An ungual (from Latin unguis, i.e. nail) is a highly modified distal toe bone which ends in a hoof, claw, or nail. Elephants and ungulates have ungual phalanges, as did the sauropods and horned dinosaurs. A claw is a highly modified ungual phalanx.
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Among other South American cricetids, Abrothrix lanosus has white ungual tufts that are shorter than the claws.Feijoo et al., 2010, p. 128 Akodon paranaensis has long ungual tufts.
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233 The Brazilian spiny rat Phyllomys sulinus has long, light gray ungual tufts.Leite et al., 2008, p. 847 The tenrec Microgale jobihely has long, dark brown ungual tufts.
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Comparison between Utahraptor and other giant dromaeosaurids The holotype of Utahraptor, CEU 184v.86 consists of a second pedal ungual, with potentially assigned elements from other specimens: pedal ungual CEU 184v.294, tibia CEU 184v.260 and premaxilla CEU 184v.400.
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They are slender, unlike those of phytosaurs and crocodylomorphs. One clavicle and one ungual are also known, but it is not known where the ungual is from. They have few distinguishing features and resemble those of other ctenosauriscids very closely.
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Each ungual bears a shallow groove along the sides, probably for locking the keratin sheath.
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The ungual of the third finger was somewhat longer than the second phalanx and quite flat from top to bottom, which may have been a unique feature of Segnosaurus. This ungual was sharpy curved, very pointed, and compressed from side to side. The lower tubercle, where the flexor tendons attached to the ungual, was thick and robust. Reconstructed holotype pelvis in left side view and in top view The pelvis of Segnosaurus was robust and had sharply sideways-directed lobes at the front.
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The ungual bones of the toes were claw-like, and not hoof-like as in more advanced ornithischians.
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Odonto–tricho-ungual–digital–palmar syndrome is an autosomal dominant skin condition with salient clinical features of natal teeth, trichodystrophy, prominent interdigital folds, simian-like hands with transverse palmar creases, and ungual digital dystrophy.James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology. (10th ed.). Saunders. .
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The specific name for the single species, mongoliensis, refers to the country of discovery Mongolia. Barsbold briefly described Adasaurus as a dromaeosaurid and noted that this new taxon possesed a notably reduced second pedal ungual. Given that this trait contrasted to the large, sharply-developed ungual of most members, Barsbold listed it as an unique character for Adasaurus. Translated paper However, the authenticity of this unusual reduction was disputed in 2010 by Phil Senter, who claimed that the supposed ungual did not pertain to the specimen.
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41 The Tylomyinae are characterized by the presence of ungual tufts on their hindfeet.Musser and Carleton, 2005, p. 1186 White ungual tufts are also present in the Philippine murine genus Batomys. B. hamiguitan and B. russatus have short tips, not extending to the tips of the claws, but those of B. granti and B. salomonseni have tufts longer than the claws.
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Balete et al., 2008, p. 420 The Malagasy Monticolomys has long ungual tufts, extending beyond the claws, whereas the related Macrotarsomys has shorter tufts.Carleton and Goodman, 1996, p.
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The enlarged ungual, however, is unknown in Masiakasaurus. It is assumed that members of this genus had four fingers, with the middle two fingers being the longest as in other ceratosaurians.
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Due to a misinterpretation, the pedal ungual II (or sickle claw) was claimed to be preserved and to articulate with the pedal phalanx II, however, this was corrected by Senter in 2007 and this ungual actually represents a manual one. According to Turner and colleagues in 2012 during their large revision of the Dromaeosauridae, the paper was likely published without the knowledge of the two latter paleontologists as indicated by a draft left in Mongolia in 1997.
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The humerus (upper arm bone) is slender and known bones of the hand are relatively short. The related genus Noasaurus has a large and curved raptorial ungual (claw) which was originally interpreted as a sickle-like foot claw as in dromaeosaurids such as Velociraptor. More recently, this has been re-evaluated as a claw of the hand. The penultimate phalanx, the finger bone that immediately precedes the raptorial ungual in Noasaurus, is also known in Masiakasaurus and has a similar appearance.
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Members of the tribe Oryzomyini ("rice rats"), in the Cricetidae subfamily Sigmodontinae, normally have ungual tufts, but they may be reduced or absent in semiaquatic species (i.e. those adapted to life in the water).
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Aristosuchus is known from holotype NHMUK R.178: a sacrum, a pubis, a femur and a few vertebrae. Two ungual phalanges were found nearby, which may have been from the same animal and would suggest long claws.
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The bulky body of Styracosaurus resembled that of a rhinoceros. It had powerful shoulders which may have been useful in intraspecies combat. Styracosaurus had a relatively short tail. Each toe bore a hooflike ungual which was sheathed in horn.
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Contrary to Maleev, he illustrated the three holotypic manual unguals and reidentified the metacarpal fragment as a metatarsal. The unusual shape of both metatarsal and ribs fragments led Rozhdestvensky to classify them as sauropod remains. Further expeditions in the Nemegt Formation unearthed more fossils of this particular genus. In 1968, prior to Rozhdestvensky statements, the upper portion of a manual ungual was found in the Altan Uul locality and labelled as IGM 100/17. Another fragmented ungual was discovered at the Hermiin Tsav locality in 1972; this specimen, IGM 100/16, was found preserving its lower portion.
