Weight gold British used weight of wheat berries as a standard to make currency coins. British chose Barley corn to weigh gold same as Akbar. One Troy ounce = 480 Barley corn 1 Troy Ounce = 120 carat 1 Troy pound = 12 Troy ounce In 1878, the Troy Pound was abolished. Conversions Weight of 1 Barley corn = 64.79891 milligrams Weight of 1 Wheat berry = 45.561732 milligramS One Troy Ounce = 31.1034768 gramS 64 Wheat berries = 45 Barley corns 3.75 Troy ounce = 10 Tolas Commodity weight 20 Cwt = 1 Ton avoirdupois = 40 Bushels = 160 Stones 4 Stones = 1 Bushel = 56 Pounds 1 hundredweight (cwt) = 112 Pounds = 2 Bushels = 8 Stones 14 Pounds avoirdupois = 1 Stone avoirdupois 16 Ounces avoirdupois = 1 Pound avoirdupois Conversion 1 Ounce avoirdupois = 28.349523 grams approx. 1 Pound avoirdupois = 453.59237 grams 1 Ton avoirdupois = 2,240 pounds avoirdupois Weight of 1 Barley corn = 64.79891 milligrams One Troy Ounce = 31.1034768 grams 3.75 Troy ounce = 10 Tola Length In 1950s, Miles and Furlongs were common markers on the roads in India.
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The avoirdupois pound, also known as the wool pound, first came into general use c. 1300. It was initially equal to 6992 troy grains. The pound avoirdupois was divided into 16 ounces. During the reign of Queen Elizabeth, the avoirdupois pound was redefined as 7,000 troy grains.
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The 56-pound weight was used as a reference standard as late as 1588.A bronze Edward III standard weight of 56lb (1327-1377) A statute of Henry VIII (24o Henry VIII. Cap. 3) made avoirdupois weights mandatory. In 1588 Queen Elizabeth increased the weight of the avoirdupois pound to grains and added the troy grain to the avoirdupois weight system.
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Since then, the grain has often been an integral part of the avoirdupois system. By 1758, two Elizabethan Exchequer standard weights for the avoirdupois pound existed, and when measured in troy grains they were found to be of 7,002 grains and 6,999 grains.
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At this point, the batman was equal to 16 lb 8 oz avoirdupois (7.484 kg).
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At this point, there is not yet any mention of the avoirdupois or troy weights.
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The coal sack was standardized as an imperial hundredweight of 112 avoirdupois pounds, approximately 51 kilograms.
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The avoirdupois pound contained 7,000 grains and was used for all products not subject to Apothecaries's or Tower weight.
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Because of the International yard and pound agreement, one troy ounce (oz t) equals exactly grams. It also equals avoirdupois ounces, or exactly , about 10% larger. The international yard and pound agreement did not define any troy weights. Rather, it defined the avoirdupois pound in metric terms, from which we can derive an exact value for the troy ounce.
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Prior to 1588, the "part" () was the smallest unit in the avoirdupois weight system. In the 18th century, the "part" was renamed "drachm".
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Troy ounce is a traditional unit of gold weight. Platinum Eagle) samples of germanium, iron, aluminium, rhenium and osmium A Good Delivery silver bar weighing Troy weight is a system of units of mass that originated in 15th- century England, and is primarily used in the precious metals industry. The Troy weights are the grain, the pennyweight (24 grains), the troy ounce (20 pennyweights), and the troy pound (12 troy ounces). The troy grain is equal to the grain-unit of the avoirdupois system, the troy ounce is heavier than the avoirdupois ounce, yet the troy pound is lighter than the avoirdupois pound.
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The troy pound is 5760 grains (≈ 373.24 g, 12 oz t), while an avoirdupois pound is approximately 21.53% heavier at 7000 grains (≈ 453.59 g).
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"Dram" is also used as a measure of the powder charge in a shotgun shell, representing the equivalent of black powder in drams avoirdupois.
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In both British Imperial and U.S. customary units, there are precisely 7,000 grains per avoirdupois pound, and 5,760 grains per troy pound or apothecaries pound.
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Frishmuth needed 100 ounces (about 2.8 kg) of aluminum to produce the pyramid. At that time aluminum was $1.00 per avoirdupois ounce; for perspective, silver was $1.30 per troy ounce ($1.18 per avoirdupois ounce). Through his lifetime, Frishmuth received 12 patents, mostly on electroplating and production of aluminum. Annually, the American Foundry Society (AFS) presents the "Frishmuth Award" honoring the "Foundryman of the Year".
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The trone pound is one of a number of obsolete Scottish units of measurement. It was equivalent to between 21 and 28 avoirdupois ounces (about 600-800 grams).
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The pound or pound-mass is a unit of mass used in the imperial, United States customary and other systems of measurement. Various definitions have been used; the most common today is the international avoirdupois pound, which is legally defined as exactly , and which is divided into 16 avoirdupois ounces. The international standard symbol for the avoirdupois pound is lb;IEEE Std 260.1™-2004, IEEE Standard Letter Symbols for Units of Measurement (SI Units, Customary Inch-Pound Units, and Certain Other Units) an alternative symbol is lbm (for most pound definitions), # (chiefly in the U.S.), and ℔ or ″̶ (specifically for the apothecaries' pound). The unit is descended from the Roman (hence the abbreviation "lb").
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A pennyweight (dwt ) is a unit of mass equal to 24 grains, of a troy ounce, of a troy pound, approximately 0.054857 avoirdupois ounceCalculated using the relationships: :1 avoirdupois ounce = 437.50 grains :1 troy ounce = 480 grains and exactly 1.55517384 grams.Calculated using the relationship: :1 troy grain = 0.06479891 gram (exact by definition) It is abbreviated dwt, d standing for denarius an ancient Roman coin, later used as the symbol of an old British penny (see £sd).
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Inconsistent orthography throughout history has left many variants of the term, such as and . (The Norman became the Parisian . In the 17th century de was replaced with du.)"avoirdupois, n.". OED Online.
