215 Sentences With "aetiology" | Random Sentence Generator

And over at her blog, Aetiology, she's outlined a few of the craziest Zika conspiracy theories — and why they're totally wrong.1.

In 2002, the International Continence Society chiseled out the definition: "urgency, with or without urge incontinence, usually with frequency and nocturia, in the absence of infection or other proven aetiology"—meaning the urge to pee, with or without actually losing control, usually frequently and at night, with no other medical symptoms.

Manifestations of gonadal dysgenesis are dependent on the aetiology and severity of the underlying defect.

This improved technique allows for the aetiology of known and unknown conditions to be discovered.

Hypophysitis may have an underlying autoimmune aetiology, as in the case of autoimmune hypophysitis, and lymphocytic hypophysitis.

Robertson and Wade demonstrated bacteria in these sections and mistakenly concluded that these were 'the determining factor' in causing cancer. Their publicationRobertson RF, Wade H Researches into the aetiology of cancer. Lancet 1905;1:215–221 provoked national debate and their conclusions were rebuked in a Lancet editorial.Editorial.The aetiology of Carcinoma.

In 1955 became a Doctor of Medicine from the University of Melbourne with the thesis entitled "Diagnosis, Aetiology and Treatment of Coeliac Disease".

His 2003 dissertation was titled The role of mutations in Fanconi Anaemia genes in the aetiology of acute myeloid leukaemia and solid tissue malignancies.

Pindar, subordinating the foot race to that of the four-horse chariot, "could reflect the actual aetiology of the Olympics in the early 5th century [BC]".

Gothe R and Neitz AWH (1991) Tick Paralysis: pathogenesis and aetiology. Advances in Vector Research, 8 177-204.Goddard, J (1998): Tick Paralysis. Infect Med 15(1): 28-31.

Freud, Sigmund. 1953 [1906]. "My Views on the Part Played by Sexuality in the Aetiology of the Neuroses." Pp. 269-79 in The Standard Edition 7, edited by J. Strachey.

Because female adolescents undergo growth spurts before postural musculoskeletal maturity, scoliosis is more prevalent among females.Burwell, R.G. (2003). "Aetiology of idiopathic scoliosis: current concepts". Pedriatric Rehabilitation, 6 (3–4), 137–70.

Davey Smith, George. "Behind the Broad Street pump: aetiology, epidemiology and prevention of cholera in mid-19th century Britain"], International Journal of Epidemiology, Oxford, January 2013. Retrieved on 09 September 2013.

As the aetiology of Dercum's disease is probably not inflammatory, it is plausible that the improvement some of the patients experience when using corticosteroids is not caused by an anti- inflammatory effect.

A "malignant microenvironment" could be to blame, a hypothesis that had a consensus behind it in the aetiology of the middle of the 19th century. Inadequate ventilation was one factor to which the consensus pointed.

The disease has similarities to Danubian endemic familial nephropathy or DEFN. The cause of the disease is unknown and hence it is called chronic kidney disease of unknown aetiology (CKDu) by medical scientists. A paper authored by him and three other well-known Sri Lankan scientists appeared in the journal Environmental Health and Geochemistry Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown aetiology and ground-water ionicity: setting the trend for a new paradigm regarding CKDu and multiple interactions among ions and their effect on toxicity.Cornell University Archive, quantitative biology.

The conclusions of the study suggest that such a device has potentially significant importance when used as a treatment measure. While the overall findings were not statistically significant, when the aetiology of the patients was taken into account the BAL group gained a statistically significant reduction in mortality over the control group. This suggests that while the device may not be applicable to patients as an overall treatment for liver dysfunction, it can provide an advantage when the heterogeneity of patients is considered and is used with patients of specific aetiology.

There could be systemic manifestations like pharyngitis or enlargement of lymph nodes. Most children with eruptive hypomelanosis develop no complications. The epidemiology, aetiology, clinical manifestations, complication, infectivity, and management of eruptive hypomelanosis leave much space to be investigated.

65 (Spec. Iss.):1530-1531.Lussi A., Jaeggi T. and Zero D. (2004). The role of diet in the aetiology of dental erosion. Caries Res., 38 (1): 34-44.Stösser L., Tietze W., Künzel W. and Limberger K. (1990).

The Physicians and Surgeons for Scientific Integrity was formed in 2006. By May 8, 2006, the PSSI Dissent petition had 34 signatories.Poor Orac , Tara C. Smith, Aetiology, Scienceblogs, May 8, 2006. There were 100 signatories on July 30, 2006.

Porphyria has been suggested as an explanation for the origin of vampire and werewolf legends, based upon certain perceived similarities between the condition and the folklore. In January 1964, L. Illis's 1963 paper, "On Porphyria and the Aetiology of Werewolves," was published in Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine. Later, Nancy Garden argued for a connection between porphyria and the vampire belief in her 1973 book, Vampires. In 1985, biochemist David Dolphin's paper for the American Association for the Advancement of Science, "Porphyria, Vampires, and Werewolves: The Aetiology of European Metamorphosis Legends," gained widespread media coverage, popularizing the idea.

However, when patients with PNF are excluded from the results there is a 44% reduction in mortality for BAL treated patients, a statistically significant advantage. The investigators noted that exclusion of PNF patients is justifiable due to early retransplantation and lack of intercranial hypertension, so HepatAssist would give little benefit to this group. For the secondary end-point of time-to-death, in patients with ALF of known aetiology there was a significant difference between BAL and control groups, with BAL patients surviving for longer. There was no significant difference for patients of unknown aetiology, however.

Despite this, the biological basis of schizophrenia is still poorly understood, a number of factors, such as dopamine hyperfunction, glutamatergic hypofunction, GABAergic deficits, cholinergic system dysfunction, stress vulnerability and neurodevelopmental disruption, have been linked to the aetiology and/or pathophysiology of the disease.

During this time Sali was also a contributing author to several abdominal surgery textbooks.Avni Sali, Dilation of oesophagael strictures. In: Jamieson G (Editor), Surgery of the Upper Gastrointestinal Tract, Fifth Edition, Chapman & Hall Medical, 1994, . See also, Avni Sali, Gallstones - Aetiology and Dissolution.

Multifocal fibrosclerosis and idiopathic fibrosclerosis are disorders of unknown aetiology, characterised by fibrous lesions (co-)occurring at a variety of sites. Known manifestations include retroperitoneal fibrosis, mediastinal fibrosis and Riedel's thyroiditis. They are now considered to be manifestations of IgG4-related disease.

Eley began her academic career studying BA Psychology (1989-1992) at Cambridge University. She then undertook her PhD at University College London's Institute of Child Health; her thesis is entitled 'Aetiology of emotional symptoms in childhood and adolescence: Depression and anxiety in twins'.

Thompson RCA, McManus DP. Aetiology: parasites and life cycles. In: Eckert J, Gemmell MA, Meslin F-X, Pawlowski ZS editor. WHO/OIE Manual on Echinococcosis in Humans and Animals: a Public Health Problem of Global Concern. Paris: Office Internationale des Epizooities; 2001;p.

Common key diagnostic factors 1\. Fever – may present with an acute infective sialadenitis or autoimmune aetiology suggestive of an infection or inflammation. 2\. Pain and dysphagia (ie. difficulty swallowing) – usually unilateral affecting the parotid or submandibular regions, with worse pain during eating and swallowing. 3\.

Distribution of spinal cord lesions may be related to vascular supply. There is still uncertainty regarding the aetiology of decompression sickness damage to the spinal cord. Dysbaric osteonecrosis lesions are typically bilateral and usually occur at both ends of the femur and at the proximal end of the humerus Symptoms are usually only present when a joint surface is involved, which typically does not occur until a long time after the causative exposure to a hyperbaric environment. The initial damage is attributed to the formation of bubbles, and one episode can be sufficient, however incidence is sporadic and generally associated with relatively long periods of hyperbaric exposure and aetiology is uncertain.

Bulloch, William, The History of Bacteriology (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1938 & 1960 / New York: Dover Publications, 1979), p 143–144, 147-148 In 1878, Koch published Aetiology of Traumatic Infective Diseases, unlike any previous work, where in 80 pages Koch, as noted by an historian, "was able to show, in a manner practically conclusive, that a number of diseases, differing clinically, anatomically, and in aetiology, can be produced experimentally by the injection of putrid materials into animals." Koch used bacteriology and the new staining methods with aniline dyes to identify particular microorganisms for each. Germ theory of disease crystallized the concept of cause—presumably identifiable by scientific investigation.

On the Genealogy of Morals. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. The publication of Freud's famous paper, "The Aetiology of Hysteria", in 1896 led to much controversy regarding the topic of these traumatic memories. Freud stated that neuroses were caused by repressed sexual memories,Freud, S. (1896).

His first observations on Behçet's disease began with a patient he met between 1924-1925. This man had been consulted for 40 years in Istanbul and Vienna, Austria several times. According to his symptoms, the illness had been diagnosed. From the aetiology, syphilis and tuberculosis were suspected.

He also discusses Freud's 1896 essay "The Aetiology of Hysteria", which he provides in an appendix. He also discusses the work of the doctor Auguste Ambroise Tardieu, Freud's treatment of Emma Eckstein, Freud's theory of the Oedipus complex, and Freud's relationship with the psychoanalyst Sándor Ferenczi.

The report reads as follows: Docent Sigm. Freud: Über die Ätiologie der Hysterie (Sigmund Freud, lecturer: On the Aetiology of Hysteria.) There was no summary and no discussion.Masson (1984), p. 6. Freud published it a few weeks later in the Wiener klinische Rundschau.Masson (1984), p. 11.

Cecil Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2007:chap 119 The blood gas tension levels of partial pressures can be used as indicators of ventilation, respiration and oxygenation. Analysis of paired arterial and venous specimens can give insights into the aetiology of acidosis in the newborn.

The French neurologist Jules Tinel (1879–1952) developed his percussion test for compression of the median nerve in 1900. The American surgeon George Phalen improved the understanding of the aetiology of carpal tunnel syndrome with his clinical experience of several hundred patients during the 1950s and 1960s.

Schumacher 1993 Another, older aetiology of the temple says that it was bartered for by Poseidon himself, who received it from Apollo in exchange for his share of Delphi. This story is attested by Callimachus,Callimachus, Frag. 221 Pausanias referencing Musaeus,10.5.6 and Strabo referencing the history of Ephorus.

Beyond further describing the aetiology of epilepsy, Ingrid has worked to characterise new epilepsy syndromes, from infancy to adulthood, which have permitted appropriate treatment and diagnosis, such as Dravet Syndrome and Epilepsy limited to Females with Mental Retardation. Her work also provides for more accurate genetic reproductive counselling.

There is numerous studies or research report on the prevalence, aetiology, treatment of hypodontia and dentoskeletal effect of hypodontia. A few studies have investigated Oral Health-related Quality of Life (OHRQoL) in individuals with hypodontia and provided some evidences that hypodotia may have an impact on quality of life.

Further, there is considerable debate concerning whether SLI is actually a language disorder or whether its aetiology is due to a more general cognitive (e.g. phonological) problem.Norbury, C., Bishop, D. V. M., & Briscoe, J. (2001). Production of English finite verb morphology: A Comparison of SLI and mildmoderate hearing impairment.

The term pes cavus encompasses a broad spectrum of foot deformities. Three main types of pes cavus are regularly described in the literature: pes cavovarus, pes calcaneocavus, and ‘pure’ pes cavus. The three types of pes cavus can be distinguished by their aetiology, clinical signs and radiological appearance.Meehan PL. The cavus foot in: Morrisy, RT, (Eds), Lovell and Winter's Pediatric Orthopaedics, J.B. Lippincott, Philadelphia, 1990Aktas S, Sussman MD. The radiological analysis of pes cavus deformity in Charcot Marie Tooth disease. J Pediatr Orthop 2000; 9: 137-40 Pes cavovarus, the most common type of pes cavus, is seen primarily in neuromuscular disorders such as Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and, in cases of unknown aetiology, is conventionally termed ‘idiopathic’.

Every Second Counts, McRae, page 54. In 1958, Barnard received a Master of Science in Surgery for a thesis titled "The aortic valve – problems in the fabrication and testing of a prosthetic valve". The same year he was awarded a Ph.D. for his dissertation titled "The aetiology of congenital intestinal atresia".

Young (1994) argues that there is an aetiological crisis, i.e. there is a lack of explanation for the fact that reported crime rises during both economic good times and bad times. Aetiology assumes fundamental importance. If the cause of crime is injustice, then its solution must lie in this direction.

