220 Sentences With "unrounded" | Random Sentence Generator

The so-called core CPI was up by an unrounded 21.1% last month.

The so-called core CPI was up by an unrounded 0.73% last month.

But the unrounded figure is 23 percent, the lowest since December 24.1, when it was 22.2 percent.

In fact, the unrounded estimates for the two movies are just $30,000 apart; this is anyone's race.

We then use the model to predict the number of goals scored in each possible encounter of the tournament and use the unrounded score to determine the winner.

You saw that in the household survey as well as the employment rate which came down a little bit on an unrounded basis … so clearly we're still making headway.

A tame core U.S. inflation reading has also weighed on interest rates, analysts said, with the core PCE price index, the Federal Reserve's preferred inflation gauge, posting an unrounded increase of 0.157 percent.

On a rounded basis, the unemployment rate held steady at 3.7 percent for a third straight month, but on an unrounded basis, it inched down from 3.74 percent to 3.67 percent, the lowest reading since 1969.

The International Phonetic Alphabet uses for the close-mid front unrounded vowel or the mid front unrounded vowel.

The close-mid front unrounded vowel, or high-mid front unrounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is . For the close- mid front unrounded vowel that is usually transcribed with the symbol or , see near-close front unrounded vowel. If the usual symbol is , the vowel is listed here.

In Modern Greek, due to iotacism, the letter (pronounced ) represents a close front unrounded vowel, . In Classical Greek, it represented a long open-mid front unrounded vowel, .

The mid central unrounded vowel is frequently written with the symbol . If greater precision is desired, the symbol for the close-mid central unrounded vowel may be used with a lowering diacritic, . Another possibility is using the symbol for the open-mid central unrounded vowel with a raising diacritic, .

36 Ini commonly represents the close front unrounded vowel , like the pronunciation of in "machine", or the near- close near-front unrounded vowel , like the pronunciation of in "sin".

In Northern dialects, the corresponding long and short vowels are a long close central unrounded vowel () and a short lowered close central unrounded vowel (), respectively. and are represented by .

Certain sourcesSuch as . may even use for the close-mid front unrounded vowel, but that is rare. For the close-mid (near-)front unrounded vowel that is not usually transcribed with the symbol (or ), see close-mid front unrounded vowel. In some other languages (such as Danish, Luxembourgish and Sotho) there is a fully front near-close unrounded vowel (a sound between cardinal and ), which can be transcribed in IPA with , or .

For example, in many languages, including English, most front vowels are unrounded, while most back vowels are rounded. There are no languages in which all front vowels are rounded and all back vowels are unrounded. The most likely explanation for this is that front vowels have a higher second formant (F2) than back vowels, and unrounded vowels have a higher F2 than rounded vowels. Thus unrounded front vowels and rounded back vowels have maximally different F2s, enhancing their phonemic differentiation.

In most languages that use the Latin alphabet, denotes an open unrounded vowel, such as , , or . An exception is Saanich, in which (and the glyph Á) stands for a close-mid front unrounded vowel .

For example, for , the lips are rounded, but for , the lips are spread. Vowels can be categorized as rounded or unrounded. Rounded vowels are , , , and the unrounded vowels are , , , , , , , . The vowel systems of most languages can be represented by vowel diagrams.

The open-mid front unrounded vowel, or low-mid front unrounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is a Latinized variant of the Greek lowercase epsilon, .

I (И и; italics: И и) is a letter used in almost all Cyrillic alphabets. It commonly represents the close front unrounded vowel , like the pronunciation of in "machine", or the near-close near-front unrounded vowel , like the pronunciation of in "bin".

13 Ani commonly represents an open central unrounded vowel , like the pronunciation of in "father".

However, some languages, such as French, German and Icelandic, distinguish rounded and unrounded front vowels of the same height (degree of openness), and Vietnamese distinguishes rounded and unrounded back vowels of the same height. Alekano has only unrounded vowels. In the International Phonetic Alphabet vowel chart, rounded vowels are the ones that appear on the right in each pair of vowels. There are also diacritics, and , to indicate greater and lesser degrees of rounding, respectively.

The existence of nasalization is noted by Cárceres, but he does not transcribe it. Cárceres used the letter æ for the low central unrounded vowel and æ with cedille for the high central unrounded vowel . He also transcribed glottalized consonants as geminates e.g. ttz for .

In Seneca, the letter Ë is used to represent , a close- mid front unrounded nasalized vowel.

This is reflected in the IPA's definition of the cardinal , which is unrounded yet not spread either.

Acoustically, this sound is "between" the more typical compressed mid front vowel and the unrounded mid front vowel .

The usual explanation of the cardinal vowel system implies that the competent user can reliably distinguish between sixteen Primary and Secondary vowels plus a small number of central vowels. The provision of diacritics by the International Phonetic Association further implies that intermediate values may also be reliably recognized, so that a phonetician might be able to produce and recognize not only a close-mid front unrounded vowel and an open- mid front unrounded vowel but also a mid front unrounded vowel , a centralized mid front unrounded vowel , and so on. This suggests a range of vowels nearer to forty or fifty than to twenty in number. Empirical evidence for this ability in trained phoneticians is hard to come by.

The near-close front unrounded vowel, or near-high front unrounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , i.e. a small capital letter i. The International Phonetic Association advises serifs on the symbol's ends.

In Estonian, the symbol stands for the close-mid back unrounded vowel, and it is considered an independent letter.

This is one reason they are written to the right of unrounded front vowels in the IPA vowel chart.

See e.g. , who transcribes the unrounded central realization of the English vowel with the symbol . The close central unrounded vowel is the vocalic equivalent of the rare post-palatal approximant .Instead of "post- palatal", it can be called "retracted palatal", "backed palatal", "palato- velar", "pre-velar", "advanced velar", "fronted velar" or "front-velar".

That pronunciation is still found in some dialects, but most speakers use a central vowel like or . Much like , is a versatile symbol that is not defined for roundedness and that can be used for vowels that are near-open central, near-open near-front, near-open near-back, open-mid central, open central or a (often unstressed) vowel with variable height, backness and/or roundedness that is produced in that general area. For open central unrounded vowels transcribed with , see open central unrounded vowel. When the usual transcription of the near-open near-front and the near-open near-back variants is different from , they are listed in near-open front unrounded vowel and open back unrounded vowel or open back rounded vowel, respectively.

One characteristic feature of Yakut is vowel harmony. For example, if the first vowel of a Yakut word is a front vowel, the second and other vowels of the same word are usually the same vowel or another front vowel: кэлин (kelin) "back": э (e) is open unrounded front, и (i) is close unrounded front.

The close-mid back unrounded vowel, or high-mid back unrounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. Its symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet is , called "ram's horns". It is distinct from the symbol for the voiced velar fricative, , which has a descender. Despite that, some writingsSuch as and .

In some languages (such as Azerbaijani, Estonian, Luxembourgish and Toda) there is the near-open back unrounded vowel (a sound between cardinal and ), which can be transcribed in IPA with or . The Hamont-Achel dialect of Limburgish has been reported to contrast long open front, central and back unrounded vowels. This is extremely unusual.

The vowels Ä, Ö and Ü are clearly separate phonemes and inherent in Estonian, although the letter shapes come from German. The letter õ denotes , unrounded , or a close-mid back unrounded vowel. It is almost identical to the Bulgarian ъ and the Vietnamese ơ, and is also used to transcribe the Russian ы.

In some other languages, things are more complicated, as the change in rounding is accompanied with the change in height and/or backness. For instance, in Dutch, the unrounded allophone of is mid central unrounded , but its word-final rounded allophone is close-mid front rounded , close to the main allophone of . The symbol is often used for any unstressed obscure vowel, regardless of its precise quality. For instance, the English vowel transcribed is a central unrounded vowel that can be close- mid , mid or open-mid , depending on the environment.

Retrieved 2011-04-25. Ye with breve is used in the Chuvash language to represent the close-mid central unrounded vowel .

The near-open central unrounded vowel is sometimes the only open vowel in a language and then is typically transcribed with .

Sometimes, especially in broad transcription, this vowel is transcribed with a simpler symbol , which technically represents the close front unrounded vowel.

The close back unrounded vowel, or high back unrounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is . Typographically a turned letter , given its relation to the sound represented by the letter it can be considered a with an extra "bowl".

In Mari and Gagauz this letter represents the near-open front unrounded vowel, . In Kildin Sami this letter represents the open back unrounded vowel following a palatalized (sometimes also called "half-palatalized") velar nasal or one of the alveolar stops or . In Khanty this letter represents the near-open central vowel . Some languages represent as , like in letter "Я".

In the International Phonetic Alphabet, the letter ɑ, which looks similar to the lower-case alpha, represents the open back unrounded vowel.

A few languages also have the near-close back unrounded vowel (which does not have a separate IPA symbol) in their inventory.

The spread-lip diacritic may also be used with a rounded vowel letters / as an ad hoc symbol, though technically 'spread' means unrounded.

The spread-lip diacritic may also be used with a rounded vowel letter as an ad hoc symbol, but 'spread' technically means unrounded.

The value was specified only in 1993; until then, it had been transcribed . The letter may be used with a raising diacritic , to denote the mid central unrounded vowel. It may also be used with a lowering diacritic , to denote the near-open central unrounded vowel. Conversely, , the symbol for the mid central vowel may be used with a lowering diacritic to denote the open-mid central unrounded vowel, although that is more accurately written with an additional unrounding diacritic to explicitly denote the lack of rounding (the canonical value of IPA is undefined for rounding).

In most languages that use the Cyrillic alphabet – such as Ukrainian, Belarusian, Russian, Rusyn, Serbian, Macedonian, Montenegrin and Bulgarian – the Cyrillic letter А represents the open central unrounded vowel . In Ingush and Chechen the Cyrillic letter А represents both the open back unrounded vowel and the mid-central vowel . In Tuvan the letter can be written as a double vowel.

