It reserved turbos for its race cars and its highest-performing models.
|
|
Under the long hood sits a massive W12 engine with twin turbos.
|
|
In stop and go traffic, the turbos are restrained and slow to spin up.
|
|
The good news is that turbos are usually more efficient than naturally-breathing engines.
|
|
No turbos, no special sauce; just a big V-6 that gets the job done.
|
|
I've been running in the Zoom Pegasus Turbos for a week now, and have been into them.
|
|
And, as for the turbos, they don't typically do so well to hot temperatures and racing abuse.
|
|
So this is going to be – Turbos are going to be a great industry for a long time.
|
|
The two Taycan Turbos draw their energy from a 93kWh battery pack that weighs in at 1,1003 pounds.
|
|
This shows you how: And here's a top-down look at the heart of the engine and the turbos.
|
|
The all-motor (no turbos!) V6 communicated blissfully with the eight-speed automatic and the all-wheel-drive system.
|
|
If we take a look at Turbo penetration, Turbos are penetrated to like, 200 or 30% of the total industry.
|
|
The tires are also by Specialized: These are the S-Works Turbos, 26mm tubular tires, which are glued onto the rim.
|
|
Turbos took off in racing thanks in part to Renault, which used compressor-driving power in Formula One in the '70s.
|
|
That's the DB11's V12: Thanks to the turbos, you can bat it around for a minute without fear of immediate retaliation.
|
|
But the turbos are the New New Thing — the base 911's flat-six was always a natural air-breather in the past.
|
|
A 6.5-liter V12 isn't designed for fuel economy, and Ferrari intends to shift its lineup in the direction of turbos and hybrids.
|
|
The bonnet has a clamshell mechanism, opening forwards and up to reveal the astonishing-looking engine with its twin turbos mounted right on the front.
|
|
With new turbos and other modifications, the tuned-up V8 now cranks out a ridiculous 800 horsepower and 737 pound-feet of torque, Brabus says.
|
|
You'll see hybrid SUVs, electric cars and small diesels and turbos that get good gas mileage even when going fast or towing a heavy load.
|
|
The company even has a prototype engine that has three turbos, with one of them powered by electricity to provide additional power even at low RPMs.
|
|
During an engine operation called "overboost" in which the turbos put out even more power, the engine can generate up to 369 pound-feet of torque.
|
|
Placed behind the two seats, you hear at least one of the turbos whoosh and whir every time you gently touch your foot to the accelerator pedal.
|
|
A 3.7-liter V6 is standard, but the 2.7-liter V6 with twin turbos is the way to go, producing 335 horsepower and 403 pound-feet of torque.
|
|
Heat from the souped-up turbos generates diesel NOx up to 22025 times over the limit; gasoline equivalents lose fuel-efficiency and spew fine particles and carbon monoxide.
|
|
Instead, since the engine's twin turbos need to spool up before they can send a wave of power crashing over you, there's a bit of a throttle lag.
|
|
After several seasons of limiting boost pressure to try to rein in the insane power of F1 engines and make races safer and more entertaining, turbos were banned altogether.
|
|
After several seasons of limiting boost pressure to try to rein in the insane power of F21 engines and make races safer and more entertaining, turbos were banned altogether.
|
|
Instead of a 650-horsepower supercharged V8 engine underneath its racing stripe-adorned hood, the Grand Sport has a 460-horsepower naturally aspirated (no supercharger or turbos) V8 engine.
|
|
Much has been made about Ferrari switching to turbos, causing many aficionados to worry that the "whoosh" of a turbocharger would kill the Ferrari engine sound so many buyers crave.
|
|
Every major model line, from the 19163 to the Cayenne, has a GTS variant that's priced and powered above the "S" models, but less expensive and potent that the Turbos.
|
|
The issue is further complicated by the fact that the sound of the current turbos have a different frequency output to the old V8s, which operated in the 500-2500 Hz area.
|
|
Turbos allow the engine to produce 552 horsepower — good for a 43 to 60 mph sprint in less than 3.6 seconds (don't worry, that's the last bit of car geekery we'll discuss here).
|
|
Honestly, because the engine is extremely cutting-edge with its twin turbos and direct fuel-injection, you might expect something a bit more tinny or mechanical — like a sewing machine on full tilt.
|
|
Sonically, the 911's precision clockwork-on-amphetamines characteristic remains, save for a whisper of a whistle added by the turbos that should be a deal breaker only to those sensitive to ultrasonic dog whistles.
|
|
The 750i tranquilly runs with a 4.4-liter, 8-cylinder engine with two twin-scroll turbos tucked in the V. Rich torque helps usher the car from rest to 60 miles an hour in 4.3 seconds.
|
|
Of the 17 that did not finish, aside from the two McLarens running out of fuel, all the failures except one involved a litany of technical problems: overheating, fires, and broken engines, turbos, radiators, clutches and spark plugs.