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Mount Duida frogs (Dischidodactylus), is a genus of craugastorid frogs endemic to the tepuis of southern Venezuela. The scientific name is derived from the Greek dischidos, meaning divided, and dactylos, meaning finger or toe, in reference to the divided ungual flap (see below).
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Like other dromaeosaurids, the pubis is elongated with an expanded pubic boot (lower end) and features an opisthopubic (backwards directed) condition. The digit II ungual is not hypertrophied (elongated) as in most dromaeosaurids, and though Adasaurus features a similar metatarsal II-III ratio to that of Balaur, this is due to the reduced sickle claw of digit II instead of an elongated ungual of digit I. Metatarsal III of the paratype shows that a tubercle is present on the extensor surface and this tuberosity likely originates the insertion of the muscle tibialis cranialis. The lower tarsals and upper ends of the metatarsals are somewhat fused.
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One of the hand claws was initially identified as a second toe claw. In 2004, it was recognised as a hand claw, at which occasion the second hand claw was referred.Agnolin, F.L., Apesteguia, S. and Chiarelli, P. 2004. "The end of a myth: The mysterious ungual claw of Noasaurus leali".
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The holotype was collected near Presidente Prudente city, São Paulo state. It consists of a dentary, cervical and sacral vertebrae, one ungual, and remains of the pelvic region. The mandible has an 'L' shaped morphology, with the symphyseal region of the dentary slightly twisted medially, a feature never recorded before in any titanosaur.
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No other oryzomyine has such brown fur on its hindfeet. The second through fourth digits have long silvery-white ungual tufts, but those on the first digit are short. On the sole, the pads are very large. Among oryzomyines, only Oecomys and the extinct Megalomys have similarly large pads between their digits.
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The presence of a fully opposable hallux with a particularly large ungual and the pedal claws being strongly recurved are indicators of an advanced perching function and shows that the bird lived primarily in an arboreal habitat.Chiappe, L. M., & Dyke, G. J. (2002). "The Mesozoic Radiation of Birds". Annual Review Of Ecology & Systematics, 3391.
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The short, rounded ears are densely covered with grayish hairs. Monticolomys has broad hindfeet bearing prominent pads and long outer digits.Carleton and Goodman, 1996, pp. 243–244 There are white hairs on the upper sides of the metapodials and digits, and long ungual tufts—tufts of hair surrounding the bases of the claws—are present.
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Thus, an alternative generic name, Ajancingenia, was proposed by Jesse Easter in 2013. The replacement generic name is derived also from ajanc (аянч; a traveler in Mongolian), as a Western allusion to sticking one's thumb out for hitchhiking, in reference to the first manual ungual of Ajancingenia which is twice as large as the second.
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The fifth metacarpal had been lost. In all species, the first to third fingers are much smaller than the fourth, the "wingfinger", and contain two, three and four phalanges respectively. The smaller fingers are clawed, with the ungual size varying among species. In nyctosaurids the forelimb digits besides the wingfinger have been lost altogether.
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The slender tibia and fibula (lower leg bones) were shorter than the femur. The tarsals (ankle bones) were much more robust than the carpals, but also more disarticulated. The fourth metatarsal was the longest bone of the foot, and it was unusually expanded near the toe. The ungual of the fourth toe was tall, curved, and sharply pointed.
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Manual ungual of LH V0011. In a quarry at Saihangaobi, Iren Dabasu Formation, Erlian basin, Sonid Left Banner (Inner Mongolia), numerous remains of the sauropod Sonidosaurus have been uncovered since 2001. Chinese paleontologist Xu Xing was asked to reenact the discovery of Sonidosaurus in April 2005 for a Japanese documentary. Xu obliged them by digging out a thighbone.
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The hindfeet show some specializations for life in the water, such as reduced ungual tufts of hair around the digits. It has 56 chromosomes. There is much geographic variation in size, proportions, color, and skull features. Oryzomys couesi is active during the night and builds nests of vegetation that are suspended among reeds about above the ground.
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170 The very long tail is dark both above and below and has rectangular scales. The hindfeet are broad, with long, narrow digits. They have poorly developed ungual tufts, patches of hair between the digits and along the plantar margins. The squamae, small structures resembling scales that cover the soles of the hindfeet in many oryzomyines, are indistinct.
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The upper sides of the feet are covered with grayish white fur, which extends around the claws to form ungual tufts. On the hindfeet, the fifth digit is relatively short at 6 mm (0.2 in); the hallux (first digit) is 8 mm (0.3 in) long, and the other digits 11 to 12 mm (0.4 to 0.5 in).
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The faunal list includes identifications from all known collections. Fragments of two humans were recovered, including parts of two skulls. One of these was at a depth of about 12 feet and the other at about 26 feet, about 26 inches beneath a layer of consolidated sandstone. The upper skull part was close to the ungual phalanges of a sloth.
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Fragmentary fossils of Saurornitholestes have also been found from the eastern half of North America. A tooth found in the Mooreville Chalk of Alabama has been assigned to the genus. In 2015, Schwimmer et al. identified the existence of Saurornitholestes langstoni from the Tar Heel, Coachman, and Donoho Creek formations of North and South Carolina based on diagnostic teeth and a pedal ungual.
