The cost of wireless telephone services dropped 7.0 percent, the biggest drop on record.
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AT&T has more than 170 million customers across its wireless, telephone, broadband, and television businesses.
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AT&T, on the other hand, mostly operates wireless, telephone and cable networks touching millions of Americans.
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Between 2013 and 2016 overall consumer prices in America rose by 4.5%; prices for wireless telephone services decreased by 8%.
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Between August 2016 and August 2017, wireless telephone services prices fell a stunning 13.2 percent, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
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Fed Chair Janet Yellen has said that temporary factors such as one-off price cuts by wireless telephone companies are holding back inflation.
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Zimmer said the arrival of such self-driving cars will be gradual over the next 10 years, much as wireless telephone networks have been upgraded.
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Wireless telephone services declined 32.4 percent annualized over the past three months, and are down 12.9 percent annualized compared to a year ago, according to LaVorgna.
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Additionally, you'll earn 6x points at Marriott Bonvoy properties and 4x points at US restaurants, US gas stations, US wireless telephone service, and US purchases for shipping.
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For example, one-off reductions earlier this year in certain categories of prices such as wireless telephone services are currently holding down inflation, but these effects should be transitory.
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When the TCPA became law in 2202, only three percent of Americans subscribed to a wireless telephone service, as compared to 2628 percent of the public as of January, 28500.
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The Fed chair told reporters that the weakness in inflation likely is driven by factors that won't persist, like one-off reductions in prices of wireless telephone services and prescription drugs.
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However, it also earns 6 points per dollar on a handful of more business-oriented spending categories, including shipping and wireless telephone services purchased directly from U.S. service providers, among other categories.
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"The recent lower reading on inflation have been driven significantly by what appears to be one-off reductions in certain categories of prices such as wireless telephone services and prescriptions drugs," she said.
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Competition among carriers "has resulted in a near 13 percent year-over-year decline in wireless telephone services prices, which at the margins is weighing on recent CPI readings," Rieder wrote in a recent note.
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A 6.2 percent drop in gasoline prices was the biggest factor in the monthly decline in the CPI, which was also weighed down by a record 7.0 percent plunge in the cost of wireless telephone services.
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It offers 6x points when you make qualifying Marriott purchases; 4x points at US restaurants, on wireless telephone services purchased directly from US service providers, and on US purchases for shipping; and 2x points on all other purchases.
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On both landline and wireless telephone and data networks, device prices decreased after consumers were allowed to choose how they connect to the networks they pay for – the FCC's Carterfone and Open Access decisions, respectively – because closed markets were opened and competition increased.
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She said the lower readings are partly the result "of a few unusual reductions in certain categories" and while she previously pointed to factors such as the steep drop in wireless telephone charges this year as temporary phenomena, the market viewed that comment as something more mysterious.
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Read more: If you're a business traveler who prefers Marriotts, the Bonvoy Business Amex is worth a look thanks to its annual free nightYou'll earn 6x points at participating Marriott properties and 4x points at US restaurants and US gas stations, on wireless telephone services purchased directly from US service providers and on US purchases for shipping.
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The law authorized the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to implement rules that would outlaw two main business practices: (1) making telemarketing calls using an artificial or prerecorded voice to residential telephones without prior express consent; and (2) making any non-emergency call using an automatic telephone dialing system ("autodialer") or an artificial or prerecorded voice to a wireless telephone number without prior express consent.
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Here's a breakdown of how you can earn points depending on the category of your purchases:6 points — for every dollar you spend on purchases at participating Marriott Bonvoy hotels4 points — for every dollar spent on select categories including US restaurants, US gas stations, US service providers for wireless telephone services, and US shipping purchases2 points — for all other eligible purchasesUsing Marriott Bonvoy pointsThe simplest way to redeem your points is for free nights at Marriott's worldwide network of 7,603+ hotels and resorts.
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Marriott Bonvoy Business cardWho it&aposs for: Business travelers who prefer MarriottsAnnual fee: $23Welcome bonus: 22,21 Marriott points after you spend $503,250 in the first three monthsPoints earning: 2000x points at participating Marriott Bonvoy hotels, 215x points at US restaurants, at US gas stations, on wireless telephone services purchased directly from US service providers, and on US purchases for shipping, 2x points on everything elseTop benefits: Complimentary Silver elite status with Marriott, a free night award each year after your account anniversary for participating Marriott hotels that cost up to 35,000 pointsIf you travel for work and want to maximize your business purchases to earn Marriott points, the Marriott Bonvoy Business card from Amex is a good option.
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Increasingly this can be almost any environment with access to a wireless telephone, internet, or communications network.
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Nathan Beverly Stubblefield (November 22, 1860 – March 28, 1928), self- described "practical farmer, fruit grower and electrician","Kentucky Inventor Solves Problem of Wireless Telephony", The Sunny South, March 8, 1902, page 6. was an American inventor best known for his wireless telephone work. He received widespread attention in early 1902 when he gave a series of public demonstrations of a battery-operated wireless telephone, which could be transported to different locations and used on mobile platforms such as boats. While this initial design employed conduction, in 1908 he received a U.S. patent for a wireless telephone system that used magnetic induction.
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Collins' conduction and induction wireless telephone apparatus was similar to that employed by Alexander Graham Bell, Amos Dolbear and Nathan Stubblefield. Bell's work never went beyond the demonstration stage, and Dolbear's patent, controlled by the American Wireless Telephone and Telegraph Company, was ruled by the U.S. courts be largely impractical. In 1902 Stubblefield sold the rights to his system to the newly formed Wireless Telephone Company of America, and by August that company's advertisements stated that "Nathan Stubblefield and Prof. A. Frederick Collins are now working together for the sole benefit of that company","Personal", Western Electrician, August 30, 1902, p. 145.
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Mobile virtual network operators (MVNOs) in Turkey lease wireless telephone and data spectrum from three major carriers Türk Telekom, Turkcell and Vodafone for resale.
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Mobile virtual network operators (MVNOs) in Australia lease wireless telephone and data services from major carriers such as Optus, Telstra and Vodafone for resale.
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Following Francis McCarty's death, two of the McCarty Wireless Telephone Co. investors, bankers William and Tyler Henshaw, contacted Cyril Frank Elwell and arranged for him to review the potential worth of McCarty's patents."Test Given McCarty Wireless Telephone", San Francisco Call, September 13, 1908, page 37. Elwell concluded that the system's apparatus was incapable of ever being refined enough to become an effective radiotelephone system.
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"Amendments to Regulations", Radio Service Bulletin, January 3, 1922, page 10. On December 7, 1921 a broadcasting station license with the randomly assigned call letters KWG was issued to Portable Wireless Telephone Company, for operation on 360 meters."New Stations", Radio Service Bulletin, January 3, 1922, page 2. Limited Commercial license, serial #245, issued December 7, 1921 to the Portable Wireless Telephone Company for a one year period.
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"Wireless Telephone Company of America" (advertisement), Boston Globe, June 22, 1902, page 32. With travel expenses financed by Fennel, Stubblefield made additional successful demonstrations in Philadelphia from May 30 to June 7, 1902, spanning a distance of around a mile (1600 meters). Tests followed in New York City beginning on June 11, 1902, which were less successful, with the explanation for the difficulties encountered including the rocky soil in Battery Park, and electrical interference from local alternating current power distribution. Stubblefield quickly became distrustful of the promoters behind the Wireless Telephone Company of America, and, in a letter dated June 19, 1902, severed his connections as a director after expressing his concern that the company was being fraudulently run. Two months later, the company announced that it had merged its operations with the Collins Wireless Telephone & Telegraph Company,"Wireless Telephone Company of America" (advertisement), Paducah (Kentucky) Sun, August 7, 1902, page 4.
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"Will Give Concert by Wireless Telephone", San Jose Mercury Herald, July 21, 1912, page 27."Musical Concert by Wireless Telephone", San Diego Union, July 23, 1912, page 19. Herrold's wife at the time, Sybil, later recounted that she participated in the Wednesday night programs, where she broadcast recordings from the Sherman, Clay record store that had been requested by "the little hams" (amateur radio enthusiasts) who comprised her audience.Greb and Adams, pages 98-99.
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"Inventor of Queer Motor", Waterbury (Connecticut) Evening Democrat, March 9, 1903, page 2. Later that same year, he posted a Public Notice in the Murray Ledger stating that the Wireless Telephone Company of America had "gone out of existence", and "My inventions have reverted back to me." He also noted that he was continuing his wireless telephone research, using the "over two thousand dollars" he had received from that company's promoter."Odds and Ends", Telephony, January 1904, page 51.
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The company also claimed that soon "every auto will be provided with a portable wireless telephone"."The Collins Wireless Telephone" by William Dubilier, Modern Electrics, August 1908, p. 151. However, the radiotelephone systems were never actually constructed. Concerned by excesses in the radio communications industry, the U.S. federal government instituted a series of prosecutions, and in June 1910 inspectors from the United States Postal Department began making arrests, beginning with officials of the notorious United Wireless Telegraph Company.
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Two years later in November 1986, Flukey would also be murdered, along with his chauffeur, sitting inside a 1986 Cadillac limousine while talking on his wireless telephone. Stokes was 48 years old.
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In May 1903, Collins formed the Collins Marine Wireless Telephone Company, which was later renamed the Collins Wireless Telephone Company,Wireless Communication in the United States by Thorn L. Mayes, 1989, p. 95. and served as technical director until 1910. Despite Collins' initial optimism, he had no more success than the others in developing a commercial system using conduction or induction transmissions, due to the inherent limitations of these technologies. He next began developing a radiotelephone that employed continuous-wave radio signals.
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Verizon owns a telephone exchange in the village. Its area code is 608, and its exchange prefix is 455. Local residents currently own an antenna for wireless telephone and internet services for Litewire in the village.
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AirTouch Communications was an American wireless telephone service provider, created as a spin-off on Pacific Telesis on April 1, 1994. Its headquarters were in One California in the Financial District, San Francisco, California."Contact Information." AirTouch.
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Herrold began making test transmissions in 1909, and, after switching to an improved arc transmitter, announced in July 1912 that his station at the Herrold College of Wireless and Engineering was inaugurating weekly musical concerts."Will Give Concert by Wireless Telephone", San Jose Mercury Herald, July 21, 1912, page 27."Musical Concert by Wireless Telephone", San Diego Union, July 23, 1912, page 19. These broadcasts were suspended during World War I, but after the war Herrold resumed broadcasting, and KCBS in San Francisco traces its history to Herrold's efforts.
