767 Sentences With "underlain" | Random Sentence Generator

Continents are generally considered to be large, identifiable areas that are underlain by continental crust.

The arctic refuge is a vast region of tundra: mosses, sedges and shrubs underlain by permafrost.

The Danakil is geologically a part of the ocean floor because it is underlain by this erupted basalt, rather than by granitic continental rocks.

And that system is what has underlain the vast outpouring of misogynistic rage and violence we've spent the past 10 years observing and chronicling.

Some of the province's most northern peatlands, which contain minerals and potential hydroelectric resources, are underlain by permafrost that could release greenhouse gases if disturbed.

The deep blue expanse engulfing each atoll is underlain by a seabed peppered with oil and gas deposits, which further fuels the controversy on who controls the South China Sea.

Tenneco drilled the Aurora well four miles offshore of the Refuge and found a sequence of Tertiary rocks underlain by a thick sequence of Jurassic rocks with no significant oil shows.

The entire Adonis Valley is underlain with porous karst stone foundations, jagged rocks ubiquitous throughout the country that give rise to the limestone caves, underwater aquifers and springs spread across Lebanon's mountain ranges.

The North Star Golf Club in Fairbanks, Alaska, is the northernmost golf course in America, and includes a property that is underlain by permafrost to create a continuously changing pattern of dips and mounds.

Westworld has achieved something that seemed almost impossible: It took a premise that is inherently silly (I point again to the first trailer where modern glass rooms warred with seemingly cheap Wild West motifs, underlain with Evan Rachel Woods's dramatic voiceover) and made it an excellent, coherent, gorgeous show, and one that did not underestimate the intelligence of its audience.

It is always leached, underlain by a layer of impervious pan.

Geologically the Little Snowy Mountains are a continuation of the Big Snowy Anticlinorium structure to the west and is entirely underlain by sedimentary rock. The area adjacent to the Big Snowy Mountains is underlain by Mississippian limestone and mudstone and the main part of the range is underlain by the Pennsylvanian Alaska Bench Formation limestone with Jurassic Piper Formation (mudstone, limestone and gypsum) along the north. The south flank is underlain by often steeply south dipping Jurassic through Cretaceous formations. An outcrop of Lower Cretaceous Kootenay Formation occurs along an anticline on Sahara Hill.

The soils are deep, dark colored, and friable, often underlain by marl, or marly clay.

The dreamy singing is underlain by unostentatious piano sounds. The song begins with a saxophone-solo.

The east-tilted Late Jurassic Oseberg structure is underlain by a larger-scale west-tilted Permo-Triassic half-graben.

Corney is underlain by Grandiorite of the Eskdale intrusion, intruded during the Ordovician period.B.G.S. Geology of the Ambleside District.

Aulacomnium palustre, the bog groove-moss or ribbed bog moss, is a moss that is nearly cosmopolitan in distribution. It occurs in North America, Hispaniola, Venezuela, Eurasia, and New Zealand. In North America, it occurs across southern arctic,"Arctic" refers to treeless areas underlain with continuous permafrost; "subarctic" refers to mixed tundra and open forest underlain with discontinuous permafrost. subboreal,"Subboreal" refers to areas in southern Canada, the Great Lakes states, and the Northeast that were once underlain with permafrost that has since melted.

Pulangi River traversing Valencia City, Bukidnon. Valencia City is underlain by three distinct geologic formations. Volcanic rocks believed to be of pliocene-quaternary age underlie the areas west of Pulangi River. The areas east of the broad plains in Valencia City are underlain by stratified sequence of clastic sedimentary rocks and limestone.

Silurian-aged sandstone underlays about 75 percent of the area, with the remaining area underlain by Brallier and Martinsburg shale.

Trout Pond and its sinkhole are karst features. They are underlain by strata of Tonoloway Limestone and the Helderberg Formation.

The Niobrara Formation is overlain by the marine Pierre Shale and is underlain by the Carlile Shale or Benton Shale.

Silurian-aged sandstone underlays about 75 percent of the area, with the remaining area underlain by Braillier and Martinsburg shale.

Silurian-aged sandstone underlays about 75 percent of the area, with the remaining area underlain by Brallier and Martinsburg shale.

The majority of Allestree Park is underlain by a series of Carboniferous sandstone and shale beds, as well as glacial drift. The large area of deciduous woodland, known as Big Wood, is underlain by Sherwood sandstones. In places these have been quarried for sand and have been formally designated as Regionally Important Geological Sites.

The river flows primarily across the Eastern Highland Rim, a region of rolling terrain underlain by limestone strata and dissected by deep erosional valleys. Downstream from Burgess Falls Dam, the river enters a gorge underlain by siliceous Mississippian limestone that contains nodules of mineral quartz, making it resistant to erosion, allowing the development of the gorge's three waterfalls. At Burgess Falls, the river spills from an overhang of the resistant Mississippian rock to a plungepool underlain by older Ordovician rock. A belt of Devonian period shale divides the Mississippian and Ordovician formations.

It is underlain by Upper Permian beds of the Schuchert Dal Formation and overlain by Rhaetian beds of the Kap Stewart Group.

The region is "underlain by carbonate-rich" limestone Paleozoic sedimentary rock, The glacial till deposits formed moraines, drumlins and glacial lake bottoms.

It also forms part of the Wye Valley Woodlands Special Area of Conservation. The reserve is underlain by sandstones from the Devonian period.

The geology of Abkhazia includes Neogene molasse deposits which are common along the coast. Paleogene greywacke and siltstone rocks run in a belt inshore into Georgia, while much of the northern and central areas of the country are underlain by Cretaceous and Jurassic rocks. The entire country is underlain by the suture left by the closing the Paleotethys Ocean. The region has asymmetric, isoclinal folding.

It is also fed by smaller watercourses, including the Mountnugent (Mount Nugent) River and the Bellsgrove (or Belsgrove, also known as Ballyheelan) and Crover Streams, as well as the Mauraghboy, Carrick, Rusheen, Moneybeg and Schoolhouse Streams. The lake is long, and has a surface area of between . It is underlain by limestone, as is the Upper Inny, while some tributaries are underlain by quartzite.

The Fort St. John Group is conformably overlain by the Dunvegan Formation and conformably underlain by the Bullhead Group or may rest disconformably on older units.

Covering a fairly small area in south-central Oklahoma and underlain by a unique mosaic of several different minerals, this region includes the town of Ardmore.

Sunset at Rockaway Beach The coastal bluffs have verticality as steep as 60 percent, while some of the quarry surfaces are completely sheer. The limestone beds within the quarry are hard and fresh, with close- and widely spaced fractures. Some of these beds are underlain by greenstone, an altered volcanic rock that becomes less weathered with depth. The eastern portion of the quarry area is underlain by alluvial terrace deposits.

Designed from 1942 - Illinois Glacial Lakes by George, E. EckblawThe area is underlain by dolomite bedrock of Silurian age. Pre-glacial erosion of the surface of the bedrock created an irregular surface, allowing the glacial drift to vary in depth over short distances. Some areas are underlain by bedrock near the surface; in other areas it can be deep. Some hills are solely glacial drift; others may be entirely of limestone.

Highlands surrounding Enugu for the most part are underlain by sandstone, while lowlands are underlain by shale. Much of the escarpment stretching from Enugu to Orlu has been ravaged by soil and gully erosion. Other geological features in Enugu include the Nike Lake near which the Nike Lake Hotel has been built. The Ekulu, Asata, Ogbete, Aria, Idaw and Nyaba rivers are the six largest rivers located in the city.

450x450px Rabbit Ears Pass (el. 9426 ft, 2873 m) is a high mountain pass in the Rocky Mountains of northern Colorado in the United States. The summit has the shape of rabbit ears, which displays two large columns of basalt rock formations from the second volcanic episode. Rabbit Ears Peak is underlain by a pink tuff and the basalt immediately to the west is underlain by red, vesicular ash.

The hills are quite heavily cultivated unlike their neighbouring upland areas of Exmoor and the Quantock Hills. The Brendon Hills are largely formed from the Morte Slates, a thick faulted and folded sequence of Devonian age sedimentary rocks. It then flows through an alluvial floodplain underlain by sub-alluvial gravels, underlain by rocks of the Mercia Mudstone Group. The floodplain is between and above the ordnance datum (mean sea level).

The underlying rocks are dipping slightly to the east. The eastern (and newer) side of the valley is underlain primarily by Pierre Shale laid down during Cretaceous time. The western (and older) side of the valley, on the west side of Red Hill, is underlain primarily by Permian and Pennsylvanian rocks. Red Hill runs through the center of the valley as a hogback ridge of tilted Cretaceous and Jurassic sedimentary rocks.

Much of the country around Edensor and Baslow (though not Baslow Edge) and around Ashover, from whence it derives its name, is underlain and shaped by this rock.

Libya is underlain by Precambrian igneous and metamorphic basement rock, which only outcrops at a few locations. These ancient rocks include schist, gneiss, quartzite and granite, known from boreholes.

The Muskwa Formation is a sub-unit of the Horn River Formation; it is conformably overlain by the Fort Simpson Formation and conformably underlain by the Otter Park Member.

Kansas is underlain by a sequence of horizontal to gently westward dipping sedimentary rocks. A sequence of Mississippian, Pennsylvanian and Permian rocks outcrop in the eastern and southern part of the state. The state's western half has exposures of Cretaceous through Tertiary sediments, the latter derived from the erosion of the uplifted Rocky Mountains to the west. These are underlain by older Paleozoic and Mesozoic sediments which correlate well with the outcrops to the east.

But at the same time there are also some large basins that are not associated with such positive Bouguer anomaly, for example, Daedalia, northern Tharsis and Elysium, which are believed to be underlain by the northern lowland plain. In addition, certain portions of Coprates, Eos Chasma and Kasei Valles are also found to have positive Bouguer anomalies, though they are topographic depressions. This may suggest that these depressions are underlain by shallow dense intrusion body.

The landscape features glacially striated tablelands and rolling hills underlain by sedimentary rocks. The majority of soils in the depression are formed from glacial till, glacial outwash, and Lacustrine deposits.

Gleysols lack such a horizon. Luvic Gleysols have a leached (Ae) horizon underlain by a B horizon in which the clay has accumulated; they may have a dark surface horizon.

The city of Kaliningrad has an Oceanic climate (Cfb) due to its relatively mild (avg. above -3C) winters and cool summers. About 65% of the Russian territory is underlain by permafrost.

In April 2020, under President Russell M. Nelson, the Church formally adopted an image inspired by Thorvaldsen's Christus statue underlain with the Church's name as an official symbol of the faith.

More moderate slopes are underlain by shale. This bedrock does not provide significant ability to neutralize acidic pollution. The shale component limits the bedrock's water-bearing properties and hence draught resistance.

Devil Mountain is underlain by Nipissing diabase. This forms a 2.2 billion year old magmatic province with an east-west extent of almost and a north-south extent of up to .

Bethel Park is underlain by the Pennsylvania-age Monongahela Formation. The Monongahela Formation consists of the Uniontown member and the underlying Pittsburgh member, and the base is the Pittsburgh coal seam. Much of southern Allegheny County is undermined, and the PADEP indicates that all of Bethel Park was undermined. A portion of the area is underlain by the Pittsburgh Terminal No. 8 Mine (Cortis and others, 1975), which was commonly known as the "H" Mine and the Coverdale Mine.

Historically, Sitka spruce forests dominated the fog-shrouded coast, while a mosaic of western redcedar, western hemlock, and seral Douglas-fir blanketed the inland areas. Today, Douglas-fir plantations are prevalent on the intensively logged and managed landscape. Lithology influences land management strategies; slopes underlain by sedimentary rock are more susceptible to failure following clearcutting and road building than those underlain by volcanic rock. The Coast Range ecoregion has been subdivided into fifteen Level IV ecoregions.

Large parts of the country are underlain by granite and gabbro crystalline basement rock. These rocks are generally impermeable, but store water in 10 to 15 meter thick weathered regolith and fractures.

The mountain is underlain by Triassic diabase.Stose, G. W., and Jonas, A. I. (1939), Geology and mineral resources of York County, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Geological Survey, 4th ser., County Report 67, 199 p.

The Havallah sequence is underlain by the Golconda thrust, and is therefore a component of the Golconda allochthon. Speed observed that there are no arc-derived sedimentary rocks in the Golconda allochthon.

County Durham is underlain by Carboniferous rocks in the west. Permian and Triassic strata overlie these older rocks in the east. These sedimentary sequences have been cut by igneous dykes and sills.

Montney Formation is unconformably overlain by Jurassic or Cretaceous beds such as the Doig Formation or Fernie Group and unconformably underlain by the Permian or Carboniferous strata such as the Belloy Formation.

The Bedford Shale is the basal member of the Waverly Group, which (in ascending order) includes the Bedford Shale, Berea Sandstone, Sunbury Shale, Cuyahoga Formation, Logan Formation, and the Maxville Limestone. Generally, the Bedford Shale in Ohio is underlain by the Cleveland Shale throughout most of Ohio, although it is underlain by the Chagrin Shale in the east. The boundary with the Cleveland Shale is usually clear. However, a transition zone, ranging from a few inches to in thickness, occasionally appears.

The landslide was caused by the presence of pre-existing tectonic structures (faults and shear zones) within the southwestern slope of Johnson Ridge.Brideau, M-A., Stead, D., Kinakin, D. and Fecova, K. 2005. The influence of tectonic structures on the Hope slide, British Columbia, Canada. Engineering Geology:80:242-259 The lower parts of the slide scar are underlain by felsite sheets (which may have failed first) while the upper parts of the slide scar are underlain by highly jointed Paleozoic greenstone beds.

The terrain is mostly flat or gently rolling, but more dramatic banks and bluffs can be found where waterways cut through areas of higher elevation. With the exception of the very limited extent of Piedmont underlain by Precambrian to early Paleozoic metamorphic rock, all of the county is underlain by thick deposits of gravel, sand, silt, and clay dating from the early Cretaceous to Holocene times. Most of these sediments are unconsolidated but include local formations of sandstone, especially in the Pasadena area.

Geology Hilton is underlain by Wildmoor Sandstone. Glaciofluvial deposits overlie the area. Hydrology Crane brook runs through Hilton and on to Chesterfield and is the source for Hilton's main road name of 'Cranebrook Lane'.

Mechanics of the Salt Range‐Potwar Plateau, Pakistan: A fold‐and‐thrust belt underlain by evaporites. Tectonics, 7(1), pp.57-71.Grelaud, S., Sassi, W., de Lamotte, D.F., Jaswal, T. and Roure, F., 2002.

The entire area is also underlain by layered mafic rocks, which are thought to be a part of Pecos Mafic Igneous Suite, and extends into the southern US. It has been dated to 1163 mya.

Topography The upper part of Wall village lies at an elevation of 114 m on the edge of a plateau; the lower part to the south of Watling Street lies 16 m lower. At Aldershawe the land lies at 130 m, and it is the same level at Pipehill and Muckley Corner. Geology The north of the parish including Pipehill, Aldershawe and east parts of Wall are underlain with Bromsgrove Sandstone. The south of the parish including west Wall, Hilton and Chesterfield are underlain by Wildmoor Sandstone.

There is a general agreement that the axial trough of the Red Sea originated by seafloor spreading, and therefore is underlain by oceanic crust, the nature of the crust beneath the main trough and coastal plains of the Red Sea is still controversial, leading to the development of a few theories. One theory suggests that the entire Red Sea basin is underlain by oceanic crust, while another theory claims that the main trough is underlain only in part by oceanic crust. A third theory suggests that outside the axial trough, the crust has a continental composition, with the presence of basaltic dykes, while another hypothesis suggests that the lower crust in the rift consists of rift meta-sediments, in direct contact with the upper mantle. All geophysical data from the axial trough reveal seismic velocities typical for oceanic crust.

The soil falls under poor to fair category, with regard to using it in highway construction. The geology of the region is typical of the western coast of India, i.e. clayey soil underlain by basalt rock formations.

Silurian-aged sandstone underlays about 75 percent of the area, with the remaining area underlain by Brallier and Martinsburg shale. The area includes the headwaters of Hipes Branch, Stony Run, Wolf Branch, Crawford Branch, and Deisher Branch.

The western part of the parish (west of the Peckforton Fault) is underlain by the Wilmslow Sandstone Formation. East of the fault, the bedrock is largely Tarporley Siltstone with the underlying Helsby Sandstone occurring in some areas.

As such, upwards of 25% of Planet Earth is underlain to some degree by permafrost and in extreme conditions reaches depths of 1500 meters. Permafrost occurs in the high latitudes and mountains and plateaus of both hemispheres.

The Tankerness peninsula is underlain by Rousay flagstones, an Old Red Sandstone of Middle Devonian age, that were deposited in Lake Orcadie.Hall, Adrian and Brown, John (September 2005) "Lower Middle Devonian" . Fettes College. Retrieved 10 November 2008.

The geology of Åland includes Jotnian age sediments from the Proterozoic, such as sandstone, siltstone, arkose, conglomerate and shale. The islands are underlain by plutonic rocks common of the Svecofennian Domain.Vaasjoki et al. 2005, pp. 4–5.

Above these Triassic formations, there are layers of Upper Greensand, a Cretaceous rock formation about 80 Million years old. The top of High Peak is underlain by flint gravel that was probably left behind following the solution of an original cover of chalk during the early Paleogene period about 60 to 66 Million years ago. The top of Peak Hill is underlain by flint gravel that was probably left behind following the solution of an original cover of chalk during the early Paleogene period about 60 to 66 million years ago.

Most of the obvious caves in countries with a well-established caving community have already been discovered and explored, so cavers must search for new caves. This is most commonly accomplished while ridgewalking, the practice of scouring the countryside, in areas with cave potential, for new, previously undiscovered openings to the underground. These may be found in sinkholes, in rock outcrops or anywhere the ground is underlain by limestone or other soluble rock. Areas underlain by lava flows or where lava tubes are found may also contain new caves.

The Wentnor Group is made up of the fluvial deposits of the Bridges Formation and is the topmost of the supergroup. This is underlain by the braided deposits of the Bayston-Oakwood Formation which completes the Wentnor Group.

During the works fill was introduced to the site, and concrete was underlain with polyethylene film which may seal archaeological deposits. It appears the only excavation necessary was minimal required for the upgrading of services to the buildings.

Hence, silica is retained and at times mixes with the forest floor. Soil depths are highly variable, with shallow strands of organic matter comprising the entire profile at higher elevations (folist) or underlain by sandy unsorted material (podzol).

Monograph of the Palaeontological Society, London. (Publ. No. 545, part of vol. 130, for 1976). or Bardahessiagh Beds and the ‘Junction Beds’ that is underlain by a stratigraphical unit not recognised, until fieldwork by the Ulster Museum staff in 1992.

Most of the brook's watershed is underlain by limestone and shale bedrock that dips gently southward. Soil is mostly glacial till. Near the mouth, in the city, Sucker Brook flows through areas of silt and clay loams.Makarewicz et al, 9.

St. Clair Shores: Somerset, 1999, 534-535. Much of Greene County is underlain by high-quality limestoneDills, R.S. History of Greene County, Together with Historic Notes on the Northwest, and the State of Ohio. Dayton: Odell and Mayer, 1881, 380.

Ecologists use the term oligotrophic to distinguish unproductive lakes, characterised by nutrient deficiency, from productive, eutrophic lakes, with an ample or excessive nutrient supply. Oligotrophic lakes are most common in cold regions underlain by resistant igneous rocks (especially granitic bedrock).

Pennsylvania Geologic Survey, G43, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Buckingham Mountain rises south of the valley and comprises quartzite. The other ridge is less prominent and is underlain by the conglomerates of the Stockton Formation. Karst is a localized problem in this area.

Gorumna Island is mostly underlain by intrusive Devonian-aged Galway Granite that formed from crustal melting as a result of the Caledonian Orogeny in the late Silurian. Its southern tip also includes Ordovician-aged bedrock of sedimentary marine rocks and basalt.

The area has a layer of Ordovician limestone, approximately thick covering an area , and other sedimentary rocks.Lloyd, p.50 The town is surrounded by a plain underlain by this limestone which crops up through the overlying sediments.Parks and Wildlife Service, p.

Phase I Environmental Site Assessment,301 West Lake Street, Mount Shasta, California, Earth Metrics Incorporated, San Mateo, California, Report Number 10363, December 18, 1989 The settlement is on the distal gently sloping southwest flanks of Mount Shasta, with the chief surficial soils being Quaternary alluvium. This alluvium is adjacent to and probably underlain by volcanic clastic rock deposited by Mount Shasta in the course of its development. Groundwater elevation is approximately at the elevation of the underlying native black peat soil. Where it occurs this peat, of approximately two feet thickness, is underlain by stream deposit sands and gravels.

The Colorado Group is overlain by the Montana Group and underlain by the Dakota Group in the Williston Basin of the western Great Plains. It is unconformably overlain by the Lea Park Formation shale and unconformably underlain by the Blairmore, Mannville or Swan River Group in Western Canada. The lower part is equivalent with the Ashville Formation in eastern Saskatchewan and southern Manitoba, with the upper part corresponding to the Vermillion River Formation and Favel Formation. It is equivalent to the sum of Crowsnest Formation, Blackstone Formation, Cardium Formation, and the lower Wapiabi Formation of the Alberta Group in the Canadian Rockies foothills.

This range is underlain by numerous overlapping plutons emplaced in metasedimentary and metavolcanic beds that may correlate with the Vadito Group.Grambling et al. 2015, p. 181 The San Miguel gneiss itself may correlate with the Tres Piedras Orthogneiss in the Tusas Mountains.

Ayala, 2009, p.13 The southeastern edge of the basin is formed by the border with Venezuela. In total, the basin covers an area of .ANH, 2010 The sedimentary sequence inside the basin comprises Jurassic to Quaternary rocks, underlain by Paleozoic basement.

The region is part of the Venezuelan Coastal Range, formed during the Tertiary period. The rocks are mostly schist and gneisses, in some places underlain by granites. The soils are mostly entisols and ultisols. The Margarita Island is north of the Araya Peninsula.

Fire Island is underlain by sedimentary rocks, atop which lie deep sand and gravel deposits from the surrounding tidal estuary.Nakanishi, Allan S. Overview of Environmental and Hydrogeologic Conditions on Fire Island, Anchorage, Alaska. Anchorage, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey, 1995. Retrieved September 15, 2013.

Overlain by the Bannisdale Formation of the Kendal Group and underlain by the Wray Castle Formation of the Tranearth Group, it is divided into several formations. These are, in ascending order (oldest first): Wray Castle, Gawthwaite, Latrigg, Poolscar, Moorhow (or Moorhowe) and Yewbank.

There is a faint brownish shade in the costal region of forewings, sometimes with the entire surface underlain with brownish gray or rarely dark. The hindwings are tinged with brownish gray. All fringes are concolorous. Adults are on wing in March, August and December.

A second theory involved collision of the continent with an island arc above a west-dipping subduction zone. Both were based on the basic understanding that the western facies assemblage is composed of oceanic deposits and that it is underlain by an extensive thrust fault.

The commune's territory is underlain in its totality by Variscan basement rocks (Piégut- Pluviers Granodiorite). Transgressing the basement from the West are liassic sediments belonging to the Aquitanian Basin. The base conglomerate can be seen near La Chapoulie. Stratigraphically higher follow arkoses, dolomites and limestones.

The watershed of Drury Run is located in Clinton County. It is 11.5 square miles in area. The watershed is underlain by Pennsylvanian age sedimentary rocks of the Pottsville and Allegheny Formations. The Clarion, Lower Kittanning, and Mercer coals are all found in the watershed.

1096 mya.Miller, Green, Severson, Chandler, & Peterson, Geologic Map of the Duluth Complex (2001). The volcanics and more recent sedimentary rocks were once thought to be underlain by the Duluth Complex across Lake Superior to Wisconsin, where gabbro formations also exist.LaBerge (1994), pp. 159–160.

Its greatest saturated thickness is around . The Calumet Aquifer is sometimes subdivided into the Calumet Aquifer and Lacustrine Plain Aquifer, with the Calumet Aquifer proper occupying a relatively narrow band along Lake Michigan, and also underlain by the Lacustrine Plain Aquifer in the subtill layer.

The upper part is sometimes referred to as the Conewago conglomerate, and the Conewago Mountains in York County are underlain by it. The Heidlersburg Member, in the middle of the formation, is "red, green, and gray shale and argillite and minor gray to white sandstone".

The Löwenstein Formation (Stubensandstein in Baden-Württemberg, Burgsandstein in Bavaria) is a lithostratigraphic formation of the Keuper in Germany. It is underlain by the Mainhardt Formation and overlain by the Trossingen Formation. It dates back to the middle Norian.Weishampel, David B; et al. (2004).

The Chott el Fejej is a typical chott, or dry lake, of the Sahara. It is underlain, however, by a major anticline known as the Fejej Dome. This anticline and other surrounding structures are argued to be the result of rifting in the Cretaceous period.

When in contact with Upper Cretaceous limestone, Nubian Sandstone underlies the latter conformably. In Lebanon, Anti-Lebanon and Hermon it is underlain by Jurassic limestone. Its upper strata is likely from the Lower or Middle Cretaceous age. However, Jurassic limestone is absent in southern areas.

Cratons have thick lithospheric roots. Mantle tomography shows that cratons are underlain by anomalously cold mantle corresponding to lithosphere more than twice the typical thickness of mature oceanic or non-cratonic, continental lithosphere.Petit (2010) p. 24 At that depth, craton roots extend into the asthenosphere.

Aldbrough, Holderness. Coastal erosion. Geologically, Holderness is underlain by Cretaceous Chalk but in most places it is so deeply buried beneath glacial deposits that it has no influence on the landscape. The landscape is dominated by deposits of till, boulder clays and glacial lake clays.

The area mainly underlain with hornblende- biotite gneiss of the eastern Vijayan series. The low country dry zone climate prevails in the area. The area has an average relative humidity of 80%. The national park contains five shallow, brackish lagoons with salt pans in three.

The town of Mole Creek lies at above sea level.Davey, p.23 The Mole Creek-Chudleigh karst is an area underlain by limestone with underground streams, sinkholes and caves. It was formed when Gondwanaland was covered by a shallow sea approximately 500 million years ago.

Canelo Hills during Monsoon The Canelo Hills are underlain by northwest striking folded and faulted Permian sedimentary rocks and Jurassic–Triassic volcanic rocks. The southwest margin extending toward the Patagonias is underlain by Cretaceous–Eocene volcanics.Mark W. Bultman, 1999, Geometry, Structure, and Concealed Lithology of the San Rafael Basin, Southeastern Arizona, USGS Open- File Report 99-399 The southern end of the Canelo Hills contain evidence for a volcanic caldera, the Parker Canyon Caldera. This caldera is mapped as a kidney shaped feature stretching from just north of Canelo Pass some to the southeast into the Huachucas and underlying the eastern portion of the San Rafael Valley.

The area drained by the creek is underlain by a north-northwest striking, east-dipping metasedimentary/volcanic formation of the Carboniferous to Jurassic Cache Creek Complex. Phyllite, limestone and tuff are common. White quartz veins up to a metre in width were found within these rocks.

Lake Valley is located in a structurally elevated fault block underlain mainly by Ordovician through Pennsylvanian sedimentary rocks; ore deposits are stratabound and confined to Lower Mississippian Lake Valley Formation carbonate rocks. The Lake Valley and Berrenda faults are the major structural features in the area.

Geological Society of Australia – Coal Geology Group. 1, 341–353. The basin is underlain by the Carboniferous Drummond Basin and overlain by the Cretaceous – Jurassic Eromanga Basin. The Triassic and younger sediments of the Galilee Basin form the basal sequence of the Great Artesian Basin drainage basin.

Anaerobic wetlands may be lined or unlined shallow ponds filled with organic matter, such as compost, and underlain by limestone gravel. Water percolates through the compost, becomes anaerobic and metals precipitate as sulfides. Microorganisms facilitate this reaction by first consuming oxygen. Alkalinity and H2S are produced.

Avondale Estates is entirely underlain by granite, and clay-rich soil developed on it. Some of this granite can be seen outcropped along the shore of Lake Avondale. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which 0.88% is water.

Clarks Hill is located at (33.660876, -82.160302). According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , all land. The soils of Clarks Hill are moderately well drained or well drained. They have brown sandy loam topsoils which are underlain by red clay.

Due to its large areal extent, the Cardium Formation falls within different stratigraphic groups in different regions (Alberta Group, Colorado Group, and Smoky Group). It is conformably overlain by the Wapiabi Formation and underlain by the Blackstone Formation. The formation is partly equivalent to the Kaskapau Formation.

By January the water table is below the lake floor. The salinity of the lake water is about 3.5 times that of the groundwater. The Raak boinka is underlain by Blanchetown Clay. Soils are mostly loose red-brown sands that form dunes in the central part of the plain.

Small areas of the extreme south of the county are underlain by rocks of Jurassic age. Outcrops are very scarce as the thick cover of glacial till in this area largely obscures the underlying bedrock. The strata are assigned to the lowermost Jurassic Lias Group comprising mudstones and limestones.

The countryside is partly wooded and underlain with marble, clay, basalt and iron ore deposits. To this day, clay is still quarried in Obertiefenbach. The black marble from the Schupbach area is used worldwide. Among other instances, it was used in the Empire State Building in New York.

Most of central and western Eswatini is underlain by low to moderate productivity aquifers in Precambrian basement rock. A narrow north-south band in the center of the country hosts fracture-flow sedimentary aquifers, while a different north-south band in the east is moderate yield volcanic rocks.

Mount Guyot is composed of Precambrian rocks of the Ocoee Supergroup, formed from ocean sediments approximately one billion years ago. The mountain is underlain by Thunderhead sandstone, which is common throughout the Smokies. The Thunderhead sandstone was thrust over Roaring Fork sandstone several hundred million years ago.Moore, p. 66.

The crofts are strung out along a small strath of oolitic loam, which is the basis for the good quality of the farming land. The hills above are underlain by basalt, which also provides good grazing for cattle and sheep.Murray, W.H. (1966) The Hebrides. London. Heinemann. p. 157.

In Asia the Chongming Dongtan Nature Reserve in Shanghai, China is an example of a large scale bay mud formation. The Atlantic coast of Africa holds the Banc d'Arguin, a World Heritage nature preserve in the country of Mauritania. Banc d'Arguin is a vast area underlain by bay mud.

Cabrol et al. (1998) proposed that the physical environment and the morphology of the south polar domes on Mars suggest possible cryovolcanism. The surveyed region consisted of 1.5 km-thick-layered deposits covered seasonally by CO2 frost underlain by H2O ice and CO2 hydrate at depths > 10 m.

By that time, the tension that had underlain the European Cup match had ignited into the Yugoslav Wars, with a short-lived war in Slovenia, and a full-scale war in Croatia. In this context, the phrase's associations with Serbian victory made it particularly appealing to nationalists and militarists.

The town sits on flat to gently undulating land in the base of the Meander Valley. The soil is primarily of alluvial origin, underlain by dolomite bedrock. Whitemore creek, a tributary of the Meander River (Tasmania), flows past Whitemore. The creek is seasonal, often drying up completely in summer.

A stratigraphic unit both underlain and overlain by the Tanglewood Member, the Stamping Ground Member is similar to the Millersburg unit, but is unconnected to it and stratigraphically lower. Deposited in relatively shallow waters, it is rich in stromatoporoids, particularly Labechia huronensis. Red algae and brachiopods are also present.

In contrast, Lafonia is underlain by Mesozoic rocks (sandstone), a younger rock than the Palaeozoic rock to the north, giving a flatter landscape than is seen elsewhere on the island. Other scenery includes Mount Simon, stone runs, heathland, and bogs. Gypsy Cove is noted as a beauty spot.

The stone in its natural state. Lithographic limestone from the Gerofit Formation (Turonian) north of Makhtesh Ramon, southern Israel; a variety of Jerusalem Stone (meleke). Jerusalem stone facade of Inbal Jerusalem Hotel in Jerusalem. The highlands of Israel are primarily underlain by sedimentary limestone, dolomite and dolomitic limestone.

Dream Lake, inside Luray Caverns The Shenandoah valley is underlain by limestone. The fertile soil made it a favored place for early settlement. It continues to be a major agricultural area of Virginia and West Virginia. Some karst topography is evident, and the limestone is honeycombed with caves.

The formation is called the Kettle Point Formation in Ontario, and is the stratigraphic equivalent of the New Albany Shale in the Illinois Basin. It is overlain by the Bedford Shale, and underlain in some areas by the Jordan River Formation, and elsewhere by the Thunder Bay Limestone.

Johnstone et al. (1990) pp. 234–40. The northern peninsula of Trotternish is underlain by basalt, which provides relatively rich soils and a variety of unusual rock features. The Kilt Rock is named after the columnar structure of the cliffs, said to resemble the pleats in a kilt.

Bluebush is also found in the wettest areas. The area contains black soil plains with cracking clays underlain by flat beds of Middle Cambrian Camooweal Dolomite. On the higher areas graveley red-earth is found. The lagoon from which the reserve takes its name is found just outside the boundary fence.

The Crawfish Valley is underlain by black shale formed in a sea without life. The sea had two layers that did not mix. Organic matter in the upper layer dropped into the lower layer depleting its oxygen forming a black mud. As time progressed, the black mud formed a black shale.

The Mountain Brook Estates Building is a one and two story steel-framed structure with five ground floor commercial tenant spaces. Offices are on the second floor. It is situated on the town center circle, with one-story arms on side streets. The building is underlain by a full basement.

Knob Noster State Park and the Osage Plains are underlain by soft shales with sandstones and limestones of Mississippian to Pennsylvanian age. Some of the rocks prevalent in the Osage Plains are Mississippian limestone, limestone shale, Ordovician dolomite, and coal. There are also clay and shale within the Pennsylvanian bedrock.

Susanville is underlain by igneous rock, which provides the parent material for its well-drained brown stony to gravelly sandy loams or loams. On the western outskirts under forest cover, the soils are often reddish brown. The most common soil series in Susanville's urban area is Springmeyer gravelly fine sandy loam.

The elevation near the mouth of Butternut Run is above sea level. The elevation of the stream's source is between above sea level. The surficial geology along the length of Butternut Run features a till known as Wisconsinan Till. In the streams lower reaches, this is underlain by glacial lake clays.

The reformed Gondwanan continent was not precisely the same as that which had existed before Pangaea formed; for example, most of Florida and southern Georgia and Alabama is underlain by rocks that were originally part of Gondwana, but this region stayed attached to North America when the Central Atlantic opened.

In a few locations L. lineare occurs on Table Mountain Sandstone, but even there it is mostly underlain by weathered granite. Flowers can be found between July and January with a peak in September and October. Birds pollinate the flowers. The seeds fall from the flower heads after about 2 months.

The bog itself is underlain by the Juniata Formation. The U-shaped ridge to the north, west, and south is formed by the Tuscarora Formation. The low hill to the northeast of the bog is formed by the Bald Eagle Formation. Periglacial boulders are abundant on the slopes surrounding the bog.

An example of plume locations suggested by one recent group. Figure from Foulger (2010). Many different localities have been suggested to be underlain by mantle plumes, and scientists cannot agree on a definitive list. Some scientists suggest that several tens of plumes exist, whereas others suggest that there are none.

Loess tends to develop into very rich soils. Under appropriate climatic conditions, it is some of the most agriculturally productive terrain in the world. Soils underlain by loess tend to be excessively drained. The fine grains weather rapidly due to their large surface area, making soils derived from loess rich.

The stream drains a watershed of 38,844 acres (60.69 square miles or 157 km2). Much of the watershed is underlain by carbonate (dolomite and limestone) bedrock. Sinkholes and other topographic features characteristic of karst hydrology are present. As is typical of carbonate landscapes, there is significant interaction between groundwater and the stream.

Pyroclastic plateaus are produced by massive pyroclastic flows and they are underlain by pyroclastic rocks: agglomerates, tephra, volcanic ashes cemented into tuffs, mafic or felsic. Pyroclastic plateaus are also called ignimbrite plateaus. Examples include Shirasu-Daichi which covers almost all of Southern Kyūshū, Japan and the North Island Volcanic Plateau in New Zealand.

Much of Libya is underlain by consolidated sedimentary rock aquifers with intergranular flow. Cyrenaica, in the northeast has consolidated fractured sedimentary units. Zones in south, central and northwest Libya have some groundwater housed in igneous rock and unconsolidated sedimentary deposits predominate along the western coast, eastern border with Egypt and in the southwest.

The entire swamp is underlain by a layer of peat. Several theories exist about the origin of the lake. Several theoretical arguments make the case that the lake was created by a large underground peat fire roughly 3,500-6,000 years ago. Native American legends speak of "the fire bird" creating Lake Drummond.

The Pocono Mountains of Pennsylvania are largely underlain by this unit as well. The rocks of the Catskill are predominantly red sandstone indicating a large scale terrestrial deposition during the Acadian orogeny. Many beds are cyclical in nature, preserving the record of a dynamic environment during its approximately 20 million years of deposition.

The mesas are capped by the Upper Cretaceous Point Lookout Sandstone, which is underlain by the Crevasse Canyon Formation.Cather, Steven, 2010, Preliminary geologic map of the San Lucas Dam quadrangle, McKinley County, New Mexico: New Mexico Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources, Open-File Geologic Map OF-GM 212, scale 1:24000.

The Central Lowland stretches between the Ottawa River and the Saint Lawrence River and extends to Québec city. Major cities include Trois- Rivières. The Lowlands include a small area on the north shore near Québec City. The St. Lawrence Lowlands are underlain by marine and lacustrine clays and bedrock outcrops of Paleozoic limestone.

In part of the area where the stream is in the vicinity of Wisconsinan Till, the till is underlain by alternating layers of silt and clay. Each layer is approximately thick. Boulder Colluvium occurs near the stream's headwaters. The majority of the surface is covered in boulders consisting of quartz, sandstone, or conglomerate.

Alexandria, Virginia. Hypothetical cross-section of a river valley showing different types of benches. They include structural benches (sb) formed by the differential erosion of shale beds overlying limestone beds. Also, they include benches in the form of narrow strath terraces (st), fill terraces (ft), and cut terraces (ct) underlain by fluvial sediments.

Sapping typically occurs in permeable sandstones associated with high water tables underlain by an impermeable layer. Limited in its ability to travel vertically, water is forced to travel laterally where it eventually seeps out of the ground. Limestones, siltstones, and shales can be found in valleys created by groundwater sapping as well.

Coed Y Bedw takes up much of a steep north-facing slope underlain by the Garth Hill Coal Measures and the Carboniferous limestone of the Little Garth. At the bottom of the slope in the wetter valley bottom there is alder woodland and as one moves up the slope this grades into a mixed deciduous woodland of oak and birch while beech woodland is found in the northern and western sections of the reserve. Mixed woodlands where ash is an important tree species is found in the parts of the wood underlain by limestoneto the south. Two calcareous springs discharge from the ground in the southwest of the reserve and they flow into the acidic waters of the Nant Cwmllwydrew as it flows eastwards along its valley.

The Gungahlin suburb is underlain by the middle Silurian age Canberra Formation. Most of this is slaty shale and mudstone. But there are also a couple of bands of ashstone in the south and north west. The structure of the rock has been folded by anticlines and a syncline with a north east direction.

Virtually all of Ivory Coast is underlain by very ancient rocks from the Archean and the Paleoproterozoic that form part of the West African Craton, except for Cenozoic sediments and sedimentary rocks along the coast and in offshore basins. Weathering has rendered the upper layers of ancient Precambrian crystalline basement rock into sediments and soils.

Oak Island lies on a glacial tumulus system and is underlain by a series of water-filled anhydrite cavities which may be responsible for the repeated flooding of the pit. This type of limestone easily dissolves when exposed to water, forming caves and natural voids. Bedrock lies at a depth of in the pit area.

Conti et al., 2017, p.2 The coastal ranges Serras de Sudeste in Brazil and Cuchilla Grande in Uruguay form the western boundary, underlain by the Sierra Ballena Shear Zone. The onshore part of the basin is from north to south crossed by the Urussanga, Araranguá, Mampituba, Jacuí, Guaíba, Camaquã, Jaguarão/Yaguarón and Cebollatí Rivers.

The natural history of the Glades has been traced back at least 12,200 years. Apparently, a forest of conifer-northern hardwoods replaced tundra with the end of the last Ice Age. Over time the Glades formed into what it is today. Now, most of the bog is underlain by peat that is up to thick.

The bedrock in the valleys of the park consists of the Upper Devonian Catskill Formation, consisting of sequences of sandstone, siltstone, and shale. The mountains in the park are capped by the Mississippian Burgoon Sandstone, which is underlain by the transitional Devonian-Mississippian Rockwell Formation, consisting of crossbedded argillacious sandstone with some shale beds.