Ancient Greek had a broader range of vowels (see Ancient Greek phonology) than Modern Greek does. Eta () was a long open-mid front unrounded vowel , and upsilon () was a close front rounded vowel . Over the course of time, both vowels came to be pronounced like the close front unrounded vowel iota () . In addition, certain diphthongs merged to the same pronunciation.

The open-mid central unrounded vowel, or low-mid central unrounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is . The IPA symbol is not the digit or the Cyrillic small letter Ze (з). The symbol is instead a reversed Latinized variant of the lowercase epsilon, ɛ.

The close central unrounded vowel, or high central unrounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound used in some languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , namely the lower-case letter i with a horizontal bar. Both the symbol and the sound are commonly referred to as barred i. Occasionally, this vowel is transcribed (centralized ) or (centralized ).

In phonetics, vowel roundedness refers to the amount of rounding in the lips during the articulation of a vowel. It is labialization of a vowel. When a rounded vowel is pronounced, the lips form a circular opening, and unrounded vowels are pronounced with the lips relaxed. In most languages, front vowels tend to be unrounded, and back vowels tend to be rounded.

Despite its pronunciation as mid, in the International Phonetic Alphabet, the Latin epsilon represents open-mid front unrounded vowel, as in the English word pet .

The mid back unrounded vowel is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. Although there is no dedicated symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the exact mid back unrounded vowel between close-mid and open-mid because no language is known to distinguish all three, is normally used. If more precision is desired, diacritics can be used, such as or .

Rounding is generally realized by a decrease of F2 that tends to reinforce vowel backness. One effect of this is that back vowels are most commonly rounded while front vowels are most commonly unrounded; another is that rounded vowels tend to plot to the right of unrounded vowels in vowel charts. That is, there is a reason for plotting vowel pairs the way they are.

The open-mid back unrounded vowel, or low-mid back unrounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , graphically a rotated lowercase "v" (called a turned V but created as a small-capital without the crossbar). Both the symbol and the sound are commonly referred to as either a wedge, a caret, or a hat. In transcriptions for English, this symbol is commonly used for the near-open central unrounded vowel, and in transcriptions for Danish, it is used for the (somewhat mid-centralized) open back rounded vowel.

There are also differing interpretations of the exact quality of the vowel: the classic sound recording of by Daniel Jones is slightly more front but not quite as open as that by John Wells.Geoff Lindsey (2013) The vowel space, Speech Talk In practice, it is considered normal by many phoneticians to use the symbol for an open central unrounded vowel and instead approximate the open front unrounded vowel with (which officially signifies a near-open front unrounded vowel).Keith Johnson: Vowels in the languages of the world (PDF), p. 9 This is the usual practice, for example, in the historical study of the English language.

This is a general characteristic of vowel reduction. Even when fully articulated, the vowels of a language may be on the schwa side of a cardinal IPA vowel. One example of this is Lisbon Portuguese, where unstressed e is a near-close near-back unrounded vowel. That is, it lies between the close back unrounded vowel and schwa, where sits in the vowel chart, but unlike , is not rounded.

The open back unrounded vowel, or low back unrounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is `A`. The letter is called script a because it lacks the extra hook on top of a printed letter a, which corresponds to a different vowel, the open front unrounded vowel. Script a, which has its linear stroke on the bottom right, should not be confused with turned script a, , which has its linear stroke on the top left and corresponds to a rounded version of this vowel, the open back rounded vowel.

Certain older sourcesFor example . transcribe this vowel . The letter may be used with a lowering diacritic , to denote the mid central unrounded vowel. Conversely, , the symbol for the mid central vowel may be used with a raising diacritic to denote the close-mid central unrounded vowel, although that is more accurately written with an additional unrounding diacritic to explicitly denote the lack of rounding (the canonical value of IPA is undefined for rounding).

In unified international braille, the braille pattern dots-15 is used to represent unrounded, near-mid, front vowels, such as /e/ or /ɛ/. It is also used for the number 5..

Despite that, some modern writingsSuch as still use it. Handbook of the International Phonetic Association defines as a mid-centralized (lowered and centralized) close front unrounded vowel (transcribed or ), and the current official IPA name of the vowel transcribed with the symbol is near-close near- front unrounded vowel. However, some languages have the close-mid near-front unrounded vowel, a vowel that is somewhat lower than the canonical value of , though it still fits the definition of a mid-centralized . It occurs in some dialects of English (such as Californian, General American and modern Received Pronunciation) as well as some other languages (such as Icelandic),, cited in and it can be transcribed with the symbol (a lowered ) in narrow transcription.

Usually, the higher a back vowel, the more intense is the rounding. However, in some languages, roundedness is independent from backness, such as French and German (with front rounded vowels), most Uralic languages (Estonian has a rounding contrast for and front vowels), Turkic languages (with a rounding distinction for front vowels and ), and Vietnamese with back unrounded vowels. Nonetheless, even in those languages there is usually some phonetic correlation between rounding and backness: front rounded vowels tend to be more front-central than front, and back unrounded vowels tend to be more back-central than back. Thus, the placement of unrounded vowels to the left of rounded vowels on the IPA vowel chart is reflective of their position in formant space.

The close-mid central unrounded vowel, or high-mid central unrounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is . This is a mirrored letter e, and should not be confused with the schwa , which is a turned e. It was added to the IPA in 1993; before that, this vowel was transcribed (Latin small letter e with umlaut, not Cyrillic small letter yo).

In most languages that use the Latin alphabet, represents the close back rounded vowel or a similar vowel. In French orthography the letter represents the close front rounded vowel (); is represented by . In Dutch and Afrikaans, it represents either , or a near-close near-front rounded vowel (); likewise the phoneme is represented by . In Welsh orthography the letter can represent a long close front unrounded vowel () or short near-close near-front unrounded vowel () in Southern dialects.

Pha̍k-fa-sṳ uses a modified Latin alphabet (an additional trema ṳ for the close central unrounded vowel //) and some diacritics for tones. A single hyphen is added to indicate a compound.

It is used in Wade-Giles (one of the romanization systems in Chinese) for apical dental unrounded vowel as in tzû, tz'û, ssû, corresponds to present zi, ci, si in Pinyin respectively.

In many Turkic languages such as Azeri, Bashkir, Kazakh, Uyghur and Tatar, as well as the Kalmyk and Khinalug languages, it represents the near-open front unrounded vowel , like the pronunciation of in "cat". It is often transliterated as ; however, in Kazakh, it was transliterated as Á. In Dungan, it represents the close-mid back unrounded vowel . In Kurdish it represents the schwa or the sound . In Abkhaz, it is a modifier letter, which represents labialization of the preceding consonant .

In unified international braille, the braille pattern dots-24 is used to represent unrounded, close or near-close, front vowel, such as /i/, /ɪ/, or /ɨ/. It is also used for the number 9..

In practice, is sometimes used to represent the open front unrounded vowel; see the introduction to that page for more information. In IPA transcriptions of Hungarian and Valencian, this vowel is typically written with .

Schwa with acute (Ә́ ә́; italics: Ә́ ә́) is a letter of the Cyrillic script. Schwa with acute is sometimes used in the Tatar language, where it represents the near-open front unrounded vowel .

The phonology of Mauritian Creole is very similar to that of Standard French. However, French and have respectively depalatalised to and in Mauritian, and the front vowels and have respectively been unrounded to and .

Others distinguish compressed rounded vowels, in which the corners of the mouth are drawn together, from compressed unrounded vowels, in which the lips are compressed but the corners remain apart as in spread vowels.

To further demonstrate how the word "Linux" should be pronounced, he included an audio guide () with the kernel source code. Contradictory, in this recording, he pronounces ‘Linux’ ( with a short but close unrounded front vowel.

The quality also changes depending on whether the lips are rounded as opposed to unrounded, creating distinctions such as that between (unrounded front vowel such as English "ee") and (rounded front vowel such as German "ü"). Consonants are those sounds that have audible friction or closure at some point within the upper vocal tract. Consonant sounds vary by place of articulation, i.e. the place in the vocal tract where the airflow is obstructed, commonly at the lips, teeth, alveolar ridge, palate, velum, uvula, or glottis.

The mid front unrounded vowel is a type of vowel sound that is used in some spoken languages. There is no dedicated symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the exact mid front unrounded vowel between close-mid and open-mid , but it is normally written . If precision is required, diacritics may be used, such as or (the former, indicating lowering, being more common). In Sinology and Koreanology , (small capital E, U+1D07, ) is sometimes used, for example in the Zhengzhang Shangfang reconstructions.

The loss of separate symbols for open and near-open front vowels is usually considered unproblematic, because the perceptual difference between the two is quite small, and very few languages contrast the two. If there is a need to specify the backness of the vowel as fully front one can use the symbol , which denotes a lowered near-open front unrounded vowel. The Hamont-Achel dialect of Limburgish has been reported to contrast long open front, central and back unrounded vowels. This is extremely unusual.

The near-open front unrounded vowel, or near-low front unrounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , a lowercase of the ligature. Both the symbol and the sound are commonly referred to as "ash". The rounded counterpart of , the near-open front rounded vowel (for which the IPA provides no separate symbol) has been reported to occur allophonically in Danish; see open front rounded vowel for more information.

E with diaeresis (Ӭ ӭ; italics: Ӭ ӭ) is a letter of the Cyrillic script. Its form is derived from the Cyrillic letter E (Э э Э э). E with diaeresis is used in the alphabet of the Kildin Sami language, where it represents the close-mid front unrounded vowel , following a palatalized (sometimes called "half- palatalized") stop, . In Moksha, it was used for the near-open front unrounded vowel , however, in contemporary Moksha it's been replaced by Я or word- initially by Э.