A cyclovirus—cyclovirus- Vietnam—has been isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid of 25 Vietnamese patients with CNS infections of unknown aetiology. The same virus has been isolated from the faeces of healthy children and also from pigs and chickens. This suggests an orofaecal route of transmission with a possible animal reservoir.

He remained at Pisa until his death in 1903. Maffucci is remembered for isolating the bacteria that causes avian tuberculosis. He also discovered that the avian type of tuberculosis had a different aetiology than human and bovine types. In 1881 he described a disorder characterized by enchondromatosis associated with multiple cavernous angiomas.

Born in Manchester, England Harris attended Manchester Grammar School; he continued his education at Trinity College in Cambridge, England and Manchester Royal Infirmary where he received a Bachelor of Arts (1941), a Bachelor of Medicine (1943), a Master of Arts (1946) for "The Aetiology of Premature Baldness" and a Doctor of Medicine (1949).

Marten Stol (1993), Epilepsy in Babylonia, p. 55, Brill Publishers, . Along with contemporary ancient Egyptian medicine, the Babylonians introduced the concepts of diagnosis, prognosis, physical examination, and prescriptions. In addition, the Diagnostic Handbook introduced the methods of therapy and aetiology and the use of empiricism, logic and rationality in diagnosis, prognosis and therapy.

Several theories regarding the aetiology of hypodontia have been proposed in existing literature. There have been various theories mostly looking into genetic and environmental aspects and how they may both be involved. However, the exact cause remains unclear. The extent of individual influences of genetic and environmental factors is still widely debated.

26(7):540-4, 2005. Pes cavus is also evident in people without neuropathy or other neurological deficit. In the absence of neurological, congenital, or traumatic causes of pes cavus, the remaining cases are classified as being ‘idiopathic’ because their aetiology is unknown.Manoli A, Graham B. The subtle cavus foot, "the underpronator," a review.

Treatment is dependent on the underlying aetiology. Organic causes may include systemic or ocular medications, brain stem injury, or active ocular inflammation such as uveitis. Functional pseudomyopia is managed though modification of working conditions, an updated refraction, typically involving a reduction of a myopic prescription to some lower myopic prescription, or through appropriate ocular exercises.

There are a number of proposed causes for the development of puberphonia. The aetiology of puberphonia can be both organic (biological) or psychogenic (psychological) in nature. In males, however, organic causes are rare and psychogenic causes are more common. Puberphonia is described as having three main variants, related to the level of anatomical change.

There are a number of hypotheses regarding the basis of occlusal dysesthesia. Some researchers believe the disorder is a psychological one, while others believe it to be a psychosomatic disorder.Hara, E. S., Matsuka, Y., Minakuchi, H., Clark, G. T., & Kuboki, T. (2012). Occlusal dysesthesia: a qualitative systematic review of the epidemiology, aetiology and management.

The Aetiology of Hysteria. The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, Volume III (1893-1899): Early Psychoanalytic Publications. which suggested that incest and sexual abuse must be common throughout upper and middle class Europe. The psychological community did not accept Freud's ideas, and years passed without further research on the topic.

Gilford took interest in the aetiology of cancer. He relied on clinical and post-mortem observations in his study of the origin of tumours. Under the pseudonym John Cope, he authored Cancer: Civilization: Degeneration in 1932. Gilford came to the conclusion that cancer is a disease of civilization and rarely found amongst primitive peoples.

Mass psychogenic illness (MPI), also called mass sociogenic illness, mass psychogenic disorder, epidemic hysteria, or mass hysteria, is "the rapid spread of illness signs and symptoms affecting members of a cohesive group, originating from a nervous system disturbance involving excitation, loss, or alteration of function, whereby physical complaints that are exhibited unconsciously have no corresponding organic aetiology".

The chromatin remodeling activity and its interaction with transcriptional regulators have shown to play an important role in ASD aetiology. The developing mammalian brain has a conserved CHD8 target regions that are associated with ASD risk genes. The knockdown of CHD8 in human neural stem cells results in dysregulation of ASD risk genes that are targeted by CHD8.

Sperm DNA fragmentation appears to be an important factor in the aetiology of male infertility, since men with high DNA fragmentation levels have significantly lower odds of conceiving. Oxidative stress is the major cause of DNA fragmentation in spermatozoa. A high level of the oxidative DNA damage 8-OHdG is associated with abnormal spermatozoa and male infertility.

Cranial nerve palsy – swelling increases the risk of compression of cranial nerves VII, IX and XII. Other diagnostic factors which are less common 1\. Connective tissue disorder or Sjogren’s syndrome – history of Sjogren’s syndrome, or a concomitant connect tissue disorder such as systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, or scleroderma. 2\. Recurrent painless swellings – indicative of underlying autoimmune aetiology. 3\.

In 1896, Freud also published his seduction theory, claiming to have uncovered repressed memories of incidents of sexual abuse for all his current patients, from which he proposed that the preconditions for hysterical symptoms are sexual excitations in infancy.Freud, Sigmund. 1953 [1896]. "The Aetiology of Hysteria." Pp. 191–221 in The Standard Edition 3, edited by J. Strachey.

The CLINT1 gene has been shown to be involved in the genetic aetiology of schizophrenia in four studies It is known that the antipsychotic drugs chlorpromazine and clozapine stabilise clathrin coated vesicles and this may be one reason why antipsychotic drugs are effective in treating delusions, auditory hallucinations and many of the other symptoms of schizophrenia.

Map of the 12 tribes of Israel. Naphtali is located in the north. According to the Torah, the tribe consisted of descendants of Naphtali, a son of Jacob and Bilhah, from whom it took its name. However, Arthur Peake views this as a postdiction, an eponymous metaphor providing an aetiology of the connectedness of the tribe to others in the Israelite confederation.

The treatment of tooth mobility depends on the aetiology and the grade of mobility. The cause of mobility should be addressed to obtain an optimal treatment outcome. For example, if the tooth mobility is associated with periodontitis, periodontal treatment should be carried out. In the presence of a periapical pathology, treatment options include drainage of abscess, endodontic treatment or extraction.

"The details are very odd, the narrative motivation creaks at every juncture," observes Robert L. Fowler;Fowler, "The myth of Kephalos as aition of rain-magic (Pherekydes FrGHist 3F34)", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 97 (1993:29–42). "the myth smacks of aetiology." He notes that Martin Nilsson suggestedNilsson, The Mycenaean Origin of Greek Mythology (1931) p. 135 note 19.

70-80% of the cases of the most severe forms of arthrogryposis are caused by neurological abnormalities, which can be either genetic or environmental. The underlying aetiology and pathogenesis of congenital contractures, particularly arthrogryposis and the mechanism of the mutations remains an active area of investigation, because identifying these factors could help to develop treatment and congenital finding of arthrogryposis.

As Hannibal crosses the Pyrenees, their Herculean aetiology is explained. Hannibal crosses the Alps amid hardship while Venus asks Jupiter whether he plans on destroying Rome. Jupiter says his plan is to test Roman virtus and set the foundations of the Roman empire. He describes the future of Rome, which culminates in the reign of Domitian and a praise of the emperor's poetry.

The Microbial Diseases Department examines the aetiology, pathogenesis and control of diseases caused by micro- organisms as well as the ecology of the indigenous microbiota and its contribution to health. The department also oversees the Swab and Send project and the Tn Registry, the latter designating Tn numbers to researchers publishing details of new transposable elements discovered in bacteria and archaea.

A rare autoimmune disease characterized by recurrent urticaria (nettle rash), first described in the 1970s. There is no defined paradigm for the syndrome aetiology and severity in progression. Diagnosis is confirmed with the identification of at least two conditions from: venulitis on skin biopsy, arthritis, ocular inflammation, abdominal pain or positive C1q antibodies to immune complexes.[Ozen S. Education Review.

There are two main theories on the aetiology of palatally impacted canines. One is the whereby the cause is thought to be polygenic. There is a high rate of incidence of ectopic canines with dental anomalies such as pegged lateral incisors, missing lateral incisors, delayed eruption, and the absence of crowding.Zilberman Y, Cohen B, Becker A. Familial trends in palatal canines, anomalous lateral incisors, and related phenomena.

Smoker’s Melanosis, benign melanocytic pigmentation of the oral mucosa, most commonly seen in the lower labial gingiva and interdental papillae of smokers. Smoking results in an increase of melanin deposit in the oral mucosa through physical thermal damage and chemical interaction between melanin and nicotine compounds, but this is not the only risk factor towards the pigmentation, it is also associated with other aetiology factors.

His first paper was entitled "Dementia and Mrs. Thatcher", since then he has published over 600 papers on subjects including epidemiology, post traumatic stress, medicine and law, history of psychiatry, chronic pain, somatisation, Gulf War syndrome, chemical and biological terrorism and deliberate self-harm. He has published most widely on aspects of chronic fatigue syndrome, including its aetiology, history, psychology, immunology, sociology, epidemiology and treatment.

Strauss promoted various forms of psychotherapy and other treatments for psychological problems. He published on psychological factors in asthma in Guy's Hospital Reports and on the theme of multiple aetiology which was the topic of his Croonian lectures. He was also in correspondence with Carl Jung who emphasised with regard to speakers at his society: I cannot and shall not exclude non-Aryan speakers.

Sarcoidosis is a chronic systemic disease characterised by the production of non-caseating granulomas of unknown aetiology. It can affect any organ of the body, depressing cellular immunity and enhancing humoral immunity. Salivary gland involvement primarily involves the parotid gland, causing enlargement and swelling. Salivary gland biopsy with histopathologic examination is needed to make the distinction between whether Sjoren’s syndrome or sarcoidosis is the cause of this.

Even though the type and the distribution of mutations suggested a loss-of-function mechanism in the pathogenesis of Opitz syndrome, the aetiology of the disease remains still unclear. Additional clinical conditions are described to be associated with alterations of MID1, given also its implication in a wide variety of cellular mechanisms. In fact, involvement of MID1 in asthma, cancer, and neurodegeneration relevant pathways has been reported.

The causes of Mullerian anomalies are not well-understood. The aetiology of this congenital disease may be multifactorial, with genetics, socioeconomic factors and geographic factors playing a role in dysfunctional Mullerian duct development. Mullerian anomalies likely occur early in development, as the congenital disorder often occurs in association with renal and anorectal disorders. Typically, women with Mullerian abnormalities have a normal female karyotype (46, XX).

He also published a paper in 1969, where he described the two jaw surgery being performed simultaneously. It was in 1966 when Obwegeser introduced his orthognathic surgery techniques to surgeons of North America. This took place at the American Society of Oral Surgery meeting at the Walter Reed Military Hospital, Washington DC. He also wrote a textbook called Mandibular Growth Anomalies: Terminology-Aetiology Diagnosis - Treatment.

Smith takes part in several initiatives to improve the public understanding of science. She writes a regular column for Self. She has been writing the popular science blog Aetiology since 2005, and was one of the first scientists to start blogging. Her research has appeared in the popular science books Pig Tales: An Omnivore's Quest for Sustainable Meat and Superbug: the Fatal Menace of MRSA.

The difficulty is that cancer, lethal and fast, leaves very few indications in skeletons in those cases that succumb to death shortly, and even no signs of existence at all, in the case of extraskeletal tumours. Anyway, the knowledge about the aetiology of cancer is incomplete and microorganisms are taking their part with the role of their infection: migration movements in the past could have brought with them viruses, so possible reservoir of tropical disease as well as predisposition to cancer. For this reason, molecular analytical techniques are applied to archaeological remains to study hominin evolution, but also to improve the research in understanding the epidemiology and aetiology of tumours. Information derived from the aDNA can be used to anchor pathogen mutations and reconstruct back from the presence of microorganisms the evolutionary process, it can be useful to develop new vaccines or to discover possible future pathogenic threats.

Burns J. Redmond A. Ouvrier R. Crosbie J. Quantification of muscle strength and imbalance in neurogenic pes cavus, compared to health controls, using hand-held dynamometry. Foot & Ankle International. 26(7):540-4, 2005. Among the cases of neuromuscular pes cavus, 50% have been attributed to Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, CMT,Brewerton D, Sandifer P, Sweetnam D. "Idiopathic" pes cavus: An investigation into its aetiology. BMJ 1963; 2: 659-661.

In so doing he applied the techniques of Benjamin Gompertz (the Gompertz curve), and the closely allied statistical "law of mortality" of Thomas Rowe Edmonds. Farr, by relying on the existing mathematical model of mortality, could use data sampling to cut back the required computation. From the GRO data he constructed a series of national life tables. The theory of zymotic disease was Farr's contribution to the debate on aetiology.