The Osage Plains are underlain by soft shales with interbedded sandstones and limestones of late Mississippian to Pennsylvanian ages. Some of the rocks prevalent in the Osage Plains are Mississippian limestone, limestone shale, Ordovician dolomite, and Pennsylvanian coal. Also, clay and shale are found within the Pennsylvanian bedrock. The area contained two major mining areas.

In 1867, Lucien Maxwell sold what he thought was a claim to J.B. Dawson. When Dawson had the land surveyed it turned out to be underlain by coal. Phelps Dodge bought the Dawson Homestead and underlying coal in 1906. The company named the town Dawson, New Mexico and it grew to have about 2000 people.

This is the first of many forest plantations, owned by Coillte, that the Wicklow Way passes through. The tree species in this area comprise Sitka spruce, Scots pine and beech. Much of this initial section of the Way is underlain by granite. The trail circles the mountain, emerging onto open moorland near Fairy Castle.

When the land surface, which is underlain by deeply weathered bedrock, around an inselberg is lowered by erosion, the pocket of deeply weathered disaggregated bedrock is also removed to produce a flared slope such as Wave Rock. It has also been argued that flared slopes can form during the erosion of slopes of any inselbergs.

In the Tauglboden Basin the Ruhpolding Formation is followed by the Tauglboden Formation of Kimmeridgian and lower Tithonian age. In the Sillenkopf Basin of the southern Tirolic Unit the Ruhpolding Formation is underlain by the Strubberg Formation and overlain by the Sillenkopf Formation which was deposited at the same time as the Tauglboden Formation.

The Golden Valley Formation is present as a series of outliers in western North Dakota. It is underlain by the Sentinel Butte Formation and unconformably overlain by the White River Group. It reaches thicknesses of up to and is subdivided into two members: the Bear Den Member (lower) and the Camels Butte Member (upper).

The geology of South Ossetia is underlain by the suture left by the closing of the Paleotethys Ocean. Jurassic age slate and limestone are predominant in the southwest, while much of the north has Cretaceous clastic limestone, greywacke and siltstone flysch rocks. Overthrust nappes and faults are common in the center of the region.

Brogden is located at (35.297594, -78.027817). According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , of which, of it is land and of it (1.82%) is water. Brogden's elevations are on average 175 feet above sea level. The area is underlain by unconsolidated beds of sand, clay and gravel.

Topping the house is a gabled roof, which culminates in a pediment atop the portico. The entire house is a wooden building comprising nearly , although only about are finished. Three fireplaces are located throughout the building, which is underlain by a crawlspace.Owner and Parcel Information: Parcel 342-1-6-7, Newberry County, 2014-02-08.

Gneiss, schist and granite form the bedrock of the Ox Mountains. This wild area of uplands is covered largely with blanket bog. Some parts are extensively forested, whilst others have numerous outcroppings of rock. To the north and south the land is underlain by limestones and sandstones of Carboniferous age, and is generally farmland.

Most of Nyanga National Park is underlain by granite. The highest mountains are composed of Umkondo Group dolerite and sandstone, with the harder dolerite forming cliffs and ridges and the granite-dolerite contact often forming waterfalls. The Troutbeck dolerite sill, shown in the distance in the photograph of Kwaraguza above, was dated at 1099 Ma.

The Shenandoah Valley is underlain with limestone and also has karst topography, forming caves throughout the region. Rainwater becomes slightly acidic as it seeps through the soil. The acid slowly erodes the calcium carbonate, the main component of limestone, creating caves, sinkholes and springs throughout the landscape. There are many cave and caverns throughout the surrounding area.

Most of southwest South Sudan is underlain by low productivity Precambrian basement rock. Sedimentary aquifers with intergranular flow are found in the northwest, abutting a large area spanning most of the north and center of the country with unconsolidated alluvial sediments. Modest areas of fractured volcanic with a range of water productivity are found near the Ethiopian border.

Unconsolidated and unconfined fluvial aquifers, with an average water table depth of 20 meters are common along rivers in Uganda. However, most of the country is underlain by igneous and metamorphic crystalline basement rock from the Precambrian. Water in these semi-confined units occurs five to 20 meters below ground, either in weathered saprolite or fractures in the rock.

Bear Head Lake State Park's topography ranges from rolling to very steep, with rocky ridges and hills interspersed with lakes and bogs. Bedrock crops out in many places through the thin glacial soil. Two Archean formations comprise the bedrock. The eastern half of the park is underlain by Giants Range Granite; elsewhere by the Ely greenstone belt.

Two early Paleocene lava flows cap North Table Mountain. North Table Mountain is underlain by sedimentary rocks of the Denver Formation, which spans the interval from latest Cretaceous to early Paleocene time. An exposure of the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary layer has been identified and documented on nearby South Table Mountain.Kauffman, E.G., Upchurch, G.R. Jr., and Nichols, D.J., 2005.

South Table Mountain is underlain by sedimentary rocks of the Denver Formation, which spans the interval from latest Cretaceous to early Paleocene time. An exposure of the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary layer has been identified and documented on its slopes.Kauffman, E.G., Upchurch, G.R. Jr., and Nichols, D.J., 2005. The Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary at South Table Mountain near Golden, Colorado.

It falls under the high plains of Hausa highlands with a gently rolling terrain. The highest places are due to gneisses and porphyroblastic granites which form a saddleback at the west. The lowlands are underlain by the more easily weathered quartz feldspar-biotite, Schist and Serpentimite of the Basement complex. The streams generally have a north-south alignment.

The Saw Mill's basin is part of the Manhattan Hills in the New England Uplands physiographic region. It is primarily underlain by metamorphic rock such as gneiss, schist and marble. They can be seen in some bedrock outcrops in and around the river. Soils in the river and its basin reflect past glaciation in the area.

The elevation near the mouth of Oxhorn Run is above sea level. The elevation of the stream's source is between above sea level. A glacial or resedimented till known as the Wisconsinan Till occurs in numerous places throughout the watershed of Oxhorn Run. In the stream's lower reaches, some of the till is underlain by glacial lake clays.

About 350,000 ounces of placer gold have been won from the area, perhaps 85% of it from near Wiseman. Mining continues today in the district. Much of the district is underlain by bedded Paleozoic rocks, a schist belt extends along the southern foothills of the Brooks Range. Cretaceous plutons intrude metamorphic rocks in the southern part of the district.

Riggs, Nancy R. and Cathy J. Busby-Spera, Facies Analysis of an Ancient, Dismembered, Large Cauldera Complex and Implications for Intr-arc Subsidence: Middle Jurassic Strata of Cobre Ridge, Southern Arizona, USA Sedimentary Geology, 1991, v.74 pp 39-68 The northeastern flank of the range is underlain by an intrusive granite also of Jurassic age.

The town is underlain by of mine shafts. These may have contributed to the subsidence that destroyed some of Jerome's buildings, which slid slowly downhill during the first half of the 20th century. The United Verde open pit, about deep, is on the edge of town next to Cleopatra Hill. The side of the pit consists of Precambrian gabbro.

The Muskeg Formation is disconformably overlain by the Watt Mountain Formation and conformably underlain by the Keg River Formation. It is correlated with the Pine Point Formation, Presqu'ile Formation and Sulphur Point Formation. It grades into the halite-rich Prairie Evaporite Formation to the southeast through a decrease in its anhydrite content and an increase in its halite content.

The Dissected Springfield Plateau–Elk River Hills are underlain by cherty limestone of the Mississippian Boone Formation and contain many karst features. Cold, perennial, spring-fed streams occur. It is more rugged and wooded than the lithologically similar Springfield Plateau and the lithologically dissimilar Central Plateau. Potential natural vegetation is oak–hickory and oak–hickory–pine forests.

Osmia bicolor is found in Europe and western Asia from southern Great Britain in the west east to Turkestan, it is found as far north as southern Scandinavia and Finland, and south as far as Spain and the Romania. It occurs in grasslands and open deciduous woodland over calcareous soils underlain by rocks such as limestone and chalk.

The farm is underlain by the oolitic limestone of the Wiltshire Cotswolds, and there are two parts a dry combe to the east and part of the flood plain of the By Brook to the west. Rocks of the Midford Sands of the Bridport Formation emerge at the base of the limestone where it meets the floodplain.

Some parts of the world, including substantial portions of the western USA, are underlain by relatively shallow geothermal resources.What is Geothermal? Similar conditions exist in Iceland, parts of Japan, and other geothermal hot spots around the world. In these areas, water or steam may be captured from natural hot springs and piped directly into radiators or heat exchangers.

The Shenandoah Valley is underlain with limestone and also has karst topography, forming caves throughout the region. Rainwater becomes slightly acidic as it seeps through the soil. The acid slowly erodes the calcium carbonate, the main component of limestone, creating caves, sinkholes and springs throughout the landscape. There are many cave and caverns throughout the surrounding area.

It is part of the Birimian rocks, of the Ashanti Gold Belt. It is situated in the Bougouni basin and is underlain by sedimentary rocks of the Upper Birimian Group. The Morila-Syama Gold Belt (known as Morila mine) is located towards the east of the Bougouni basin and is one of the largest gold mines in the area.

Sahagun Bk 5: 8; Bk 2: 5:9; Bk 2:24:68–69 A jaguar- shaped cuauhxicalli in the National Museum of Anthropology. This altar-like stone vessel was used to hold the hearts of sacrificial victims. See also chacmool. A great deal of cosmological thought seems to have underlain each of the Aztec sacrificial rites.

The weak visibility of the postulated plume in tomographic images of the lower mantle and the geochemical evidence for eclogite in the mantle source have led to the theory that Iceland is not underlain by a mantle plume at all, but that the volcanism there results from processes related to plate tectonics and is restricted to the upper mantle.

The Palliser Formation is disconformably overlain by the Exshaw Formation and conformably underlain by the Alexo Formation. It is equivalent to the Wabamun Group in central Alberta, to the middle part of the Three Forks Formation in Saskatchewan and Montana and to the Tetcho Formation and Kotcho Formation in the Fort Nelson area of British Columbia.

However, the comparison of Nayachar with Jurong is inappropriate, to say the least. Original seven islets of Jurong, off Singapore, is underlain by hard sandstones of Late Triassic Jurong Formation. It is situated in a micro-tidal sea and is not a riverine island as the Nayachar. Geologic, geomorphic and hydrodynamic setting of the two are not comparable.

The geology of the Gambia is defined by thick and comparatively recent sequences of sediments and sedimentary rocks, deposited in the last 66 million years. The country is underlain almost entirely by geologically recent Cenozoic sedimentary rocks. Much deeper basement rocks are likely present, although they are not well understood. Most research has focused on oil and groundwater exploration.

The Celebes Sea is underlain by an oceanic plate with a mid oceanic spreading in the center part. This plate is subducted to the south and north. A number of seismic surveys and research drillings were done in this area to gather geological information. The geology of Sulawesi Sea has been described in the Geology of Indonesia Wikibook.

Subsequent to amalgamation of the Wyoming crust to Laurentia at ca. 1.8–1.9 Ga, Paleoproterozoic crust (1.7–2.4 Ga) was juxtaposed along the southern and western boundaries of the province. Subsequent tectonism and magmatism in the Wyoming region are concentrated in the areas underlain by these Proterozoic mobile belts. An analysis by Kevin Chamberlain et al.

Micheldever is a village in Hampshire, England, situated north of Winchester. It lies upon the River Dever . The river, and village, formerly part of Stratton Park, lie on a Hampshire grass downland, underlain with chalk and flint. Parts of the river now disappear in summer through lack of replenishment, evaporation and, more specifically, the porous nature of the bedrock.

Macon Ridge is underlain almost entirely by Pleistocene glacial outwash deposits that were transported to Arkansas by the Mississippi River and deposited by braided streams. It is veneered by windblown silt deposits (i.e. loess) like Ecoregions 73e, 73g, and 74a. Soils are influenced by loess and contrast with the alluvial soils of Ecoregions 73a and 73h.

The western shore of Lake Ainslie, looking north, at Hayes River, Nova Scotia. Lake Ainslie was formed during the Pleistocene Epoch, about two million years ago, when glacial outwash blocked the drainage of the valley of Loch Ban. It is underlain primarily by sedimentary deposits of the Horton and Windsor Formations, dating back about 350 million years.

Corona Heights Playground and the Randall Museum are located within the Corona Heights Park. The whole area is underlain by Franciscan chert bedrock, and a large percentage of the hill is barren. At the hilltop, the chert bedrock in terra cotta red is clearly visible. The steps leading up to the peak are not supported by handrails.

It was emplaced between 69 and 43 Ma near Lhasa and between 54 and 37 Ma in southwestern Tibet. It is slightly folded and slopes gently to the north. The formation is unconformably underlain by Cretaceous sedimentary sequences more than thick, which are strongly folded. Magmatism continued in the Gangdese arc until as late as 40 Ma.

Utility conduits and piping are encased within the final layer of shotcrete in the walls and arch and placed under the concrete floor slab. Reinforced concrete slabs are usually 6 in. (15 cm) thick and are underlain by subdrain. To support their varied uses, wine cave complexes may contain as many as 13 different utility systems.

Web Soil Survey The majority of the preserve, away from the bluffs, is underlain by acidic sandy loam Ultisols of the Cataula, Hiwassee, Louisburg, and Pacolet series typical of the South Carolina Piedmont. These upland soils support mixed pine and hardwood forest over most of the preserve except in the southwest corner which has pure stands of pine.

On the west the low foothills of the Appalachian Mountains mingle with a low flat made by the Rondout Creek and Sandburgh Creek, the Basha Kill and various small kills, as well as the Neversink River and Delaware River at the southern end. These adjacent valleys are underlain by relatively weak sedimentary rock (e.g., sandstone, shale, limestone).

Alabaster Caverns State Park is underlain by Permian age sedimentary rocks (~300 to 250 million years old). The main cavern extends into the formation, is about wide and high. The cavern branches into boulder formations and smaller caves. A small perennial stream now flows through the cavern, fed by various lateral tunnels and seepage from the roof.

The stem surface is made of scattered bundles of caulocystidia (cystidia on the stem) that are brown or sometimes hyaline in KOH, club-shaped to subcylindrical bundles interspersed among hyaline cells. These bundles are underlain by a layer of gelatinous, hyaline, vertically oriented and parallel hyphae that are shaped like narrow cylinders. Clamp connections are absent from the hyphae.

Blue Ridge Mountain consists mostly of anticlinal Catoctin Greenstone and is not underlain by Old Rag Granite, as is the Blue Ridge south of Manassas Gap. This is why the mountain is more ridgelike and less rugged than sections to the south. The greenstone was deposited during the Catoctin Formation and uplifted during the Alleghenian Orogeny.

The Spray Lakes Group comprises the quartzose sandstones of the Tunnel Mountain Formation and its equivalents in the lower part, and the dolomites and limestones of the Kananaskis Formation in the upper part. It is unconformably overlain by the Permian-age strata of the Ishbel Group, and underlain by the Late Mississippian strata of the Rundle Group.

The Cato Trough or Chesterfield Trough is an oceanic trough in the Coral Sea of the South Pacific Ocean. It separates the continental crust of Australia and Zealandia to within and has a depth of . The trough is underlain by oceanic crust, having formed as a result of seafloor spreading from about 63 to 50 million years ago.

Glanapterygine phylogeny indicates the evolution of the group followed a trend of decreasing dependence on leaf litter and increasing association with sand. Listrura species occur in shallow-water leaf-litter deposits underlain by mud or deeper layers of leaf litter. Little is known about the habitats of the species of Glanapteryx, but information available indicates they have been collected in association with leaf litter underlain with sand. By contrast, Pygidianops and Typhlobelus are entirely disassociated from leaf litter, and occupy exclusively clear water, loose sand; some species have been found to live exclusively in the substratum of the sand (rather than on the sand surface or in the water column above the sand), which could be the first vertebrates identified to be part of the meiofauna of benthic organisms.

Most of the mountain is underlain by the Tobacco Root Batholith, a body of granite intruded about 75 million years ago during the Late Cretaceous Period. The Tobacco Root Batholith is often called a satellite of the much larger Boulder Batholith. Parts of Mt. Jefferson- Hollowtop contain Archean metamorphic rocks. Intrusion of the batholith produced considerable mineralization along northwest-trending faults.

The northwest face lies along the valley of the Rio Grande and the southern face lies along Rio Pueblo and Embudo River. The area was first visited by Europeans on July 13, 1598, when Juan de Oñate visited Picuris Pueblo. The range is underlain by Precambrian rock beds of the Hondo Group and Vadito Group.. It is the namesake for the Picuris orogeny.

Most of the island is underlain by ultramafic rock such as serpentinite, which provides a poor balance of nutrients to soils that develop on it. Limited areas of fertile non-ultramafic soils occur around the island's northern end and in small pockets elsewhere. Forests on the island are dominated by Douglas-fir. The magnesium-rich bedrock supports a considerable population of Seaside Juniper.

Eastern Western Sahara is underlain by Archean rocks in the Reguibat Shield. Ouled Dhlim, a unit of the Mauritanid Orogen outcrops in south-central Western Sahara, while the Zemmour Domain is the southern extent of the Anti-Atlas Domain in Morocco. The western part of the country is made up of coastal basin sediments and the south has extensive sand dunes.

The elevation near the mouth of Beth Run is above sea level. The elevation of the stream's source between above sea level. The surficial geology along most of the length of Beth Run consists of a till known as Wisconsinan Till. In the stream's upper reaches, alluvium is present as well and some of the Wisconsinan Till is underlain by glacial lake clays.

Over 1 million ounces of gold have been recovered from placer deposits in the Circle district. Uplands with thousands of feet of generally mild relief are underlain by a complex metamorphic terrane intruded by a broad range of igneous rocks. Many gold occurrences are known, but no gold lodes are identified. Placer mining has been reported for every year since 1894.

The Peace River Formation is a sub-division of the Fort St. John Group. It is conformably overlain by the Shaftesbury Formation shale and is conformably underlain by the Spirit River Formation. It is equivalent to the Commotion Formation in British Columbia and to the Scatter Formation in the Liard River area. It correlates to the Buckinghorse Formation in north-eastern British Columbia.

The Central Plateau is an undulating to hilly portion of the Salem Plateau that is dominated by agriculture. Ecoregion 39d is largely underlain by cherty Ordovician dolomite and limestone; it is lithologically distinct from another slightly dissected part of the Ozarks, the Springfield Plateau. Karst features occur. The Central Plateau is less rugged and wooded than Ecoregions 38, 39b, and 39c.

The Geopark extends across territory underlain by sedimentary rocks of Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian and Triassic age together with some limited outcrops of igneous rocks. Coal, ironstone, limestone, fireclay, brick clay and building stones have all been exploited in the area in the last few centuries. Evidence is also present for the margins of both the Anglian icesheet and the Devensian icesheet.

Mélange occurrences are associated with thrust faulted terranes in orogenic belts. A mélange is formed in the accretionary wedge above a subduction zone. The ultramafic ophiolite sequences which have been obducted onto continental crust are typically underlain by a mélange. Smaller-scale localized mélanges may also occur in shear or fault zones, where coherent rock has been disrupted and mixed by shearing forces.

Captain Cove is a cove located within the traditional territory of the Gitxaala Nation, on Pitt Island, British Columbia, Canada. Currently named after Captain Holmes Newcombe of the Fisheries Department. The cove is long and between wide, and contains several islets, approximately east of Captain Point. The cove is underlain by the large Captain Cove Pluton dating to the Albian (109±6Ma).

Of the four Cascade arcs, this belt contains the second most volcanoes, and its volcanoes are predominantly made of calc-alkalic to tholeiitic to basaltic andesite lava.Korosec et al. (1983), pp. 183–184. Goats Rocks and its immediate vicinity are underlain by pre-Tertiary greywacke and argillite, and these deposits are cut by several prominent northward-trending faults.Church and Close (1984), p. 1063.

The coast of Davis Strait in western Greenland The Davis Strait is underlain by complex geological features of buried grabens (basins) and ridges, probably formed by strike-slip faulting during Paleogene times about 45 million to 62 million years ago. The strike-slip faulting transferred plate-tectonic motions in the Labrador Sea to Baffin Bay. It is the world's broadest strait.

Qu Yuan is the protagonist and author of much of the Chu ci opus: whether or not he wrote the Jiu ge pieces while he was in exile is an open question. Certainly the work appears underlain by earlier tradition, as well as possible editing during the reign of Han Wudi. Whether he makes a cameo appearance is also not known.

The Crowsnest Formation is the uppermost unit of the Blairmore Group. Exposures along the Crowsnest Highway (Highway 3) and the railroad west of Coleman are the type locality. It is underlain by the Ma Butte Formation (also known as the Mill Creek Formation). The contact is gradational, with volcanic fragments becoming progressively more common toward the top of the Ma Butte Formation.

Homberg lies in the transitional zone between the West Hesse Depression, a sunken area dating from the Tertiary subera, and the Knüll (or Knüllgebirge), a low mountain range. The town itself stretches over several hills underlain mainly with basalt. The river Efze flows from the Knüll through Homberg, later emptying into the river Schwalm. There exist small coal deposits in the immediate area.

The Horn River Formation is overlain by the Fort Simpson Formation and underlain by the limestones of the Lonely Bay Formation, Nahanni Formation or Pine Point Formation. It is equivalent to the Slave Point Formation. In the Northwest Territories it includes the Muskwa Formation, and the Waterways Member of the Hay River Formation. It includes the pinnacle reefs of the Horn Plateau Formation.

It is underlain by a Silurian bedrock aquifer complex. Cities on top of the aquifer include Gary, Hammond, and East Chicago. The aquifer sits in unconsolidated deposits of fine sand and glacial till in the Calumet Lacustrine Plain, with some occasional lenses of peat and gravel and areas of slag fill. As a result, it is especially vulnerable to contamination from surface sources.

Danxia landform is formed from red-coloured sandstones and conglomerates of largely Cretaceous age. The landforms look very much like karst topography that forms in areas underlain by limestones, but since the rocks that form danxia are sandstones and conglomerates, they have been called "pseudo-karst" landforms. They were formed by endogenous forces (including uplift) and exogenous forces (including weathering and erosion).

There is an unconformity where the Karoo rocks of the basin overlie much older rocks. The southern flank of the basin is underlain by Waterberg Group rocks, which form between two-thirds and three-fourths of the basin floor. Mafic rocks of the Limpopo Belt underlie the basin floor in the northeast. The Bushveld Complex underlies the basin in the southeast.

Two-thirds of the west of the state are underlain by lignite, which was mined for fuel by Native Americans and by American explorers, Lewis and Clark. Before 1902, mining was done by hand limited by more than 10 feet of overburden. However, the introduction of heavy equipment increased mining efforts. In areas, old mine shafts have collapsed, pitting the overlying landscape.

At Vanishing Falls, the Salisbury River flows over a dolerite plateau underlain by limestone. The river flows over the edge of the dolerite sill and drains straight into a cave system in the limestone, a phenomenon attributed to karst processes. The above-ground channel downstream of the plunge pool flows only during floods. The Salisbury River is a tributary of the New River.

The elevation near the mouth of Sugar Run is above sea level. The elevation of the stream's source is between above sea level. The surficial geology in the vicinity of the mouth of Sugar Run consists of alluvium and alluvial fan. Slightly further upstream, there is a till known as Wisconsinan Till, which is underlain with glacial lake clays in some reaches.

The Muskiki Formationis is part of the Smoky Group. It is conformably underlain by the Cardium Formation and conformably overlain by the Bad Heart Formation. The Kaskapau Formation in northern Alberta replaces the upper Blackstone Formation, the Cardium Formation, and the Muskiki Formation. Where the Kaskapau Formation includes post Cardium beds, the Muskiki is considered a member of the Wapiabi Formation.

A typical streetscape in Fyshwick Most of the north of Fyshwick is underlain by Canberra Formation, calcareous shale. On top of this to the east and west of Jerrabomberra creek are Tertiary pebble gravels, and also quaternary alluvium. There are two andesite dykes intruded across Gladstone Street. South of the South Fyshwick fault is the dacitic andesite of the Ainslie Volcanics.

Wildlife includes geese, ducks, caribou, moose, beaver, bear, wolves, wolverine, marten, rabbit, muskrat, otter, and other species. Winter roads constructed each December link Attawapiskat First Nation with Fort Albany First Nation, Kashechewan, Moosonee and Moose Factory to the south. (Minkin 2008:1) The fertile soil (0.8 meters deep) is underlain by clay and silt. It is normal for the river to rise .

Borehole, seismic and other geophysical survey evidence suggest that the entire region is underlain at depth by rocks of Silurian age though these do not occur at or near the surface.Lee, J.R. et al. (eds) 2015 British Regional Geology: East Anglia 5th Edn. Keyworth, Nottingham BGS pp8-9 Much of this region of England is believed to have been emergent i.e.

Fluorite mineral specimen from Hardin County According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land and (2.2%) is water. It is the second-smallest county in Illinois by area. Hicks Dome () is a geological feature in Hardin County. The Hicks Dome is underlain by ultramafic igneous rocks and igneous diatremes or breccia pipes.

In its headwaters in the Vienna Woods, the soil is underlain by sandstone. Because of this, during heavy rain the soil quickly saturates, resulting in substantial runoff. Thus, the flow of the Wien can quickly increase from a creek-like to in the heaviest rains or during the spring snowmelt in the Vienna Woods, a ratio of over 1:2000.

Thereafter, Woodward enjoyed significant growth due to the opening and location of oil field service and drilling companies in Woodward. In addition to hydrocarbons, many portions of Woodward County are underlain by one of the world's largest deposits of iodine. Since 1977, numerous companies have explored for and produced crude iodine in Woodward County. Woodward Iodine and Deepwater Chemicals are located in Woodward.

Some of the most common permafrost locations are located in the Northern Hemisphere. Almost a quarter of the Northern Hemisphere is underlain by permafrost, including 85% of Alaska, Greenland, Canada and Siberia. It can also be located in the Southern Hemisphere, just on mountain tops. Permafrost frequently occurs in ground ice, but it also can be presented in non-porous bedrock.

Geologically Jebel Ghawil constitutes a formation with Jebel Suweini. It consists of Triassic limestone, which is said to be "underlain by a thick sequence of pillow lavas, which are partly imbricated with cherts". There are three sills intruded into basaltic lavas and tuffs dated to the late Triassic and its sills reportedly give K-Ar ages on separated biotites of 93-4 ±4Ma.

The geology is diverse and is typically limestone at valley floors (around elevation) and sandstone on ridges (to around 1,000 feet). The constituent bedrock is composed primarily of Mississippian aged St. Louis, and Warsaw limestones with Fort Payne chert underlain by Chattanooga Shale that forms a large part of the escarpment. This area is mostly undulating plains, hills, and karst.

The rocks underlying Burnett Village and the immediately surrounding fields are the limestones and shales of the Lias Group.British Geological Survey, Geology of the Bristol district: the Lower Jurassic rocks. Memoir for 1:63,360 Bristol geological special sheet. 1984. The village itself is underlain by Blue Lias limestones, while the White Lias is found in the fields to the immediate south and west.

It is a complex formation containing coal seams and is made up of clay and shales. Coal was locally worked near Burnett in the past. South of the fault, towards Compton Dando, the red colour of the fields indicates that the valley is underlain by the Mercia Mudstone. In the floodplain of the river there are alluvial deposits of clay soils.

To the north is the Regina Lake Plain, which is lower in elevation. The Missouri Coteau from whence the hills arise, is lower than these hills. Between the Alberta and Saskatchewan Plains is the Missouri Coteau, dead ice moraine, a major escarpment, a long meandering ridge of hill country. The area is probably underlain with marine shale of the Bearpaw Formation.

The Treasure Valley ecoregion (named for the Treasure Valley) is an unglaciated rolling valley containing many canals and incised rivers. Elevation varies from 2,000 to 2,800 feet (640 to 853 m). The valley is underlain by Quaternary alluvium, loess, lacustrine, and alluvial fan deposits. Soils have an aridic moisture regime, and they originally supported sagebrush-grassland before the valley was converted to agriculture.

A solution lake is a lake occupying a basin formed by surface dissolution of bedrock. In areas underlain by soluble bedrock, its solution by precipitation and percolating water commonly produce cavities. These cavities frequently collapse to form sinkholes that form part of the local karst topography. Where groundwater lies near the grounds surface, a sinkhole will be filled water as a solution lake.

The Roanoke area, like most of Illinois, is underlain by rich veins of coal. The second coal shaft in Woodford County was sunk in Roanoke in 1881. Miners went down 480 feet to discover a vein of high quality coal thirty inches thick. The longest tunnel ran about two miles east and a little north of town on a downward slope.

The town sits on a plain underlain by the Galena Limestone formation. There are many sinkholes in this plain south of Waukon. To the north, a tongue of Galena Limestone underlies Iron Hill.Jesse V. Howell, The Galena Formation, The Iron Ores of Iron Hill Near Waukon Iowa, Annual Report with Accompanying Papers, 1914, Iowa Geological Survey, Des Moines, 1916; pp. 50–51.

Kingston is within the Mixedwood Plains Ecozone, and is dominated in the Kingston area by a mixture of deciduous and coniferous tree species and abundant water resources.Ecological Framework of Canada – Mixedwood Plains Ecozone . Retrieved April 30, 2016Landforms and Climate of the Mixedwood Plains Ecozone. (Archived). Retrieved April 30, 2016 The region is underlain mostly by Ordovician limestone of the Black River Group.

The Turnpike Bluff Group is a sedimentary sequence of rocks exposed on the south flank of the Shackleton Range. The sequence includes basal clastics and quartzite, followed by carbonate-bearing clastics with Riphean age stromatolite colonies, and capped by over 1 km of greywacke and quartzitic arenite, alternating with pelite. The sequence is underlain unconformably by an Archean granitoid basement (1400 Ma). Metamorphism occurred at 526 Ma.

The Eastern Batholith ecoregion is located in the easternmost portion of the Idaho Batholith, which is just northwest of the Continental Divide. The region is forested and mountainous. Its surface waters tend to be very low in alkalinity, which is caused by its underlain intrusive rocks of the Cretaceous Idaho Batholith. Alkalinity is the measure of a solution's capacity to neutralize or buffer acids.

The forested White River Hills ecoregion is a highly dissected portion of the Salem Plateau that is underlain by cherty Ordovician dolomite and limestone. Soils are usually thin, rocky, steep, and nonarable. Flat land is uncommon except along the White River. Ecoregion 39c is lithologically unlike another highly dissected portion of the Ozarks, Ecoregion 39b, where Mississippian cherty limestone of the Boone Formation predominates.

Exploration conducted at Lac Dinga to date has confirmed the presence of multiple potash seams with individual sample grades of up to 25% KCl (~15.8% K2O). Results received to date indicate that the Project host potash mineralisation consistent with the Congolese coastal basin, with about 250km2 of the licence area interpreted to be underlain by salt-bearing strata, underpinning the potential to host significant commercial potash deposits.

The basin that held Pleistocene Lake Musselshell is in the lower (north- flowing) reach of the river. It is underlain mostly by highly erodible Cretaceous Colorado shale, Montana group sandstone, siltstone and shale, and Hell Creek sandstone and shale. The bedrock is gently folded and affected by local faults and joints. There is a sequence of nine terraces and more than 100 glacial boulders.

North-facing slopes support mesic forests. The region is underlain by Pennsylvanian sandstone, shale and siltstone that contrasts with the limestone and dolomite that dominates the Ozark Highlands. Water quality in streams reflects geology, soils, and land use, and is typically exceptional; mineral, nutrient, and solid concentrations as well as turbidity all tend to be very low. During the summer, many streams do not flow.

The catchment area is flat or gently undulating, and few well-defined drainage courses are found. Surrounding catchments also have mature landforms but also have a degree of dissection with reasonably well defined drainage lines. Some of the surrounding lakes include Lake Matilda and Lake Balicup. The entire area is underlain by sediments of Tertiary or Quaternary age, which overlay Precambrian granites and migmatites.

The formation was defined in Erfurt-Melchendorf in 1830 by Franz Xaver Hofmann and named for the nearby town of Erfurt. The Erfurt Formation is underlain by the Upper Muschelkalk. The lower boundary to the Erfurt Formation is the "Lettenkohlensandstein" in northern Germany and the "Grenz-bone-beds" in southern Germany. The formation is a sequence of dolomite, lacustrine limestones, claystone, evaporites, and fluviatile sandstones.

Butler Knob is a peak on the Jacks Mountain ridge in south central Pennsylvania in the United States. The "Knobs" summit is underlain with weather resistant quartzite of the Tuscarora Formation (Silurian Age). Butler Knob is accessible by a rough road, where there is a closed firetower on the summit. The firetower presently hold a weather station that gives current forecasts for the area (see link below).

The lake has been estimated to be between 15,000 and 30,000 years old. It is underlain by layers containing fossils of various ages, including the lower Pliocene Goose Creek Limestone and the lower Pleistocene Waccamaw Formation. In 2008 a whale fossil was found in the lake. Scientists have removed the bones of a whale that they say may date back 1 - 3 million years.

The terrain is mostly forest underlain by sedimentary rocks, covered by a mantle of glacial drift as much as 1,000 feet thick. Glacial moraines, outwash plains, deltas, lacustrine deposits, and old shorelines are common. Soils originating from these landscapes are predominately sand. Aquifers within glacial deposits are common and feed thousands of miles of cold water streams at a relatively constant rate throughout the year.

Serpentine Ridge. The Kalmiopsis Wilderness is part of the Klamath Mountain geologic province of northwestern California and southwestern Oregon. The eastern half is part of the Josephine "ultramafic" sheet, meaning it has a very high iron and magnesium content. The western half of the Wilderness is underlain by the sedimentary rocks of the Dothan formation and by the igneous intrusive rocks of the Big Craggies.

The Haynesville Shale is overlain by sandstone of the Cotton Valley Group and underlain by limestone of the Smackover Formation.Ground Water Protection Council and ALL Consulting (2009) Modern Shale Gas Development in the United States: A Primer. Reported prepared under contract no. DE-FG26-04NT15455 for U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Fossil Energy and National Energy Technology Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington DC. 96 pp.

The island is underlain by Cambrian-age quartzite. Angular blocks of this hard rock are visible on the surface over much of the island. The soil is a stony sandy loam podzol which has developed on acidic, nutrient-poor quartzite till. Over parts of the island, this till is covered with clay which is nutrient-rich and much less stony, but poorly drained and classified as gleysol.

The basins and semi-arid uplands of the Carbonate Sagebrush Valleys surround the carbonate ranges of eastern Nevada. These valleys are underlain by limestone or dolomite. The combination of summer moisture and a limestone or dolomite substrate affects regional vegetation, particularly in terms of species dominance and elevational distribution. The substrate favors shrubs, such as black sagebrush and winterfat, that can tolerate shallow soil.

The text sets up a number of controversies that have underlain Chinese philosophy and political thinking. For example, one major controversy has been to define exactly the investigation of things. What things are to be investigated and how has been one of the crucial issues of Chinese philosophy. One of the first steps to understanding The Great Learning is to understand how to "investigate things".

In this area, the soil is underlain by layers of Paleozoic limestone and a granite bedrock. The granite often extends above the ground surface as large rock outcroppings. Both layers are prominent in the Jones Creek ravine. It interchanges at its midpoint with Highway 137, the Ontario approach to the Thousand Islands Bridge which continues as Interstate 81 south of the Canada–United States border.

South of Texarkana, the Floodplains and Low Terraces eco-region follows the Sulphur River. It contains frequently flooded forested wetlands, natural levees, swales, oxbow lakes, and meander scars. Longitudinal channel gradients are low and are less than in the Ouachita Mountains. North of the low terraces, a small strip of Pleistocene Fluvial Terraces ecoregion contains level, poorly-drained, periodically wet soils underlain by Pleistocene unconsolidated terrace deposits.

The area surrounding the town is underlain by the Triassic sedimentary rocks of the Gettysburg Formation. Generally, conglomerate is present on the north side of town and shale is present to the south. Also, a basalt flow intrudes through the Gettysburg Formation near the town.Wood, C. R., 1980, Groundwater resources of the Gettysburg and Hammer Creek Formations, southeastern Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Geological Survey, 4th ser.

The coalfield area is underlain by Coal Measures which consist mainly of mudstone with beds of sandstone and many seams of coal. The sandstones resist erosion so they form a recurring pattern of escarpments that stand out from the shallow mudstone floors of the valleys. The major rivers crossing the area have carved broad valleys which have been glaciated and are floored by fertile alluvial deposits.

The area is underlain at shallower depths by the pure marine limestones of the Chalk Group though, within the park, these rocks are not seen at the surface except in a very small area on its extreme northwestern margin in the parish of Hale where the Portsdown Chalk Formation is exposed. Elsewhere its presence has been proven in boreholes e.g. at Bunker's Hill, Copythorne.

The Tagaytay loam contains fine sandy materials, moderately friable, and easy to work on when moist. In an undisturbed condition, it bakes and becomes hard when dry. About one-half of this soil type is devoted to upland rice and upland crops. On the other hand, Tagaytay sandy loam is friable and granular with considerable amount of volcanic sand and underlain by adobe clay.

The Arkansas Valley is, characteristically, diverse and transitional. It generally coincides with the Arkoma Basin, an oil and gas province, that developed as sand and mud were deposited in a depression north of the rising Ouachita Mountains during the Mississippian and Pennsylvanian eras. The Arkansas Valley contains plains, hills, floodplains, terraces, and scattered mountains. It is largely underlain by interbedded Pennsylvanian sandstone, shale, and siltstone.

In Rameswaram Island, the fluvio-marine deposits include indurated sand and dune sands. Chitrangudi Bird Sanctuary spot-billed pelican The Aeolian deposits comprise red sands which are in nature of ancient dunes and occur over a 3.2 km wide and 8 km long stretch and lie parallel to the sea coast. These are separated by marshy deposits of black clays. The sands are underlain by calcareous hardpan.

The San Joaquin soil was first recognized in the survey of the Fresno Area in 1900.Soil Survey Around Fresno Area, California, by T.H. Means and J.G. Holmes, 1900. At that time it was mapped as San Joaquin sandy loam on the "Red Formation" and characterized as being underlain by a "red sandstone hardpan." The soil was described as having a hog wallow (mound and swale) relief.

Lying on the edge of the Scafell Syncline, the various strata dip to the east. The summit area is formed from a dacite lava flow (Scafell Dacite), directly underlain by the Lingmell Formation. This tuff, lapilli tuff and breccia outcrops a little to the west of the summit. Around Beck Head is evidence of the Crinkle Member, welded rhyolitic tuff and lapilli-tuff with some breccia.

Kues and Giles 2004, pp.98-100 More recently, Lucas et al. have recommended abandoning the names Los Moyos Formation and Wild Cow Formation and using Grey Mesa Formation and Atrasado Formation throughout the Madera Group. The group is underlain at most locations by the Sandia Formation, with its base typically placed at the first massive marine limestone bed above the shales of the Sandia Formation.

Lake Okeechobee sits in a shallow geological trough that also underlies the Kissimmee River Valley and the Everglades. The trough is underlain by clay deposits that compacted more than the limestone and sand deposits did along both coasts of peninsular Florida. Until about 6,000 years ago, the trough was dry land. As the sea level rose, the water table in Florida also rose and rainfall increased.

The strata are underlain and overlain by sandstones, and the upper are gypsiferous. The formation was deposited in a calm near-shore marine to brackish lagoonal environment with possibly fluvial influence.Cerro La Cruz at Fossilworks.org Elements of the fauna are consistent with the hypothesis that a tributary and/or delta of the Orinoco existed in this area of northwestern Venezuela during Early Miocene times.

Estradiol levels during the menstrual cycle. Catamenial epilepsy is a form of epilepsy in women where seizures are exacerbated during certain phases of the menstrual cycle. Seizures may rarely occur only during certain parts of the cycle, but are more commonly only more frequent. Catamenial epilepsy is underlain by hormonal fluctuations of the menstrual cycle where estrogens promote seizures and progesterone counteracts seizure activity.

It is a gently rolling terraced region, much of it underlain by Miocene brown coal seams. The height of the terrain varies between 120 and 170 metres above sea level. The dunes, which were created by wind action about 10,000 years ago during the postglacial period of the Weichselian Ice Age, form the largest area of inland dunes in Germany.Wolfsregion Lausitz at www.wolf-sachsen.de.

San Jose's total land area of is generally underlain by well-bedded and moderately undulating terrain. The rock unit is probably part of the Mawo Volcanics, which is widespread in Northern Samar. The terrain is diversely oriented with inclination angles ranging from 10 degrees to 14 degrees. In the surveyed area, mangrove swamps dominate the western part of the municipality which extends to its northern coastline.

Much of the earthquake damage was due to soil liquefaction, causing the collapse of houses and a number of road and rail accidents. The degree of liquefaction was the worst seen in Japan since the 1964 Niigata earthquake. The greatest effects were observed in areas underlain by loose Holocene aeolian and fluvial sands. Four people were killed by the effects of the earthquake shaking.