The open central unrounded vowel, or low central unrounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in many spoken languages. While the International Phonetic Alphabet officially has no dedicated letter for this sound between front and back , it is normally written . If precision is required, it can be specified by using diacritics, typically centralized . However, it has been argued that the purported distinction between a front and central open vowel is based on outdated phonetic theories, and that cardinal is the only open vowel, while , like , is a near-open vowel.

A "BetterAllRound" notice at a cash register in Ireland after the October 2015 introduction of 5-cent rounding. Rounding is applied to the total of a bill, not to the line items on the bill. Typically, the total is rounded to the nearest multiple of the smallest denomination, which may be higher or lower than the unrounded total. Where the unrounded total is an equal distance from two multiples, practice varies: merchants may be required or encouraged to round down rather than up, giving the benefit to the buyer.

Swedish and Norwegian are the only two known languages in which the feature is contrastive; they have both exo- and endo-labial close front vowels and close central vowels, respectively. In many phonetic treatments, both are considered types of rounding, but some phoneticians do not believe that these are subsets of a single phenomenon and posit instead three independent features of rounded (endolabial) and compressed (exolabial) and unrounded. The lip position of unrounded vowels may also be classified separately as spread and neutral (neither rounded nor spread).IPA (1999), p. 13.

Another possible transcription is or (a close front vowel modified by endolabialization), but this could be misread as a diphthong. Acoustically, this sound is "between" the more typical compressed close front vowel and the unrounded close front vowel .

In unified international braille, the braille pattern dots-345 is used to represent an unrounded open or near- open front vowel, such as /æ/ or /a/ when multiple letters correspond to these values, and is otherwise assigned as needed..

Another possible transcription is or (an open-mid front vowel modified by endolabialization), but it could be misread as a diphthong. Acoustically, the sound is "between" the more typical compressed open-mid front vowel and the unrounded open-mid front vowel .

Many mercurian secondaries are well preserved and have sharp, unrounded rims. This morphology is probably a consequence of the stronger mercurian gravity, relative to the Moon, that produces higher impact velocities for crater ejecta on the mercurian surface (Scott, 1977).

The letter in Rinconada is not the typical pronunciation of the vowel /e/ in other languages - such as the word beg and bell in English language, or the word metung in Kapampangan that means "one" - which sounds in IPA (open- or low-mid front unrounded vowel). The letter in Rinconada is pronounced similar to the letter- sequence in English, or the letter of most languages, but mouth is more open and tongue is a bit relaxed. In IPA it is , a close- or high-mid front unrounded vowel. So its pronunciation lies in-between leed´s sound and led´s .

In most languages, the lips during vowel production can be classified as either rounded or unrounded (spread), although other types of lip positions, such as compression and protrusion, have been described. Lip position is correlated with height and backness: front and low vowels tend to be unrounded whereas back and high vowels are usually rounded. Paired vowels on the IPA chart have the spread vowel on the left and the rounded vowel on the right. Together with the universal vowel features described above, some languages have additional features such as nasality, length and different types of phonation such as voiceless or creaky.

The long open-mid front unrounded vowel does not exist in many varieties of Standard German and is rendered as the close-mid front unrounded vowel , so that both ('ear of grain') and ('honor') are pronounced (instead of "Ähre" being ) and both ('bears') and ('berries') are pronounced (instead of being ). It is debated whether is a distinct phoneme or even exists, except when consciously self-censoring speech, for several reasons: # The existence of a phoneme is an irregularity in a vowel system that otherwise has pairs of long and tense vs. short and lax vowels such as vs. . # Although some dialects (e.g.

Like several other Uralic languages, Mari has vowel harmony. In addition to front/back harmony, Mari also features round/unround harmony. If the stressed vowel in the word is rounded, then the suffix will contain a rounded vowel: for example, кӱтӱ́ ([kyˈty] 'herd') becomes кӱтӱ́штӧ ([kyˈtyʃtø], 'in the herd'); if the stressed vowel is unrounded, then the suffix will contain an unrounded vowel: ки́д ([kid], 'hand') becomes ки́дыште ([ˈkidəʃte], 'in the hand'). If the stressed vowel is back, then the suffix will end in a back vowel: агу́р ([aˈgur], 'whirlpool') becomes агу́рышто ([aˈgurəʃto], 'in the whirlpool').

In the Nukuoro language, each phoneme is distinct: “/b/ is an aspirated bilabial stop, /d/ is a lax aspirated dental stop, /g/ is a slightly aspirated of implosive velar stop, /v/ is a very lax labio-dental fricative, /s/ is a tense voiceless alveo-palatal fricative, /h/ is a voiceless velar fricative, /m/ is a voiced bilabial nasal, /n/ is a voiced dental nasal, /ng/ is a voiced velar nasal, /l/ is a voiced dental flap, /i/ is a high front unrounded vowel, /e/ is a mid front unrounded vowel, /a/ us a low or mid central unrounded vowel, /o/ is a mid back rounded vowel, and /u/ is a high back rounded vowel” (Carroll 1965). For double phonemes “stops have increased aspiration especially after pause, and articulation is tense and phones are normally voiceless; nasals and fricatives have tense articulation; flaps are tense, long, with pre-voiced dental stop; and vowels are about twice as long as single vowels and not rearticulated” (Carroll 1965).

In unified international braille, the braille pattern dots-35 is used to represent unrounded, close or near-close, front to central vowel, such as /i/, /ɪ/, /ɪ̈/, or /ɨ/ when multiple letters correspond to these values, and is otherwise assigned as needed..

In unified international braille, the braille pattern dots-1 is used to represent open, unrounded vowel sound, like /æ/ or /ɑ/, such as the Latin letter A, Greek alpha, Cyrillic А, Hebrew/Arabic aleph, etc. It is also used to signify the number 1..

In unified international braille, the braille pattern dots-26 is used to represent an unrounded open-mid to close-mid front vowel , such as /e/, /e̞/, or /ɛ/ when multiple letters correspond to these values, a question mark, or is otherwise assigned as needed..

While júri means jury, jure is the imperative and second subjunctive third singular form of jurar, "may he/she swear". In different contexts, unstressed /e/ often became a close front unrounded vowel, but in some Southern Brazilian dialects, /e/ never goes through the change.

In Koine Greek, the diphthong changed to , likely through the intermediate stages and . Through vowel shortening in Koine Greek, long merged with short . Later, unrounded to , yielding the pronunciation of Modern Greek. For more information, see the articles on Ancient Greek and Koine Greek phonology.

The close front unrounded vowel, or high front unrounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound that occurs in most spoken languages, represented in the International Phonetic Alphabet by the symbol i. It is similar to the vowel sound in the English word meet—and often called long-e in American English. Although in English this sound has additional length (usually being represented as ) and is not normally pronounced as a pure vowel (it is a slight diphthong), some dialects have been reported to pronounce the phoneme as a pure sound. A pure sound is also heard in many other languages, such as French, in words like chic.

For the sound represented by ɪ in the IPA, see near-close near-front unrounded vowel. crossbars. Small capital I is an additional letter of the Latin alphabet similar in its dimensions to the letter "i" but with a shape based on , its capital form. Although is usually an allograph of the letter I, it is considered as an additional letter in the African reference alphabet and has been used as such in some publications in Kulango languages in Côte d'Ivoire in the 1990s. In the International Phonetic Alphabet, the lowercase small capital I /ɪ/ is used as the symbol for near-close near-front unrounded vowel.

Letter А, page from Elisabeth Boehm's Azbuka А (А а; А а) is a letter of the Cyrillic script. It commonly represents an open central unrounded vowel , halfway between the pronunciation of in "cat" and "father". The Cyrillic letter А is romanized using the Latin letter A.

Vastese has more vowel distinctions than Tuscan, Italy's official and standard language. It has vowels that are not in Italian, such as the open front unrounded vowel . Vastese uses an open back rounded vowel for the start of the word . It also uses the mid central vowel .

1\. Most Saipan Carolinians are bilingual or trilingual. Their writing has reflected many foreign language orthographic systems. Despite the perfection of Carolinian writing, the following generalizations can be made. First, the vulgarized consonants / bw, mw, pw / were often written as digraphs when the following vowels are unrounded.

C. coriacea has undulated actines with a constriction near the tip, which is rounded or blunt, while C. ceylonensis has straight actines with blunt, unrounded tips. The distribution of C. coriacea seems to be restricted to northern Europe, while C. ceylonensis occurs only in the Indian Ocean.

The open front unrounded vowel, or low front unrounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. It is one of the eight primary cardinal vowels, not directly intended to correspond to a vowel sound of a specific language but rather to serve as a fundamental reference point in a phonetic measuring system.John Coleman: Cardinal vowels The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) that represents this sound is , and in the IPA vowel chart it is positioned at the lower-left corner. However, the accuracy of the quadrilateral vowel chart is disputed, and the sound has been analyzed acoustically as extra-open at a position where the front/back distinction has lost its significance.

Miller (1993) lists the following phonemes for consonants [p t k ʔ b d ɡ ɓ ɗ s h v z l m n ŋ] and vowels [i u ɤ~o a]. /o/ ranges from weakly rounded to unrounded. Four borrowed consonants from Malay and English include /dʒ r w j/.

Uyghur has eight vowels. Vowels are rounded (o, u, ü, ö) and unrounded (a, i, e, ë); this distinction is sometimes termed labial vs. non- labial; they are front (ü, ö, e) or back (u, o, a). These distinctions are critical for harmonic purposes, since Uyghur words are subject to vowel harmony.

Front rounded vowels ( [ø], [y]) are virtually absent, although central vowels are common ( [ɨ]), as are back unrounded vowels ( [ɯ]). Long and short vowels are contrasted in the Cariban and Uru–Chipaya families. Glottalized vowels appear in Tikuna and the Chonan family. Tone and pitch accent are very common in South America.