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ISSN 0271-4027. OCLC . Retrieved 1 July 2012. is a unit of mass in the avoirdupois system, and both a unit of mass and a unit of volume in the apothecaries' system.
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The Assize of Weights and Measures, one of the statutes of uncertain date from , defined the as 12 sacks' worth, equivalent to 24 weys, 336 London stone, or 4200 merchants' pounds (about 1835 kg).. & & The last subsequently varied with the different values given to the sack of wool. The flax and feather lasts were 1700 avoirdupois pounds (about 770 kg). The English Ordnance Board defined the as 24 barrels of 100 avoirdupois pounds each (2,400 lbs. or about 1090 kg).
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In 1850, an attempt was made in Ireland to solve this problem: "In relation to the weights and measures, a great innovation has been made, which, however, the College feels confident will receive the sanction of the public and the profession. [...] In the formularies, however, [of the Edinburgh Pharmacopœia], the Troy pound, with its well-known submultiples, has been retained, whereas it is now rejected by the Irish College, and its place supplied by the avoirdupois pound, the avoirdupois ounce being, like the Troy ounce, subdivided into eight drachms, and each of these, like the Troy drachm, into three scruples. [...] At present the two systems are in use with the apothecary, for his purchases are made in avoirdupois, and his sales generally, though not always, in Troy weight." See also p.
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Flask is a British unit of mass or weight in the avoirdupois system, used to measure mercury. It is defined as . Near room temperature, a flask of mercury occupies a volume of approximately 2.5471 liters.
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In the United States, the avoirdupois pound as a unit of mass has been officially defined in terms of the kilogram since the Mendenhall Order of 1893. That Order defined the pound to be pounds to a kilogram. The following year, this relationship was refined as pounds to a kilogram, following a determination of the British pound. In 1959, the United States National Bureau of Standards redefined the pound (avoirdupois) to be exactly equal to 0.453 592 37 kilograms, which had been designated as the International Pound.
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These measures were based on the relatively light tower pound and were rarely used in Scotland, Ireland, or Wales during the Middle Ages. When the Tower system was abolished in the 16th century, the bushel was redefined as 56 avoirdupois pounds. The imperial bushel established by the Weights and Measures Act of 1824 described the bushel as the volume of 80 avoirdupois pounds of distilled water in air at or 8 imperial gallons. This is the bushel in some use in the United Kingdom.
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The foot–pound–second system or FPS system is a system of units built on three fundamental units: the foot for length, the (avoirdupois) pound for either mass or force (see below), and the second for time..
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A number of different definitions of the pound have historically been used in Britain. Amongst these were the avoirdupois pound and the obsolete Tower, merchant's and London pounds.Grains and drams, ounces and pounds, stones and tons. Personal notes.
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A troy candareen is approximately . In Hong Kong, one candareen is 0.3779936375 grams and, in the Weights and Measures Ordinance, it is ounces avoirdupois. In Singapore, one candareen is 0.377994 grams. The word candareen comes from the Malay kandūri.
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The fotmal (, "foot-measure"; ), also known as the foot ('), formel, fontinel, and fotmell, was an English unit of variable weight particularly used in measuring production, sales, and duties of lead. __NOTOC__ Under the Assize of Weights and Measures, it was equal to 70 Merchants' pounds and made up of a load of lead.. & & Elsewhere, it was made of 70 avoirdupois pounds and made up load. According to Kiernan, in 16th-century Derbyshire, the fotmal was divided into "boles" and made up of a fother, meaning it was considered to be 84 avoirdupois pounds. It continued to be used until the 16th century.
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Some other units are given below: 1 akey = benda 1 mediatabla = benda 1 aguirage = benda 1 quinto = benda 1 piso = 1 uzan = benda 1 seron = benda 1 eggaba = benda 1 benda (offa) = benda p One rotl was equal to 0.9538 lb avoirdupois.
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The 1839–53 coins were made of copper, weighed and had a diameter of . So, £1 worth of quarter farthings weighed 10 avoirdupois pounds (). The 1868 coins were made of bronze or cupro-nickel, but weighed the same and had the same diameter.
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Henry VIII executed Richard Empson and Edmund Dudley, his two most hated tax collectors, on trumped-up charges of treason. He established the pound avoirdupois as a standard of weight; it later became part of the Imperial and customary systems of units.
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The documentary Clock-maker (1971), directed and produced by Richard Gayer, is a profile of Burgess. It focuses on the building of one of his gigantic clocks, an open mechanism eighteen feet high, driven by weights and weighing some 350 kilograms, or 760 pounds avoirdupois.
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The troy pound (5760 grains) was used for precious metals, the apothecaries' pound, (also 5760 grains) was used by pharmacists and the avoirdupois pound (7000 grains) was used for general purposes. The apothecaries and troy pounds are divided into 12 ounces (of 480 grains) while the avoirdupois pound has 16 ounces (of 437.5 grains). The unit of volume, the gallon, has different values in the United States and in the United Kingdom – the US fluid gallon being about 0.83 imperial gallons and the US dry gallon being about 0.97 imperial gallons. Both systems of measure were widely used in mechanical engineering, though not in electrical engineering.
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The dharni () is an obsolete unit of mass, formerly used in Nepal, of about seer. It was divided into 2 bisauli (बिसौलि), 4 boṛi (बोड़ि), or 12 pāu (पाउ).. The United Nations Statistical Office gave an approximate equivalence of 2.3325 kilograms (5.142 pounds avoirdupois) in 1966..
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The Scottish stone was equal to 16 Scottish pounds (17 lb 8 oz avoirdupois or 7.936 kg). In 1661, the Royal Commission of Scotland recommended that the Troy stone be used as a standard of weight and that it be kept in the custody of the burgh of Lanark. The tron (or local) stone of Edinburgh, also standardised in 1661, was 16 tron pounds (22 lb 1 oz avoirdupois or 9.996 kg). In 1789 an encyclopedic enumeration of measurements was printed for the use of "his Majesty's Sheriffs and Stewards Depute, and Justices of Peace, ... and to the Magistrates of the Royal Boroughs of Scotland" and provided a county-by-county and commodity-by-commodity breakdown of values and conversions for the stone and other measures.