The Volcanics ecoregion consists of steeply sloping mountains and capes underlain by fractured basaltic rocks. Elevation generally varies from 600 to 4100 feet (180 to 1250 m), although in some places the volcanic rock extends down to sea level. The region is marked by columnar and pillow basalt outcrops. Its mountains may have been offshore seamounts engulfed by continental sediments about 200 million years ago.

The Western Cascades Montane Highlands ecoregion is characterized by steeply sloping, dissected mountains with high to medium gradient streams and glacial rock-basin lakes. Elevation varies from . The western Cascades are older and more eroded than the lava plateau and prominent snow-covered cones of the High Cascades to the east. They are underlain by dark basalt in contrast to the gray andesite of the High Cascades.

The Umatilla Plateau ecoregion, named for the Umatilla who originally inhabited the area, is characterized by a nearly level to rolling, treeless plateau, underlain by basalt and veneered with loess deposits. Elevation varies from 1,000 to 3,200 feet (300 to 980 m). Glacial features such as patterned ground are common. Areas with thick loess deposits are farmed for dryland winter wheat or irrigated alfalfa and barley.

The entire region is underlain by Mesozoic rocks of the Franciscan formation, a complex of raw to slightly metamorphic sedimentary rocks. This formation is generally soft and easily weathered, so that soil development is good, with unweathered regolith at depths of about in most areas. Rock outcrops are few, and where they do occur, shallow soils and exposure combine to make such sites ecologically unique.

The external embankment face is grassed whilst the internal face has stone pitching over the upper part and concrete over the lower part. It has a maximum surface area of water of and a capacity of . The reservoir is underlain by the St Maughan's Formation of the Lower Devonian age. Glacial till deposits of the Devonian age form part of the northern shore of the reservoir.

Kambah as viewed from Mount Taylor to the north Kambah is underlain by Silurian volcanics. Rhyodacitic ignimbrite in the form of grey rhyodacitic and dacitic crystal tuff is under most of Kambah apart from the eastern corner. These are Laidlaw Volcanics aged 420.7±2.2 mya of Ludlow Age. In the east of Kambah alongside Athllon Drive can be found green-grey, purple and cream rhyolite, agglomerate, purple tuff or rhyodacite.

Prepared by the Bureau of Topographic and Geologic Survey for the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. Last updated 2008. In addition to diabase, Haycock Mountain features a large area underlain by hornfels, or local sedimentary rock that has been baked by the heat of the magma intrusion. The baked rock is most prominent within a few hundred feet of the intrusion, appearing as a dark gray hornfels.

Where groundwater does exist in these groups, it aggregates along fractures, formed by old bedding plains. Much of Sierra Leone's territory is underlain by weathered bedrock regolith. There is very little clay in the 20 meter thick weathered section, which is mostly metal oxides, although the lowest layers near the intact, unweathered basement rock tends to high concentrations of clay. Fractures in the unweathered rock store and transmit groundwater.

The Isakov Terrane is a series of imbricated volcanic and sedimentary units containing ophiolite, which is underlain be volcanics, metamorphics and sedimentary rock. Unconformably overlying it is the Vorogovka group, a series of basins which were thrust over the Isakov. This terrane overlies the Central Angara terrane, having been thrust eastward over it. The Central Angara Terrane is intruded by alkaline granites with NNW trend in the elongated bodies.

The Glaciated Bitterroot Mountains and Canyons ecoregion is spread out by volcanic ash and sediment left from glaciers. It is characteristically underlain by granite. The summits of mountains are high enough here to capture moisture from the Pacific Ocean, unlike in nearby ecoregions. Common vegetation includes grand fir, Douglas-fir, and western larch, while Engelmann spruce and subalpine fir can be found on north-facing slopes and at high elevations.

Earth's lithosphere includes the crust and the uppermost mantle, which constitutes the hard and rigid outer layer of the Earth. The lithosphere is subdivided into tectonic plates. The uppermost part of the lithosphere that chemically reacts to the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere through the soil-forming process is called the pedosphere. The lithosphere is underlain by the asthenosphere which is the weaker, hotter, and deeper part of the upper mantle.

The total area of the Exmoor National Park is , of which 71% is in Somerset and 29% in Devon. The upland area is underlain by sedimentary rocks dating from the Devonian and early Carboniferous periods with Triassic and Jurassic age rocks on lower slopes. Where these reach the coast, cliffs are formed which are cut with ravines and waterfalls. It was recognised as a heritage coast in 1991.

Most of the soils throughout the counties surrounding the Kankakee are loamy (up to a quarter clay, quarter to half silt, with less than half being sand).Soil Survey, p 110 The outwash plain is underlain by sand, with gravel inter-bedded throughout. The prevailing westerly winds began to treat the shores of "Lake Kankakee" like the shores of Lake Michigan. Dunes began to form along the southern and eastern shoreline.

Cheddar Gorge c. 1907 The area is underlain by Black Rock slate, Burrington Oolite and Clifton Down Limestone of the Carboniferous Limestone Series, which contain ooliths and fossil debris on top of Old Red Sandstone, and by Dolomitic Conglomerate of the Keuper. Evidence for Variscan orogeny is seen in the sheared rock and cleaved shales. In many places weathering of these strata has resulted in the formation of immature calcareous soils.

Most of the Qarhan Playa is solid halite underlain by a layer of brine to about under the soil,. and it holds enormous reserves of salt, with solid layers extending between . The 50 billion metric tons (55 billion short tons) are estimated sufficient to meet present world demand for 1,000 years. The area around Dabusun Lake has halite to depths of at least , although with alternating layers of mud in places.

The Whitehorse Formation is present in the Rocky Mountains and their foothills from the Canada–United States border in Alberta to the Sukunka River area of northeastern British Columbia. It is disconformably overlain by the Jurassic Fernie Formation and conformably underlain by the Sulphur Mountain Formation. It is correlative with the Charlie Lake, Ludington, Baldonnel and lower Pardonet Formations and, in the subsurface of northeastern British Columbia, the Schooler Creek Group.

The Kumbhi River rises near Gaganbavada And flows north-eastwards for about fifteen miles up to Kirwai. From there it flows eastwards with a winding course and receives an important tributary Dhamani, near Chaugalewadi. It then develops wide basin underlain by alluvium. North-east of Sangrul it has a sharp bend eastwards after which it meets the united Tulsi and Bhogavati river near Bahireshwar about eight miles south-west of Kolhapur.

In 2004, Zhangjiajie geopark was listed as a UNESCO global geopark. The most notable geographic features of the park are the pillar-like formations that are seen throughout the park. Although resembling karst terrain, this area is not underlain by limestones and is not the product of chemical dissolution, which is characteristic of limestone karst. They are the result of many years of physical, rather than chemical, erosion.

It contains the greatest concentration of active alpine glaciers in the conterminous United States and has a variety of climatic zones. A dry continental climate occurs in the east and mild, maritime, rainforest conditions are found in the west. It is underlain by sedimentary and metamorphic rock in contrast to the adjoining Cascades which are composed of volcanics. The North Cascades has a diversity of plant and animal species.

The geology of the site is alluvium underlain by river terrace gravels and in turn overlying the London Clay formation. The reservoir is formed by a continuous earthen embankment that encloses the basin. The embankments consist of a central puddle clay core with a selected material adjacent to the core forming a filter. The core is a maximum of wide at the base and tapers to wide at the crest.

The geology of Honduras includes Paleozoic metamorphic rocks, such as the Cacaguapa Schist as its basement rocks. Together with Nicaragua and El Salvador it is underlain by the Chortis Block continental fragment. Currently, the Valle de Catacamas basin extends along the Guayape fault for 290 kilometers. Early tectonic research in 1977 suggested a possible origin for the underlying land in the Pacific Ocean rather than on the Caribbean Plate.

Glenmalure valley covers an area underlain by the late-Caledonian (405 Ma) Leinster Granite bedrock and wallrocks. This granite is part of the "Lugnaquillia Pluton", one of the five plutons that comprise the Leinster Granite, and various granite varieties occur along the valley. The wallrocks consist of various metasedimentary lithologies of the Ordovician Maulin Formation. The granite is cut by slightly younger quartz veins containing lead and zinc mineralization.

Koobi Fora encompasses a small depocenter, underlain by Pliocene basalts and filled with nearly 600 meters of Pliocene-Pleistocene sediments, dating from about four- million to one-million years ago. These sediments are attributed to the Koobi Fora Formation, which consists of eight members that are delimited by water- lain tuffs (volcanic ash).Brown, F.H. and Feibel, C.S., 1986. Revision of lithostratigraphic nomenclature in the Koobi Fora region, Kenya.

Dinosaur footprint on beach at Staffin. Trotternish is underlain by basalt, which provides relatively rich soils and a variety of unusual rock features. The Kilt Rock is named after the tartan-like patterns in the cliffs. The Quiraing is a spectacular series of rock pinnacles on the eastern side of the main spine of the peninsula and further south is the rock pillar of the Old Man of Storr.

The field is composed of a natural gas cap, oil column and is underlain by an active water zone. Due to low energy prices during the late 1980s additional field development was stopped. Structural Cross section Algal Mound The field has cumulative oil production of 2.6 million barrels of oil and 10 billion cubic feet of natural gas. The field consists of limestone horizon with vertical fractures that run northeast–southwest.

Here, it exits the Blue Ridge Mountains and enters the Ridge and Valley province, which is underlain primarily by sedimentary rock of the Lower Paleozoic Era. The river then continues west-southwest for several miles, paralleled by State Route 107. The river leaves the roadside near Mt. Carmel. From there it flows northwest over a winding course to Davy Crockett Birthplace State Park near the Washington County-Greene County line.

View from the top of one of The Iworoko Mountains in Ekiti State. The State is mainly an upland zone, rising over 250 meters above sea level. It lies on an area underlain by metamorphic rock. It is generally an undulating part of the country with a characteristic landscape that consists of old plains broken by step-sided out-crops that may occur singularly or in groups or ridges.

The lowlands of the eastern portion of the peninsula rise to only , over an area 3 to 6 kilometres (2 to 4 mi) wide. With the exception of diabase dikes and the large diabase sill that forms the upper portion of the Sleeping Giant, the peninsula is underlain by sedimentary rocks, which strike northeast and slope towards the southwest, forming a cuesta.Sleeping Giant Background Information, 3.2 Earth Science, Topography, pp. 11.

The elevation near the mouth of Cider Run is above sea level. The elevation of the stream's source is between above sea level. The surficial geology in the vicinity of Cider Run mainly consists of alluvium, except in its upper reaches, where it consists of a till known as Wisconsinan Till. Wisconsinan Till occurs along the stream's valley throughout its length and is underlain by glacial lake clays in some reaches.

San Juan Basin Upper Cretaceous stratigraphy The Fruitland Formation is a sedimentary geological formation containing layers of sandstone, shale, and coal. It was laid down in marshy delta conditions, with poor drainage and frequent flooding, under a warm, humid and seasonal climate. The Fruitland is underlain by the Pictured Cliffs Sandstone, and overlain by the more recent Kirtland Formation. The sequence of rocks represents the final filling of the Cretaceous seaway.

Cadomin Cave is located within Leyland Mountain at an elevation of 1890m, and was formed within the thickly-bedded limestones of the Palliser Formation. The cave consists of an upper series of spacious phreatic and keyhole-type passages underlain by somewhat smaller passages connected by tight crawlways. There is only one known entrance. Cadomin Cave is named after the town of Cadomin, an acronym for the Canada Dominion Mining company.

The Kyzyl Kum area is underlain by three main tectonic units. The oldest, basement, consists of metamorphosed and folded Lower Palaeozoic carbonaceous and sulphidic clastic rock referred to as the Besopan Formation. The Besopan Formation was metamorphosed and deformed during the Lower Palaeozoic Caledonian orogeny. After erosion and exhumation it became basement to an unconformable unit of Devonian to Early Triassic carbonate and clastic sediments and volcanic rocks.

Sinkholes are a consistent issue along highways in East Tennessee. One particularly problematic stretch is a section of I-40 between miles 365 and 367 in Loudon County, which is underlain by cavernous rock strata. In the 1970s and 1980s, TDOT employed numerous stabilization measures in this area, including backfilling existing sinkholes with limestone, collapsing potential sinkholes, and paving roadside ditches to prevent surface water from seeping into the volatile soil.

The district is underlain mainly by Birrimian and Granitic rock formation. The relief of the district is generally low lying and undulating with isolated hills rising up to 300 meters above sea level in the western part of the district. Notably among these hills are Fie (9280 metres above sea level), Busono 350 metres, and Zambao 360 metres. The district is mainly drained by the Sissili River and its tributaries.

The complex rises above a circular lowland drained by Cottonmouth Creek and is underlain chiefly by volcanic ash and other pyroclastic debris. Several smaller bodies of trap rock occur in the volcanic ash. A topographic rim surrounding the Cottonmouth Creek lowland to the north is formed by sedimentary rock, mainly lithified beach sediments composed of shell fragments and reworked volcanic ash that accumulated in the shallow waters around the volcano.

However, a 1.5 billion year old narrow strip of metamorphosed gneisses extend across Sligo near the Ox Mountains. County Donegal in Ulster has one of the most complex geologies in Ireland. Much of the county is underlain by Precambrian gneiss, schist and quartzite, laid down during the Grenvillian Orogeny 700 million years ago. The Border Region's highest point, Errigal, at 751 m (2,464 ft), is composed of Precambrian quartzite.

The property is located within the Meguma Supergroup of the eastern Canada Appalachian Belt. The property is entirely underlain by sedimentary rocks of the Goldenville Group, which consist of altered greywacke, sandstone (arenite), and slate. The stratigraphic sedimentary succession of the Goldboro area is affected by the Upper Seal Harbour anticline. This anticline is an upright, ENE-trending tight fold with a 10° to 30° plunge to the east.

Unusual river bluffs occur in the vicinity of Seven Springs. In addition to the Neuse River, the county is drained by the Little River, the Northeast Cape Fear River and numerous creeks. Wayne County is underlain by unconsolidated beds of sand, clay and gravel. For the most part, these beds were deposited in seawater as the sea advanced and retreated during the geologic development of the Atlantic Coastal Plain.

The Lea and Hackney Marshes are underlain by alluvium soils; and the higher ground between Homerton and Stamford Hill is formed on a widening bed of London Clay. Brickearth deposits are within tongues of clay extending beneath Clapton Common, Stamford Hill and Stoke Newington High Street. The centre and south western districts lie on river terrace deposits of Taplow Gravel. Victoria Park and Well Street Common lie on flood plain gravel.

The formation is likely correlative with the Alamitos Formation in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains. The formation is underlain by the Gray Mesa Formation, with its base defined by a sandstone interval atop an eroded limestone surface of the Gray Mesa Formation. It is overlain by the Bursum Formation or by the Abo Formation where the Bursum Formation is not present. The formation is divided into eight members.

The communal territory is mainly underlain by flat-lying Cretaceous limestones, the vast majority being Coniacian limestones. Near Marquisat in the north appear Upper Turonian limestones of the Angoumian facies. The higher elevations around La Gonterie are taken up by Lower Santonian limestones. In the Boulou valley the Coniacian is a cliff former with abris and caves (cave of la Sudrie, abris near La Nègrerie and La Tabaterie).

Neurilemma (also known as neurolemma, sheath of Schwann, or Schwann's sheath) is the outermost nucleated cytoplasmic layer of Schwann cells (also called neurilemmocytes) that surrounds the axon of the neuron. It forms the outermost layer of the nerve fiber in the peripheral nervous system. The neurilemma is underlain by the myelin sheath (also known as the medullary sheath). In the central nervous system, axons are myelinated by oligodendrocytes, thus lack neurilemma.

The town of Iperu in Remo region is underlain by major deposits of limestone, which is used in the area's major industry, the production of cement. Agricultural products of the region include cocoa and kola nuts. Iperu is one of the largest kola nut collecting centers in the country. The kola nut industry supports several secondary industries such as basket and rope manufacturing, which are used to store the kola nuts.

Latitudes 7°28′N and 7°45′N and longitudes 4°30′E and 4°34′E. Ile-Ife is a rural area with settlements where agriculture is occupied by most. Ife has an undulating terrain underlain by metamorphic rocks and characterized by two types of soils, deep clay soils on the upper slopes and sandy soils on the lower parts. Within the tropical savanna climate zone of West Africa.

Nearer to the mountains the shale was underlain by limestone (possibly Triassic or Jurassic) metamorphosed into crystalline form and into calcareous gneiss. In the vicinity of the high mountains the rock was biotite gneiss. The high peaks north west of Everest had granite intrusions and possibly the same would apply on Everest itself. He considered that the biotite gneiss was probably an igneous intrusion into the calcareous gneiss.

Boulder Park is located on the Waterville Plateau of the Columbia Plateau in north central Washington state in the United States. It is a broad, dish-shaped upland basin that overall dips gently northward. The Waterville Plateau extends east from Columbia River to the Grand Coulee. This plateau is underlain by Columbia River Basalt that is covered by a discontinuous blanket of 14,000 to 20,000 year-old glacial deposits.

Portions of the Ozark Plateau, the Springfield Plateau of southwest Missouri and northern Arkansas, are underlain by Mississippian cherty limestones locally referred to as "Boone chert", consisting of limestone and chert layers. These are eroded and form steep hills, valleys and bluffs. The Boston Mountains are a high and deeply dissected plateau. The rocks of the region are essentially little disturbed, flat-lying sedimentary layers of Paleozoic age.

The mountainous Mid- Coastal Sedimentary ecoregion lies outside of the coastal fog zone and is typically underlain by massive beds of sandstone and siltstone. Elevation varies from 300 to 3000 feet (90 to 900 m). The region is more rugged than the geologically similar Willapa Hills. Its Douglas-fir forests are intensively managed for logging, and the slopes are prone to failure when disturbed, particularly south of the Siuslaw River.

The district is located within a Middle Jurassic volcano-plutonic complex composed of basaltic lavas and volcaniclastics underlain and intruded by gabbroic rocks. Mafic dikes are abundant and form sheeted dike swarms. Deposition of iron was not associated with silicification or sulfidation. Host rocks contain veins and large accumulations of pure magnetite in structural or breccia zones, or are impregnated with clots of magnetite in all size ranges.

The Magic Valley ecoregion, named for the irrigation canals of the Magic Valley that "magically" transformed the region in the early 1900s, is an agricultural valley underlain by alluvium, loess, and basalt flows. Elevation varies from 3,200 to 4,500 feet (975 to 1,372 m). The aridic soils require irrigation to grow commercial crops. Many canals, reservoirs, and diversions supply water to the region's pastureland, cropland, and residential, commercial, and industrial developments.

Merino's earliest influences were from Mexican muralism in particular Diego Rivera. He also places an emphasis on "peaceable content" that resonates with the post-revolution painters Pedro Coronel and Rufino Tamayo. Additionally, Luis cites the "humanism which had underlain much existential discourse in the 1960s" as a significant influence. Since the 1970s, Merino's work has been largely influenced by his affinity for the early, analytic cubism of Braque and Picasso.

The lake has an irregular contour with deep bays, long points, grassy slopes, terraces underlain with sand and gravel, and rocky narrows. There are several rocky, gray gneiss, dark-green diorite islands, one large enough to accommodate a +1 km airstrip. A prominent area feature directly east of the lake is Uligattalik Hill . It is within the northern Hearne Domain, Western Churchill province of the Churchill craton, the northwest section of the Canadian Shield.

As late as the early 20th century, the Weser at Würgassen was still underlain by a good many rocks, so that the water was churned up. The villagers who did not work in agriculture in earlier days hired themselves out foremost as sailors in the shipping on the river Weser. In the 1970s, many people were employed at the newly built Würgassen Nuclear Power Plant, which was abandoned in 1995 and is now being dismantled.

The NRHP-listed Cloyd Hotel (now the Thomas House) is located across Whitley Branch to the south. The Donoho faces East Main Street, which runs parallel to Salt Lick Creek. The Red Boiling Springs area is underlain by a type of black shale (Chattanooga shale), which is exposed in some stream beds. As water flows over this shale, it collects and dissolves iron sulfate, giving the area's springs their once- sought after mineral potency.

Duck Mountain is a feature of the Manitoba Escarpment, and is a rise of forested (formerly glaciated) land between the Saskatchewan prairie and the Manitoba lowlands. It is some 200m higher than the floor of the Assiniboine River valley to the west, and some 400m higher than the Manitoba lowlands to the east. The landscape is rolling, with numerous ponds and creek channels. The soils are stony and are underlain with glacial till.

This species inhabits burrows located on the slopes of moist, cool mesic ravines shaded by an overstory of predominately hardwood trees. These areas are underlain by a subsurface siltstone stratum containing many crevices, root tracings, and solution channels which are utilized by the Salamander. The topsoil in typical habitat is sandy loam. Data for comparison of habitat changes are available from two studies; one by French (1976) and one by Dodd (1989).

The Spirit River Formation is conformably overlain by the Peace River Formation and conformably underlain by the Bluesky Formation. It grades laterally to the Buckinghorse Formation shales to the north-east, and into the sandy facies of the Malcolm Creek Formation south of the Wapiti River. It is equivalent to the upper Mannville Formation in Central Alberta and to the Clearwater Formation and Grand Rapids Formation in the upper Athabaska River area.

The Springfield Plateau is the only Ozark Highland Level IV ecoregion within all four states. The nearly level to rolling Springfield Plateau is underlain by cherty limestone of the Mississippian Boone Formation and Burlington Limestone; it is less rugged and wooded than Ecoregions 38, 39b, and 39c, and lacks the Ordovician dolomite and limestone of Ecoregions 39c and 39d. Karst features, such as sinkholes and caves, are common. Cold, perennial, spring-fed streams occur.

The Hearne Craton and Rae Craton are underlain by Archean metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks. Quartz arenite in the Rae Craton has been interpreted as possible passive margin or rift deposits. Around the world, greenstone belts are a hallmark of ancient Precambrian rocks. The Ennadai-Rankin greenstone belt is the second largest in Canada and displays felsic volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks, as well as mafic rocks reaching greenschist grade on the sequence of metamorphic facies.

The Piedmont hills in the central county are made up of ancient metamorphic rocks such as schist, the roots of several ancestral ranges of the Appalachians. The western valley is floored with more recent shale and sandstone. This geology is similar to adjacent bands of rocks in Maryland and further south in Virginia along the eastern front of the Appalachians. An area of of the county is known to be underlain with natural asbestos.

One notable landmark in this woreda is the archeological site at Chilga Kernet, which was investigated in 2002 as part of the Blue Nile Basin Survey Project. The surface of the site was reported to be "littered with several thousand hand axes and other heavily weathered basalt implements". A preliminary survey led the investigators to speculate that much of the hill is underlain by a layer of Acheulean artifacts of about 2 hectares in size.

The ecoregion is underlain by unconsolidated glaciofluvial deposits, silty alluvium, silty and clayey marine sediments and glacial till. Bedrock outcrops of Mesozoic and Palaeozoic origin form rolling hills up to about 310 metres above sea level. The Fraser River dominates this lowland. Gleysols, Mesisols, and Humisols are the dominant wetland soils in the region, while Eutric and Dystric Brunisols and some Podzols have developed on sandy to loamy outwash and glacial till in the uplands.

North-south cross-section of the upper crust of southern England, showing the Paleogene London Basin to the north and Hampshire Basin to the south. Also visible is the inverted nature of the Weald, which was a basin during the Early Cretaceous and thus has a relatively thick Lower Cretaceous sequence. Vertical exaggeration 1:5. Most of the basin is underlain at depth by a block of Palaeozoic rocks known as the London Platform.

Soils, in general, are the largest reservoirs of carbon in terrestrial ecosystems. This is also true for soils in the Arctic that are underlain by permafrost. Determining carbon stocks in cryosols, that is, soils containing permafrost within two meters of the soil surface, was completed using the Northern and Mid Latitudes Soil Database. Permafrost affected soils cover nearly 9% of the earth's land area, yet store between 25 and 50% of the soil organic carbon.

Local geology comprises lower-Cretaceous Gambier Group marine sedimentary and volcanic bedrock. Upslope, the headwaters of Magnesia, Alberta and Harvey Creeks are underlain by mid-Cretaceous era "Coast Plutonic Complex" rock, which has intruded into the older Gambier rocks. Outcrops primarily consist of greenish volcanic rock that is highly fractured (10 cm fracture spacing) with red oxidation on exposed surfaces. Prominent northwest trending faults and jointing create structural discontinuities that cause instability.

The North Orissa Craton comprises extensive banded iron formations, granite intrusives, and undeformed volcano-sedimentary assemblages belonging to the Archaean to-early Proterozoic times. They are followed by folded limestone-bearing rock formations of the Proterozoic age. The West Orissa Craton is underlain by occurrences of granites of the Archaean age and undeformed limestone-bearing platform sediments of the Proterozoic age. Small occurrences of Archaean banded iron formations and greenstones can also be found.

Sedimentary deposition and some volcanic activity took place during the Mesozoic, particularly in the lowlands of the St. Lawrence Platform. Central Montreal is underlain by 119 to 117 million year old plutonic basanite, lamprophyre and camptonite while to the immediate southeast amphibole gabbro and peralkaline rocks formed from 141 to 123 million years ago. Cretaceous intrusive rocks formed hills housed in the sedimentary rocks of the St. Lawrence Lowlands Platform, notably Mount St. Bruno.

A glacial erratic in the park's prairie section Minneopa State Park is underlain by flat layers of dolomite and sandstone. Evidence from well-drilling indicates that beneath these sedimentary rocks is a steeply tilted formation of granite that slopes down to the east deep under Mankato. Atop everything is a thick blanket of till deposited by glaciers. At the end of the last glacial period, the continental glaciers were melting to the north.

In the early-to-mid-2000s (decade), a research group composed of geologists from several Brazilian institutions conducted additional geological studies into the existence of a volcano at Nova Iguaçu. Some members of the group agreed with Vieira that a volcanic crater existed at Nova Iguaçu (Loc. 1).Medeiros & Ragatky, 2004; Geraldes & Netto, 2004 However, other members disagreed because the supposed crater is underlain by massive trachyte, not volcanic breccia.Silveira et al.

In Canada, hairy wood mint can be found in southern Quebec and Ontario. It is common throughout the eastern United States, including Connecticut, Florida, Indiana, Kentucky, Minnesota, Nebraska, North Carolina, Tennessee, West Virginia, and Wisconsin. Hairy wood mint prefers rich moist soil in hardwood forests, along streams and rivers, in forest openings and thickets underlain by limestone, and is occasionally found near wetlands. Hairy wood mint likes partial sun or light shade.

Ultramafic ophiolite formed with the opening of a branch of the Tethys Ocean in the Cretaceous, followed by magmatic activity. With continued continental subduction in the Paleogene, uplift and the formation of tectonic windows began. The Adriaticum is a carbonate platform structural belt with Mesozoic-Paleogene flysch, chert and limestone superimposed on it. The Supradinaricum forms a nappe on the Dinaricum and are tectonically complex with oceanic rocks underlain by platform deposits.

Afghanistan is underlain by Precambrian metamorphic rocks, which form high regions in the center of the country and in the Hindu Kush. The Central Afghan Swell, between Herat and Panjao is the northernmost structural high, encompassing metamorphic rocks. The swell is connected to the Hindu Kush by Precambrian rocks in Koh-i-Baba. The Shahrestan swell between Kabul and Malestan follows a northeast trend, but also extends to the southwest as the Malestan swell.

The geology of Transnistria includes some of the region's rare exposures of rock from before the Neogene along the Dniester River. The area is underlain by East European Platform rocks from the Precambrian, including granite, gneiss and gabbro from the Archean and Paleozoic. Paleozoic rocks are overlain by Triassic and Jurassic conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone and limestone that lack fossils. Quaternary deposits from the last 2.5 million years cover almost the entire country.

Saudi Arabia is underlain by the Precambrian igneous and metamorphic rocks of the Proterozoic Arabian Craton. Up to of sedimentary rocks from the Cambrian through the Pliocene accumulated on the shield, including many oil-bearing units. Within these younger rocks, a large western facing escarpment formed in central Saudi Arabia, capped with limestone. Basement rock dips away from the escarpment with thicker sediments in the Rub' al Khali and the Persian Gulf region.

The landscapes of this ecoregion are generally more level and gently rolling compared to the more dissected and irregular topography of much of Southern Post Oak Savanna. It is underlain by mostly Eocene and Paleocene-age formations with some Cretaceous rocks to the north. The deciduous forest or woodland is composed mostly of post oak, blackjack oak, eastern redcedar, and black hickory. Prairie openings contained little bluestem and other grasses and forbs.

Lichfield covers an area of approximately in the south-east of the county of Staffordshire in the West Midlands region of England. It is approximately north of Birmingham and north- west of London. The city is located between the high ground of Cannock Chase to the west and the valleys of the Rivers Trent and Tame to the east. It is underlain by red sandstone, deposited during the arid desert conditions of the Triassic period.

The Maevarano Formation as a whole is underlain by the Marovoay beds and capped by the Berivotra Formation.Rogers et al., 2007 The age of the Maevarano Formation has been debated; the Berivotra Formation, which is partially contemporaneous with the upper portions of the formation, shows that at least the upper part of the Maevarano is Maastrichtian in age. There is no evidence that it is Campanian, despite previous reports to that effect.

Northkill Creek's watershed covers approximately in Jefferson, Penn, Tulpehocken, Upper Bern and Upper Tulpehocken Townships and Bernville Borough in Berks County and South Manheim and Wayne Townships in Schuylkill County. The Little Northkill sub-watershed drains 52.5% of this area and provides approximately 60% of the total flow. The bedrock is primarily sandstone interbedded with shale, slate, quartzite, chert and limestone fragments. Blue Mountain is underlain by sandstone, with quartz-rich rock.

Much of Boston is underlain with clay, but the situation at the bridge is exacerbated by a fault which roughly follows the path of the Charles River itself. From a depth of approximately below existing ground, is a very dense till composed of gravel and boulders with a silt-clay matrix. Above that to approximately below the surface is Boston blue clay (BBC). Over this are thin layers of sand, gravel, and fill.

The lowlands are underlain primarily by more easily eroded rocks such as limestone, dolomite, and phyllite. These rocks are relatively younger in age than the surrounding uplands and are likely the result of a quiet stretch of shallow sea deposition. Some of the rocks deposited during this time are also found in the Great Valley section but have been separated by the Gettysburg-Newark Lowland section. Relief is low and generally never rises above .

The Lower Canadian Hills ecoregion is underlain by Pennsylvanian-age shale, sandstone, and coal. It acts as a transition between the drier Cross Timbers to the west and moister parts of the Arkansas Valley to the east. Native vegetation is a mixture of oak woodland, tallgrass prairie, oak–hickory forest, and oak–hickory–pine forest. In general, wooded hills are more widespread than in the nearby Arkansas Valley Plains and Osage Cuestas.

The map shows the location of Junggar Basin (in red).Junggar Basin is one of the largest sedimentary basins in Northwest China. It is located in Xinjiang, and enclosed by the Tarbagata mountains of Kazakhstan on the northwest side, the Altai mountains of Mongolia in the northeast, and the Heavenly mountains (Tian Shan) in the South. The geology of Junggar Basin mainly consists of sedimentary rocks underlain by igneous and metamorphic basement rocks.

He is also the namesake for Ferguson Bay, Ferguson Island and Ferguson Point. A fire lookout tower set up by the Department of Lands and Forests (now the Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry) had formerly occupied the summit of Mount Ferguson. In 1966, the tower was no longer used which led to its eventual demolition around 1975. Like the other highest peaks of this area, Mount Ferguson is underlain by Nipissing diabase.

A Neo-Tudor house, turned restaurant, in Saint-Lambert's village during winter. Saint-Lambert is underlain by Ordovician period black shale. This bedrock is covered by deep clay drift over most of the town. Soils were poorly drained in their natural state; as such, they were classified as gleysols—strongly acidic (Longueuil series) under most of the town and neutral to mildly alkaline (Boucherville series) in part of the western section (Préville).

Clingmans Dome is part of a geological formation known as the Copperhill Formation. It consists predominately of massive, coarse-grained metagreywacke and metaconglomerate. The Lower northern flanks of Clingmans Dome are underlain by thick layers of sulfidic, quartz-garnet-muscovite phyllite and schist, which occur within the metagraywackes and metaconglomerates. Adjacent to and south of its summit, thin, southward-dipping, and discontinuous beds of garnetiferous, locally graphitic and sulfidic, metasiltstone occur within the Copperhill Formation.

There are three Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) on Bryher. The Shipman Head and Shipman Down SSSI was first designated in 1971 and covers over 40 ha of the northern part of the island. Waved maritime heath grows over shallow podzolic soils which are underlain by Hercynian granite. Rare plants include the Red Data Book (RDB) Orange Bird's-foot (Ornithopus pinnatus) and the nationally scarce Hairy Bird's-foot trefoil (Lotus subbiflorus).

The Unwooded Alkaline Foothills ecoregion contains rolling foothills, hills, benches, alluvial fans, and scattered badlands that are characteristically underlain by sandy, alkaline lacustrine deposits. Perennial streams are rare. At an elevation of 2,100 to 2,600 feet (671 to 1,189 m), the terrain is higher and more rugged than the neighboring Treasure Valley. The region is valuable as rangeland and wildlife habitat, and land use is generally distinct from the irrigated agriculture of the valley.

The Willow Creek Formation is overlain by the Porcupine Hills Formation, and underlain by the St. Mary River Formation. It grades into the equivalent Scollard Formation south of the Bow River at about 50° 30'N latitude, and into the Coalspur Formation in the southern foothills. The lower, Late Cretaceous member is correlated with the Frenchman Formation of Saskatchewan, and the upper, Early Paleocene member is correlated with the lower portion of the Ravenscrag Formation.

Calabozos lies in an area between thick and thin continental crust, and its eruptions are probably fed from a pool of andesitic and rhyolitic magma that sits just under its caldera.Grunder (1988), p. 71. The caldera is underlain by a layer of volcaniclastic sedimentary rock from the Mesozoic era coalesced with intrusive and volcanic rocks of Tertiary age, over a layer of Precambrian-Triassic sedimentary and metamorphic rock formed from later plutons (magma intrusions).Grunder (1987), p. 72.

Much of northern South Sudan is underlain by deep, oil-bearing rift basins, with sedimentary rocks up 13.7 kilometers thick. Lacustrine shales, claystones, sandstones and conglomerates formed in the Jurassic and Cretaceous. Alluvial sediments formed in the past 2.5 million years of the Quaternary flank major rivers in the north, center and east. The Cenozoic Um Ruwaba Formation covers most of central and eastern South Sudan and basalt, also from the Cenozoic occurs close to the border with Ethiopia.

Charity Land is a Site of Special Scientific Interest in the Sedgefield district of County Durham, England. It covers an area on both banks of the River Skerne, just to the north-east of the village of Trimdon. The habitat of the site is unimproved neutral grassland, underlain by magnesian limestone. Once widespread on the limestone plateau of eastern Durham, such grasslands have mostly been destroyed by modern agricultural practices, the few remaining areas being small and highly fragmented.

The Southwest Mountains are underlain by a belt of Catoctin greenstone, which forms the eastern edge of the Blue Ridge anticlinorium. The Catoctin Greenstone belt extends north into Maryland and also supports the Bull Run and Catoctin Mountains. The basalt flows which were metamorphosed to greenstone were deposited during the latest Precambrian age and first uplifted during Grenville Orogeny then again during the Alleghenian Orogeny, in which they were also transported westward to their present location.Frye, Keith.

101 The Kupferschiefer unconformably overlies various formations of the Rotliegend Group and the Varsican basement and forms the basal unit of the Zechstein Group.Paleo-ecosystems, p.2 In some parts of the Zechstein Basin, the Kupferschiefer is underlain by the Mutterflöz Limestone, an organic-lean thin limestone unit. Despite its distinctive nature, the Kupferschiefer is not ranked as a formation but is officially declared a sub-unit of the Werra Formation, the lowest formation of the Zechstein Group.

These rocks, composed of granite and other materials common to central Montana but not to the Willamette Valley, include more than 40 boulders, each at least in diameter.Orr, p. 214 Before being partly chipped away and removed, the largest of these originally weighed about . The northern part of the watershed is underlain by a network of faults capable of producing earthquakes at any time, and many small quakes have been recorded in the basin since the mid-19th century.

Negative refraction for visible light was first produced in a sandwich-like construction with thin layers. An insulating sheet of silicon nitride was covered by a film of silver and underlain by another of gold. The critical dimension is the thickness of the layers, which summed to a fraction of the wavelength of blue and green light. By incorporating this metamaterial into integrated optics on an IC chip, negative refraction was demonstrated over blue and green frequencies.

The site has also been designated a Special Area of Conservation. Both parts of the site are underlain by the Land's End granite, part of the Cornubian batholith. Zones within the granite, altered by kaolinisation, have been extensively worked for china clay until recent years. China clay was discovered in the Balleswidden sett in 1880 and both areas are located within disused china clay workings, consisting of pits, benches, spoil tips and granitic debris with sparse vegetation cover.

The lower slough nears Oregon Route 99E (Martin Luther King, Jr. Boulevard). Mount Hood is visible behind the levee at the left. The Columbia Slough is part of the roughly Portland Basin, which lies at the northern end of the Willamette Valley of Oregon and extends north into Clark County in the state of Washington. The region is underlain by solidified lavas of the Columbia River Basalt Group that are up to 16 million years old.

Geologically, the plateau is part of the extended plateau of the Great Plains in the Dakotas, and is separated from the main plateau to the west by the Missouri River Trench. The plateau is underlain by Pierre shale covered with hardened deposits from repeated glaciations. The plateau also contains deposits of lignite, mirabilite (sodium sulfate), and bentonite. While subjected to continental glaciation, it was north and west of the Driftless Area, an area which escaped glaciation.

Geologically, Holderness is underlain by Cretaceous chalk but in most places it is so deeply buried beneath glacial deposits that it has no influence on the landscape. The landscape is dominated by deposits of till, boulder clays and glacial lake clays. These were deposited during the Devensian glaciation. The glacial deposits form a more or less continuous lowland plain which has some peat filled depressions (known locally as meres) which mark the presence of former lake beds.

The elevation near the mouth of Broad Hollow Run is above sea level. The elevation near the source of Broad Hollow Run is between above sea level. The surficial geology near the mouth of Broad Hollow Run consists of alluvium (which contains stratified sand, silt, gravel, and some boulders) and a till known as Wisconsinan Till. Further upstream, the surficial geology consists of Wisconsinan Till and alluvial fan, some of which is underlain by glacial lake clays.

The region is underlain by a series of different rock types, generally dependent on the differing points of elevation around the floodplains. To the southern parts of the area, mesozoic sedimentary formations form the rolling hills that characterise the region. The relatively flat residential regions consist of volcanic and sedimentary formations upon older basement rock such as jurassic basin sediments, and largely consist of fine-grained sediments. This includes shales, siltstones, sandstones and some minor rhyolites and tuffs.

It was the site of the large New Madrid earthquakes of 1811-12. The area is underlain by some anomalous geology. The Reelfoot Rift is an ancient failed continental rift, an aulacogen, which dates back to the Precambrian break-up of the supercontinent Rodinia. The more recent opening of the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico during late Paleozoic to early Mesozoic break-up of Pangea no doubt affected and may have partially re-activated the old rift.

There are many other diseases likely to have been caused by common anions found in natural drinking water. Fluoride is one of the most common found in drier climates where the geology favors release of fluoride ions to soil as the rocks decompose. In Sri Lanka, 90% of the country is underlain by crystalline metamorphic rocks of which most carry mica as a major mineral. Mica carries fluoride in their structure and releases to soil when decomposes.

Examples of this include karst regions underlain by insoluble rock. Base levels may be local when large landmasses are far from the sea or disconnected from it, as in the case of endorheic basins. An example of this is the Messinian salinity crisis, in which the Mediterranean Sea dried up making the base level drop more than 1000 m below sea level. The height of a base level also influences the position of deltas and river terraces.

Map of Granite BayGranite Bay is located at (38.748504, -121.179793). According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , of which, of it is land and of it (0.20%) is water. The place name, Granite Bay, is derived from a bay in Folsom Lake on the east side of the town. The entire town is underlain by granodiorite of the Penryn Pluton of Cretaceous age, hence the geological basis for the place name.

These hills are typically underlain by Mississippian period limestone, the erosion of which has created karst-like formations throughout the Center Hill Basin.U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Environmental Assessment Report for the Operation and Maintenance of Center Hill Lake, Caney Fork River, Tennessee (Nashville: 1977), 37. Outcroppings of this limestone are visible along the cliffs overlooking the lake. Most of Edgar Evins State Park is coated in a second-growth hardwood forest typical of the Eastern Highland Rim.

