a parallel row with a second horizontal well intersecting them at their toe. This allows opposing electrical charges to be applied at either end.

Nikolos Landia's main works are devoted to chemical thermodynamics. In 1945, he developed a new method for obtaining calcined and caustic soda from sodium sulfate, coal and water vapour. In 1946-1962, he defined the thermodynamic characteristics of a number of inorganic compounds and chemical processes. He created a method for accurate calculation of the high-temperature heat capacity of solid inorganic compounds, widely used in thermodynamic studies of high-temperature metallurgical processes, silicate technology, and inorganic technology.

Upon filtering the basic mixture, Fe2O3 is removed. When the Bayer liquor is cooled, Al(OH)3 precipitates, leaving the silicates in solution. : NaAl(OH)4 → NaOH + Al(OH)3 The solid Al(OH)3 Gibbsite is then calcined (heated to over 1100 °C) to give aluminium oxide: : 2 Al(OH)3 → Al2O3 \+ 3 H2O The product aluminium oxide tends to be multi-phase, i.e., consisting of several phases of aluminium oxide rather than solely corundum.

The most commonly used and cheapest form of silicon is as a ferrosilicon alloy. The iron from the alloy is but a spectator in the reactions. The magnesium raw material of this reaction is magnesium oxide, which can be obtained by several ways. In all cases the raw materials have to be calcined to remove both water and carbon dioxide, which would be gaseous at reaction temperatures, and follow the magnesium vapor around, and revert the reaction.

Narrow-range ethoxylates (NREs) are fatty alcohol polyglycol ethers with a narrow homolog distribution and are known nonionic surfactants. They can be produced industrially, for example, by the addition of ethylene oxide onto fatty alcohols in the presence of suitable catalysts (layer compounds which have been calcined or hydrophobized with fatty acids).Reviews on this subject are presented, for example, by M. Cox in J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 67, 599 (1990) and by H. Hensen et al.

ExxonMobil Electrofrac uses a series of fractures created in the oil shale formation. Preferably these fractures should be longitudinal vertical fractures created from horizontal wells and conducting electricity from the heel to the toe of each heating well. For conductivity, an electrically- conductive material such as calcined petroleum coke is injected into the wells in fractures, forming a heating element. Heating wells are placed in a parallel row with a second horizontal well intersecting them at their toe.

Synroc is composed of three titanate minerals – hollandite, zirconolite and perovskite – plus rutile and a small amount of metal alloy. These are combined into a slurry to which is added a portion of high-level liquid nuclear waste. The mixture is dried and calcined at to produce a powder. The powder is then compressed in a process known as Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP), where it is compressed within a bellows-like stainless steel container at temperatures of .

The stones in the circle were toppled over and buried in 1820 by a tenant farmer, with the exception of one stone. In 1949 the site was excavated and nine of the stones were located, and replaced as accurately as possible. The excavations uncovered an oval stone cairn situated in the circle centre. Trenching under the cairn revealed charcoal traces, calcined bones, a broken early Bronze Age jet or lignite ring, and flint flakes and scraper.

113–114, comparing magic in the De medicamentis of Marcellus Empiricus to the faith healing of Martin of Tours. was a regular feature of the manuals. Following is a prescription for bloodshot eyes: Several treatments are listed for quartan fever (quartanis, probably malaria). The first requires a nail that was used in a crucifixion, which is to be bound to the head with a strip of cloth, or a rope from a cross, then sprinkled with calcined cow manure.

Smelting involves thermal reactions in which at least one product is a molten phase. Metal oxides can then be smelted by heating with coke or charcoal (forms of carbon), a reducing agent that liberates the oxygen as carbon dioxide leaving a refined mineral. Concern about the production of carbon dioxide is only a recent worry, following the identification of the enhanced greenhouse effect. Carbonate ores are also smelted with charcoal, but sometimes need to be calcined first.

In horticulture, dolomite and dolomitic limestone are added to soils and soilless potting mixes as a pH buffer and as a magnesium source. Dolomite is also used as the substrate in marine (saltwater) aquariums to help buffer changes in the pH of the water. Calcined dolomite is also used as a catalyst for destruction of tar in the gasification of biomass at high temperature.A Review of the Literature on Catalytic Biomass Tar Destruction National Renewable Energy Laboratory.

The walls are constructed from white calcined flint aggregate concrete blocks in three sizes arranged to give a distinctive pattern. The chapel has tall, angled fins that provide dramatic shapes. The use of light and colour has been compared to the effects seen in Coventry Cathedral, also designed by Spence. From the main buildings a simple concrete cross can be seen, positioned on a small hill, a feature copied from Gunnar Asplund's Woodland Crematorium in Stockholm.

Principal item is an inductively heated melting furnace, in which the calcined waste is merged with glass frit (glass beads of 1 to 2 mm in diameter). The melt is placed into waste containers, which are welded shut, their outsides decontaminated and placed in the air- cooled Vitrified Product Store. This storage consists of 800 vertical storage tubes, each capable of storing ten containers. The total storage capacity is 8000 containers, and 6000 containers have been stored to 2016.

To produce barium, barite (impure barium sulfate) is converted to barium sulfide by carbothermic reduction (such as with coke). The sulfide is water- soluble and easily reacted to form pure barium sulfate, used for commercial pigments, or other compounds, such as barium nitrate. These in turn are calcined into barium oxide, which eventually yields pure barium after reduction with aluminium. The most important supplier of barium is China, which produces more than 50% of world supply.