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3 dr. 17 gr. avoirdupois (119.8 grams) based on the measurement of the Ahmedabad seer.. In Nepal, the pao () was of a dharni, and equivalent to about 194.4 grams in 1966.. Convenient "pau" units of both 200 grams and 250 grams are in current use in retail sales in different parts of the country.
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The bullae are small. The rostrum is narrow. The earless water rat is a medium- sized rat, about as large as its close relative Baiyankamys. The head-body length is (based on four specimens), tail length is (4), hind foot length is (4), ear length is (2), and weight 165 g (5.8 ounce avoirdupois) (1).
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Abdul Rasyid Asba. Kopra Makassar: perebutan pusat dan daerah : kajian sejarah ekonomi politik regional di Indonesia. Yayasan Obor Indonesia, 2007. . 318 pages quoting Algemen Verslag Resdientie Banoemas 1831: ANRIJ and ANRIJ Makassar 291/18: Chinne Verslag van de Havenmeester In Hong Kong, one picul was defined in Ordinance No. 22 of 1844 as avoirdupois pounds.
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It was first commonly used in the 13th century and was updated in 1959. In 1959, by international agreement, the definitions of the pound and ounce became standardized in countries which use the pound as a unit of mass. The International Avoirdupois Pound was then created. It is the everyday system of weights used in the United States.
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They did not always pick the same equivalencies, though the pound remained very similar; these independent legal actions led to small differences in certain quantities, such as the American and Imperial pounds. An alternative system of mass, the troy system, is generally used for precious materials. The modern definition of the avoirdupois pound (1 lb) is exactly kilograms.
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It is still used, in varying degrees, in everyday life in the United Kingdom, Canada, New Zealand, Australia, and some other former British colonies, despite their official adoption of the metric system. The avoirdupois weight systems general attributes were originally developed for the international wool trade in the Late Middle Ages, when trade was in recovery. It was historically based on a physical standardized pound or "prototype weight" that could be divided into 16 ounces. There were a number of competing measures of mass, and the fact that the avoirdupois pound had three even numbers as divisors (half and half and half again) may have been a cause of much of its popularity, so that the system won out over systems with 12 or 10 or 15 subdivisions.
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In 1824, the British Parliament defined the imperial gallon as the volume of ten pounds of water at standard temperature.The imperial gallon was originally defined as the volume occupied by ten avoirdupois pounds (4.54 kg) of distilled water weighed in air with brass weights with the barometer standing at at a temperature of . The gallon was divided into four quarts, the quart into two pints, the pint into four gills, and the gill into five ounces; thus, there were 160 imperial fluid ounces to the gallon. This made the mass of a fluid ounce of water approximately one avoirdupois ounce (28.35 g), a relationship which remains approximately valid today despite the imperial gallon's definition being slightly revised to be 4.54609 litres (thus making the imperial fluid ounce exactly 28.4130625 ml).
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" This was connected with international commerce, especially with the need to use the standards of the target market and to compensate for a common weighing practice that caused a difference between actual and nominal weight. In the 19th century, most European countries or cities still had at least a "commercial" or "civil" system (such as the English avoirdupois system) for general trading, and a second system (such as the troy system) for precious metals such as gold and silver."In most countries there are two kinds of Weights, one for the precious Metals, and the other for Merchandize, as the Troy and Avoirdupois Weights in England. The system for precious metals was usually divided in a different way from the commercial system, often using special units such as the carat.
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Such nanowires distort via formation, reorientation and migration of dislocations and crystal twins without noticeable hardening. A single gram of gold can be beaten into a sheet of 1 square meter, and an avoirdupois ounce into 300 square feet. Gold leaf can be beaten thin enough to become semi-transparent. The transmitted light appears greenish blue, because gold strongly reflects yellow and red.
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The act also set up an inspectorate for weights and measures. The standard yard and pound were lost in 1834 when a fire partially destroyed the Palace of Westminster. Following a report published in 1841 by a commission new standard yard and pound were manufactured using the best available secondary sources. Unlike the previous standard, the new pound standard was a pound avoirdupois.
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The word is believed to be derived from catty, the Chinese pound, equal to about a pound and a third avoirdupois. The earliest examples that came to Europe were of Chinese porcelain, and approximated in shape to the ginger-jar. They had Chinese-style lids or stoppers, and were most frequently blue and white. Until about 1800 they were called tea canisters.
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Long ton, also known as the imperial ton or displacement ton,Dictionary.com - "a unit for measuring the displacement of a vessel, equal to a long ton of 2240 pounds (1016 kg) or 35 cu. ft. (1 cu. m) of seawater." is the name for the unit called the "ton" in the avoirdupois system of weights or Imperial system of measurements.
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In the book Civilization One, Butler and Knight contend that the basic units of volume and mass of the imperial system, the Imperial pint and the avoirdupois pound, are also derived from their Megalithic Yard. Just like the litre is the tenth part of the metre to the cubic power, the tenth part of the Megalithic Yard to the cubic power produces a volume of (82.96 cm∕10)3 = 570.96 mL, a very close approximation of the modern pint of 568.26 mL. Similarly, they argue that this theoretical Megalithic pint, if filled with barley dry seeds, weighs on average a number close to 453.59 grams, which is the exact value of the avoirdupois pound. They also argue that division of the Earth mass into 366 equal parts, then again into 60 equal parts, and then again into 6 equal parts, yields a result that is almost exactly : ∕(366 × 60 × 6) = = .
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A number of units were used to measure mass. One oke (Uqqa) was equal to 2.8 pounds avoirdupois (1.27006 kg) as an accepted equivalent. One moosa (hundredweight) was equal to 50.700 kg as an accepted equivalent. Some other units and the accepted equivalents are provided below: 1 drachme = oke 1 rottolo = 0.44 oke 1 stone = 5 oke 1 kantar = 44 oke 1 kantar (Aleppo) = 180 oke 1 ton = 800 oke.