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The shape of the alveolus situated on the anterior portion of the fragment suggests that it housed a tooth that was smaller and more circular than the others; an incisiform tooth which is common in tyrannosauroids. The disarticulated teeth recovered are transversely narrow, serrated (17–18 denticles/cm) and recurved. The femur is only 3% longer than the tibia. The longest manual ungual phalanx recovered measured in length.
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The holotype specimen of Albertadromeus TMP 2009.037.0044 consists of two dorsal vertebrae, a caudal vertebra, cervical ribs, ossified tendons, the left tibia and fibula, an incomplete right fibula, and a fragmentary metatarsal and ungual. The skull is unknown in this genus. The authors note that despite the few bones recovered, their moderate quality of preservation nonetheless provides enough morphological detail to allow for diagnosis on the species level.
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Before this, the popular conception of dinosaurs had been one of plodding, reptilian giants. Ostrom noted the small body, sleek, horizontal posture, ratite-like spine, and especially the enlarged raptorial claws on the feet, which suggested an active, agile predator. "Terrible claw" refers to the unusually large, sickle-shaped talon on the second toe of each hind foot. The fossil YPM 5205 preserves a large, strongly curved ungual.
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The epiphyses on the upper metatarsals were hypertrophied (enlarged), a distinctive feature of the genus. The first toe was shorter than the others but was of equal functional importance; the second and third toes were equally long while the fourth was thinnest. The toe ungual was robust, sharply curved, flat at the side, and more pointed than those of prosauropods. The lower tubercle where the flexor ligaments attached was robust.
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As in metacarpal II, the lateral connecting openings are poorly developed. Only the second digit of the right manus was preserved, consisting of two phalanges and a large ungual. The first and second phalanges are somewhat equal in shape and length ( and , respectively), they also share the robust and stocky structure. The upper articular facets are very symmetrical and preserve a crest that is particularly taller in the first phalanx.
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1030 Although the hand's third ungual (claw bone) was not preserved, extrapolation from the closest relatives of Ornitholestes indicates that it was probably shorter than the first two. Ornitholestes is often portrayed as a fast, long-legged theropod, but its lower limb bones were fairly short.Paul (1988a), p. 306 Osborn (1917) calculated that the, missing, tibia (shin bone) was only about 70.6% as long as the femur (thigh bone).
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The Brazilian genus Drymoreomys, named in 2011, is probably the closest relative of Eremoryzomys. Eremoryzomys has a limited distribution in the dry upper valley of the Marañón River in central Peru, but may yet contain more than one species. A large, long-tailed rice rat, with head and body length of , E. polius has gray fur and short ears. There are well-developed ungual tufts of hair on the hindfeet.
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Ungual tufts of hairs cover the claws; these hairs are grayish-brown at the bases and whitish at the tips. The amount of hair on the tail is variable, but it is dark brown above and white to yellow-brown below. High- altitude animals tend to have hairier ears and tails. In the skull, the front part (rostrum) is large, but not as long as in A. budini.
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It consists of a partial skull, pieces of ribs, a hand ungual and a neural arch. In 1997 Lee named possible tracks of Protohadros as the ichnospecies Caririchnium protohadrosaurichnos.Yuong-Nam Lee, 1997, "Bird and dinosaur footprints in the Woodbine Formation (Cenomanian), Texas", Cretaceous Research (1997) 18: 849-864 Due to the paucity of the remains much of the reconstruction of this dinosaur is speculative. The skull is about seventy centimetres long.
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Pedal ungual II of CEU 184v.294 at BYU In 2001, Kirkland et al, pursued a graduate student's discovery of a bone protruding from a 9-ton fossil block of sandstone in eastern Utah. It was determined to contain the bones of at least seven individuals, including an adult measuring about , four juveniles and a hatchling about long. Also fossilized with the predators are the remains of at least one possible iguanodont herbivore.
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Ceuthomantis was first described as the only genus in its own family Ceuthomantidae, but is now merged with Pristimantinae; the oldest name for this taxon is Ceuthomantinae. The AmphibiaWeb maintains Ceuthomantidae as a monogeneric family. Ceuthomantis is closely related to Dischidodactylus, with which they share a synapomorphy: completely or almost completely divided ungual flaps. Both genera also have dorsal skin composed of small, flat, pliable (not keratinized) warts, and lack nuptial pads in adult males.
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The single manual claw bone (ungual) is slightly curved and squarely truncated on the anterior end. The pelvic girdle includes the robust ilia, and the fused (co-ossified) pubes and ischia. The femora of Apatosaurus are very stout and represent some of the most robust femora of any member of Sauropoda. The tibia and fibula bones are different from the slender bones of Diplodocus but are nearly indistinguishable from those of Camarasaurus.
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The humerus (upper arm bone) had a fossa (depression) in a position similar to modern birds, but atypical among oviraptorosaurs, and appears to have been 152 mm (6 in) long. The radius of the lower arm was straight, oval in cross-section, and may have been 144 mm (5 in) long. The first finger was relatively large and had a strong ungual (claw bone), and was more massive than the two other fingers.