Here, the phonology of the Northern dialect is described, which differs somewhat from that of the Southern dialect, spoken in Kansas. There are 5 vowel phonemes, 4 diphthongs, and 19 consonant phonemes. , which is often written as , represents an open-mid front unrounded vowel, . represents the schwa, , which has several allophonic variants.

He also uses a number of special symbols for vocalic allomorphs. ι is an allomorph of i, μ is an allomorph of u, o is an allomorph of ô (IPA '), and ŏ is an allomorph of both a and ô. The letter ü in the name Tübatulabal represents the central unrounded vowel '.

In non-emphatic environments, is realised as an open front (slightly raised) unrounded . Thus, "second," which is normally realised with an -like quality in the Gulf dialects, is realised with an . The dialect is characterised by not allowing final consonant clusters to occur in final position. Thus, Classical Arabic "girl" is realised as .

Toto Language consists of 25 segmental Phonemes of which 19 are consonants and 6 are vowels. The phonemes of this language are as follows: Vowels: These are 6 vowel phonemes in Toto language. They can be classified horizontally into three as front unrounded, central unrounded and back rounded vowels and vertically as close, close-mid, open-mid and open. The following minimal pairs establish the phonetics status of the vowel /i/~/u/ /Jiya/ ‘rat’ /Juya/ ‘bird’ /i/~/e/ /iŋ/ ‘brother in-law’ /eŋ/ ‘ginger’ /ciwa/ ‘tear’ /cewa/ ‘cut’ (cloth) /i/~/a/ /guJi/ ‘owl’ /guJa/ ‘pocket’ /nico/ ‘fire’ /naco/ ‘two’ /e/~/o/ /je/ ‘grass’ /jo/ ‘breast’ /e/~/a/ /lepa/ ‘brain’ /lapa/ ‘jungle betel leaf’ /kewa/ ‘birth’ /kawa/ ‘sound’ There are eight diphthongs realized in Toto language.

This 1987 study, also conducted by Milroy, examined the variable [u], and its relationship to working class identity. The researchers found that actors with the weakest tie to this community identity were most likely to use the variable [u], possibly as a way to strengthen their ties to the network. In Ballymacarrett, one of the villages the researchers surveyed, unrounded [u] was most often used by young males and females, who had weak ties to the working class networks, but use the variables frequently to project an image of working-class toughness. These young people often interacted with members of other social networks, and thus spread the [u] realization through their own social networks, which resulted in the adoption of unrounded [u] in most of Belfast.

Albanian and Romanian share most Balkan features, but they also have common features which do not characterize other Balkan languages. The existence of an unrounded central voweleither a mid central vowel (ə) or a close central unrounded vowel (ɨ)is the principal common phonological feature of most Balkan languages, although these vowels are not present in Greek and standard Macedonian. The loss or limited usage of infinitives characterizes all Balkan languages, but Albanian developed a new type after losing the inherited form. The postponed article is also a well- known Balkanism, missing only from Greek: for instance, Albanian nënë and nëna ("mother" and "the mother"), Bulgarian selo and seloto ("village" and "the village"), and Romanian om and omul ("man" and "the man").

In Samogitian the letter Õ represents, as in Estonian, the unrounded back vowel which is unique to Samogitian and is not found in Standard Lithuanian, this is a rather new innovation brought on by the ensuing efforts of standardising Samogitian, this letter alleviates the confusion between the 2 distinct pronunciations of the letter ė.

Yech (majuscule: Ե; minuscule: ե; Armenian: եչ) is the fifth letter of the Armenian alphabet. It is created by Mesrop Mashtots in the 5th century AD. It has a numerical value of 5. Word-initially, it represents the open-mid front unrounded vowel ([ɛ]), but it occurs word-initially, it was pronounced as [jɛ].

Around the 11th century, Old Norwegian , , and became , and . It is debatable whether the sequences represented a consonant cluster () or devoicing (). Orthographic evidence suggests that in a confined dialect of Old Norwegian, /ɔ/ may have been unrounded before /u/ and that u-umlaut was reversed unless the u had been eliminated: ǫll, ǫllum > ǫll, allum.

Thus has less rounding than cardinal , and has more (closer to the rounding of cardinal ). These diacritics can also be used with unrounded vowels: is more spread (less rounded) than cardinal , and is less spread than cardinal .'Further report on the 1989 Kiel Convention', Journal of the International Phonetic Association 20:2 (December 1990), p. 23.

In Latvian and Lithuanian, the is considered two letters for all purposes and represents , commonly (although less precisely) transcribed as . In Maltese, is a distinct letter and represents a long close front unrounded vowel, ) or . In Pinyin it is used to write the vowel in languages such as Yi, where e stands for . is used in Afrikaans for .

The phonology of Turkish is the pronunciation of the Turkish language. It deals with current phonology and phonetics, particularly of Istanbul Turkish. A notable feature of the phonology of Turkish is a system of vowel harmony that causes vowels in most words to be either front or back and either rounded or unrounded. Velar stop consonants have palatal allophones before front vowels.

The main feature of front vowel reduction is ikanye (), the merger of unstressed with . Because has several allophones (depending on both stress and proximity to palatalised consonants), unstressed is pronounced as one of these allophones and not actually as the close front unrounded vowel. For example, ('seeds') is pronounced , ('price') . In registers without the merger (yekanye or ), unstressed is more retracted.

The Boro language has a total of 30 phonemes: 6 vowels, 16 consonants, and 8 diphthongs—with a strong prevalence of the high back unrounded vowel /ɯ/. The Boro language use tones to distinguish words. There are three different tones used in the language: high, medium and low. The difference between high and low tone is apparent and quite common.

In Bulgarian, the er goljam ("ер голям") is the 27th letter of the alphabet. It is used for the phoneme representing the mid back unrounded vowel , sometimes also notated as a schwa . It sounds somewhat like the vowel sound in some pronunciations of English "but" or the Chinese "de" (的) . It is similar to the Romanian letter "ă" (for example, in "băiat" ).

The horn ( or ) is a diacritic mark attached to the top right corner of the letters o and u in the Vietnamese alphabet to give ơ and ư, unrounded variants of the vowel represented by the basic letter. In Vietnamese, it is rarely considered a separate diacritic; rather, the characters ơ and ư are considered separate from o and u.

Vowel stress is constrastive in pairs such as, suwá, meaning 'almost', and súwa, meaning 'straight out'. Note that the high back unrounded vowel ʉ often is pronounced as a high central when unstressed. Though this change produces some minimal pairs, it is the destressing, rather than the vowel change, that produces the change in meaning and thus is excluded from the orthography.

The lip position of unrounded vowels may be classified into two groups: spread and neutral. Front vowels are usually pronounced with the lips spread, and the spreading becomes more significant as the height of the vowel increases. Open vowels are often neutral, i.e. neither rounded nor spread, because the open jaw allows for limited rounding or spreading of the lips.

In the U.S., aboot , an exaggerated version of the raised pronunciation of about , is a stereotype of Canadian English. Although the symbol is defined as an open-mid back unrounded vowel in the International Phonetic Alphabet, or may signify any raised vowel that contrasts with unraised or , when the exact quality of the raised vowel is not important in the given context.

Vowels of Turkish. From The vowels of the Turkish language are, in their alphabetical order, , , , , , , , .The vowel represented by is also commonly transcribed as in linguistic literature. The Turkish vowel system can be considered as being three-dimensional, where vowels are characterised by how and where they are articulated focusing on three key features: front and back, rounded and unrounded and vowel height.

In the Azerbaijani alphabet, Ə represents the near-open front unrounded vowel, . The letter was used in the 1992 Chechen Latin alphabet proposal where it represented the glottal stop, . It was also used in the Uniform Turkic Alphabet, for example in Janalif for the Tatar language in the 1920s–1930s. Also, in a romanization of Pashto, the letter Ə is used to represent .

The vowels can be either rounded or unrounded. The consonants can be either aspirated or unaspirated, although the voiceless stops , and are usually aspirated to some degree. In general, consonants are not palatalized. The affricates /d͡ʒ/, /t͡ʃ/, /d͡z/, and /t͡s/ occur in Lojban (like in English jar, chair, fads, and cats.), but they are not distinct phonemes, contrary to English /d͡ʒ/ and /t͡ʃ/.

I with diaeresis (Ӥ ӥ; italics: Ӥ ӥ) is a letter of the Cyrillic script. It is used only in the Udmurt language where it represents the close front unrounded vowel , and is used only after the non-palatalized dentals , , , , and ; the Cyrillic letter I (Ии) is used otherwise. This ligature is the Cyrillic letter I (Ии) by adding a mečlatjel (мечлатjел) on top.

The voiceless velar approximant is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , but this symbol is not suitable in case of the voiceless velar approximant that is unspecified for rounding (the sound represented by the symbol is specified as unrounded), which is best transcribed as , or - see voiced velar approximant.

The voiceless palatal approximant is a type of consonantal sound, used in a few spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , the voiceless homologue of the voiced palatal approximant. The palatal approximant can in many cases be considered the semivocalic equivalent of the voiceless variant of the close front unrounded vowel . The two are almost identical featurally.

About 1440 , a professor of Jagiellonian University, tried to codify the Polish alphabet. He wrote the first tract on Polish orthographic rules (in Latin) and rhyme Obiecado (in Polish). The reform consisted in the introduction of round and unrounded letters on the distinction between hard (velarized) and soft (palatalized) consonants. It also contained merging double vowels to a long vowel, for example: aa – /aː/.

Emerillon is spelt phonetically based on the International Phonetic Alphabet, and not according the French orthography. The spelling uses the letter ɨ for the close central unrounded vowel between i and u. e is always pronounced é, vowels with a tilde are always nasal (ã, ẽ, ĩ, õ, ũ), ö is like the German O umlaut, and b is prenounced mb. All letters are pronounced.