The curriculum for General Medicine (M.D equivalent to M.B.B.S), Dentistry and Pharmacy are righteously extensive and updated. Each subject begins with studying of the disease and emphasis is laid on epidemiology, aetiology, pathogenesis, pathological physiology, pathological morphology, clinical picture, methods of laboratory and instrumental examination of a patient, diagnoses, differential diagnoses, complication, prognosis, treatment and prevention. Latin terms are given according to the International Nomenclature of different specialties.

Corneal Fibropapillomatosis in green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) in Australia. J.Comp.Path 142: 341-346 The increased prevalence of this virus has been linked to environmental factors such spikes in seasonal water temperatures and harmful algae bloom.Arthur,K.C.Limpus, G.Balazs, A.Capper, J.Udy, G.Shaw, U.Keuper-Bennett, P.Bennett.2008. The exposure of green turtle (Chelonia mydas) to tumour promoting compounds produced by the cyanobacterium lyngoya majuscule and their potential role in the aetiology of fibropapillomatosis.

When Athena could find no flaws in the tapestry Arachne had woven for the contest, the goddess became enraged and beat the girl with her shuttle. After Arachne hanged herself out of shame, she was transformed into a spider. The myth both provides an aetiology of spiders' web-spinning abilities and is a cautionary tale warning mortals not to place themselves on an equal level with the gods.

The TRPM2 gene is highly expressed in the brain and was implicated by both genetic linkage studies in families and then by case control or trio allelic association studies in the genetic aetiology of bipolar affective disorder (Manic Depression). The physiological role of TRPM2 is not well understood. It was shown to be involved in insulin secretion. In the immune cells it mediates parts of the responses to TNF-alpha.

However, further studies on the aetiology of MIH are required because it is believed to be multifactorial. MIH often presents as discolouration on one to four affected permanent molars and the associated incisors. The enamel of the affected teeth appears yellow, brown, cream or white and thus are sometimes referred to as ‘cheese molars’. These teeth are deemed less aesthetically pleasing, hence causing distress in children with MIH and their parents.

Isachar, from Jacques de Gheyn II's prints (c. 1584–94) Issachar/Yiśśachar () was, according to the Book of Exodus, a son of Jacob and Leah (the fifth son of Leah, and ninth son of Jacob), and the founder of the Israelite Tribe of Issachar. However, some Biblical scholars view this as an eponymous metaphor providing an aetiology of the connectedness of the tribe to others in the Israelite confederation.

A 6.5cm AAA with a 3cm lumen An aortic aneurysm can occur as a result of trauma, infection, or, most commonly, from an intrinsic abnormality in the elastin and collagen components of the aortic wall. While definite genetic abnormalities were identified in true genetic syndromes (Marfan, Elher-Danlos and others) associated with aortic aneurysms, both thoracic and abdominal aortic aneurysms demonstrate a strong genetic component in their aetiology.

It is unclear to what extent this emerging syndrome has a similar aetiology to Kawasaki disease (a condition predating the emergence of SARS-CoV-2, which is currently thought to be triggered by a distinct viral agent). Although some cases resemble toxic shock syndrome, there is no evidence that staphylococcal or streptococcal toxins are involved. The role of comorbidities is unclear. Improved understanding will have potential implications for clinical management.

The aetiology of this condition is unknown, however it is believed to be a pathology of either the immune system or autonomic nervous systems. It is defined as a rare disease by the NIH but the prevalence is unknown. It is not thought to be psychiatric in nature, but it may present as anxiety relating to coital activities and thus may be incorrectly diagnosed as such. There is no known cure or treatment.

Aristotle described four possible causes (material, efficient, formal, and final). Aristotle's word for these causes was αἰτίαι (aitiai, as in aetiology), which translates as causes in the sense of the multiple factors responsible for an event. Aristotle did not subscribe to the simplistic "every event has a (single) cause" idea that was to come later. In his Physics and Metaphysics, Aristotle said there were accidents (συμβεβηκός, sumbebekos) caused by nothing but chance (τύχη, tukhe).

There is a Mamu myth, recounted by George Watson, for the aetiology of death. In the Dreamtime, there were two brothers: the older of the two, Muyungimbay, had two wives, while Gijiya had none. Muyumgimbay, while stripping trees to cull witchetty grubs, noted one that was odd, smelt it, and realized it was semen. His suspicions aroused, he then noticed on returning that his two women had semen dripping from their legs.

The strong genetic component is borne out in studies on monozygotic twins, with a concordance of 38–55%, with an even higher concordance of circulating thyroid antibodies not in relation to clinical presentation (up to 80% in monozygotic twins). Neither result was seen to a similar degree in dizygotic twins, offering strong favour for high genetic aetiology. Hashimoto's thyroiditis is associated with CTLA-4 (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4) gene polymorphisms. CTLA-4 downregulates.

Vampires can be both born or created from humans. In the former case, 'True Blooded' vampires descended from a progenitor paternal figure continue through the female line, currently represented by Mina. In the latter case, vampirism appears to have an infectious aetiology, possibly a form of retrovirus. Unlike many vampire stories, transformation into a vampire is not a conscious decision but rather is caused by a vampire feeding off of a human.

163–243 He acknowledged, however, that nothing was more difficult than "the determination at the bedside, of the causes". Pathologically softening and inflammation were sometimes evident, but in many instances no obvious aetiology was found. One might have to seek for 'atomical' as distinguished from 'anatomical' causes, he speculated. He described two types of partial lesions, one confined to a segment of the spinal cord, the other extending longitudinally in one of its columns.

Dr. Yajnik Prof. Chittaranjan Yajnik is a medical scientist from Pune, India who is a specialist in Diabetes research and maternal nutrition. Yahnik is known for his work on the topic of the ‘thin-fat’ Indian, which explains that though not obese by international criteria Indians are adipose (high body fat percent). He has work in the field of intrauterine programming of diabetes and was successful in showing possible role of maternal micronutrient nutrition in its aetiology.

Russian icon Gad () was, according to the Book of Genesis, the first son of Jacob and Zilpah, the seventh of Jacob overall, and the founder of the Israelite tribe of Gad. However, some Biblical scholars view this as postdiction, an eponymous metaphor providing an aetiology of the connectedness of the tribe to others in the Israelite confederation.Peake's commentary on the Bible The text of the Book of Genesis implies that the name of Gad means luck/fortunate, in Hebrew.

Aebi spends time in humanitarian work in areas such as Pakistan and Armenia. He was involved in the rescue organisation of paralysed victims of the 2006 earthquake in Pakistan. Subsequently, he helped build the first national spine department in Pakistan, at the National Armed Forces Medical School in Rawalpindi. His work at the Pediatric Hospital in Yerevan, Armenia, has focused on spinal deformities in children, leading him to create a field study about the aetiology of congenital scoliosis.

Inflammatory bowel disease is a condition of unknown aetiology, classified as either Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis, that can affect the intestines and other parts of the gastrointestinal tract. Other causes of illness include intestinal pseudoobstruction, and necrotizing enterocolitis. Diseases of the intestine may cause vomiting, diarrhoea or constipation, and altered stool, such as with blood in stool. Colonoscopy may be used to examine the large intestine, and a person's stool may be sent for culture and microscopy.

Statistics on albinism in South Africa are largely incomplete however, studies quoted by the World Health Organization in 2006 reported that 1:4000 were born with albinism, compared to about 1:20 000 worldwide. South African human geneticist, Trefor Jenkins has made vast contributions to assist in understanding the social and cultural milieu of albinism, the medical risks and implications, resolving the molecular basis and aetiology for OCA2 in Southern Africa.Int J Ophthalmol. 2014; 7(3): 563–573.

Rachischisis occurs around 3–4 weeks after conception when the posterior neuropore of the neural tube does not close completely. It is a multifactorial aetiology and is most typically accompanied by other defects. Rachischisis is often described as a severe form of spina bifida, with the spine not only being exposed to the exterior environment, but with the opening being large enough to allow the neural plate to spread out of the opening and to the surface.

He recorded the prevalence of infection along the banks of the upper tributaries of Shinano River. The first report to the Western world was made by Theobald Adrian Palm, a physician of the Edinburgh Medical Missionary Society at Niigata in 1878. Describing his first-hand experience, Palm wrote: The aetiology of the disease was unknown until the early 20th century. In 1908, a mite theory of the transmission of tsutsugamushi disease was postulated by Taichi Kitashima and Mikinosuke Miyajima.

The effect of rhododendrol (4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanol) is measured in mice as well as in guinea pigs . These studies were performed to elucidate the aetiology of RD-induced leukoderma. The data of these studies revealed that the amount of RD applied to the skin is highly relevant considering that high doses of RD are required in order to cause cytotoxicity. This finding is contrary to the results presented in the study of Kim et al.

Occlusal adjustment Occlusal adjustment is the process of selectively modifying occlusal surfaces of teeth through grinding to eliminate disharmonious occlusion between upper and lower teeth. Occlusal adjustment is only indicated when mobility is associated with periodontal ligament widening. Occlusal adjustments will be unsuccessful if the mobility is caused by other aetiology such as loss of periodontal support or pathology. Splinting This is the procedure of increasing resistance of tooth to an applied force by fixing it to a neighbouring tooth/ teeth.

Vine Hall was an academic hall of the University of Oxford, located on Alfred Street in the 16th century. It became a part of the Peckwater Quadrangle of Christ Church, Oxford. The building gave its name to the previous name for Alfred Street, particularly the southwards continuation of it; Vine Hall Lane. Some have said that the current name Alfred Street is of unknown aetiology and pointless,The Encyclopaedia of Oxford and the street should be renamed Vine Hall Lane.

Professor Colin Espie PhD, DSc, FRSM, FBPsS (born 1957) is a Scottish professor of Sleep Medicine in the Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience at the University of Oxford and Fellow of Somerville College. He is closely involved with the development of the Sleep & Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi). His particular areas of research expertise are in the assessment and treatment of sleep disorders, most particularly the management of insomnia using Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, and in studies on the aetiology and pathophysiology of insomnia.

Parnia S, Waller DG, Yeates R, Fenwick P. "A qualitative and quantitative study of the incidence, features and aetiology of near death experiences in cardiac arrest survivors". Resuscitation. Feb;48(2):149–56, 2001 PubMed abstract These dimensions are also the basis for the three major explanatory models for the NDE. Some general characteristics of an NDE include subjective impressions of being outside the physical body; visions of deceased relatives and religious figures; transcendence of ego and spatiotemporal boundaries.Greyson, Bruce.

Hans Vogel (20 January 1900 - 5 April 1980) was a German scientist known for his work in helminthology (study of parasitic worms). For much of his career he was associated with the Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine in Hamburg. In the 1930s Vogel described the developmental cycle of Opisthorchis felineus, a trematode known to affect the liver in humans and other mammals. Later in his career he published an article describing the life cycle and aetiology of Echinococcus multilocularis.

In 1911 he was awarded his MD with a gold medal for his thesis Studies on Inflammation. He was unable to serve in World War I due to ill health, so taught pathology at the University of Edinburgh. Bruce died unexpectedly, and Dawson continued the research on his own. In 1916 he published a landmark paper on the histology of "disseminated sclerosis", describing the distribution and stages of lesions, reviewing theories on the aetiology and describing the inflammatory process seen in the disease.

The 2012 edition was published by Penguin under the title Pure, White and Deadly: How Sugar Is Killing Us and What We Can Do to Stop It. Yudkin's text is identical to that of the 1986 edition. In addition the new edition has an introduction by Robert Lustig, who had, independently of Yudkin, discovered some of the deleterious effects of sucrose, particularly in the aetiology of obesity in childhood. This edition of Pure, White and Deadly has been translated into German and Korean.

In addition, the Diagnostic Handbook introduced the methods of therapy and aetiology and the use of empiricism, logic, and rationality in diagnosis, prognosis and therapy. The text contains a list of medical symptoms and often detailed empirical observations along with logical rules used in combining observed symptoms on the body of a patient with its diagnosis and prognosis.H.F.J. Horstmanshoff, Marten Stol, Cornelis Tilburg (2004), Magic and Rationality in Ancient Near Eastern and Graeco-Roman Medicine, pp. 97–98, Brill Publishers, .

SSC is clinically related to primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), but originates from a known pathological process. Diagnosis of PSC requires the exclusion of all secondary causes of sclerosing cholangitis; else, if a known aetiology can be uncovered, SSC is diagnosed. Its clinical and cholangiographic features may mimic PSC, yet its natural history may be more favorable if recognition is prompt and appropriate therapy is introduced. Sclerosing cholangitis in critically ill patients, however, is associated with rapid disease progression and poor outcome.