The Viking Formation is conformably overlain by the Big River Formation and conformably and unconformably underlain by the Joli Fou Formation. It is equivalent to the Bow Island Formation in southern Alberta, to the Newcastle Formation in North Dakota, to the Ashville Formation in Manitoba, the Pelican Sandstone in north-eastern Alberta and the Flotten Lake Sand in central Saskatchewan. It can be correlated with the Cadotte Member of the Peace River Formation in north-western Alberta.

The eight most important deposits are located in west-central Jordan within east of the Dead Sea. These deposits are Juref ed Darawish, Sultani, Wadi Maghar, El Lajjun, Attarat Umm Ghudran, Khan ez Zabib, Siwaga, and Wadi Thamad. The best- explored deposits are El Lajjun, Sultani, and Juref ed Darawish, and to some extent Attarat Umm Ghudran. They are all classified as shallow and most are suitable for open-cast mining, albeit some are underlain by phosphate beds.

Map of the Ruhr The urban landscape of the Ruhr extends from the Lower Rhine Basin east to the Westphalian Plain and south to the hills of the Rhenish Massif. Through the centre of the Ruhr runs a segment of the loess belt that extends across Germany from west to east. Historically, this loess belt has underlain some of Germany's richest agricultural regions. Geologically, the region is defined by coal-bearing layers from the upper Carboniferous period.

The continental shelf around the Amerasia Basin is very broad, averaging up to in width. The average depth of the Amerasia Basin is , and it covers . The Canada Basin (with a maximum depth of ) is underlain by oceanic crust at its centre, as well as extended continental crust and transitional-type crust around its margins. The Makarov and Podvodnikov basins, may include oceanic crust, though have also been suggested to be highly extended continental crust or intruded by volcanics.

Vieira & Klein presented the north-south geologic cross-section of the supposed crater, showing a prominent volcanic cone.Vieira & Klein (2004) However, the topographic map of this area does not exhibit morphologic characteristics. The inner walls of the valley are not sub-vertical, but have a shallow angle of 15 to 20°, comparable to a slope formed by erosion. Klein & Vieira inferred that the supposed crater area might be underlain by volcanic agglomerate, that is, volcanic breccia with large clasts.

The formation is unconformably underlain by Cretaceous sedimentary sequences more than thick, which are strongly folded. The results of palaeomagnetic studies of the Linzizong Formation in the Linzhou Basin and the Takena Formation reported in 2009 indicate that there was little movement of the Lhasa terrane in the Cretaceous and Early Eocene. The measurements give a northward movement of the Lhasa terrane since then of . This implies that there was significant crustal shortening as the collision progressed.

Ben Bulben, County Sligo There are many large mountain ranges and high sea cliffs in the region, such as the Derryveagh Mountains, Slieve League, the Cuilcagh Mountains and Ben Bulben. The region is generally underlain by Ordovician and Silurian Shales and Greywackes, laid down 417-495 million years ago. These are found in eastern Cavan and Monaghan. The bedrock of western Cavan, Leitrim and Sligo is composed mostly of Carboniferous limestones that were laid roughly 355 million years ago.

Sagebrush in the Upper Humboldt Plains (13m) ecoregion The Upper Humboldt Plains ecoregion is an area of rolling plains punctuated by occasional buttes and low mountains. It is mostly underlain by volcanic ash, rhyolite, and tuffaceous rocks. Low sagebrush is common in extensive areas of shallow, stony soil, as are cool season grasses, such as bluebunch wheatgrass, Idaho fescue, and Sandberg bluegrass. The ecoregion is wetter and cooler than other Nevada ecoregions in its elevation range.

This ecoregion has more woods and forest than the adjacent prairie ecoregions, and consists of mostly hardwoods compared to the pines to the east in the South Central Plains. Historically a post oak savanna, current land cover is a mix of post oak woods, improved pasture, and rangeland, with some invasive mesquite to the south. A thick understory of yaupon and eastern redcedar occurs in some parts. The ecoregion is underlain by Miocene, Oligocene, Eocene, and Paleocene sediments.

The Pendleton Woolen Mills and Pendleton Round Up became features of the city captured in early paintings by Walter S. Bowman. Like many cities in Eastern Oregon, where thousands of Chinese immigrant workers built the transcontinental railroad, it had a flourishing Chinatown that developed as the workers settled here. The sector is supposed to have been underlain by a network of tunnels, which are now a tourist attraction. The authenticity as a Chinese tunnel system has been questioned.

The Tabusintac Lagoon and River Estuary is a wetland in Alnwick Parish, Northumberland County, in north-eastern New Brunswick, Canada. It was classified as a wetland of international importance on June 10, 1993. It is also a globally significant Important Bird Area for the population of common terns, and shorebirds in general, that it supports. Primarily a shallow coastal estuary with gentle slopes, the 50 km2 site is underlain by various sedimentary rocks, including red sandstone and shale.

It is underlain by the Red Sea Rift, which is part of the Great Rift Valley. The Red Sea has a surface area of roughly 438,000 km2 (169,100 mi2), is about 2250 km (1398 mi) long, and — at its widest point — 355 km (220.6 mi) wide. It has an average depth of 490 m (1,608 ft), and in the central Suakin Trough it reaches its maximum depth of .Robert Dinwiddie: Ocean_ The World's Last Wilderness Revealed.

The Organ Rock Formation is conformably underlain by the Cedar Mesa Sandstone. It is conformably overlain by the De Chelly Sandstone around Monument Valley and by the White Rim Sandstone in the Canyonlands National Park. In locations where the De Chelly and White Rim are absent, the Organ Rock is unconformably overlain by the Triassic Moenkopi or Chinle Formations by an erosional contact. Toward its eastern extent, the Organ Rock Formation grades into the Cutler Formation, undivided.

Seymour is within the area underlain by Texas Red Beds, which are a strata of red-colored sedimentary rock from the Early Permian. The fossils of Permian period vertebrates in the Texas Red Beds were first discovered by Edward Drinker Cope in 1877. Cope, E. D. Descriptions of extinct vertebrata from the Permian and Triassic formations of the United States. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 1877. Volume 17:182–195. JSTOR. Accessed on August 28, 2017.

Ruggs is approximately 7 miles (11 km.) east of Eightmile and 11 miles (18 km.) southwest of Heppner in southern Morrow County, Oregon The community is part of the Pendleton-Hermiston Micropolitan Statistical Area. Ruggs is located in the Columbia Plateau ecoregion of eastern Oregon. This ecoregion is an arid, sagebrush steppe and grassland underlain by basalt up to two miles thick. Loess soils once supported bunchgrass prairies but are now widely cultivated for winter wheat.

Marine conditions lasted into the Norian, or as late as the Jurassic in the west. The Mae Moei Group is a major limestone unit in the northwest equivalent to the Lampang Group with Jurassic strata at the top and overlain by Cretaceous red beds. By contrast to the patterns of marine deposition, the Khorat Plateau in the northeast is underlain by Triassic- Cretaceous continental deposits. Offshore islands and the Cambodian border have numerous sandstones related to the plateau.

Peranema Peranema's basic anatomy is that of a typical Euglenid. The cell is spindle or cigar-shaped, somewhat pointed at the anterior end. It has a pellicle with parallel finely-ridged proteinaceous strips underlain by microtubules arranged in a helical fashion around the body. With this type of pellicle, which is shared by many Euglenids, the spiraling microtubular strips are able to slide past one another, giving the organism an extremely plastic and changeable body shape.

The disposal facility will sit above an area composed primarily of granodiorite; to the north a small portion is underlain by biotite granite. Nearby are the Taebaek Mountains, formed through ancient thrust faulting and subsequent fault-block motion, whose eastern reaching ranges form a steep fault line stretching to the coast. Korea is relatively geologically stable, though the Taebaek may experience slow, but ongoing, tectonic uplift. The regions main source of water is the Hyeongsan River.

Henry lies on a segment of a river terrace that is about long just over wide. This fluvial terrace is underlain by stratified; yellowish brown to grayish brown; calcareous; and usually clean and moderately well sorted sand and gravel with cobbles and boulders. These sands and gravels contain occasional beds of silt and clay and unconformably overlies older sand and gravel deposits, glacial till, or bedrock.McKay III, E.D., Berg, R.C., Stumpf, A.J. and Weibel, C.P., 2010.

The Ophiolite Zone outcrops as "windows" within the Triassic-Paleozoic unit, and the unit is 1.5 kilometers thick. The mélange in this chaotic sedimentary sequence contains fragments of gabbro, diabase, peridotite, basalt and amphibolite, together with Tithonian age limestone fragments. Peridotite is one of the most common rocks in the ophiolites, with large deformed sheets up to 500 cubic kilometers in size. Mt. Konjuh is an example of a large ultramafic body, underlain by amphibolites associated with eclogite.

Fluvial terraces are elongated terraces that flank the sides of floodplains and fluvial valleys all over the world. They consist of a relatively level strip of land, called a “tread,” separated from either an adjacent floodplain, other fluvial terraces, or uplands by distinctly steeper strips of land called “risers.” These terraces lie parallel to and above the river channel and its floodplain. Because of the manner in which they form, fluvial terraces are underlain by fluvial sediments of highly variable thickness.

Because much of the topsoil is underlain by claypan, drainage is poor, and heavy rainfall periodically converts vast parts of the region to swamp. The central area, comprising the northern half of Santa Cruz Department, has gently rolling hills and a drier climate than the north. Forests alternate with savanna, and much of the land has been cleared for cultivation. Santa Cruz, the largest city in the lowlands, is located here, as are most of Bolivia's petroleum and natural gas reserves.

Parts of this area have been under cultivation since the 1930s, producing sorghum and maize; in the 1990s it constituted the only significant region of sedentary cultivation outside southwestern Somalia. The Haud south of Hargeysa is covered mostly by a semiarid woodland of scattered trees, mainly acacias, underlain by grasses that include species especially favored by livestock as forage. There vegetation forms spatially periodic patterns reminiscent of a tiger skin when viewed from above and therefore knowns as "tiger bush".MacFadyen W.A. (1950).

Much of the foothill slopes of Mount Hamilton is underlain by Miocene age sandstone of the Briones formation: this bedrock is locally soft and weathered in the upper few feet, but grades locally to very hard at depth. Depth to groundwater on these foothill areas of Mount Hamilton is approximately .C. Michael Hogan, Paul Hoffey et al. al., Environmental Impact Report for the Aiassa Site off Mount Hamilton Road, Santa Clara County, Ca., Santa Clara County Document EMI 7364W1 SCH88071916, August, 1989.

The St. Francois Knobs and Basins ecoregion contains the oldest geologic formations in the state and has a different landscape than surrounding regions. The igneous bedrock knobs of Precambrian granite, rhyolite, and intermediate rocks rise above the intervening basins which are underlain by Cambrian sedimentary rocks, primarily carbonate with some sandstone. This is the only region within the Ozark Highlands that generally lacks karst topography. Streams are smaller than in neighboring regions but have a greater fall distance because of the steep topography.

Bhat, Mohd Shafi, Sanghamitra Ray, and PM DATTA. 2017 A New Hybodont Shark (Chondricthyes, Elasmbocranchii) from the Upper Triassic Tiki Formation of India with Remarks on its Dental Histology and Biostratigraphy. Journal of Paleontology, 92(2):221-239 It is overlain by the Parsoria Formation and is composed of pink, red, and lavender colors and interbeds of sandstone that contain clay clasts of varying size. The Tiki Formation is underlain by the Pali Formation with local erosional contact to the area of study.

Where East Falkland is underlain by rocks from the West Falkland Group, the rock layers are severely deformed. The layers are tightly folded with steep to vertical dips. The very soft rocks near the Fox Bay Formation are highly susceptible to erosion. The hardest quartzites are more resistant and have created a very irregular landscape with steeply inclined rock layers found along the length of the mountain chain on East Falkland from the city of Stanley westward to Wickham Heights.

The Saw Kill, like its watershed, exhibits two different geologies, reflecting its formation. In the west, below in elevation, the stream is underlain by silt, sand and gravel, remnants of the lake bed and glacial outwash plain it once was. In the east, as the land rises to areas that were not submerged in Lake Albany, glacial till covers shale bedrock of the Normanskill Formation. Soil complexes consisting of silt loams covering bedrock to depths of cover 45% of the watershed.

Much of Greene County is underlain by Dayton Limestone, a high-quality limestone whose type locality is in the city of Dayton in the adjacent Montgomery County. Farmers in Greene County supplied building stone for local needs through much of the nineteenth century, and by the late 1870s it was being exported to distant localities by the Dayton and Xenia Railroad.Dills, R.S. History of Greene County, Together with Historic Notes on the Northwest, and the State of Ohio. Dayton: Odell and Mayer, 1881.

This reach of San Juan Creek is underlain by thick alluvial deposits and is still used for farming and grazing. It is joined by Bell Canyon from the right, and Verdugo Canyon Creek from the left. Trampas Canyon enters from the left and Cañada Gobernadora and Cañada Chiquita enter from the right. The creek flows through residential Rancho Mission Viejo, crosses under Interstate 5, and enters a concrete flood control channel, turning south and receiving El Horno Creek on the right.

The Teifi and its tributaries are underlain by ancient Ordovician and Silurian mudstones which have been extensively glaciated during the ice ages. The resultant landform is one of gently rolling hills supporting a range of agriculture in which dairy and sheep farming dominate. Ceredigion had the reputation of supplying London with its milk in the 19th century. The landscapes of the Teifi valley are very attractive and the Teifi is considered by many to be one of the most beautiful rivers in Wales.

The entire Kaduna state is underlain by a basement complex of igneous and metamorphic rocks of mainly Jurassic to Pre-Cambrian ages. The basement complex rocks are essentially granites, gneisses, migmatites, schists and quartzites (Benett,1979;13).The geology of Kaduna North is predominantly metamorphic rocks of the Nigerian basement complex consisting of biotite gneisses and older granites (Kaduna State, 2003). The topographical relief is relatively flat, having an elevation of between 600 and 650 metres in large areas of the local government.

The elevation near the mouth of Baker Run is above sea level. The elevation near the source of Baker Run is between above sea level. The surficial geology in the vicinity of the lower reaches of Baker Run consists of alluvium, which contains stratified sand, silt, and gravel, and alluvial terrace. Further upstream, in the middle and upper reaches, there is a till known as Wisconsinan Till, which is underlain by glacial lake clays in the vicinity of the stream's middle reaches.

Much of Ecuador is underlain by Precambrian igneous and metamorphic crystalline basement rocks. The Piedras Group rocks date to the period and outcrop in El Oro Province on the western Andean slope in the southwest of the country and includes greenschist and amphibolite with small intercalations of quartz-sericite schist and quartzite, dated to 743 million years ago in the Proterozoic. These high-grade, polymetamorphic rocks often signs of overprinting and green hornblende with a feather-like texture is found in the amphibolite.

The Earne Group includes zinc-lead and barite deposits generated by deep sea fissure vents. In the southeast and in the Ogilvie Mountains, the Keno Hill Quartzite and sandstone-mudstone Mattson Formation accumulated from Carboniferous river deltas carrying eroded material from a landmass to the north. By the Pennsylvanian, a platform environment had returned with carbonate deposition in the east and north. Northern Yukon, together with the Seward Peninsula and Brooks Range in Alaska are underlain by the Arctic Alaska Terrane.

The pike at 1,191 feet (363 metres) high is the most westerly high point of Winter Hill in the West Pennine Moors. The high moorland is underlain with Carboniferous rocks, the Millstone Grit, sandstones and shales of the Lower Coal Measures which rise high above the Lancashire Plain to the west and Greater Manchester conurbation to the south. From the summit it is possible to see Blackpool Tower, the Lake District mountains, the Welsh mountains and as far as the Isle of Man.

Nolton Haven The 5 miles (8 km) coastline of the community consists of picturesque cliffs and dunes, and is followed by the Pembrokeshire Coast Path. At the north end is the 2 mile (3 km) long Newgale beach, which is popular for bathing and surfing. The whole coast is underlain with coal measures and was a centre of industry from medieval times until 1905. Nolton Haven, on the border between the two parishes, was a port from which the local anthracite was shipped.

The Hot Springs Mountains are a range of rocky hills located in Northern Nevada, in Churchill County, between the cities of Fallon, Lovelock, and Fernley. The area was recently volcanically active (in geological terms), is underlain by hot rocks, and is the site of several geothermal electric power plants. It is an arid, rough terrain, uninhabited. These mountains are adjacent to the Lahontan Valley, which contains the Forty Mile Desert, a daunting section of the 19th century California emigrant trail.

The town is situated upon slightly elevated ground at the southwestern rim of the Lincolnshire Wolds. Spilsby has an extensive south- east view of a tract of marsh and fen land, bounded by Boston Deeps and the North Sea. It is within 12 miles (19 km) inland from Skegness. The Wolds comprise a series of low hills and steep valleys, underlain by calcareous chalk, green limestone and sandstone rock, laid down in the Cretaceous period under a shallow warm sea.

This large field is underlain by rhyodacite in its southeastern segment, and is cut by north–south trending normal faults. Moving from west to northwest, Mazama stratovolcanoes and shield volcanoes grow progressively younger. The oldest, at 400,000 years old, occur at Phantom Ship and Mount Scott, while the youngest can be found at the Hillman Peak stratovolcano, dated to 70,000 years old. There are also andesite flows at the northern rim of Mazama dated to between 50,000 and 40,000 years old.

The upper Spruceton Valley is underlain by rocks of the Lower Walton Formation; puddingstones and other conglomerates are found in the Upper Walton Formation at high elevations. From just above the hamlet of West Kill to its mouth, the West Kill flows over rocks of the Oneonta Formation. The superficial deposits within the watershed also reflect its glacial origins. While the high elevations are covered with rock, glacial till dominates further down, including in much of the West Kill's upper reaches.

The Owenmore River () is a river in County Sligo, Ireland. Its source is in the far south of Sligo, near Gorteen and Lough Gara, from which it runs for 52.3 km to its juncture with the Unshin River near Collooney to form the Ballisodare River. Its catchment covers , predominantly located in Sligo but with small parts in County Mayo and County Roscommon. The catchment is underlain by limestone, and the total length of all the rivers in the Greater Owenmore Basin Area is .

The Tanami subregion is composed mainly red Quaternary sandplains overlying Permian and Proterozoic strata that are exposed as hills and ranges around the area. Alluvial and lacustrine calcareous deposits occur throughout the subregion. In the north they are associated with Sturt Creek drainage and further south as part of the lake bed. The lake lies in the northeast Canning Basin, within the Gregory sub- basin and is underlain by almost of sedimentary rocks, ranging in age from Ordovician to mid-Triassic.

The Athens Plateau or Athens Piedmont (EPA Level IV ecoregion 36a) consists of a series of low relief ridges, none exceeding 1,000 feet. It is located south of the Ouachitas and extends from to the Arkansas-Oklahoma border. The Athens Piedmont runs from Arkadelphia, Arkansas into Oklahoma through Clark, Howard, Pike, and Sevier counties in Arkansas and McCurtain County in Oklahoma. The ecoregion's low ridges and hills are widely underlain by Mississippian Stanley Shale in contrast to other parts of the Ouachitas.

Their origin may be genetically related to the inner rings of larger craters and basins. Crater floors are underlain by a zone of shattered and brecciated material formed by the shock wave resulting from impact. Crater-rim material consists of decompressed ejecta from the impact, whereas central peaks were probably formed by the converging flow of slump material from the crater walls (Shoemaker, 1981). If a crater was sufficiently large, the converging flow resulted in an inner ring rather than a central peak.

The Transverse Ranges were formed by uplift along the San Andreas Fault. Santa Ana Canyon is between the first and second ridges and Big Bear Lake is in the background. Ancient igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rock underlie and form the geologic base of the Santa Ana River watershed. Most of the strata in the flat valleys and basins of the watershed are underlain by thousands of feet of sediment deposited by shallow seas that covered parts of Southern California in ancient times.

Elevation rise across the park results from land uplift along the Burnside- Eden fault zone. This zone is a major land fault separating the Adelaide Plains from the Mount Lofty Ranges and runs north-north-east across the park from its southwest corner. The park is underlain by neoproterozoic sedimentary rocks of the Burra Group overlying a Precambrian crystalline basement.Department for Environment and Heritage (2006), p. 9. Sediments were formed approximately 700 million years ago (mya) from sand washed into a shallow sea.

Banda Arc tectonic map The Banda Arc (main arc, Inner, and Outer) is a set of island arcs that exist in eastern Indonesia. It manifests the collision of a continent and an intra-oceanic island arc. The presently active arc is located on what appears to be oceanic crust whereas the associated subduction trench is underlain by continental crust. The convergence of the Indo-Australian plates and Eurasia and resulted in the formation of the Sunda and Banda island arcs.

The Ellsworth–Whitmore Mountains (EWM) is the innermost of the four or five allochthonous terranes, or tectonic blocks, that form West Antarctica. EWM was located in an embayment off Natal, South Africa, before the break-up of Gondwana during which it was rotated 90° anticlockwise. The EWM is named for the Ellsworth and Whitmore mountain ranges. The EWM was deformed during Gondwanan Late Permian–Late Jurassic orogenic events and is underlain by Grenvillan crust that much older than the amalgamation of Gondwana.

The Ellisdale site occurs within the basal portion of the Marshalltown Formation, of the Late Cretaceous Matawan Group of New Jersey. The exposures of the Marshalltown Formation at Ellisdale have basal lenticular bedded estuarine clays underlain by crossbedded coastal sands of the Englishtown Formation. The estuarine clays are overlain by well-sorted, crossbedded sand and offshore glauconites, respectively. The entire sequence is interpreted as preserving the landward migration of a barrier beach/backbay/estuarine/deltaic complex during the Marshalltown transgression.

The Plain is underlain by glacial till that was deposited by a large continental ice sheet that repeatedly covered the area during the Illinoian Stage.Willman, H.B., and J.C. Frye, 1970, Pleistocene Stratigraphy of Illinois. Bulletin no. 94, Illinois State Geological Survey, Champaign, Illinois.McKay, E.D., 2007, Six Rivers, Five Glaciers, and an Outburst Flood: the Considerable Legacy of the Illinois River. Proceedings of the 2007 Governor's Conference on the Management of the Illinois River System: Our continuing Commitment, 11th Biennial Conference, Oct.

The WWF defines the ecoregion as inhabiting mainland coasts and islands the Georgia Depression, a glacially depressed area dominated by the Salish Sea and numerous inflowing rivers. This differs from the Strait of Georgia/Puget Lowland ecoregion defined by the CEC in that it explicitly excludes the lowlands along the east coast of Vancouver Island. The WWF considers these lowlands a part of the neighbouring Central Pacific coastal forests ecoregion. The landscape features glacially striated tablelands and rolling hills underlain by sedimentary rocks.

The hill owes its characteristic shape to Paleocene basalt lava flows, from 65 million years ago. This is underlain by Cretaceous—145 million years—Ulster White Limestone and below this is Jurassic—200 million years—Waterloo Mudstone Formation, more commonly known as Lias clay. Limestone was mined on the southern flanks of Cave Hill in Victorian times and transported to Belfast docks by way of a horse-worked railway along the Limestone Road. The railroad was abandoned in the 1890s.

Examples include the Medcalf Ultramafic Intrusion, a 3.5 km long, ~1 km thick pile of gabbroic to pyroxenitic cumulates which contain subeconomic stratiform vanadiferous magnetite deposits. The extrusive and intrusive igneous rocks are underlain and intruded by a series of I-type granite intrusions and granite domes of c. 2.65 Ga age. A late dyke swarm of Proterozoic age intrudes the belt, most notably the Jimberlana Dyke which attains a thickness of some 600m and transects the Emily Ann and Maggie Hays orebodies.

The Eureka Quartzite is an extensive Paleozoic marine sandstone deposit in western North America that is notable for its great extent, extreme purity, consistently fine grain size of Quartzite, and its tendency to form conspicuous white cliffs visible from afar. The Eureka is commonly underlain and overlain by contrasting slope-forming limestone and dolomite strata, all of Ordovician age. It was named in 1883 for the Eureka mineral district in Nevada,Hague, Arnold (1883). Geology of the Eureka Mining District, Nevada.

Little River Nature Park is a protected area on the eastern shore of Vancouver Island in the Comox Valley Regional District. It is home to beaches, man-made ponds, an estuarine marsh, and well-drained forests dominated by Douglas-fir. The park is underlain by sand and gravel which was locally extracted in open pits; these have since become the ponds. A 1959 soil map identifies, from north to south, the following complex units: Kye-Coastal Beach; Bowser-Custer; Parksville-Bowser.

That is, the two deepest parts are an extension of the Benue Trough that runs northeast to the margin of the basin, and another extension running from below the present lake to below the Ténéré rift structure to the east of the Aïr massif. The southern part of the basin is underlain by another elongated depression. This runs in an ENE direction and extends from the Yola arm of the Benue trough. At times, parts of the basin were below the sea.

It covers approximately 9% of the total surface of Canada and has a geographic area of 175,963 km². Most of the ecozone is underlain by Paleozoic rock, mostly limestone, covered with various deposits of glacial till including moraines, drumlins and old glacial lake bottoms. The eastern areas were flooded by the Champlain Sea. One prominent rock feature is the Niagara Escarpment, which bifurcates the region from Niagara Falls to the northern tip of the Bruce Peninsula, then extends to Manitoulin Island.

The Kiskatinaw Formation is generally conformably overlain by the Taylor Flat Formation (with some exceptions in the Peace River and Fort St. John areas) and unconformably underlain by Golata Formation due to pre-Kiskatinaw erosion. Some Kiskatinaw channels cut down into the Debolt Formation in the eastern parts of its extents. The Kiskatinaw Formation is correlated with the upper Mattson Formation in the Liard area, with the upper Etherington Formation in southern Alberta and with the Otter Formation in Montana.

Bowie hotspot is believed to be perhaps wide and underlain by a mantle plume that is relatively deep. It is also considerably weak. Eruptions from the Bowie hotspot have left a trail of underwater mountains across the Pacific, called the Kodiak-Bowie Seamount chain, which is an underwater mountain region of seamounts along a line beneath the northern Pacific Ocean. The oldest volcano in the chain is Kodiak Seamount with an estimated age of 24 million years and the youngest called Bowie Seamount.

As much as 57% of Mozambique is directly underlain by Precambrian basement rock, which forms some small and locally productive aquifers in weathered rock near the surface. Mountain areas tend to have thicker weathered mantle, with most productive locations near fault zones. In northern Mozambique, average weathered rock cover is less than 20 meters thick, rising to as much as 50 meters in valleys. Fractured volcanic rocks form locally productive aquifers, producing high quality water, often in 10 to 20 meter thick weathered rock near the surface.

In fact, the calcareous lenses of the Maemong limestone, which hold the oldest Miocene fossils are underlain by sequences of pillow lava hundreds of feet thick. Minor faulting complicated the formation of the Facpi volcanic member of the Umatac Formation. Quiet periods in between eruptions allowed the deposition of limestone, from coral reefs, that are now isolated pieces of the Maemong limestone north of the Talofofo River. Higher parts of the Tenjo block were probably eroded, given the presence of early Miocene reefs in central Guam.

Sediment-laden water in the Eel River after winter storms. NASA satellite image, 2012 Most of the Eel River watershed is underlain by sedimentary rock of the Franciscan Assemblage (or Complex), whose rocks date back to the Late Jurassic (161–146 million years ago). The Franciscan is part of a terrane, or crustal fragment, that originated at the bottom of the Pacific Ocean. Beginning several million years ago, tectonic forces shoved the Franciscan assemblage against the North American Plate, pushing up the Coast Ranges.

On the other hand, the lagoonal mangroves have a sandy loam to clay loam soil, underlain by decomposed plant residues or coarse materials. Apo Island is separated from Apo Reef by a narrow, deep channel. The island is about from Mindoro and about from Nanga and Tara Islands, the nearest of the islands off Busuanga Island on the western side of the Mindoro Strait. The Apo Reef Light, situated on the northeast part of the island, warns ship about the location of this navigational hazard.

Precambrian Research, 44(3-4), pp. 277-288. The portion of Hudson Bay immediately offshore of and partially encircled by the Nastapoka arc is underlain by Early Proterozoic strata of the Nastapoka Group. Adjacent to the Nastapoka arc, these strata form a homocline that dips gently westward and consist of unmetamorphosed to slightly metamorphosed sandstone, stromatolite- bearing dolomite, banded iron formation, and basalt. Further west, exposed in the Ottawa and Belcher Islands, the strata of the Nastapoka Group become highly faulted and tightly, often isoclinally, folded.

The major active volcanoes of Colombia, such as Galeras and Romeral are underlain by the Romeral Fault System. Segments of the fault zone are active, producing many minor and occasional devastating earthquakes, such as the 1983 earthquake in Popayán, Cauca and the 1999 Armenia earthquake, with a combined total of more than 2000 casualties. The capitals of Sucre (Sincelejo), Antioquia (Medellín), Caldas (Manizales), Quindío (Armenia), Risaralda (Pereira), Valle del Cauca (Cali), Cauca (Popayán) and Nariño (Pasto) are all situated near or on top of the fault zone.

Astrid Ridge is an undersea ridge on the continental margin of Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica. It is present on the GEBCO 5th edition charts. The name was approved by the Advisory Committee for Undersea Features in June 1987. The ocean along the continental margin of Dronning Maud Land, the Riiser-Larsen and Lazarev seas, are dominated by three topographic features: Astrid Ridge, Maud Rise, a large volcanic plateau in the Lazarev Sea (3°E, 65°S), and Gunnerus Ridge (33.5°E), probably underlain by continental crust.

Very few rocks outcrop at the surface from periods of geologic time before the Neogene and most are limited to the Dniester River valley. Only Miocene and Pliocene rocks outcrop and elsewhere in the country, older rocks are primarily known from borehole drilling. Moldova is underlain by the East European Precambrian Platform and in the southwest, basement rock is covered by a deep Mesozoic basin. Heavily deformed Archean and Proterozoic rocks form the basement of the entire country, including granite, granite gneiss and gabbro.

Due to the extreme karst nature of the whole peninsula, the northern half is devoid of rivers. Where lakes and swamps are present, the water is marshy and generally unpotable. Due to its coastal location, the whole of the peninsula is underlain by an extensive contiguous density stratified coastal aquifer, where a fresh water lens formed from meteoric water floats on top of intruding saline water from the coastal margins. The thousands of sinkholes known as cenotes throughout the region provide access to the groundwater system.

These piles make up the Earth Retaining and Stabilizing Structure which is needed to retain the soil and facilitate underground excavation works for the station. Ground strengthening works for the soft soil and loose sand underlain by hard granite under Inglewood Estate and Kallang River were required prior to the commencement of tunneling works. As the station is located underneath Sin Ming Avenue and Sin Ming walk, multiple stages of traffic diversion are required to facilitate the construction of the station and the tunnels.

Euphorbia ouachitana, commonly called Ouachita spurge, is a species of flowering plant in the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae). It is native eastern to North America, where its range is restricted to the Ouachita and Ozark Mountains, with disjunct populations east in the Nashville Basin. Its typical natural habitat is semi-open forests and woodlands, usually associated with thin soils underlain by shale or limestone. Before it was described as a separate species in 2013, it was typically considered to be the same species as Euphorbia commutata.

In 1965 the New Zealand Broadcasting Corporation (now known as Television New Zealand) leased a 4.9ha section of the reserve from the Crown on the summit of Sugarloaf Hill and installed the communications tower and control building. With a height of 121 m, the lattice steel structured tower is founded on a 5-metre deep concrete pad underlain by basalt volcanic rock. It is situated approximately 50 m behind the main transmission building, which combined with the tower is visible from most parts of Christchurch city.

Some exemplar oolitic limestone was formed in England during the Jurassic period, and forms the Cotswold Hills, the Isle of Portland with its famous Portland Stone, and part of the North York Moors. A particular type, Bath Stone, gives the buildings of the World Heritage City of Bath their distinctive appearance. Carboniferous Hunts Bay Oolite lies under much of south Wales. The Atlantic Coastal Ridge of southeastern Florida, the islands of the Lower Florida Keys, and much of the Everglades, are underlain by Miami Oolite.

The overall shape of ridges results from Pratt isostacy: close to the ridge axis there is hot, low-density mantle supporting the oceanic crust. As the oceanic plate cools, away from the ridge axis, the oceanic mantle lithosphere (the colder, denser part of the mantle that, together with the crust, comprises the oceanic plates) thickens and the density increases. Thus older seafloor is underlain by denser material and is deeper. Spreading rate is the rate at which an ocean basin widens due to seafloor spreading.

North Dakota is underlain by Precambrian crystalline basement rock, although these rocks are less well understood than in neighboring states. In the Proterozoic, a mountain range known as the Western Dakota Mobile Belt formed between two billion and 1.8 billion years ago in connection with the Trans-Hudson orogeny, stretching north into Manitoba and Saskatchewan before eroding almost entirely 1.5 billion years ago, shedding sediments now found in the Montana Belt Supergroup. Commonly glacial erratic boulders are Precambrian rocks transported to the region by ice sheets.

The water table in North Dakota ranges between 15 and 50 feet deep, or 100 feet in upland areas. Fully wet areas are recognized in drill cores by unoxidized dark material. The lignite and sandstone of the Fort Union Group in the west is the top groundwater unit and a common source of water for farms and ranches. The western two-thirds of the state is underlain by an extensive sandstone aquifer, mainly in the Fox Hills Formation and the lower Hell Creek Formation.

The unique part of this multistorey sand complex is the fact that it is underlain by a major erosional surface which extends laterally for hundreds of meters. individual stories vary in thickness and are recognized by the presence of intra and extra-formational clasts along the base of each storey. These facies assemblages suggests a deposition by sheet floods in a braided channel environment. The vertical stacking of this multistorey sandstone complex further indicates of a channel bar that migrates with channels existing predominantly as depositional sites.

Ecoregion 73a is underlain by Holocene alluvium; it lacks the Pleistocene glacial outwash deposits of Ecoregion 73b. Soils on natural levees are relatively coarse-textured, well-drained, and higher than those on levee back slopes and point bars; they grade to very heavy, poorly-drained clays in abandoned channels and swales. Overall, soils are not as sandy as the Northern Pleistocene Valley Trains (73b) and are finer and have more organic matter than the Arkansas/Ouachita River Holocene Meander Belts (73h). Natural vegetation varies with site characteristics.

Most of the region is underlain by pre- Illinoian till, with an age of greater than 0.5 Ma. A thin blanket of Late Wisconsinan aged loess covers the in some places. The relief of the IES itself is generally flat with broad, peculiar interfluves sitting atop of it. The broad elliptical interfluves are commonly referred to as paha and are oriented in a NW-SE (northwest to southeast) direction while each paha is generally isolated or at a distance from one another on the IES.Iannicelli, M. (2010).

The tongue is utilized to roll food particles into a bolus before being transported down the esophagus through peristalsis. The sublingual region underneath the front of the tongue is a location where the oral mucosa is very thin, and underlain by a plexus of veins. This is an ideal location for introducing certain medications to the body. The sublingual route takes advantage of the highly vascular quality of the oral cavity, and allows for the speedy application of medication into the cardiovascular system, bypassing the gastrointestinal tract.

Rosendale is underlain by a shale member of the Martinburg Formation called Martinburg shale, deposited as early as 500 million years ago; Martinburg shale also lines the bottom of the Rondout Creek as it flows through the town. A conglomerate of the Shawangunk Formation was deposited over the Martinburg layer approximately 425 million years ago. The conglomerate is in turn covered by High Falls Shale, a reddish shale formed by mud flats. Subsequent streams left a layer of gray Binnewater Sandstone above the shale.

The Scattered High Ridges and Mountains ecoregion is the most rugged and wooded in the Arkansas Valley. The ecoregion is characteristically covered by savannas, open woodlands, or forests dominated or codominated by upland oaks, hickory, and shortleaf pine; loblolly pine occurs but is not native. It is underlain by Pennsylvanian sandstone and shale; calcareous rocks such as those that dominate the Ozark Highlands are absent. Nutrient and mineral values (including turbidity and hardness) in streams are slightly higher than in other parts of the Arkansas Valley.

The exoskeleton or integument of insects acts as an impermeable, protective layer against desiccation. It is composed of an outer epicuticle, underlain by a procuticle that itself may be further divided into an exo- and endocuticle. The endocuticle provides the insect with toughness and flexibility and the hard exocuticle serves to protect vulnerable body parts. However, the outer cuticular layer (epicuticle) is a protein-polyphenol complex made up of lipoproteins, fatty acids, and waxy molecules, and is the insect's primary defense against water loss.

The formation has been mapped as the Los Moyos Formation in the Manzano Mountains,Myers 1973 but Lucas et al. have recommended abandoning the name Los Moyos Formation and using Grey Mesa Formation throughout the Madera Group. The Gray Mesa Formation likely correlates with the Porvenir Formation in the southeastern Sangre de Cristo Mountains. The formation is underlain at most locations by the Sandia Formation, with its base typically placed at the first massive marine limestone bed above the shales of the Sandia Formation.

The Swift joins the Avon in Rugby The Swift catchment lies between that of the Avon and Welland to the east, the River Sowe to the west, and the River Soar and its tributaries to the north, it covers an area of . In terms of geology of the catchment is underlain primarily by Lias Clay and mudstones, with an overlying layer of glacially deposited till, sands and gravels. This impermeable clay means that the Swift can become responsive in terms of runoff to heavy rainfall events.

Smooth to moderately irregular plains occupy most of the area between large craters not underlain by intercrater plains material. These plains superficially resemble the plains of the lunar maria; they generally have a relatively low albedo and are characterized by numerous elongate ridges. Like the lunar maria, the two younger mercurian plains units have been ascribed to volcanic activity, although this interpretation has been questioned. A volcanic origin seems most probable, but no compelling evidence exists in the Victoria quadrangle to support this opinion.

According to the United States Census Bureau, Brownfield has a total area of , 0.32% of which is covered by water. Brownfield lies in the center of Terry County, within the southern portion of the South Plains and Llano Estacado. The city rests on a windblown deposit called the Blackwater Draw Formation, which is underlain by a thick layer of caliche, referred to locally as the "Caprock". Beneath the caliche layer lies fluvial deposits called the Ogallala Formation, which contains a portion of the vast Ogallala Aquifer.

The region is underlain by a thin layer of rich, black topsoil developed atop the chalk of the Selma Group, a geologic unit dating to the Cretaceous. The soils have developed continuously at least since the Pliocene Epoch. Because the underlying chalk is nearly impermeable to groundwater, the black soils tend to dry out during the summer. The natural vegetation of the chalk belt consisted mainly of oak-hickory forest interspersed with shortgrass prairie, while the sandy ridges flanking the chalk belt supported pine forest.

Geologically, the valley is a wide faulted syncline of sedimentary rocks, sitting between the predominantly Precambrian igneous rocks of the Front Range to the east and the Sawatch Uplift to the west. The Mosquito Range forms a high barrier along the western side of the valley. The long-extinct Thirty-Nine Mile volcanic field is located just to the southeast. The valley is mostly underlain by Paleozoic and Mesozoic sedimentary rocks concealed by a thin layer of gravel laid down by glaciation during Pleistocene time.

Young forest along the Ghost House Loop Trail Like most of the Ridge-and-Valley province, Big Ridge State Park is underlain by early Paleozoic-age rocks created from ancient ocean sediments several hundred million years ago. Limestone formations are common in the valleys and hollows, whereas more resistant sandstone and shale formations are common along the ridges. Dolomitic limestone caps are occasionally found on some of the more blunt ridgetops. The ridges themselves were created 200-300 million years during the Appalachian orogeny.

Highgate Common Pool. The Common is located above the Smestow valley on the ridges of Mid-Severn Sandstone, a Bunter deposit of the Permian and Triassic periods, forming a series of low ridges on both sides of the Severn in Shropshire, Worcestershire and Staffordshire. Similar geology is prominently visible at nearby Kinver Edge and, further afield in the Midlands, at Cannock Chase and Sherwood Forest. Specifically, Highgate is mostly underlain by part of the Bridgnorth Sandstone Formation known as ‘Lower Mottled Soft Red Sandstone’.

The Smoky Hill Chalk Member of the Niobrara Chalk formation is a Cretaceous conservation Lagerstätte, or fossil rich geological formation, known primarily for its exceptionally well-preserved marine reptiles. Named for the Smoky Hill River, the Smoky Hill Chalk Member is the uppermost of the two structural units of the Niobrara Chalk. It is underlain by the Fort Hays Limestone Member; and the Pierre Shale overlies the Smoky Hill Chalk. The Smoky Hill Chalk outcrops in parts of northwest Kansas, its most famous localities for fossils, and in southeastern Nebraska.

Looking south from Mt Taylor to Wanniassa overlooking Wanniassa Shops (center) and the district playing fields (right). Wanniassa is underlain by Deakin Volcanics from the Silurian age 414 million years old - cream-green and purple rhyodacite in the eastern half, with tuff, agglomerate and rhyolite in the west.Henderson G A M and Matveev G, Geology of Canberra, Queanbeyan and Environs 1:50000 1980. Gardeners have to deal with a high proportion of clay soils leading to poor drainage which can be a problem, especially for those in the hillier parts of the suburb.