A with diaeresis and macron (Ӓ̄ ӓ̄; italics: Ӓ̄ ӓ̄) is a letter of the Cyrillic script. In all its forms it looks exactly like the Latin letter A with diaeresis and macron (Ǟ ǟ Ǟ ǟ). A with diaeresis and macron is used only in the alphabet of the Kildin Sami language where it represents a lengthened palatalized open front unrounded vowel /ʲaː/.

Dutch has an extensive vowel inventory consisting of thirteen plain vowels and at least three diphthongs. Vowels can be grouped as front unrounded, front rounded, central and back. They are also traditionally distinguished by length or tenseness. The vowels are included in one of the diphthong charts further below because Northern SD realizes them as diphthongs, but they behave phonologically like the other long monophthongs.

Wayampi is spelt phonetically based on the International Phonetic Alphabet, and not according the French orthography. The spelling uses the letter ɨ for the close central unrounded vowel between i and u. E is always pronounced é, vowels with a tilde are always nasal (ã, ẽ, ĩ, õ, ũ), ö is like the German O umlaut, and b is prenounced mb. All letters are pronounced.

A centralized vowel is a vowel that is more central than some point of reference, or that has undergone a shift in this direction. The diacritic for this in the International Phonetic Alphabet is the dieresis, . For example, to transcribe rounded and unrounded near-close central vowels, the symbols may be used. In other (non-IPA) transcription systems, (or ) will be seen instead of (by analogy with ).

The letter is also in Dutch Oekraïne (, Ukraine), and English naïve ( or ). In scholarly writing on Turkic languages, is sometimes used to write the close back unrounded vowel , which, in the standard modern Turkish alphabet, is written as the dotless i .Marcel Erdal, A Grammar of Old Turkic, Handbook of Oriental Studies 3, , 2004, p. 52 The back neutral vowel reconstructed in Proto-Mongolic is sometimes written .

In Vietnamese, it represents in a high breaking-rising tone. This also used in !Xóõ. In the International Phonetic Alphabet, stands for a nasal open front unrounded vowel, as in Quebec French maman and Jean. The letter was also used in the Greenlandic alphabet to represent a long vowel () next to a geminated consonant, but now it is replaced with Aa (example: Ãpilátoq → Aappilattoq).

A number of alphabets use dotted and dotless I, both upper and lower case. In the modern Turkish alphabet, the absence or presence of a tittle distinguishes two different letters representing two different phonemes: the letter "I" / "ı", with the absence of a tittle also on the lower case letter, represents the close back unrounded vowel , while "İ" / "i", with the inclusion of a tittle even on the capital letter, represents the close front unrounded vowel . This practice has carried over to several other Turkic languages, like the Azerbaijani alphabet, Crimean Tatar alphabet, and Tatar alphabet. In some of the Dene languages of the Northwest Territories in Canada, specifically North Slavey, South Slavey, Tłı̨chǫ and Dëne Sųłıné, all instances of i are undotted to avoid confusion with tone-marked vowels í or ì. The other Dene language of the Northwest Territories, Gwich’in, always includes the tittle on lowercase i.

Distances are nearly always measured in nautical miles, as calculated at a height of , compensated for the fact that the earth is an oblate spheroid rather than a perfect sphere. Aviation charts always show distances as rounded to the nearest nautical mile, and these are the distances that are shown on a flight plan. Flight planning systems may need to use the unrounded values in their internal calculations for improved accuracy.

Example: uso use oso bear Unlike u and o, i and e are not allophones, but i in final stressed syllables in words ending in consonants can be , like ubíng (child). The two closed vowels become glides when followed by another vowel. The close back rounded vowel becomes before another vowel; and the close front unrounded vowel , . Example: kuarta money paria bitter melon In addition, dental/alveolar consonants become palatalized before .

I with macron (Ӣ ӣ; italics: Ӣ ӣ) is a letter of the Cyrillic script. In the Tajik language, it represents a stressed close front unrounded vowel at the end of a word. In the Kildin Sami language on the Kola Peninsula and the Mansi language in western Siberia, it represents long . In those languages, vowel length is distinctive, and the macron marks the long version of vowels.

The so- called "rounded" consonants (traditionally marked with the diacritic , but here indicated with ), including rounded vowels and (), are not actually labialized. The acoustic effect of labialization is created entirely inside the mouth by cupping the tongue. Uvulars with this distinctive internal rounding have "a kind of timbre" while "rounded" front velars have coloring. These contrast and oppose otherwise very similar segments having or coloring-- the "unrounded" consonants.

This language should not be confused with a related, but different, language in the Sagada area called Kankanay. Of particular phonological interest is the very common occurrence of what is called the "barred i" in IPA. It is the unrounded, high mid vowel on the IPA chart. The letter /e/ in Kankanaey is to be pronounced as this sound, and not as the e in words like bet or wet.

Oe is used in the alphabets of the Bashkir, Buryat, Kalmyk, Kazakh, Khanty, Kyrgyz, Tatar, Tuvan, Mongolian, and Yakut languages. It commonly represents the front rounded vowels and , except in Mongolian where it represents or . In Kazakh, this letter may also express . Recently, the letter has also been adopted in the spelling of the Komi-Yazva language, where it represents a close-mid centralized back unrounded or weakly rounded vowel .

The soft sign (Ь) has the same trill. Because of phonological processes, the actual realisation of after alveolar consonants (, , , , , , , or ) is retracted to a close central unrounded vowel or , after labials: , , , . In Rusyn, it denotes a sound a bit harder than and close to the Romanian sound î, also written â. In some situations, it may occur after palatalised consonants ( "blue", which never happens in Russian), and it often follows , , and .

In Jarai dialects spoken in Cambodia, the "(C)" in the cluster "C(C)" can also be the voiced velar fricative , a phoneme used by the Jarai in Cambodia, but not attested in Vietnam. The vowel of the first syllable in disyllabic words is most often the mid-central unrounded vowel, , unless the initial consonant is the glottal stop . The second vowel of the stressed syllable produces a diphthong.

Officially, the IPA symbol stands for the open front unrounded vowel. However, in most languages where it is used, actually stands for the central, rather than the front vowel. If precision is desired, this may also be indicated with the minus sign , although a number of other transcription are also possible.They include: centralized (), centralized (), lowered () and advanced (), although the last transcription can also indicate an only somewhat advanced back vowel.

Yilan Creole vowels consist of [a], [i], [u], [e] and [o] which derive from both Japanese and Atayal, but also [ə] which derives specifically from Atayal. However, [u] in Yilan Creole resembles the rounded [u] of Atayal instead of the unrounded [ɯ] in Japanese. Long consonants and vowels from Japanese words are often shortened in Yilan Creole, where gakkô ‘school’ in Japanese becomes gako ‘school’ in Yilan Creole.

Central vowels were indicated with a (non-italic) h rather than a diaeresis, with regular for later irregular . The unrounded back vowels were irregular in their composition, in that laxness was not indicated by italicizing, which was used instead for the low vowels. They were (tense) high , mid (English but), low and (lax) high , mid (English father) and low (Scots father). was used for the unstressed English schwa.

In linguistics, a schwa is an unstressed and toneless neutral vowel sound in any language, often but not necessarily a mid-central vowel (rounded or unrounded). Such vowels are often transcribed with the symbol ə, regardless of their actual phonetic value. An example in English is the a in about. For Barker, Schwa is alternately his pseudonym, a fictitious omnipresent corporation, a religion, or a resistance movement against corporate conspiracies and aliens.

In some philological transcriptions of Latin, "ŭ" denotes a short U — for example, "fŭgō" (, to chase away), vs "fūmō" (, to smoke). The letter is also commonly used among Slavists to denote the short back closed vowel of Proto-Slavic. The McCune–Reischauer Romanization of Korean uses "ŭ" to signify the close back unrounded vowel in 으. It is also used in ISO 15919 to transcribe the Malayalam language's samvṛtōkāram, an epenthetic vowel.

Series B through Series F evolved from identically named alphabet series which were introduced in 1927. Straight-stroke letters in the 1927 series were substantially similar to their modern equivalents, but unrounded glyphs were used for letters such as B, C, D, etc., to permit more uniform fabrication of signs by illiterate painters. Various state highway departments and the federal BPR experimented with rounded versions of these letters in the following two decades.

The compressed palatal approximant is typically transcribed in IPA simply as , and that is the convention used in this article. There is no dedicated diacritic for compression in the IPA. However, the compression of the lips can be shown with the letter as (simultaneous and labial compression) or ( modified with labial compression). The spread-lip diacritic may also be used with a labialized approximant letter as an ad hoc symbol, though technically 'spread' means unrounded.

The voiced velar approximant is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is `M\`. The consonant is not present in English, but approximates to the sound of a 'g' with the throat kept open. The voiced velar approximant can in many cases be considered the semivocalic counterpart of the close back unrounded vowel .

It is used in some orthography-based transcriptions of English to represent the diphthong (see ). In 1901-1947 Indonesian orthography, Ā represents mid central vowel. In the International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration, Ā represents the open back unrounded vowel, आ, not to be confused with the similar Devanagari character for the mid central vowel, अ. In the languages other than Sanskrit, Ā is sorted with other A's and is not considered a separate letter.

The open-mid front compressed vowel is typically transcribed in IPA simply as , which is the convention used in this article. There is no dedicated IPA diacritic for compression. However, the compression of the lips can be shown by the letter as (simultaneous and labial compression) or ( modified with labial compression). The spread-lip diacritic may also be used with a rounded vowel letter as an ad hoc symbol, but 'spread' technically means unrounded.