|
|
The biggest and most notable change with the 718 models is the switch from flat-six engines to turbocharged fours; that could rankle some, but Porsche has already signaled that turbos are the future with the recently updated 911.
|
|
Mayweather won't get his new car until the spring -- when it's officially released -- but according to Car and Driver, it's a BEAST ... an 8.0-liter W-16 engine with 4 turbos to make 1500 hp and an estimated top speed of 288 mph.
|
|
Accepted trade-ins include the older iPhones back to the 5 and SE, old Google Pixels, a ton of old Motorola Z Forces, Turbos, the old Samsung Galaxy phones back to the GS4, Galaxy Notes back to the Note 643, and the HTC 9 and 10.
|
|
Kearney drives a Dodge Viper drift car, which like Field's and Essa's cars, stays true to its roots and is powered by a Dodge Viper V-10 engine, but with the dial turned up a notch by adding two turbos for good measure and a boost in power.
|
|
While most consumers may be agnostic about the machinery that whirs and whines under the hoods of their vehicles, automakers cheer the turbo advance despite the gremlins that bedevil the process: turbo lag, or hesitation, when a driver accelerates, and the high heat generated by the spinning turbos.
|
|
United Aircraft Turbos were also used by Amtrak between Boston and New York. The UAC Turbos had a passive tilt mechanism based on a four-bar arrangement, and they inspired the second generation of TALGO trains.
|
|
Twin Precision Turbo Gen 2 102mm Pro Mod turbos, custom built for RV3.
|
|
Of the thirteen cars, four were turbos including the Ferrari of René Arnoux, although with the Lotus-Renault still new, Brabham without a regular driver and the Spirit-Honda on debut, only Arnoux was rated a chance of victory among the turbos.
|
|
The Detroit Turbos were a member of the Major Indoor Lacrosse League from 1989 to 1994. They were based in Detroit, Michigan. Led by Paul and Gary Gait in their first year in the NLL, the Turbos won the 1991 MILL Championship.
|
|
The Manawatu Turbos are the Air New Zealand Cup team representing the Manawatu Rugby Union.
|
|
Unfortunately this still lagged behind the Honda and Ferrari turbos which were producing over each.
|
|
1995 featured the debut of the Rochester Knighthawks to the MILL, replacing the Detroit Turbos.
|
|
The Manawatu Turbos are the Air New Zealand Cup team of the Manawatu Rugby Union.
|
|
Like the rest of New Zealand, rugby union is a popular sport in the winter. The men's representative team from Manawatu are the Turbos. The Turbos play in the Mitre 10 Cup, the premier competition in New Zealand provincial rugby. Their home ground is at Central Energy Trust Arena.
|
|
Toybox Turbos is a racing video game developed and published by Codemasters. It was released in November 2014.
|
|
The sidings provide stabling for Great Western Railway's Class 43 HSTs, Class 165/166 Turbos and Class 180 Adelantes.
|
|
The class is still in service, and is now operated by Great Western Railway and by Chiltern Railways. When operated originally by Network SouthEast, along with that operator's Class 166 trains, the Paddington suburban units were initially known as Thames Turbos, whilst the units operated on the Marylebone suburban network were known as Chiltern Turbos.
|
|
Stabling is provided for Great Western Railway Class 43 HSTs and Class 165/166 Turbos and London Midland Class 153 Sprinters.
|
|
The 2014–15 National Ringette League season was the 11th season of the National Ringette League and began on September 27, 2014 and ended on March 1, 2015. Cambridge Turbos wins the 4th title"Cambridge Turbos win ringette championship", Waterloo Region Record, April 5, 2015 and became the team which wins the most championship in National Ringette League history.
|
|
The Turbo sprinted from 0 to 100 km/h in 6.6 seconds (a tenth of a second behind the 328) and covered the standing kilometre in 24.6 seconds, two tenths behind the 328. Quattroruote recorded a top speed of . During the production period between 1986 and 1989, Ferrari made a total of 308 GTB Turbos and 328 GTS Turbos.
|
|
A common arrangement for twin-turbo engines, especially on V engines is a parallel configuration. This arrangement uses two identically sized turbos, each fed by a separate set of exhaust streams from the engine. Having two smaller turbos produce the same aggregate amount of boost as a larger single turbo allows them to reach their optimal rpm, more quickly, thus improving boost delivery.
|
|
The rationale of a rolling turbo arises from a combination of a predictable course process of the base value stock and the promise of a proportionally higher profit than would be possible with the purchase of the base stock. Rolling turbos also offer the possibility of speculating on falling quotations. On the DAX rolling turbos with leverages between 5 and 35 are offered.
|
|
They were able to match the pace of the Ford Escort RS turbos but once Frank Sytner's BMW M3 appeared, they were rendered uncompetitive.