These lie over a layer of Portland Sands and the underlying Kimmeridge Clay, which is about 155 million years old. The upper layer of the Kimmeridge Clay belongs the Kimmeridgian Stage sensu anglico. Due to the fact that harder Limestones and Sandstones are underlain by an unstable Clay, the cliff face is prone to landslides. At the very western end of Gad Cliff is Worbarrow Tout, which forms the southern bastion enclosing Worbarrow Bay, which is cut into the comparatively soft clays and sands of the Wealden Beds.

The Shasta Valley is dominated by nearby Mount Shasta and underlain with volcanic basalt from eruptions of the mountain in recent geologic time. Pluto's Cave is an example of voids remaining after highly fluid lava drained from underground conduits which were fed by volcanic vents to the east. The Shasta Valley is covered with small hillocks extending from the base of Mt. Shasta north to just beyond the city of Montague, that are the debris from the liquefication of the ancestral Mount Shasta sometime within the past 400,000 years.

During Cretaceous times, most of the Netherlands was covered by a warm shallow (inland) sea in which thick successions of chalk were deposited. This is in places chert- bearing; chalk is mined near the southern city of Maastricht and the Maastrichtian stage was named after this locality. Here a number of mosasaur- fossils have been excavated as well. The Schoonebeek oil-bearing sandstones are Early Cretaceous in age and underlain by hydrocarbon-rich Lower Cretaceous lacustrine Coevorden Formation which forms the source rock for the east Netherlands oil.

The Ornatenton Formation is composed mainly of mudstone with some iron-oolith benches, glauconitic sandstones, and a horizon of carbonate concretions. It stretches from the Eastern Alps to the Rhine valley, and the facies area stretches into Switzerland where it is known as the 'argovian' facies. In southern Germany, the formation is underlain by the Variansmergel Formation and regionally overlapped by the Kandern or Impressamergel Formation, while in the Wutach area it is replaced by the Wutach Formation. Further east, in the French Alps, it dovetails with the Sengenthal Formation.

Waldridge Fell SSSI is a broadly rectangular area, lying between the valleys of two tributaries of the River Wear, the Cong Burn to the north-west and the South Burn to the south-east. Most of the area lies between 80 and 120 metres above sea level, with a high point of 129 metres. The area is underlain by Carboniferous coal measures, which are capped by glacial deposits of varying thickness. Spring-lines are prominent on the lower valley slopes and have a significant effect on the vegetation.

Jósep meets the nouveau-riche investor Kormákur Cooltran, partly because Kormákur establishes a magnificent fishing lodge on the same salmon-river as the one where Litla-Háfi lies. Kormákur Cooltran enjoys a winning charm which is, however, underlain by a steely resolve to get his own way, if necessary by psychological manipulation—framed in Kormákur's case by a selfishly patriarchal worldview and a large helping of homophobia. Kormákur becomes a father-figure to Jósep, whose own (gay) father has abandoned him. He employs Jósep at the fishing-lodge, which Jósep dubs Töfrahöllin (‘hall of enchantments’).

Surface rock in the Sevier River basin is composed mostly of Tertiary igneous rock, and sedimentary rock ranging in age from Jurassic to Quaternary. This is underlain by marine sedimentary rock including thick limestone layers, which accumulated prior to the Jurassic when the western US was part of a shallow sea. Uplift during the Jurassic and Cretaceous thrust western Utah above sea level for the first time. Between 100 and 80 million years ago the Sevier Orogeny created mountains much higher than those found in western Utah today.

The cliff's carboniferous limestone is underlain by a seam about a foot thick of impure coal and a narrow stratum of bituminous shale. This bears impressions of fossil plants including Lepidodendron, Poacites resembling leaves, and Encrinite. Another stratum lower down the cliff is of pebbles of a greenish sandstone, and this contains fossils of bivalve molluscs as well as more sections of Encrinites. Nearby is Llanddulas quarry, which produces a particularly porcelain-like limestone that has been used architecturally for such buildings as St Margaret's Church, Bodelwyddan, commonly known as the "marble church".

Arthur's Seat in Edinburgh The Central Lowlands is largely underlain by Paleozoic formations. Many of these sedimentary rocks have economic significance for it is here that the coal and iron bearing rocks that fueled Scotland's industrial revolution are to be found. This area has also experienced intense volcanism, Arthur's Seat in Edinburgh being the remnant of a once much larger volcano active in the Carboniferous period some 300 million years ago. This area is relatively low-lying, although even here hills such as the Ochils and Campsie Fells are rarely far from view.

The girder system was topped by a concrete slab deck and underlain with standard concrete abutments and piers and steel bearing pads on which the aluminum girders rested. These bridges, which were designed by Fairchild Engine and Airplane Company, were constructed of aluminum due to that metal's light weight but similar strength compared to steel. Many experimental aluminum bridges were built due to a severe shortage of steel in the early 1960s. Aluminum bridges are rarely constructed because they are much more expensive than steel and concrete bridges.

The Maggie Creek Watershed is underlain by the Carlin Trend, a long, 5-mile wide belt of faulted terrain that runs north from Carlin, Nevada. The Carlin Trend has been called the most prolific goldfield in the Western Hemisphere. Newmont Mining Corporation started open pit production on the Carlin Mine (within the lower portion of Maggie Creek Watershed) in 1965. With the discovery of higher grade gold at depth, underground mining began in 1994, necessitating mine water extraction and mitigation, the latter helping to fund the Maggie Creek Watershed Project.

Major heath species include Acacia ulicifolia, Banksia aemula, Banksia robur, Melaleuca juniperinum and Leucopogon pedicellatus. Sedges form the dominant understorey plant of the forests and woodlands. The old dunes are underlain by coarse grained Triassic (200 million year old) sandstones which outcrop in the western section of the Wide Bay area in the form of dissected ridges of moderate relief. The steep slopes and crests support tall open forests, in which Smooth-barked Apple (Angophora costata), Turpentine (Syncarpia glomulifera), Ironbark (Eucalyptus crebra), Forest Oak (Casuarina torulosa) and Black Oak (Casuarina littoralis) are dominant.

Toward the center of the Michigan Basin, the Bedford overlays the Ellsworth Shale. The boundary between the two becomes increasingly difficult to identify as one proceeds west, as the Bedford merges laterally into the upper of the Ellsworth Shale. In the vicinity of Irvine (Michigan), the black shale of the Sunbury comes in contact with the black shale of the Ohio shale as a result of the feathering out of the Berea and Bedford strata. Generally, the Bedford Shale in Kentucky is underlain by the Ohio Shale and overlaid by the Berea Sandstone.

This arrhythmia can be underlain by several causes, which are best divided into cardiac and non-cardiac causes. Non- cardiac causes are usually secondary, and can involve recreational drug use or abuse; metabolic or endocrine issues, especially hypothyroidism; an electrolyte imbalance; neurologic factors; autonomic reflexes; situational factors such as prolonged bed rest; and autoimmunity. Cardiac causes include acute or chronic ischemic heart disease, vascular heart disease, valvular heart disease, or degenerative primary electrical disease. Ultimately, the causes act by three mechanisms: depressed automaticity of the heart, conduction block, or escape pacemakers and rhythms.

The Boring Hills, of volcanic origin, rise more than higher than the terraces to the north and west. The Kelso Slope, a northwest-sloping dissected surface west of the canyon of the Sandy River, tilts down from about above sea level near Sandy to about above sea level east of Gresham. Formed by the ancestral Columbia and Willamette Rivers, the terraces north of Johnson Creek are generally underlain by permeable sand and gravel. Three isolated hills—Rocky Butte, Mount Tabor, and Kelly Butte—rise about above the surrounding terraces.

The tenement straddles the contact between granites and greenstone belt of the Mara-Musoma goldfield. Approximately two-thirds of the tenement is underlain by granitic rock types while the north western third comprises sub- cropping volcanics of mainly mafic to intermediate composition of the Nyanzian System. Twof granite occur in the southern third of the property but most of the granite is covered by extensive mbugu plains. The volcanic rocks outcrop as a NE-SW trending range of hills and about half of the 4 km of strike length is exposed within the property boundary.

An 1897 photograph of a buffalo wallow, underlain by the Ogallala Aquifer (Haskell County, Kansas) A buffalo wallow or bison wallow is a natural topographical depression in the flat prairie land that holds rain water and runoff. Originally this would have served as a temporary watering hole for wildlife, including the American bison. Wallowing buffalo that drank from and bathed in these naturally occurring shallow water holes gradually changed the pristine watering hole into a buffalo wallow. Each time they went away, they carried mud with them from the hole, thus enlarging the wallow.

The Chalk Group is a European stratigraphic unit deposited during the late Cretaceous Period. It forms the famous White Cliffs of Dover in Kent, England, as well as their counterparts of the Cap Blanc Nez on the other side of the Dover Strait. The Champagne region of France is mostly underlain by chalk deposits, which contain artificial caves used for wine storage. Some of the highest chalk cliffs in the world occur at Jasmund National Park in Germany and at Møns Klint in Denmark – both once formed a single island.

The blocks preserve mineral assemblages characteristic of greenschist facies, blueschist facies, amphibolite facies, and eclogite facies metamorphism. The lower slopes are underlain by greywacke sandstones and shales of prehnite-pumpellyite metamorphic grade, , but the contact between the sandstones and the serpentinite-matrix melange is not exposed. Landslides and their deposits are abundant on Ring Mountain, for example at Triangle Marsh, and they carry serpentinite and metamorphic blocks far downslope from their in situ positions. Blueschist block embedded in serpentinite matrix melange on the west side of Ring Mountain.

The Wabar site covers about 500 by 1,000 metres, and the most recent mapping shows three prominent, roughly circular craters. Five were reported by Philby in 1932, the largest of which measured 116 and 64 metres wide. Another was described by the second Zahid expedition and is 11 metres wide: this may be one of the other three originally described by Philby. They are all underlain by a hemispherical rim of "insta-Rock," so called because it was created from local sand by the impact shock wave, and all three are nearly full of sand.

The southwestern flank of the range in underlain by up to of Jurassic age ash fall tuff of rhyodacite composition known as the tuff of Pajarito named for the Pajarito Mountains of Santa Cruz County to the southeast, later referred to as the Cobre Ridge Tuff.Geologic units in Pima county, Arizona, Jurassic volcanic rocks, USGS This tuff was sourced from the Cobre Ridge Cauldera. The northwest end of Cobre Ridge lies around south of the Las Guijas range. Younger Jurassic or Cretaceous sandstone and other sediments occur above the tuff.

Immediately west of the mountain, the same quartzite formation is nearly vertical, along the western limb of the anticline, forming such dramatic outcrops as Seneca Rocks, Champe Rocks, Nelson Rocks, and Judy Rocks. This series of vertical outcrops is part of a formation known as the River Knobs or East Seneca Ridge. The lower, western slopes of the mountain and the adjacent Germany Valley are underlain by the easily eroded Ordovician-aged New Market Limestone and are penetrated by numerous caves, such as the celebrated Hellhole. Shales occur on some of North Fork Mountain's slopes.

The Hayang Group consists of Chilgok, Silla, Hakbong, Haman, Banyawol, Songnaedong, Chaeyaksan and Geoncheonri Formations in ascending order. The Geoncheonri Formation is conformably underlain by the Chaeyaksan Formation and overlain by the Jusasan Formation, the lowermost of the Yucheon Group. Since plant fossils were first reported in the Geoncheonri Formation in 1925, a series of paleontological studies has been made with molluscs, spores and pollen, charophytes, and dinosaur footprints. Plant fossils from the Geoncheonri Formation were correlated with the Monobegawa Group and the Gyliak Series (Lower to "Middle" Cretaceous) in Japan.

Waldhof The geology of Luxembourg is divided into two geologic regions: Rheinisches Schiefergeblige in the north, extending into the Ardennes region in Belgium, and the Oesling (also known as Islek) Zone to the north of Ettelbruck. The country is underlain by the Hercynian orogeny related Givonne Anticlinorium, which mainly contains Early Devonian sandstone and shale. Rocks closer to the surface are primarily from the Cretaceous and are cut by the Sauer River and its tributaries. Geologists draw parallels between the Gutland Zone, south of the Hercynian fold belt, and the Lorraine region of France.

The NCVP contains over 100 volcanoes and is the most volcanically active area in Canada, with eruptions expected to occur roughly every 100 years. Cross section of a general rift The NCVP is underlain by four large crustal fragments, namely Stikinia, Yukon–Tanana, Cassiar and Cache Creek. Stikinia comprises volcanic, plutonic and sedimentary rocks that were created in an island arc environment during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras. Mélange and abyssal peridotites, formed largely in an ancient oceanic basin, are the primary rocks of the Cache Creek Terrane.

Though a pipeline from the North Slope to the nearest ice-free port, almost 800 miles (1,300 km) to the south, was the only way to get Alaska's oil to market, significant engineering challenges lay ahead. Between the North Slope and Valdez, there were active fault lines, three mountain ranges, miles of unstable, boggy ground underlain with frost, and migration paths of caribou and moose. The Trans-Alaska Pipeline was ultimately completed in 1977 at a total cost of $8 billion. The pipeline allowed an oil bonanza to take shape.

The McMurray Formation is conformably overlain by the Wabiskaw Member of the Clearwater Formation. It is underlain by Devonian formations that were tilted and eroded prior to the deposition of the McMurray, resulting in a shallow angular unconformity between the McMurray and the underlying units. The McMurray therefore rests on different Devonian units in different parts of the basin. These range from the Elk Point Group in the east near the Saskatchewan border, to the Waterways Formation along the Athabasca River, and the Banff, Wabamun, and Winterburn Formations farther west.

After his marriage to the Sultan, Khan began publishing his own original works in Arabic, Persian and Urdu; the number of his works eventually topped 200, and many of them were distributed by the state press for free in Bhopal's schools.Malik, pg. 75. His polemical and theological works are generally underlain by the principles of self-judgment, reason and rationality. Khan has been noted as one of the first scholars to research the topic of lexicography of the Arabic language, a field of study which the Arabs themselves had ignored until recently.

The Forest is underlain by a succession of mudstones, sandstones and siltstones of Silurian age. Originally flat-lying these strata have been folded into two structural basins both centred on the Clun valley; one to the east, and one to the west of Newcastle. Accordingly more or less all of the local rock strata dip inwards to these two points, at angles generally between 10 and 30 degrees. The two basins are separated by an anticline which runs north-south through Newcastle along what is referred to as the Clun Forest Disturbance.

Moston is located above the midpoint of the Greater Manchester Urban Area, north-east of Manchester city centre. Moston is bordered by Harpurhey, to the east by Failsworth and by Newton Heath and Monsall to the south. The town is built on a mixture of Bunter sandstone and Manchester marl (clay) that is Permo-Triassic in origin. The area is underlain with middle coal measures (mainly Carboniferous Westphalian B). During the search for mineral deposits, geologists discovered a geological fault (known as the Moston Fault) running between Clayton Bridge and Alkrington.

The Champlain Valley is among the northernmost valleys considered part of the Great Appalachian Valley reaching from Canada to Alabama. The Champlain Valley is a physiographic section of the larger Saint Lawrence Valley province, which in turn is part of the larger Appalachian physiographic division. In Vermont, the Champlain Valley is equivalent to the Vermont Lowlands physiographic region, and extends southward into the Valley of Vermont. The Vermont Lowlands are primarily underlain by sedimentary rocks, especially limestone and shale, though metamorphic rocks such as marble and slate are also present.

Bay muds occur in bays and estuaries throughout the temperate regions of the world. In North America, prominent instances are: (a) the Stellwagen Bank formed 16,000 to 9000 BCE by glaciation of Cape Cod Bay in Massachusetts, (b) Florida Bay, (c) in California Morro Bay and San Francisco Bay and (d) Knik & Turnagain Arms in Anchorage, Alaska. In the United Kingdom large bay mud occurrences are found at Morecambe Bay, Bridgwater Bay and Bristol Bay. Straddling Denmark, the Netherlands and Germany is the Wadden Sea, a major formation underlain by bay muds.

The peninsula can be separated into two physiographic areas--highlands and lowlands. The highlands dominate the western half of the peninsula, and rise to above the surface of Lake Superior. The lowlands of the eastern portion of the peninsula rise to only , over an area 3 to 6 kilometres (2 to 4 mi) wide. With the exception of diabase dikes and the large diabase sill that forms the upper portion of the Sleeping Giant, the peninsula is underlain by sedimentary rocks, which strike northeast and slope towards the southwest, forming a cuesta.

From the dam, the creek flows southeast for before flowing into Papakating Creek, a tributary of the Wallkill River. The creek, lake, and its watershed are located in the Kittatinny Valley which is underlain by dark shale and limestone of the Martinsburg Formation and has soils that are glacial in origin.Avery Ala Drake Jr., Richard A. Volkert, Donald H. Monteverde, Gregory C. Herman, Hugh F. Houghton, Ronald A. Parker, and Richard F. Dalton, I2540a: Bedrock geologic map of northern New Jersey, IMAP. (Washington DC: United States Geological Survey, 1997).

The Fort Simpson Formation is overlain by the Jean Marie Member of the Redknife Formation in its eastern reaches, and progressively by the Kakisa Formation, Trout River Formation or Tetcho Formation towards the west. It is conformably underlain by the Muskwa Member of the Horn River Formation. It is replaced by the Besa River Formation in the Liard River area. It is equivalent to the Imperial Formation to the north, the Tathlina Formation, Twin Falls Formation and Hay River Formation to the east, and the Woodbend Group in Alberta.

The village lies at the crossing of two important roads: the road from the Rhine, Koblenz/Boppard to Trier, the one that was later called the Hunsrückhöhenstraße (Bundesstraße 327), and the road from Kirn on the river Nahe by way of Kirchberg to the Moselle and Zell (Bundesstraße 421). The crossing in Kappel is slightly staggered. Both roads are underlain by old Roman and pre-Roman (Celtic) roads. When the Hunsrückhöhenstraße was being upgraded not long before the Second World War, it was realigned, bypassing the village to the east.

After lava inflation ends and the eruption wanes, the molten interior of the sheet flow typically subsides leaving a series of "bathtub rings" along the sides of the pillars. These rings are formed as the crust on the subsiding lava repeatedly adheres to and then breaks off from the pillar's sides. Lava pillars may continue to act as fluid conduits for years after an eruption. In uncollapsed lobate terrain, diffuse hydrothermal venting is typically focused in the depressions within the lobate lavas, which are probably underlain by pillars.

The Beypazari trona deposit, Ankara Province, Turkey. In: Dyni, J.R., Jones, R. W. (Eds.), Proceedings of the first international soda-ash conference; Volume II, v. 40: Laramie, WY, Public Information Circular – Geological Survey of Wyoming, pp. 67–103. The Wucheng basin trona mine, Henan Province China has some 36 trona beds (693–974 m deep), the lower 15 beds are 0.5–1.5 m thick, thickest 2.38 m; the upper 21 beds are 1–3 m thick, with a maximum of 4.56 m hosted and underlain by dolomitic oil shales of the Wulidui Formation.

Divis (; ) is a small hill and area of sprawling moorland to the north-west of Belfast in County Antrim, Northern Ireland. The hill is 1,568 ft (478 m) tall, making it the highest of the Belfast Hills. It extends north to the Antrim Plateau and shares its geology; consisting of a basaltic cover underlain by limestone and lias clay. Only recently have the Divis area and its surrounding mountains been handed over to the National Trust; from 1953 to 2005, it was under the control of the Ministry of Defence.

Beyond this ridge, there are series of rolling hills and small ridges underlain by Silurian and Devonian aged rocks. The Kittatinny Ridge was created about four hundred million years ago when a small continent that was long and thin collided with proto North America. The strike caused folding and faulting which cause the Silurian Shawnagunk conglomerate which is made mostly of quartz, to rise out of a shallow sea. The heat from pressure caused the quartz to bend, and silica melted the quartz granules together along with other stone.

Boulder of the conglomerate along Crone Road near the top of the Conewago Mountains (rock hammer for scale) The Gettysburg Formation is conformably underlain by the New Oxford Formation, which is the basal unit of the Newark Supergroup in south-central Pennsylvania. The Gettysburg is mapped from the Maryland border through Adams, Cumberland, Lancaster, and York Counties to the southern borders of Dauphin and Lebanon Counties. In these counties and to the north the rock unit is called the Hammer Creek Formation. The Gettysburg Formation is divided into several members.

The Hammer Creek Formation is conformably underlain by the New Oxford Formation, which is the basal unit of the Newark Supergroup in south-central Pennsylvania. The Hammer Creek is mapped from the southern borders of Dauphin and Lebanon Counties to the northeast to the Schuylkill River. A laterally equivalent rock unit called the Brunswick Formation is mapped on the east side of the river and into New Jersey.Van Houten, F.B., 1980, Late Triassic part of Newark Supergroup, Delaware River section, west-central New Jersey, IN Manspeizer, Warren, ed.

British coalfields in the 19th century The coal measures is a lithostratigraphical term for the coal-bearing part of the Upper Carboniferous System. In the United Kingdom, the Coal Measures Group consists of the Upper Coal Measures Formation, the Middle Coal Measures Formation and the Lower Coal Measures Formation. The group records the deposition of fluvio-deltaic sediments which consists mainly of clastic rocks (claystones, shales, siltstones, sandstones, conglomerates) interstratified with the beds of coal. In most places, the coal measures are underlain by coarser clastic sequences known as Millstone Grit, of Namurian age.

The processes could possibly vary depending on the active or passive type of margin encountered, such as Tethyan or Cordilleran margins. In Tethyan passive margins gravity sliding over accretionary terranes via low angle thrust faults was proposed. On the Cordilleran margin, lithospheric fragments are incorporated into accretionary terranes. In the Troodos, gravity surveys have implied that the ophiolite is underlain by continental crust whose relative buoyancy uplifted the ocean crust, which in some circumstances could eventually lead to sliding onto the accretionary wedge (or now Eratostines seamount subducted for Troodos).

This body, known as the Boulder Batholith, extends from Helena to Butte, and is the host rock for the many valuable ores mined in the region. As the granite cooled, it cracked, and hot solutions infiltrated the cracks to form mineral veins bearing gold and other metals. Millions of years later, weathering allowed gold in the veins to wash down to the gravels in Basin Creek, Cataract Creek, and the other creeks near Basin, as well as the Boulder River. The Basin area is underlain by the quartz monzonite of the Boulder Batholith.

The diplomatic agent system was underlain by formal treaties to guard the border and return any stolen cattle from either side. Importantly, Stockenström forbade colonial expansion into Xhosa land. With this key provision, the treaty system soon brought a degree of peace to the frontier. In his frontier policy, Stockenström was also in disagreement with the liberals and philanthropists of the Cape, in that he believed that the authority of the chiefs must be preserved, and that the relations of the borderlands needed to be strictly regulated and policed.

Exposed along the Cheakamus River and its tributaries are the Cheakamus Valley basalts. Although not necessarily mapped as part of the Cayley field, this sequence of basaltic lava flows is geologically similar and comparable in age to volcanic features that are part of this volcanic field. At least four basaltic flows comprise the sequence and were deposited during periods of volcanic activity from an unknown vent between 0.01 and 1.6 million years ago. Pillow lava is abundant along the bases the flows, some of which are underlain by hyaloclastite breccia.

Recent research revealed that volcanic eruptions did occur in the Nova Iguaçu region. After the eruptions, an intense uplifting and consequent regional denudation took place. The cones, craters, lavas, pyroclastic flow deposits, and volcanic bombs have been washed away in the strong tropical erosion of this region, exposing the underlying geologic structure. The Municipal Park is underlain by the geologic bodies corresponding to the magma chamber (composed of syenite and trachyte) and subvolcanic conduit (made up of pyroclastic rocks) of a depth of 3 kilometers, such as pyroclastic dikes.

The debated volcano is in the Municipality of Nova Iguaçu, about 35 kilometers to the west-northwest of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It is a horseshoe-shaped valley opening to the north at the north-east flank of the Mendanha massif, about 2 kilometers south-southeast of the Nova Iguaçu railway station. It is 800 meters long, 700 meters wide, and 180 meters deep at . This area is surrounded by peaks more than 400 meters high, such as Contenda Rock, Austral Rock, Confeito Rock, and Contento Peak, which are underlain by pyroclastic rock.

The sublingual region underneath the front of the tongue is an ideal location for the administration of certain medications into the body. The oral mucosa is very thin underneath the tongue, and is underlain by a plexus of veins. The sublingual route takes advantage of the highly vascular quality of the oral cavity, and allows for the speedy application of medication into the cardiovascular system, bypassing the gastrointestinal tract. This is the only convenient and efficacious route of administration (apart from Intravenous therapy) of nitroglycerin to a patient suffering chest pain from angina pectoris.

The Joli Fou Formation is the basal (oldest) formation of the Colorado Group. It is overlain by the Viking Formation (disconformably in south-eastern Saskatchewan) and conformably underlain by the upper Mannville Group (Grand Rapids Formation in north-eastern Alberta, Pelican Formation in southern Alberta). It is equivalent to the lower Ashville Formation in southern Manitoba, the Skull Creek Shale in North Dakota and parts of the Blackleaf Formation in northern Montana. In south-eastern Alberta, the base of the Formation contains the Cessford Sand marker, consisting of sandstone, siltstone and mudstone.

The Fraser Plateau and Basin Complex is an ecoregion, as defined by the World Wildlife Fund. It encompasses the middle reaches of the watershed of the Fraser River as it traverses the northern part of the Interior Plateau of British Columbia. The WWF ecoregion is similar in description to two of the ecoregions within Environment Canada's Montane Cordillera Ecozone: The Fraser Basin and the Fraser Plateau. Much of the Fraser Plateau is underlain by volcanic rocks which have steep escarpments along rivers and creeks and almost flat upper surfaces.

A fumarolic ice tower is a tower of ice produced by fumaroles of volcanic activity in an environment whose ambient temperature is below the freezing point of water. They are often underlain by massive ice caves. Mount Erebus, the world's southernmost active volcano, is a producer of these ice towers. The ambient temperature at its location is always well below water's freezing point, and the diffuse degassing of carbon dioxide through the steaming warm ground around its flanks causes ice to first melt, then vaporize, and then accumulate into chimney-like towers.

The area is underlain by Black Rock slate, Burrington Oolite and Clifton Down Limestone of the Carboniferous Limestone Series, which contain ooliths and fossil debris, on top of Old Red Sandstone and by dolomitic conglomerate of the Keuper. Evidence for Variscan orogeny is seen in the sheared rock and cleaved shales. In many places weathering of these strata has resulted in the formation of immature calcareous soils. The gorge was formed by meltwater floods during the cold periglacial periods which have occurred over the last 1.2 million years.

Hoodoo Butte lies near the Santiam Pass area, in the eastern segment of the Cascade Range known as the High Cascades, which trends north–south. Constructed towards the end of the Pleistocene epoch, these mountains are underlain by more ancient volcanoes that subsided due to parallel north–south faulting in the surrounding region. In the region stretching south from Mount Jefferson to Santiam Pass, shield volcanoes dominate, forming a broad ridge with cinder cones. Eruptions at these vents have produced rocks with compositions ranging from basaltic andesite to andesite and basalt lavas.

The valley floor is underlain by Mesozoic sedimentary rocks that form a structural basin. The stratigraphy is similar to that in adjacent basins such as the Green River Basin to the west and the Denver Basin to the east. Information provided on Fish and Wildlife Service plaques at an overlook southeast of Walden indicates that the area was formerly a shallow sea, and that fossilized shark teeth can be found in the area. Petroleum has long been produced from anticlinal traps of the Muddy Sandstone (Cretaceous) at North McCallum and South McCallum oil fields.

Because of its highly permeable nature, the San Joaquin River's valley is underlain by one of the largest aquifers in the Western United States. The aquifer underlying the San Joaquin River and Tulare Basin is estimated to hold nearly of water, of which about half can be pumped economically or is clean enough for human use. The aquifer receives in excess of of inflow per year, mostly from precipitation and irrigation water seepage. Concentration of chloride and other minerals generally increases from east to west across the basin.

This article describes the geology of the Broads, an area of East Anglia in eastern England characterised by rivers, marshes and shallow lakes (‘broads’). The Broads is designated as a protected landscape with ‘status equivalent to a national park’. The area is underlain by a suite of generally flat-lying sedimentary rock types of which the most recent are those of Neogene age. Almost entirely covered by more recent superficial deposits, they are exposed at the surface to a very limited extent or else are known from boreholes or quarry workings.

At the southern pole, a small cap of CO2 ice remains during summer, but this cap too is underlain by water ice. The final piece of the Martian climate puzzle was provided by Mariner 4 in 1965. Grainy television pictures from the spacecraft showed a surface dominated by impact craters, which implied that the surface was very old and had not experienced the level of erosion and tectonic activity seen on Earth. Little erosion meant that liquid water had probably not played a large role in the planet's geomorphology for billions of years.

The Papakating Creek watershed is flanked on the west by Kittatinny Mountain and on the east by the watershed of the Wallkill. To the east of the Wallkill River are the mountains of New Jersey's Highlands physiographic province. Kittatinny Valley is underlain by dark shale and limestone of the Martinsburg Formation and has soils that are glacial in origin.Avery Ala Drake Jr., Richard A. Volkert, Donald H. Monteverde, Gregory C. Herman, Hugh F. Houghton, Ronald A. Parker, and Richard F. Dalton, I2540a: Bedrock geologic map of northern New Jersey, IMAP.

The parish, like most in Cheshire, is underlain by a suite of sedimentary rocks dating from the Triassic Period. They comprise (in ascending order) the Lower Triassic age Kinnerton Sandstone, Chester Pebble Beds and Wilmslow Sandstone Formations together with the upper Triassic age Helsby Sandstone, Tarporley Siltstone and Sidmouth Mudstone Formations. Those formations up to and including the Helsby Sandstone Formation are assigned to the Sherwood Sandstone Group. It is this formation whose relatively hard-wearing sandstones form the higher ground of Beacon Hill, Woodhouse Hill and Harrol Edge.

Artist's impression of an individual During the later part of the Lower Jurassic, southern Africa was the scene of massive volcanism, resulting in extensive lava flows (so called flood basalts) that covered much of southern Africa and Antarctica. These basalt formations are known as the Karoo-Ferrar large igneous province. Vulcanodon comes from the "Vulcanodon beds", a fossil-bearing sediment unit within the Batoka Formation, which is composed primarily of flood basalts. The skeleton was found near the top of a bedded layer of sand- and siltstone that is over- and underlain by flood basalts.

Geologically the summit of the fell forms part of the Deepdale Formation, (principally volcaniclastic sandstone) underlain by the dacitic lapilli-tuff of the Helvellyn Formation. The geology of much of the Lake District is the Borrowdale Volcanic Group, of which Nethermost Pike is part, and is late Ordovician in age. The eastern cliffs of the range, including those of Nethermost Pike, are rich in base minerals. When these rocks weather they form areas of fertile soil, which together with the area's inaccessibility and climate provide suitable conditions for plants of biological importance.

The depth to hardpan ranged from 1 foot to 6 feet. The cementing agent for the hard pan was thought to be ferric hydrate with some lime carbonates and probably silica. About 74,500 acres (301 km²) were mapped. The San Joaquin soil was next mapped in the Modesto-Turlock Area in 1909.Soil Survey of the Modesto-Turlock Area, California, by A.T. Sweet, J.F. Warner, and L.C. Holmes, 1909 and was described as having a "brick red" surface layer that was underlain by a "ferruginous hardpan" at depths of 15 to 60 inches.

Shiplate Slait () is a 33.9 hectare biological Site of Special Scientific Interest near the village of Loxton, within the Mendip Hills Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, North Somerset, notified in 1987. The site is underlain by Clifton Down Limestone, Burrington Oolite, Black Rock Dolomite and Black Rock Limestone of the Carboniferous Limestone Series. There is dolomitic conglomerate (Triassic Mudstone) at the lower edges of the site. The site has unimproved calcicolous grassland, some of which is mixed with dwarf- shrub, mosaics of calcicolous grassland and scrub and woodland.

The southeast portion of the Coteau comprises one of the distinct regions of Minnesota, known as Buffalo Ridge. The flatiron-shaped plateau was named by early French explorers from New France (Quebec), coteau meaning "hill" in French; the general term coteau has since been used in English to describe any upland dividing ridge. The plateau is composed of thick glacial deposits, the remnants of many repeated glaciations, reaching a composite thickness of approximately 900 feet (275 m). They are underlain by a small ridge of resistant Cretaceous shale.

Underlain by sandstone bedrock, coastal areas of eastern New Brunswick are typically flat to undulating and are often deeply indented by tidal inlets. The major river systems in the province include the Saint John River, Petitcodiac River, Miramichi River, St. Croix River and the Restigouche River. The Saint John River is thought to be the second-longest river on the North American eastern seaboard between the St. Lawrence River and the Mississippi River. The Kent Hills Wind Farm sits atop an extension of the Appalachian Mountain range in southeastern New Brunswick.

Krebs and Gilmore also directly tested Kohlberg's necessary but not sufficient argument of moral development in 51 children, ages 5–14, for the first three stages of cognitive, role taking, and moral development. Results generally supported Kohlberg's view, but not as strongly, given that it was only demonstrated that cognitive development is a prerequisite for role taking development, and not for moral development. Based on these results, researchers have suggested that moral education programs underlain by Kohlberg's theory must first ensure that the prerequisite cognitive and role taking abilities have developed.

As is the case for most of the surrounding mountains, such as Old Rag Mountain, Humpback Rock is underlain by an enormous granite formation created during the Grenville Orogeny on the ocean floor about a billion years ago. About 400 million years later, during the Catoctin Formation, basaltic magma was deposited, forming a layer of greenstone over the granite. Over time, sand and rock sedimented on the ocean floor, forming quartzite and sandstone deposits. Finally, sedimentation of shells and skeletons of foraminifera resulted in deposition of a layer of limestone.

During the Late Pleistocene, the sinkhole at Mammoth Site of Hot Springs formed when a cavern in the Minnelusa Limestone collapsed. This cavern collapse created a steep-sided sinkhole, that was about deep and by wide at the surface within a Pleistocene terrace underlain by Spearfish Shale. The sinkhole is the surface expression vertical breccia pipe provided a chimney-like path that allowed warm artesian water to percolate upward and fill the sinkhole with a steeply-sided pond. The bones of an Arctodus Simus, a Giant Short-Faced Bear.

Indianapolis is the 16th largest city by land area in the U.S. Indianapolis is within the Tipton Till Plain, a flat to gently sloping terrain underlain by glacial deposits known as till. The lowest point in the city is about above mean sea level, with the highest natural elevation at about above sea level. Few hills or short ridges, known as kames, rise about to above the surrounding terrain. The city lies just north of the Indiana Uplands, a region characterized by rolling hills and high limestone content.

Schuylkill County's history is not solely a story about coal mining and railroads. The first settlers were farmers or lumbermen. In the fertile agricultural valleys (not underlain with coal) between the Blue Mountain range in the south to near the Susquehanna River to the north, generations of farming families have helped feed their neighbors in the mines, on the rails, on the canals, and in the towns within and surrounding the county. After settlement of the farms, came a period of diversified, small scale production that lasted until about the late 19th century.

Partly filling most craters is plains material that is smoother and less densely cratered than intermediate plains material. Because most areas underlain by this unit are enclosed within craters, contacts between smooth plains and older plains units are rare. Smooth plains material thus is defined almost entirely by texture and apparent crater density. Few superposition data directly support the inferred age sequence, but the relative youth of the smooth plains unit is indicated by its presence on the floors of craters that are superposed on intermediate plains material.

These constitute over 20% of the entire exposed Precambrian surface in New Mexico and the Rocky Mountains. Much of the mid-continent from eastern New Mexico to the northeast is underlain by the 1450-1350 Granite-Rhyolite crustal province. However, this was long assumed to be an anorogenic event, possibly due to basaltic underplating. Direct evidence for uplift in the form of sedimentation was lacking until detrital zircon geochronology established that some formations of the Vadito and Hondo Groups, long assumed to be Statherian in age, were actually Calymmian.

It is believed that the present course of the stream had been established prior to the formation of the mountains – as they rose, the creek's erosional force cut canyons and valleys into the bedrock, maintaining its course. The Hayfork Valley is an alluvial basin filled with sediments at least deep deposited by Hayfork, Carr, Barker, Big, Salt and other streams from the surrounding water. Approximately of the alluvium dates from the Holocene less than 12,000 years ago. The valley is underlain by the Hayfork Valley Groundwater Basin which ranges from below the surface.

Toward the summit, the vegetation shrinks until the largest plants are little more than compact green cushions in the cracks between the rocks. Here, Alpine Forget-me-not (Myosotis alpestris) plants with hundreds of blossoms occupy areas of only a few square centimeters and rise only centimeters above the soil surface. The tundra around Summit Lake, particularly in Summit Lake Flats, the gently sloping area east of the lake, is frequently described as the southernmost area of arctic tundra in the world because it is water saturated and underlain by an extensive area of permafrost.

The folding intensity in the southern region increases steadily towards the south, the structures being further complicated by superimposed salt diapirism. This somewhat simplified structural subdivision gets complicated by the Parentis Basin which extends out into the Atlantic. The Parentis Basin is situated in the Golfe de Gascogne and also reaches 11 km depth; it is a symmetrical basin oriented east–west and comes ashore near Arcachon. This sub-basin is underlain on its far western side by oceanic crust dated at 100–95 million years BP (Cenomanian).

The central part of the study area is underlain by shales of the Ecca Group, Pietermaritzburg Formation. Eight soil forms were identified at Buffelsdraai. The historic landuse of sugarcane cultivation on moderate to steep slopes on site has resulted in the top 50 cm of the soil profile being completely mixed by land preparation activities as well as a net export of soil material by overland runoff and erosion of gullies.[5] The impacts of cultivation of the past several decades were likely to have influenced soil formation.

The Cascades ecoregion is a Level III ecoregion designated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in the U.S. states of Washington, Oregon, and California. Somewhat smaller than the Cascade mountain range for which it is named, the ecoregion extends north to Snoqualmie Pass, near Seattle, and south to Hayden Pass, near the Oregon-California border, including the peaks and western slopes of most of the High Cascades. A discontiguous section is located on Mount Shasta in California. The mountainous region is underlain by Cenozoic volcanic rock that has been affected by alpine glaciations.

The Cold Wet Pumice Plateau Basins ecoregion includes Sycan Marsh, Klamath Marsh, and La Pine Basin, which are surrounded by the Pumice Plateau but have distinct vegetation and topography. At an elevation of , they function as cold air catch-basins during the winter, which results in lower minimum temperatures. Soils in the basins have water tables at or near the surface for significant periods of the year, in contrast to the soils of the Pumice Plateau. The La Pine Basin is underlain by thick lacustrine deposits that exhibit high groundwater levels during the spring snowmelt.

The region is largely underlain with shallowly west-dipping strata, but a significant uplifted block is found in the subsurface immediately north of Wichita Falls. This block, locally known as the Red River uplift, may be part of an uplifted system that extends eastward, joining the Muenster Arch. The uplifts offset Pennsylvanian and older strata in the subsurface and are thought to be contemporaneous with the Ouachita and Ancestral Rocky Orogenies. These Pennsylvanian orogenies resulted from the closure of the Iapetus ocean as the Gondwana and Laurentia continents collided to form Pangea.

The ignimbrite appears in an eastward-heading ephemeral river valley and the southern Quebrada del Veladero, possibly also next to the Rio Salado headwaters. Thicknesses range from ; the ignimbrite is underlain by a lithic- and-ash rich surge deposit with a thickness of . The ignimbrite displays banding features away from the caldera and in Quebrada de Veladero football- sized clasts are mixed within fine ash. Rocks from the ignimbrites farther away from their source indicate the ignimbrite probably formed from the mixing of less viscous dacitic magma with rhyolite.

These are underlain by non‐marine sequence of Lathi Formation which has been dated as Liassic to Bathonian by Das Gupta (1975) and as Liassic by Lukose (1972). The calcareous Jaisalmer Formation is followed upward sequence by siliciclastic sediments of Baisakhi formation. The Baisakhi Formation in general, comprises shale, sandstone, siltstone and ironstone and is subdivided into Rupsi, Lodorva and lanella members in ascending order by Prasad (2006). The Rupsi and Lanella Members of the Formation contain profuse ammonites and can be dated as Early kimmeridgian to Late Kimmeridgian in age.

Sinkhole along the Hidden Springs Trail Cedars of Lebanon State Forest is underlain by Ordovician period limestone, formed roughly 460 million years ago from calcareous ooze deposited by a primordial sea that once covered Middle Tennessee. Weathering of this rock has led to the creation of karst formations such as joints, underground streams, caves, and sinkholes, which are common throughout the park and forest.Charles Wilson, 18. The forest is located in a flat section of the Central Basin characterized by thin soil layers where the limestone bedrock is often exposed.