This willingness to improve management brought about the creation of new services: the Bureau d'admission (Admissions office) and the Pharmacie centrale (Central Pharmacy). Napoleon I finally rebuilt the portions of the Hôtel-Dieu which had burnt in 1772. Also during this period, the Hôtel-Dieu advocated the practice of vaccination, of which Duc de La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt was a fervent supporter. Similarly, the discoveries of René-Théophile-Hyacinthe Laennec permitted the refinement of methods of diagnosis, auscultation, and aetiology of illnesses.

Unlike other kinds of infectious disease, which are spread by agents with a DNA or RNA genome (such as virus or bacteria), the infectious agent in TSEs is believed to be a prion, thus being composed solely of protein material. Misshapen prion proteins carry the disease between individuals and cause deterioration of the brain. TSEs are unique diseases in that their aetiology may be genetic, sporadic, or infectious via ingestion of infected foodstuffs and via iatrogenic means (e.g., blood transfusion).

No single authoritative collection of his work exists, and controversy remains as to the authenticity of a number of works attributed to Galen. As a consequence, research on Galen's work is fraught with hazard. Various attempts have been made to classify Galen's vast output. For instance Coxe (1846) lists a Prolegomena, or introductory books, followed by 7 classes of treatise embracing Physiology (28 vols.), Hygiene (12), Aetiology (19), Semeiotics (14), Pharmacy (10), Blood letting (4) and Therapeutics (17), in addition to 4 of aphorisms, and spurious works.

This species is known to suffer from proventricular dilatation disease, also known as "macaw wasting disease", a fatal inflammatory disease of the nerves of the upper and middle digestive tract. It is typified by a swollen proventriculus and tiny lesions which appear in the ganglia and nerves, and the affected birds show abnormal movements and have problems feeding. The aetiology is unknown, but a virus is suspected. It is possibly a virus dubbed "avian bornavirus" of the Bornaviridae family, which has been recovered from tissue of victims.

Most malocclusion studies to date have focused on Class III malocclusions. Genetic studies for Class II and Class I malocclusion are more rare. An example of hereditary mandibular prognathism can be seen amongst the Hapsburg Royal family where one third of the affected individuals with severe class III malocclusion had one parent with a similar phenotype The frequent presentation of dental malocclusions in patients with craniofacial birth defects also supports a strong genetic aetiology. About 150 genes are associated with craniofacial conditions presenting with malocclusions.

Dysbaric osteonecrosis lesions are typically bilateral and usually occur at both ends of the femur and at the proximal end of the humerus Symptoms are usually only present when a joint surface is involved, which typically does not occur until a long time after the causative exposure to a hyperbaric environment. The initial damage is attributed to the formation of bubbles, and one episode can be sufficient, however incidence is sporadic and generally associated with relatively long periods of hyperbaric exposure and aetiology is uncertain.

Edinburgh Medical School, Teviot Place, seen in 2010 For his MD thesis he studied the pathology and aetiology of tuberculosis of bones and joints. As Stiles had treated bone and joint TB in children by radical excision there was a large pathological collection available for study. He set out to investigate the claim by Robert Koch that the risk of humans acquiring TB by drinking milk from tuberculous cows was negligible. This view was not supported by laboratory experiments commissioned by a British royal commission.

The von Willebrand factor type A (vWA) domain is a protein domain named after its occurrence in von Willebrand factor (vWF), a large multimeric glycoprotein found in blood plasma. Mutant forms of vWF are involved in the aetiology of bleeding disorders. This type A domain is the prototype for a protein superfamily (; see also Pfam clan). The vWA domain is found in various plasma proteins: complement factors B, C2, CR3 and CR4; the integrins (I-domains); collagen types VI, VII, XII and XIV; and other extracellular proteins.

46,XY gonadal dysgenesis is characteristic of male hypogonadism with karyotype 46,XY. In embryogenesis, the development of the male gonads is controlled by the testis determining factor located on the sex-determining region of the Y chromosome (SRY). The male gonad is dependent on SRY and the signalling pathways initiated to several other genes to facilitate testis development. The aetiology of 46,XY gonadal dysgenesis can be caused by mutations in the genes involved in testis development such as SRY, SOX9, WT1, SF1, and DHH.

Lewis worked at the University of Bristol and the Cardiff University prior to his current post at UCL. He has published extensively on psychiatric epidemiology, including investigating the causes of psychiatric disorders. His research is in the area of the aetiology of schizophrenia and depression and the treatment of depression and other mental disorders. He has published widely in leading journals such as The Lancet, including research on the risk of psychosis due to the use of cannabis and the mental health of Afghan and Iraq veterans.

Occupational Therapists often have the primary responsibility of informing individuals with SAD of the aetiology, prevalence, symptoms, and occupational performance issues caused by the disorder, as well as possibilities for positive intervention. The main issue related to SAD that occupational therapists will aid in the management of is the symptom of low energy levels, which occupational therapists will remedy with fatigue management and energy conservation strategies.Rosenthal NE (2006) Winter blues: everything you need to know to bead seasonal affective disorder. New York: Guilford Press, .

The role of the Fañanas cell in the connectivity and structure of the cerebellar cortex is still unknown. One study found deviations of the expression of Vimentin in patients with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) that could be related to pathological changes in Fañanas glia. These variances were also described in cerebellar microglia and Bergmann cells. However, the results of the study did not point at significant mutations in Fañanas cells but rather described the possible importance of astrocytes in general in the aetiology of CJD.

During the construction of the Gotthard Tunnel in Switzerland (1871–81), a large number of miners suffered from severe anaemia of unknown cause. Medical investigations let to the understanding that it was caused by Ancylostoma duodenale (favoured by high temperatures and humidity) and to "major advances in parasitology, by way of research into the aetiology, epidemiology and treatment of ancylostomiasis". Hookworms still account for high proportion of debilitating disease in the tropics and 50–60,000 deaths per year can be attributed to this disease.

In the wild, fowl cholera has been shown to follow bird migration routes, especially of snow geese. The P. multocida serotype-1 is most associated with avian cholera in North America, but the bacterium does not linger in wetlands for extended periods of time.Blanchlong, JA. “Persistence of pasteurella multocida in wetlands following avian cholera outbreaks.” Journal of Wildlife diseases, vol.42, no.1 (33-39) P. multocida causes atrophic rhinitis in pigs;Eliás B, Hámori D. Data on the aetiology of swine atrophic rhinitis.

Dental pulp, which is a richly vascularized and innervated tissue, is enclosed by tissues, such as dentin, which are incapable of expanding. It has terminal blood flow and possesses only small-gauge circulatory access at the apical foramen. All of these characteristics severely constrain the defensive capacity of the pulp tissue when faced with the different aggressions to which it may be subjected.Lopez-Marcos, JF. Aetiology, classification and pathogenesis of pulp and periapical disease, Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2004, 9:Suppl, 58-62, 52-7.

Map of the twelve tribes of Israel; Zebulun is purple According to the Torah, the tribe consisted of descendants of Zebulun, the sixth son of Jacob and Leah, from whom it took its name. Some Biblical scholars, however, view this as postdiction, an eponymous metaphor providing an aetiology of the connectedness of the tribe to others in the Israelite confederation.Peake's Commentary on the Bible With Leah as a matriarch, Biblical scholars believe the tribe to have been regarded by the text's authors as a part of the original Israelite confederation.

She turned her attention to research at University of Edinburgh, completing a piece of work on the genetics of clubfoot, and publishing a number of research articles on that subject. She received a medal from the British Orthopaedic Association. She made significant contributions to research in the field of scoliosis, publishing articles, books, and setting up specialist clinics for its treatment in Harlow Wood, Edinburgh, London and Oswestry. She achieved a Phd in 1973 for her thesis on the aetiology of scoliosis, before becoming a reader in orthopaedics.

Nicholas Troop is a health psychologist and a principal lecturer in health psychology at the University of Hertfordshire. His range of works include the role of life events, coping and crisis support in the aetiology of eating disorders, stress- and trauma-responses, and mobility into the social rank and attachment. Prior to joining the Department of Psychology at the University of Hertfordshire, Troop was a lecturer at London Metropolitan University and University of Essex.. He supervised the founder of Psychreg, Dennis Relojo- Howell for his research project on expressive writing at the University of Hertfordshire.

She returned to the Institute of Psychiatry and Maudsley Hospital in London in 1998, where she was appointed professor of psychiatric nosology. She has written over 200 peer reviewed papers, as well as numerous book chapters, review articles and editorials on wide-ranging research interests, including classification, the aetiology of schizophrenia and affective disorders, chronic fatigue syndrome and ethical aspects of genetic research. Current research includes investigating genetic and environmental risk factors for unipolar and bipolar affective disorders, genetically determined response to antidepressants and cognitive changes in mania.

The lusus Troiae was "revived" by Julius Caesar in 45 or 46 BC,Suetonius, Divus Iulius 39; Cassius Dio 43.23.6. perhaps in connection with his family claim to have descended from Iulus, the son of Aeneas who in the game of the Aeneid rides a horse that was a gift from the Carthaginian queen Dido.Vergil, Aeneid 5.570–572; Petrini, The Child and the Hero, p. 35. Given the mythological setting, the description of the lusus Troiae in the Aeneid is likely to have been the Augustan poet's fictional aetiology.

Retentive surface of calculus allows for further plaque accumulation Plaque accumulation causes the gingiva to become irritated and inflamed, and this is referred to as gingivitis. When the gingiva become so irritated that there is a loss of the connective tissue fibers that attach the gums to the teeth and bone that surrounds the tooth, this is known as periodontitis. Dental plaque is not the sole cause of periodontitis; however it is many times referred to as a primary aetiology. Plaque that remains in the oral cavity long enough will eventually calcify and become calculus.

Foreign bodies embedded in the palpebral conjunctiva or the nictitating membrane can cause persistent irritation and ulceration. Often the shape and distribution of the lesion is suggestive of this aetiology, but even in the absence of a characteristic lesion their presence should be considered and sought out. Bacterial and fungal infection occurs readily after the initial ulceration, as disruption of the corneal epithelium allows attachment and colonisation of the underlying tissues by normal corneal commensals. Commonly isolated bacteria include Staphylococcus, Streptococcus and Pseudomonas, and empirical anti-microbial therapy should be effective against these bacteria.

In 1954, Coffey gave a paper on this topic at the Royal Academy of Medicine in Ireland. Coffey published her findings in the Irish Journal of Medical Science between 1955 and 1959. In recognition of her work in paediatrics, she was appointed lecturer in teratology at Trinity College Dublin in 1961, earning a Ph.D. from the University of Dublin in 1965 for a thesis on the incidence and aetiology of congenital defects in Ireland. She published internationally and maintained her research output for several years after her retirement.

On the evening of April 21, 1896, Sigmund Freud presented a paper before his colleagues at the Society for Psychiatry and Neurology in Vienna, entitled "The Aetiology of Hysteria". Using a sample of 18 patients--male and female--from his practice, he concluded that all of them had been the victims of sexual assaults by various caretakers. The cause of the patient's distress lay in a trauma inflicted by an actor in the child's social environment. The source of internal psychic pain lay in an act inflicted upon the child from outside.Gay, P. (1988).

Jupiter calls Mars to help the young Scipio after his father is killed, and he withdraws the troops to the river Trebia, where there is a large battle in which the Carthaginians prevail and the river attacks Scipio until it is burned up by Vulcan. Juno appears as the god of Lake Trasimene and tells Hannibal to march there. Hannibal refuses to allow his son to be sacrificed by lot to the gods and asks him ever to be an enemy of Rome. Book 5 The history and mythical aetiology of Lake Trasimene is presented.

The temple of Annoyō-ji was founded by Gyōki, and converted from a Hossō to a Shingon temple by Kūkai. Rebuilt by the ruler of Iyo Province in the eighth century, many of the temple buildings were destroyed by the Chōsokabe in the sixteenth century. The aetiology sees the temple's name changed to Ishite-ji or stone-hand temple after the tightly-clenched hand of the newborn son of the lord of Iyo Province was opened by a priest from the Annoyō-ji to reveal a stone inscribed "Emon Saburō is reborn".