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The carat weight measures the mass of a diamond. One carat is defined as 200 milligrams (about 0.007 ounces avoirdupois). The point unit—equal to one one- hundredth of a carat (0.01 carat, or 2 mg)—is commonly used for diamonds of less than one carat. All else being equal, the price per carat increases with carat weight, since larger diamonds are both rarer and more desirable for use as gemstones.
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Pressure is a fundamental physical parameter that is expressed in units of force divided by area. In the avoirdupois system, the units of pressure are pounds per square inch and in the metric system, the units or pressure are newtons per square meter (pascals). A chamber pressure measured with a copper crusher gauge would be expressed as psi (CUP) in the English system or MPa (CUP) in the metric system.
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A zolotnik (in Russian: золотни́к; abbr.: zol.) was a small Russian unit of weight, equal to 0.1505 avoirdupois ounces, or 4.2658 grams (about 65.83 grains). Used from the 10th to 20th centuries, its name is derived from the Russian word zoloto, meaning gold. As a unit, the zolotnik was the standard for silver manufacture, much as the troy ounce is currently used for gold and other precious metals.
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Before the early 19th century, as in England, the stone varied both with locality and with commodity. For example, the Belfast stone for measuring flax equaled 16.75 avoirdupois pounds. The most usual value was 14 pounds. Among the oddities related to the use of the stone was the practice in County Clare of a stone of potatoes being 16 lb in the summer and 18 lb in the winter.
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"Dram" equivalence is sometimes still used as a measure of the powder charge power in a shotgun shell. Today, it is an anachronistic equivalence that represents the equivalent power of a shotgun shell containing this equivalent amount of black-powder measured in drams avoirdupois. A dram in the avoirdupois system is the mass of pound or ounce or 27.3 grains. The reasoning behind this archaic equivalence is that when smokeless powder first came out, some method of establishing an equivalence with common shotgun shell loads was needed in order to sell a box of shotgun shells. For example, a shotgun shell containing a 3 or 3 1/2 dram load of black-powder was a common hunting field load, and a heavy full power load would have contained about a 4 to 4-1/2 dram load, whereas a shotgun shell containing only a 2 dram load of black-powder was a common target practice load.
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The grain was the earliest unit of mass and is the smallest unit in the apothecary, avoirdupois, Tower, and troy systems. The early unit was a grain of wheat or barleycorn used to weigh the precious metals silver and gold. Larger units preserved in stone standards were developed that were used as both units of mass and of monetary currency. The pound was derived from the mina (unit) used by ancient civilizations.
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Two important weight standards coexisted, one given by the mark (variant of the Cologne mark), and another given by the mark (variant of the Troyes mark). Colonha was used for precious metals and coinage and was used for (avoirdupois). The by mark was abolished by João II in 1488. The official system of units in use in Portugal from the 16th to the 19th century was the system introduced by Manuel I around 1499–1504.
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Finely crafted pan balance or scales with boxed set of standardized gram weights sequenced in units of mass. Such scales are used to make the most accurate of fine measurements, such as in the needs of empirical chemistry. Robust weights like these hexagonal decimal-scaled antiques were used for trade into the late 20th century. The avoirdupois system (; abbreviated avdp.) is a measurement system of weights which uses pounds and ounces as units.
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Zupko's A dictionary of weights and measures for the British Isles (p 256) states that the nail was originally the distance from the thumbnail to the joint at the base of the thumb, or alternately, from the end of the middle finger to the second joint. An archaic usage of the term nail is as a sixteenth of a (long) hundredweight for mass, or 1 clove of 7 pound avoirdupois (3.175 kg).
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The definitions of 1893 remained unchanged for 66 years, but increasing precision in measurements gradually made the differences in the standards in use in English-speaking countries important. By the international yard and pound agreement of July 1, 1959, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, South Africa, the United Kingdom, and the United States agreed that 1 yard = 0.9144 meter and that 1 avoirdupois pound = kilogram (but see U.S. survey foot) (Barbrow & Judson 1976, 20).
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The troy ounce and grain were also part of the apothecaries' system. This was long used in medicine, but has now been largely replaced by the metric system (milligrams). The only troy weight in widespread use today is the British Imperial troy ounce and its American counterpart. Both are currently based on a grain of 0.06479891 gram (exact, by definition), with 480 grains to a troy ounce (compared with grains for an ounce avoirdupois).
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Chart showing the relationships of weight measures. The Avoirdupois, Troy and Apothecary systems of weights all shared the same finest unit, the grain; however, they differ as to the number of grains there are in a dram, ounce and pound. This grain was legally defined as the weight of a grain seed from the middle of an ear of barley. There also was a smaller wheat grain, said to be (barley) grains or about 48.6 milligrams.
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The United States and countries of the Commonwealth of Nations agreed upon common definitions for the pound and the yard. Since 1 July 1959, the international avoirdupois pound (symbol lb) has been defined as exactly .National Bureau of Standards, Appendix 8 ; National Physical Laboratory, PH Bigg et al. : Re-determination of the values of the imperial standard pound and of its parliamentary copies in terms of the international kilogramme during the years 1960 and 1961; Sizes.
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State Quarter Program The current clad version is two layers of cupronickel, 75% copper and 25% nickel, on a core of pure copper. The total composition of the coin is 8.33% nickel, with the remainder copper. It weighs 0.2000 avoirdupois oz, 1/80 of a pound, 0.1823 troy oz, (5.670 grams). The diameter is 0.955 inches (24.26 mm), and the width of 0.069 inches (1.75 mm). The coin has a 0.069-inch (1.75 mm) reeded (or milled) edge.
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The French mesures usuelles (1812-1839) did not include any units of length greater than the toise, but the myriametre remained in use throughout this period. (Website based on Alte Meß- und Währungssysteme aus dem deutschen Sprachgebiet, .) In Sweden and Norway, the myriametre is still common in everyday use. In these countries this unit is called mil. Of units customarily used in trade in France, the myriagramme (10 kg) was the metric replacement for an avoirdupois unit, the quartier (25 pounds).