Although some early workers included the Bluesky Formation in the Bullhead Group, it is usually classified as the basal unit of the Fort St. John Group. It is conformably overlain by the Wilrich Member of the Spirit River Formation and conformably underlain by the Gething Formation. Northeast of the town of Peace River it was deposited unconformably on Mississippian limestone. It is equivalent with the Glauconitic Sandstone of the Mannville Group in central and southern Alberta, as well as with the Wabiskaw Member of the Clearwater Formation in the eastern part of northern Alberta.

Kaskapau shale exposed along the Pouce Coupe River The formation is thick in the Peace River and Smoky River area, and thickens up to in the foothills of the Northern Rocky Mountains in British Columbia. It is exposed along the Peace River near Dunvegan, as well as in the Smoky River area. The formation is part of the Smoky River Group, and is conformably overlain by the Bad Heart Formation in the western area, and unconformably by the Cardium Formation in the Pouce Coupe River area. It is conformable underlain by the Dunvegan Formation.

H.L. Wood, "Record of oi shale development in the United States," National Petroleum News, 29 Sept. 1920, p.33-38. Catlin oil shale retorts, Elko, Nevada, 1922 First attempt to produce oil from the western deposits was made by mining engineer Robert Catlin. Catlin became intrigued by oil shale, and in 1890 bought a plot of land near Elko Nevada that was underlain by oil shale of the Elko Formation. When the price of oil started rising in 1915, he dug a mine shaft down into the best yielding shale, built a bank of retorts and a small refinery, and began producing oil.

The hill rises above the surrounding countryside by virtue of its distinctive geology, the igneous rocks capping both Titterstone Clee and Clee Hill being more resistant to erosion than the neighbouring sedimentary rocks. Most of the lower ground is underlain by mudstones and sandstones of Devonian age and collected together as the Old Red Sandstone. The uppermost part of this succession is the St Maughans Formation and on the northern and western sides it rises almost to the summit where it is then capped by a hard-wearing dolerite sill. A similar but larger and separate intrusion caps Clee Hill to the south.

The majority of the solid rocks of Cheshire are sedimentary rocks laid down during the Permian and Triassic periods. Both the east and west Cheshire Plains are immediately underlain by Triassic sandstones, siltstones and mudstones, although outcrops are restricted to those areas that are not covered by thick expanses of glacial till of glacio-fluvial sands and gravels, such as the Mid Cheshire Ridge and Alderley Edge. Rocks of Permian age occur to the west of Chester and in restricted areas to the southeast and northeast of the city, although again largely obscured by superficial deposits.

Over 70% of the population of the Falkland Islands live in the capital, Stanley, which is located in East Falkland. The northern part of the island, apart from the coastal strip bordering the Choiseul Sound, is largely underlain by Palaeozoic rocks in the form of quartzite and slate, which tend to form rugged landscapes and coastlines and to cause the soil to be poor and acidic. The principal range of hills, the Wickham Heights runs from north-east to south-west. The highest point of the range (also the highest point in the Falklands), is Mount Usborne which has a height of .

The area away from the mountain range consists chiefly of low undulating ground, a mixture of pasture and morass, with many shallow freshwater tarns, and small streams running in the valleys. Two inlets, Berkeley Sound and Port William, run far into the land at the north- eastern extremity of the island and provide anchorage for shipping. In contrast, Lafonia is underlain by Mesozoic age sandstone, a younger rock than the Palaeozoic rock to the north, giving a flatter landscape than is seen elsewhere on the island. Sheets of liquid basalt intruded into the cracks that formed between the sedimentary layers.

The watershed is underlain by the Franciscan Assemblage, which consists of soft soil and rock in this region. The formation is created by the San Andreas Fault, and comprises most of California's Coast Range. The steep terrain in the South Fork Eel's watershed is the result of continuous uplift along the San Andreas Fault, and coinciding with the erosion caused by the river and its tributaries, steep canyons and ridges, many with slopes of over 50 percent, were formed. Of note is that the downstream reach of the river "may be uplifting as much as ten times faster than the headwaters area".

These contain a large quantity of coarse angular blocks mixed with sands and clays, the whole apparently dumped into its present position without having undergone any sorting by water. Bowlders in diameter are plentiful. In some localities, the surface wash is underlain by stratified sands and clays, which were probably deposited in small local basins, where they are sometimes found abutting against perpendicular rock faces or overlapping sloping surfaces. The hard gray clay locally underlying the surface wash and known as "glacial clay" rests on loose sands composcd largely of slate particles and containing a large amount of water.

Attitti and surrounding lakes The Attitti Lake region, which includes McArthur Lake, is typical of the flat-surfaced part of the Canadian Shield, with low hills that rarely rise as much as above the lakes. The terrain consists of roughly parallel sinuous ridges of outcrop separated by muskeg, drift and lakes. Geologically the area is in the Precambrian Kisseynew complex, underlain by an assemblage of metamorphosed sedimentary rocks that has been intricately folded, with intrusions of sill-like granitic bodies. In its northern section the McArthur Lake fault zone is parallel to the east shore of McArthur Lake, forming a steep scarp high.

A large triangular area surrounding Richmond Gulf, which includes a short segment of the Nastapoka arc, is underlain by about of undeformed, pink and red, mainly fluvial, feldspar-rich sandstone that is interbedded with minor beds of conglomerate and basaltic, subaerial, lava flows. These strata, which are known as the Richmond Gulf Group, rest unconformably on Archean crystalline rocks of the Superior craton and are now preserved by downfaulting only within the Richmond Gulf Graben. The graben, its faults, and the Richmond Gulf Group are unconformably overlain by the strata of the Nastapoka Group.Chandler, F.W. and Schwarz, E.J., 1980.

More than 50% of Lesotho's territory is underlain by fractured igneous rock aquifers, such as the low permeability basalt of the Lesotho Formation. Dolerite-dike related aquifers have high water productivity in fractures that formed in the surrounding rock due to the high temperature of the intrusion. The sandstones of the Clarens Formation, Elliot Formation and Burgersdorp Formation are small or low quality aquifers, but the Molteno Formation is regarded as the best aquifer in Lesotho with high yield and frequent springs. Steep terrain, rain and snow melt mean that Lesotho has a high risk of landslides.

Only a minuscule fraction of the country has been surveyed for coal fires. The best data available come from a study based on systematic, on- the-ground observation. In 1998, a total of 125 coal fires were located and mapped within a 2-kilometer strip either side of a 100-kilometer stretch of road north of Balikpapan to Samarinda in East Kalimantan, using hand-held Global Positioning System (GPS) equipment. Extrapolating this data to areas on Borneo and Sumatra underlain by known coal deposits, it was estimated that more than 250,000 coal seam fires may have been burning in Indonesia in 1998.

Much of the western two-thirds of the country consists of the Pliocene–Pleistocene volcanics deposited on Precambrian basement rocks.Petroleum Potential of NW-Kenya Rift Basins: A Synopsis of Evidence and Issues The southeast corner of the country is underlain by sediments of the Karoo System of Permian to Late Triassic age and a strip of Jurassic age sediments along the coast in the Mombasa area. The Anza trough is a NW–SE trending Jurassic rift extending from the Indian Ocean coast to the Sudan northwest of Lake Turkana. The Anza Rift resulted from the break–up of Gondwana.

The Fylde is underlain by sedimentary bedrock of Triassic age though it is everywhere concealed by a thick cover of superficial deposits (exceeding 30m thickness in places) laid down during the present Quaternary period. The older rocks are the Sherwood Sandstones which ‘subcrop’ in the east. The slightly younger mudstones and siltstones of the Mercia Mudstone Group are found west of a line drawn roughly between Freckleton, St Michael's on Wyre and Preesall. The group is subdivided into formations and members; one in particular is of note, the ‘Preesall Halite member’, traditionally referred to as the Preesall Salt.

Humboldt Fault (red) and Midcontinent Rift (green) in Kansas and Nebraska The Nemaha uplift is a deep fault zone which runs diagonally across east Kansas and extends from just south of Omaha, Nebraska to Oklahoma City. This fault zone directly overlies a granite "high" in the Precambrian basement and is structurally active as the Humboldt Fault. Some fifty miles to the west the southernmost extension of the Proterozoic Midcontinent Rift System extends into northeastern Kansas. Earthquakes in Kansas KGS The northern two-thirds of Kansas is underlain by a Proterozoic sequence known as the Central Plains Orogen.

Musically, the song starts with reversed and slow-motion samples before transitioning into a driving drum machine loop underlain with Ogre's rasped vocals. As with much of the album, "Love in Vein" features a number of aural layers, such as samples from "Revolution 9" by the Beatles. Halfway through the song, extremely distorted and downtuned clips of Ogre's vocals are introduced. Last Rights' second song and Skinny Puppy's first ballad, "Killing Game", is one of the group's more well-known and atypical tracks, and Ogre said it rivaled 1989's "Worlock" as the best Skinny Puppy song.

Leechtown is notable for its geologic placement, which is what gives rise to the historical gold finds. The Leech River runs along the Leech River Fault, a major regional fault that marks a distinct geological boundary between the Pacific Rim Terrane and the Crescent Terrane (part of Siletzia).Natural Resources Canada:Geoscape Victoria The "Leech River Complex" (also "Leech River Formation" and "Leech River Schist") is a well-known assemblage of highly deformed schists underlain by gneiss. The gold is thought to be derived from quartz stringers concentrated in the schists, emplaced by hydrothermal events related to the regional tectonic activity.

The village is on the north bank of the River Thames on very gently sloping land towards the river and inchoate streams which were mostly joined into the Jubilee River, mainly on gravel-underlain soil. Eton is east, the centre of which directly faces Windsor across the Thames. Slough, which is linked by two roads forming a rectangle with Dorney, is ENE. Dorney has Dorney Lake, where alongside Holme Pierrepont in England major rowing events take place, such as at the 2012 Summer Olympics and annually in events such as the Wallingford, Marlow and Metropolitan Regattas.

The source of iron for the CIDs is believed to be a Miocene aged iron-rich soils which developed upon a palaeosurface (since eroded) which developed in the Early Miocene during hot, humid conditions. The erosion of this ferritic palaeosurface in the Mid Miocene transported of the iron-rich soils into the palaeodrainage system, where the iron became consolidated within the existing river courses. The river beds were at the time a rich humic swamp with thick vegetation, and accumulation of peats or thick detrital vegetation. Most CIDs are underlain by organic-rich clays and/or Miocene aged lignite.

Greenbrier Pinnacle, a ridge descending from the western flank of Old Black westward to the Middle Fork valley, nearly closes off Greenbrier Cove entirely. Over a dozen streams flow north from the crest of the Pinnacle, each of them cutting narrow hollows with traces of fertile bottomland. Rock wall at the old Cantrell homesite on Porters Creek Greenbrier is underlain by a Precambrian metamorphic rock formation of the Ocoee Supergroup known as Roaring Fork Sandstone.Harry Moore, A Roadside Guide to the Geology of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1988), 68.

The upper canyon, in the Santa Ana Mountains, is carved into Jurassic-age igneous and metamorphic rock overlain by a few thousand feet of highly erosive Cretaceous- age sedimentary rock covered by thin layers of rocky soil. The mountains began rising during the late Miocene epoch, beginning about 5.5 million years ago. The valley floor of the upper Bell Canyon area is underlain by the Bedford Canyon Formation, which is composed of siltstone, argillite, conglomerate, limestone, slate and greywacke. Two minor faults cross Bell Creek within of each other: the Aliso Fault and Mission Viejo Fault, upstream of the Dove Canyon confluence.

The mountain was also shaped by the changing climate of the Pleistocene Epoch, during which multiple glacial periods occurred and glacial advance eroded local mountains. Broken Top joins several other volcanoes in the eastern segment of the Cascade Range known as the High Cascades, which trends from north–south. This includes the Three Sisters complex, Belknap Crater, Mount Washington, Black Butte, and Three Fingered Jack, and Mount Bachelor. Constructed towards the end of the Pleistocene epoch, these mountains are underlain by more ancient volcanoes that sank within parallel north–south trending faults in the surrounding region.

McLoughlin is part of the High Cascades, which trend north–south. Formed towards the end of the Pleistocene Epoch, these mountains are underlain by more ancient volcanoes that subsided due to parallel north–south faulting in the surrounding region. Like other Cascade volcanoes, Mount McLoughlin was fed by magma chambers produced by the subduction of the Juan de Fuca tectonic plate under the western edge of the North American tectonic plate. Within Oregon, plutons, or bodies of intrusive igneous rock that crystallize from magma cooling below the surface of the Earth, lay between northwest of the major High Cascade axis.

The Watchungs are composed principally of volcanic basalt, which historically has been used in railroad beds and road construction. In addition to this, in many places the mountains are underlain by red and white sandstone which has at times been used in building construction. Mica and calcareous spar often accompany these sandstone beds. An ancient lava front in the Watchungs bearing embedded agate and quartz nodules Due to the volcanic nature of the Watchungs, zeolites, including prehnite, analcime, and stilbite, which form from a reaction of mafic rocks in alkaline environments, can be found along exposed ridge lines.

The north of the county was shaped by earlier glaciers, which deposited glacial till, the basis for the heavy soil there. The Marshfield moraine in the northwest corner is probably a terminal moraine from one of these earlier glaciers, or from a series of them. Its age is unclear, but its relatively smooth surface indicates that it has eroded for a much longer time than the choppy terminal moraines left 13,000 years ago, like the Perkinstown moraine near Medford. Much of the county except for the northeast corner is underlain by a layer of Cambrian sandstone, formed long before the last ice age.

Mary Jasch, "A Day at Swartswood Lake", Skylands Visitor (magazine). Retrieved October 13, 2015. The lake and valley is underlain by a two-mile-thick (3.2 km) layer called the Martinsburg Formation, a turbidite sequence of weaker sedimentary materials, mostly slate, greywacke sandstone, shale, and limestone derived from Ordovician-period deep ocean floor deposits from 540 to 400 million years ago.A.A. Drake, Jr., R.A. Volkert, D.H. Monteverde, G.C. Herman, H.F Houghton, R.A. Parker, and R.F. Dalton, Miscellaneous Geologic Investigations Map I-2540-A: Bedrock geologic map of northern New Jersey, (Washington, DC: United States Geological Survey, 1996).

In a recent rocks and sediment analysis or petrographic study on the lakes and adjoining rivers in San Pablo, sulfate concentrations were considerably higher than the naturally occurring sulfates from volcanism. Samples were taken from other areas underlain with similar volcanic rocks from the old eruptions (e.g. Taal volcano) like Indang, in the province of Cavite and the La Mesa Watershed, the water supply reservoir for Metropolitan Manila. The analyses indicated that the elevated level of sulfates were not related to volcanism but anthropogenic or man-made, and among the causes are sewage, fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides etc.

A mineral survey from 1980 through 1981 detected little potential for metallic mineral or fossil fuel resources in the Mount Washington Wilderness. The area contains large amounts of cinder, more than , but there are alternate sources in the region, which are sufficient to meet local demands. Likewise, there are no mines in the area, nor any documented history of mining claims; the closest mines are located to the west in the Blue River mining district. The volcanic vents throughout the Mount Washington Wilderness are underlain by Eocene to Pliocene volcanic rock layers, which do not contain hydrocarbons for fossil fuels.

This supergroup is a sedimentary-volcanic sequence, in which the sedimentary Schumacherfjellet Formation and Högfonna Formation are intruded by the Grunehogna and Kullen mafic sills (838 Ma). The basaltic lavas of the Straumsnutane Formation (821 Ma) is the uppermost unit within the supergroup. To the east of the Ritscherflya Supergroup, lies the Proterozoic metamorphic terrane of H.U. Sverdrupfjella, which is composed of para- and orthogneisses. The Sør Rondane Mountains are underlain by Late Proterozoic metamorphic rocks of the Teltet-Vengen Group and the Nils Larsen Group gneisses, which are intruded by latest Proterozoic to Early Paleozoic plutonic rocks and dykes.

Geologically, the area is predominantly underlain by metamorphic rock of Precambrian age. The Nolichucky, approaching Erwin, Tennessee from the east, as seen from the Appalachian Trail just south of Erwin The river then enters Unicoi County, Tennessee, as it drops through a whitewater gorge, flowing between the ranges of the Bald Mountains (to the south) and the Unaka Mountains (to the north). Turning northwest, the stream is bridged by the Appalachian Trail, and then, just beyond this, by U.S. Highway 19W southwest of Erwin, Tennessee. Near Erwin, two tributary streams, South Indian Creek and North Indian Creek, join the Nolichucky River.

Harry Moore, A Roadside Guide to the Geology of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1988), 45, 101. The upper elevations of the Oconaluftee Valley are underlain by a Late Precambrian metamorphic rock of the Ocoee Supergroup, which is the dominant rock class in the Great Smokies. These rocks were formed from ocean sediments nearly 400 million years ago, and were thrust upward during the Appalachian orogeny, when the North American and African plates collided.Harry Moore, A Roadside Guide to the Geology of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1988), 23–27.

The Twrch Sandstone Formation gives rise to numerous positive landscape features such as Carreg Dwfn, Tair Carn Uchaf, Gwaun Cefnygarreg in the west of the Brecon Beacons National Park and the plateau surfaces of Mynydd Llangatwg and Mynydd Llangynidr in the east. Faulted blocks of the Twrch Sandstone and Bishopston Mudstone formations are responsible for much of the dramatic scenery within the national park's Waterfall Country. The Marros Group is underlain by the Carboniferous Limestone, the boundary being unconformable. In contrast, the contact with the overlying Farewell Rock which lies at the base of the South Wales Coal Measures is conformable.

Methyl CpG-binding protein 2 (MeCP2) is a transcriptional regulator that must be phosphorylated before releasing from the BDNF promoter, allowing transcription. Rett syndrome is underlain by mutations in the MeCP2 gene despite no large-scale changes in expression of MeCP2 being found in microarray analyses. BDNF is downregulated in the MECP2 mutant resulting in Rett syndrome, as well as the increase of early neural senescence and accumulation of damaged DNA. In the Överkalix study, paternal (but not maternal) grandsonsA person's paternal grandson is the son of a son of that person; a maternal grandson is the son of a daughter.

The Flat Landing Brook Formation is the middle member of the Tetagouche Group. Exposures between Route 490 and the headwaters of Flat Landing Brook are the type locality. It is conformably overlain by massive pillowed alkali basalt of the Little River Formation and conformably underlain by crystal tuff as well as quartz-feldspar augen schist of the Nepisiguit Falls Formation. The contact of the Flat Landing Brook and Little River formations is exposed in the Brunswick Mines area and near California Lake whereas the contact of the Flat Landing Brook and Nepisiguit Falls formations is exposed along The Narrows of the Nepisiguit River.

Cotton grass at Knockan Crag The plantlife of the area is highly influenced by its underlying geology. The soils formed on areas of limestone, fucoid beds and salterella grits are much richer than those on Moine schists. The lime-rich areas consequently support a richer vegetation, including plants such as mountain avens and rock sedge, whilst areas underlain by Moine schists tend to consist of wet heath and blanket bog. The transition between the two vegetation patterns is especially marked on the plateau above the crags, where there are small limestone knolls separated by peat-filled areas.

Quincy is located at (39.936279, −120.947921). According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , all of it is land. Quincy is underlain by metasedimentary rock of the Shoo Fly Complex.Saucedo, G.J., and Wagner, D.L., 1992, Geologic map of the Chico quadrangle: California Division of Mines and Geology, Regional Geologic Map 7A Its dominant silica-rich clastic material weathers to a stony coarse soil which includes the well or somewhat excessively drained alluvial fan material (mainly Forgay very gravelly sandy loam) on which most of Quincy's businesses and homes have been built.

A large part of Kenya is underlain by Precambrian basement, while the Kenya rift basin (a typical extensional basin) hosts Tertiary volcanics that cover Mesozoic sediments (Recently these sediments have been considered for oil exploration). The sedimentary basins evolved along the Anza trough during the Late Paleozoic to Early Tertiary times through extension tectonics during the major Gondwanaland breakup. In the Miocene Period the region underwent intermittent uplift and subsidence along major boundary faults accompanied by the large outpouring of lava flows. The Anza trough intersects the modern rift valley in the area of Lake Turkana.

The Temagami area also contains some pillow lava about 2 billion years old, indicating that great submarine volcanoes existed during the early stages of the formation of the Earth's crust. The northeast arm of Lake Temagami is underlain by a strong fault zone of sheared felsic to intermediate metavolcanic rocks that is approximately wide. This fault zone, known as the Northeast Arm Deformation Zone, and the associated metavolcanic rocks are associated with the Temagami Greenstone Belt, an Archean greenstone belt characterized by felsic-mafic volcanic rocks. Lake Temagami and its surrounding lakes provide endless opportunities for canoe camping.

These horsts and grabens extend from onshore areas northward into a complex offshore terrane that includes the Ionian Sea abyssal plain to the northeast. This plain is underlain by oceanic crust that is being subducted to the north and east beneath the Hellenic arc. The Pelagian province to the west, particularly the pull-apart basins of the Sabratah Basin and extending along the South Cyrenaica Fault Zone (SCFZ) and the Cyrenaica Platform to the east, is strongly influenced by extensional dextral strike-slip faulting. To the south, the Nubian Swell is the stable continental basement for this rifted basin.

The Arkansas Valley Hills ecoregion is underlain by Pennsylvanian sandstone and shale, and is lithologically distinct from Ecoregions 37b and 39. Ecoregion 37c is more hilly than the Arkansas Valley Plains (37d) and less rugged than Ecoregions 36, 37a, and 38. Ultisols are common and support a potential natural vegetation of oak–hickory forest or oak–hickory–pine forest; both soils and natural vegetation contrast with those of Ecoregion 37b. Today, pastureland is extensive, but rugged areas are wooded; overall, trees are much less extensive than in neighboring Ecoregions 36d, 37a, and 38 but more widespread than in Ecoregions 37b and 37d.

Many species from the Eemian layers nowadays show a much more southern distribution, ranging from South of the Strait of Dover to Portugal (Lusitanian faunal province) and even into the Mediterranean (Mediterranean faunal province). More information on the molluscan assemblages is given by Lorié (1887), and Spaink (1958). Since their discovery, Eemian beds in the Netherlands have mainly been recognized by their marine molluscan content combined with their stratigraphical position and other palaeontology. The marine beds there are often underlain by tills that are considered to date from the Saalian, and overlain by local fresh water or wind-blown deposits from the Weichselian.

A lithospheric drip is a geological phenomenon in which a dense and relatively cold mass of lithosphere sinks into the more fluid upper mantle. The regions of descending material have been detected by seismic tomography methods and modeled as near vertically oriented cylindrical masses within the upper mantle. The lithospheric drip discovered below the Great Basin in central Nevada has dimensions of 100 km diameter by 500 km vertical length. Another area underlain by a descending cylindrical mass of dense lithosphere has been reported in the southwestern Sierra Nevada and portions of the San Joaquin Valley of California.

In many cities besides Richmond and Philadelphia setts have often been used for pavement around street-running trolley or tram lines in the same manner as brickwork. Portland, Oregon, used Belgian block paving extensively in the 19th century, starting near the Willamette River, to stop the streets from washing away in floods. Many streets in older parts of the city are underlain by these blocks, and a few streets in the Pearl District still feature this kind of pavement. The City of Portland stockpiles these blocks when they are dug up for street or utility repairs or renovation.

The Coso Range of eastern California is located immediately south of Owens Lake (dry), east of the Sierra Nevada, and west of the Argus Range. The southern part of the range lies in the restricted Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake and the northern part of the range is designated as the Coso Range Wilderness. The mountains include Coso Peak, at above sea level, as well as Silver Peak and Silver Mountain, both more than in height. The range is underlain principally by Mesozoic granitic rocks that are partly veneered by upper Cenozoic volcanic rocks of the Coso Volcanic Field.

The California Coast Ranges are relatively young mountain ranges being tectonically uplifted faster than the pace of erosion by several millimeters a year. These rapidly uplifted, unstable slopes produce natural landslides which have filled the channel for tens of thousands of years. Tree stump evidence from the banks near the estuary shows that the area around the mouth of the Eel dropped in the January 26, 1700, Cascadia earthquake. The basin which holds both the Eel and the Salt is underlain by the Eel river syncline, crossed by the Russ and Ferndale faults and affected by the Little Salmon Fault to the north.

A classic example of inverted relief is Table Mountain, Tuolumne County, California. Multiple lava flows filled an ancient fluvial valley that cut westward through the central Sierra Nevada range to the Central Valley about 10.5 million years ago. These Miocene lava flows filled this ancient river valley with a thick sequence of potassium-rich trachyandesite lavas that are significantly more resistant to erosion than the Mesozoic siltstone and other rock in which the valley was cut. Thus, subsequent differential erosion left these volcanic rocks as a sinuous ridge, which now stands well above landscape underlain by more deeply eroded Mesozoic rocks.

Prior to its downloading to the municipal level on April 1, 1997, Highway 46 was a fairly straight highway following the north-south lot boundaries of Victoria County, between the fifth and sixth lots of Mariposa Township and the second and third lots of Eldon Township. It began in the south at a junction with Highway 7 just east of Manilla and approximately west of Lindsay. It progressed north, surrounded mostly by pastureland and the occasional wooded lot. There are few farms surrounding the flat route, as the soils in the region are very thin and underlain by a limestone bedrock.

A mineral survey from 1980 through 1981 detected little potential for metallic mineral or fossil fuel resources in the Mount Washington Wilderness. The area contains large amounts of cinder – more than – but there are alternate sources in the region, which are sufficient to meet local demands. Likewise, there are no mines in the area, nor any documented history of mining claims; the closest mines are located to the west in the Blue River mining district. The volcanic vents throughout the Mount Washington Wilderness are underlain by Eocene to Pliocene volcanic rock layers, which do not contain hydrocarbons for fossil fuels.

The only downhill routes leaving the area follow the course of the Cumberland River as it flows northwest toward Ashland City and Clarksville, Tennessee. The Central Basin is underlain primarily by limestone from the Ordovician Period. The Nashville Basin and a similar but smaller area surrounding Lexington, Kentucky referred to as the "Kentucky Bluegrass" area, are the two primary areas of this sort in the world. The Inner Basin of the flattest terrain and most limestone-derived soil chemistry is located to the south and east of Nashville, primarily in the counties of Marshall, Rutherford, Wilson, and Bedford.

Kenoran (Algoman) orogeny Kenoran (Algoman) orogeny Between 2.2 and 2.5 billion years ago was the Kenoran Orogeny, which was overlain by the Hudsonian Orogeny 1700 to 1900 million years ago. The earth was experiencing hotter and more volatile Archean tectonics, evidencing island arc volcanic activity and mountain building. Kenoran (Algoman) orogeny Kenoran (Algoman) orogeny Kenoran (Algoman) orogenyKenoran (Algoman) orogenyHudsonian Orogeny The Trans-Hudson Orogen occurred when a number of Archean continental blocks came together, including the Superior Craton from the southeast and Hearne-Rae craton from the northwest. A microcontinent named the Sask Craton was underlain in this collision zone.

The varied landscapes of the Wye Valley can be explained by underlying rocks and structures, and how ice and then the river and tributary streams have acted upon them through time. Close to Hereford, the geology of the area around the village of Woolhope is largely made up of Silurian limestones, shales and sandstones. To the south of this, the Herefordshire lowlands are largely underlain by red mudstones and sandstones, producing a redder soil. These rocks are softer than the limestones elsewhere, so the river created more meanders, a wider floodplain, and a gentler and more rolling landscape.

This is supported by a well-defined progression in age of volcanism from west to east along the belt that compares well with the age trend of the Yellowstone hotspot track. The North American Plate moves westward over the hotspot at a rate of between per year. Nazko Cone, a volcanic cone east of the Itcha Range, is centred near the Anahim hotspot. The extent of the Anahim Volcanic Belt, including the Rainbow, Ilgachuz and Itcha ranges The Anahim hotspot is underlain by a low-velocity anomaly that extends approximately into the mantle north of the Juan de Fuca slab.

Before and in-between glaciations, a network of deep valleys formed, up to 145 meters below sea levels, connecting the Baltic and the Gulf of Finland. However, more recent sedimentation has disguised old valleys which do not appear as a major part of present-day topography. Glacial debris is less than five meters thick in northern Estonia and parts of the country underlain by limestone and dolomite have karst processes and hardly any remnants of glaciation. The Haanja Heights and Otepaa Heights have up to 100 meters of glacial sediment, or up to 207 meters in the Abja Valley in the south.

Most of the park is underlain by Kalahari Sands. In the north-west there are basalt lava flows of the Batoka Formation, stretching from south of Bumbusi to the Botswana border. In the north-central area, from Sinamatella going eastwards, there are granites and gneisses of the Kamativi-Dete Inlier and smaller inliers of these rocks are found within the basalts in the north-west. The north and north-west of the park are drained by the Deka and Lukosi rivers and their tributaries, and the far south of the park is drained by the Gwabadzabuya River, a tributary of the Nata River.

Following a terminology introduced in 2008, the Archaean-Palaeoproterozoic core of the craton is called the Proto-Kalahari Craton. This core plus accreted Mesoproterozoic crust and dispersed non-African fragments compose the Kalahari Craton. Before the Pan-African Orogeny, the Kalahari Craton was much larger than it is today, but its sutures and therefore its extent are difficult to locate due to later overprinting. The Kaapvaal Craton, Zimbabwe Craton, and Limpopo Belt are made of Archaean terranes and contain crust at least 3.2 and are underlain by a thick () layer of buoyant mantle that is producing garnets and diamonds.

Project Lives is a book that appears to live at the interstices of Photography and Urban Studies. It is edited by George Carrano, Chelsea Davis, and Jonathan Fisher and seems to be their first book. The work is essentially a collection of photographs of life in the New York public housing projects, photos that the editorial team equipped and trained the residents to take themselves. The photographs are underlain by a narrative documenting the challenges faced by residents, explaining what has brought this environment to its current state, and suggesting the stakes involved in the restoration of a once proud civic achievement.

Well-preserved pillow lava in Marin Headlands The Marin Headlands are underlain by fascinating geological formations created by the accretion of oceanic sediments from the Pacific Plate onto the North American Plate. The process of subduction of ocean floor, followed by tectonic underplating to the underside of the over-riding plate, was first described here by Clyde Wahrhaftig in 1984. The primary rock types of the Marin Headlands include graywacke sandstone, radiolarian chert, serpentinite, pillow basalts, and shale. These rocks began their migration over one hundred million years ago from as far south as present-day Los Angeles.

Germany Valley is famously underlain by New Market limestone bedrock, a pale grey limestone of the St. Paul Group of Ordovician limestone which, where exposed at the surface, has a tendency to erode with deep vertical fissures. Cave development is in places spectacular often producing large passages and capacious rooms. The numerous sink holes, sinking streams, surface stone, and irregular ridges apparent throughout the Valley have made it a frequently visited and celebrated venue for the caving community. New Market limestone is rich in calcium carbonate, but also has significant amounts of potassium and phosphorus which, along with its low silicon content, makes it very popular with quarrymen.

The geology of Eswatini formed beginning 3.6 billion years ago, in the Archean Eon of the Precambrian. Eswatini is the only country entirely underlain by the Kaapvaal Craton, one of the oldest pieces of stable continental crust and the only craton regarded as "pristine" by geologists, other than the Yilgarn Craton in Australia. As such, the country has very ancient granite, gneiss and in some cases sedimentary rocks from the Archean into the Proterozoic, overlain by sedimentary rocks and igneous rocks formed during the last 541 million years of the Phanerozoic as part of the Karoo Supergroup. Intensive weathering has created thick zones of saprolite and heavily weathered soils.

Eswatini is the only country entirely underlain by the Kaapvaal Craton. Eswatini is built on 3.6 to 2.5 billion year old Archean continental crust that forms the Kaapvaal Craton spanning into South Africa, northern Lesotho, western Mozambique, Botswana and southern Zimbabwe. The Precambrian rocks of Eswatini from this period are primarily gneiss and granite, formed between 3.4 and 2.6 billion years ago, based on rubidium-strontium dating analysis in 1976. The two rock units of the basement in Eswatini are the Ancient Gneiss Complex and 20 kilometer thick mafic and ultramafic volcanic rocks of the Paleoarchean Swaziland Supergroup includes tonalite gneiss, ironstone, conglomerate and other sediments.

When Ezra becomes engaged to Ruth, his star cook, Cody becomes obsessed with luring her away, and ultimately succeeds, but his marriage to Ruth is not easy. Ezra never recovers, and remains at home with Pearl; he is a caregiver, both for Pearl and his customers, but this is underlain by sadness. Jenny is the third child and the most scholarly of the Tulls, but in college, she marries on an impulse with unhappy results. Only in her third marriage to a man with six children whose wife has abandoned him does she find stability in family life and in her successful, if harried, career as a pediatrician.

The geology of Uganda extends back to the Archean and Proterozoic eons of the Precambrian, and much of the country is underlain by gneiss, argillite and other metamorphic rocks that are sometimes over 2.5 billion years old. Sedimentary rocks and new igneous and metamorphic units formed throughout the Proterozoic and the region was partially affected by the Pan-African orogeny and Snowball Earth events. Through the Mesozoic and Cenozoic, ancient basement rock has weathered into water-bearing saprolite and the region has experienced periods of volcanism and rift valley formation. The East Africa Rift gives rise to thick, more geologically recent sediment sequences and the country's numerous lakes.

The Broads are underlain by a suite of generally flat-lying sedimentary rock types of which the most recent are those of Neogene age. Almost entirely covered by more recent superficial deposits, they are exposed at the surface to a very limited extent or else are known from boreholes or quarry workings. The area was covered by the southern edge of an icesheet during the Anglian glaciation which left spreads of glacial debris or till. Overlying these across much the larger part of the 'national park' are silts and clays of Flandrian age, which together with peat deposits form the broad flats of the Waveney, Yare, Bure and Thurne valleys.

A submarine karst spring, called vrulja, near Omiš; observed through several ripplings of an otherwise calm sea surface. The geologic history of the Mediterranean Sea is complex. Underlain by oceanic crust, the sea basin was once thought to be a tectonic remnant of the ancient Tethys Ocean; it is now known to be a structurally younger basin, called the Neotethys, which was first formed by the convergence of the African and Eurasian plates during the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic. Because it is a near-landlocked body of water in a normally dry climate, the Mediterranean is subject to intensive evaporation and the precipitation of evaporites.

The hill is formed largely from sandstones of the Brownstones Formation of the Old Red Sandstone dating from the Devonian period. Its southernmost slopes (around Cefn Perfedd) are formed in Plateau Beds Formation sandstones and an area in the north-east is underlain by sandstones and mudstones of the Senni Beds Formation. Rock exposures are infrequent − the hill being draped with glacial till and accumulations of peat. The most significant feature is a post-glacial landslip which extends from near the summit of Fan Dringarth down its eastern slopes almost to the Afon Dringarth and which may be responsible for the name of this subsidiary peak.

Indian Heaven volcanic field and Mount Adams shown in a relief map Located in Skamania County in the state of Washington, Indian Heaven volcanic field is part of the High Cascades, an eastern segment of the Cascade Range, which trends north–south. Formed towards the end of the Pleistocene Epoch, these mountains are underlain by more ancient volcanoes that subsided due to parallel north–south faulting in the surrounding region. The Indian Heaven field lies east of Vancouver, Washington and to the north of the Columbia River. The Indian Heaven volcanic field lies between Mount St. Helens and Mount Adams, about southeast of the latter.

Ring Mountain is a unique geological site, where rocks that formed in ancient subduction zones can be observed.. Serpentinized peridotite crops out on the two summits of the mountain, and the steep upper slopes are underlain by serpentinite-matrix mélange . The melange contains blocks of high-pressure, low-temperature metamorphic rocks associated with subduction zone metamorphism. Melanges of this general style are known from the Franciscan Complex, but this melange is particularly notable for the size and variety of the metamorphic blocks. Dating of metamorphic minerals in the blocks indicates that they were produced over a protracted history of subduction which began ~175 million years ago.

Cerro Seguro, a large hill underlain by Cieneguilla Basanite and Ortiz quartz monzonite The younger intrusions in the belt are increasingly alkaline in composition, and include the 25-26 Ma Cieneguilla basanite. This is a small-volume extrusive unit exposed around the village of La Cienega that may represent the earliest stages of opening of the Rio Grande rift. The basanite is characterized by olivine phenocrysts in a matrix of clinopyroxene, magnetite, and nepheline, with a total silica content of 42.40-44.10 wt % and a high magnesium oxide content (11.50-13.50 wt %). This places the basanite among the most primitive magmas of the central Rio Grande rift.

Nevertheless, in virtue of a certain substratum of truth which seems to have underlain his new theories, Vogler undoubtedly exercised a powerful influence over the progress of musical science, and numbered among his disciples some of the greatest geniuses of the period. orchestrion built by M. Welte (1895) In 1778 Karl Theodor moved his court to Munich. Vogler temporarily remained in Mannheim before following him there in 1780, but, dissatisfied with the reception accorded to his dramatic compositions, soon quit his post. He went to Paris, where after much hostility his new system was recognized as a continuation of that started by Jean- Philippe Rameau.

The area has also been an important site of oil extraction for over 80 years. Geologically speaking, the Cross Timbers are underlain by Pennsylvanian and Cretaceous-era sandstone and limestone that has been moderately dissected, giving the region a gently to moderately rolling topography, including some cuestas. Although local relief is relatively low, it is generally greater than that in the surrounding ecoregions, although this is not the case with the Flint Hills in Kansas. Ecologically, the EPA includes the Cross Timbers as part of the vast Great Plains, which comprise Level I Ecoregion 9.0, stretching from central Alberta in Canada to northern Mexico.

A broader, southern extension of the Grand Prairie, found only in Texas; it is underlain by limestone rather than sandstone, and serves as a physiological and vegetational transition to the Edwards Plateau, which it borders to the south. All of Hamilton and Coryell counties, large parts of Bell, Lampasas, Mills, Erath, and Bosque counties, and smaller parts of Williamson, Burnet, Brown, Comanche, Hood, Somervell, and McClennan counties, including the towns of Killeen, Copperas Cove, and Lampasas as well as the Fort Hood Army base, fall within this region. Among the few major roads that cross the Limestone Cut Plains are US 281 north to south and US 84 east to west.

This included studying the properties of the sand of Normandy beaches, the tolerance of the soil in the hinterland to bombardment, the sediment of the English Channel sea floor, and the occurrence of landslides in Sicily. Likewise, German geologists created maps of southern England for Operation Sea Lion, identifying quarry locations and the suitability of rock types to excavate trenchers, etc. In the Demilitarized Zone between North and South Korea, very rugged terrain is due to the structure of metamorphic rocks, while the best flat land is underlain by granite. During the Korean War, these flat areas were used as military staging grounds by the North Koreans.

Soils are a part of the surficial geology of Maine, but are often considered and studied separately because of their role in construction and agriculture. Maine soils have formed since the retreat of the last ice sheet from the region 12,500 years before the present. Much of Oxford County and parts of Cumberland, York and Androscoggin County have loam soils, derived from granite, gneiss and schist with an average depth to bedrock of 5 feet, underlain by sandy till with a groundwater 30 inches below the surface in winter. Riverbeds in central and northeast Maine are lined with sandy glacial outwash made up of gneiss, limestone, phyllite, shale and granite.

The new state benefited from development of its mineral resources more than any other single economic activity after Reconstruction. Much of the northern panhandle and north-central portion of the State are underlain by bedded salt deposits over thick. Salt mining had been underway since the 18th century, though that which could be easily obtained had largely played out by the time of the American Civil War, when the red salt of Kanawha County was a valued commodity of first Confederate, and later Union forces. Newer technology has since proved that West Virginia has enough salt resources to supply the nation's needs for an estimated 2,000 years.

The Isbourne catchment covers an area of and lies between the Badsey Brook to the east, the Merry Brook and Carrant Brook to the west with the Cotswolds to the south. It has an average annual rainfall of , which is somewhat drier than the average for England at . Land use in the catchment is predominantly rural, with 80 percent made up from a mixture of arable, horticulture and pasture; the remainder being woodland, with a minor fraction of urbanised area of less than 2 percent. In terms of geology, apart from the headwaters which are underlain by the Cotswold limestone, the majority of catchment is Lias clay.

Baffin Bay is a long and wide semi-enclosed sea surrounded by Ellesmere Island and Devin Island in the north, Greenland in the east and Baffin Island in the west. It is an example of a failed proto-ocean, centrally underlain by oceanic crust of the Baffin Basin which is surrounded by extended continental crust that varies approximately thick. Connected to the North Atlantic Ocean in the south through Davis Strait and to the Arctic Ocean in the north through Nares Strait, Jones Sound and Lancaster Sound, the ocean water in Baffin Bay is highly stratified. The surface water, of Arctic origin, is cold and fresh.