Another possible transcription is or (a close-mid front vowel modified by endolabialization), but that could be misread as a diphthong. For the close-mid front protruded vowel that is usually transcribed with the symbol , see near-close front protruded vowel. If the usual symbol is , the vowel is listed here. Acoustically, the sound is in between the more typical compressed close-mid front vowel and the unrounded close-mid front vowel .

Geoff Lindsey, The vowel space, March 27, 2013 It is usual to use plain for an open central vowel and, if needed, for an open front vowel. Sinologists may use the letter (small capital A). The IPA has voted against officially adopting this symbol in 1976, 1989, and 2012. The Hamont-Achel dialect of Limburgish has been reported to contrast long open front, central and back unrounded vowels. This is extremely unusual.

The near-close front compressed vowel is typically transcribed in IPA simply as , and that is the convention used in this article. There is no dedicated diacritic for compression in the IPA. However, the compression of the lips can be shown with the letter as (simultaneous and labial compression) or ( modified with labial compression). The spread-lip diacritic may also be used with a rounded vowel letter as an symbol, though technically 'spread' means unrounded.

Another possible transcription is or (a near-close front vowel modified by endolabialization), but that could be misread as a diphthong. The close-mid front protruded vowel can be transcribed , or . For the close-mid front protruded vowel that is not usually transcribed with the symbol (or ), see close-mid front protruded vowel. Acoustically, this sound is "between" the more typical compressed near-close front vowel and the unrounded near-close front vowel .

Shaded cells represent articulations that are judged to be impossible. Vowel letters are also grouped in pairs—of unrounded and rounded vowel sounds—with these pairs also arranged from front on the left to back on the right, and from maximal closure at top to minimal closure at bottom. No vowel letters are omitted from the chart, though in the past some of the mid central vowels were listed among the 'other symbols'.

Vowels with the tongue moved towards the front of the mouth (such as , the vowel in "met") are to the left in the chart, while those in which it is moved to the back (such as , the vowel in "but") are placed to the right in the chart. In places where vowels are paired, the right represents a rounded vowel (in which the lips are rounded) while the left is its unrounded counterpart.

In Udmurt, it represents the open-mid back unrounded vowel . In Russian books until the beginning of the 20th century, the letter Ӧ has been sporadically used instead of Ё in foreign names and loanwords (for example, the city of Cologne, Germany, which is Köln in German, might have been rendered in Russian as "Кӧльн"). In Tatar, this letter appeared in the 1861 Cyrillic orthography by Nikolay Ilminsky. This letter was replaced by Ө in 1939.

There are eight cervical vertebrae. Unlike Turfanosuchus, Euparkeria, Fasolasuchus, Saurosuchus, and sphenosuchians, the suture between the centrum and neural arch of the axis (second cervical) bears an unrounded, triangular upward projection. There is a long, narrow longitudinal keel on the bottom of the axis, which is also seen in Riojasuchus, Saurosuchus, the aetosaur Stagonolepis, and phytosaurs. The front border of the neural spine is uniquely high and vertical, while the rear border is concave like Turfanosuchus but unlike Erpetosuchus.

Some languages feature the near-close central unrounded vowel (), which is slightly lower. It is most often transcribed in IPA with and , but other transcriptions such as and are also possible. In many British dictionaries, this vowel has been transcribed , which captures its height; in the American tradition it is more often , which captures its centrality, or , which captures both. is also used in a number of other publications, such as Accents of English by John C. Wells.

The close-mid front compressed vowel is typically transcribed in IPA simply as , which is the convention used in this article. There is no dedicated diacritic for compression in the IPA. However, the compression of the lips can be shown with the letter as (simultaneous and labial compression) or ( modified with labial compression). The spread-lip diacritic may also be used with a rounded vowel letter as an ad hoc symbol, but 'spread' technically means unrounded.

The close front compressed vowel is typically transcribed in IPA simply as , and that is the convention used in this article. There is no dedicated diacritic for compression in the IPA. However, the compression of the lips can be shown with the letter as (simultaneous and labial compression) or ( modified with labial compression). The spread-lip diacritic may also be used with a rounded vowel letter as an ad hoc symbol, though technically 'spread' means unrounded.

Lorenz discovered the effect when he observed that runs of his weather model with initial condition data that were rounded in a seemingly inconsequential manner. He noted that the weather model would fail to reproduce the results of runs with the unrounded initial condition data. A very small change in initial conditions had created a significantly different outcome. The idea that small causes may have large effects in weather was earlier recognized by French mathematician and engineer Henri Poincaré.

Hajong has 23 consonant phonemes, 8 vowel phonemes, and 2 approximants which have some characteristics of consonants namely /w/ and /j/ which act as diphthongs. The vowel phonemes are /a/, /i/, /u/, /e/, /ɛ/, /o/, /ɔ/ and /ɯ/ (close, back, unrounded). Unlike other Indo-Aryan languages, Hajong language has only one 'i' and 'u'. It is somewhat t ambiguous whether the final vowel is a phoneme or an allophone of [a] in the environment of other close vowels.

Native Chaozhou-speakers find the neutral tone in Mandarin the most difficult tone to master. Chaozhou has lost the alveolar nasal ending and so Chaozhou-speakers often replace it with the velar nasal when they speak Mandarin. The southern Min dialects all have no front rounded vowel and so a typical Chaozhou accent supplants the unrounded counterpart for . Chaozhou, like its ancient ancestor, lacks labio-dentals and so its speakers use or instead of when they speak Mandarin.

In Italian, the grave accent is used over any vowel to indicate word-final stress: Niccolò (equivalent of Nicholas and the forename of Machiavelli). It can also be used on the nonfinal vowels o and e to indicate that the vowel is stressed and that it is open: còrso, "Corsican", vs. córso, "course"/"run", the past participle of "correre". Ò represents the open-mid back rounded vowel /ɔ/ and È represents the open-mid front unrounded vowel /ɛ/.

Some languages, such as Norwegian, are found with a near-close back vowel that has a distinct type of rounding, called compressed or exolabial. There is no dedicated diacritic for compression in the IPA. However, the compression of the lips can be shown with the letter as (simultaneous and labial compression) or ( modified with labial compression). The spread-lip diacritic may also be used with a rounded vowel letter as an ad hoc symbol, though technically 'spread' means unrounded.

The vowels are similarly manageable by using diacritics for raising, lowering, fronting, backing, centering, and mid- centering."The diacritics...can be used to modify the lip or tongue position implied by a vowel symbol." (International Phonetic Association, Handbook, p. 16) For example, the unrounded equivalent of can be transcribed as mid- centered , and the rounded equivalent of as raised or lowered (though for those who conceive of vowel space as a triangle, simple already is the rounded equivalent of ).

In linguistics, specifically phonetics and phonology, schwa (, rarely or ; sometimes spelled shwa)Oxford English Dictionary, under "schwa". is the mid central vowel sound (rounded or unrounded) in the middle of the vowel chart, denoted by the IPA symbol , or another vowel sound close to that position. An example in English is the vowel sound of the "a" in the word about. Schwa in English is mainly found in unstressed positions, but in some other languages it occurs more frequently as a stressed vowel.

Some languages, though, have a palatal approximant that is unspecified for rounding, and therefore cannot be considered the semivocalic equivalent of either or its unrounded counterpart . An example of such language is Spanish, in which the labialized palatal approximant consonant (not semivowel, which does not exist in Spanish) appears allophonically with rounded vowels in words such as ayuda 'help'. It is not correct to transcribe it with the symbols or ; the only suitable transcription is . See palatal approximant for more information.

The voiced velar fricative is a type of consonantal sound that is used in various spoken languages. It is not found in Modern English but existed in Old English. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , a Latinized variant of the Greek letter gamma, , which has this sound in Modern Greek. It should not be confused with the graphically- similar , the IPA symbol for a close-mid back unrounded vowel, which some writingsSuch as and .

For many of the languages that have only one phonemic front unrounded vowel in the mid-vowel area (neither close nor open), the vowel is pronounced as a true mid vowel and is phonetically distinct from either a close-mid or open-mid vowel. Examples are Basque, Spanish, Romanian, Japanese, Turkish, Finnish, Greek, Hejazi Arabic, Serbo-Croatian and Korean (Seoul dialect). A number of dialects of English also have such a mid front vowel. However, there is no general predisposition.

Bufo eichwaldi is a large toad much resembling Bufo verrucosissimus in appearance. It is a uniform dull brownish grey colour and has large round tubercles on its back and smaller ones on its belly. It differs from B. verrucosissimus in that the body has different proportions, the head has an abrupt, unrounded snout and the parotoid gland has black markings where it touches the tympanum. The male has dark spots on its otherwise pale belly and is considerably smaller than the female.

There is no dedicated diacritic for compression in the IPA. However, compression of the lips can be shown with as (simultaneous and labial compression) or ( modified with labial compression). The spread-lip diacritic may also be used with a rounded vowel letter as an ad hoc symbol, but 'spread' technically means unrounded. Only Shanghainese is known to contrast it with the more typical protruded (endolabial) close-mid back vowel, but the height of both vowels varies from close to close-mid.

Manchu absorbed a large number of non-native sounds into the language from Chinese. There were special symbols used to represent the vowels of Chinese loanwords. These sounds are believed to have been pronounced as such, as they never occurred in native words. Among these, was the symbol for the high unrounded vowel (customarily romanized with a y) found in words such as sy (Buddhist temple) and Sycuwan (Sichuan); and the triphthong ioi which is used for the Chinese ü sound.

A typical Australian phonological inventory includes just three vowels, usually , which may occur in both long and short variants. In a few cases the has been unrounded to give . There is almost never a voicing contrast; that is, a consonant may sound like a at the beginning of a word, but like a between vowels, and either symbol could be (and often is) chosen to represent it. Australia also stands out as being almost entirely free of fricative consonants, even of .