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March 25, 1920 advertisement for Radio News & Music, Inc.Thompson Company (Radio News & Music, Inc.) (advertisement), Printers' Ink, March 25, 1920, page 193. In early 1920 Clarence "C. S." Thompson, a New York City associate of Lee de Forest, and John F. HubbardOne of the investors listed for the 1902 founding of the Thomas E. Clark Wireless Telephone-Telegraph Company was "John Hubbard" ("Wireless Telephone-Telegraph Co.", Detroit News, July 19, 1902, page 4), however it is not clear whether this John Hubbard was related to the John F. Hubbard of Radio News & Music.
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In 1980, Rogers acquired Premier Cablevision and became the largest cable company in Canada. In 1986, Rogers Cable was renamed Rogers Communications; it established operational control over Cantel, a wireless telephone company in which Rogers had a stake.
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McCarthy entered the film industry in 1914. His first part was a small role in the film short The Wireless Voice, which also featured his radio equipment."Wireless Telephone in the Movies", Popular Electricity and Modern Mechanics, November 1914, page 510.
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However, the limitations of the high- frequency spark soon became apparent, and he switched to developing refined versions of the Poulsen arc, which was more stable and had better audio fidelity. In early 1912, Herrold was hired as chief engineer of the National Wireless Telephone and Telegraph Company in San Francisco. With hopes that they could develop a highly profitable point-to-point "arc fone" radiotelephone, he produced a system with good quality audio—colloquially described as "shaving the whiskers off the wireless telephone""2000 Experiments One Part of Task", San Jose Mercury News, March 31, 1915, Page 9.
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2XG's original audience was mostly amateur radio operators."DeForest Wireless Telephone", QST, April 1917, page 72. An early report stated that 2XG was broadcasting on "a wave length of approximately 800 meters" (375 kilohertz)."A Concert by Wireless", QST, January 1917, page 26.
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Passenger rail service to Kannapolis is available via Amtrak. Both wired and wireless telephone services are nearly universally available in the county. Cable television is available in much of the county. Cabarrus County is within the Greater Charlotte area for broadcast communications.
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Southwestern Bell Wireless logo Southwestern Bell Mobile Systems, Inc. was a wireless telephone company. It was created in 1984 as a split-off of Advanced Mobile Phone Service, the original wireless subsidiary of the Bell System. It was a division of Southwestern Bell Corporation.
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Midwest Wireless was a wireless telephone company serving southern Minnesota, northern Iowa and western Wisconsin in the United States. The company served roughly 400,000 customers and used CDMA phone technology. The company's slogan was "We answer to you." The headquarters were in Mankato, Minnesota.
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She thinks her abduction is a practical joke. Payton > takes her to his lodge in a Labrador wilderness. William Grayman, her > father, secretly summons the police. By wireless telephone Payton demands > $10,000,000 ransom from Grayman, who agrees to meet him at Tribes Hill with > the money.
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Feste 8 was the former Army intercept station at Königsberg. After 1942, this station concentrated on Russian wireless telephone traffic called by the German Russian X-traffic. Attempts were made to pick up this traffic by equipment developed by Army Ordnance, Signal Equipment Testing Laboratory () (Abbr. WA Prüf 7).
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Trigonometry tells you roughly where the mobile transmitter is located. In wireless telephone systems, the phones transmit continually when off-hook, making continual tracking and the collection of many location samples possible. This is one type of location system required by Federal Communications Commission Rules for wireless Enhanced 911.
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Despite their best efforts, arc-transmitters would prove to be too unrefined to be usable for audio transmissions, and a successful radiotelephone would not be realized until vacuum-tube transmitters were developed in the mid-1910s. In December 1909, the Collins Wireless Telephone Company was merged with three others—the Pacific Wireless Telegraph Company, the Clark Wireless Telegraph Company, and the Massie Wireless Telegraph Company—to form the Continental Wireless Telephone and Telegraph Company, with Collins the new company's Technical Director. Advertisements claimed that Continental was in the process of creating a nationwide service. However, in view of the increasingly shady reputation of its officers, both Walter Massie and Thomas Clark soon withdrew from participation.
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Mobile virtual network operators (MVNOs) in the United States lease wireless telephone and data service from the three major cellular carriers in the country, AT&T; Mobility, T-Mobile US, and Verizon Wireless, as well as the regional carriers such as U.S. Cellular, for resale. , MVNOs served about 36 million subscribers.
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"Boy's Tale of Invention", New York Times, November 30, 1903, page 1. In 1904 The McCarty Wireless Telephone Co. was formed, and it was announced that McCarty had transferred his inventions to the company in exchange for $1,500 cash and 120,250 shares of stock."Telephone Tales Tersely Told", Telephony, September 1904, page 248.
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Neither the main article, nor this list, makes any reference to broadcasting, instead only noting conventional applications of point-to-point communication, enumerated as "local exchanges", "long-distance lines", "transmarine transmission", "wireless telephony from ship to ship", and "wireless telephone from ship to local exchange".Fessenden, Reginald (1908), "Wireless Telephony", pages 606-608.
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A feature of this ship was the Club situated on the boat-deck, with a bar. The ship also featured a saloon dining room, galleries, a ballroom, and other function rooms. Second class was situated amidships. Talkie apparatus were also fitted to the ship and a long-distance wireless telephone was also available.
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This summary is based largely on the summary provided by the Congressional Research Service, a public domain source. The Unlocking Consumer Choice and Wireless Competition Act would repeal a Library of Congress (LOC) rulemaking determination, made upon the recommendation of the Register of Copyrights, regarding the circumvention of technological measures controlling access to copyrighted software on wireless telephone handsets (mobile telephones) for the purpose of connecting to different wireless telecommunications networks (a practice commonly referred to as "unlocking" such devices). Reestablishes, as an exemption to provisions of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) prohibiting such circumvention, a previous LOC rule permitting the use of computer programs, in the form of firmware or software, that enable used wireless telephone handsets to connect to a wireless telecommunications network, when circumvention is initiated by the owner of the copy of such computer program solely to connect to such a network and access to the network is authorized by the network operator, thus permitting unlocked phones. The bill would direct the Librarian of Congress, upon the recommendation of the Register, to determine whether to extend such exemption to include any other category of wireless devices in addition to wireless telephone handsets (e.g.
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The only surviving Collins Wireless Telephone, c. 1908, SPARK Museum of Electrical Invention, Bellingham, Washington, U.S. Collins' writings played an important role in disseminating information about early radio advances (then known as "wireless telegraphy and telephony"), and, in the foreword to 1922 edition of The Radio Amateur's Hand Book, he included "Historian of Wireless 1901–1910" among his accomplishments. (He also claimed the title of "Inventor of the Wireless Telephone 1899"). Donald McNicol, who would later serve as president of the Institute of Radio Engineers, stated that Collins' "How to Construct An Efficient Wireless Telegraph Apparatus at Small Cost", which appeared in a 1902 issue of the Scientific American Supplement, "did more to introduce the art of amateur radio than anything else that had appeared".
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It was described as "equipment for the purpose of phonetic transmissions through space, land and water elements at a distance with or without the use of wires." Four months later, knowing that his invention had real value, he left Brazil for the United States with the intent of patenting the machine at the U.S. Patent Office in Washington, D.C. Having few resources, he had to rely on friends to push his project. Despite great difficulty, three patents were awarded: "The Wave Transmitter" (October 11, 1904), which is the precursor of today's radio transceiver; "The Wireless Telephone" and the "Wireless Telegraph", both dated November 22, 1904. "The Wireless Telephone", U.S. Patent Office in Washington, D.C. The next advancement was the vacuum tube detector, invented by Westinghouse engineers.
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Centennial Communications and its subsidiaries (Centennial Wireless and Centennial de Puerto Rico) provided wireless and broadband telecommunications services to wireless telephone subscribers in the United States, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. On March 13, 2007 Centennial Communications completed the sale of Centennial Dominicana to Trilogy International Partners for approximately $80 million in cash.
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Mobile virtual network operators (MVNOs) in the United Kingdom lease wireless telephone and data spectrum from the four major carriers EE, O2, Three and Vodafone for resale. SIM cards provided by MVNOs that are using Three's network will only work with 3G, 4G and 5G devices, as Three does not operate 2G infrastructure in the UK.
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There is no prohibition against non-sporting shotguns (such as the Armsel Striker) deemed destructive devices by the ATF, nor is there one for AOWs (Any Other Weapons). There is a specific prohibition against the possession of firearms designed to appear as a wireless telephone.720 ILCS 5/24-3.6, Illinois General Assembly. Retrieved September 3rd, 2015.
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It weighed scarcely 10 kg, as opposed to the 400 kg of the normal devices. France purchased 60 units for its field ambulances. The Collins Wireless Telephone Company hired Sánchez as chief engineer, in order to sell his portable x-ray machine, under the name The Collins Sánchez Portable Device. He was offered $500,000 for his invention.
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In 1917-1918 he commanded the , for which he was awarded the Navy Cross for distinguished service. In 1922 he supervised installation of the first wireless telephone in the White House for President Warren Harding. In 1928 he was appointed the Chief Engineer for the new Federal Radio Commission, the predecessor of the Federal Communications Commission.
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"Precision Equipment Company" (advertisement), Cincinnati Post, November 11, 1919, page 12. On October 31, 1920 the Rudolph Wurlitzer Company's special concert of Victor phonograph records was carried over 8XB."Wurlitzer presents the new November Victor Records by Wireless Telephone" (advertisement), Cincinnati Enquirer, October 31, 1920, page 9. The station transmitted on a wavelength of 275 meters (1091 kHz).
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Applies such designation to both wireline and wireless telephone service. Directs the FCC to provide appropriate transition periods for areas in which 911 is not currently an emergency number. Requires the FCC to encourage and support efforts by States to deploy comprehensive end-to-end emergency communications infrastructure and programs based on coordinated statewide plans. Requires appropriate consultation with regard to such deployment.
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The device allowed for the transmission of sound on a beam of light. On June 3, 1880, Bell conducted the world's first wireless telephone transmission between two buildings, some 213 meters (700 feet) apart. also published as "Selenium and the Photophone" in Nature, September 1880. Its first practical use came in military communication systems many decades later, first for optical telegraphy.