The Waste Vitrification Plant at Sellafield Long-term storage of radioactive waste requires the stabilization of the waste into a form which will neither react nor degrade for extended periods. It is theorized that one way to do this might be through vitrification.Ojovan, M. I. and Lee, W.E. (2005) An Introduction to Nuclear Waste Immobilisation, Elsevier, Amsterdam, p. 315 Currently at Sellafield the high-level waste (PUREX first cycle raffinate) is mixed with sugar and then calcined.

During his coaching career, he invented a very effective method of drying baseball fields after rain using calcined clay which was marketed as Diamond Grit, enabling play to resume very quickly and in the process saving organized baseball millions of dollars over the decades. He also invented the use of the radar gun for timing pitches, which effectively revolutionized the assessment of pitchers. It first came on the market in collaboration with the Jugs company, known as the Jugs Gun.

Reactive magnesia is also variously known as caustic calcined magnesia, caustic magnesia or CCM. The temperature of firing has a greater influence on reactivity than grind size as excess energy goes into lattice energy. Crystalline magnesium oxide, or periclase, has a calculated lattice energy of 3795 kJ mol-1 which must be overcome for it to go into solution or for reaction to occur. Reactive magnesia is essentially amorphous magnesia with low lattice energy and is made at low temperatures and finely ground.

The sediment within was calcined and exhibited a reddish color mottled with black flecks, suggesting possible heating of the surrounding soil. This couples with the remain of in situ burnt animal bones raises the possibility of it being hearth. Sediments and assemblages at the site provide evidence of environmental and ecological conditions at the site that differ significantly from modern conditions. The present farmland used to be an open grassland with increased or more regular rainfall associated with cooler temperatures.

The "official" version of Lavoisier's Easter Memoir appeared in 1778. In the intervening period, Lavoisier had ample time to repeat some of Priestley's latest experiments and perform some new ones of his own. In addition to studying Priestley's dephlogisticated air, he studied more thoroughly the residual air after metals had been calcined. He showed that this residual air supported neither combustion nor respiration and that approximately five volumes of this air added to one volume of the dephlogisticated air gave common atmospheric air.

It has three staggered bodies, it is the foundation over which a religious temple was probably built. At the front should have been a stairway, probably with sloped walls, for access to the top. It was identified as a temple because of its shape, height, associated ceramics, calcined burials deposited inside of ceramic vessels and the continued use for religious activities. Currently serves as a cross base; stones removed from the structure were used to construct the adjoining Catholic chapel.

Three only were preserved, and they were > sent ... to the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. They were fabricated > without the use of the lathe, and rudely scored with lines and circles; > these urns were half filled with ashes, calcined bones, and black greasy > earth. [He supposed] that this tumulus had been a family burying-place of > some British chief, the larger mound being possibly the cemetery of his > tribe.Archaeological Journal, Proceedings at Meetings of the Archaeological > Institute, volume 6, (1849).

Cast Earth is a proprietary natural building material developed since the mid-1990s by Harris Lowenhaupt and Michael FrerkingStein, Matthew R. When Technology Fails: A Manual for Self-reliance, Sustainability, and Surviving the Long Emergency. White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green Pub., 2008. 189. Print. based on the earlier Turkish Alker, which is a concrete-like composite with soil of a suitable composition as its bulk component stabilized with about 15% calcined gypsum (plaster of Paris) instead of Portland cement.

Selenitic lime, also known as Scotts' cement after Henry Young Darracott Scott is a cement of grey chalk or similar lime, such as in the Lias Group, with about 5% added gypsum plaster (calcined gypsum). Selenite is a type of gypsum, but selenitic cement may be made using any form of sulfate or sulfuric acid.Smith, Percy Guillemard Llewellin. Notes on building construction: arranged to meet the requirements of the syllabus of the Science & Art Department of the Committee of Council on Education, South Kensington .... 2nd ed.

They healed, now sporting large patches of white fur; some looked as if they had been scalded. The fallout produced by the Castle Bravo test was unexpectedly strong. A white snow-like dust, nicknamed by the scientists "Bikini snow" and consisting of contaminated crushed calcined coral, fell for about 12 hours upon the Rongelap Atoll, depositing a layer of up to 2 cm. Residents suffered beta burns, mostly on the backs of their necks and on their feet, and were resettled after three days.

Solution added in excess of the support pore volume causes the solution transport to change from a capillary action process to a diffusion process, which is much slower. The catalyst can then be dried and calcined to drive off the volatile components within the solution, depositing the metal on the catalyst surface. The maximum loading is limited by the solubility of the precursor in the solution. The concentration profile of the impregnated compound depends on the mass transfer conditions within the pores during impregnation and drying.

Calcined uranium yellowcake, as produced in many large mills, contains a distribution of uranium oxidation species in various forms ranging from most oxidized to least oxidized. Particles with short residence times in a calciner will generally be less oxidized than those with long retention times or particles recovered in the stack scrubber. Uranium content is usually referenced to , which dates to the days of the Manhattan Project when was used as an analytical chemistry reporting standard. Phase relationships in the uranium- oxygen system are complex.

In 2015–16, crude oil exports from Venezuela to India stood at $5.68 billion, while non-oil exports from Venezuela accounted for just $23.18 million. Apart from crude oil, the other major commodities India imports from Venezuela are iron pellets and electrical cables. India's total exports to Venezuela in 2015–16 totaled $130.66 million, declining from $258.07 million the previous fiscal. The main commodities exported by India to Venezuela are pharmaceuticals, chemicals, textiles, calcined petroleum coke (CPC), engineering products such as scooters, equipment and machinery.

Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3) is a low-carbon cement developed by the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi, IIT-Bombay, Technology and Action for Rural Development (TARA), IIT-Madras, and the Central University of Las Villas (Cuba). The cement can reduce carbon dioxide emissions (CO2) related to manufacturing by 30% as compared to ordinary Portland cement. In 2014, the LC3 project received 4m CHF in Research and Development funding from the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC).