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Mochlodon and Struthiosaurus, the latter found at the same site, are the only dinosaur genera named from Austrian finds. The type specimen PIUW 2349 was found in the Grünbach Formation of the Gosau Group dating from the Lower Campanian, about 80 million years old. It consists of a dentary, two vertebrae (presently lost), a parietal, a scapula, an ulna, a manual ungual, a femur and a tibia. Bunzel did not assign a holotype.
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Metatarsal III has the largest distal joint while IV has the smallest, indicating that the third toe was more massive than the fourth. Metatarsal V is hook-shaped, with two distinct proximal articulations for the fibula and the fourth distal tarsal of the ankle. The phalanges are generally robust, but those of the fifth toe were longer and hourglass-shaped, attached to a rough-textured ungual (claw). In general, the foot bones resemble those of Prestosuchus and phytosaurs.
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An ungual phalanx measuring belonging to a very young juvenile Spinosaurus indicates that the theropod developed its semiaquatic adaptations at a very young age or at birth and maintained them throughout its life. The specimen, found in 1999 and described by Simone Maganuco and Cristiano Dal Sasso and colleagues, is believed to have come from an animal measuring (assuming it resembled a smaller version of the adult), making it the smallest specimen of Spinosaurus currently known.
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Paul Sereno et al. (2001) considered a similar prehistoric bird species from the same formation, Cathayornis, to be a junior synonym of Sinornis. They interpreted the anatomies of the two as very similar and sharing key autapomorphies of the pygostyle. However, also in 2001, Zhou and Hou continued to distinguish Cathayornis from Sinornis by the former's larger size, a shorter, straighter, finger number I, with a slightly longer claw (ungual), the absence of an atitrochanter, and other features.
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Amastia, particularly if it is bilateral, often related to various syndromes, including ectodermal dysplasia and Poland's syndrome, which is characterised by anomalies of underlying mesoderm and abnormal pectoral muscle respectively. Other syndromes, such as FIG4 associated Yunis Varon syndrome (MIM 216340), acro-der-mato-ungual- lacrimal-tooth (ADULT) syndrome, TP63 associated limb mammary syndrome (MIM 603543), TBX3 associated ulnar syndrome (MIM 181450) and KCTD1 associated scalp-ear-nipple syndrome (MIM 181270) have also been clinically observed.
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Skeletal reconstrucion of Lagerpeton chanarensis. Known elements in white and unknown in dark gray. Lagerpeton is estimated to have been 70 cm (28 in) in length based on the length of the hindlimb; the most complete hindlimb specimen, from PVL 4619, measures 257.9mm from proximal femur to distal ungual. Body mass has been estimated as no more than , based on the slender cross section of limb bones and estimates between more derived dinosauromorphs, such as Silesaurus, and basal saurischians like Eoraptor.
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Diagram showing known remains The Haarlem specimen has many features which contrast with those of Archaeopteryx. The length ratio between the third and the first metacarpal of the hand is larger in Ostromia than in any Archaeopteryx specimen. In addition, the ungual (claw) of the first digit of the hand is smaller than the corresponding first metacarpal, while in Archaeopteryx the claw is larger. The Haarlem specimen's metatarsals are also estimated to be proportionally longer than those of Archaeopteryx specimens.
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The specimen IGM 100/50 consists of a partial maxilla, scapulocoracoid and manual ungual, and specimen IGM 100/51 compromises a fragmentary skull with lower jaws and other elements, incomplete ilium, and metatarsals of the right foot. These fossils were found in Outer Mongolia. Iren Dabasu and Bayan Shireh dinosaur faunas are very similar, so it is not surprising that a species of Alectrosaurus would be found there. Furthermore, several partial skeletons found in both Inner and Outer Mongolia might belong to Alectrosaurus.
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Sinotyrannus could perceivably have had a tall nasal crest like other proceratosaurids, although not enough of its nasals are preserved to be certain. The three preserved vertebrae have very tall neural spines. The proportions of the preserved manual phalanges support the idea that they belong to the second finger, and the ungual has a deep groove on each side. The ilia are mainly present as molds, with the mold of the external side of the left ilium being the most complete.
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This study hypothesizes a diet primarily consisting of meat.Fiorillo, Anthony R. (2008) "On the Occurrence of Exceptionally Large Teeth of Troodon (Dinosauria: Saurischia) from the Late Cretaceous of Northern Alaska" Palaios volume 23 pp.322-328 In 2011, another derived troodontid, Linhevenator, was described from Inner Mongolia, China. It was noted by the authors as having relatively short and robust forelimbs, along with an enlarged second pedal ungual akin to that of the dromaeosaurids, in comparison to more basal troodontids.
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Placement of Dischidodactylus in the subfamily Ceuthomantinae (=Pristimantinae), family Craugastoridae, is based on morphology because no DNA sequence data are available. Dischidodactylus is closely related to Ceuthomantis, with which they share a synapomorphy: completely or almost completely divided ungual flaps. Both genera also have dorsal skin composed of small, flat, pliable (not keratinized) warts, and lack nuptial pads in adult males. They differ in that Dischidodactylus possess a dentigerous process of the vomer, and in that Ceuthomantis lack basal toe webbing.