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Tainter, who was on the roof of the Franklin School, spoke to Bell, who was in his laboratory listening and who signaled back to Tainter by waving his hat vigorously from the window, as had been requested. The receiver was a parabolic mirror with selenium cells at its focal point. Conducted from the roof of the Franklin School to Bell's laboratory at 1325 'L' Street, this was the world's first formal wireless telephone communication (away from their laboratory), thus making the photophone the world's earliest known voice wireless telephone system, at least 19 years ahead of the first spoken radio wave transmissions. Before Bell and Tainter had concluded their research in order to move on to the development of the Graphophone, they had devised some 50 different methods of modulating and demodulating light beams for optical telephony.
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Requests for service are placed to a dispatching center. Some tow services communicate with drivers using wireless telephone equipment. In others, the dispatching center contacts an available tow truck driver via mobile radio or by sending a text message using a mobile data terminal. Recent technology includes the use of GPS and on board wireless equipment to dispatch drivers via an LCD screen receiver.
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Captain Sir Quentin C.A. Craufurd, MBE, co-founded the Fairy Investigation Society. Crauford was a naval officer from an aristocratic background, a member of the Craufurd Baronets. While in the navy, he appeared to have picked up a fascination with wireless telephone communication. In the 1920s, he began to experiment with wireless technology to contact the spirit world, and became very well known in spiritualist circles.
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In Japan, Anritsu's first predecessor, Sekisan-sha, was founded in 1895. Annaka Electric Company followed, producing wireless transmitters and the world's first wireless telephone service and Japan's first automatic public telephone. Anritsu Corporation was formed with the merger of two companies, the Annaka Corporation and Kyoritsu Electric in Japan in 1931. In 1990, Anritsu acquired Wiltron Company in the United States for $180 million.
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Not only Electricity poles but TV antennas and wireless telephone antennas are also seen rampant in the village. During the festival seasons, the evenings are fraught with cultural programs at the school playground. The well-lit ambit and well-equipped stages are not difficult things to achieve anymore. The village has recently got High school in its own effort and contribution from the villagers.
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However, the song faced controversy when the rough version was leaked on the Internet on 31 May 2011. "Chammak Challo" was dubbed as the "trademark of Ra.One's publicity campaign". The song was named the most downloaded song and video of the year in India in a survey by wireless telephone major Airtel. It was rated as the best item number of 2011 in a Mid Day poll.
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As governments made more radio spectrum available for licensed wireless telephone operators in the late 1980s, entirely new networks were built that performed better than legacy networks because their designs were free from the constraints of existing systems. Today, any new network designed from scratch to enable new Radio Access Network technologies, such as 3G, 4G, and WiMAX are also referred to as greenfield projects.
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Stubblefield returned once again to investigating using induction, rather than conduction, for his wireless telephone system. This approach employed large circular induction coils, that no longer needed ground connections. He carefully documented his progress, preparing affidavits that in 1903 he had transmitted , and in 1904 reached . The total wire required for the transmitting and receiving coils was greater than the distance between the transmitter and receiver, but the invention allowed mobility.
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Centennial Communications Corp. and its subsidiaries were a wireless and broadband telecommunications services company. The company provided wireless network access and other services to wireless telephone subscribers in Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands. It provided various custom calling features, such as voice mail, caller ID, call forwarding, call waiting, and conference calling, as well as messaging services, including text messaging, picture messaging, and multimedia messaging services.
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Huawei SingleRAN is a radio access network (RAN) technology offered by Huawei that allows mobile telecommunications operators to support multiple mobile communications standards and wireless telephone services on a single network. The technology incorporates a software-defined radio device, and is designed with a consolidated set of hardware components, allowing operators to purchase, operate and maintain a single telecommunications network and set of equipment, while supporting multiple mobile communications standards.
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During World War I, Bakelite was used widely, particularly in electrical systems. Important projects included the Liberty airplane engine, the wireless telephone and radio phone, and the use of micarta-bakelite propellors in the NBS-1 bomber and the DH-4B aeroplane. Bakelite's availability and ease and speed of molding helped to lower the costs and increase product availability so that telephones and radios became common household consumer goods.
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Bernard Stubblefield reported that in 1907, using a coil, transmitting and receiving spanned "¼ mile (400 meters) nicely." Encountering difficulty in obtaining a patent, Nathan Stubblefield moved for a time to Washington, D.C. to speed up the process. On May 12, 1908, he was granted U.S. patent for his new version of a wireless telephone. The patent application stated that it would be usable for "securing telephonic communications between moving vehicles and way stations".
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Radio was especially important during World War I as it was vital for air and naval operations. World War I brought about major developments in radio, superseding the Morse code of the wireless telegraph with the vocal communication of the wireless telephone, through advancements in vacuum tube technology and the introduction of the transceiver. After the war, numerous radio stations were born in the United States and set the standard for later radio programs.
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The Type Allocation Code (TAC) is the initial eight-digit portion of the 15-digit IMEI and 16-digit IMEISV codes used to uniquely identify wireless devices. The Type Allocation Code identifies a particular model (and often revision) of wireless telephone for use on a GSM, UMTS or other IMEI-employing wireless network. The first two digits of the TAC are the Reporting Body Identifier. This indicates the GSMA-approved group that allocated the TAC.
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He graduated in 1907. He founded the Poulsen Wireless Telephone and Telegraph Company, later renamed Federal Telegraph Company in 1909.C. Stewart Gillmor, Fred Terman at Stanford: Building a Discipline, a University, and Silicon Valley, Stanford University Press, 2004 page 22 Elwell designed a large transformer for electric arc furnace reduction of iron ore; this became the topic of his thesis. He had published some technical papers on applications in electric metallurgy.
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In 1908, Professor Albert Jahnke and the Oakland Transcontinental Aerial Telephone and Power Company claimed to have developed a wireless telephone. They were accused of fraud and the charge was then dropped, but they do not seem to have proceeded with production. Beginning in 1918, the German railroad system tested wireless telephony on military trains between Berlin and Zossen. In 1924, public trials started with telephone connection on trains between Berlin and Hamburg.
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Work soon began to re-establish the daily weather forecast broadcasts. In January 1920, reports from both the Weather Bureau's Eric R. Miller"Wireless Telephone For Farmers Latest Thing, Says U. S. Weather Forecaster", Eau Claire (Wisconsin) Leader, January 17, 1920, p. 6. and the University's physics department"Wireless Outfit to Communicate Weather Report", Madison (Wisconsin) Capital Times, January 22, 1920, p. 7. stated that the transmissions would soon restart, this time by radiotelephone.
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Landline telephone companies often charge a monthly fee for this service. As cellular phones become more popular, there have been plans to release cell phone numbers into public 411 and reverse number directories via a separate Wireless telephone directory. However, these plans have come under opposition from internet based privacy advocate groups, and blogs, often citing privacy concerns. Opposition to the wireless 411 directory was led by consumer advocacy organization Consumers Union, through their www.escapecellhell.
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61 (2010)(8 November 1891). T. Brigham Bishop's Hotel, The New York Times (anecdotes about one reader's interactions with Bishop at his Florida hotel, including that Bishop claimed he was related to Brigham Young) In 1901, Bishop was embroiled in yet another scheme, this time promoting the "New England Wireless Telephone Company", which was one of a number of companies formed as a supposed competitor to Marconi, which were later exposed as a fraud.
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However no cable connection existed until TAT-1 was inaugurated on September 25, 1956 providing 36 telephone circuits.History of the Atlantic Cable & Submarine Telegraphy, Bill Glover, 2006. In 1880, Bell and co-inventor Charles Sumner Tainter conducted the world's first wireless telephone call via modulated lightbeams projected by photophones. The scientific principles of their invention would not be utilized for several decades, when they were first deployed in military and fiber-optic communications.
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Acting as a parent company, American Wireless authorized regional subsidiaries, and in December, at the age of 22, Marriott became the Chief Engineer of the Pacific Wireless Telephone and Telegraph Company, headquartered in Denver, Colorado."Denver Wizard", The (Denver) Daily News, March 30, 1902, page 14. American Wireless and its subsidiaries were primarily used for stock promotion, and had few legitimate business activities."Fools and Their Money" by Frank Fayant, Success Magazine, January 1907, pages 9-11, 49-52.
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The reported wavelength to be used for a July 1 radiotelephone test transmission was 340 meters (882 kHz)."Post- Intelligencer to Flash News by Wireless Telephone", Seattle Post- Intelligencer, July 1, 1921, Part 2, page 1. The next day the newspaper reported that the test went well, so, beginning at 11:00 a.m., the radiotelephone broadcast would be sent on 275 meters (1091 kHz), while the Navy's radiotelegraph reports would go out on 600 meters (500 kHz).
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Ruhmer pictured listening to his "photo-electric" optical telephone system (1905)Cover page Technical World, March 1905. Ruhmer first gained widespread recognition for his work on improvements to Alexander Graham Bell's optical wireless telephone, the photophone. Bell introduced this device in 1880, which used selenium cells in the receiver to convert the fluctuating light produced by the transmitting unit into sounds. But Bell's invention only had a range of a few hundred meters, and he soon ended his research into this device.
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Lee DeForest broadcasting Columbia phonograph records (October 1916)"Columbia Used to Demonstrate Wireless Telephone", The Music Trade Review, November 4, 1916, page 52. (arcade-museum.com) In the summer of 1915, the company received an Experimental license for station 2XG,"Special Land Stations: New Stations", Radio Service Bulletin, July 1915, page 3. The "2" in 2XG's callsign indicated that the station was located in the 2nd Radio Inspection district, while the "X" signified that it held an Experimental license. located at its Highbridge laboratory.
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It was initially licensed to the Portable Wireless Telephone Company on December 7, 1921 as the second formally licensed broadcasting station west of the Mississippi River. In addition, it traces its history to an earlier amateur station operated by Paul Oard. Oard was the principal engineer for Oard Radio Laboratories, a small radio equipment company owned by George Turner and located at 1218 North Union Street in Stockton. The company's apparatus was sold through the Atlantic-Pacific Radio Supplies Company of San Francisco.
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The station made test audio transmissions in 1909, and began broadcasting weekly concerts in 1912."Will Give Concert by Wireless Telephone", San Jose Mercury Herald, July 21, 1912, page 27. Herrold's San Jose broadcasts were suspended during World War One when the U.S. government prohibited the operation of civilian radio stations, and after the war ended he did not return to the airwaves until May 1921."Radio School Sends Jazz Music via Air", San Jose Mercury Herald, May 3, 1921, page 4.