The Titanyl sulfate solution is hydrolyzed producing amorphous flakes of Titanium dioxide, which are then filtered and washed. Filtered Titanium dioxide is then calcined to drive off water. Further surface treatment and grinding may be applied to the Titanium dioxide for specific uses or properties of the Titanium dioxide pigment. In addition to its primary product (~90% of exports) the plant also generates red iron oxide pigment, mineral fertilizers, sulfuric acid, aluminum sulfate, water glass, iron sulfate, and copper sulfate, and alkaline sodium and lithium chemicals.

It is also used in the manufacturing of strontium ferrites for permanent magnets which are used in loudspeakers and door magnets. Strontium carbonate is also used for making some superconductors such as BSCCO and also for electroluminescent materials where it is first calcined into SrO and then mixed with sulfur to make SrS:x where x is typically europium. This is the "blue/green" phosphor which is sensitive to frequency and changes from lime green to blue. Other dopants can also be used such as gallium, or yttrium to get a yellow/orange glow instead.

For example, an acidic solution of aluminium salts and precatalyst are treated with base to precipitate the mixed hydroxide, which is subsequently calcined.. Supports are usually thermally very stable and withstand processes required to activate precatalysts. For example, many precatalysts are activated by exposure to a stream of hydrogen at high temperatures. Similarly, catalysts become fouled after extended use, and in such cases they are sometimes re-activated by oxidation-reduction cycles, again at high temperatures. The Phillips catalyst, consisting of chromium oxide supported on silica, is activated by a stream of hot air.

Medici porcelain ewer, 1575-1587. > The body of Medici porcelain ware is a type of soft-paste porcelain, > composed of white clay containing powdered feldspar, calcium phosphate and > wollastonite (CaSiO3), with quartz. The glaze contains calcium phosphate, > indicating that the middle-eastern technique of using calcined bone to make > an opaque white glaze was adopted.According to on-site Raman spectroscopic > analyses performed at the Musée National de Céramique, Sèvres, reported in > Ph. Colomban, V. Milande, H. Lucas, "On-site Raman analysis of Medici > porcelain", Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 35.1 (2003:68-72).

In Rome, where a hard-water supply was the norm, main pipework was shallowly buried beneath road kerbs, for ease of access; the accumulation of calcium carbonate in these pipes would have necessitated their frequent replacement.Taylor, R., Public Needs and Private Pleasures: Water Distribution, the Tiber River and the Urban Development of Ancient Rome (Studia Archaeologica), L'ERMA di BRETSCHNEIDER, 2000, pp. 30-33, for calcined accretions and replacement of pipework. Water regulations prescribed a 5 foot distance between buildings and mains piping; an urban version of the protective "corridors" afforded to aqueducts.

He introduced the use of Bideford pipeclay, and in 1720, happening to notice a hostler blowing powder from a red-hot flintstone pulverised into the eyes of a horse as a remedy, hit upon the application of calcined flint in pottery, which greatly improved his ware. His style of decorating with appliqués is called sprigging. His experiments in adding materials such as flint to potting clay led to changes in color and texture emulated by others. His early work with adding lead to glaze influenced creamware and the later work by Josiah Wedgwood.

Channel iron deposits are an important source of iron ore, with the deposits at Yandi and Robe River accounting for approximately 47% of iron ore mined from the Hamerley Iron province. Although channel iron deposits are typically low-grade at 53% to 57% Fe in-situ, they are composed of goethite-limonite which are hydrated iron oxide species. Ore typically contains around 8% to 12% water, and <5% SiO2, and <3% Al2O3. The hydrous iron oxides can be calcined, and the CID ore on a volatile-free basis is around 63% Fe or more.

The principal byproduct of the Solvay process is calcium chloride (CaCl2) in aqueous solution. The process has other waste and byproducts as well. Not all of the limestone that is calcined is converted to quicklime and carbon dioxide (in reaction II); the residual calcium carbonate and other components of the limestone become wastes. In addition, the salt brine used by the process is usually purified to remove magnesium and calcium ions, typically to form carbonates; otherwise, these impurities would lead to scale in the various reaction vessels and towers.

An orthopedic cast, or simply cast, is a shell, frequently made from plaster or fiberglass, that encases a limb (or, in some cases, large portions of the body) to stabilize and hold anatomical structures—most often a broken bone (or bones), in place until healing is confirmed. It is similar in function to a splint. Plaster bandages consist of a cotton bandage that has been combined with plaster of paris, which hardens after it has been made wet. Plaster of Paris is calcined gypsum (roasted gypsum), ground to a fine powder by milling.

The furnace is completely emptied of steel and slag on a regular basis so that an inspection of the refractories can be made and larger repairs made if necessary. As the refractories are often made from calcined carbonates, they are extremely susceptible to hydration from water, so any suspected leaks from water-cooled components are treated extremely seriously, beyond the immediate concern of potential steam explosions. Excessive refractory wear can lead to breakouts, where the liquid metal and slag penetrate the refractory and furnace shell and escape into the surrounding areas.

The roasting process is generally undertaken in combination with reverberatory furnaces. In the roaster, the copper concentrate is partially oxidised to produce "calcine" and sulfur dioxide gas. The stoichiometry of the reaction which occurs is: :2 CuFeS2 \+ 3 O2 → 2 FeO + 2 CuS + 2 SO2 Roasting generally leaves more sulfur in the calcined product (15% in the case of the roaster at Mount Isa MinesB V Borgelt, G E Casley and J Pritchard (1974) "Fluid bed roasting at Mount Isa," The Aus.I.M.M. North West Queensland Branch, Regional Meeting, August 1974.