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During the medieval era agricultural products, apart from wool, were mostly sold by volume, with various bushels and gallons being introduced over the years for different commodities. In the early fourteenth century the wool trade traditionally used the avoirdupois system of weights, a process that was formalized by Edward III in 1340. At the same time, the stone, when used to weigh wool, was formalized as being 14 pounds. During the Tudor period, numerous reforms were made to English weights and measures.
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Trett was most commonly used in calculating the true weight for imported commodities to Great Britain which would be sold by the pound avoirdupois. From the gross weight, tare weight would be deducted, to account for the weight of any container that the commodity was enclosed in. The remainder was known as the suttle. Trett was deducted from the suttle at the rate of four pounds for every 104 pounds of commodity, to take account of any dust, sand, and other impurity included in the suttle.
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The tables of imperial troy mass and apothecaries' mass are the same as the corresponding United States tables, except for the British spelling "drachm" in the table of apothecaries' mass. The table of imperial avoirdupois mass is the same as the United States table up to 1 pound, but above that point the tables differ. The imperial system has a hundredweight, defined as eight Stone of 14 lbs each, or 112 lb (), whereas a US hundredweight is 100 lb (). In both systems, 20 hundredweights make a ton.
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Because mass and weight are separate quantities, they have different units of measure. In the International System of Units (SI), the kilogram is the basic unit of mass, and the newton is the basic unit of force. The non-SI kilogram-force is also a unit of force typically used in the measure of weight. Similarly, the avoirdupois pound, used in both the Imperial system and U.S. customary units, is a unit of mass, and its related unit of force is the pound-force.
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In the avoirdupois system, the dram is the mass of pound or ounce. The dram weighs grains, or exactly grams. In the apothecaries' system, which was widely used in the United States until the middle of the 20th century, the dram is the mass of pounds apothecaries (lb ap), or ounces apothecaries (oz ap or ℥) (the pound apothecaries and ounce apothecaries are equal to the troy pound (lb t), and troy ounce (oz t), respectively). The dram apothecaries is equal to or , or exactly grams.
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In 1496 Henry VII ordered that reference copies of the yard, pound and gallon should be made of brass and distributed to specified towns and cities throughout the kingdom. Many weights and measures that had crept into use were banned: in 1527 Henry VIII banned the Tower pound (5400 grains against the 5760 grains of the apothecaries and troy pounds) and the mercantile pound (6750 grains against the 7000 grains of the pound avoirdupois) and in 1592 Elizabeth I ordered the use of the "statute mile" (5280 feet against the 5000 feet of the London or Old English mile). Under the Act of Union of 1707, Scotland, which had developed its own system of weights and measures independently of England, abandoned them in favour of English weights and measures. The Acts of Union 1800 which united Ireland with Great Britain had less of an effect on weights and measures—Irish weights and measures having been based on the English foot and pound avoirdupois since 1351, though the Irish acre and mile were based on a perch of 7 yards, not yards as in England.
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Most mining settlements in the county sprung up along the North and Middle Forks of the Yuba River, both of which had rich deposits of gold. While some of the mining boom towns faded away once gold fever died down, other settlements such as Downieville and Sierra City have remained.Sierra Valley, Sierra County History , 2012, East Sierra Valley Chamber of Commerce, accessed 02 April 2013 Notable gold nuggets found in the county include a 26.5 pound specimen, avoirdupois, found by a group of sailors at Sailor Ravine, two miles above Downieville.
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Ferdinand, Gustav, and Christian Reis purchased several mining claims near the Sierra Buttes and began to resettle Sierra City, which had a peak population of 3,000 during the decade after gold was discovered in California (1849). Numerous hard-rock gold mines were developed on both sides of the North Yuba River Canyon near Sierra City. These include the Colombo Mine, the Independence Mine, the Keystone Mine, the Monumental Mine, the Great Sierra Buttes Mine, and the William Tell Mine. The Monumental Nugget, weighing over 106 pounds avoirdupois, was recovered in September 1869.
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Comparison of the relative sizes of avoirdupois, troy, Tower, merchant and London pounds. Historically, in different parts of the world, at different points in time, and for different applications, the pound (or its translation) has referred to broadly similar but not identical standards of mass or force.The pound is often described as a unit of "weight", and the word "weight" can refer to either mass or force depending on context. Historically and in common parlance, "weight" refers to mass, but weight as used in modern physics is a force.
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Although it was not retained after the 11th CGPM conference in 1960, myriameter is sometimes still encountered as a translation of the Scandinavian mile (Swedish & Norwegian: mil) of , or in some classifications of wavelengths as the adjective myriametric. The myriagramme (10 kg) was a French approximation of the avoirdupois quartier of and the myriaton appears in Isaac Asimov's Foundation novel trilogy. In Modern Greek, the word "myriad" is rarely used to denote 10,000, but a million is ekatommyrio (, lit. 'hundred myriad') and a thousand million is disekatommyrio (, lit.
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A grain is a unit of measurement of mass, and in the troy weight, avoirdupois, and Apothecaries' system, equal to exactly . It is nominally based upon the mass of a single virtual ideal seed of a cereal. From the Bronze Age into the Renaissance the average masses of wheat and barley grains were part of the legal definitions of units of mass. Expressions such as "thirty-two grains of wheat, taken from the middle of the ear" appear to have been ritualistic formulas, essentially the premodern equivalent of legal boilerplate.
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Prior to the start of the 1915 season, The Michigan Alumnus commented on his weight gain: "Captain William D. Cochran has been shifted from his old post at tackle into the hole left when McHale completed his three years of play last season. Cochran has increased many pounds in weight since the fall of 1914, and his additional avoirdupois is to be made use of next to the lighter Howe, who will probably play center."The Michigan Alumnus, October 1915, page 38. Cochran credited ginger ale as the secret to his weight gain.
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The diverse magnitudes of units having the same name, which still appear today in our dry and liquid measures, could have arisen from the various commodities traded. The larger avoirdupois pound for goods of commerce might have been based on volume of water which has a higher bulk density than grain. The stone, quarter, hundredweight, and ton were larger units of mass used in Britain. Today only the stone continues in customary use for measuring personal body weight. The present stone is 14 pounds (~6.35 kg), but an earlier unit appears to have been 16 pounds (~7.25 kg).