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Bell believed the photophone was his most important invention. The device allowed for the transmission of sound on a beam of light. On April 1, 1880, and also described by plaque as occurring on June 3, Bell's assistant transmitted the world's first wireless telephone message to him on their newly invented form of telecommunication, the far advanced precursor to fiber-optic communications. The wireless call was sent from the Franklin School to the window of Bell's laboratory, some 213 meters away.
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The telecommunication tower (a 'standard' tower; 100 m or 330 ft high) on the summit of the Köterberg was built in 1971 by the Deutsche Bundespost and handles wireless telephone traffic. The three different antenna towers on the hilltop are microwave radio relay stations, used for police, fire service and amateur radio relays as well as Bundeswehr communications. The 70 cm amateur radio relay station, DB0KB, works on a frequency of 439.425 MHz. The relay coupling (Relaiskopplung) is out of service.
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The BeoLine is the wireless telephone base station for the BeoCom handsets, designed to connect multiple handsets to an external telephone line. The BeoLine provides a simple PBX, which can route calls to different handsets, and can permit internal calls between handsets. Handsets and base station can share a common Phonebook of up to 200 names-and-numbers. The Mark 1 version of BeoLine was made in two variants: one to connect to a traditional analogue PSTN service, and one to connect to an ISDN service.
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History of the Atlantic Cable & Submarine Telegraphy, Bill Glover, 2006. In 1880, Bell and co-inventor Charles Sumner Tainter conducted the world's first wireless telephone call via modulated lightbeams projected by photophones. The scientific principles of their invention would not be utilized for several decades, when they were first deployed in military and fiber-optic communications. The first transatlantic telephone cable (which incorporated hundreds of electronic amplifiers) was not operational until 1956, only six years before the first commercial telecommunications satellite, Telstar, was launched into space.
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"The Collins System of Long-distance Wireless Telephony", Scientific American, September 19, 1908, pp. 185–186. After witnessing an October, 1908 demonstration at the New York Electrical Show, Guglielmo Marconi was quoted as saying: "Wireless telephony is an accomplished fact, and to Mr. Collins is due the credit of its invention... The clarity of the transmitted voice is marvelous.""The Collins Wireless Telephone at the Electrical Show", The Edison Monthly (The New York Edison Company), October 1908, Volume 1, no. 6, pp. 151–152.
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In 1909, Collins claimed that his company had established four radiotelephone links operating simultaneously between Portland, Maine, and a nearby island, although there is little evidence that this was true. That same year he exhibited his wireless telephone at the Alaska–Yukon–Pacific Exposition and was awarded a gold medal. Despite Collins' reported successes, his efforts actually fell short of creating a commercially viable radiotelephone. This was also true for other experimenters doing arc- transmitter radiotelephone research during this period, including Lee de Forest and Charles Herrold.
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Cover of The Boys' Book of Submarines. Collins began his writing career in 1901, and his articles about wireless telephony appeared in Electrical World, Scientific American, Encyclopedia Americana, and other encyclopedias. He also wrote numerous technical articles and books on wireless telegraphy and telephony in the first two decades of the 20th century. His 1913 Manual of Wireless Telegraphy and Telephony provided a detailed and illustrated explanation of his electric arc wireless telephone transmitter and receiver, along with a general coverage of the state of the art.
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The USAC provides a "demand filing," to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) each quarter in its FCC Filings. In the past, only long-distance companies made contributions to support the federal Universal Service Fund. The Telecommunications Act of 1996 expanded the types of companies contributing to the Universal Service Fund. Currently, all telecommunications companies that provide service between states, including long-distance companies, local telephone companies, wireless telephone companies, paging companies, and payphone providers, are required to contribute to the federal Universal Service Fund.
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Aside from his many patents on plane design, Jordanoff also introduced the so-called Jordaphone from his Electronics company, a wireless telephone, with an answering function and amplifier and intercom functions. It was the first of its kind, and preceded the modern inventions of the answering machine and tape recorder by 5 to 30 years. Another invention was the Frozen Gasoline System for airplanes. The idea was to super-cool the fuel in an aircraft's tank with dry ice and alcohol, thus making it inflammable.
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"Will Give Concert by Wireless Telephone", San Jose Mercury Herald, July 21, 1912, page 27. An even more ambitious effort took place in the fall of 1916, after the De Forest Radio Telephone & Telegraph Company began operating an experimental radio station, 2XG, in New York City. Lee de Forest made an arrangement with the Columbia Gramophone record company to broadcast phonograph records from their offices—the phonograph company supplied records in exchange for "announcing the title and 'Columbia Gramophone Company' with each playing".Father of Radio: The Autobiography of Lee de Forest, 1950, page 337.
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A debut program was presented at 8:00 p.m. on November 22, 1921, which featured contralto Ernestine Schumann-Heink singing "At Parting" and "The Rosary". During this broadcast it was also announced that Oard Radio Laboratories had been renamed the Portable Wireless Telephone Company."Schumann Heink on Ether to Far Audiences" The Music News, May 26, 1922, page 15. (This report misidentifies the radio station as "6F1" instead of "6FI", and "Card" instead of "Oard" Radio Laboratories.) In late 1921 radio stations in the United States were regulated by the Department of Commerce.
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A particularly celebrated broadcast followed on April 26, when the president of the college, Dr. Weir C. Ketler, addressed a noonday Rotary Club luncheon which was being held 25 miles (40 km) away in New Castle."Wireless Telephone Demonstration At Meeting of Rotary", New Castle (Pennsylvania) News, April 26, 1920, page 6. Rex Patch, a club member and radio amateur (8HA), handled the receiving equipment for this event. This broadcast was traditionally considered as WSAJ's founding, although it actually took place 2½ years before the station received its first broadcasting license with the WSAJ callsign.
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Wireless telephone – The "wireless telephony" unit or "radiophone" installed at the St. Louis World Fair was a thing of wonder to the crowds. Music or spoken messages were transmitted from an apparatus within the Palace of Electricity to a telephone receiver out in the courtyard. The receiver, which was attached to nothing, when placed to the ear allowed a visitor to hear the transmission. This radiophone, invented by Alexander Graham Bell, consisted of a transmitter which transformed sound waves into light waves and a receiver which converted the light waves back into sound waves.
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Some of the programming was oriented toward a more general audience. On the night of the November 7, 1916 Wilson-Hughes presidential election, 2XG, in conjunction with the New York American, broadcast election returns that for the first time were in full audio instead of Morse code.Examples of election results sent in Morse code for the 1912 U.S. Presidential election included "Local Wireless Men Pick Up Much News" (Pittsburgh Press, November 6, 1912, page 5, broadcast by the Tech Wireless Club station at Carnegie Technical School in Pittsburgh), "Harvard Wireless Club Gets Returns" (Boston Post, November 6, 1912, page 3, broadcast by the Charlestown, Massachusetts Navy Yard station), "Election News is Sent by Wireless" (Idaho Republican, November 8, 1912, page 1, broadcast by the Navy's Mare Island, California station) and "Wireless Gives Island Returns" (San Francisco Call, November 6, 1912, page 6, broadcast by the Federal Telegraph station at San Francisco). This program featured telephoned bulletins supplied by the newspaper—which hailed the effort as "the first time the wireless telephone has been demonstrated as a practical, serviceable carrier of election news and comment"—and read over the air by "unassuming chap" Walter Schare."American's Returns Sent 200 Miles by Wireless Telephone", New York American, November 8, 1916, page 6.
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The Scripps family had a long history of interest in radio developments. In 1902 Thomas E. Clark founded the Thomas E. Clark Wireless Telephone-Telegraph Company,"Wireless Telephone-Telegraph Co.", Detroit News, July 19, 1902, page 4. in order to supply vessels in the Great Lakes region with radio (then commonly known as "wireless") communication equipment. James E. Scripps, father of William E. Scripps and then-publisher of the Detroit News, took his son to witness a demonstration, and was also an early investor in Clark's company. On April 4, 1906 the News publicized the receipt of an order, via radiotelegraphy, by the advertising department from the Clark-equipped steamer City of Detroit."'Ads' By Wireless", Detroit News, August 4, 1906, page 2. However, Clark was ultimately unable to compete with the predatory practices of the United Wireless Telegraph Company, and around 1910 ceased the Great Lakes installations. He subsequently opened an electrical shop in Detroit, and remained in contact with the Scripps family. In April 1917, due to the entrance of the United States into World War One, it became illegal for private citizens to own radio receivers. This wartime ban was lifted effective April 15, 1919,"Removal of Restrictions on Radio Receiving Stations", United States Bulletin, April 28, 1919, page 11.
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United Wireless promotional materials painted a glowing picture of the company's future, including claims that their engineers would soon perfect audio transmissions, bringing income from subscribers using radiotelephones for personal communication or for listening to entertainment broadcasts."The Wireless Telephone" by R. Burt, The Aerogram, November 1908, pages 139-141. United management continued to offer new shares to the unwary at inflated prices, while enforcing restrictions designed to artificially boost the apparent stock value. A common practice was to include a clause that blocked resale of stock on the open market, by refusing to register transferred shares.
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The debut program was aired on October 26, 1916"Columbia Used to Demonstrate Wireless Telephone", The Music Trade Review, November 4, 1916, page 52. (mtr.arcade- museum.com) and it was announced that nightly transmissions of news interspersed with Columbia recordings would be sent from de Forest's Highbridge laboratory beginning on November 1. De Forest initially also took advantage of these broadcasts to advertise "the products of the De Forest Radio Co., mostly the radio parts, with all the zeal of our catalogue and price list", until comments by Western Electric engineers caused him to eliminate the sales messages.De Forest (1950) pages 337-338.
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Kula is a town in southeastern Ethiopia. Located in the Arsi Zone of the Oromia Region, it has a latitude and longitude of with an elevation of 2842 meters above sea level. The town is the administrative center of Sude woreda; according to materials on the Nordic Africa Institute website, it had been the administrative center at least as early as the 1980s."Local History in Ethiopia" The Nordic Africa Institute website (accessed 16 January 2008) According to the Oromia Regional government, this town currently has wired & wireless telephone service, 24 hours electricity, one community FM station.