Creamware is made from white clays from Dorset and Devonshire combined with an amount of calcined flint. This body is the same as that used for salt-glazed stoneware, but it is fired to a lower temperature (around 800 °C as opposed to 1,100 to 1,200 °C) and glazed with lead to form a cream-coloured earthenware.Donald Towner, Creamware, London: Faber & Faber (1978) , p. 19 The white clays ensured a fine body and the addition of flint improved its resistance to thermal shock during firing, whilst flint added to the glaze helped prevent crazing.

The facility is the largest aluminum-powder production facility in Latin America, and the second largest in the world. The plant has a capacity of 14,000 tonnes/year of aluminum powder and meets the market demand for ferroalloys, refractories, pigments, metallurgy, chemicals, explosives and solid fuel for rockets. The facility began production of hydrated aluminas and hard-burned calcined aluminas in 1985. The city gets most of its electricity from hydroelectric power plants, built and administrated with local resources (dimethyl ether), leading to independence from the state's power system.

Complete decontamination requires aggressive treatment like sandblasting, or acidic treatment. After the Crossroads underwater test, it was found that wet fallout must be immediately removed from ships by continuous water washdown (such as from the fire sprinkler system on the decks). Parts of the sea bottom may become fallout. After the Castle Bravo test, white dust—contaminated calcium oxide particles originating from pulverized and calcined corals—fell for several hours, causing beta burns and radiation exposure to the inhabitants of the nearby atolls and the crew of the Daigo Fukuryū Maru fishing boat.

Typically, manganese ores are purified by their conversion to manganese(II) sulfate. Treatment of aqueous solutions of the sulfate with sodium carbonate leads to precipitation of manganese carbonate, which can be calcined to give the oxides MnOx. In the laboratory, manganese sulfate can be made by treating manganese dioxide with sulfur dioxide: :MnO2 \+ SO2 \+ H2O → MnSO4(H2O) It can also be made by mixing potassium permanganate with sodium bisulfate and hydrogen peroxide. Manganese sulfate is a by-product of various industrially significant oxidations that use manganese dioxide, including the manufacture of hydroquinone and anisaldehyde.

Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3) stems from research by the EPFL. It is the result of an ongoing cooperation between EPFL and partners in India and Cuba on developing low carbon and resource efficient raw materials for cement manufacturing. In 2014, the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation provided CHF 4 million in funding for the research and development of LC3. Testing and standardisation was carried out by the EPFL, IIT-Delhi, IIT-Bombay, Technology and Action for Rural Development (TARA), IIT-Madras, and the Central University of Las Villas (Cuba).

Immediately following the Battle of Knock Mary on 21 October 1490, the Drummonds and Campbells set fire to the old church of Monzievaird; some twenty Murrays were killed.When the foundations of the present mausoleum were being dug a quantity of charred wood was found, and very many calcined bones James IV of Scotland, on news of the massacre, gave orders for the arrest of the main perpetrators, David Drummond and Duncan Campbell of Dunstaffnage. They were executed at Stirling shortly thereafter. The nation was horrified and this event was considered at the time to have been sacrilegious.

The Ship Channel has a project depth of 40 feet and a bottom width of 400 feet. The Port of Lake Charles, also known as the Lake Charles Harbor and Terminal District, has a variety of components including City Docks, Bulk Terminals, the Industrial Canal, Sempra Cameron LNG, Industrial Park East, and Westlake Terminal. The major commodity on the river is crude oil, while the major export is bagged food aid for the world. Other commodities include Petroleum coke, Calcined petroleum coke, Limestone, Ceramic Proppants, Anode Butts, Gasoline, Diesel, Jet-Fuel, Caustic Soda, Styrene Monomers, and a variety of other combustibles.

Some of the aluminium hydroxide is used to seed the next batch, while the remainder is calcined (heated) at over 1000 °C in rotary kilns or fluid flash calciners to produce aluminium oxide (alumina). The alumina content of the bauxite used is normally between 45 - 50%, but ores with a wide range of alumina contents can be used. The aluminium compound may be present as gibbsite (Al(OH)3), boehmite (γ-AlO(OH)) or diaspore (α-AlO(OH)). The residue invariably has a high concentration of iron oxide which gives the product a characteristic red colour.

Small amounts of calcined gypsum are added to earth to create strong structures directly from cast earth, an alternative to adobe (which loses its strength when wet). The conditions of dehydration can be changed to adjust the porosity of the hemihydrate, resulting in the so-called α- and β-hemihydrates (which are more or less chemically identical). On heating to , the nearly water-free form, called γ-anhydrite (CaSO4·nH2O where n = 0 to 0.05) is produced. γ-Anhydrite reacts slowly with water to return to the dihydrate state, a property exploited in some commercial desiccants.

The lower compartment of the desiccator contains lumps of silica gel, freshly calcined quicklime, Drierite or (not as effective) anhydrous calcium chloride to absorb water vapor. The substance needing desiccation is put in the upper compartment, usually on a glazed, perforated ceramic plate. The ground-glass rim of the desiccator lid must be greased with a thin layer of vacuum grease, petroleum jelly or other lubricant to ensure an airtight seal. In order to prevent damage to a desiccator the lid should be carefully slid on and off instead of being directly placed onto the base.

On 25 March 2008, a massive shootout in Guatemala's border with El Salvador reached the headlines in Mexico; local media outlets reported that among the eleven dead was Guzmán. Two of the bodies were calcined, and Guatemalan authorities issued DNA samples to determine whether the Sinaloa Cartel kingpin was one of them, given that the Guatemalan authorities confirmed that there was one Mexican citizen among the casualties. As Mexico anticipated the news, Guatemala's President Álvaro Colom clarified that Guzmán had not been killed. After meeting with investigators, he said, they concluded that the drug lord was possibly hiding in Honduras.