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Rawls, James J. and Orsi, Richard (eds.) (1999), p. 90. Modern estimates by the U.S. Geological Survey are that some 12 million ouncesThe Troy weight system is traditionally used to measure precious metals, not the more familiar avoirdupois weight system. The term "ounces" used in this article to refer to gold typically refers to troy ounces. There are some historical uses where, because of the age of the use, the intention is ambiguous. (370 t) of gold were removed in the first five years of the Gold Rush (worth over US$16 billion at December 2010 prices).
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Catty or kati is still used in South East Asia as a unit of measurement in some contexts especially by the significant Overseas Chinese populations of Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore. The catty is traditionally equivalent to around 1⅓ pound avoirdupois, formalised as 604.78982 grams in Hong Kong, 604.79 grams in Malaysia and 604.8 grams in Singapore. In some countries, the weight has been rounded to 600 grams (Taiwan,Weights and Measures in Use in Taiwan from the Republic of China Yearbook – Taiwan 2001. Japan, KoreaRegulation on Approval and Notification of Herbal (crude)Medicinal Preparations, Etc.
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In October 1834, the United Kingdom Houses of Parliament were destroyed in a fire, and the British standards of length and mass were also destroyed. "When the new imperial standards to replace them were completed in 1855, two copies of the yard and one copy of the avoirdupois pound were presented to the United States" (Barbrow & Judson 1976, 9). These were superior to the yard then in use, so one of them was adopted as the United States national standard yard. These yards were taken to England and re- compared with the imperial yard in 1876 and 1888.
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" He had served in the Civil War with distinction as colonel of the 23rd Ohio Regiment and was wounded several times, which made him marketable to veterans. He had later been brevetted as a Major General. Hayes' most important asset was his help to the Republican ticket in carrying the crucial swing state of Ohio. On the other side, newspaperman John D. Defrees described Tilden as "a very nice, prim, little, withered-up, fidgety old bachelor, about one-hundred and twenty- pounds avoirdupois, who never had a genuine impulse for many nor any affection for woman.
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Therefore, 1 AUG = 1 gg = 1000 mgg = 1000 mil, and 1 mil = 1 mgg = 0.001 gg = 0.001 AUG. This allows gold holdings and transfers to take place in tiny fractions of a gram (equivalent to a few cents) A possible source of confusion is that gold is often priced on the open market in the more traditional troy ounce (one troy ounce is exactly 31.1034768 grams, which is larger than the avoirdupois ounce generally in use in the United States and has a mass of 28.35 grams). Kilogram gold prices are commonly used by the Zurich Gold Pool where 1,000 kilograms = one metric tonne.
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The fluid ounce was originally the volume occupied by one ounce of some substance, for example wine (in England) or water (in Scotland). The ounce in question also varied depending on the system of fluid measure, such as that used for wine versus ale. Various ounces were used over the centuries, including the Tower ounce, troy ounce, avoirdupois ounce, and ounces used in international trade, such as Paris troy, a situation further complicated by the medieval practice of "allowances", whereby a unit of measure was not necessarily equal to the sum of its parts. For example, the had a for the weight of the sack and other packaging materials.
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The symbol is known as the number sign, hash, or (in North American usage) pound sign. The symbol has historically been used for a wide range of purposes, including the designation of an ordinal number and as a ligatured abbreviation for pounds avoirdupois – having been derived from the now-rare . Since 2007, widespread usage of the symbol to introduce metadata tags on social media platforms has led to such tags being known as "hashtags", and from that, the symbol itself is sometimes called a hashtag. The symbol is distinguished from similar symbols by its combination of level horizontal strokes and right-tilting vertical strokes.
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The pound per square inch or, more accurately, pound-force per square inch (symbol: lbf/in2;IEEE Standard Letter Symbols for Units of Measurement (SI Units, Customary Inch-Pound Units, and Certain Other Units), IEEE Std 260.1™-2004 (Revision of IEEE Std 260.1-1993) abbreviation: psi) is a unit of pressure or of stress based on avoirdupois units. It is the pressure resulting from a force of one pound-force applied to an area of one square inch. In SI units, 1 psi is approximately equal to 6895 N/m2. Pounds per square inch absolute (psia) is used to make it clear that the pressure is relative to a vacuum rather than the ambient atmospheric pressure.
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By the early nineteenth century many commodities had their own set of units, the units of measure for the wool and cloth industries had units of measure specific to those commodities, albeit derived on the pound avoirdupois or the foot while wine and beer used units with the same names but different sizes – the wine gallon being 231 cubic inches and the beer or ale gallon being 282 cubic inches. Agricultural produce was sold by the bushel which was based on yet another gallon – the dry gallon of 268.8 cubic inches. Even though not explicitly permitted by statute, many markets used bushels based on weight rather than volume when selling wheat and barley.
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During the 10th century, the capital city of the English king, Edgar, was at Winchester and, at his direction, standards of measurement were instituted. However, nothing is known of these standards except that, following the Norman Conquest, the physical standards (prototypes) were removed to London. In 1496, a law of King Henry VII instituted the bushel that would later come to be known by the name "Winchester". In 1588 Queen Elizabeth I, while reforming the English weight system (which, at the time, included no less than three different pounds going by the name "avoirdupois") based the new Exchequer standard on an ancient set of bronze weights found at Winchester and dating to the reign of Edward III.
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I have always held that > Dave Orr was the strongest and best hitter that ever played ball." Pitcher Silver King broke his wrist when he was struck with a ball hit by Orr. He later recalled: "Dave could crack 'em at you like a shot, and the one I stopped had all of Dave's 200-pound avoirdupois good and hard up against it." In 1898, the editor of Sporting Life recalled Orr once hitting a ball over the fence (400 feet from home plate) and wrote: "Dave Orr, that broad chested, good-natured big chap, who once held down a place on the Brooklyn team, in his day was the hardest hitting batsman in League or Association.