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Vivo Minas (formerly known as Telemig Celular) was a regional Brazilian telecommunications company headquartered in Belo Horizonte. The company used to be one of eight wireless telephone companies that emerged from the break-up of Brazil's government-owned telephone monopoly Telebras. The name Telemig comes from the fact that it was the wireless company for the state of Minas Gerais. A group led by Canada's Telesystem International Wireless, together with Brazilian bank Opportunity and six Brazilian pension funds, paid 756 million reais for Telemig Celular when it was sold by the Brazilian government in June 1998.
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Collins demonstrating an induction wireless telephone (circa 1903)"Wireless Telephony" by A. Frederick Collins, The Technical World, March 1905, page 6. The "spark" radio transmitters during Collins time could not transmit sound (audio) as modern AM and FM radio transmitters do. This was because the discharge of a spark cannot produce continuous waves, but only damped waves. Instead they transmitted information by telegraphy, the operator turned the transmitter off and on by tapping on a switch called a telegraph key to produce different length pulses of damped radio waves, to spell out text messages in Morse code.
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Beginning in 1963, a small team of Bell Laboratories engineers were tasked with developing a practical and fully functional duplex wireless telephone. The team included (in alphabetic order): S.M. Baer, G.C. Balzer, J.M. Brown, W.F. Clemency, M. Rosenthal, and W. Zinsmeister, under the direction of W.D. Goodale, Jr. By 1964, breadboard models were working in the lab. During 1964-65 these were refined and packaged to test around the Bell Labs Holmdel N.J. facilities. The system operated under an experimental license on crystal controlled channels in the 35 and 43 MHz bands using FM, a low power transmitter and a sensitive superhet receiver.
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Photophone receiver, one half of Bell's wireless optical communication system, ca. 1880 Bell and his assistant Charles Sumner Tainter jointly invented a wireless telephone, named a photophone, which allowed for the transmission of both sounds and normal human conversations on a beam of light. Both men later became full associates in the Volta Laboratory Association. On June 21, 1880, Bell's assistant transmitted a wireless voice telephone message a considerable distance, from the roof of the Franklin School in Washington, D.C., to Bell at the window of his laboratory, some away, 19 years before the first voice radio transmissions.
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AT&T; Wireless Services, founded in 1987 as McCaw Cellular Communications, formerly part of AT&T; Corp., was a wireless telephone carrier in the United States, based in Redmond, Washington, and later traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the stock symbol "AWE", as a separate entity from its former parent. On October 26, 2004, AT&T; Wireless was acquired by Cingular Wireless, a joint venture of SBC Communications and BellSouth, to form the largest wireless carrier in the United States at the time. On November 16, 2004, AT&T; Wireless stores were rechristened under the Cingular banner.
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In Canada, wireline/competitive local exchange carriers must provide portability. As of March 14, 2007, wireless carriers must provide portability in most of Canada.Cellular (wireless) telephone services Numbers are only portable within a LIR (local interconnection region), regions defined by the ILEC and approved by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC), each of which cover a number of exchanges. Each LIR has a Point of Interconnection (POI) exchange through which calls are routed, and if a number is ported out to a different LIR then calls to that destination will be rejected by the POI switch.
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In 1912, the Toronto Industrial Exhibition changed its name to the Canadian National Exhibition to better reflect the scope and reach of the fair. In fulfilling its mandate, the CNE has featured exhibits on the latest technological advances in industry and agriculture. CNE patrons were introduced to electric railway transportation in 1883, to Edison's phonograph in 1888, to the wireless telephone in the 1890s, to radio in 1922, to television in 1939, to plastics and synthetics in the 1940s. The Government of Canada is not affiliated with the fair, however, it has often exhibited at the CNE.
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"Grove City", The (Greenville, Pennsylvania) Evening Record, March 25, 1920, page 1. On April 26, 1920, college president Weir C. Ketler transmitted a speech from the college to the New Castle Rotary Club,"Wireless Telephone Demonstration At Meeting of Rotary", New Castle (Pennsylvania) News, April 26, 1920, page 6. and this has traditionally been recognized as the anniversary date for the beginning of organized broadcasting by Grove City College. However, the College did not officially hold a broadcasting license until November 29, 1922, when it was granted one for a new AM station, which was given the sequentially assigned callsign WSAJ.
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For the operation of radiotelegraphy and wireless telephone, a contract with the Marconi's Wireless Telegraphy Company concession was confirmed in 1922. In 1925, the "Companhia Portuguesa Rádio Marconi" (CPRM) was set up and took on all responsibilities of the previous concession. In 1970, CTT became a Public Company and in 1989, the TLP was transformed into a Limited Company, and was controlled by the State. APT heritage still in use in Porto In 1992, the Portuguese government and the Public Service Television Corporation RTP agreed to separate the transmitter network from the rest of the corporation, transferring it to a recently created state-owned company named "Teledifusão de Portugal" (TDP).
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Overall, United Wireless' six-year dominance of U.S. radio communications had a strong negative impact, in part due to the skepticism and disrepute it and other fraudulent U.S. companies brought to the fledgling industry. (Two other major fraudulent firms prosecuted in 1912 were de Forest's Radio Telephone Company, and the Continental Wireless Telephone and Telegraph Company, led by A. Frederick Collins). Reviews of the United era were not completely negative. By providing radio equipment and operators below cost to freighters and small passenger vessels, which normally would not have been able to afford the service, United helped save the lives of endangered seafarers now able to summon assistance during emergencies.
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The earliest use of sunlight for communication purposes is attributed to ancient Greeks and Romans who used polished shields to send signals by reflecting sunlight during battles.G. J. Holzmann and B. Pehrson, The Early History of Data Networks (Perspectives), Wiley, 1994. In 1810, Carl Friedrich Gauss invented the heliograph which uses a pair of mirrors to direct a controlled beam of sunlight to a distant station. Although the original heliograph was designed for the geodetic survey, it was used extensively for military purposes during the late 19th and early 20th century. In 1880, Alexander Graham Bell invented the photophone, the world’s first wireless telephone system.
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"Will Give Concert by Wireless Telephone", San Jose Mercury Herald, July 21, 1912, page 27. In addition, beginning in late 1916, Lee de Forest's "Highbridge station" (2XG) in New York City also began transmitting regularly scheduled programs,"Air Will Be Full of Music To- Night", New York Sun, November 6, 1916, page 7. including a comprehensive November 7, 1916 election night broadcast. These programs were suspended in April 1917 with the entry of the United States into World War I, but after the war the 2XG broadcasts resumed in late 1919. The broadcasts were again suspended in early 1920, the result of a run-in with the local Radio Inspector.
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Perhaps the first to take advantage of the lifting of the civilian station restrictions was a Westinghouse engineer, Frank Conrad, who had worked on radio communication contracts during the war. On the evening of October 17, 1919 he made the first of what would ultimately become a twice- weekly series of programs, broadcast from his home in Wilkinsburg, Pennsylvania over experimental station 8XK."The Radio Amateur" by C. E. Urban, "Wireless Telephone Here", Pittsburgh Gazette Times, October 26, 1919, Sixth section, page 13. Beginning in early 1920 the Precision Equipment Company, a small radio retailer in Cincinnati, Ohio, used a homemade transmitter to make occasional broadcasts over its experimental station, 8XB.
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On May 28, 2009, North State announced the brand name Plex, which included both landline and wireless telephone; high-speed Internet capable of 80 Mbits Down and 30Mbits Up; and Plex Advanced TV, a cable TV alternative using Internet Protocol with existing and expanded fiber optic lines capable of delivering HDTV and standard digital TV, as well as video on demand and digital music. The company added fiber optic service in new areas as it began offering the new TV service during summer 2009. Charlotte-based fiber optic service company Segra, part of MTN Infrastructure TopCo Inc., acquired North State in a $240 million deal completed May 19, 2020.
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S. 517 contains no intergovernmental mandates as defined in the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (UMRA) and would not affect the budgets of state, local, or tribal governments. S. 517 would impose a private-sector mandate by eliminating an existing right of action for wireless carriers (and others), who are currently able to pursue legal action against those who, without permission, circumvent the access controls on certain wireless telephone handsets. The cost of the mandate would be the forgone net value of settlements and damages in such cases. A search of the literature suggests that few, if any, of those types of lawsuits have been brought against individual consumers.
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The stations were used for Wanamaker's inter-company communication, and were also open to the general public, for sending telegrams between the two cities, in addition to ships along the Atlantic coast."Department Stores and the Origins of American Broadcasting" (dissertation) by Ronald J. "Noah" Arceneaux, University of Georgia, 2007, pages 43-54. In 1914, the New York station was used to conduct radiotelephone experiments,"New York to Philadelphia by Wireless Telephone", The Wireless Age, June, 1914, page 725. however the two stations never engaged in general broadcasting, and were operated separately from the later broadcasting stations, WOO in Philadelphia and WWZ in New York City.
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In wireless engineering, a greenfield project could be that of rolling out a new generation of cell phone networks. The first cellular telephone networks were built primarily on tall existing tower structures or on high ground in an effort to cover as much territory as possible in as little time as possible and with a minimum number of base stations. These early wireless telephone network designs were later augmented with additional base stations and antennas to handle the growing demand for additional voice traffic and higher network capacity. As wireless networks quickly evolved, it was evident that the earlier designs constrained the growth of the network.
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An accompanying diagram shows wireless telephony from a fixed location to passing trains, boats, and wagons. Despite receiving a patent and some financial backing from Murray residents, and the assertion that "while messages have been sent for distances less than ten miles, he is confident that with his machine he can talk across the Atlantic","Stubblefield Wireless Phone", Hopkinsville Kentuckian, May 26, 1908, page 8. Stubblefield made no headway in commercializing his latest invention. By now continuous-wave arc and alternator radio transmitters had been developed, which were capable of wireless telephone communication over distances that dwarfed the short ranges attainable by induction wireless systems, in addition to being able to be tuned to multiple transmitting frequencies.
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"McCarty" (obituary), San Francisco Call, May 12, 1906, page 7. His brother Henry was appointed as executor of his estate, and in 1907 two U.S. patents originally applied for by Francis were granted, which described "high frequency spark" transmitters capable of making audio transmissions.Patents 867,895 and 867,896 for "Wireless Transmission of Sonorous Vibrations", Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office, October 8, 1907, pages 1647–1648. His brother Ignatius made an attempt to continue the investigations, but saw little progress before abandoning additional efforts."Riptides: The McCarty Wireless Telephone" by Robert O'Brien, San Francisco Chronicle: Part I (April 3, 1950, page 16), Part II: (April 5, 1905, page 16), Finis: (April 7, 1950, page 16).