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Eremoryzomys polius is a large, long-tailed rice rat that in color resembles some North American woodrats (Neotoma). The fur is grayish above and lighter below, where the hairs are gray at the bases but white at the tips. The external ears (pinnae) are short and the tail is dark above and light below. The hindfeet have well- developed ungual tufts (patches of hair) along the plantar margins and between all of the digits, a character shared only with Sooretamys angouya among oryzomyines.
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Life restoration of Austroraptor Most unenlagiines have been discovered in Argentina. The largest was Austroraptor, which measured up to 5–6 m (16.4–19.7 ft) in length, making it also one of the largest dromaeosaurids. The subfamily is distinguished from other dromaeosaurids by a tail stiffened by lengthy chevrons and superior processes, a reduced second pedal ungual, a posteriorly oriented pubis and very elongated snouts. Unenlagiines also had elongated, slender hindlimbs with a subarctometatarsalian metatarsus, which is characterized by the pinched metatarsal III at the upper end.
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Gustav Fischer Verlag:Stuttgart p. 1-87. there is no evidence for this, and recent reviews have considered it to be an indeterminate sauropod. The type species, A. bauri, was named by Robert Broom in 1904 from a cervical vertebra, femur, an ungual phalanx and a scapula. The fossils were recovered in 1903 from a quarry by workmen who did not recognize them as dinosaur specimens, so many of the bones, probably including the rest of the once near-complete holotype, were made into bricks and thus destroyed.
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Humerus, partial femur, two vertebrae, and an ungual The remains were originally discovered in the 1860s, by workers in a limestone quarry in the Basse Montagne. Some of the remains were sold to collectors; when geologist Jean-Baptiste Greppin heard of this situation, he acquired all remaining bones and added them to the collection of the Naturhistorisches Museum Basel. Due to being found in association with a theropod tooth, they were misidentified as belonging to a predatory dinosaur, for which Greppin in 1870 coined the name "Megalosaurus meriani".Greppin, J.P. 1870.
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The digits and metapodials (bones of the centers of the hand and feet) of the hands and feet are covered with dark hairs, but the ungual tufts at the bases of the claws consist of longer, gray hairs. The fifth digit of the foot is long, with the tip of its claw almost reaching the base of the claw of the fourth digit. The tail is dark and hardly furred, except for a pencil of long hairs at the end; some animals have a white tail tip. Females have six mammae.
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On the hindfeet, which are long and narrow, ungual tufts of hairs surround the bases of the toes. In T. bolivaris, the sole usually entirely lacks squamae (small, scale-like structures), but T. talamancae does have squamae on part of its sole. The claw of the first toe extends about to the middle of the first phalange of the second and that of the fifth toe extends nearly to the base of the second phalange of the fourth. The tail is at least about as long as the head and body, sometimes slightly longer.
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The holotype specimen, MACN-Pv 18119, is an external mold of various parts of the postcranial skeleton, including dorsal vertebrae and a dorsal rib, osteoderms, a right ilium, a humerus, an ungual, a chevron, a possible gastralium, two metapodials (either metacarpals or metatarsals), and several indeterminate bones including a possible radius. The mold has several diagnostic features, such as an elongated illiac blade that is convex along its upper margin, that indicate that it is an archosauriform. The specimen is small, approximately 50 centimeters in length. The dorsal vertebrae are tall, particularly the neural spines.
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Though the pubis is not known, it was probably reduced in size like that of Homalocephale. The femur (thigh bone) was slender and inwards curved, the tibia was slender and twisted, and the fibula was slender and wide at the upper end. The metatarsus of the foot appears to have been narrow, and the single known ungual (claw bone) of a toe was slender and slightly curved. Though the limbs of Stegoceras are not completely known, they were most likely like other pachycephalosaurs in having five-fingered hands and four toes.
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The remains of Ekrixinatosaurus helped fill in more information about abelisaur anatomy as it contained portions of the skeleton that were previously unknown, unpublished, or poorly preserved in other specimens. The holotype skeleton (MUCPv-294) was well preserved yet disarticulated. It contained elements including a left and partial right maxillae; basicranium; both dentaries; teeth; cervical, a dorsal, sacral and caudal vertebrae; haemal arches; ribs; ilia, pubis and proximal ischia; left and distal end of right femur; left tibia; left astragalus and calcaneum; proximal end of left fibula and right tibia; metatarsals; phalanges; and a pedal ungual.
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The alular and major digits both bear a large ungual phalanx and the minor one bears two phalanx. Also the alular digit extends until the distal end of the major metacarpal, which is considered a primitive trait within the clade Enantiornithes. At the time of its discovery, it was the earliest bird known to possess an alula, a batch of feathers on the alular (first) digit that in modern birds can be separately moved to improve stability at low flight speeds. Later, more enantiornithean specimens were discovered with alula (2000): "A primitive enantiornithine bird and the origin of feathers", Science, vol.
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The animals have broad feet with reduced or absent ungual tufts of hair around the claws and, in at least some species, with webbing between the toes. The rostrum (front part of the skull) is broad and the braincase is high. Both the marsh rice rat and O. couesi have 56 chromosomes, lack a gall bladder, and have a complex penis (as is characteristic of the Sigmodontinae) with some traits that are rare among oryzomyines; these characteristics are unknown in the other species of this genus. The habitat includes various kinds of wetlands, such as lakes, marshes, and rivers.