Blue asbestos is possibly 100 times more hazardous than white asbestos, as the fibres are much smaller (around 2.5 to 10 micrometres). The inhalation of asbestos results in illness and in most cases death, due to asbestosis, mesothelioma (of which asbestos is the only known cause) and other lung diseases. This aetiology was described, reported and explained to the management of ABA as well as being the subject of many medical journal articles. The asbestos fibre count at the mine and other facilities was regularly measured at 1000 parts per cm3 or more.

The success of this experiment suggested that stem cells could be coaxed into producing new cells to replace damaged or destroyed brain cells. His discovery of the metabotropic glutamate receptors opened a major new research area and currently the G-protein coupled metabotropic glutamate receptors (GRMs/mGluRs) have been implicated in the aetiology of schizophrenia, in amyloid beta-peptide toxicity, Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease and Fragile X syndrome. His discovery of adult mammalian central nervous system stem cells has generated two new and important perspectives. First, neural development continues throughout the lifetime of adult mammals.

In 1886, he began extensive research of typhoid fever. In collaboration with Georges-Fernand Widal (1862–1929), he studied the aetiology of the disease, and in 1888 developed an experimental antityphoid inoculation. Also with Widal, he isolated the bacillus that was the cause of dysentery, however the two scientists were unable to establish the aetiological link to the disease.Georges Fernand Isidore Widal @ Who Named It From 1897 to 1903 he was a professor of comparative and experimental pathology in Paris, becoming a member of the Académie de Médecine in 1901.

On 5 February 2004, there was a major loss of life in Morecambe Bay when Chinese immigrant shellfish harvesters were drowned. In December 2017 a local general practitioner and community health activist claimed that children in Morecambe were suffering from malnourishment and implied that cases of rickets had been observed as a consequence. The Morecambe Bay Clinical Commissioning Group subsequently sought to correct the GP's claims and clarified the aetiology of vitamin D deficiency in the local population, explaining "rickets is a very rare condition and has multiple causes".

In a book review in The British Journal of Psychiatry of a 2009 book about the theory, Carl Fredrik Johansson wrote: > "In terms of the plausibility of the theory, it is appealing in its > symmetry, offering some compelling examples of how the disorders complement > each other in their symptomatology. Testable hypotheses are offered but most > remain untested. More significantly, far too little is known about the > relationship between genes and the aetiology of these disorders, and the > understanding of the struggle for expression between parental genes is at a > very early stage." Stearns et al.

Herrick was greatly concerned about the unregulated lobster-fishing industry and that the limited migration of lobsters bedevils recovery of lobster populations once depleted. His 1917 work was the first critical biography of John James Audubon and negated the public's romanticised image of him as an American woodsman. An ornithologist with a particular interest in the aetiology of instinct in wild birds, Herrick was the first researcher to study the bald eagle in the field, and help popularise wildlife photography in the process. He became professor emeritus in 1929.

Apical periodontitis is typically the body's defense response to the threat of microbial invasion from the root canal.Lopez-Marcos, JF. Aetiology, classification and pathogenesis of pulp and periapical disease, Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2004 9:Suppl pages 58-62, 52-7. Primary among the members of the host defense mechanism is the polymorphonuclear leukocyte, otherwise known as the neutrophil. The task of the neutrophil is to locate and destroy microbes that intrude into the body – anywhere in the body – and they represent the hallmark of acute inflammation.

After her international career Nevill, as a senior lecturer at the Loughborough University, researched in the area of muscle metabolism during maximum sprint and intermittent exercise with a particular interest in the aetiology of fatigue. She also stayed actively involved in the sport of field hockey, and the former Great Britain women's captain for a while was coach to the England U21 Women's Squad. Besides that, Nevill was director of Institute of Youth Sport. Nevill is currently Professor and Head of Department of Sport Science in the School of Science and Technology at Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, England.

No urinary bladder cancer was found in two of the earlier epidemiological reports of workers exposed to 4-COT in Switzerland and in the USA.Uebelin F., Pletscher A., Aetiology and prophylaxis of industrial tumors in the dye industry, Schweiz. med. Wschr., 1954, 84, 917-928 (in German)Ott M.G., Langner R.R., A mortality survey of men engaged in the manufacture of organic dyes, J. Occupational Medicine, 1983, 225, 763-768 Stasik et al. obtained similar results in their previous mortality study carried out on a cohort of 335 male employees exposed to 4-COT at plants in Frankfurt.

If a patient could not be cured physically, the Babylonian physicians often relied on exorcism to cleanse the patient from any curses. Esagil-kin-apli's Diagnostic Handbook was based on a logical set of axioms and assumptions, including the modern view that through the examination and inspection of the symptoms of a patient, it is possible to determine the patient's disease, its aetiology and future development, and the chances of the patient's recovery.H. F. J. Horstmanshoff, Marten Stol, Cornelis Tilburg (2004), Magic and Rationality in Ancient Near Eastern and Graeco-Roman Medicine, p. 99, Brill Publishers, .

SMOLD usually affects multiple ducts and frequently (relative to extremely low absolute prevalence) both breasts hence it is very likely that systemic changes such as hormonal interactions are involved. At least the following factors have been considered in the aetiology of SMOLD: reactive change to chronic inflammation, systemic hormonal changes, smoking, dysregulation in beta-catenin expression, changes in retinoic acid and vitamin D metabolism or expression. Vitamin A deficiency may cause epidermilization of the ducts and squamous metaplasia and likely also contributes to infection. Vitamin A deficiency has been observed to cause squamous metaplasia in many types of epithelia.

During this time, he wrote a stream of papers setting out the natural history, treatment and prevention of plantar ulcers in leprosy. These papers formed the basis of his M.D. (Cantab.) 1961. As his obituary in the Leprosy Review reads, "This work, together with the work concurrently being undertaken by Dr Paul Brand and his colleagues in India, had a revolutionary impact on ideas about concerning the aetiology and treatment of ulcers occurring in neuropathic feet.". However the distinguished Indian leprologist Hariharan Srinivasan, writing in 1968, gave Price sole credit for elucidating the cause of plantar ulcers, not mentioning Paul Brand.

Etiology (pronounced ; alternatively: aetiology or ætiology) is the study of causation or origination. The word is derived from the Greek (aitiología) "giving a reason for" (, aitía, "cause"; and , -logía). More completely, etiology is the study of the causes, origins, or reasons behind the way that things are, or the way they function, or it can refer to the causes themselves. The word is commonly used in medicine (pertaining to causes of disease) and in philosophy, but also in physics, psychology, government, geography, spatial analysis, theology, and biology, in reference to the causes or origins of various phenomena.

In 2009, a Canadian-led group of investigators reported in the New England Journal of Medicine results from the first PBC genome-wide association study. This research revealed parts of the IL12 signaling cascade, particularly IL12A and IL12RB2 polymorphisms, to be important in the aetiology of the disease in addition to the HLA region. In 2012, two independent PBC association studies increased the total number of genomic regions associated to 26, implicating many genes involved in cytokine regulation such as TYK2, SH2B3 and TNFSF11. A study of over 2000 patients identified a gene - POGLUT1 - that appeared to be associated with this condition.

Social inhibition has been widely studied in children; however, research on how it develops through adolescence and adulthood is not as prevalent,Gladstone, G. (2004). Behavioral inhibition: Measurement and assessment of aetiology and outcome in adults Dissertation Abstracts International 65, although anxiety-related social problems are most commonly seen in adolescents. Many of the behavioral traits are the same in adolescence as they are in childhood: withdrawing from unfamiliar people, situations and objects. However, it has been tested that adolescents are more aware of their social situations and are more likely to be inhibited in public settings.

These changes are due to increased capillary permeability and an influx of inflammatory cells into the gingival tissues. When gingival disease remain established and the aetiology is not removed there is further recruitment of cells such as macrophages which assist with the phagocytic digestion of bacteria and lymphocytes which begin to initiate an immune response./ Pro-inflammatory cytokines are produced inside the gingival tissues and further escalate inflammation which impacts the progression of chronic systemic inflammation and disease. The result is collagen breakdown, infiltrate accumulation as well as collagen breakdown in the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone resorption.

Periodontitis and associated conditions are recognised as a wide range of inflammatory diseases that have unique symptoms and varying consequences. In order to identify disease, classification systems have been used to categorise periodontal and gingival diseases based on their severity, aetiology and treatments. Having a system of classification is necessary to enable dental professionals to give a label to a patient's condition and make a periodontal diagnosis. A diagnosis is reached by firstly undertaking thorough examination of the patient's medical, dental and social histories, to note any predisposing risk factors (see above) or underlying systemic conditions.

In the late ´90s, he formed the AnyBody Research Project at Aalborg University, which he is still a leading part of. One of the goals of his research is to develop methods for analysing the biomechanics of the human body involving bones, joints, muscles and tendons. His research has contributed to the treatment of osteoarthritis, general disability and the optimisation of sports performances. Furthermore, John Rasmussen has initiated a new branch of interdisciplinary biomechanics in cooperation with Aalborg University’s Laboratory for Stem Cell Research in the aetiology of pressure ulcers, which has led to new results in tissue engineering.

Inc. red complex; avoid immune detection; devour host for nutrition. Interfere with host immune response Trigger environ changes to make it more benign for them The ecological plaque hypothesis and the aetiology of periodontal diseasesThe ecological concept consolidates both specific and non specific plaque hypothesis theories. The ecological plaque hypothesis founded in the early 1990s by (Marsh 1994) confirmed some associations between clinical and laboratory measurements. This theory focused its sites that the environment in which balance the microflora may in fact be altered by many changes in the resident plaque and specific species which can predispose the site to periodontal disease.

Although they determined that the exact mechanism by which it causes these malignancies, apart from Kinlen's infection aetiology that was mentioned, remained unknown, concluding that the possibility of additional risk factors in Seascale remains. In an examination of all causes of stillbirth and infant mortality in Cumbria taken as a whole, between 1950 and 1993, 4,325 stillbirths, 3,430 neonatal death and 1,569 lethal congenital anomalies, occurred among 287,993 births. Overall, results did not infer an increased risk of still birth or neonatal death in Cumbria, the rate of these negative outcomes were largely in line with the British baseline rate.

Abrasion occurring on the cervical margins from the effects of friction from toothbrushing and abrasive toothpastes Cause of abrasion may arise from interaction of teeth with other objects such as toothbrushes, toothpicks, floss, and ill-fitting dental appliance like retainers and dentures. Apart from that, people with habits such as nail biting, chewing tobacco, lip or tongue piercing, and having occupation such as joiner, are subjected to higher risks of abrasion. Abrasion can also occur from the type of dentifrice being utilized as some have more abrasive qualities such as whitening toothpastes. The aetiology of dental abrasion can be due to a single stimuli or, as in most cases, multi-factorial.

Cellular models are instrumental in dissecting a complex pathological process into simpler molecular events. Parkinson's disease (PD) is multifactorial and clinically heterogeneous; the aetiology of the sporadic (and most common) form is still unclear and only a few molecular mechanisms have been clarified so far in the neurodegenerative cascade. In such a multifaceted picture, it is particularly important to identify experimental models that simplify the study of the different networks of proteins and genes involved. Cellular models that reproduce some of the features of the neurons that degenerate in PD have contributed to many advances in our comprehension of the pathogenic flow of the disease.

Some of this evidence is epidemiological and some experimental. Both types have limitations, which the author discusses in a chapter called Can you prove it?, but both are strongly indicative of an involvement of sucrose in the aetiology both of CHD and of what used to be called maturity-onset diabetes (type 2 diabetes). The epidemiological evidence that sucrose contributes to CHD had started to accumulate in 1957; in that year Yudkin showed that a comparison of data from several countries indicated an association between coronary mortality and the consumption of sucrose, and that the association with sucrose consumption was stronger than with fat consumption.

In 1966 she joined a team in London, headed by Neville Butler and Eva Alberman, analysing data collected in the 1958 Perinatal Mortality Survey (later the 1958 birth cohort) British birth cohort studies. She then obtained a research fellowship in the Galton Laboratory of Human Genetics and Biometry, University College London Galton Laboratory to study the aetiology of neural tube defects. Subsequent research at the University of Oxford, involved working with large data sets including the Oxford Record Linkage Study. In 1980 she moved to the University of Bristol, where she was involved in analysing data from the national 1970 birth cohort British birth cohort studies.

The field of medical sociology is usually taught as part of a wider sociology, clinical psychology or health studies degree course, or on dedicated master's degree courses where it is sometimes combined with the study of medical ethics and bioethics. In Britain, sociology was introduced into the medical curriculum following the Goodenough report in 1944: "In medicine, 'social explanations' of the aetiology of disease meant for some doctors a redirection of medical thought from the purely clinical and psychological criteria of illness. The introduction of 'social' factors into medical explanation was most strongly evidenced in branches of medicine closely related to the community — Social Medicine and, later, General Practice" .