Jiang, C., Wan, J., Wang, Y., Wei, H., and Zhang, X (2006), Tectonic controls on the late Mioene-Holocene volcanic eruptions of the Tengchong volcanic field along the southeastern margin of the Tibetan plateau, Journal of Asian Earth Science, 2007, 275-389. The largest of rock distribution in the TVF is characterized by the rocks formed during the Pleistocene (2) indicating that volcanic activity was greatest during this phase. Andesitic lavas comprise the most recent volcanic rocks. The basement rocks are dominantly composed of Precambrian metamorphic rocks underlain by sedimentary and igneous rocks including limestones, sandstones, mudstones, and granitoids followed by volcanic-sedimentary sequences.

There are also several anorthositic intrusions scattered throughout the Allochthon belt. The Canadian Shield spans much of northern Quebec, which is primarily underlain by the Superior Craton, a 160-mile thick section of stable continental crust formed beginning 4.03 billion years ago. In the northwest and at the northern tip of the Ungava Peninsula is the large Churchill Craton, which extends into Labrador and Nunavut as the eastern extent of the Canadian Shield. Quebec's northern bedrock is also regionally composed of the Hudson Platform along the shore of James Bay and a small section of the Nain Province, near the northern tip of Labrador.

Old Rag Mountain is underlain by Old Rag Granite, named for its ubiquitous exposure on the mountain, formed during the Grenville Orogeny about a billion years ago. About 400 million years after the Grenville orogeny during the Catoctin Formation, deposition of basaltic magma occurred during the formation of the Iapetus Ocean, forming a layer of greenstone over the granite. This was followed by the Weverton Formation, Harpers Formation, and Antietam formation in which sand and rock sedimented on the ocean floor forming quartzite and sandstone deposits. Finally a period of sedimentation of shells and skeletons of foraminifera resulted in deposition of a layer of limestone.

The Polden Hills a long, low ridge, extending for , and separated from the Mendip Hills, to which they are nearly parallel, by a marshy tract, known as the Somerset Levels. The ridge is underlain by Blue Lias with alternating strata of limestone, rheatic clay and Keuper marl. At the highest point on Walton Hill, which reaches above Ordnance datum (mean sea level), there is a topograph or orientation stone used as a triangulation point and highlighting key features of the surrounding landscape including the Somerset Levels and the Admiral Hood Monument. It forms the starting point for the long footpath known as the Polden Way.

Firsby stands on the northern side of the River Steeping waterway, which is the lower part of the River Lymn, and to the east of the Lincolnshire Wolds on a tract of flat fenland, bounded by Boston Deeps and the North Sea. It is within inland by road from the holiday centre of Skegness on the Lincolnshire coast. The Wolds comprise a series of low hills and steep valleys underlain by calcareous chalk, green limestone and sandstone rock, laid down in the Cretaceous period under a shallow warm sea. The characteristic open valleys of the Wolds were created during the last ice age through the action of glaciation and meltwater.

About 10,000 years ago almost 90% of Koochiching County was covered by Lake Agassiz. When it receded it left low areas of decayed vegetation (muskeg); as a result, three-quarters of northern Koochiching are underlain with 2 to 50 feet of peat. The name "Koochiching" comes from either the Ojibwe word Gojijiing or Cree Kocicīhk (recorded in some documents as "Ouchichiq"), both meaning "at the place of inlets," referring to the neighboring Rainy Lake and River. Reverend J.A. Gilfillan recorded their meaning, "according to some, Neighbor lake, according to others a lake somewhere," possibly referring to the neighbouring Rainy Lake and to Lake Couchiching located in southern Ontario.

To the west, on the upper surface of the Escarpment, hummocky morainic ridges deposited by glacial ice form part of the Horseshoe Moraines physiographic region. To the southeast below the Escarpment, is a smooth glacial till plain partially bevelled by lacustrine action, which forms part of the South Slope and Peel Plain physiographic regions. The Town of Halton Hills is underlain by Ordovician shales of the Queenston Formation east of the Niagara Escarpment, and by Silurian dolomites of the Amabel Formation west of the Escarpment. The escarpment face exposes a complex succession of shales, sandstones, limestones and dolomites of the Clinton and Cataract Groups.

South Jersey is a peninsula, bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the southeast, the Delaware Bay to the southwest, and the Delaware River to the northwest. All of South Jersey is part of the Atlantic Coastal Plain, a landform of broad plains and gently sloping hills that extends southward from the New York Bight to Florida. Much of the Atlantic Coastal Plain is covered by pine and oak-pine forests and salt marshes and is underlain by poorly consolidated sedimentary formations from the Cretaceous, Tertiary, and Quaternary age that dip seaward. The Atlantic Coastal Plain can be divided into three physiographic subprovinces: the Inner Lowlands, Outer Lowlands, and Central Uplands.

Everglades National Park is a shallow basin tilted to the southwest and underlain by extensive Pleistocene limestones. Dry Tortugas National Park consists of a group of seven coral reefs with three major banks (Pulaski, Loggerhead and Long Key) forming a pseudo-atoll with a mud-bank type formation. The biosphere reserve lies at the interface between tropical and subtropical America between fresh and brackish water, shallow bays, deeper coastal waters and coral reefs, thus creating a complex of habitats supporting a high diversity of flora and fauna. The area of transition from freshwater (glades) to saltwater (mangrove) is a highly productive zone that incubates great numbers of economically valuable crustaceans.

The national Park is underlain by karstic rock, mainly dolomite and limestone with associated lakes and caves, this has given rise to the most distinctive feature of its lakes. The lakes are separated by natural dams of travertine, which is deposited by the action of moss, algae, and bacteria. The encrusted plants and bacteria accumulate on top of each other, forming travertine barriers which grow at the rate of about 1 cm per year. The sixteen lakes are separated into an upper and lower cluster formed by runoff from the mountains, descending from an altitude of over a distance of some eight km, aligned in a south-north direction.

The Big Blue and its tributaries have incised channels into the loess surface in places, but in much of the county the original plain remains. These loess-plain regions are characterized by extensive upland flats with shallow depressions, lined with fine-grained and relatively impermeable silt, and tend to form shallow ephemeral wetlands when filled with rain or snowmelt; such wetlands range in area from less than to more than . The county's surface is underlain by Cretaceous sedimentary bedrock, topped with unconsolidated Quaternary sediments. The bedrock was eroded into hills and valleys before the deposition of the overlying sediments, so the thickness of the latter varies.

The peculiar and picturesque loess hills which characterize the Palouse Prairie are underlain by wind-blown sediments of the Palouse Loess that covers the surface of over on the Columbia Plateau in southeastern Washington, western Idaho, and northeastern Oregon. The Palouse Loess forms a fine-grained mantle of variable thickness that lies upon either the Miocene Columbia River Basalt Group, non-glacial Pliocene fluvial sediments of the Ringold Formation, or Pleistocene glacial outburst flood sediments that are known informally as the Hanford formation. At its thickest, the Palouse Loess is up to thick. It consists of multiple layers of loess separated by multiple well-defined calcrete paleosols and erosional unconformities.

Nearer the beach the area is underlain by free draining sandy-gravels but further inland the gravels are overlain by poor draining silt and clay rich soils. Parts of the beach are experiencing coastal erosion of 0.7 metres per year, which resulted in the removal of several houses along the gravel beach crest, and other beach front properties being inundated during heavy swells and high tides. Due to its location near the beach in an area prone to coastal erosion, parts of the beach at Haumoana is being eroded. The long term shoreline retreat at Haumoana is on average between 0.30 m and 0.70 m per year.

Natural England: The South West Peak Natural Area Profile (accessed 13 April 2010) At a significantly higher elevation than the other Cheshire SSSIs and underlain by millstone grit and shale, they contain a variety of upland habitats, predominantly heather moorland, grassland and blanket mire. Ten SSSIs are located in Warrington and the former boroughs of Halton and Ellesmere Port & Neston, in the north-west of the county. These fall within the Urban Mersey Basin natural area, which also covers Greater Manchester and Merseyside. Although the area as a whole is one of the most densely populated regions in Europe, much of the area within Cheshire is farmland.

Evergreen trees such as pines are supported by the sandy soil of Parvis Road in the west, an uneroded upcrop of the Bagshot Formation The surface undulates gently from the west to the east, where West Byfleet's land is drained in the parish of Byfleet itself by the River Wey. Soil ranges from sandy acidic soil in the west to more alluvial soil in the east, underlain by a mixture of gravel and clay. Elevations range from 18m Above Ordnance Datum to 33m. Old Avenue has been designated a Conservation Area due its Arcadian environment of substantial family homes of interesting architecture and still good sized gardens.

Geological map of north-western Canada. Slave Craton is marked with A. Palaeomap of North American and Scandinavian cratons, basement rocks, and orogenic belts The Slave Craton is an Archaean craton in the north-western Canadian Shield, in Northwest Territories and Nunavut. The Slave Craton includes the 4.03 Ga-old Acasta Gneiss which is one of the oldest dated rocks on Earth. Covering about , it is a relatively small but well-exposed craton dominated by ~2.73–2.63 Ga (billion years-old) greenstones and turbidite sequences and ~2.72–2.58 Ga plutonic rocks, with large parts of the craton underlain by older gneiss and granitoid units.

The Murrieta Hogbacks are underlain by Cretaceous granitic rocks of the Peninsular Ranges Batholith. On the north half of the hogbacks, by foliated biotite-hornblende tonalite and on the southern half by hornblende gabbro. The basalt is potassium-argon dated to 10.4 to 10.8 million years and is a remnant of a channel-filling basalt flow, overlying a thin deposit of unconsolidated gray stream gravel, indicating that the basalt had filled in a former water course.M.P. Kennedy and D.M. Morton, PRELIMINARY GEOLOGIC MAP OF THE U.S. Geological Survey Murrieta 7.5' quadrangle, 1979, RIVERSIDE COUNTY, CALIFORNIA, Version 1.0, USGS, Prepared in cooperation with the CALIFORNIA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, 2003.

It lies on an area underlain by metamorphic rock, and is generally an undulating country with a characteristic landscape that consists of old plains broken by steep-sided outcrops that may occur singularly or in groups or ridges. Such outcrops can be seen in places at Aramoko, Efon-Alaiye, Ikere-Ekiti, Igbara-odo and Okemesi-Ekiti among others. Rugged hills dot the landscape, notable among which are the Olosunta hills of Ikere-Ekiti in the south, Effon ridge which runs longitudinally around Efon-Alaiye on the western boundary, and Ado Hills in the centre. The topography was perhaps the single strongest reason why the Ekitis never became a single unit politically.

Evidence of bivalves in life position, Rhizocorallium trace fossils, cross-bedding, episodes of non-deposition and (not least) the oolitic texture all indicate that the ironstones were laid down in shallow water. Fossils are ubiquitous, especially within the ironstone seams, to the extent that the Avicula and Pecten seams are named after their most abundant faunal inclusions. NOTE: The only surviving extensive outcrop of the Main Seam occurs in woodland north of Skelton (close to NZ 6554 1997) at around 50m O.D above Skelton Beck achieving a thickness of around 2.4m (8 feet). It is underlain by the Black Hard, and three beds making up the Pecten Seam.

The river is characterised by low flow rates, varying depths and a substrate that alternates from mud to sand. An area of riparian woodland, with mature tree species, forms the riparian vegetation along the river. The soil consists principally of poorly- to very poorly-drained organic soils and regosols either as separate entities or in a random inter-layered manner. The organic component has a variable thickness of peat (30 to over 100 cm) formed under relatively base-rich conditions, is occasionally underlain by shell marl (Chara marl matrix permeated with shell residues) 60 cm or more thick with a further layer of calcareous silty clay beneath the marl.

The mouth of Roaring Fork is located at the northern end of Gatlinburg, where it empties into the West Fork of the Little Pigeon River. The Roaring Fork valley is underlain by Precambrian sandstone of the Ocoee Supergroup, a rock formation formed from ancient ocean sediments nearly a billion years ago. Roaring Fork Sandstone is found throughout the mid-level elevations of the northern Smokies, and is especially common in Greenbrier to the east and the Sugarlands to the west. Over thousands of years, erosional forces have carried boulders composed of this sandstone down from boulder fields located higher up along the mountain ridges.

The Fox Hills Formation consists of marginal marine yellow to grey sandstone with shale interbeds. It was deposited as a regressive sequence of barrier islands during the retreat of the Western Interior Seaway in Late Cretaceous time. In its eastern extents, the formation is underlain by the marine Pierre Shale in the United States and by the equivalent Bearpaw Formation in Canada, while in western ranges in Montana and Wyoming it overlies the Lewis Shale. The Fox Hills is overlain by continental sediments of the Laramie Formation in Colorado and the Lance Formation in Wyoming, the later being the equivalent of the overlying Hell Creek Formation in Montana.

The Farallon Plate has almost completely subducted beneath the western portion of the North American Plate leaving that part of the North American Plate in contact with the Pacific Plate as the San Andreas Fault. The Juan de Fuca, Explorer, Gorda, Rivera, Cocos and Nazca plates are remnants of the Farallon Plate. The boundary along the Gulf of California is complex. The Gulf is underlain by the Gulf of California Rift Zone, a series of rift basins and transform fault segments between the northern end of the East Pacific Rise in the mouth of the gulf to the San Andreas Fault system in the vicinity of the Salton Trough rift/Brawley seismic zone.

Geomorphologic features normally associated with the alluvial stretches of mature rivers, such as meanders, oxbow lakes, cut-offs, and extensive floodplains are restricted to a short stretch of the mainstream around Vientiane and downstream of Kratie where the river develops alluvial channels that are free of control exerted by the underlying bedrock. The Mekong basin is not normally considered a seismically active area as much of the basin is underlain by the relatively stable continental block. Nonetheless, the parts of the basin in northern Laos, northern Thailand, Myanmar and China do experience frequent earthquakes and tremors. The magnitude of these earthquakes rarely exceeds 6.5 on the Richter magnitude scale and is unlikely to cause material damage.

Geological map of central Namibia Tectonic evolution of the Damara Belt Cross-section of the Damara Belt Large areas of the Namibian geology exposed onshore are associated with the Late Proterozoic Pan-African orogenic cycle.Kukulus, 2004, p.10 The geology of Namibia is dominated in the north by metasediments of the Neoproterozoic Damara Belt (or Namibian System), while in the south large areas are underlain by the unmetamorphosed, relatively undisturbed sediments of the Cambrian Nama Group. Locally, within the Damaran terrain, inliers of older basement occur, for instance in the extreme northwest at the Kunene River the oldest rocks of the country belong to the Paleoproterozoic (about 2,100 Ma) Epupa Metamorphic Complex.

The oldest rocks in Arkansas are igneous granites encountered in deep wells in the Ozarks and the northern part of the Mississippi Embayment, dated to be 1.4 billion years old. These felsic rocks likely formed sometime soon after the breakup of the supercontinent Columbia, into its component continents, including Laurentia, which today forms the stable basement rocks of most of North America. The Precambrian, including the Archean and Proterozoic eons is poorly understood in Arkansas, but the entire state is believed to be underlain by deep, igneous and metamorphic crystalline basement rock. In the Ouachita region, geologists have found igneous and metamorphic Precambrian erratic boulders as well as metamorphosed igneous rock intrusions.

Paraná River floodplain, at its confluence with the headstream of the Paranaíba on the right and the Verde River, near Panorama, Brazil The floodplain after a one-in-10-year flood on the Isle of Wight Gravel floodplain of a glacial river near the Snow Mountains in Alaska, 1902 The Laramie River meanders across its floodplain in Albany County, Wyoming, 1949. This aggradational floodplain of a small meandering stream in La Plata County, Colorado, is underlain by silt deposited above a dam formed by a terminal moraine left by the Wisconsin Glacier. Riparian vegetation on the floodplain of the Lynches River, close to Johnsonville, South Carolina. These tupelo and cypress trees show the high-water mark of flooding.

The Po Plain, a foreland basin formed by the downflexing of the crust by the loading of the Apennine thrust sheets, overlies and mainly conceals the active front of the Northern Apennines fold and thrust belt, across which there is about one millimeter (0.04 in) per year of active shortening at present. Information from hydrocarbon exploration demonstrates that the area is underlain by a series of active thrust faults and related folds, some of which have been detected from anomalous drainage patterns. These blind thrust faults are roughly WNW-ESE trending, parallel to the mountain front, and dip shallowly towards the south-southwest. Several damaging historical earthquakes, such as the 1570 Ferrara earthquake, have occurred in the area.

The wetland group is divided into the northern Edithvale Wetland , and the southern Seaford Wetland , by the Patterson River and the Patterson Lakes housing development. They lie about 30 km south-east of Melbourne City Centre, close to the eastern shore of Port Phillip, between the coastal Nepean Highway to the west and the Frankston and Mornington Peninsula Freeways to the east, and are largely surrounded by houses and golf courses. Both wetlands are seasonal floodplain systems deriving most of their water as runoff from their local catchments, the areas of which are no more than 500 ha each. They are mainly freshwater wetlands underlain by peat beds that limit the entry of saline groundwater.

Soil types within the Laguna are quite complex and vary by reach. Many of the soils of the immediate Laguna area are classified as Clear Lake clay; these soils are associated with regions of poor drainage, and are underlain by alluvium and sedimentary rock.Soil Survey, Sonoma County, California, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, Government Printing Office, Washington D.C., May 1972 The surface of these soils is typically dark gray, and soils acidity ranges from slight to medium for the first 39 inches (100 cm) of depth; underlying this upper soil layer is a moderately alkaline dark gray clay. Deeper, typically below 46 inches (117 cm), is a gray and light brownish gray moderately alkaline clay.

The Chuar syncline is a doubly plunging fold, which means that along the hingeline within the axis of the syncline, beds in some areas (Nankoweap Canyon) dip toward the south, and in other areas (Lava Chuar Canyon), beds dip toward the north. The Sixtymile Formation, Chuar Group, and Chuar syncline is bounded on the east by the Butte fault zone and on all other sides by the Great Unconformity and overlying Tapeats Sandstone. The hingeline of the Chuar syncline parallels the trace of the Butte fault, suggesting a genetic relationship between the syncline and the fault. In descending order, the Sixtymile Formation is underlain by the Chuar Group, Nankoweap Formation, and the Unkar Group.

The village is situated on flat ground at the southwestern rim of the attractive rolling Lincolnshire Wolds. Keal Cotes is at the northern edge of a tract of marsh and fen land, bounded by Boston deeps and the North Sea and is within seventeen miles inland from the holiday centre of Skegness, on what many consider is the best part of the Lincolnshire coast. The Wolds comprise a series of low hills and steep valleys underlain by calcareous chalk, green limestone and sandstone rock, laid down in the Cretaceous period under a shallow warm sea. The characteristic open valleys of the Wolds were created during the last ice age through the action of glaciation and meltwater.

The beach littoral zone is underlain by Holocene age beach sand and the upper sands vary in depth by season, depending on the surf scouring of beach sands in the winter and the gradual rebuilding of sands in the summer. The beach and headlands are mostly California coastal prairie and Northern coastal scrub, while the riparian area of Calera Creek presents the most important upland habitat of the area. Although the beach and headlands area are the least disturbed natural areas of the Rockaway Beach area, they are used moderately as recreation spots. Vegetation is sparse on the beach with occurrences of Succulent sea fig, Hottentot fig, and fat hen in the sandy areas.

Sagamu or Ishagamu is a conglomeration of thirteen towns located in Ogun State along the Ibu River and Eruwuru Stream between Lagos and Ibadan, founded in the mid 19th century by members of the Remo branch of the Yoruba people in south-western Nigeria . The 13 towns that made it up are : Makun, Offin Sonyindo, Epe, Ibido, Igbepa,Ado, Oko, Ipoji,Batoro, Ijoku, Latawa and Ijagba. It is the capital of Remo Kingdom and the paramount ruler of the kingdom - Akarigbo of Remo's palace is in the town of Offin in there. The Sagamu region is underlain by major deposits of limestone, which is used in the city's major industry, the production of cement.

Exposed rock on Brooks Island The rock that forms the main peak of the island is radiolarian chert underlain by limestone and graywacke sandstone. All these rocks are part of the Franciscan Assemblage, the same range as Albany Hill, 3 miles south, and the Coyote Hills, 25 miles south in Hayward. This Franciscan formation is derived from sediments laid down in the sea west of San Francisco during the Late Jurassic and Cretaceous (150-66 million years ago) and then scraped off onto the edge of the North American plate during the subduction of the Farallon plate. The main portion of the island covers an area of approximately , with the tidal lands along the breakwater covering approximately more.

Floods, faults, and fire: Geological Field Trips in Washington States and Southwest British Columbia The latest basaltic eruption deposited wood in lacustrine sediments under the lava flows that have been dated years old. These youngest lavas form isolated ridges above the older glaciated Cheakamus Valley basalts and were described as "esker-like" by Canadian volcanologist Bill Mathews. Columnar jointing is present all through the most recent basalt lava flow and pillow basalts exist in the lowermost unit, portions of which are underlain by hyaloclastite breccia. Bill Mathews suggested that these esker-like lava flows were deposited during subglacial eruptions that traveled away from the vent inside tunnels or trenches melted in the overlying ice sheet.

Like Titterstone Clee to the south, Brown Clee is formed from sedimentary rocks originating during the Carboniferous period, rising above the lower ground which is underlain by older strata of Devonian, and having a capping of hardwearing igneous rock. The gentler relief of the surrounding area is characterised by the mudstones and sandstones of the St Maughans Formation. The lower slopes of the hill itself are formed by the sandstones and conglomerates of the overlying Clee Sandstone Formation, the boundary between the two sets of strata being marked by the narrow outcrop of the Upper Abdon Limestone. Together these constitute the Lower Old Red Sandstone of the area; the middle and upper 'Old Red' are absent locally.

During the Middle Pennsylvanian, Permian, and Triassic, the region of Louisiana consisted entirely of dry land underlain by Gondwana-derived crust as part of the newly formed supercontinent of Pangea. During the Mesozoic breakup of Pangea, the Gulf of Mexico opened by the separation of the North and South American plates. Initially during the Triassic through early Jurassic, tensional deformation created a series of basement grabens and half grabens, which filled with terrestrial red beds and volcanic rocks. During the Middle Jurassic Bathonian and Callovian ages the stretching of the crust between North and South America created a broad basin within the continental crust that opened initially to the Pacific Ocean and later to the Atlantic Ocean.

The Geology of Washington, D.C., is broadly divisible into two regions. The northwestern quadrant of the city lies mainly in the Appalachian Piedmont region, marked by moderate to steep hills underlain by metamorphic rocks of Ordovician through Devonian age, similar to the adjacent Piedmont regions of Montgomery County, Maryland. The National Mall, northeastern and southeastern quadrants of Washington lie in the mid-Atlantic Coastal Plain region, consisting of sedimentary deposits laid down during the much more recent Tertiary and Quaternary periods, like the bordering areas of southern Maryland. Some areas in Northeast and Southeast Washington also feature hilly terrain, especially east of the Anacostia River; this however stems from rivers and creeks down-cutting into the relatively soft soil.

Water diverted at O'Shaughnessy Dam feeds into the Hetch Hetchy Aqueduct, which provides 85 percent of the municipal water for 2.4 million people in the San Francisco Bay Area. The firm water yield is per year, or 237 million gallons (895,000 m3) per day. Because of the unique geology of the Hetch Hetchy watershed, which consists of shallow soils underlain by solid granite bedrock, water that flows into the reservoir is exceptionally clear and of very high quality. This quality is further maintained by stringent protection of the watershed; boating and swimming are prohibited at Hetch Hetchy Reservoir (although fishing is permitted at the reservoir and in the rivers which feed it).

There is aggressive diamond exploration drilling in the south Slave Province, NWT, Churchill Craton (at the northwest corner of the Hudson Bay) and in Ontario. The Northwest Territories (NWT), North Slave craton and Keewatin regions of Nunavut and the north-central region of Alberta are regions that are all underlain by diamond-friendly cratonic rocks of the Slave Craton, Churchill Craton and the Buffalo Head Craton. The diamonds being found in the NWT were created 50 to 600 mya during cataclysmic explosions of kimberlite, a molten magma originating up to 400 kilometers beneath the Earth's surface. Unlike the Slave Craton, which is covered with shallow lakes and swamp, the eastern part of the Churchill Craton is drier.

Groverake Mine, Rookhope The Alston Block is a term used by geologists to describe the geological structure of the North Pennines of northern England and which forms a part of the Pennine Block & Basin Province which originated during the Carboniferous period. It is defined by the Stublick and Ninety Fathom faults to the north, the Pennine Fault to the west and the Stainmore Trough to the south. It is in essence a horst underlain by the Weardale Granite which provides sufficient buoyancy to maintain this piece of the upper crust as an area of raised relief. To its west lies the Vale of Eden and to its north is the half-graben of the Northumberland Trough.

This southern range is often referred to as San Bruno Mountain, while the northern range is called the Crocker Hills. The region is drained by two major streams: Guadalupe Valley Creek flowing through Guadalupe Valley, and Colma Creek from a source in San Bruno Mountain State and County Park into the deep cleft of Colma Canyon and thence into Merced Valley. In the 1850s San Francisco Bay lapped against the eastern sandstone cliff flank of San Bruno Mountain, whereas today the entire shoreline is bay fill. These two mountains are underlain primarily with late Cretaceous dark greenish-gray graywacke, a poorly sorted sandstone containing angular rock fragments, about ten percent feldspar and detrital chert.

Retrieved June 27, 2015. Along with the Clove Brook and West Branch Papakating Creek, Neepaulakating Creek is one the tributaries that form the watershed of Papakating Creek, a major tributary of the Wallkill River. The Papakating Creek watershed is located in the Kittatinny Valley, is underlain by dark shale and limestone of the Martinsburg Formation, and has soils of glacial origin. The topography of the Papakating Creek's watershed ranges from gentle slopes in the east to steeper slopes in the west.Avery Ala Drake Jr., Richard A. Volkert, Donald H. Monteverde, Gregory C. Herman, Hugh F. Houghton, Ronald A. Parker, and Richard F. Dalton, I2540a: Bedrock geologic map of northern New Jersey, IMAP.

The common is underlain by Triassic sandstone and the varied habitats include wet and dry heaths, acidic marshy grassland and deciduous woodland with birch and oak. The heath is dominated by heather, with bilberry, wavy hair-grass, gorse, heath grass, tormentil, hairy sedge, pill sedge and heath bedstraw, with cross-leaved heath Erica tetralix and purple moor-grass; in the wet, peaty hollows are heath rush, common cottongrass and hare's-tail cottongrass, deer grass, Sphagnum compactum, bog asphodel and bulbous rush. Also present in wet patches are oblong-leaved sundew and round-leaved sundew. Birds that breed here include sparrowhawk, tawny owl, great spotted woodpecker, lesser spotted woodpecker, Eurasian jay, redpoll and linnet.

The Forest of Dean, situated between the rivers Severn and Wye, is formed of a raised basin of Palaeozoic rocks folded in the Variscan Orogeny, similar to the South Wales Coalfield to the west. Underlain by great thicknesses of the Old Red Sandstone, the basin is filled with Carboniferous limestones, sandstones and coal measures - all of which have contributed to the industrial history of the region. Sometimes called ‘the prettiest coalfield in Britain’, the Forest's main coal output was in the 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries, although for hundreds of years coal has been won in the area via ‘free-mines’, which could only be operated by local people known as freeminers. One or two survive today.

The soil of intermountain basins usually consists of clay, gravel, sand, silt, and volcanic ash, much of it laid down by lakes which covered the region during the Oligocene 33 to 23 million years ago. Tablelands are often topped with argillite gravel and weathered quartzite, occasionally underlain by shale. The glaciated plains are generally covered in clay, gravel, sand, and silt left by the proglacial Lake Great Falls or by moraines or gravel-covered former lake basins left by the Wisconsin glaciation 85,000 to 11,000 years ago. Farther east, areas such as Makoshika State Park near Glendive and Medicine Rocks State Park near Ekalaka contain some of the most scenic badlands regions in the state.

Israel is underlain by igneous and metamorphic crystalline basement rocks of the Arabian Craton formed during the Precambrian, although in places these rocks remain poorly studied. Precambrian rocks are only exposed in southern parts of the country, such as amphibolite at Makhtesh Gadol. Other Precambrian units include the Taba Gneiss, Roded and Elat schist, gneiss and migmatite, syenite, Duhayla Granodiorite, Darba Tonalite, Abu Saq'a Schist, Abu Barqa Metasedimens, Saramuj Conglomerate, Sammaniya Microgranite, Yutum Granite, Quani Diorite, Elat Conglomerate, rhyolite, gabbro and other basic rocks. Mantle-derived basalt magma ascended through rocks in the Timna Valley in southern Israel, providing the heat to form alkali granite, alkali rhyolite dikes and layered serptinized gabbro in the core of Har Timna.

The northern shoreline suggests that the bay is largely underlain by Carboniferous Windsor Group sedimentary rocks, principally shale, sandstone and gypsum. The southern shoreline is generally the elongated block of Precambrian rocks known as the East Bay Hills, composed of volcanic deposits of the Fourchu Group (ash and lava interleaved with marine sediments) and earlier Paleozoic era intrusive granite and quartzite. This is some of the oldest surficial geology visible around the Bras d'Or Lake, yet soft Windsor Group rocks form a narrow band along the bay's southern shore and extend out as the lake floor. East Bay occupies a regional lowland that developed in soft Windsor Group rocks before the Quaternary glacial period.

The Noctis Labyrinthus fracture zone is centered at the heart of the Tharsis Rise, dividing a plateau of Hesperian-Noachian age that is understood to be of a basaltic composition. The valleys of Noctis Labyrinthus fractured into three distinct trends (NNE/SSW, ENE/WSW, WNW/ESE) in an interlinked pattern that has been compared to the terrestrial fault systems that have formed over terrestrial domes. The formation of the fracture zone have been dated to the Late Hesperian based on crater counting age dates, concurrent with the formation of the lava plains of the adjacent Syria Planum province. Some researchers have modeled the formation of such chasmata on Mars on the propagation of simple graben underlain with dikes.

The Ediacaran to early Cambrian evaporites of the Salt Range Formation have been thrust southward over Neoproterozoic to Eocene sedimentary rocks by many kilometers, which tectonically incorporated fragments of the underlying younger strata within these evaporites. The Salt Range is the southern edge of a well-described fold-and-thrust belt, which underlies the entire Pothohar Plateau and developed south of the Himalayas as a result of ongoing collision between India and Eurasia.Jaumé, S.C. and Lillie, R.J., 1988. Mechanics of the Salt Range‐Potwar Plateau, Pakistan: A fold‐and‐thrust belt underlain by evaporites. Tectonics, 7(1), pp.57-71.Grelaud, S., Sassi, W., de Lamotte, D.F., Jaswal, T. and Roure, F., 2002.

Papakating Creek is a tributary of the Wallkill River located in Frankford and Wantage townships in Sussex County, New Jersey in the United States. The creek rises in a small swamp located beneath the eastern face of Kittatinny Mountain in Frankford and its waters join the Wallkill to the east of Sussex borough. Papakating Creek and its three major tributaries drain the northern portion of New Jersey's Kittatinny Valley a fertile valley underlain by shale and limestone of the Ordovician Martinsburg Formation and soils deposited by retreating glaciers in the last ice age. The region which the Papakating Creek and its tributaries drain is largely rural farmland and forests with a few low-density residential communities.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land and (0.02%) is water. It is divided between a high, nearly treeless prairie to the northwest (the southern limit of the High Plains), and a lower semi-desert rangeland to the southeast, by the eastern portion of the steep Canadian Escarpment. The Canadian River, in a deep and narrow canyon, forms the western border with Mora County; the southwest border runs along the edge of the Bell Ranch land in San Miguel County. The eastern part of Harding County is underlain in part by the Bravo Dome carbon dioxide gas field, which is commercially extracted.

Listrura occur in shallow-water leaf-litter deposits underlain by mud or deeper layers of leaf litter. Listrura inhabits extremely small, shallow, and temporary water bodies, marginal to main water courses covered with vegetation; no species of Listrura is known to occur in creeks or rivers, except apparently as stray or colonizing specimens. L. picinguabae inhabits narrow and shallow (about 20 cm or 12 in deep) streams in dense tropical forest; it is encountered buried in the litter bottom. L. tetraradiata has been found in small, clear water forest streams; these habitats are shallow (about 40 cm or 16 in deep), with large rocks on the banks and gravel and sand on the bottom.

Oak forest on the slopes of High Point Norris Dam State Park is located entirely within the Appalachian Ridge-and-Valley Range, which is characterized by narrow elongated ridges flanked by broad, fertile river valleys. The low rolling hills that dominate the park's terrain are underlain by sedimentary rocks-- namely limestone, dolomite, shale, and sandstone-- which were formed roughly 400-500 million years ago during the Paleozoic Era.Tennessee Valley Authority, The Norris Project (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1940), 53-56. Most of Norris Dam State Park is coated by an Appalachian oak-pine forest, much of which is second-growth, although significant old growth stands remain in nearby Chuck Swan State Forest.

The Craven Basin is a sedimentary basin in northern England, having the shape of a southerly-tilted graben which was active during the Carboniferous period. It is one of a series of such basins which developed across northern England in this period separating upstanding blocks which were typically underlain by buoyant granites. The basin trends roughly east–west and is bounded by the Lake District block to the northwest, the Askrigg Block to the northeast and the Central Lancashire High to the south. One distinct section of the basin is a half graben which contains over 3km thickness of late Devonian to Courceyan strata and is referred to as the Bowland Sub-basin.

The characteristic boulder-like protrusion on northern face of Charlies Bunion, with the summit rising on the right Charlies Bunion comprises the western wing of The Sawteeth, a series of narrow, jagged cliffs connecting the high peaks of the Central Smokies with the high peaks of the Eastern Smokies. These cliffs are underlain by a Precambrian metamorphic rock of the Ocoee Supergroup known as "Anakeesta Formation," which consists mainly of slate.Harry Moore, A Roadside Guide to the Geology of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1988), 11. The Anakeesta Formation, which comprises much of the crest of the Central Smokies, was created nearly a billion years ago from ancient ocean sediments.

The cemetery includes the French Renaissance style Administration Building (1899, 1917, 1999); Entry Gate (1901); and classical revival style Receiving Vault (1911) designed by Clifford Shopbell of Harris & Shopbell. The cemetery has a number of notable landscape features in keeping with the 19th century rural cemetery movement including a variety of tree species. Bordering the site on its western side is Highway 41; on other sides are low-scale, modern-era residential and commercial neighborhoods. In spite of this encroachment, the cemetery has preserved its original pastoral tranquility. The site selected for the cemetery was, according to a contemporary newspaper account, a “hillock, a wilderness of underbrush and briars, and called at that with a mantle of loess, underlain by sandstone.

At least four basaltic flows comprise the sequence and were deposited during periods of volcanic activity from an unknown vent between 0.01 and 1.6 million years ago. Pillow lava is abundant along the bases the flows, some of which are underlain by hyaloclastite breccia. In 1958, Canadian volcanologist Bill Mathews suggested that the lava flows were erupted during periods of subglacial activity and traveled through trenches or tunnels melted in glacial ice of the Fraser Glaciation. Mathews based this on the age of the underlying glacial till, the existence of pillow lava close to the bottom of some lavas, indicating subaqueous volcanism, the columnar jointing at the edges of the lavas, indicating rapid cooling, and the absence of apparent palaeogeography.

Reported in 2005, the total water use from the aquifer was 1.6 hm3 (420 million gallons) per day, with 58% going to irrigation, 24% to public supply, and 18% to industrial use. In general, the aquifer withdraw is sufficiently compensated in the long term by recharge through precipitation, however regions of the aquifer have shown long term declines, including that regions underlain by the Columbia River basalt unit. However, during the dry season from June-September, withdrawals from the aquifer result is significant seasonal variations in the ground water table height, changing by more than 60 ft. In the state of Oregon, all water is publicly owned and maintenance and protection of water is done by the Oregon Water Resources Department and the Oregon Water Resources Commission.

That larger area would include part of the Kerkennah Islands and the coast around Sfax. The centroid for the smaller gulf is at , and the distance across is , with a depth of . The larger gulf is acrossIt is 150 km from the northwestern point of Djerba Island to the coast just above Sfax, but only 81 km to the island, which comports with the distances from Pliny the Elder, above. with a depth of , and the centroid is at . The entire Gulf of Gabes, both larger and smaller versions, is underlain by the continental shelf of the African Plate,International Court of Justice (1984) Case concerning the continental shelf (Tunisia/Libya) International Court of Justice, The Hague, Netherlands, and is nowhere deeper than 200 meters.

The River Mease near Clifton Campville The Mease is formed by a confluence of smaller streams near to the village of Norton Juxta Twycross in North West Leicestershire. It flows westwards for approximately 16 miles (25 km) across a largely rural and agricultural landscape to its confluence with the River Trent at Croxall in Staffordshire, with its waters eventually reaching the North Sea via the Trent and the Humber Estuary. The river flows through areas underlain with bands of Triassic Period sandstone and Mercia Mudstone. After flowing through a wide valley between the villages of Measham and Appleby Magna, the land opens up into flat countryside: the river's path is not of steep topography, meaning the river flows gently and meanders "passively".

Map of Valle Padusa (1570) The Po Plain, which is a foreland basin formed by the of the crust by the loading of the Apennine thrust sheets, overlies and mainly conceals the active front of the Northern Apennines fold and thrust belt, across which there is about 1 mm per year of active shortening at present. Information from hydrocarbon exploration demonstrates that the area is underlain by a series of active thrust faults and related folds, some of which have been detected from anomalous drainage patterns. These blind thrust faults are roughly west-northwest–east-southeast- trending, parallel to the mountain front, and dip shallowly towards the south- southwest. The 1570 earthquake has been linked to movement on the outermost and northernmost of these thrusts.

The Great War and Modern Memory is a book of literary criticism written by Paul Fussell and published in 1975 by Oxford University Press. It describes the literary responses by English participants in World War I to their experiences of combat, particularly in trench warfare. The perceived futility and insanity of this conduct became, for many gifted Englishmen of their generation, a metaphor for life. Fussell describes how the collective experience of the "Great War" was correlated with, and to some extent underlain by, an enduring shift in the aesthetic perceptions of individuals, from the tropes of Romanticism that had guided young adults before the war, to the harsher themes that came to be dominant during the war and after.

An illustration of the ondol system Use of the ondol has been found at archaeological sites in present-day North Korea. A Neolithic Age archaeological site, circa 5000 BC, discovered in Unggi, Hamgyeongbuk-do, in present-day North Korea, shows a clear vestige of gudeul in the excavated dwelling (). The main components of the traditional ondol are an agungi (firebox or stove) accessible from an adjoining room (typically kitchen or master bedroom), a raised masonry floor underlain by horizontal smoke passages, and a vertical, freestanding chimney on the opposite exterior wall providing a draft. The heated floor, supported by stone piers or baffles to distribute the smoke, is covered by stone slabs, clay and an impervious layer such as oiled paper.

In contrast to neighboring Labrador, the island of Newfoundland is largely underlain by younger rocks. The Churchill, Nain, Superior and Grenville Province present in Labrador were all small continents or pieces of continental lithosphere that joined to form sections of the proto-North American continent Laurentia and the broad stable region known as the Canadian Shield. By the end of the Precambrian in the Neoproterozoic, continental crust which had come into existence in the Archean nearly 2.5 billion years had already experienced up to eight supercontinent cycles. In the late Precambrian and Paleozoic, Avalonia (named after the Avalon Peninsula in Newfoundland) formed as a volcanic island arc off the coast of the supercontinents Pannotia which lost land through rifting and became Gondwana.

To the northwest of the folded mountains is the Allegheny Plateau which lies above the cliff-like Allegheny Front escarpment, which continues into southwestern and south central New York, and is pierced in only a few places known as the gaps of the Allegheny. This Allegheny Plateau is so dissected by valleys formed by small streams and springs that it also seems mountainous, but with elevation differences between valley floors and hilltop peaks most often less than a few hundred feet. The plateau is underlain by sedimentary rocks of Mississippian and Pennsylvanian age, which bear abundant fossils, mineral deposits such as iron, as well as natural gas, coal and petroleum. These regions fostered 17th-19th century industries locally even into the 1930s days of mass production.

The Hackney Brook was the largest natural internal watercourse, entering Hackney in the NW, at the foot of the southern foot of Stamford Hill and exiting in the south-east, however this watercourse was fully culverted in the 19th century. The boundaries of Hackney take in the sub-districts of Homerton, Dalston (including Kingsland and Shacklewell), De Beauvoir Town, Upper and Lower Clapton, Stamford Hill, Hackney Central, Hackney Wick, South Hackney and West Hackney. The Lea and Hackney Marshes are underlain by alluvium soils; and the higher ground between Homerton and Stamford Hill is formed on a widening bed of London Clay. Brickearth deposits are within tongues of clay extending beneath Clapton Common, Stamford Hill and Stoke Newington High Street.