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By the last years of the century, many wireless researchers such as Reginald Fessenden, Ernst Ruhmer, William Dubilier, Quirino Majorana, and Valdemar Poulsen were working to develop continuous wave transmitters which could be modulated to carry sound, radiotelephony. Collins began researching the topic on his own in 1898. In November 1899, the American Wireless Telephone and Telegraph Company, headquartered in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, was founded by stock promoter Dr. Gustav P. Gehring as the first American radio communications firm. Initially Collins acted as that company's primary technical advisor, however, he soon had a falling-out and left the firm, even demanding that his photograph in a company prospectus be altered to make him unrecognizable.
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Its business and government customers consisted mainly of wireless voice and broadband systems (used to build private networks), and public safety communications systems like Astro and Dimetra. These businesses (except for set-top boxes, wireless networks, and cable modems) are now part of Motorola Solutions. Google sold Motorola Home (the former General Instrument cable businesses) to the Arris Group in December 2012 for US$2.35 billion. Motorola's wireless telephone handset division was a pioneer in cellular telephones. Also known as the Personal Communication Sector (PCS) prior to 2004, it pioneered the "mobile phone" with DynaTAC, "flip phone" with the MicroTAC, as well as the "clam phone" with the StarTAC in the 1990s.
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S. 517 would repeal a rule published in October 2012 by the Librarian of Congress (LOC) that limited the ability of certain owners of wireless telephone handsets to "unlock" their phones, that is, to circumvent software protections that prevent the owner from connecting to a different wireless network. The bill would reinstate an earlier rule that provided broader authority to circumvent such protections. S. 517 also would direct the LOC to consider whether to extend that broader authority to other categories of wireless devices in addition to smartphones. Based on information from the LOC, CBO estimates that implementing the provisions of the bill would not have a significant effect on the agency's workload.
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Most often, pleonasm is understood to mean a word or phrase which is useless, clichéd, or repetitive, but a pleonasm can also be simply an unremarkable use of idiom. It can aid in achieving a specific (sic) linguistic effect, be it social, poetic or literary. Pleonasm sometimes serves the same function as rhetorical repetition—it can be used to reinforce an idea, contention or question, rendering writing clearer and easier to understand. Pleonasm can serve as a redundancy check; if a word is unknown, misunderstood, misheard, or if the medium of communication is poor—a wireless telephone connection or sloppy handwriting—pleonastic phrases can help ensure that the meaning is communicated even if some of the words are lost.
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In February 2012, Antel announced a push to provide fixed wireless Internet service to rural customers using their 3G cellular network.Antel Rural Internet Announcement As of November 2012, the service was being actively offered to customers of the company's Ruralcel fixed wireless telephone service. Customers who sign up get the equipment (a ZTE MF612/MF32 or Huawei B660 3G router) and monthly Internet service for free. While the network and router are capable of supporting multi-Mbit/s service, the free offering is throttled back to 256 kb down/64 kb upload speeds and capped at 1 Gbyte of monthly data transfer (except for a small number of customers grandfathered from a previous service).
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Clarence D. Tuska (1916)"Hartford Youths Construct an Efficient Wireless Telephone", Hartford Courant, March 19, 1916, page 5X. On August 22, 1921, the C. D. Tuska Company of Hartford, Connecticut was issued a Limited Commercial license for a new station, with the randomly assigned call letters of WQB, to be used in development in conjunction with "moving vehicles and general broadcasting". The station's assigned transmitting wavelengths were 200 meters (1500 kHz) for "ordinary" amateur work, 300 meters (1000 kHz), and 375 meters (800 kHz) for "relay or other communication"."Deleted broadcast license files (1921-1927): Accession #52-A-51 - Box 3 of 8", United States Department of Commerce: Bureau of Navigation, Radio Division.
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In an operation by the Russian Federal Security Service in Rostov on November 25, Bliss was plotted by tracking the global positioning systems and wireless telephone that he was using. He was one of six suspects targeted for the "use of various satellite equipment that was illegally brought into Russia," and was arrested along with one of his co-workers. He was charged under Article 276 of the Russian Criminal Code, it being claimed that he was using the GPS system, which he had illegally brought into the country, to plot the location of Russian military bases. A week later, staff of the American Embassy in Moscow were permitted to attend to Bliss and offer him assistance.
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Golan Telecom built its business around the somewhat blunt and unusual slogan, "Enough of being a sucker," which is currently shown as part of its logo. The direct approach in choosing such slogan arose from the frustration of Israeli consumers with the high cost of living in Israel, with cellular communication rates in particular, and as a means of empathy with consumers. Indeed, upon their introduction, Golan's rates were significantly lower than those offered by the existing wireless providers in the country and quickly forced the other providers to drastically reduce their prices, thus providing a boon to many Israeli wireless telephone subscribers. Iliad SA had previously made similar market-disrupting moves in the telecom sector in France.
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The Freeman transmitter broke down — in a fit of rage, de Forest threw it overboard — and had to be replaced by an ordinary spark coil. Even worse, the American Wireless Telephone and Telegraph Company, which claimed its ownership of Amos Dolbear's 1886 patent for wireless communication meant it held a monopoly for all wireless communication in the United States, had also set up a powerful transmitter. None of these companies had effective tuning for their transmitters, so only one could transmit at a time without causing mutual interference. Although an attempt was made to have the three systems avoid conflicts by rotating operations over five-minute intervals, the agreement broke down, resulting in chaos as the simultaneous transmissions clashed with each other.
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"Omahan Believes Heard First Radio Broadcast" by W. H. Graham, Omaha (Nebraska) World-Herald, December 1, 1935, page 12. Because later references refer to earth connections, it appears that Stubblefield subsequently switched to using ground currents instead of induction. Following a decade of research and testing, he felt that his wireless telephone had now been perfected to the point that it was ready for commercialization, and began a series of demonstrations to publicize his work and attract investment. On Christmas Eve, December 24, 1901, he successfully transmitted ¼ mile (400 meters) to his home, where "A party of children were gathered there and at the receiver obtained messages from Santa Claus", and had local residents sign affidavits attesting to the success of his tests.
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This ban was lifted in October 1919, and some additional promotional record broadcasts took place, including Westinghouse engineer Frank Conrad over experimental station 8XK, located at his home in Wilkinsburg, Pennsylvania, who provided on-air acknowledgements to the Brunswick Shop in exchange for the store supplying him with recently released records."Signing Off on the First Ten Years" by George W. Gray, World's Work, December, 1930, page 47. A more formal example was a late October 1920 broadcast, over the Precision Equipment Company of Cincinnati, Ohio's experimental station, 9XB, that was sponsored by the Randolph Wurlitzer Company, and featured the Victor records that would go on sale in November."Wurlitzer presents the new November Victor Records by Wireless Telephone" (advertisement), Cincinnati Enquirer, October 31, 1920, page 9.
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With Shaw Communications purchasing the Global Television Network, Vidéotron launching its wireless telephone network with video content as a key selling point, and the enormous popularity of wireless and Internet video and other media streams at the 2010 Vancouver Olympics, Bell once again sought to bring a content provider into its portfolio. In September 2010, Bell announced a deal to reacquire full control of the broadcasting properties owned by CTVglobemedia including the CTV Television Network. Bell also obtained a 15% interest in The Globe and Mail, CTVglobemedia's other major asset, with the remaining 85% owned by the Thomson family. Through this acquisition, Bell responded to an increasing trend away from traditional cable and satellite delivery channels and towards new distribution methods over the Internet and wireless networks.
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Ideas for distributing news and entertainment electronically dated to before the development of radio broadcasts, but none of these earlier approaches proved to be practical. In 1902, Nathan Stubblefield predicted that his wireless ground-conduction technology would become "capable of sending simultaneous messages from a central distributing station over a very wide territory" for the "general transmission of news of every description","Kentucky Farmer Invents Wireless Telephone", St. Louis Post-Dispatch, January 12, 1902, Sunday Magazine, page 3. however he was never able to achieve adequate transmission distances. There were also a few examples of "telephone newspapers", starting with the Budapest, Hungary Telefon Hírmondó, which in 1893 began transmitting a wide selection of news, instruction and entertainment over telephone lines to a local audience.
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In November 1899, Dr. Gustave P. Gehring of Philadelphia, a gold mine and real estate promoter, established the American Wireless Telephone and Telegraph Company, which was the first radio communications firm established in the United States. This corporation initially (and unsuccessfully) claimed to have a monopoly on all wireless communication in the United States, based on U.S. patent number 350,299, a short-range wireless communication system using magnetic induction that had been issued in 1886 to Amos Dolbear. American Wireless and its subsidiaries primarily engaged in the florid promotion of stock sales at inflated prices to the unwary, and did only limited legitimate work toward its supposed goal of setting up a nationwide radiotelegraphic system. However, it also employed a small number of capable engineers.
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In 1966, broadcasting in the UK was controlled by the British General Post Office, which had granted exclusive radio broadcasting licences to the British Broadcasting Corporation and television licences to the BBC and 16 regional Independent Television companies. The power of the GPO covered letters delivered by the Royal Mail, newspapers, books and their printing presses, the encoding of messages on lines used to supply electricity; the electric telegraph, the electric telephone (which was originally deemed an electronic post office); the electric wireless telegraph and the electric wireless telephone which became known as "telephony" and later wireless broadcasting. In the 1920s the GPO had been circumvented by broadcasting from transmitters in countries close to British listeners. World War II terminated these broadcasts except for Radio Luxembourg.
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"Recent Progress in Wireless Telephony" by Reginald A. Fessenden, Scientific American, January 19, 1907, pages 68-69. A portion of a report produced by Greenleaf W. Pickard of the Telephone Company's Boston office, which includes additional information on some still existing defects, appeared in Ernst Ruhmer's Wireless Telephony in Theory and Practice."Wireless Telephone Tests at Brant Rock and Plymouth, Mass." by Greenleaf W. Pickard, included as an appendix in Wireless Telephony in Theory and Practice by Ernst Ruhmer (translated from the German by James Erskine-Murray), 1908, pages 205-214. Although primarily designed for transmissions spanning a few kilometers, on a couple of occasions the test Brant Rock audio transmissions were apparently overheard by NESCO employee James C. Armor across the Atlantic at the Machrihanish site.