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Life restoration with size compared to a human The holotype of Sinotyrannus is KZV-001, a disarticulated partial skeleton including the front portion of the skull, three dorsal vertebrae, the incomplete ilia, three articulated manual phalanges (including an ungual), and other fragmentary bones. In 2010 Gregory S. Paul estimated its length at 9 meters (30 ft) and its weight at 2.5 tonnes (2.75 short tons). In 2016 it was given a smaller size of 7.5 meters (24.6 ft) and 1.2 tonnes (1.3 short tons). The preserved cranial elements include the premaxillae, dentary, and anterior portions of the maxillae and nasals.
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Diário Oficial da União. In 1902, he collected fossils at the Sanga da Alemoa paleontological site which he sent to Hermann von Ihering, director of the Museu Paulista in Sao Paulo. Three vertebral bodies were nearly complete, a fragment of a vertebra, one finger and four phalanges and ungual phalanx alone. The material was sent to Arthur Smith Woodward, the eminent paleontologist of the British Museum in London to study, which resulted in the determination of the first terrestrial reptile fossil in South America, the Rhynchosaur named by Woodward, with the name of Scaphonyx fischeri, in his honor.
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Ungual tufts, tufts of hair at the bases of the claws, are poorly developed. Interdigital webbing is present, but extends along less than half of the first phalanges. In specimens from El Caimito, total length is , averaging (measured in 6 specimens); tail length is , averaging (measured in 8 specimens); hindfoot length is , averaging (measured in 10 specimens); ear length is , averaging (measured in 7 specimens); and condylo-incisive length (a measure of total skull size) is , averaging (measured in 5 specimens). In the holotype from Colombia, an old male, total length is ; tail length is ; ear length is ; and condylo-incisive length is .
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The specific name honours Suwat Liptapanlop, who supported the Northeastern Research Institute of Petrified Wood and Mineral Resources. The holotype, NRRU-F01020008, was found in a layer of the Khok Kruat Formation dating from the Aptian. It consists of a rear right lower jaw including the surangular, prearticular and articular. Further material referred to S. suwati includes the isolated remains of at least three individuals, mostly consisting of skull and lower jaw fragments as well as a manual ungual, a series of three cervical vertebrae, two partial ischia, a caudal vertebra, two dorsal vertebral centra and a neural spine, a partial tibia and a left pedal phalanx.
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Weksler, 2006, figs. 34–39 The relationship between Oryzomys and the Holochilus group was supported by five synapomorphies (shared derived characters)—absence or reduction of both the hypothenar and interdigital pads; reduction of ungual tufts of hairs surrounding the claws; having the back margin of the zygomatic plate of the skull at the same level as the front of the first upper molar; and the anterocone (front cusp) of the first upper molar divided by an anteromedian fossette. The first three are adaptations to the semiaquatic lifestyle that Oryzomys and the members of the Holochilus group share, and may thus be examples of convergent evolution.
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Buitreraptor has a slender, flat, extremely elongated snout with many small teeth that lack meat- tearing serrations or cutting edges and are grooved, strongly recurved and flattened. From this, the scientists who initially described it concluded that this dinosaur was not a hunter of relatively large animals like some other dromaeosaurs, but rather a hunter of small animals such as lizards and mammals. The forelimbs of Buitreraptor were long and ended in very long and thin three-fingered hands. All known parts of the hand of Buitreraptor are proportionally longer than in the dromaeosaurids Deinonychus and Velociraptor, except for the ungual bones which are proportionally smaller in Buitreraptor.
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It consists of a fragmentary skeleton with a lower jaw. About 10% of the skeleton has been discovered, including a tooth, a right splenial, a right prearticular, a neck rib, fragments of the dorsal ribs and scapulae, a well preserved but incomplete furcula, humeri, metacarpal II, phalanx II-1, phalanx III-1, phalanx III-2, manual ungual III, a distal tarsal III, a distal tarsal IV and the proximal second to fifth metatarsals. The holotype individual likely died on the shores of an ancient beach before being washed out to sea. After death, the skeletal remains suffered from prolonged transport, during which many bones were lost.
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The holotype measures approximately 45 cm in length. From this an estimated length of 3-4 meters for the animal has been obtained using measurements from related species such as Utahraptor. This shows that Imperobator exhibited gigantism, a trait not often seen among pariavians and is best documented in genera such as Utahraptor, Austroraptor, Deinonychus and Dakotaraptor. Despite prior assignment to Dromaeosauridae, Imperobator has since been assigned to the clade Paraves due to certain characteristics that differ from those of dromaeosaurids, including the lack of a sickle claw, the smooth surface of the distal metatarsal II and the lack of an ungual of the second pedal digit.
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The mystacial vibrissae (whiskers on the upper lip) are long, usually extending a little beyond the ears when laid back against the head, but the superciliary vibrissae (whiskers above the eyes) are short and do not extend beyond the ears. The upper surface on the forefeet is covered with brown fur, and there is white or silvery fur on the digits. Ungual tufts (fur around the bases of the claws) are present on the second through fourth digits. On the short, fairly broad hindfeet, the upper side is covered densely with silvery to white hairs near the tips of the feet and toes, and with brown fur otherwise.