Lowercase Latin gamma is used in the International Phonetic Alphabet to represent the voiced velar fricative. A lowercase Latin gamma that lies above the baseline rather than crossing it () represents the close-mid back unrounded vowel. In certain nonstandard variations of the IPA the uppercase form is used. The lowercase Latin gamma can also be used in contexts (such as chemical or molecule nomenclature) where gamma must not be confused with the letter y, which can occur in some computer typefaces.

In some dialects of English there is a distinction between two vowel heights of reduced vowels: in addition to schwa, there is a distinct near-close central unrounded vowel (or equivalently ). In the British phonetic tradition, the latter vowel is represented with the symbol , and in the American tradition . An example of a minimal pair contrasting these two reduced vowels is Rosas vs. roses: the a in Rosa's is a schwa, while the e in roses (for speakers who make the distinction) is the near-close vowel.

The short-beaked echidna's diet consists largely of ants and termites, while the Zaglossus (long-beaked) species typically eat worms and insect larvae. The tongues of long-beaked echidnas have sharp, tiny spines that help them capture their prey. They have no teeth, and break down their food by grinding it between the bottoms of their mouths and their tongues. Echidnas' faeces are long and are cylindrical in shape; they are usually broken and unrounded, and composed largely of dirt and ant-hill material.

Turned v (majuscule: Ʌ, minuscule: ʌ) is a letter of the Latin alphabet, based on a turned form of V. It is used in the orthographies of Ch'ol, Nankina, Northern Tepehuán, Temne and Wounaan, and also some orthographies of Ibibio.Urua 2004 Its lowercase is used in the International Phonetic Alphabet to represent an open-mid back unrounded vowel, the vowel in plus in many dialects of English. Despite the similarity in appearance, the letter has no connection to the Greek Λ, Chinese 人, or Korean ㅅ.

Many alphabets of African languages use the caron to mark the rising tone, as in the African reference alphabet. The caron is also used for Cypriot Greek letters that have a different sound from Standard Modern Greek: σ̌ κ̌ π̌ τ̌ ζ̌ in words like τζ̌αι (and), κάτ̌τ̌ος (cat). A-caron (ǎ) is also used to transliterate the Cyrillic letter Ъ (er golyam) in Bulgarian-it represents the mid back unrounded vowel. Paiboon romanizations of Thai uses the caron to indicate the fifth tone of Thai.

However, / w / or / u / was virtually never indicated before rounded vowels or word finally. This phenomenon can be traced to Chamorro writing, there is a rounded velar glide that occurs only after consonants and only before unrounded vowels. The Carolinians seem to have interpreted their vulgarized consonants as plain consonants followed by glides, like the Chamorro phones. For instance, means hole of for / /, but lib means hole for / / the form for / / means his house, but / / means your house, for / / means dirt, but po for / / means pound. 2\.

The 2005 chart In 2005, was added for the labiodental flap. In 2011, it was proposed that be added to represent the open central unrounded vowel, but this was declined by the Council the following year. In 2012, the IPA chart and its subparts were released under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. In 2016, three versions of a revised chart dated 2015 were released online, each with the characters rendered in a different typeface (IPA Kiel/LS Uni developed by Linguist's Software, Doulos SIL, and DejaVu Sans).

The final vowel of words like happy and coffee is an unstressed front close unrounded vowel most commonly represented with , although some dialects (including more traditional Received Pronunciation) may have . This used to be identified with the phoneme , as in . See happy tensing. However, some contemporary accounts regard it as a symbol representing a close front vowel that is neither the vowel of nor that of ; it occurs in contexts where the contrast between these vowels is neutralized; these contexts include unstressed prevocalic position within the word, such as react .

The open back rounded vowel, or low back rounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is . It is called "turned script a", being a rotated version of "script (cursive) a", which is the variant of a that lacks the extra stroke on top of a "printed a". Turned script a has its linear stroke on the left, whereas "script a" (for its unrounded counterpart) has its linear stroke on the right.

A similar process occurred in English and French. : o ‘you (singular)’ Cf. Buhid ‘haw’. : ano ‘fan palm’ Cf. Tagalog ‘anahaw’ : fiso ‘bush knife’ Cf. Alangan, Indonesian, ‘pisaw’ /u/ close back rounded syllable initial, middle and final : u ‘finger nail, toe nail’ : ugak ‘crow’ : fagut ‘tame’ : alu ‘mortar’ /ɨ/ close central unrounded syllable initial middle and final : vtv ‘immediate, subsequent’ : gvnas ‘pull leaves off stalk’ In orthography, the letter ‘v’ is used. In the 1950s when the Reeds started writing the language, that was a convenient (and unused) letter on the typewriter.

In the Jyutping romanization of Cantonese, it represents , an allophone of . In the Revised Romanization of Korean, represents the open-mid back unrounded vowel , and in Piedmontese it is . In English orthography is a rare digraph without a single pronunciation, representing in feoff, jeopardy, leopard and the given name Geoffrey, in people, in yeoman and in the archaic feodary, while in the originally Gaelic name MacLeod it represents . However, usually it represents two vowels, like in leotard and galleon, in stereo and, in geodesy, and, uniquely, in geoduck.

For example, a language that has no front rounded vowels may replace such vowels with either front unrounded or back rounded vowels, whenever it borrows a word containing such a vowel. Strictly speaking, that is not a surface filter, as it is merely the way in which the phonetics of one language are matched to that of another. That example, however, still illustrates the importance of surface filters in preserving the phonological structure of words within the language. Usually, the term applies only to rules that affect both native and borrowed words.

In most dialects of British English, it is either an open-mid back rounded vowel or an open back rounded vowel ; in American English, it is most commonly an unrounded back to a central vowel . Common digraphs include , which represents either or ; or , which typically represents the diphthong , and , , and which represent a variety of pronunciations depending on context and etymology. In other contexts, especially before a letter with a minim, may represent the sound , as in 'son' or 'love'. It can also represent the semivowel as in choir or quinoa.

During the time of post-classical Koiné Greek, the sound represented by eta was raised and merged with several other formerly distinct vowels, a phenomenon called iotacism or itacism, after the new pronunciation of the letter name as ita instead of eta. Itacism is continued into Modern Greek, where the letter name is pronounced and represents the sound /i/ (a close front unrounded vowel). It shares this function with several other letters (ι, υ) and digraphs (ει, οι), which are all pronounced alike. This phenomenon at large is called iotacism.

Lowercase Greek gamma is used in the Americanist phonetic notation and Uralic Phonetic Alphabet to indicate voiced consonants. The gamma was also added to the Latin alphabet, as Latin gamma, in the following forms: majuscule Ɣ, minuscule ɣ, and superscript modifier letter ˠ. In the International Phonetic Alphabet the minuscule letter is used to represent a voiced velar fricative and the superscript modifier letter is used to represent velarization. It is not to be confused with the character , which looks like a lowercase Latin gamma that lies above the baseline rather than crossing, and which represents the close-mid back unrounded vowel.

The dotted i (І і; italics: І і), also called decimal і (и десятеричное, after its former numeric value), is a letter of the Cyrillic script. It commonly represents the close front unrounded vowel like the pronunciation of ⟨i⟩ in English "machine". It is used in the orthographies of Belarusian, Kazakh, Khakas, Komi, Carpathian Rusyn and Ukrainian and quite often, but not always, is the equivalent of the Cyrillic letter i (И и) as used in Russian and other languages. In Ukrainian І is the twelfth letter of the alphabet and represents the sound [i] in writing.

The mid front unrounded vowel /e/ is perceived as [e] (or [ē] due to nasalization). Examples are followed (p. 26): /b’esi/ [b’esi] ‘iron/steel’ /b’erkaT/ [b’erkat-] ‘divine blessing’ The phonemic status of /e/ versus /i/ is attested by the followed minimal pairs (p. 26): /’ina/ ‘mother’ - /’ena/ ‘tasty, delicious’ /p’ici/ ‘to peel’ - /p’eci/ ‘mud’ The examples illustrated distinctly that /i/ is resistant to /e/ in morpheme-final syllables, hence the change /i ≈ e/ in final syllables under the previous restrictions stated in the phonological rules cannot be clarified as neutralization (van Minde 1997, pp. 26–27).

Middle English short /i/ has developed into a lax, near-close near-front unrounded vowel, , in Modern English, as found in words like kit. (Similarly, short has become .) According to Roger Lass, this laxing occurred in the 17th century, but other linguists have suggested that it took place potentially much earlier. The short mid vowels have also undergone lowering, so that the continuation of Middle English (as in words like dress) now has a quality closer to in most accents. Again, though, it is not clear whether the vowel already had a lower value in Middle English.

Within Tawbuid, /ay/ and /e/ alternate with different grammatical forms of the same word. : sable ‘cross a hill’ : sablayan ‘the place where you arrive after crossing a hill’ : -duge ‘a long time’ (root word) : kadugean or kadugayan ‘elapsed time’ /a/ open central unrounded Vowel which occurs in syllable initial, mid and final positions. : amlung ‘species of vine’ : ban ‘species of tree’ : fana ‘arrow’ /o/ half-open back rounded established as a phoneme in contrast with /u/ by minimal pairs : biu ‘species of shell’ : bio ‘eagle’ : susu ‘breast’ : soso ‘rinsed nami’ As with /e/, this is probably a historical development of /aw/.

Laryngeal consists of the same variation and allophony of the short phoneme with the minor exception that it is more likely to be realized as close following as in pe'sherr ('parakeet') → 'parakeet' is the short phoneme consisting of phones that are central. Its most frequent realization is that of an open central unrounded vowel (represented hereafter without the centralizing diacritic). Before , there is free variation between this and so that nanac ('exceedingly') may be realized as or . While the laryngeal counterpart is qualitatively identical to the short, the long counterpart, , differs only in that is not a potential realization.