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After the winding-down of his acoustic telephone business, Stubblefield reviewed possible alternatives that would avoid infringing on the Bell telephone patents, and began researching wireless options. Because he never filed for a patent for his early work, the technical details of his experiments are largely unknown. But, based on contemporary descriptions, it appears that they initially employed induction, similar to a wireless telephone developed by Amos Dolbear, which was issued in 1886. Information for this period is very limited, but in 1935 a former neighbor, Rainey T. Wells, reported that in 1892 Stubblefield gave him a telephone receiver, and had Wells walk a short distance away from Stubblefield's shack, after which he was amazed to distinctly hear the words "Hello, Rainey", followed by additional speech from Stubblefield.
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Collins would later also develop radio-based wireless telephones, using arc-transmitters, but his efforts were tainted by excessive stock promotion. In early 1913 he and two associates working for the Continental Wireless Telephone and Telegraph Company would be convicted of mail fraud, for which he served one year of a three-year prison sentence. The fanciful stock solicitations now claimed that there were plans to "license subsidiary companies in each state of the Union". Stubblefield returned to Murray, where he faced considerable skepticism—a March 1903 review of his "earth battery" and wireless telephony endeavors stated: "...the people in this section of the country are yet wondering whether he is simply a crank or will yet emerge some day from his obscurity to astonish the whole civilized world with a great discovery".
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Murray, Robert P. (2005) The Early Development of Radio in Canada, 1901-1930, pages 23-24. Captain H. J. Round was a British Marconi engineer who had led that company's development of radiotelephone transmitters during the war. In March 1919 Canadian Marconi announced that it was planning to "install the new wireless telephone at important points in and around Montreal in the near future", in order that "the public will be able to test for themselves the latest development in long distance communication". There were also plans to install one of the devices in the Transportation Building office of J. N. Greenshields, president of the Montreal Board of Trade,"Wireless 'Phones Being Installed", Montreal Gazette, March 22, 1919, page 5 which "will enable brokers to talk with Kingston, Ottawa, Three Rivers and Quebec".
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As Shaw Communications purchasing the Global Television Network and the Canwest television properties, Vidéotron launching its wireless telephone network with video content as a key selling point, and the enormous popularity of wireless and Internet video and other media streams at the 2010 Vancouver Olympics, Bell once again sought to bring a content provider into its portfolio. It was announced to re-acquire 100% of the company's broadcasting arm in September 2010, including CTV Limited. Under the deal, Woodbridge, Torstar, and Teachers' received $1.3 billion in either cash or equity in BCE, while BCE will also assume $1.7 billion in debt (BCE's existing equity interest is $200 million, for a total transaction value of $3.2 billion). Woodbridge will simultaneously regain majority control of The Globe and Mail, with Bell retaining a 15% interest.
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Allgaier's 2009 Nationwide car at the Milwaukee Mile In May 2008, Allgaier signed a contract with Penske Racing to drive four races in their No. 12 Dodge in the NASCAR Nationwide Series in the final part of the year.H&R; Staff and news service reports; "Riverton driver joins Penske for Nationwide"; Decatur, IL Herald & Review; Friday, September 19, 2008; pp B-7 His best finish in the Penske Truck Rental Dodge was eleventh at Phoenix. Allgaier was then signed to drive the car full-time in 2009. Because of the acquisition of Penske Racing sponsor Alltel by Cellco Partners, a joint venture of Verizon and Vodafone, their Sprint Cup sponsorship was legislated out of the sport by NASCAR's agreement with Sprint in that series to prohibit sponsorship by other wireless telephone companies.
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Pickard, an engineer with the American Wireless Telephone and Telegraph Co. invented the rectifying contact detector, discovering rectification of radio waves in 1902 while experimenting with a coherer detector consisting of a steel needle resting across two carbon blocks. On 29 May 1902 he was operating this device, listening to a radiotelegraphy station. Coherers required an external current source to operate, so he had the coherer and telephone earphone connected in series with a 3 cell battery to provide power to operate the earphone. Annoyed by background "frying" noise caused by the current through the carbon, he reached over to cut two of the battery cells out of the circuit to reduce the current The generation of an audio signal without a DC bias battery made Pickard realize the device was acting as a rectifier.
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On January 1, 1902, Nathan Stubblefield gave a short- range "wireless telephone" demonstration, that included simultaneously broadcasting speech and music to seven locations throughout Murray, Kentucky. However, this was transmitted using induction rather than radio signals, and although Stubblefield predicted that his system would be perfected so that "it will be possible to communicate with hundreds of homes at the same time", and "a single message can be sent from a central station to all parts of the United States", he was unable to overcome the inherent distance limitations of this technology."Kentucky Inventor Solves Problem of Wireless Telephony", The Sunny South, March 8, 1902, page 6. The earliest public radiotelegraph broadcasts were provided as government services, beginning with daily time signals inaugurated on January 1, 1905, by a number of U.S. Navy stations.
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Remnants of the site's earlier owners, from over 115 years ago, are still visible on campus today, including an original set of concrete benches and walls on the eastern expanse of the school, built prior to 1905. The gazebo in the Japanese Tea Garden has been recently renovated, but remains in an identical location to a similar structure placed in the "rock garden" (today, the Tea Garden) in 1905. The school was added to the National Register of Historic Places as a historic district in 1995, under its former name Sequoia Union High School. On September 13, 2007, Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger visited Sequoia High School to sign bill SB 35, which prohibits persons who are under the age of 18 years from using a wireless telephone or other mobile service device while operating a motor vehicle.
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Over the years, ORA has advocated and won additional protections for wireless telephone customers as the CPUC adopted rules in requiring phone companies to be responsible for the content of their bills, refund customers for unauthorized charges, and provide customers with the option to block third party charges to their phone bills. The California High Cost Fund-A (CHCF-A) is a CPUC subsidy program established in 1987 based on the concept that basic telephone service should be affordable and ubiquitously accessible to all members of society. In order to optimally utilize ratepayer subsidies, ORA supports CHCF-A improvements that will result in program and rate case processing efficiencies. Beginning 2016, ORA will be actively working to provide evidence and in-depth analysis to shape a robust record in the CPUC's investigation to assess the state of the telecommunications market in California.
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In the mid-1910s the development of vacuum tube transmitters provided a significant improvement in the quality and reliability of audio transmissions. Adopting this advance, Lee de Forest again took the lead, establishing experimental station 2XG in New York City. During a successful demonstration program held in October 1916, de Forest now prophesied "in the near future a music central in every large city whence nightly concerts will radiate to thousands of homes through the wireless telephone"."Passengers on Ships at Sea to Hear Music by Wireless", Musical America, November 4, 1916, page 28. The next month a daily program of news and entertainment was begun, which included election returns broadcast on the night of the November 7th presidential election. However, 2XG also had to suspend operations the following April due to the World War I restrictions.
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The Circuit Merit system was developed early in the 20th Century by AT&T; to quantifiably measure voice quality on the PSTN, and later adapted to include wireless telephone circuits, such as the early MTS (which was first used in 1947), IMTS and the later cellular telephone system (field trials date from 1976). It is intended to be used on a statistical basis, by collecting multiple data points (either subjective scores by human listeners, or by electronic measurements), to then produce a comprehensive report on the circuit quality. The system does not include any provision for reporting RF signal strength, and is thus inappropriate for routine use on non-telephone voice radio systems. Circuit merit is specifically designed to report the signal-to-noise ratio of a communications circuit, preferably by use of electronic test equipment.
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The invention of amplitude-modulated (AM) radio, so that more than one station can send signals (as opposed to spark-gap radio, where one transmitter covers the entire bandwidth of the spectrum) is attributed to Reginald Fessenden and Lee de Forest. According to some sources, notably Fessenden's wife Helen's biography,Helen M. Fessenden, Reginald Fessenden: Builder of Tomorrow, New York: Coward-McCann, 1940 on Christmas Eve 1906, Reginald Fessenden used an Alexanderson alternator and rotary spark-gap transmitter to make the first radio audio broadcast, from Brant Rock, Massachusetts. Ships at sea heard a broadcast that included Fessenden playing O Holy Night on the violin and reading a passage from the Bible. However, Fessenden himself never mentioned that date: rather, he wrote of experiments with voice as early as 1902.“Wireless Telephone Has Been Perfected,” Pittsburgh Press, May 20, 1902, p.
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The first program was given last night and several stations in this section are known to have picked up the Victrola music broadcasted." This article further described the "wireless telephone broadcasting station" as "the first station that has been erected and put in active operating condition in the Carolinas. A station has been erected at State college in West Raleigh, but it did not work properly and it will probably be a few weeks before it will be in a position to do any broadcasting." On April 11, following a successful inspection by the Fourth Radio District inspector, Walter Van Nostrand, Jr on April 4, 1922, the license's "provisional" qualifier was removed." In October 1925, Fred Laxton sold the Southern Radio Corporation to the Carolina States Electric Company for approximately $50,000, while retaining control of WBT."Southern Radio Sells Out Here", Charlotte Observer, August 29, 1925, page 3.
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Wallace made a cameo appearance in the movie Days of Thunder. He and his brothers all appeared in the Electronic Arts video game NASCAR Rumble. Mike was featured as a Craftsman Truck Series driver, driving the No. 2 ASE Dodge (no specific car makes for the Trucks; the real truck was a Dodge at the time), Kenny was featured in the game driving the No. 55 Square D Chevrolet (although the game's commercial showed him driving the No. 81 Square D Ford) & Rusty was featured in the game driving his No. 2 Ford, with the exception that the Miller Lite stickers are replaced by Penske Racing stickers similar to current Penske Championship Racing driver Brad Keselowski, whose sponsor is censored by NASCAR's ban on wireless telephone advertising. In the video for “Nowadays” by Lil Skies featuring Landon Cube, Cube can be seen wearing a vintage Rusty Wallace jacket.
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However, prior to the destruction of the Laeken facility, experimental work was done to develop equipment capable of making audio transmissions, which led to Europe's first organized entertainment radio broadcasts. (These appear to be the second oldest known regularly scheduled radio concerts, preceded only in the United States by Charles "Doc" Herrold in San Jose, California, who began a similar series of weekly concerts in the summer of 1912.)"Musical Concert by Wireless Telephone", San Diego (California) Union, 23 July 1912, page 19. Because the spark transmitters required trained operators who could send and receive Morse code, Goldschmidt and Braillard began to investigate whether the stations could be converted to radiotelephone operations which would be easier to staff. In 1913 they began work on audio transmissions using a special high-frequency spark transmitter developed by Italian Riccardo Moretti,"Moretti's Wireless Phone", The Wireless Age, January 1914, page 338.