An important industrial use of ganister was as the mouldable monolithic refractory lining or brick lining for the acid Bessemer converter, a steel-making process developed in 1856 in Sheffield, England. The process could not initially be used successfully by steelworks other than Bessemer's though, owing to its need for a low phosphorus iron ore. This led to the development of the basic Bessemer or Gilchrist-Thomas process, which used a calcined dolomite lining instead of the siliceous ganister. This alkaline lining with a lime flux reacted with the molten iron to form a slag that removed the phosphorus impurities.

A gypsum block is made of gypsum plaster and water. The manufacturing process is automated at production plants where raw gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O) is ground and dried, then heated to remove three-quarters of the bound water and thus transformed into calcium sulfate hemihydrate (CaSO4·½H2O), also known as gypsum plaster, stucco, calcined gypsum or plaster of Paris. This process is also called calcination. The plaster is then mixed with water, stirred and poured into molds to form gypsum blocks with standard formats, either solid, or with round or square open cores to reduce weight and conserve materials.

The word "alkali" is derived from Arabic al qalīy (or alkali), meaning the calcined ashes (see calcination), referring to the original source of alkaline substances. A water-extract of burned plant ashes, called potash and composed mostly of potassium carbonate, was mildly basic. After heating this substance with calcium hydroxide (slaked lime), a far more strongly basic substance known as caustic potash (potassium hydroxide) was produced. Caustic potash was traditionally used in conjunction with animal fats to produce soft soaps, one of the caustic processes that rendered soaps from fats in the process of saponification, one known since antiquity.

It is proposed that oxyfluoride H2[NbOF5] is formed under these conditions. Subsequent to removal of the niobium, the solution of purified H2[TaF7] is neutralised with aqueous ammonia to precipitate hydrated tantalum oxide as a solid, which can be calcined to tantalum pentoxide (Ta2O5). Instead of hydrolysis, the H2[TaF7] can be treated with potassium fluoride to produce potassium heptafluorotantalate: : H2[TaF7] + 2 KF → K2[TaF7] + 2 HF Unlike H2[TaF7], the potassium salt is readily crystallized and handled as a solid. K2[TaF7] can be converted to metallic tantalum by reduction with sodium, at approximately 800 °C in molten salt.

Mixtures of calcined lime and finely ground, active aluminosilicate materials were pioneered and developed as inorganic binders in the Ancient world. Architectural remains of the Minoan civilization on Crete have shown evidence of the combined use of slaked lime and additions of finely ground potsherds for waterproof renderings in baths, cisterns and aqueducts. Evidence of the deliberate use of volcanic materials such as volcanic ashes or tuffs by the ancient Greeks dates back to at least 500–400 BC, as uncovered at the ancient city of Kameiros, Rhodes. In subsequent centuries the practice spread to the mainland and was eventually adopted and further developed by the Romans.

The hot feed that leaves the base of the preheater string is typically 20% calcined, so the kiln has less subsequent processing to do, and can therefore achieve a higher specific output. Typical large systems installed in the early 1970s had cyclones 6 m in diameter, a rotary kiln of 5 x 75 m, making 2500 tonnes per day, using about 0.11-0.12 tonnes of coal fuel for every tonne of clinker produced. A penalty paid for the efficiency of suspension preheaters is their tendency to block up. Salts, such as the sulfate and chloride of sodium and potassium, tend to evaporate in the burning zone of the kiln.

About a million years ago, a space meteorite weighing 36-40 million tons fell 40 km from the village of Irgiz. As a result of an explosion with a bomb force of ten thousand megatons, a deep basin was formed with a width of 5-6 km and a depth of 700 meters. The pressure in the explosion region reached hundreds of kilobars, the temperature was several thousand degrees. The shock wave, ultrahigh temperature and pressure caused the movement, melting and evaporation of significant rock masses with the formation of allogeneic breccias, melted and calcined impactite rocks (zhamanshinites) and glass sprays of the main and acidic composition of tektites (irghizites).

MgO(s)+ CO2(g) (dolomite calcining) : (Fe,Si)(s) + 2 MgO(s) ↔ Fe(s) + SiO2(s) + 2 Mg(g) : CaO + SiO2 → CaSiO3 The Pidgeon process is a batch process in which finely powdered calcined dolomite and ferrosilicon are mixed, briquetted, and charged in retorts made of nickel-chrome-steel alloy. The hot reaction zone portion of the retort is either gas fired, coal fired, or electrically heated in a furnace, while the condensing section equipped with removable baffles extends from the furnace and is water-cooled. Due to distillation, very high purity magnesium crowns are produced, which are then remelted and cast into ingots.

Glass of antimony, vitrum antimonii, is a yellow to red, translucent glass created from a preparation of antimony, though historically used as an emetic, the glass was a subject of much interest from alchemists due to its unusual properties. It was created using crude antimony, ground and calcined by a vehement fire, in an earthen crucible, until it no longer fumed, indicating that its sulfur was evaporated. The remaining substance (antimony trioxide) was then vitrified in a wind furnace, and stirred with an iron rod, upon which it became translucent and displayed a ruddy and shining yellow-red color. It has been considered the strongest emetic of any preparation of antimony.

In alchemy, calcination was believed to be one of the 12 vital processes required for the transformation of a substance. Alchemists distinguished two kinds of calcination, actual and potential. Actual calcination is that brought about by actual fire, from wood, coals, or other fuel, raised to a certain temperature. Potential calcination is that brought about by potential fire, such as corrosive chemicals; for example, gold was calcined in a reverberatory furnace with mercury and sal ammoniac; silver with common salt and alkali salt; copper with salt and sulfur; iron with sal ammoniac and vinegar; tin with antimony; lead with sulfur; and mercury with aqua fortis.