TwinsUK, also known as TwinsUK Registry, is the biggest UK adult registry of twins in the United Kingdom, ages 16 to 98 to study the genetic and environmental aetiology of age related complex traits and diseases. Established in 1993, it is based at King's College London with an intent of aiding genetic research. The registry is used to connect researchers to volunteers. It is the largest registry of twin adults in the UK. As of 2013, it hosted information on more than 13,000 volunteer twins, with approximately 50% having completed a baseline comprehensive assessment and more than 70% having completed a detailed health questionnaire.

Turner syndrome, also known as 45,X or 45,X0, is a chromosomal abnormality characterised by a partial or completely missing second X chromosome giving a chromosomal count of 45, instead of the correct count of 46 chromosomes. Dysregulation in meiosis signalling to germ cells during embryogenesis may result in nondisjunction and monosomy X from separation failure of chromosomes in either the parental gamete or during early embryonic divisions. The aetiology of Turner syndrome phenotype can be the result of haploinsufficiency, where a portion of critical genes are rendered inactive during embryogenesis. Normal ovarian development requires these vital regions of the X chromosome that are inactivated.

The symptoms and diseases of a patient were treated through therapeutic means such as bandages, creams and pills. If a patient could not be cured physically, the Babylonian physicians often relied on exorcism to cleanse the patient from any curses. Esagil-kin-apli's Diagnostic Handbook was based on a logical set of axioms and assumptions, including the modern view that through the examination and inspection of the symptoms of a patient, it is possible to determine the patient's disease, its aetiology, its future development, and the chances of the patient's recovery.H.F.J. Horstmanshoff, Marten Stol, Cornelis Tilburg (2004), Magic and Rationality in Ancient Near Eastern and Graeco-Roman Medicine, p.

The International Diabetes Institute was started in Melbourne in 1984 by Professor Paul Zimmet a number of years after his appointment to the Royal Southern Memorial Hospital. “The research of Paul and his team in Pacific and Indian Ocean populations has provided new insights into the genetic contribution of NIDDM as well as the role of obesity, physical activity, nutrition and sociocultural change in the aetiology of this disorder.” In 1980 Zimmet was asked by the Council of the Australian Diabetes Society to prepare a submission, along with colleague Dr Ian Martin, titled 'Diabetes in Australia'. The submission was to the Federal Minister of Health.

Ecological plaque hypothesis and the aetiology of dental caries The ecological plaque hypothesis, a combination of the two previously mentioned hypotheses, suggests that there are certain species responsible for pathology, but are present in insufficient quantities to cause damage to a healthy individual. Thus biofilm derived diseases are the result of an imbalance in the normal oral ecology. The most commonly recognised bacteria that are responsible for initiating the biofilm formation that can eventually lead to caries are streptococcus mutans and lactobacillus. The key factors for virulence include their ability to metabolise glucose and similar sugars, their tolerance for a low pH environment and their acidogenicity.

He helped to found the American Society for Surgery of the Hand in 1946, and was president during the 1960s. He was also president of the Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons in 1965. He moved to the Dallas Medical and Surgical Clinic in 1970, remaining there until his retirement in 1980.Phalen, George S. at The Encyclopaedia of Cleveland History He described the carpal tunnel syndrome in 1950, and although it had been described previously by James Paget in 1854 and James Jackson Putman in 1880, amongst others, Phalen improved the understanding of the aetiology of the condition with his experience of several hundred patients during the 1950s and 1960s.

As early as 1927, Weston Price's researches were criticized for "faulty bacterial technique".Henry W Crowe & Herbert G Franking, "Aetiology continued: Dental infections and degenerative diseases—a review and commentary", pp 23–32, Bacteriology and Surgery of Chronic Arthritis and Rheumatism with End-Results of Treatment (New York/London: Humphrey Milford/Oxford University Press, 1927), p 32. In the 1930s and 1940s, researchers and editors dismissed the studies of Edward Rosenow and of Price as flawed by insufficient controls, massive doses of bacteria, and contamination of endontically treated teeth during extraction. In 1938, Cecil and Angevine reported 200 cases of rheumatoid arthritis, but no consistent cures by tonsillectomies or tooth extractions.

2.2 Villa Surrentina Polli Feclicis ("The Surrentine Villa of Pollius Felix") A description of a villa at Surrentum, composed after a festival. Description of the landscape, terraces, and earthworks, Pollius' art collection, and praise of the villa as a retreat from city life, Pollius' political career, and his wife. 2.3 Arbor Atedi Melioris ("The Tree of Atedius Melior") An aetiology for a tree on Melior's estate written as a birthday present; the poet recounts Pan's pursuit of a nymph and dedication of the tree as a memorial of his desire. 2.4 Psittacus Eiusdem ("The Parrot of the Same (Melior)") Praise of the parrot and a description of its death and funeral.

Humphreys has taken the Refrigerator Mother theory further than others, with claims that abuse and emotional neglect are the cause of schizophrenia and a range of other childhood behaviours that are 'labelled' as medical disorders, including oppositional-defiant disorder (ODD), attention-deficit disorder (ADD), attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), dyspraxia and dyslexia in addition to ASDs. He believes that these 'labelled disorders' are avoidant behavioural adjustments that enable a threatened child "to survive in a painful world of conditionality" and are curable through "unconditionally valuing and caring" relationships. He has made similar claims for emotionally challenging environments causing the onset of asthma. Both professional and advocate groups have decried his theory of the aetiology of schizophrenia.

Richard Doll, who won the medal in 1972 "for his outstanding studies on the aetiology, prevention and treatment of disease, especially cancer" The Buchanan Medal is awarded by the Royal Society "in recognition of distinguished contribution to the medical sciences generally". The award was created in 1897 from a fund to the memory of London physician Sir George Buchanan (1831–1895). It was to be awarded once every five years, but since 1990 the medal has been awarded every two years. Since its creation, it has been awarded 28 times, and unlike other Royal Society medals such as the Royal Medal, it has never been awarded to the same individual multiple times.

Calculus is detrimental to gingival health because it serves as a trap for increased plaque formation and retention; thus, calculus, along with other factors that cause a localized build-up of plaque, is referred to as a secondary aetiology of periodontitis. When plaque is supragingival, the bacterial content contains a great proportion of aerobic bacteria and yeast, or those bacteria which utilize and can survive in an environment containing oxygen. Subgingival plaque contains a higher proportion of anaerobic bacteria, or those bacteria which cannot exist in an environment containing oxygen. Several anaerobic plaque bacteria, such as Porphyromonas gingivalis, secrete antigenic proteins that trigger a strong inflammatory response in the periodontium, the specialized tissues that surround and support the teeth.

Our data suggest, however, that heavy alcohol drinking may be related to pancreatic cancer risk." "Relative risks of pancreatic cancer increased with the amount of alcohol consumed (Ptrend = 0.11) after adjustment for age, smoking status, and pack-years of smoking." "Alcoholics had only a modest 40% excess risk of pancreatic cancer … The excess risk for pancreatic cancer among alcoholics is small and could conceivably be attributed to confounding by smoking." "It was shown that the relative risk of cancer of the pancreas increases with fat and alcohol intakes, … Alcohol may be not directly involved in the aetiology of cancer of the pancreas: its effect could be due to the contents of some alcoholic beverages.

Hogan (2016) published a 10-year audit of outcomes for pre-school children in the UK who had attended the auditory verbal programme at Auditory Verbal UK. Of children who were on the programme for two years or more approximately 80% graduated from the AV programme with age appropriate language (AAL) by the age of 5 years. Of these children, 25% had challenges associated with their aetiology (e.g. those associated with meningitis, cCMV, ANSD etc.) in addition to their hearing loss. AVUK was founded in 2003 by Jacqueline Stokes in Oxfordshire to provide AVT for families in the UK. The charity now has two centres one in Bicester, Oxfordshire and one in Bermondsey, London.

When Findlay reported on the aetiology of rickets in 1908, he reached the following conclusion: :The confinement of children, which we find wherever rickets prevails, does, of course, deprive them of some fresh air and sunshine and thus reduce their restive power, but it is not entirely... on these grounds that it exerts a baneful influence. It is due to the want on exercise which invariably goes along with ... the confinement. We may surmise that lack of exercise fresh air... allows the generation of some harmful product, and so by autointoxication brings about the disease. In the second decade of the 20th century Findlay again collaborated with his colleague Diarmid-Noel Paton to study Tetany.

In 1890, Morvan described a patient with myokymia (muscle twitching) associated with muscle pain, excessive sweating, and disordered sleep. This rare disorder is characterized by severe insomnia, amounting to no less than complete lack of sleep (agrypnia) for weeks or months in a row, and associated with autonomic alterations consisting of profuse perspiration with characteristic skin miliaria (also known as sweat rash), tachycardia, increased body temperature, and hypertension. Patients display a remarkable hallucinatory behavior, and peculiar motor disturbances, which Morvan reported under the term “fibrillary chorea” but which are best described in modern terms as neuromyotonic discharges. The association of the disease with thymoma, tumour, autoimmune diseases, and autoantibodies suggests an autoimmune or paraneoplastic aetiology.

Kanthack is standing in white coat. Wellcome Images In 1893 he returned to St Bartholomew's as Director of the Pathological Department in the Medical School and Hospital, Lecturer on Pathology and Bacteriology, and Curator of the Museum. In 1894 he suffered from a severe attack of typhoid fever, but in spite of this won the prestigious Royal College of Surgeons' Jacksonian Prize in 1895 for his essay The Aetiology of Tetanus and the Value of the Serum Treatment. In 1896 he acted as Deputy to Professor Charles Roy, who had been appointed to the new Chair in Pathology at Cambridge but was unable to take up the post due to ill- health.

In 1950–52, Hill was president of the Royal Statistical Society and was awarded its Guy Medal in Gold in 1953. Hill was made a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1954. Fisher was actually one of the proposers. The certificate of election read > Has, by the application of statistical methods, made valuable contributions > to our knowledge of the incidence and aetiology of industrial diseases, of > the effects of internal migration upon mortality rates, and of the natural > and experimental epidemiology of various infections, for example of the > risks of an attack of poliomyelitis following inoculation procedures and of > the risk of congenital abnormalities being precipitated by maternal rubella > in the pregnant woman.

Ahasuerus is given as the name of a king, the husband of Esther, in the Book of Esther. He is said to have ruled "from India even unto Ethiopia, over an hundred and seven and twenty provinces" - that is, over the Achaemenid Empire. There is no reference to known historical events in the story; the narrative of Esther was invented to provide an aetiology for Purim, and the name Ahasuerus is usually understood to refer to a fictionalized Xerxes I, who ruled the Achaemenid Empire between 486 and 465 BCE. Persian kings did not marry outside a restricted number of Persian noble families and it is impossible that there was a Jewish queen Esther; in any case the historical Xerxes's queen was Amestris.

Another group of the Silvae give picturesque descriptions of the villas, gardens, and artworks of the poet's friends. In these we have a more vivid representation than elsewhere of the surroundings Roman aristocrats of the empire lived in the country. Important examples include a piece on Pollius' temple to Hercules (3.1), the aetiology of the tree at Atedius' villa (2.3), an antique statue of Lysippus' Heracles (4.6) and a description of Pollius' villa at Surrentum (2.2). The rest of the Silvae consist of congratulatory addresses to friends, and poems for special occasions such as the wedding poem for Stella and Violentilla (2.2), the poem commemorating the poet Lucan's birthday (2.7), and a joking piece to Plotius Grypus on a Saturnalia gift (4.9).

A major disadvantage of classifying malocclusions according to Angle's system is that it only takes into consideration the two- dimensional viewing along a spatial axis in the sagittal plane in the terminal occlusion, even though occlusion problems are, in principle, three- dimensional. Deviations in other spatial axes, asymmetric deviations, functional faults and other therapy-related features are not recognised. Another shortcoming is the lack of a theoretical basis of this purely descriptive classification system. Among the much discussed weaknesses of the system is the fact that it only considers the static occlusion, that it does not take into account the development and causes (aetiology) of occlusion problems and it disregards the proportions (or relationships in general) of teeth and face.