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"Wireless Telegraphy that Sends No Messages Except By Wire", New York Herald, October 28, 1901, p. 4. (fultonhistory.com) Collins returned to doing his own research, investigating, in turn, wireless telephone systems that employed conduction, induction, and finally radio waves. He established a small laboratory at No. 132 South Sixth street in Philadelphia, forming a developmental company that initially was privately financed and did not sell stock to the public."Telephoning: Via Mother Earth Without Wires System Being Perfected", Honolulu Independent, September 4, 1900, p. 4. After doing initial tests within a bowl of water,"Wireless 'Phones First Real Test", New York World, July 21, 1903, p. 12. he reported that he then made steady, although somewhat limited, progress with the conduction and induction approaches, achieving transmission distances of 60 meters (200 feet) in 1899, 1.5 kilometers (1 mile) across the Delaware River in 1900, and 5 kilometers (3 miles) in 1902.
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It was immediately recognized that, much like the telegraph had preceded the invention of the telephone, the ability to make audio radio transmissions would be a significant technical advance. Despite this knowledge, it still took two decades to perfect the technology needed to make quality audio transmissions. In addition, the telephone had rarely been used for distributing entertainment, outside of a few "telephone newspaper" systems, most of which were established in Europe. With this in mind, most early radiotelephone development envisioned that the device would be more profitably developed as a "wireless telephone" for personal communication, or for providing links where regular telephone lines could not be run, rather than for the uncertain finances of broadcasting. Nellie Melba making a broadcast over the Marconi Chelmsford Works radio station in England on 15 June 1920 Farmer listening to U.S. government weather and crop reports using a crystal radio in 1923.
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This particular test was reported in prestigious scientific publications, including Scientific American, which claimed that Stubblefield's invention would be installed by the "Gordon Telephone Company, of Charleston, S. C., for the establishment of telephonic communication between the city of Charleston and the sea islands lying off the coast of South Carolina","The Latest Advance in Wireless Telephony" by Waldon Fawcett, Scientific American, May 24, 1902, p. 363. There is no evidence that the South Carolina link was ever constructed. and Nature, which noted: "The system used is an earth-conduction one, and is, therefore, similar in principle to, though doubtless differing in detail from, many other wireless telephony systems which are being tried in various countries.""Notes", Nature (London), June 12, 1902, page 158. In early 1902 three New York City residents, J. B. Green, W. B. Whelpley, and Wm. T. Quinn, incorporated, in the Territory of Arizona, the Wireless Telephone Company of America.
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The San Francisco Bay- San Jose region of California was an important center of early radio development, including entertainment broadcasts dating back to at least 1912, when Charles Herrold in San Jose inaugurated a series of weekly concerts."Musical Concert by Wireless Telephone", San Diego Union, July 23, 1912, page 19. Civilian stations were temporarily silenced during World War One, but in 1919 the wartime ban was lifted, and a number of individuals in the region, operating under Experimental and Amateur licenses, began making regular broadcasts intended for the general public."Early Broadcasting in the San Francisco Bay Area" by John Schneider, 1997 (bayarearadio.org) In order to provide common standards for the developing service, the Commerce Department, which began regulating U.S. radio in 1912, issued a regulation effective December 1, 1921 that broadcasting stations would now have to hold a Limited Commercial license that authorized operation on designated wavelengths of 360 meters (833 kHz) for "entertainment", and 485 meters (619 kHz) for "market and weather reports".
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"The Radio Amateur" by C. E. Urban, "Wireless Telephone Here", Pittsburgh Gazette Times, October 26, 1919, Sixth section, page 13. During this time the Joseph Horne department store ran daily full-page advertisements in the Pittsburgh papers, and, in its September 23, 1920 placement, stated that the store had started selling "Amateur Wireless Sets" for "$10 upwards"."The Horne Daily News" (advertisement), Pittsburgh Press, September 23, 1920, page 13. Six days later, the store's September 29 installment included a small notice titled "Air Concert 'Picked Up' By Radio Here", which noted that its demonstration set had been used to receive one of the Conrad broadcasts."The Horne Daily News" (advertisement), Pittsburgh Press, September 29, 1920, page 11. H. P. Davis saw this advertisement and immediately recognized the "limitless opportunity" of adding radio receivers to the lines of appliances sold to the general public by Westinghouse,"Pittsburgh's Contributions to Radio" by S. M. Kintner, Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers, December 1932, pages 1849-1862.
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Effective October 1, 1919, the ban on civilian radio stations was lifted. Although his station would not be formally relicensed until January 21, 1921,Experimental License number 236, call sign 8XK, covering January 21, 1920-January 20, 1921. Conrad resumed experimenting, again using the 8XK callsign,Presumably Conrad had been given an informal authorization to operate pending the license reissuance. "Getting Your Licenses" (QST, November 1919, page 12) noted that "Radio Inspectors are authorized, however, to advise applicants what call letters they will eventually receive on their licenses and authorize them to commence operation at once, using their official call, without awaiting receipt of the actual license." and now also testing vacuum- tube radiotelephone equipment. Conrad's experimental radio station, 8XK, was located in his home's garage. He was responsible for one of the country's first post-war radio broadcasts, when, on the evening of October 17, 1919,"The Radio Amateur" by C. E. Urban, "Wireless Telephone Here", Pittsburgh Gazette Times, October 26, 1919, Sixth section, page 13.
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Born Joseph Bailey Walker in Denver, Colorado, Walker worked as a wireless telephone engineer, inventor, and photographer of documentaries for the Red Cross during World War IJoseph Walker at FilmReference.com before starting his feature film career in 1919 with the Canadian film Back to God's Country, which was filmed near the Arctic Circle. For the next seven years, he freelanced at various studios, working for noted directors W.S. Van Dyke, Francis Ford, George B. Seitz, and others. He joined Columbia Pictures in 1927 and worked almost exclusively at the studio until he retired in 1952. Walker collaborated with director Frank Capra on 20 films, including Ladies of Leisure (1930), Lady for a Day (1933), The Bitter Tea of General Yen (1933), It Happened One Night (1934), Lost Horizon (1937), Mr. Deeds Goes to Town (1936), You Can't Take It with You (1938), Mr. Smith Goes to Washington (1939), and It's a Wonderful Life (1946).
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"Wireless Phone Relays Returns of Post-Dispatch", St. Louis Post-Dispatch, November 3, 1920, page 3. (At least three other stations made election night broadcasts: the Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company at East Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania under a Special Amateur authorization, 8ZZ (now KDKA), the Detroit News' "Detroit News Radiophone" station, operating under an amateur station authorization, 8MK (now WWJ),"Screen, Radio Give Returns", Detroit News, November 3, 1920, pages 1-2. and the Buffalo Evening News, over an amateur station operated by Charles C. Klinck, Jr."'News' Wireless Service on Election Wins Praise", Buffalo Evening News, November 4, 1920, page 2.) Benson and Woods continued to work on developing radiotelephone equipment, and an early December 1920 newspaper article stated that they had successfully communicated with an automobile over a distance of 30 miles (48 kilometers). At the time, it was noted that "The wireless telephone will be the last word in luxury tourists", and it also could be installed on police department automobiles for emergency communication.
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The supporting cast remained fairly stable throughout this original run and included Joan Mason, a beautiful blond reporter for the Daily Blade who would ultimately star in her own backup stories, and Mike Mannigan, Dan's stereotypical Irish partner on the force who believed despite all evidence to the contrary that the Blue Beetle was a criminal and was always trying to arrest him with little success. Dr. Franz, a local pharmacist and inventor of the bulletproof suit and 2X formula (as well as many other gadgets, including the portable wireless telephone nearly a half-century before they came into common use), played a large role in the early issues but eventually faded from the cast. The Beetle also had a short-lived spunky kid sidekick in the form of Sparkington J. Northrup (Sparky), who originally wore an abbreviated version of the Beetle's costume but later went into action wearing his regular clothes. During World War II, Garret became a government agent who was often sent overseas on secret missions, but after peace was declared he returned to his former role of neighborhood cop.
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"Early Days in Canadian Broadcasting" (Adventures in Radio - 14) by D. R. P. Coats, Manitoba Calling, November 1940, page 7."The Birth of Canadian Broadcasting" (Adventures in Radio - 13) by D. R. P. Coats, Manitoba Calling, October 1940, page 8. As was common at a number of early stations, the engineers soon tired of having to repetitively speak for the test transmissions, and began to play phonograph records, which drew the attention of local amateur radio operators.Murray (2005) page 29. The first documented broadcast of entertainment by XWA to a general audience occurred on the evening of May 20, 1920, when a concert was prepared for a Royal Society of Canada audience listening 110 miles (175 kilometers) away at the Château Laurier in the capital city of Ottawa."Ottawa Hears Montreal Concert Over the Wireless Telephone; Experiment Complete Success", Ottawa Journal, May 21, 1920, page 7."Wireless Concert Given for Ottawa", Montreal Gazette, May 21, 1920, page 4. XWA eventually began operating on a regular schedule, at first run almost single-handedly by Douglas "Darby" Coats.
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"Wireless Telephone for Autos Perfected", St. Louis Post-Dispatch, December 3, 1920, page 16. The two also made a few additional experimental radio broadcasts, from a variety of sites and apparently under multiple station licenses, although details are limited.In the June 30, 1920 issue of Amateur Radio Stations of the United States, Benson is listed as holding a standard amateur license with the call sign 9KV, with Woods licensed as 9LC. In late 1920, Benson was upgraded to a Special Amateur license, with the call sign 9ZB. The June 30, 1921 issue of Amateur Radio Stations of the United States still has Woods as 9LC, with The Benwood Company now having its own standard amateur license, 9LA. These same two assignments also appear in the June 30, 1922 edition. On January 29, 1922 it was announced that Woods was preparing a radio concert for the upcoming Friday evening featuring the City Club Quartet, to be followed at noon on Saturday by an address by Beatrice Forbes Robertson on the "Causes and Cure of Labor Unrest"."Three Club Speakers on City Club Program this Week", St. Louis Star, January 29, 1922, page 8.
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