As with the city in England, the first syllable of "cester" (castra) is left entirely unvoiced. Combined with a traditionally non-rhotic Eastern New England English accent, the name can be transcribed as "WOOS-tuh" or "WISS-tuh" (the first syllable possibly having a near-close central unrounded vowel). Worcester has many traditionally ethnic neighborhoods, including Quinsigamond Village (Swedish), Shrewsbury Street (Italian), Kelley Square (Irish and Polish), Vernon Hill (Lithuanian), Union Hill (Jewish), and Main South (Puerto Rican, Dominican, and Vietnamese). Boulevard DinerShrewsbury Street is Worcester's traditional "Little Italy" neighborhood and today boasts many of the city's most popular restaurants and nightlife.

Aklanon (Akeanon), also known as Aklan, is an Austronesian language of the Bisayan subgroup spoken by the Aklanon people in the province of Aklan on the island of Panay in the Philippines. Its unique feature among other Bisayan languages is the close-mid back unrounded vowel [ɤ] occurring as part of diphthongs and traditionally written with the letter E such as in the name Akeanon (Aklanon). However, this phoneme is also present in sister Philippine languages, namely Itbayat, Isneg, Manobo, Samal and Sagada. The Malaynon dialect is 93% lexically similar to Aklanon and retained the "l" sounds, which elsewhere are often pronounced as "r".

In Estonian, Õ is the 27th letter of the alphabet (between W and Ä), and it represents a vowel characteristic of Estonian, the unrounded back vowel , which may be close-mid back, close back, or close-mid central. The vowel was previously written with the letter Ö, but in the early 19th century, Otto Wilhelm Masing adopted the letter Õ, ending the confusion between several homographs and clearly showing how to pronounce a word. In informal writing, e.g., emails, instant messaging and when using foreign keyboard layouts where the letter Õ is not available, some Estonians use the characters O or 6 to approximate this letter.

The close front unrounded vowel is the vocalic equivalent of the palatal approximant . The two are almost identical featurally. They alternate with each other in certain languages, such as French, and in the diphthongs of some languages, with the non-syllabic diacritic and are used in different transcription systems to represent the same sound. Languages that use the Latin script commonly use the letter to represent this sound, though there are some exceptions: in English orthography that letter is usually associated with (as in bite) or (as in bit), and is more commonly represented by , , , or , as in the words scene, bean, meet, niece, conceive; (see Great Vowel Shift).

There are still more or less certain borders between lects, such as the Westrobothnian complete loss of a final vowel in some long- stem words such as in Rietz, Johan Ernst, Svenskt dialektlexikon : ordbok öfver svenska allmogespråket, 1862-1867, pg. 141 'blow around, snow lightly' versus the Angermannian and Iemtian mostly preserved vowel in . Another example is a vowel-balance split, such as the rounded vowel in Westrobothnian ~~ versus the unrounded Angermannian and Iemtian vowel ~ 'to speak'. The softening of intermediary consonants before front vowels is also different in ~~~ and ~ ’taken.’ Generally, Westrobothnian did not partake is the western vowel-assimilations of the type → vuku, → hata, → lasa, → sovo, etc.

Later modifications to his theory allowed for an additional set of eight "secondary Cardinal Vowels" with reverse lip shapes, permitting the representation of eight secondary cardinal vowels (front rounded and back unrounded). Eventually Jones also devised symbols for central vowels and positioned these on the vowel diagram. He made two further disc recordings for Linguaphone in 1943 and 1956. With the passing years, the accuracy of many of Jones's statements on vowels has come increasingly under question, and most linguists now consider that the vowel quadrilateral must be viewed as a way of representing auditory space in visual form, rather than the tightly defined articulatory scheme envisaged by Jones.

The procedure for modifying the alphabet or the chart is to propose the change in the Journal of the IPA. (See, for example, August 2008 on an open central unrounded vowel and August 2011 on central approximants.) Reactions to the proposal may be published in the same or subsequent issues of the Journal (as in August 2009 on the open central vowel). A formal proposal is then put to the Council of the IPA – which is elected by the membership – for further discussion and a formal vote. Only changes to the alphabet or chart that have been approved by the Council can be considered part of the official IPA.

Further, potential inflationary effects from the rounding of prices caused by scrapping the 1p would likely be minimal, given only 3% of payments by value are made in cash and card payments would continue to be made unrounded. There was concern raised by some charities and businesses over the scrapping of 1p coins. Charities feared that the number of donations made in collection pots would fall and some business models could be severely impacted, for example traditional seaside arcades. However, in May 2019 Chancellor Phillip Hammond announced the outcome of a 2018 consultation, suggesting there were no plans to scrap copper coins and that he wanted the public to 'have choice over how they spend their money'.

X-rays of Daniel Jones' . Highest tongue positions of cardinal front and back vowels Diagram of relative highest points of tongue for cardinal vowels The "cardinal vowel quadrilateral", a more commonly seen schematic diagram of highest tongue positions of cardinal vowels Cardinal vowels are a set of reference vowels used by phoneticians in describing the sounds of languages. They are classified depending on the position of the tongue relative to the roof of the mouth, how far forward or back is the highest point of the tongue and the position of the lips, either rounded or unrounded. For instance, the vowel of the English word "feet" can be described with reference to cardinal vowel 1, , which is the cardinal vowel closest to it.

It also represents the symbol, which can be remembered as an o which has been "opened" by removing part of the closed circular shape. In English, the symbol (or ) is typically associated with the vowel in "thought", but in Received Pronunciation, Australian English, New Zealand English and South African English that vowel is produced with considerably stronger lip rounding and higher tongue position than that of cardinal , i.e. as close-mid or somewhat lower. Open-mid or even open realizations are found in North American English (where this vowel is often indistinguishable from the open back unrounded vowel in "bra") and Scottish English as well as Hiberno-English, Northern England English and Welsh English, though in the last three accent groups closer, -like realizations are also found.

Despite the phonetic history, the complementary distribution of and in modern Standard German is better described as backing of after a back vowel, rather than fronting of after a front vowel, because is used in onsets ( 'chemistry') and after consonants ( 'newt'), and is thus the underlying form of the phoneme. According to Kohler, and , as cited in the German is further differentiated into two allophones, and : occurs after (for instance in 'book') and after (for instance in 'brook'), while either or may occur after , with predominating. In Western varieties, there is a strong tendency to realize as unrounded or , and the phoneme may be confused or merged with altogether, secondarily leading to hypercorrection effects where is replaced with , for instance in , which may be realized as .

'Epsilon (, ; uppercase ', lowercase ' or lunate '; ) is the fifth letter of the Greek alphabet, corresponding phonetically to a mid front unrounded vowel . In the system of Greek numerals it also has the value five. It was derived from the Phoenician letter He He. Letters that arose from epsilon include the Roman E, Ë and Ɛ, and Cyrillic Е, È, Ё, Є and Э. The name of the letter was originally (), but the name was changed to (e psilon "simple e") in the Middle Ages to distinguish the letter from the digraph , a former diphthong that had come to be pronounced the same as epsilon. The uppercase form of epsilon looks identical to Latin E but has its own code point in Unicode: .

Moreover, what was once pronounced and written as a retroflex nasal is now pronounced as an alveolar when in conversation (the difference is heard when reading) (unless conjoined with another retroflex consonant such as , , and ), although the spelling does not reflect this change. The open-mid front unrounded vowel is orthographically realised by multiple means, as seen in the following examples: "so much", "academy", "amoeba", "to see", "busy", "grammar". Another kind of inconsistency is concerned with the incomplete coverage of phonological information in the script. The inherent vowel attached to every consonant can be either or depending on vowel harmony () with the preceding or following vowel or on the context, but this phonological information is not captured by the script, creating ambiguity for the reader.

One method for solving the problem is to round the points to an integer lattice, scaled so that the distance between grid points is the desired distance Δ. A hash table can be used to find, for each input point, the other inputs that are mapped to nearby grid points, which can then be tested for whether their unrounded positions are actually within distance Δ. The number of pairs of points tested by this procedure, and the time for the procedure, is linear in the combined input and output size when the dimension is a fixed constant. However, the constant of proportionality in the linear time bound grows exponentially as a function of the dimension.. Using this method, it is possible to construct indifference graphs and unit disk graphs from geometric data in linear time.

The distinction between and was also lost in later Icelandic and Faroese, making the distinction purely orthographic and historical, but not in the mainland Scandinavian languages, where the distinction is retained. It may be observed that a similar merger of into happened in Greek around the beginning of the 2nd millennium, making the distinction between iota (Ι, ι) and upsilon (Υ, υ) purely a matter of historical spelling there as well. In the West Slavic languages, Y was adapted as a sign for the close central unrounded vowel /ɨ/; later, /ɨ/ merged with /i/ in Czech and Slovak, whereas Polish retains it with the pronunciation [ɘ]. Similarly, in Middle Welsh, Y came to be used to designate the vowels /ɨ/ and /ɘ/ in a way predictable from the position of the vowel in the word.

Western American English vowel formant plot The Western dialect of American English is somewhat variable and not necessarily distinct from "General American." Western American English is characterized primarily by two phonological features: the cot-caught merger (as distinct from most Northern and Southern U.S. English) and the fronting of but not (as distinct from most Southern and Mid-Atlantic American English, in which both of those vowels are fronted, as well as from most Northern U.S. English, in which both of these remain backed). Like most Canadian dialects and younger General American, allophones remain back and may be either rounded or unrounded due to a merger between and (commonly represented in younger General American, respectively, so that words like cot and caught, or pod and pawed, are perfect homophones (except in San Francisco). Unlike in Canada, however, the occurrence of Canadian raising of the and diphthongs is not as consistent and pronounced.