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Different units were used to measure mass. These units were vary from one province or city to another and, in the province of Buenos Aires, one libra (pound) was equal to 459.4 g while one "Libra de Farmacia" (apothecary pound) was equal to libra or 344.5 g. Some other units in the province of Buenos Aires are provided below: 1 lb (Argentine Confederation libra) = 1.0127142432 lb (US pound 1893) = 1.01271544757245 lb (Avoirdupois) = 0.45936 kg 1 grano (grain) = libra 1 adarme (dram) = libra 1 onza (ounce) = libra 1 arroba = 25 libra 1 quintal (hundredweight) = 100 libra 1 tonelada (ton) = 2000 libra. The marco used for gold and silver was equal to 3544.4 grains.
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One lb-mol is equal to , which value is the same as the number of grams in an international avoirdupois pound. In the metric system, chemical engineers once used the kilogram-mole (notation kg- mol), which is defined as the number of entities in 12 kg of 12C, and often referred to the mole as the gram-mole (notation g-mol), when dealing with laboratory data. Late 20th-century chemical engineering practice came to use the kilomole (kmol), which is numerically identical to the kilogram-mole, but whose name and symbol adopt the SI convention for standard multiples of metric units – thus, kmol means 1000 mol. This is equivalent to the use of kg instead of g.
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In the United Kingdom, metric units are required for almost all regulated In this context, "Regulated use" means the uses specified in the Units of Measurement Regulations 2009, namely "economic, health, safety, or administrative purposes" use of units of measure except for a few specifically exempt areas such as road signs, speedometers and draught beer. Metrication is also all but complete in the Commonwealth countries of Australia, India, New Zealand and South Africa; metrication in Canada has displaced the imperial system in many areas. the imperial and US customary systems of measurement were dependent on the SI for their formal definitions, the yard being defined as 0.9144 metres exactly, the pound avoirdupois as kilograms exactly while both systems of measure share the definition of the second.
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Another source states that it was defined as the weight needed for 252.458 units to balance a cubic inch of distilled water at 30 inches of mercury pressure and 62 degrees Fahrenheit for both the air and water. Another book states that Captain Henry Kater, of the British Standards Commission, arrived at this value experimentally. The grain was the legal foundation of traditional English weight systems, and is the only unit that is equal throughout the troy, avoirdupois, and apothecaries' systems of mass. The unit was based on the weight of a single grain of barley, considered equivalent to grains of wheat. The fundamental unit of the pre-1527 English weight system known as Tower weights, was a different sort of grain known as the "wheat grain".
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The use of this unofficial system gradually stabilized and evolved, with only slight changes in the reference standard or in the prototype's actual mass. Over time, the desire not to use too many different systems of measurement allowed the establishment of "value relationships", with other commodities metered and sold by weight measurements such as bulk goods (grains, ores, flax) and smelted metals; so the avoirdupois system gradually became an accepted standard through much of Europe. In England, Henry VII authorized its use as a standard, and Queen Elizabeth I acted three times to enforce a common standard, thus establishing what became the Imperial system of weights and measures. Late in the 19th century various governments acted to redefine their base standards on a scientific basis and establish ratio-metric equations to SI metric system standards.
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The delegates affirmed that the only legitimate object of war should be to weaken the military force of the enemy, which could be sufficiently accomplished by the employment of highly destructive weapons. With that fact established, the delegates agreed to prohibit the use of less deadly explosives that might merely injure the combatants and thereby create prolonged suffering of such combatants. The Great Powers agreed to renounce, in case of war among themselves, the use "by their military or naval troops of any projectile of a weight below 400 grams (14 ounces avoirdupois), which is either explosive or charged with fulminating or inflammable substances." While the declaration bans the use of fragmenting, explosive, or incendiary small arms ammunition, it does not prohibit such ammunition for use in autocannon or artillery rounds.
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In the early years of the California Gold Rush, placer mining methods were used, from panning to "cradles" and "rockers" or "long-toms", to diverting the water from an entire river into a sluice alongside the river, and then digging for gold in the gravel down to the rocky river bottom. This placer gold had been freed by the slow disintegration, over geological time, that freed the gold from its ore. This free gold was typically found in the cracks in the rocks found at the bottom of the gravel found in rivers or creeks, as the gold typically worked down through the gravel or collected in stream bends or bottom cracks. Some 12-million ouncesThe Troy weight system is traditionally used to measure precious metals, not the more familiar avoirdupois weight system.
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Together with the fact that the term "weight" is used for the gravitational force in some technical contexts (physics, engineering) and for mass in others (commerce, law),NIST Federal Standard 376B , p. 13. and that the distinction often does not matter in practice, the coexistence of variants of the FPS system causes confusion over the nature of the unit "pound". Its relation to international metric units is expressed in kilograms, not newtons, though, and in earlier times it was defined by means of a mass prototype to be compared with a two-pan balance which is agnostic of local gravitational differences. In July 1959, the various national foot and avoirdupois pound standards were replaced by the international foot of precisely and the international pound of precisely , making conversion between the systems a matter of simple arithmetic.
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Both terms are acceptable in Canadian usage. Before metrication in the UK, the unit used for most purposes was the Imperial ton of 2,240 pounds avoirdupois or 20 hundredweight (usually referred to as the long ton in the US), equivalent to approximately 1,016 kg, differing by about 1.6% from the tonne. The UK Weights and Measures Act 1985 explicitly excluded from use for trade certain imperial units, including the ton, unless the item being sold or the weighing equipment being used was weighed or certified prior to 1 December 1980, and even then only if the buyer was made aware that the weight of the item was measured in imperial units.A Dictionary of Weights, Measures, and Units, edited by Donald Fenna, Oxford University Press Ton and tonne are both derived from a Germanic word in general use in the North Sea area since the Middle Ages (cf.