In pyroprocessing industries such as lime, calcined bauxite, refractories or cement manufacture, the loss on ignition of the raw material is roughly equivalent to the loss in mass that it will undergo in a kiln. Similarly, for minerals, the loss on ignition represents the actual material lost during smelting or refining in a furnace or smelter. The loss on ignition of the product indicates the extent to which the pyroprocessing was incomplete. ASTM tests are defined for limestone and limeASTM C 25 Standard test methods for chemical analysis of limestone, quicklime and hydrated lime and cementASTM C 114 Standard test methods for chemical analysis of hydraulic cement among others.

Wet chemical synthesis routes based on sol-gel chemistry, modified Pechini routes, hydrothermal synthesis and precipitation have been used to prepare phase pure BiFeO3. The advantage of the chemical routes is the compositional homogeneity of the precursors and the reduced loss of bismuth due to the much lower temperatures needed. In sol-gel routes, an amorphous precursor is calcined at 300-600 Celsius to remove organic residuals and to promote crystallization of the bismuth ferrite perovskite phase, while the disadvantage is that the resulting powder must be sintered at high temperature to make a dense polycrystal. Solution combustion reaction is a low-cost method used to synthesize porous BiFeO3.

The company supplies equipment and systems for the production of bagged plaster, gypsum plasterboard, gypsum fibreboard, gypsum blocks, cement fibreboards and construction boards and panels. Its range of supplies and services for the wood processing industry includes veneer slicers, belt dryers, roller dryers, press dryers and veneer scanners. The mechanical process engineering department supplies pneumatic mixers, plants for the production of cellulose insulation materials, pigment plants, vibration tube mills, jet airstream sifters (cross flow sifters), powder compactors and whirlwind mills. The thermal process engineering range includes sectional coolers, moving bed coolers, recuperative multi-tube coolers and plants for the production of sodium triphosphate, calcined petroleum coke and cristobalite.

Early interest in the Milwaukee Formation was mainly of a commercial or other practical nature. Strata apparently of what would later be known as the Milwaukee Formation were utilized as early as the 1670s, when French visitors used “pitch” (natural asphalt) from the rock exposures on the shore of Lake Michigan near Milwaukee to patch their boats. The rock was later used to produce lime or building stone, and in the 1840s, Wisconsin’s first resident scientist, Increase A. Lapham, noted the natural cement potential of certain of its layers. When calcined (heated to high temperatures) and crushed, cement was produced, without requiring additives or further processing.

Main feed into a sinter plant is base mix, which consists of iron ore fines, coke fines and flux (limestone) fines. In addition to base mix, coke fines, flux fines, sinter fines, iron dust (collected from plant de-dusting system & ESP) and plant waste are mixed in proportion (by weight) in a rotary drum, often called mixing and nodulizing drum. Calcined lime is used as binder of the mixed material along with water (all in particular proportion by weight) to form feed-sinter of about 5 to 7 mm in size. This sinter globules are fed to sintering machine and burnt there-in to produce blast furnace feed sinter.

The bodies were calcined and in an advance state of decomposition. In the city of Santa Catarina, Nuevo León, the Mexican Navy arrested José Ricardo Barajas López on 3 August 2012, another cartel member responsible for the massacre. He is one of the 37 fugitives that escaped during the Apodaca prison riot in February 2012, where 44 Gulf Cartel inmates were killed. According to the Mexican authorities, Barajas López delivered the 49 alleged Gulf Cartel members to a man known as Tula, who forward the victims to Rolando Fernando Sánchez González, a former policeman and the regional boss of Los Zetas in Santa Catarina, for execution.

In industrial cells the cryolite ratio is kept between 2 and 3 to decrease its melting temperature to 940–980 °C.F. Habashi, "Extractive metallurgy of aluminum," in Handbook of Aluminum: Volume 2: Alloy production and materials manufacturing. vol. 2, G. E. Totten and D. S. MacKenzie, Eds., First ed: Marcel Dekker, 2003, pp. 1–45P. A. Foster, "Phase diagram of a portion of system Na3AlF6-AlF3-Al2O3," Journal of the American Ceramic Society, vol. 58, pp. 288–291, 1975 Cathode: Carbon cathodes are essentially made of anthracite, graphite and petroleum coke, which are calcined at around 1200 °C and crushed and sieved prior to being used in cathode manufacturing. Aggregates are mixed with coal-tar pitch, formed, and baked.

The main use of calcium carbonate is in the construction industry, either as a building material, or limestone aggregate for road building, as an ingredient of cement, or as the starting material for the preparation of builders' lime by burning in a kiln. However, because of weathering mainly caused by acid rain, calcium carbonate (in limestone form) is no longer used for building purposes on its own, but only as a raw primary substance for building materials. Calcium carbonate is also used in the purification of iron from iron ore in a blast furnace. The carbonate is calcined in situ to give calcium oxide, which forms a slag with various impurities present, and separates from the purified iron.

In the oil industry, calcium carbonate is added to drilling fluids as a formation-bridging and filtercake-sealing agent; it is also a weighting material which increases the density of drilling fluids to control the downhole pressure. Calcium carbonate is added to swimming pools, as a pH corrector for maintaining alkalinity and offsetting the acidic properties of the disinfectant agent. It is also used as a raw material in the refining of sugar from sugar beet; it is calcined in a kiln with anthracite to produce calcium oxide and carbon dioxide. This burnt lime is then slaked in fresh water to produce a calcium hydroxide suspension for the precipitation of impurities in raw juice during carbonatation.