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Size comparison of the holotype and paratype to an 1.8 m tall human Adasaurus was a medium-sized dromaeosaurid. The holotype has an estimated length of with a weight of . The comparatively larger pedal elements of the paratype indicate a gently bigger size in this latter specimen. Aside from the reduced pedal ungual II, Adasaurus can be recognised by the following additional traits: expanded projection of the maxillary; recurved lacrimal; lower jaw with a prominent surangular foramen; irregular triangular projection on the quadrate shaft; pleurocoels are present on the anterior sacral vertebrae; and the anterior border of the anterior blade in the ilium is relatively shortened.
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American Museum Novitates, 3717 . pp. 1-53. ISSN 0003-0082 Dryptosaurus may have used both its arms and its jaws and as weapons when hunting, capturing and processing prey. The type specimen is a fragmentary skeleton belonging to a single adult individual. ANSP 9995 consists of a fragmentary right maxilla, a fragmentary right dentary, a fragmentary right surangular, lateral teeth, 11 middle-distal caudal vertebrae, both the left and right humeri, three manual phalanges from the left hand (I-1, II-2, and an ungual), the shafts of the left and right pubic bones, a fragmentary right ischium, the left femur, the left tibia, the left fibula, the left astragalus, and a midshaft fragment of metatarsal III.
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Ungual and phalanx of AMNH 6368 that were later confirmed to pertain to some therizinosaur and not Alectrosaurus In 1933, Charles Gilmore examined the available material and concluded that AMNH 6554 and AMNH 6368 were syntypes belonging to the same genus. He based this on his observation that the manual unguals from both specimens were morphologically similar. Observing similarities with the hindlimbs of specimen AMNH 5664 Gorgosaurus sternbergi, he classified this new genus as a "Deinodont", a term that is now considered equivalent to tyrannosaurid. Due to its fragmentary nature, there is presently very little confidence in restoring its relationships with other tyrannosauroids and many recent cladistic analyses have omitted it altogether.
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The only described species is known from a single specimen, UCMP 276000, which was first uncovered in 2003 at the early Maastrichtian-aged Cape Lamb Member of the Snow Hill Island Formation on James Ross Island, Antarctica. The Cape Lamb Member has been dated to the early Maastrichtian, about 71 million years ago. UCMP 276000 consists of an incomplete isolated left pes including a portion of the tibia, an incomplete astragalus, a partial calcaneus and fibula, as well as an ungual, partial phalanges and metacarpals. The specimen was formally described as the holotype of a new genus and species, Imperobator antarcticus, by Ely and Case in 2019. The generic name derives from the Latin for “powerful warrior“.
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Elements from the holotype fossil 41HIII-0100 displayed at the Giga Dinosaur Exhibition 2017 Luanchuanraptor is known from a partial skeleton of an immature individual found at the Qiupa Formation of the Henan Province, Central China. The fossils were cataloged as 41HIII-0100 and described by Lü and colleagues in 2007. The remains represent the holotype for the genus and species Luanchuanraptor henanensis and they are housed at the Henan Geological Museum. It consists of the left frontal, 4 teeth (9 were identified but 5 were excluded), 4 cervical vertebrae, 6 dorsal vertebrae, 17 caudal vertebrae, 4 ribs, 4 chevrons, a right humerus, left scapulocoracoid, the first phalanx from right manus, an isolated manual ungual, right illium, left pubis, ischium, the sacrum and the shaft of the left femur.
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The description was performed by the Mongolian paleontologist Altangerel Perle, and North American paleontologists Mark A. Norell and James M. Clark. In terms of etymology, the generic name, Achillobator, is derived from the Latin word Achillis (genitive singular of Achilles) in reference to the large Achilles tendon that supported the second pedal ungual (known as "sickle" claw) of most dromaeosaurids, and the old Mongolian word баатар (baatar, meaning hero). The specific name, giganticus, is derived from the Ancient Greek word γιγαντικός (gigantikós, meaning gigantic) in reference to the large size of the holotype, which exceeds most dromaeosaurids. Illustration of the pelvis However, the description was published in a very preliminary format, being not complete at all, having a few issues with the preserved elements, and numerous typographical errors.
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The specific name refers to the provenance from the Sierra Barrosa Formation. The holotype, MCF-PVPH-411, was found in a layer of the Sierra Barrosa Formation dating from the Coniacian. It consists of a partial skeleton with skull, of an immature individual. The skeletal elements recovered for this type specimen of Murusraptor include a partial skull consisting of a complete braincase with frontals and parietals, right lacrimal, prefrontal, postorbital, quadrate, pterygoid, epipterygoid and ectopterygoid, thirty-one teeth, the rear elements of the right lower jaw, twelve vertebrae from the back, sacrum and tail, eleven thoracic ribs, a single haemal arch or chevron bone, several gastralia, a third manual ungual, complete left ilium, part of a right ilium, proximal ends of both pubic bones, distal ends of the ischia, the right tibia, and a calcaneum.