The trauma model of mental disorders, or trauma model of psychopathology, emphasises the effects of physical, sexual and psychological trauma as key causal factors in the development of psychiatric disorders, including depression and anxiety as well as psychosis, whether the trauma is experienced in childhood or adulthood. It conceptualises victims as having understandable reactions to traumatic events rather than suffering from mental illness. Trauma models emphasise that traumatic experiences are more common and more significant in terms of aetiology than has often been thought in people diagnosed with mental disorders. Such models have their roots in some psychoanalytic approaches, notably Sigmund Freud's early ideas on childhood sexual abuse and hysteria,Candace Orcutt, Trauma in Personality Disorder: A Clinician's Handbook (AuthorHouse, 2012).

When Romulus complains that a low fertility rate has rendered the abduction of the Sabine women pointless, Juno, in her guise as the birth goddess Lucina, offers an instruction: "Let the sacred goat go into the Italian matrons" (Italidas matres … sacer hirtus inito, with the verb inito a form of inire).T.P. Wiseman, Historiography and Imagination: Eight Essays on Roman Culture (University of Exeter Press, 1994), p. 138, note 104, takes Juno's instruction as clear reference to Inuus. The would-be mothers recoil from this advice, but an augur, "recently arrived from Etruscan soil," offers a ritual dodge: a goat was killed, and its hide cut into strips for flagellating women who wished to conceive; thus the aetiology for the practice at the Lupercalia.

The wrath of Ahasuerus (anonymous), Rijksmuseum Because the text lacks any references to known events, some historians believe that the narrative of Esther is fictional, and the name Ahasuerus is used to refer to a fictionalized Xerxes I, in order to provide an aetiology for Purim. Some historians additionally argue that, because the Persian kings did not marry outside a handful of Persian noble families, it is unlikely that there was a Jewish queen Esther and that in any case the historical Xerxes's queen was Amestris. That being said, many Jews believe the story to be a true historical event, especially Persian Jews who have a close relationship to Esther. In the Septuagint, the Book of Esther refers to this king as 'Artaxerxes' ().

He was then "numbered among the stars of heaven and thus won for himself immortal remembrance".Diodorus Siculus iv 85.5; the intervening passage deals with the opposite aetiology of the Straits of Messina: that Sicily was once connected to the mainland, and the sea (or an earthquake) broke them apart. Diodorus doesn't say what work of Hesiod; despite its differences from the other summary of Hesiod on Orion, Alois Rzach grouped this as a fragment of the Astronomy (Oldfather's note to the Loeb Diodorus, loc. cit.). The Renaissance historian and mathematician Francesco Maurolico, who came from Messina, identified the remains of a temple of Orion near the present Messina Cathedral.Sicanicarum rerum compendium (1562), cited in Brooke, Douglas & Wheelton Sladen (1907).

Functional assessment of brain activity can be assessed for psychogenic amnesia using imaging techniques such as fMRI, PET and EEG, in accordance with clinical data. Some research has suggested that organic and psychogenic amnesia to some extent share the involvement of the same structures of the temporo-frontal region in the brain. It has been suggested that deficits in episodic memory may be attributable to dysfunction in the limbic system, while self-identity deficits have been suggested as attributable to functional changes related to the posterior parietal cortex. To reiterate however, care must be taken when attempting to define causation as only ad hoc reasoning about the aetiology of psychogenic amnesia is possible, which means cause and consequence can be infeasible to untangle.

According to the Torah, the tribe consisted of descendants of Manasseh, a son of Joseph, from whom it took its name. Some critics, however, view this as a postdiction, an eponymous metaphor providing an aetiology of the connectedness of the tribe to others in the Israelite confederationPeake's Commentary on the Bible. In the Biblical account, Joseph is one of the two children of Rachel and Jacob, a brother to Benjamin, and father to both Ephraim, and his first son, Manasseh; Ephraim received the blessing of the firstborn, although Manasseh was the eldest, because Jacob foresaw that Ephraim's descendants would be greater than his brother's. Here the blessing of the first son was conferred by a grandfather rather than by the father, despite prevailing custom (great patriarchs supersede custom).

Facial Onset Sensory and Motor Neuronopathy syndrome is an extremely rare disease characterised by sensory and motor loss beginning in the face and spreading to involve an increasingly larger area including the upper arms. Details of the disease, and in particular its aetiology, are currently subject to debate, mainly because FOSMN syndrome is so rare. FOSMN was first described in four patients in 2006 S. Vucic, D. Tian, P. Siao Tick Chong, M. E. Cudkowicz, E. T. Hedley-Whyte, and D. Cros Facial onset sensory and motor neuronopathy (FOSMN syndrome): a novel syndrome in neurology Brain (2006) 129(12): 3384-3390 and subsequently in a further six patients Isoardo, G. and Troni, W. (2008), Sporadic bulbospinal muscle atrophy with facial-onset sensory neuropathy. Muscle Nerve, 37: 659–662.

The book advances a psychological model for understanding all the regressive types of the disorder.associazionesilvanoarieti.org – page on Arieti (mostly in Italian) Some of the psychogenic models proposed by these early researchers, such as the "schizophrenogenic mother", came under sustained criticism, from feminists who saw them as 'mother-blaming' and from a psychiatric profession that increasingly moved towards biological determinism. From the 1960s pharmacological treatments became the increasing focus of psychiatry, and by the 1980s the theory that the family dynamics could be implicated in the aetiology of schizophrenia became viewed as unacceptable by many mental health professionals in America and Europe. Before his death in 2001, at 90, Theodore Lidz, one of the main proponents of the "schizophrenogenic" parents theory, expressed regret that current research in biological psychiatry was "barking up the wrong tree".

Finally, Athenaeus (a grammarian of the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD) wrote in Book 15.16 of his Deipnosophists the following regarding a contemporary Athenian festival dedicated to Prometheus: "Aeschylus clearly states in the Unbound that in honor of Prometheus we place a garland on the head as recompense of his bondage." Some scholars have taken this to mean that in the Unbound, Prometheus prophesies that eventually (in the Fire- Bringer), Zeus would reconcile with him, and establish some sort of festival in his honor. Given the title of the play, and taking a cue from the aetiology for the Athenian Areopagus provided by Aeschylus' Eumenides, it has been suggested that the drama concludes with Zeus' foundation of the yearly torch race that took place in Athens to honor Prometheus.See (e.

The sixth book begins with a prologue in which the goddesses Juno and Juventas (Hebe) dispute over which goddess the month is named after (1–100). Ovid goes on to relate the story of the affair of Carna, the goddess of hinges, and Janus as well as the story of how Proca was defended from murderous owls by Cranae (101–195). The next large narrative is the discussion of iconography and aetiology of the Vestalia, the festival of Vesta. The cosmic identification of Vesta with the earth, the story of Priapus' attempted rape, the origin of the altar of Jupiter Pistoris (of the bakers) in the Gallic invasion of Rome, and the rescue of the Palladium by Metellus in a fire at the temple are recounted (249–468).

Because the text lacks any references to known events, some historians believe that the narrative of Esther is fictional, and the name Ahasuerus is used to refer to a fictionalized Xerxes I, in order to provide an aetiology for Purim. Some historians additionally argue that, because the Persian kings did not marry outside of seven Persian noble families, it is unlikely that there was a Jewish queen Esther and that in any case the historical Xerxes's queen was Amestris. However, Amestris herself did not descend from these families, and Darius I is also said to have married a woman who did not belong to them. That being said, many Jews and Christians believe the story to be a true historical event, especially Persian Jews who have a close relationship to Esther.

Some modern researchers have tried to explain the reports of werewolf behaviour with recognised medical conditions. Dr Lee Illis of Guy's Hospital in London wrote a paper in 1963 entitled On Porphyria and the Aetiology of Werewolves, in which he argues that historical accounts on werewolves could have in fact been referring to victims of congenital porphyria, stating how the symptoms of photosensitivity, reddish teeth and psychosis could have been grounds for accusing a sufferer of being a werewolf. This is however argued against by Woodward, who points out how mythological werewolves were almost invariably portrayed as resembling true wolves, and that their human forms were rarely physically conspicuous as porphyria victims. Others have pointed out the possibility of historical werewolves having been sufferers of hypertrichosis, a hereditary condition manifesting itself in excessive hair growth.

Binge drinking costs the UK economy approximately £20 billion a year; 17 million working days are estimated to be lost due to hangovers and drink-related illness each year. The cost of binge drinking to employers is estimated to be £6.4 billion and the cost per year of alcohol harm is estimated to cost the National Health Service £2.7 billion. Urgent action has been recommended to understand the binge drinking culture and its aetiology and pathogenesis and urgent action has been called for to educate people with regard to the dangers of binge drinking. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) released a study in October 2011 that showed that in the United States binge drinking costs society $223 billion a year, which amounts to $2 per drink.

Australian rules football - preventing injury Knee reconstructions are among the career threatening injuries for professional and amateur players. Full contact play with the potential to be tackled or bumped from any angle means that the risk of a knee being twisted or caught on a dangerous angle is high. While many players choose not to wear protective padding, players do occasionally suffer head injury resulting in loss of consciousnessRetrospective study of concussive convulsions in elite Australian rules and rugby league footballers: phenomenology, aetiology, and outcome however spinal injury is extremely uncommon and comparatively much lower than rugby football.Spinal cord injuries in Australian footballers 1997–2002 A neck breaking game In recent years the AFL has commissioned official studies as well as introduced new rules and precautions aimed at reducing the number and severity of injuries in the sport.

Though his work and that of his research associates had revealed a role for heredity, Kraepelin realized nothing could be said with certainty about the aetiology of dementia praecox, and he left out speculation regarding brain disease or neuropathology in his diagnostic descriptions. Nevertheless, from the 1896 edition onwards Kraepelin made clear his belief that poisoning of the brain, "auto-intoxication," probably by sex hormones, may underlie dementia praecox – a theory also entertained by Eugen Bleuler. Both theorists insisted dementia praecox is a biological disorder, not the product of psychological trauma. Thus, rather than a disease of hereditary degeneration or of structural brain pathology, Kraepelin believed dementia praecox was due to a systemic or "whole body" disease process, probably metabolic, which gradually affected many of the tissues and organs of the body before affecting the brain in a final, decisive cascade.

The study concluded that at six-month follow-up, youths who received the Narconon drug education curriculum showed reduced drug use compared with controls across all drug categories tested; that the strongest effects were seen in all tobacco products and cigarette frequency followed by marijuana; that there were significant reductions measured for alcohol and amphetamines; that the program produced changes in knowledge, attitudes and perception of risk; and that the eight-module Narconon curriculum had thorough grounding in substance abuse aetiology and prevention theory, and reduced drug use among youths. However, the study was funded by Narconon's parent organisation, ABLE, Alt URL and subsequent correspondence in the same journal asserted that the study's conclusions were contradicted by its own data: that the control group "were more likely to resist pressures to take drugs" than the Narconon group.

Tony Humphreys promotes the Refrigerator mother theory of the aetiology of autistic behaviours first popularised by Bruno Bettelheim, and does not believe in the existence of the clinical manifestations known as autism or autistic spectrum disorder (ASD). His published opinions have drawn vociferous complaints from the Minister for Health and Children, James Reilly, from groups representing families affected by autism and a censure calling for retraction from the Psychological Society of Ireland and his retirement by members of ICAAN (The Irish Council for Aspies and Autistic Networking). He continues to maintain that frigid parenting – conscious, subconscious or unconscious – is the root cause of 'autistic' behavioural issues in the family. The Press Ombudsman of Ireland adjudicated that "the offence was not only widespread but grave, could have been interpreted as gratuitously provocative, and might have been avoided or at least minimized if the topic had been presented in a different manner".

Recently some professional players have undergone an innovative surgery that inserts a synthetic ligament in the knee which reduces the time out of football from twelve to three months.Luke Webster's radical knee surgery put to test in WAFL Players can suffer head injuries,Retrospective study of concussive convulsions in elite Australian rules and rugby league footballers: phenomenology, aetiology, and outcome however spinal injuries are extremely uncommon and comparatively much lower than rugby football.Spinal cord injuries in Australian footballers 1997–2002A neck breaking game In cases of injury, players are able to be treated whilst on the ground and umpires generally only stop the play when players are removed from the ground on a stretcher. Most leagues have implemented a blood rule which forces players with bleeding wounds to leave the field for treatment until the bleeding is stopped to prevent the transmission of blood- borne disease.