The break-up of Pangaea resulted in the opening of the Atlantic Ocean in three stages The Atlantic Ocean is underlain mostly by dense mafic oceanic crust made up of basalt and gabbro and overlain by fine clay, silt and siliceous ooze on the abyssal plain. The continental margins and continental shelf mark lower density, but greater thickness felsic continental rock that often much older than that of the seafloor. The oldest oceanic crust in the Atlantic is up to 145 million years and situated off the west coast of Africa and east coast of North America, or on either side of the South Atlantic. In many places, the continental shelf and continental slope are covered in thick sedimentary layers.

Texas is mostly sedimentary rocks, with East Texas underlain by a Cretaceous and younger sequence of sediments, the trace of ancient shorelines east and south until the active continental margin of the Gulf of Mexico is met. This sequence is built atop the subsided crest of the Appalachian Mountains- Ouachita Mountains-Marathon Mountains zone of Pennsylvanian continental collision, which collapsed when rifting in Jurassic time opened the Gulf of Mexico. West from this orogenic crest, which is buried beneath the Dallas- Waco-Austin-San Antonio trend, the sediments are Permian and Triassic in age. Oil is found in the Cretaceous sediments in the east, the Permian sediments in the west, and along the Gulf coast and out on the Texas continental shelf.

East Falkland, which has an area of , a little over half the total area of the islands consists of two land masses of approximately equal size. The island is almost bisected by two deep fjords, Choiseul Sound and Brenton Loch-Grantham Sound which are separated by the Measured on Google Earth wide isthmus that connects Lafonia in the south to the northern part of East Falkland. The island's coastline has many smaller bays, inlets and headlands. The northern part of the island, apart from the coastal strip bordering the Choiseul Sound is largely underlain by Palaeozoic rocks in the form of quartzite and slate, which tend to form rugged landscapes and coastlines and to cause the soil to be poor and acidic.

Headwaters of the Middle Fork San Joaquin River, just downstream of Thousand Island Lake In a geologic context, the San Joaquin River can be divided into two major segments. The upper above Friant Dam in the Sierra is characterized as a steep-gradient, rocky mountain stream. Over millions of years, the upper San Joaquin, as well as the upper reaches of most of its tributaries, have eroded enormous amounts of rock and sediment from the mountains. Most of the Sierras are underlain by granitic igneous and metamorphic rock dating back to the Mesozoic Era (250-66 MYA); in addition many of the San Joaquin's tributaries flow across a foothills region of metamorphosed volcanic rock more famously known as the Mother Lode Gold Belt.

Between the Marion hotspot and Gallieni FZ there is an irregular segmentation with relatively shallow axial depth. Between Prince Edward FZ and Atlantis II FZ (35–57°E), all major transform faults (and their 35 Ma associated magnetic anomalies) are increasingly trending more directly north–south. Magnetic anomalies in the Mozambique Basin indicate this is the dominant spreading direction for the past 80 Ma. Major changes at Discovery FZ (42°E), Galliene FZ (52°E), and Melville FZ (60°E) define large-scale segmentation of the SWIR. Mean axial depth varies between between Melville FZ and Rodrigues TJ, a section underlain by either thin crust or cold mantle, to between Andrew Bain FZ and Discovery FZ, a section affected by the Marion hotspot.

The arctic forest–tundra transition zone in northwestern Canada varies in width, perhaps averaging and widening markedly from west to east, in contrast with the telescoped alpine timberlines. North of the arctic timberline lies the low-growing tundra, and southwards lies the boreal forest. Two zones can be distinguished in the arctic timberline: a forest–tundra zone of scattered patches of krummholz or stunted trees, with larger trees along rivers and on sheltered sites set in a matrix of tundra; and "open boreal forest" or "lichen woodland", consisting of open groves of erect trees underlain by a carpet of Cladonia spp. lichens. The proportion of trees to lichen mat increases southwards towards the "forest line", where trees cover 50 percent or more of the landscape.

Active layer thickness varies with the season, but is 0.3 to 4 meters thick (shallow along the Arctic coast; deep in southern Siberia and the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau). The extent of permafrost varies with the climate: in the Northern Hemisphere today, 24% of the ice-free land area, equivalent to 19 million square kilometers, is more or less influenced by permafrost. Of this area slightly more than half is underlain by continuous permafrost, around 20 percent by discontinuous permafrost, and a little less than 30 percent by sporadic permafrost.Heginbottom, J. Alan, Brown, Jerry; Humlum, Ole and Svensson, Harald; ‘State of the Earth’s Cryosphere at the Beginning of the 21st Century: Glaciers, Global Snow Cover, Floating Ice, and Permafrost and Periglacial Environments’, p.

Main Ridge is primarily underlain by the North Coast Schist Group (NCSG), which occupies the northern third of the island of Tobago.. The island of Tobago is the main exposed portion of the Tobago terrane, a fragment of crustal material lying between the Caribbean and South American Plates. The rocks of the NCSG are metavolcanic; the underlying igneous rock was laid down during the Late Jurassic or Early Cretaceous. They underwent metamorphosis prior to the mid Cretaceous, when additional volcanic intrusion formed the rocks of the Tobago Volcanic Group. A combination of uplift, erosion, and faulting during the late Mesozoic and Paleogene led to the elevated horst block separated from the half graben of the southern lowlands by the Southern Tobago fault system.

Bedrock of the upper Esopus is generally sedimentary rock of the middle to late Devonian period, deposited when today's Catskills were a river delta and alluvial plain 360-390 million years ago. The stream's uppermost headwaters are underlain by bedrock of the Slide Mountain Formation, a Frasnian cross-bedded yellowish-gray conglomerate layer with quartz pebbles found at the uppermost in the Catskills. It is the youngest of the sediment layers in the mountains, deposited shortly before the entire region uplifted to form the dissected plateau it is today. Not far below Winnisook Lake, the Slide Mountain formation gradually gives way to the Upper Walton Formation, characterized by gray and greenish-gray fine-grained sandstone with some pebbles like those seen in the stratum above.

The Green River is one of the main streams of Wayne County. Situated in the southwestern corner of Middle Tennessee along the Alabama line, Wayne County is one of the state's largest counties in area but is very sparsely populated. Most of the county is located on the Southern Highland Rim, an area of hills, ridges, and narrow stream valleys that is largely underlain by Paleozoic limestone. The Green River rises about southeast of the Wayne County seat of Waynesboro and flows northwest into that town, which is almost bisected by it, and then flows generally almost due north, albeit by a fairly meandering course, to its confluence with the Buffalo River just south of the Wayne County - Perry County line.

The Southern Oregon Coastal Mountains ecoregion is a geologically and botanically diverse ecoregion that is a transition zone between the Coast Range and the Siskiyou Mountains, which form part of the Klamath Mountains ecoregion to the east. Rising to an elevation of approximately , this region has the climate of the Coast Range but the varied lithology of the higher, more dissected Siskiyou Mountains, underlain by Jurassic sandstone, metamorphosed sediments, granite, and serpentinite. Distributions of northern and southern vegetation blend together here and species diversity is high. Douglas-fir, western hemlock, tanoak, Port Orford cedar, and western redcedar are present, along with salal, sword fern, vine maple, Oregon grape, rhododendron, California bay-laurel, bigleaf maple, grand fir, red alder, salmonberry, and oxalis.

Trips to and from the Leysmill quarry were additional to the other train services, and the shortage of wagons meant that empty wagons returned there were reloaded at once; the locomotive often returned to Arbroath to get water while the loading took place. On 14 May 1839 the third locomotive was delivered; it was named Britannia. All the locomotives were of the 2-2-2 wheel arrangement. Traffic continued to increase steadily and at the annual general meeting in June 1839 weekly passenger journeys of more than 1,500 and weekly goods carryings of over 800 tons were reported, leading to a profit for the half-year of £3,614. However the positive revenue position was underlain by heavy indebtedness, £35,000 being owed to banks.

Pillow Lava in lron ore belt at Nomira 2 km east of Nomira 18 km from 18 km south of Joda town, on the Keonjhar-Barbil-Lahunipada state highway, has been declared the National Geological Monuments of India by the Geological Survey of India (GSI), for their protection, maintenance, promotion and enhancement of geotourism.national geo-heritage of India, INTACH Pillow Lava, Iron ore belt of Nomira is an exposure of ellipsoidal pillow lava of a maximum thickness of 2m x 0.6m. The fine to medium grained, green to bluish green coloured with abundant Vesicular texture filled with quartz. The lavas and the associated pyroclastic rocks and tuffs are underlain by quartzite and overlain by shale, chart-shale and banded hematite jasper.

Nearly the entire area is underlain by dunite, a variety of peridotite consisting of dark green olivine and minor chromite, which has been partly or entirely serpentinized to antigorite magnesite-magnetite. The dunite intruded into andesite pillow breccias and flows of the Peñon Blanco volcanic formation, which crops out near the northeast and southern boundaries of the Management Area. The intrusion of ultramafic material occurred along crustal weaknesses associated with the Bear Mountain fault, a northwestward trending thrust fault that dips steeply to the northeast, and has over 10,000 feet of vertical displacement. The fault zone is on the southwestern boundary of the Management Area, and is believed to have once penetrated the earth's crust down to the mantle, a probable source of the peridotite.

The Enon Formation was formed along the southern section of South Africa during the break up of Gondwana when there was widespread erosion of rocks comprising the Cape Fold Belt. It is considered to be Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous in age although more thorough dating needs to be undertaken. It provides important geological data on the change in landscape during the break-up of Gondwana in relation to the younger and softer formations - the Kirkwood and Sundays River - which overlie it, and because it is the oldest formation of the onshore post-Karoo Mesozoic deposits found in South Africa. Underlying strata are separated by unconformities in most locales expect where the Enon is underlain by deposits of the Cape Fold Belt.

However, the term "Palo Pinto Mountains" is also used colloquially to refer to a much larger area, essentially the entire portion of the much more extensive Western Cross Timbers located north of I-20. The mountains have been called a northern extension of the Hill Country, and indeed they are both dissected plateaus featuring karst topography with similar vegetation, including post oak (Quercus stellata), blueberry juniper (Juniperus ashei), and mesquite. The smaller Carbonate Cross Timbers also has a limestone substrate, as does the Hill Country, although the surrounding Western Cross Timbers area is underlain by sandstone, instead. The high point of the range depends on which definition used; if referring to the specific line of hills, the high point is Crawford Mountain at the north end, with an elevation of and about of prominence.

Ford Moss is bound to the south by the high Goatscrag Hill and the west by the Blackchester Hill, both of which are sandstone formations. It is one of two SSSIs located on the Ford & Etal estate which were originally two separate estates combined in 1908 when James Joicey, 1st Baron Joicey purchased them both. Access can be gained by heading south off the B6353 (vehicles must be left at the gate of the site) and although there are a some good footpaths for the general public, permits are required to enter certain parts. The 71.6 hectare site, situated around above sea level, is made up partly (46 hectares) of a raised bog of peat, which is up to deep in places and underlain by carboniferous limestone some 363 to 325 million years ago.

Although taking its name from the Cascade Range, this term is a geologic grouping rather than a geographic one, and the Cascade Volcanoes extend north into the Coast Mountains, past the Fraser River which is the northward limit of the Cascade Range proper. Some of the major cities along the length of the arc include Portland, Seattle, and Vancouver, and the population in the region exceeds 10 million. All could be potentially affected by volcanic activity and great subduction-zone earthquakes along the arc. Because the population of the Pacific Northwest is rapidly increasing, the Cascade volcanoes are some of the most dangerous, due to their eruptive history and potential for future eruptions, and because they are underlain by weak, hydrothermally altered volcanic rocks that are susceptible to failure.

The Queen Charlotte Basin is a structural basin mostly beneath the continental shelf offshore, between the Queen Charlotte Islands, Vancouver Island, and the British Columbia mainland, roughly coincident with the physiographic region named the Hecate Depression. British Columbia Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Bulletin 48: Landforms of British Columbia, A Physiographic Outline, S.S. Holland 1964 (revised 1976) The term Queen Charlotte Basin normally refers to the Cenozoic rocks, but these are underlain by what seems to be a thick Mesozoic succession. The Queen Charlotte Basin was formed by periods of extension, including thinning and volcanism during the mid-Cenozoic era. The large Cenozoic plutons that magnetic data suggest exist in the southeastern part of the Queen Charlotte Basin seem to be related to the Anahim hotspot.

Rohr and Dietrich (1992) considered the Queen Charlotte Basin to have formed largely by strike-slip movements in the Cenozoic. On the other hand, Lyatsky (1993, 2006) considered significant strike-slip movements to be impossible in this basin since at least the Late Oligocene, based on kinematic indicators and cross-cutting relationships of major faults and dated dikes; instead, he viewed the basin's Cenozoic evolution to be a product of reactivation of older networks of block-bounding faults. Economic basement in the Queen Charlotte Basin area is massive, thick Upper Triassic flood basalts, underlain onshore by partly metamorphosed older rocks. Above, high-quality source rocks exist in the ~-thick Upper Triassic- Lower Jurassic assemblage, with oil-prone Type I and II kerogen and TOC (total organic carbon) up to 11%.

The northern and eastern lobes were in part diverted around the area by the Watersmeet Dome, an ancient uplifted area of Cambrian rock underlain by basalt in northern Wisconsin and western upper Michigan. The southward movement of the continental glacier was also hindered by the great depths of the Lake Superior basin and the adjacent highlands of the Bayfield Peninsula, Gogebic Range, Porcupine Mountains, Keweenaw Peninsula, and the Huron Mountains along the north rim of the Superior Upland bordering Lake Superior. The Green Bay and Lake Michigan lobes were also partially blocked by the bedrock of the Door Peninsula, which presently separates Green Bay from Lake Michigan. In earlier phases of the Wisconsinan, the Driftless Area was totally surrounded by ice, with eastern and western lobes joining together to the south of it.

1817 Ordnance Survey Map of Scratchbury Camp Scratchbury is on the edge of the chalk plateau of Salisbury Plain, and within the area of Norton Bavant Chalk Downland Edge, as described by the West Wiltshire Landscape Character Assessment. The hill has extensive views overlooking the Wylye valley to the south. The Salisbury Plain chalk massif is part of a system of chalk downlands throughout eastern and southern England formed by the rocks of the Chalk Group; the landscape is underlain by a combination of Lower, Middle and Upper Chalk supporting shallow well drained calcareous silty soils over chalk on slopes and crests. Escarpments are often formed where layers of chalk have been compressed to form a fold, or where the chalk has been faulted, resulting in accelerated erosion along the line of the weakness.

Strathmore (Gaelic: An Srath Mòr) is a strath in east central Scotland running from northeast to southwest between the Grampian mountains and the Sidlaws. It is approximately 50 miles (80 km) long and 10 miles (16 km) wide. Strathmore is underlain by Old Red Sandstone but this is largely obscured by glacial till, sands and gravels deposited during the ice age.British Geological Survey 1:625,000 scale map Bedrock Geology UK NorthBritish Geological Survey Ten Mile Map North Sheet 1st edn (Quaternary) 1977 Bedrock Geology UK North Its northeast to southwest alignment is influenced by the underlying geological structure of the area which reflects the dominant Caledonian trend of both the central lowlands and the Highlands of Scotland; its northern margin reflects the presence of the Highland Boundary Fault.

The Beaverhill Lake Group is conformably underlain by the formations of the Elk Point Group. In most areas it is conformably overlain by the formations of the Woodbend Group, and in northwestern Alberta and northeastern British Columbia it is disconformably overlain by the Muskwa Formation. It is equivalent to the Souris River Formation in southeastern Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba, and to the Flume Formation of the Fairholme Group in the Canadian Rockies. According to D.L Griffin, it is equivalent to the Slave Point Formation and Waterways Formation in northeastern Alberta, with the Slave Point Formation and the lower Hay River Formation in the District of Mackenzie, as well as the Horn River Formation and Fort Simpson Formation northwest of the Slave Point-Keg River facies in northeastern British Columbia and the Northwest Territories.

East-Quincy is underlain by metasedimentary rock of the Shoo Fly Complex.Saucedo, G.J., and Wagner, D.L., 1992, Geologic map of the Chico quadrangle: California Division of Mines and Geology, Regional Geologic Map 7A Its dominant silica-rich clastic material weathers to a stony coarse soil which includes the well or somewhat excessively drained alluvial fan material (mainly Forgay very gravelly sandy loam) on which most of Quincy's businesses and homes have been built. Cultivated land north of the residential area lies on poorly drained loam, silt loam or fine sandy loam. East-Quincy has a Mediterranean climate (Köppen Csb) though its inland location and altitude makes it more continental and wetter than usual for this type, with very heavy snowfalls sometimes occurring in winter – the record being in the very wet January 1916.

Dee Gabriel Collins closely follows the northern topographic rim of the volcano formed by the escarpment of the Cretaceous beach rock. The lowland is drained by Cottonmouth Creek and underlain by soft, easily eroded volcanic ash and other pyroclastic deposits, and the central core area formed by the resistant trap rock are easily visible to the south of Dee Gabriel Collins. About 2/3 of a mile east of the intersection of Bluff Springs Road with McKinney Falls Parkway, the trap rock of south Pilot Knob crops out along the road. This rock is very similar to that which forms the center of the volcano, and may represent the eroded remnant of a lava flow erupted along the flanks of the volcano or having flowed down the south side from the apex.

The large difference in altitude in a narrow space between the mountains in the south and the Korana river in the north also represents a significant criterion for biodiversity in this region. The overall difference in altitude within the national park area is 912 m (the highest elevation is Seliški vrh at 1279 m, the lowest elevation is reached at 367 m at the bridge across the Korana river).Plitvice Lakes National Park, Flora The national Park is underlain by karstic rock, mainly dolomite and limestone with associated lakes and caves, this has given rise to the most distinctive feature of the lakes. Right at the lakes, the Golubnjača Cave (145 m) before the second Korana waterfall and Šupljara Cave (68 m) above Lake Kaluđerovac can be visited.

The village is located amongst low-lying hills known as The Weald, which is situated between the North and South Downs and resting within the north eastern sector of the High Weald Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. Iden Green is situated between four small towns; Staplehurst to the north, Tenterden to the east, Hawkhurst to the south and the nearest town of Cranbrook to the west. The geology of the High Weald consists largely of a series of hard standstone strata, underlain by heavy clays, giving rise to a combination which occurs across the Weald of sandstone ridges and clay vales. Combined with faulting and watercourses cutting into the rock sequences, this has led to the smooth rolling uplands, plateaus and ridgelines, strongly incised by deep stream valleys (ghylls).

Arkansas County is located in the Arkansas Delta (in Arkansas, usually referred to as "the Delta") a subregion of the Mississippi Alluvial Plain, which is a flat area consisting of rich, fertile sediment deposits from the Mississippi River between Louisiana and Illinois. Within the Delta, Arkansas County is almost entirely within the Grand Prairie subregion, historically a flat grassland plain underlain by an impermeable clay layer (the Stuttgart soil series). Prior to the 19th century, flatter areas with slowly to very slowly permeable soils (often containing fragipans) supported Arkansas's largest prairie, covered in prairie grasses and forbs, with oaks covering the low hills and ridges, and pockets of floodplains with bottomland hardwood forests. This region was a sharp contrast to the bottomland forests that once dominated other parts of the Mississippi Alluvial Plain.

A west-east (left to right) geological cross section through Table Mountain on the Cape Peninsula, the Cape Flats (the isthmus connecting the Peninsula to the African mainland) and the Hottentots-Holland Mountains on the mainland. It indicates how the Cape Fold Mountains have been eroded in this region, leaving what was once the bottom of a valley to form Table Mountain with its flat table-top structure. The Cape Peninsula is underlain by the oldest rocks in the area, the Malmesbury Group, and the granite intrusions of the Peninsula pluton. The Malmesbury Group has been dated from between 830 and 980 Mya, and was deformed during the Saldanian orogenic cycle, both before and during the granite intrusions of 630 to 500 Mya, and there are minor intrusions which precede the granite.

The existence of bauxite minerals in Kuantan District have been recognised by the Geological Survey in 1937 with the area is underlain by basalt and associated dolerite dykes, which cut the underlying rocks. Beginning from 2013, the government began to start small-scale bauxite mining in the area of Balok before being expanded into Goh Hill, Sagu Hill and Karang River. With neighbouring Indonesia moved out from their long-time bauxite mining industry to be replaced by domestic metal processing industry with an immediate ban being enforced on the mineral mining in early 2014, this subsequently causing the shortage of worldwide supply particularly to China. The Malaysian state of Pahang which has deposits on the minerals taking the opportunity to fill in the demands with the involvement of many unscrupulous parties with unregulated mining methods.

This ecoregion once stretched from North Carolina to Nova Scotia but now covers a disjunct area with three remaining large, contiguous areas including, the largest, the New Jersey Pine Barrens on the coastal plain of New Jersey, the rapidly diminishing forests of southern Long Island in New York State, and the Massachusetts Coastal Pine Barrens which stretches from Plymouth, Massachusetts in Southeastern Massachusetts to Cape Cod and the Islands of Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket. The pine barrens are underlain by sandy, nutrient-poor soils, which typically support stunted forests dominated by pines (Pinus spp.). The distinct flora of this ecoregion is maintained by the poor soils and frequent fires which revive the pines; surrounding areas with better soils are part of the Middle Atlantic coastal forests and Northeastern coastal forests ecoregions.

In 1989, a similar methane gas buildup occurred underneath 3rd Street and adjacent buildings, probably because of the accidental plugging of a gas- venting well built after the Ross incident. Since the venting well had become clogged with a buildup of debris, methane slowly collected under the street and adjacent impermeable surfaces, bursting out on the morning of Tuesday, February 7, 1989, in a fountain of mud, water, and methane gas; no explosion occurred, since there was no source of ignition, and city emergency crews quickly cordoned off the area. As a result of this incident, Los Angeles further upgraded their City Building Code to require new buildings to have adequate venting systems, and be underlain with an impermeable membrane to prevent methane from getting in beneath the foundation.

The site occupies an area adjacent to the River Wear, being bounded on the south by the river and on the north by a former river channel which was abandoned when the Wear shifted its course during a flood in 1771. Being part of the river's floodplain, the area is underlain by riverine sands and gravels, which were formerly extracted; the abandoned workings were subsequently inundated, creating three lakes which are an important feature of the SSSI. The total area of permanent standing water is 5.5 ha, though the area is subject to periodic flooding, when standing water can temporarily cover the entire site and fresh sediment is deposited. Part of Marston Lake, the largest of the three permanent lakes, is fringed with tall fen vegetation, characterised by Bulrush, Typha latifolia, Meadowsweet, Filipendula ulmaria, and Common Marsh-bedstraw, Galium palustre.

An illustration of the ondol system Ondol (; , Hangul: 온돌, 溫堗, ) or gudeul (Hangul: 구들, ) in Korean traditional architecture, is underfloor heating similar to a Kang bed-stove that uses direct heat transfer from wood smoke to heat the underside of a thick masonry floor. In modern usage it refers to any type of underfloor heating, or to a hotel or a sleeping room in Korean (as opposed to Western) style. The main components of the traditional ondol are an agungi (firebox or stove) accessible from an adjoining room (typically kitchen or master bedroom), a raised masonry floor underlain by horizontal smoke passages, and a vertical, freestanding chimney on the opposite exterior wall providing a draft. The heated floor, supported by stone piers or baffles to distribute the smoke, is covered by stone slabs, clay and an impervious layer such as oiled paper.

At its north end, the township is underlain with an unusually pure limestone deposit centred between Ingersoll and Beachville that extends north-west through most of Zorra and south-east into Norwich. Open-pit mining of the limestone and kiln-firing to produce lime has been underway along the Thames River since pioneer days, and since the 1950s heavy industrial operations have led to nearly three thousand acres being licensed for extraction from pits more than 100 feet deep. The size of the limestone deposits is sufficient to support these operations for another century or more.D.F. Hewitt, Limestone Industries of Ontario (1960) pages 146-161 Ontario government licensing of these quarry operations was granted with the expectation the sites when exhausted would be remediated by allowing them to fill with water, creating large lakes with potential for recreational uses.

This field, consisting of flat-topped summits or benches, was considered to have formed as a result of block faulting or by erosion of a formerly much more extensive surface underlain by horizontally bedded volcanic rocks. The possibility of Level Mountain being a source for the Tuya field lavas would deteriorate in the 1940s when Canadian volcanologist Bill Mathews revealed that the flat- topped, steep-sided summits were not products of faulting or erosion but were rather individual volcanoes formed by eruptions of lava into lakes thawed through an ice sheet. Mathews coined the term "tuya" for these subglacial volcanoes after Tuya Butte which is located in the Tuya volcanic field. The recognition of Level Mountain as a long-lived volcano in contrast to the small Tuya field volcanoes has given it status as a separate volcanic centre.

Hurt Wood is that part of the forest in greater Shere parish and associated with Peaslake and the other even smaller southern settlements of that parish traditionally defined as "hamlets". Otherwise the forest has many footpaths and bridleways and the springs that are the sources of streams including of Cranleigh Waters, but being mainly of Greensand soil, which is chiefly a form of sandstone which is permeable and underlain by in most places a layer of gravel and flint stones followed by clay. The soil where most sandy supports pineferous trees, gorse, bracken, ferns and fungi only.Cranfield University National Soil Resources Institute It includes the fifth and sixth highest points in Surrey, in the highest and most wooded part of the parish of Ewhurst, Pitch Hill and The Warren, at 257 and 251 metres above sea level respectively.

By the time of the passing of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the scientific racism that had underlain much of the justification for the Jim Crow era legal racism had been discredited, the South had substantially closed its wealth gap with the rest of the nation, and America was both urbanized and industrialized. However, the African American struggle to earn economic parity, that had made progress during the first half century of the postbellum era, had largely been reversed during the second half. Legally, equality was assured, but that did little to actually promulgate equal conditions in daily life. Some of the gains in the South's economic relation to the rest of the U.S. can be explained by population shifts to other regions; so, it may have had as much to do with spreading poverty around, as spreading wealth around.

North Wales has a very diverse and complex geology with Precambrian schists along the Menai Strait and the great Cambrian dome behind Harlech and underlying much of western Snowdonia. In the Ordovician period much volcanism deposited a range of minerals and rocks over the north western parts of Gwynedd whilst to the east of the River Conwy lies a large area of upland rolling hills underlain by the Silurian mudstones and grits comprising the Denbigh and Migneint Moors. To the east, around Llangollen, to the north on Halkyn Mountain and the Great Orme and in eastern Anglesey are beds of limestone from which metals have been mined since pre-Roman times. Added to all this are the complexities posed by Parys Mountain and the outcrops of unusual minerals such as Jasper and Mona Marble which make the area of special interest to geologists.

The summit crossing never was able to handle the canal traffic. Even with two reservoirs constructed at the summit as feeders to the canal, the Union canal still required pumped water from a waterworks at the junction of Swatara Creek and Clarke's run and later from a second waterworks on Furnace Creek on the Quitipahilla. At the first works, there were four pumps necessary to provide summit water but only two could be powered by river water, the other two had to be powered by Cornish steam engines, a technology available in 1828 when the canal opened but not in 1791. By 1885, the successor company, the Union canal was sold at a sheriff sale, being unable to cope with railroad competition, poor planning, and the technical challenges posed by a summit crossing underlain by the carbonate bedrock of Lebanon County, Pennsylvania.

Water storage tanks associated with the filtration plant In the 1970s, the Engineering and Water Supply Department chose an area at the top of the park, adjacent to Lower North East Road, to build a water treatment works. Based partly on seismic refraction traverses, a ridge underlain by dolomite and quartzite was deemed to be stable enough for construction. The site was also selected because of its hydraulic advantages; all other sites would have required the construction of a major pumping station. The exact placement of the site was made so that it could not be seen from the metropolitan area. It has a design flow of 313 megalitres (ML) per day with a maximum capacity of 344 ML. The plant was commissioned in 1980 and uses filtration and sedimentation techniques to clean water from the Mannum to Adelaide pipeline.

Areas underlain by thermally mature generative source rocks in a sedimentary basin are called generative basins or depressions or else hydrocarbon kitchens. Mapping those regional oil and gas generative "hydrocarbon kitchens" is feasible by integrating the existing source rock data into seismic depth maps that structurally follow the source horizon(s). It has been statistically observed at a world scale Gerard Demaison: "The Generative Basin Concept" in: American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG) Memoir #35 : "Petroleum Geochemistry and Basin Evaluation", 1984 , Edited by Gerard Demaison and Roelof J. Murris, that zones of high success ratios in finding oil and gas generally correlate in most basin types (such as intracratonic or rift basins) with the mapped "generative depressions". Cases of long distance oil migration into shallow traps away from the "generative depressions" are usually found in foreland basins.

Although the name Vinini is used extensively, the Palmetto Formation in southern Nevada is of the same age and lithic composition and merits the name Vinini. Originally the Vinini was considered to be wholly of Ordovician age, but the unit designated as Vinini on many published maps includes, at the top, a massive chert unit, the Cherry Spring chert, now known to be of Early Silurian age. The formation is considered to have been deposited in relatively deep water, outboard of the contemporaneous carbonate bank to the east, because of its generally dark gray color and the near absence of a shelly fauna. The identity of strata underlying the Vinini over most of its range is uncertain due to the prevalence of faults, but the equivalent Palmetto Formation is known to be underlain depositionally by Upper Cambrian limestone deposits.

Older references (e.g., Littlehales 1930)Littlehales, G. W. (1930) The configuration of the oceanic basins Graficas Reunidas, Madrid, Spain, consider the oceanic basins to be the complement to the continents, with erosion dominating the latter, and the sediments so derived ending up in the ocean basins. More modern sources (e.g., Floyd 1991)Floyd, P. A. (1991) Oceanic basalts Blackie, Glasgow, Scotland, regard the ocean basins more as basaltic plains, than as sedimentary depositories, since most sedimentation occurs on the continental shelves and not in the geologically-defined ocean basins.Biju-Duval, Bernard (2002) Sedimentary geology: sedimentary basins, depositional environments, petroleum formation Editions Technip, Paris, Hydrologically some geologic basins are both above and below sea level, such as the Maracaibo Basin in Venezuela, although geologically it is not considered an oceanic basin because it is on the continental shelf and underlain by continental crust.

Between five and six million years old, the field reaches north from Jefferson to Olallie Butte, and it covers an area of . Scientists think that the setup of this field, where various vents have erupted lava, explains why the otherwise similar Cascades volcano at Mount Hood is three times as voluminous as Jefferson, because Hood has concentrated most of the eruptions from its magma chambers. The field is also likely underlain by a batholith, a large mass of intrusive igneous rock (also called a pluton) that forms from cooled magma deep in the Earth's crust. An aerial photo of the summit of Mt. Jefferson, October 2015 Mount Jefferson is a stratovolcano, made up of basaltic andesite, andesite, and dacite overlying basaltic shield volcanoes, with andesite and more silicic (rich in silica) rock forming the majority of the mountain.

As is common in karst, underground river networks have formed by dissolution, and these have been explored and mapped by cave diving through sinkhole collapses, locally called cenotes. The whole of the Yucatán Peninsula is underlain by a density- stratified coastal aquifer system with a lens-shaped freshwater body floating on top of intruding saline water. The formation of caves (speleogenesis) within this coastal carbonate aquifer is principally associated with carbonate dissolution at the fresh-saline water contact within the aquifer. By 2008, the Quintana Roo Speleological Society (QRSS) reported more than of flooded cave passages within the limits of the Riviera Maya including the two longest underwater cave systems in the world of Sac Actun and Ox Bel Ha. These groundwater resources, accessed via the thousands of cenotes throughout the landscape, once supported the Maya civilizations and today remain the only natural sources of potable water in the area.

A four- mile summit crossing between Tulpehocken and the Quitipahilla would be an artificial waterway connecting two separate river valleys; namely the Susquehanna and the Schuylkill watersheds. The term refers to a canal that rises then falls, as opposed to a lateral canal, which has a continuous fall only. In this case, the proposed canal at 80 miles in length would rise 192 feet over 42 miles from the west at the Susquehanna river to the summit and then fall 311 feet over 34 miles to the Schuylkill river to the east.Tanner, Henry Schenck, 1786-1858, A description of the canals and railroads of the United States, comprehending notices of all the works of internal improvement throughout the several states. Accessed on August 31, 2018 at Unfortunately, most of the four-mile summit crossing was underlain by the Ontelaunee Formation, a "...dark grayish-brown weathering dolomite ..." or carbonate bedrock.

A prominent Fault system (Burnett Fault) runs approximately east-west just to the north of the village (an extension of the Newton fault,Geological Survey of Great Britain, 1:50,000 Geological Map sheet 265; Bristol), and the two rises on Burnett Hill (B3116) represent the eroded scarps of two branches of this fault. In contrast, the steady incline of the B3116 from Burnett south to the junction with the A39 represents the geological dip of the top of the Blue Lias. The steep slope marking the edge of the Chew Valley, immediately west of Burnett village, is an erosional scarp through the softer red and green shales of the Triassic Mercia Mudstone. The fields in the bottom of the valley, north of the Burnett Fault, are underlain by the Supra- Pennant Measures of the Carboniferous period, represented by the Pensford Syncline coal basin, which formed part of the Somerset coalfield.

Now stagnant, glacier provided a continuing source of ground rock and soil to the southern edge of the glacier, creating the Valaparaiso Moraine and releasing vast quantities of water, sand and silt into the valley beyond. The water created Lake Kankakee, flooding are area from Momence, Illinois upstream to the east to South Bend, Indiana with a southern pool reaching from Watseka, Illinois east to Monticello and Winamac, Indiana.The Dunes of Northwestern Indiana; Edward Bartlett; Forty-First Annual Report of Department of Geology and Natural Resources, Indiana; Edward Bartlett, State Geologist; Indianapolis, Indiana, 1916, pg 11-18 Lacustrine deposits are those deposited in lake water and only when the lake drains or the land rises, does it become dry land. Most of the soils throughout the counties surrounding the Kankakee are loamy (up to a quarter clay, quarter to half silt with less than half being sand.)[3] The outwash plain is underlain by sand with gravel inter-bedded throughout.

The principal watercourse in the town is Sonoma Creek, which flows in a southerly direction to discharge ultimately to the Napa Sonoma Marsh; Arroyo Seco Creek is a tributary to Schell Creek with a confluence in the eastern portion of the town. The active Rodgers Fault lies to the west of Sonoma Creek; however, risk of major damage is mitigated by the fact that most of the soils beneath the city consist of a slight alluvial terrace underlain by strongly cemented sedimentary and volcanic rock.General Plan, City of Sonoma, California, prepared for the City of Sonoma by Hall and Goodhue Community Design Group, San Francisco, Ca. (1974) To the immediate south, west and east are deeper rich, alluvial soils that support valuable agricultural cultivation. The mountain block to the north rises to 1,200 feet (366 m) and provides an important scenic backdrop, around which views the city's original streetscape was carefully laid out.

The Independent includes The Story of a Nobody among the "finest fiction" that explore terrorism and its motives, through lens of tsarist Russia. Translator Hugh Aplin compares the piece to the works of Turgenev in its capturing post- serfdom, pre-Soviet radicalism, as well both authors' creation of female characters with "great moral integrity" compared with their male counterparts. Louis de Bernières, who described The Story of a Nobody as a "wonderful piece of literature", says the disturbing power and entertainment of the novella derives from Chekhov's absolute lack of authorial moral stance, underlain by the narrator's cognitive dissonance when his radical passion turns to pessimism when confronted with the pettiness and cruelty of Orlov. University of Edinburgh professor Tony McKibbin describes this ambiguity as "Chekhovian irony is at its most pronounced", and summarizes the reader's responsibility to make an "ethical import in the gaps" in a story void of any heroes.

During heavy periods of rain or when the Des Plaines overflowed its banks due to downstream ice dams in the early spring, the river would flow through Mud Lake to the South Branch of the Chicago River, forming a favorite portage for early traders and creating the path of the future I&M; and Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canals. When the city we know today was initially founded in the 1830s, the land was swampy and most of the early building began on low dunes around the Chicago River's mouth. Indeed, Chicago's low lying geography, which ultimately became crucial to its boom town development (as the site of the Chicago Portage and canal), could not initially attract substantial early settlement because the tall grass prairie around its lake and river systems was underlain by hard packed glacial clay, making much of the area forbidding wetlands.Donald L. Miller, City of the Century, p.

A gifted botanist blessed also with a gardener's eye for beauty, George Don was enthusiastic in his praise for the two plant species for which he created the new genus Physochlaina, noting in his ' A General History... ' of 1838 : > 'The species of Physochlaina are extremely desirable plants; being early > flowerers, and elegant when in blossom. They will grow in any soil, and are > readily propagated by divisions of the root, or by seed. They are well > adapted for decorating borders in early spring'. In regard to the soil type favoured by wild populations, volume 22 of Linnaea (in surprisingly geological vein) provides the observation that Physochlaina orientalis is to be found growing on soils underlain by trachytes (volcanic rocks of a type notably rich in the chemical element potassium, a plant macronutrient essential for the production of flowers and fruit and, in a specifically Solanaceous context, the main ingredient of liquid feed for tomato plants).

Rocks dating from the Silurian period are, by one measure, the most significant for Wales’ landscape; a greater percentage of the country's land area is directly underlain by rocks of this age than any other. Much of central Wales is formed in Silurian sandstones and mudstones as is the more gentle landscape of central Monmouthshire where the Usk Anticline gives rise to the Usk Inlier. In the north it is the Ludlow age mudstones and sandstones of the Elwy and Nantglyn Formations which form the Clwydian Range,British Geological Survey 1999 Flint England and Wales sheet 108, 1:50,000 scale geological map and the Nantglyn Flags and Wenlockian Denbigh Grits which form the Denbigh Moors,British Geological Survey 1993 Corwen England and Wales sheet 120, 1:50,000 scale geological map Llantysilio Mountain and the Dee Valley around Llangollen.British Geological Survey 1994 Wrexham England and Wales sheet 121, 1:50,000 scale geological map (provisional) In west Wales, parts of south and central Pembrokeshire around Haverfordwest and Narberth and between Marloes and Daugleddau are formed by Llandovery aged mudstones, sandstones and conglomerates.

The general elevation of water is O.D. The area's topography consists of two basins mainly surrounded by hills, the runoff from which forms rivers that originally meandered across the plain but have now been controlled by embanking and "clyses" (the local name for a sluice). Confluence of the Rivers Parrett and Tone at Burrowbridge during flooding in February 2014 Although underlain by much older Triassic age formations that protrude to form what would once have been islands—such as Athelney, Brent Knoll, Burrow Mump and Glastonbury Tor—the lowland landscape was formed only during the last 10,000 years, following the end of the last ice age. Although sea level changes since the Pliocene led to changes in sea level and the laying down of vegetation, the peak of the peat formation took place in swamp conditions around 6,000 years ago, although in some areas it continued into medieval times. It is a mainly agricultural region, typically with open fields of permanent grass surrounded by ditches with willow trees.

In situations where little light is able to reach the forest floor, such as the North American pine forests, a young seedling cannot obtain sufficient light to photosynthesise for itself and will not grow properly in a sterile soil. But, if the ground is underlain by a mycorrhizal mat, then the developing seedling will throw down roots that can link with the fungal threads and through them obtain the nutrients it needs, often indirectly obtained from its parents or neighbouring trees. David Attenborough points out the plant, fungi, animal relationship that creates a "Three way harmonious trio" to be found in forest ecosystems, wherein the plant/fungi symbiosis is enhanced by animals such as the wild boar, deer, mice, or flying squirrel, which feed upon the fungi's fruiting bodies, including truffles, and cause their further spread (Private Life Of Plants, 1995). A greater understanding of the complex relationships that pervade natural systems is one of the major justifications of the organic gardener, in refraining from the use of artificial chemicals and the damage these might cause.

The diverse avifauna is augmented by a winter influx of > waterbirds. In 1990, the conservation park was described as follows: > …underlain by consolidated calcarenite dunes, overlain with red, weakly > structured sandy soils and unconsolidated stranded dunes of bleached sands > with a yellow-grey B horizon. Two large wetland areas have a marl base and > black organic soils. River red gum flats have sandy, mottled-yellow duplex > soil. In 1990, the following vegetation associations were present: # A “woodland or open woodland of brown stringybark” occupied the dunes. #A river red gum woodland with an understorey of “annual grasses and herbs and scattered shrubs” was present on “the flats associated with the wetlands.” #“Isolated stands” of swamp gum and rough barked manna gum were present on “the edges of the wetter areas.” #The north-west of the conservation park which was subject to periodic inundation supported “a large area of low heath.” #”Water-ribbons and yellow marsh flower” were present in the wetlands. As of 1990, visitation consisted of use “mainly by local residents and schools groups” and “occasional” use for “bush camping.” The conservation park is classified as an IUCN Category III protected area.