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Congress did nothing and in 1832 the Treasury adopted the yard of 36 inches as the unit of length for customs purposes, the avoirdupois pound of 7000 grains as the unit of weight and the gallon of 231 cubic inches (the "Queen Anne gallon") and the bushel of 2150.42 cubic inches as the units of volume. Congress did little to promote standards across the United States other than fixing the size of the yard and the gallon. Nineteenth century list of various bushels by state and commodity Throughout the nineteenth century individual states developed their own standards and in particular a variety of bushels based on weight (mass) rather than volume emerged, dependent on both commodity and state. This lack of uniformity crippled inter-state trade and in 1905 the National Bureau of Standards called a meeting of the states to discuss the lack of uniform standards and in many cases, a means of regulatory oversight.
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Relation of English mass weights to one another Traditionally, both Britain and the US used three different weight systems: troy weight for precious metals, apothecaries' weight for medicines, and avoirdupois weight for almost all other purposes. However, apothecaries' weight has now been superseded by the metric system. One important difference is the widespread use in Britain of the stone of 14 pounds () for body weight; this unit is not used in the United States, although its influence was seen in the practice of selling flour by a barrel of 196 pounds (14 stone) until World War II. Another difference arose when Britain abolished the troy pound () on January 1, 1879, leaving only the troy ounce () and its decimal subdivisions, whereas the troy pound (of 12 troy ounces) and pennyweight are still legal in the United States, although these are no longer widely used. In all these systems, the fundamental unit is the pound (lb), and all other units are defined as fractions or multiples of it.
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" (See > paragraph V. and W. in Section I., Introduction, of NIST Handbook 130 for an > explanation of these terms.) (Added 1993) 6" U.S. federal law, which supersedes this handbook, also defines weight, particularly Net Weight, in terms of the avoirdupois pound or mass pound. From 21CFR101 Part 101.105 – Declaration of net quantity of contents when exempt: > : (a) The principal display panel of a food in package form shall bear a > declaration of the net quantity of contents. This shall be expressed in the > terms of weight, measure, numerical count, or a combination of numerical > count and weight or measure. The statement shall be in terms of fluid > measure if the food is liquid, or in terms of weight if the food is solid, > semisolid, or viscous, or a mixture of solid and liquid; except that such > statement may be in terms of dry measure if the food is a fresh fruit, fresh > vegetable, or other dry commodity that is customarily sold by dry measure.
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The hundred () was an English unit of measurement used in the production, sale, and taxation of various items in the medieval kingdom of England. The value was often not equal to 100 units, mostly owing to the continued medieval use of the Germanic long hundred of 120. The unit's use as a measure of weight is now described as a hundredweight. The Latin edition of the Assize of Weights and Measures, one of the statutes of uncertain date from around the year 1300, describes hundreds of (red) herring (a long hundred of 120 fish), beeswax, sugar, pepper, cumin, and alum (" stone, each stone containing 8 pounds" or 108 Tower lbs.), coarse and woven linen, hemp canvas (a long hundred of 120 ells), and iron or horseshoes and shillings (a short hundred of 100 pieces).. & & Later versions used the Troy or avoirdupois pounds in their reckonings instead and included hundreds of fresh herrings (a short hundred of 100 fish), cinnamon, nutmegs ( stone of 8 lb), and garlic ("15 ropes of 15 heads" or 225 heads).
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Paregoric was classified as an "Exempt Narcotic", as were other medical products containing small amounts of opium or their derivatives.Section 6 of the 1914 Act did not apply "to the sale, distribution, giving away, dispensing or possession of preparations and remedies which do not contain more than two grains of opium, or more than one- fourth of a grain of morphine, or more than one-eighth of grain of heroin, or more than one grain of codeine, or any salt or derivative of them, in one fluid ounce, or, if a solid or semisolid preparation, in one avoirdupois ounce; or to liniments, ointments, or other preparations which are prepared for external use only, except liniments, ointments, or other preparations which contain cocaine or any of its salts." In 1929-30, Parke, Davis & Co., a major United States drug manufacturer based in Detroit, Michigan, sold "Opium, U.S.P. (Laudanum)" as Tincture No. 23 for $10.80 per pint (16 fluid ounces), and "Opium Camphorated, U.S.P. (Paregoric)" as Tincture No. 20, for $2.20 per pint. Concentrated versions were available.
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Note: all references to 'ounce' in this section are to the troy ounce as used for precious metals, rather than to the (smaller) avoirdupois ounce used in the United States customary units system for other goods. A gold-standard 1928 one-dollar bill. It is identified as a "United States Note" rather than a Federal Reserve note and by the words "Will Pay to the Bearer on Demand", which do not appear on today's currency. This clause became obsolete in 1933 but remained on new notes for 30 years thereafter. Bimetallism persisted until March 14, 1900, with the passage of the Gold Standard Act, which provided that: > ... the dollar consisting of twenty-five and eight-tenths grains of gold > nine-tenths fine, as established by section thirty-five hundred and eleven > of the Revised Statutes of the United States, shall be the standard unit of > value, and all forms of money issued or coined by the United States shall be > maintained at a parity of value with this standard ... Thus the United States moved to a gold standard, making both gold and silver the legal-tender coinage of the United States, and guaranteed the dollar as convertible to 25.8 grains (1.672 grams, 0.05375 troy ounces) of gold, or a little over $18.60 per ounce.
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The series of six fairs, each lasting more than six weeks, were spaced through the year's calendar: the fair of Lagny-sur-Marne began on 2 January: the fair at Bar-sur-Aube on the Tuesday before mid-Lent; the "May fair" of Provins on the Tuesday before Ascension; the "fair of St. John" or the "hot fair" of Troyes on the first Tuesday after the fortnight of St. John's Day (24 June); the fair of St. Ayoul of Provins on the Exaltation of the Cross (14 September);the "fair of St. Remi" or the "cold fair" of Troyes on the day following All Saint's Day (that is, on 2 November). Each fair began with the entrée of eight days during which merchants set up, followed by the days allotted for the cloth fair, the days of the leather fair, and the days for the sale of spices and other things sold by weight (avoirdupois). In the last four-day period of the fairs, accounts were settled.R. D. Face, "Techniques of Business in the Trade between the Fairs of Champagne and the South of Europe in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries", The Economic History Review, New Series, 10.3 (1958:427–38) p.
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