The Lorne Park is commonly thought to be named after John Campbell, 9th Duke of Argyll, better known by the courtesy title Marquess of Lorne.and former governor general of Canada Clarkson Book - Part 4 (1951–2002), City of Mississauga However, this is conjecture, as the park was already titled Lorne before he became Governor General, the aetiology of the name Lorne remains a cryptic enigma. The Marquis also was not in attendance at the opening of the park in 1879:Montreal Museum of Fine Arts The Marquis was in Montreal officiating an investiture ceremony knighting members into the Queen's privy counsel commissioning the official opening of the Beaux Arts Museum that Victoria Day weekend in 1879. Historically the community, and the parklands have seen many changes. The land, first occupied by the Mississaugas, was transferred with larger land portion through Treaty No. 13 to Governor John Graves Simcoe in 1805.

The alliance of the three aspects of Juno finds a strictly related parallel to the Lupercalia in the festival of the Nonae Caprotinae. On that day the Roman free and slave women picnicked and had fun together near the site of the wild fig (caprificus): the custom implied runs, mock battles with fists and stones, obscene language and finally the sacrifice of a male goat to Juno Caprotina under a wildfig tree and with the using of its lymph. This festival had a legendary aetiology in a particularly delicate episode of Roman history and also recurs at (or shortly after) a particular time of the year, that of the so-called caprificatio when branches of wild fig trees were fastened to cultivated ones to promote insemination. The historical episode narrated by ancient sources concerns the siege of Rome by the Latin peoples that followed the Gallic sack.

Zebulun (, , , Tiberian Hebrew '; also Zebulon, Zabulon, or Zaboules;in Antiquities of the Jews by Josephus Standard Hebrew '/') was, according to the Books of Genesis and Numbers,Genesis 46:14Numbers 26:26 the sixth and last son of Jacob and Leah, and the founder of the Israelite Tribe of Zebulun. Some biblical scholars believe this to be an eponymous metaphor providing an aetiology of the connectedness of the tribe to others in the Israelite confederation.Peake's commentary on the Bible With Leah as a matriarch, biblical scholars believe the tribe to have been regarded by the text's authors as a part of the original Israelite confederation.Jewish Encyclopedia, Tribe of Zebulun The name is derived from the Northwest Semitic root zbl, common in 2nd millennium BCE Ugaritic texts as an epithet (title) of the god Baal, as well as in Phoenician and (frequently) in Biblical Hebrew in personal names.

According to the Torah, the tribe consisted of descendants of Ephraim a son of Joseph, from whom it took its name;Genesis 30 however some critical Biblical scholars view this also as postdiction, an eponymous metaphor providing an aetiology of the connectedness of the tribe to others in the Israelite confederation.Peake's commentary on the Bible In the Biblical account, Joseph is one of the two children of Rachel and Jacob, a brother to Benjamin, and father to both Ephraim, and his first son, Manasseh; although Manasseh was the eldest, Jacob foresaw that Ephraim's descendants would be greater than his brother's.Genesis 48:13-20 Though the biblical descriptions of the geographic boundary of the House of Joseph are fairly consistent, the descriptions of the boundaries between Manasseh and Ephraim are not, and each is portrayed as having exclaves within the territory of the other. Furthermore, in the Blessing of Jacob, and elsewhere ascribed by textual scholars to a similar or earlier time period,e.g.

One interesting application of the different sequencing techniques available nowadays is the investigation of historical disease outbreaks to provide an answer to important and long-standing questions in epidemiology, pathogen evolution and also human history. So, much effort is spent to find more and more information about the aetiology of infectious diseases of historical importance, such as plague and the cocoliztli epidemic, to describe the geographic spread of viruses and to try defining the pathogenic mechanism of these infectious agents that are actually active elements of the evolutionary process. Today Y.pestis and S. enterica seem to be so far from us and no more dangerous at all, but scientists are still interested in the long-term tracing of genetic adaptation of these bacteria and accurate quantification of rates of their evolutionary change. This is because they can extract from this knowledge of the past the right ideas to develop a strategy against future epidemics.

Mercury is sent to the underworld to fetch the shade of Laius to drive Eteocles to war. Meanwhile, Polyneices is driven by a storm to Argos and the threshold of Adrastus's palace, where he meets Tydeus, an exile from Calydon who is also seeking shelter, and fights with him. Adrastus invites the two exiles in, feasts them, and, in fulfillment of a prophecy, offers them his daughters to marry; he then goes on the explain the aetiology of the festival the Argives are celebrating, telling the story of Apollo's purification by Crotopus and his seduction of his daughter Psamathe, which eventually leads to the death of her and her child Linus, followed by Apollo's vengeful summoning of a child-eating monster from the underworld which later was slain by Coroebus, and finally, Coroebus' offer of self-sacrifice to Apollo to end a plague at Argos. The book ends with Adrastus' prayer to Apollo.

In the books Schizophrenia and the Family and The Origin and Treatment of Schizophrenic Disorders Lidz and his colleagues explain their belief that parental behaviour can result in mental illness in children: Lidz’s general thesis examined how the socialization between parents affect the aetiology of schizophrenia in their children. Lidz explained his belief that a child’s inability to achieve independence and develop a sufficient ego identity and a child’s incapacity for intimacy were due to the defective interactions between the child’s parents. :In [such] families the parents were rarely in overt disagreement, and the family settings were reasonably calm. But, as we studied these seemingly harmonious families, it became apparent that they provided a profoundly distorted and distorting milieu because one spouse passively acceded to the strange and even bizarre concepts of the more dominant spouse concerning child rearing and how a family should live together. We termed the seemingly harmonious ones as “skewed”. Lidz illustrates his point with the “skewed” N. family.

The opening chapter of a hand-written scroll of the Book of Esther, with reader's pointer The apparent historical difficulties, the internal inconsistencies, the pronounced symmetry of themes and events, the plenitude of quoted dialogue, and the gross exaggeration in the reporting of numbers (involving time, money, and people) all point to Esther as a work of fiction, its vivid characters (except for Xerxes) being the product of the author's creative imagination. There is no reference to known historical events in the story; a general consensus, though this consensus has been challenged,David J. A. Clines, The Esther Scroll: The Story of the Story, A&C; Black, 1984 pp.26,50, 155ff.Tsaurayi Kudakwashe Mapfeka, Esther in Diaspora: Toward an Alternative Interpretive Framework, BRILL, 2019 pp.2,15,28ff has maintained that the narrative of Esther was invented in order to provide an aetiology for Purim, and the name Ahasuerus is usually understood to refer to a fictionalized Xerxes I, who ruled the Achaemenid Empire between 486 and 465 BCE.

The climatotherapy of this zone is used to treat: cardio- vascular system diseases (first stage of essential hypertension; essential hypotension; first functional class of stable angina strain of heart ischemic disease; miocardiodistrophies of various aetiology; acquired cardiac anomaly of heart valves, without the stenosis of the left vein and aorta orifices, after 6-8 months of the extinguishment of rheumatic processes); first functional class of heart deficiency, pathologies of the respiratory system (obstructions and non-obstructive chronical bronchitis in the phase of remissions; light bronchial asthma (in the phase of remission)with or without deficiency of breathing of first degree; iron-deficiency - anaemia. In addition, the climate of Kojori creates a remarkable prerequisite for aromatherapy. Academician G. Mukhadze, who was familiar with Kojori having visited this resort for decades, pointed out the fact that Kojori is blessed with favourable conditions for the treatment of children's diseases, especially gastro-enteric diseases. As revealed by the research of N. Kipshidze, after treatment in Kojori the haemoglobin in the blood of children rises by 10-25% and a high temperature is quickly normalised.

Psychogenic amnesia is supposed to differ from organic amnesia in a number of ways; one being that unlike organic amnesia, psychogenic amnesia is thought to occur when no structural damage to the brain or brain lesion is evident. Psychological triggers are instead considered as preceding psychogenic amnesia, and indeed many anecdotal case studies which are cited as evidence of psychogenic amnesia hail from traumatic experiences such as World War II. As aforementioned however, aetiology of psychogenic amnesia is controversial as causation is not always clear (see above paragraph), and both elements of psychological stress and organic amnesia may be present among cases. Often, but not necessarily, a premorbid history of psychiatric illness such as depression is thought to be present in conjunction to triggers of psychological stress. Lack of psychological evidence precipitating amnesia doesn't mean there isn't any, for example trauma during childhood has even been cited as triggering amnesia later in life, but such an argument runs the risk of psychogenic amnesia becoming an umbrella term for any amnesia of which there is no apparent organic cause.

According to the Torah, the tribe consisted of descendants of Gad the seventh son of Jacob, from whom it took its name. However, some Biblical scholars view this also as a postdiction, an eponymous metaphor providing an aetiology of the connectedness of the tribe to others in the Israelite confederation.Peake's commentary on the Bible In the Biblical account, Gad is one of the two descendants of Zilpah, a handmaid of Jacob, the other descendant being Asher; scholars see this as indicating that the authors saw Gad and Asher as being not of entirely Israelite origin (hence descendants of handmaids rather than of full wives).Jewish Encyclopedia In common with Asher is the possibility that the tribal name derives from a deity worshipped by the tribe, Gad being thought by scholars to be likely to have taken its name from Gad, the semitic god of fortune; Like Asher, Gad's geographic details are diverse and divergent, with cities sometimes indicated as being part of Gad, and sometimes as part of other tribes,compare Numbers 33:45 with et seq.

According to the Torah, the tribe consisted of descendants of Joseph, a son of Jacob and Rachel, from whom it took its name;Genesis 30 however, some Biblical scholars view this also as postdiction, an eponymous metaphor providing an aetiology of the connectedness of the tribe to others in the Israelite confederation.Peake's Commentary on the Bible In the Biblical account, Joseph was the brother to Benjamin, the other son of Rachel and Jacob, and the eponym of the Tribe of Benjamin, which was located to the immediate south of the tribe of Joseph. The birth of Benjamin does not appear in the passage in which the births of the other sons of Jacob occur, but instead appears elsewhere, with Benjamin being born only once Jacob had returned to Canaan. According to several biblical scholars, Benjamin was originally part of the house of Joseph, but the biblical account of this became lost;Jewish Encyclopedia the account of the birth of the other sons of Jacob is regarded by textual scholars as a complex mixture of Elohist and Yahwist texts, and very corrupt.

In 2005, the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine to Marshall and Robin Warren, his long-time collaborator, "for their discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease". Marshall also received the Warren Alpert Prize in 1994; the Australian Medical Association Award and the Albert Lasker Award for Clinical Medical Research in 1995; the Gairdner Foundation International Award in 1996; the Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize in 1997; the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement, the Dr A.H. Heineken Prize for Medicine, the Florey Medal, and the Buchanan Medal of the Royal Society in 1998. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1999. His certificate of election to the Royal Society reads: > Barry Marshall, together with Robin Warren, discovered spiral bacteria in > the stomachs of almost all patients with active chronic gastritis, or > duodenal or gastric ulcers, and proposed that the bacteria were an important > factor in the aetiology of these diseases.

A more macro- level analysis from the Global Burden of Disease data conducted by Murray and others (2015) finds that while there is a global trend towards decreasing mortality and increasing NCD prevalence, this global trend is being driven by country-specific effects as opposed to a broader transition; further, there are varying patterns within and between countries, which makes it difficult to have a single unified theory of epidemiological transition. A theory of epidemiological transition aimed at explaining not just describing changes in population disease and mortality profiles would need to encompass the role in different morbid conditions of infectious diseases contracted over the life course. The concept of linear transition from infectious diseases to other conditions referred to as degenerative or non-communicable, was based on a false dichotomy as common microorganisms have now been confirmed as causal agents in several conditions recorded as the underlying cause of many deaths. A revised transition model might focus more on disease aetiology and the determinants of cause-specific mortality change, while encompassing the possibility that infectious causation may be established for other morbid conditions through the vast amount of ongoing research into associations with infectious diseases.

The complexity of the transcriptome, and our evolving understanding of its structure may inform a reinterpretation of the functional basis for many natural polymorphisms associated with disease states. Many SNPs associated with certain disease conditions are found within non-coding regions and the complex networks of non-coding transcription within these regions make it particularly difficult to elucidate the functional effects of polymorphisms. For example, a SNP both within the truncated form of ZFAT and the promoter of an antisense transcript increases the expression of ZFAT not through increasing the mRNA stability, but rather by repressing the expression of the antisense transcript. The ability of long ncRNAs to regulate associated protein-coding genes may contribute to disease if misexpression of a long ncRNA deregulates a protein coding gene with clinical significance. In similar manner, an antisense long ncRNA that regulates the expression of the sense BACE1 gene, a crucial enzyme in Alzheimer’s disease etiology, exhibits elevated expression in several regions of the brain in individuals with Alzheimer's disease Alteration of the expression of ncRNAs may also mediate changes at an epigenetic level to affect gene expression and contribute to disease aetiology.