For their finest work the Egyptians used a plaster made from calcined gypsum just like plaster of Paris of the present time, and their methods of plastering on reeds resemble in every way our lath, plaster, float and set work. Hair was introduced to strengthen the stuff, and the whole finished somewhat under an inch thick. Very early in the history of Greek architecture we find the use of plaster of a fine white lime stucco, such has been found at Mycenae. The art had reached perfection in Greece more than five centuries before Christ, and plaster was frequently used to cover temples externally and internally, in some cases even where the building was of marble.

After his retirement from the royal service on 13 November 1829, he moved back to Mallorca. He was recalled to Bueno Retiro from Paris, on 2 September 1803 and as per records he started working in the factory from October 1803. This establishes the dating of the portrait dated 1803–1808 of Sureda and his wife; the costume worn for the portrait is of 1799 vintage which also establishes the dates. When he worked in Bueno Retiro, Sureda used for his porcelain works all the materials required in hard-paste porcelain, similar to that used in Sèvres porcelain, except for the kaolin and calcined Scapolite, its substitute; lead was not used by him in his works.

Nb2O5 is prepared by hydrolysis of alkali-metal niobates, alkoxides or fluoride using base. Such ostensibly simple procedures afford hydrated oxides that can then be calcined. Pure Nb2O5 can also be prepared by hydrolysis of NbCl5:Process for the manufacture of niobium pentoxide or tantalum pentoxide, Kern, Therwil, Jacob, Hooper (CIBA Switzerland), US Patent number: 3133788, (1964) :2 NbCl5 \+ 5 H2O → Nb2O5 \+ 10 HCl A method of production via sol-gel techniques has been reported hydrolysing niobium alkoxides in the presence of acetic acid, followed by calcination of the gels to produce the orthorhombic form, T-Nb2O5.Sol-gel route to niobium pentoxide, P Griesmar, G Papin, C Sanchez, J Livage - Chem. Mater.

Anstalt, 1856. His process called for fusing easily smelting standard alkali-lead glass with copper(II) oxide and magnetite in the presence of small amounts of magnesium oxide and carbon, followed by very slow cooling of the resultant brown mass, which would then take on a deep red color from precipitating microparticles of reduced metallic copper. Subsequently, Emanuel Kayser realized the brownish tint was attributable to co-precipitated metallic lead, and that this can be avoided by using borax instead of lead glass or lead oxide. His recipe consisted of 60 parts silicon oxide in the form of pure quartz sand, 10 parts calcined borax, 10 parts copper oxide, and 3 parts magnetite.

In these systems, the feed entering the rotary kiln is 100% calcined. The kiln has only to raise the feed to sintering temperature. In theory the maximum efficiency would be achieved if all the fuel were burned in the preheater, but the sintering operation involves partial melting and nodulization to make clinker, and the rolling action of the rotary kiln remains the most efficient way of doing this. Large modern installations typically have two parallel strings of 4 or 5 cyclones, with one attached to the kiln and the other attached to the precalciner chamber. A rotary kiln of 6 x 100 m makes 8,000–10,000 tonnes per day, using about 0.10-0.11 tonnes of coal fuel for every tonne of clinker produced.

Northrop Grumman and BASF have also filed patents with similar theoretical energy density claims. The EEStor patents cite a journal articleS. A. Bruno, D. K. Swanson, and I. Burn, J. Am Ceram. Soc. 76, 1233 (1993) and a Philips Corporation patent as exact descriptions of its "calcined composition-modified barium titanate powder." The Philips patent describes "doped barium-calcium- zirconium-titanate" (CMBT) and reports a permittivity of up to 33,500 at 1.8 V/μm, but does not report the permittivity at high electric fields such as the 350 V/μm EEStor claims. EEStor coats its 0.64 micrometer (average size) CMBT particles with 10 nm aluminum oxide (6% by volume) and immerses them in 6% PET plastic by volume, giving 88% CMBT.

But at higher temperatures, calcium sulfate will release oxygen and act as an oxidizing agent. This property is used in aluminothermy. In contrast to most minerals, which when rehydrated simply form liquid or semi-liquid pastes, or remain powdery, calcined gypsum has an unusual property: when mixed with water at normal (ambient) temperatures, it quickly reverts chemically to the preferred dihydrate form, while physically "setting" to form a rigid and relatively strong gypsum crystal lattice: :CaSO4 · H2O + H2O -> CaSO4 · 2 H2O This reaction is exothermic and is responsible for the ease with which gypsum can be cast into various shapes including sheets (for drywall), sticks (for blackboard chalk), and molds (to immobilize broken bones, or for metal casting). Mixed with polymers, it has been used as a bone repair cement.

The powders are cooled, reground and calcined again. This process is repeated several times to get homogeneous material. The powders are subsequently compacted to pellets and sintered. The sintering environment such as temperature, annealing time, atmosphere and cooling rate play a very important role in getting good high-Tc superconducting materials. The YBa2Cu3O7−x compound is prepared by calcination and sintering of a homogeneous mixture of Y2O3, BaCO3 and CuO in the appropriate atomic ratio. Calcination is done at 900–950 °C, whereas sintering is done at 950 °C in an oxygen atmosphere. The oxygen stoichiometry in this material is very crucial for obtaining a superconducting YBa2Cu3O7−x compound. At the time of sintering, the semiconducting tetragonal YBa2Cu3O6 compound is formed, which, on slow cooling in oxygen atmosphere, turns into superconducting YBa2Cu3O7−x.