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Protohadros (meaning "first hadrosaur") is a genus of herbivorous ornithischian dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian stage), 95 million years ago. Gary Byrd, a part-time palaeontologist, discovered some remains of this euornithopod (ribs and an ungual) during early 1994 at Flower Mound, Denton County, north-central Texas, which was a part of the Appalachian continent at the time. He informed professional palaeontologist Yuong-Nam Lee of the find, who arranged for the entire preserved fossil to be excavated. It was first reported upon in 1996 by Jason Head of the Dedman College of Humanities and Sciences, Southern Methodist University.J.J. Head, 1996, "A primitive hadrosaur (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Cenomanian of Texas and its implications for hadrosaurian phylogenetic and biogeographic histories", Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 16(3, supplement): 40A The type species Protohadros byrdi was described and named by Head in 1998.
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TP63 mutations underlie several malformation syndromes that include cleft lip and/or palate as a hallmark feature. Mutations in the TP63 gene are associated with ectrodactyly-ectodermal dysplasia-cleft syndrome in which a midline cleft lip is a common feature, cleft lip/palate syndrome 3 (EEC3); ectrodactyly (also known as split-hand/foot malformation 4 (SHFM4)); ankyloblepharon-ectodermal dysplasia-cleft lip/palate (AEC) or Hay–Wells syndrome in which a midline cleft lip is also a common feature, Acro–dermato–ungual–lacrimal–tooth syndrome (ADULT); limb-mammary syndrome; Rap-Hodgkin syndrome (RHS); and orofacial cleft 8. p63 staining on prostate cancer tissue using antibody clone IHC063 Both cleft lip with or without a cleft palate and cleft palate only features have been seen to segregate within the same family with a TP63 mutation. Recently, induced pluripotent stem cells have been produced from patients affected by EEC syndromes by cell reprogramming.
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The type and only valid species known today is Montanoceratops cerorhynchos. The original type material discovered by Barnum Brown, designated specimen AMNH 5464, included an incomplete skull and mandible (with most of the skull absent), a complete series of eleven cervical, twelve dorsal and eight sacral vertebrae, thirteen complete caudal vertebrae and the centra of two others, several ribs, a complete pelvic girdle except for the right pubis and the distal part of the right ischium, both femora (346mm), the left tibia (355mm), left fibula and left astragalus, the second phalanx of digit three, and the ungual phalanges of the first, third and fourth digits of the left pes (foot). This specimen is housed in the collection of the American Museum of Natural History in New York City, USA. In 1986, David B. Weishampel discovered more material referable to Montanoceratops in the Little Rocky Coulee locality of the St. Mary River Formation, in Glacier County, Montana.
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The skull features postocular caputegulae, which are small polygonal plates of bone that are present on the cranium and are situated to the immediate rear of the eye. Coombs supported the assertion that specimen AMNH 5266 represented a juvenile by citing that the vertebral centra were not fused to their neural arches, and that sacral ribs were likewise not fused to vertebrae and to the ilium. Other morphological characters supporting that this is a juvenile specimen include (a) long bones that feature smooth surfaces, which are not marked by the rugosities characteristic of adult bone; (b) the head of the femur is less spherical in shape and is clearly delimited from the adjacent part of the femoral shaft; (c) the distal ends of the tibia and the fibula are not fused to the astragalus and the calcaneum; and (d) the ungual phalanx of the manus is not widest at the proximal articular end as is observed in adults.
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It includes the (lower jaws), an incomplete , a complete and (lower arm bones), of the fingers, a forelimb (claw bone), an almost-complete , an incomplete right , six , ten from the front of the tail, fifteen from the hindmost part of the tail, the first , and fragments of the dorsal ribs. Two more specimens were designated as paratype specimens; specimen IGM 100/82 from the Khara Khutul locality includes a femur, and (leg bones), and , five toe phalanges including a foot ungual, rib fragments, complete , the upper portion of an , and the lower portion of a . Specimen IGM 100/83 includes a left (shoulder girdle), a radius, an ulna, forelimb unguals, and a fragment of a (neck) vertebra. In 1980, Perle and the paleontologist Rinchen Barsbold assigned another specimen to Segnosaurus; IGM 100/81 from the Amtgay locality included a left tibia and fibula. In 1983, Barsbold listed additional specimens GIN 100/87 and 100/88.
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Following the original description of Alectrosaurus, it can be distinguished by the following traits: long slender-limbed type of tyrannosauroid; humerus long and slender; ungual and phalanx of digit I robust, laterally compressed and strongly curved; femur and tibia subequal in length; length of astragalus onefourth the combined length of astragalus and tibia. According to Carr 2005, Alectrosaurus can be distinguished based on unique traits present in the hindlimbs, such as the spike-like process extending from the caudodorsal surface of the medial condyle of the femur, the presence of an abrupt expansion in length of the anterior margin of the joint surface for the tibia on the fibula, tendon pit adjacent to the ventrolateral buttress of the astragalus undercutting the medial surface of the buttress, the dorsal margin of the proximal surface of pedal phalanx II-2 is pointed, reduced pedal digit III, the lateral condyle of pedal phalanx III-1 is significantly deeper than the medial condyle, when in distal view, stocky pedal phalanx IV-2, when examined in proximal view, the dorsal half of the joint surface for metatarsal IV on metatarsal III is dilated anteriorly, and many others.
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