Ongoing research on ettringite and cement phase minerals is in general to find ways to immobilize wastes and heavy metals from soils and the environment; this can be done by use of the proper cement phase forming mineral by use of lattice to extract according elements. For example, it is reported that copper immobilization at high pH can be achieved through formation of CSH/CAH and ettringite.Moon DH, Park JW, Cheong KH, Hyun S, Koutsospyros A, Park JH, Ok YS. (2013): Stabilization of lead and copper contaminated firing range soil using calcined oyster shells and fly ash, Environ Geochem Health 35 It is suggested that the crystal morphology of ettringite Ca6Al2(SO4)3(OH)12·26H2O can incorporate a variety of divalent ions: Cu2+, Pb2+, Cd2+ and Zn2+, which can substitute for the Ca2+ by incorporating these ions into the lattice.

Beneficiation process (separating ore into mineral and gangue) employed and either exporting it as raw material (magnesium carbonate), or calcination, or deadburning follows for caustic calcined magnesia (reactive material) or deadburned magnesia (sintered magnesia) (a non-reactive material), respectively in order to make raw magnesite suitable for various uses. Magnesium carbonate (MgCO3) (An inorganic salt, a white solid) is used for the production of magnesium oxide (MgO) by calcining. MgCO3 is used at industrial applications, agricultural industries, the pulp and paper industry, the pharmaceutical industry and in the manufacture of rubber (as reinforcing agent in neoprene rubber), paints and plastics (as smoke suppressant), flooring, fireproofing, fire extinguishing compositions, dusting powder, cosmetics and toothpaste, antacid, additive in table salt). In addition, as filler material, a drying agent, a laxative to loosen the bowels, (Milk of Magnesia) and color retention in foods.

The mixture so calcined is to be ground, beat, or rolled to a fine > powder, and is then in a fit state for making cement or artificial stone. > This powder is to be mixed with a sufficient quantity of water to bring it > into the consistency of mortar, and thus applied to the purposes wanted. > In witness whereof, I, the said Joseph Aspdin, have hereunto set my hand > seal, this Fifteenth day of December, in the year of our Lord One thousand > eight hundred and twenty-four. > Signed: Joseph Aspdin > AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Fifteenth day of December, in the year of > our Lord 1824, and aforesaid Joseph Aspdin came before our said Lord the > King in His Chancery, and acknowledged the Specification aforesaid, and all > and every thing therein contained and specified, in form above written.

During the episcopate of Berecharius (655-70) the body of St. Scholastica was brought from the monastery of Fleury to Le Mans;Mary Richard Boo, O.S.B. and Joan M. Brown, O.S.B., "Emerging from the Shadows: St. Scholastica," in: On the Abbey of Fleury (Floriacensis): the monastery erected to shelter the remains of the saint was destroyed by the Northmen in the second half of the ninth century. A portion of her relics was brought in 874 by the Empress Richilda to the monastery of Juvigny les Dames. The remaining portion was conveyed to the interior of the citadel and placed in the apse of the collegiate church of St. Pierre la Cour, which served the counts of Maine as a domestic chapel. The fire that destroyed Le Mans, 3 September 1134, also consumed the shrine of St. Scholastica, and only a few calcined bones were left.

Gas pycnometers are used extensively for characterizing a wide variety of solids such as heterogeneous catalysts, carbons, DIN 51913 Testing of carbon materials – Determination of density by gas pycnometer (volumetric) using helium as the measuring gas metal powders,ASTM B923-02(2008)Standard Test Method for Metal Powder Skeletal Density by Helium or Nitrogen PycnometryMPIF Standard 63: Method for Determination of MIM Components (Gas Pycnometer) soils,ASTM D5550 -06 Standard Test Method for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids by Gas Pycnometer ceramics,ASTM C604 Standard Test Method for True Specific Gravity of Refractory Materials by Gas-Comparison Pycnometer active pharmaceutical ingredients (API's) and excipients,USP<699> "Density of Solids" petroleum coke,ASTM D2638 – 06 Standard Test Method for Real Density of Calcined Petroleum Coke by Helium Pycnometer cement and other construction materials,C. Hall "Water Transport in Brick, Stone and Concrete", Taylor & Francis, 2002, p. 13 cenospheres/glass microballoons and solid foams.

Creamware was first produced some time before 1740. Originally lead powder or galena, mixed with a certain amount of ground calcined flint, was dusted on the ware, which was then given its one and only firing. This early method was unsatisfactory because lead powder produced poisoning among the potters and the grinding of flint stones caused a disease known as potter's rot.Donald Towner, Creamware, London: Faber & Faber (1978) , p. 20 Around 1740 a fluid glaze in which the ingredients were mixed and ground in water was invented, possibly by Enoch Booth of Tunstall, Staffordshire, according to one early historian, although this is disputed.Simeon Shaw, History of the Staffordshire Potteries, Hanley, Printed for the author (1829), p 18Robin Hildyard, English Pottery 1620 – 1840, London: Victoria & Albert Museum (2005) p. 82 The method involved first firing the ware to a biscuit state, and then glazing and re-firing it. Foremost of the pioneers of creamware in the Staffordshire Potteries was Thomas Whieldon.

As public preference for naturalism increased, the quick-drying tempera paints became insufficient to achieve the very detailed and precise effects that oil could achieve. The Early Netherlandish painting of the 15th century saw the rise of panel painting purely in oils, or oil painting, or works combining tempera and oil painting, and by the 16th century easel painting in pure oils had become the norm. The claim by Vasari that Jan van Eyck "invented" oil painting, while it has cast a long shadow, is not correct, but van Eyck's use of oil paint achieved novel results in terms of precise detail and mixing colours wet-on-wet with a skill hardly equalled since. Van Eyck's mixture may have consisted of piled glass, calcined bones, and mineral pigments boiled in linseed oil until they reached a viscous state—or he may have simply used sun-thickened oils (slightly oxidized by Sun exposure).