|
|
Cruden made his provincial debut for Manawatu Turbos in 2008. He captained New Zealand to the 2009 IRB Junior World Championship title in 2009 in Japan, as well as being named IRB Junior Player of the Year 2009. Cruden, along with teammates Aaron Smith and Nehe Milner-Skudder did not play a single game for the Turbos in the 2015 ITM because of International duty.
|
|
Then, he ordered to Bernard Dudot to develop a new 3.5-litre normally aspirated engine. When the turbos were banned, Renault returned to Grand Prix racing.
|
|
Since Manawatu Turbos has been included in the Air New Zealand Cup, crowd attendances have been among the highest in the competition, averaging 7,000 per game.
|
|
The first race of FISA's new equivalency formula in a bid to make the 'atmos' competitive had seen turbos still take all the points on offer.
|
|
Electramotive later became Nissan Performance Technology Inc. (NPTI) in 1990, finally retiring the GTP ZX-Turbos once the new NPT-90s were completed halfway through the season.
|
|
In addition factories were add for the manufacture of engine turbos and manufacture of parts for the Mercedes Benz OM-360 engine that was built under licence.
|
|
The dual-carb model (and "GL" nomenclature) was gone for 1985. Now, the base 900 had the single-carburetor engine, while the 900i added fuel injection. Two turbocharged models were offered: The 900 Turbo had the 8-valve engine, while the Turbo 16 (also Aero) had the 16-valve intercooled unit. Wheel trims (naturally aspirated cars) and alloys (turbos) were redesigned, and the Turbos also received chromed grilles.
|
|
For four-cylinder engines and straight-six engines, both turbochargers can be mounted to a single exhaust manifold. The aim of using parallel twin-turbos is to reduce turbo lag by being able to use smaller turbochargers than if a single turbocharger was used for the engine. On engines with multiple cylinder banks (e.g. V engines and flat engines) use of parallel twin-turbos can also simplify the exhaust system.
|
|
Black attended Hato Paora College for four years before moving on to Tu Toa High School in Palmerston North where he graduated in 2013. He subsequently linked up with the local College Old Boys club. After scoring an impressive 223 points in sixteen games, he was promoted to the Manawatu Turbos ITM Cup side for 2014. His debut campaign with the Turbos was successful for both him and his team.
|
|
The Detroit Turbos defeated the Baltimore Thunder, 14–12, to claim the league's fifth title and the Turbos' first title. The World Championship Game was attended by 10,814 at the Baltimore Arena. The league announced that Buffalo had been named as an expansion team for league play in the 1992 season. The team was named the Bandits, wearing the colors black, orange, and white, and had their home in Memorial Auditorium.
|
|
Sequential turbocharging can also be used with more than two turbochargers, such as in the 2012-2017 BMW N57S straight-six diesel engine, which uses three sequential turbos.
|
|
In his debut season for Manawatu, Bedwell-Curtis snatched up the starting blindside flanker role for the Turbos. He was resigned for the 2016 Mitre 10 Cup season.
|
|
Debuting at a time when Nissan was phasing out the Datsun brand in the United States, the GTP ZX-Turbo was used by the company to promote their ability to produce sporty, advanced cars. This led to the GTP ZX-Turbos being used in television and print advertisements for the whole Nissan brand, but also specifically the 300ZX with which it shared its engine. The GTP ZX-Turbos were featured as part of a Miami Vice episode revolving around the IMSA GT Miami Grand Prix, although this was primarily using footage of the race itself. The 1990 slotless racing game GT Super Screamers by Worlds of Wonder uses Nissan GTP ZX-Turbos.
|
|
He immediately made a big impression with the Turbos, playing 10 times for them in what was a disappointing 2013 season which saw them finish 5th in the Championship. 2014 was much more positive, with the men from Palmerston North earning promotion to the Premiership for 2015 after a 32-24 win over in the final with Eves, now on a permanent contract with the Turbos, once more playing 10 times during the year.
|
|
There were single- and twin-Zenith carburettor, fuel injected, and turbocharged engines, including both Full Pressure Turbo (FPT), and, in European models during the early 1990s, Low Pressure Turbos (LPT).
|
|
The staple of their high-end sedans, it was given twin-turbos for the Mitsubishi GTO, and became the most powerful car ever built by the company at the time.
|
|
Masters, Coco. "Giving Props to the New Turbos." Time (magazine), Aug. 23, 2007 As the Q400's 360-knot (414-mph, 667-km/h) cruise speed "Q400 Performance." q400.com.
|
|
Bombardier proposed development of a Q400 stretch with two plug-in segments, called the Q400X project, in 2007.Masters, Coco. "Giving Props to the New Turbos." Time, August 23, 2007.
|
|
New league has Hawaii in its plans. Associated Press. Rumors had the names "Toronto Turbos" and "Connecticut Yankees" as two of the team names; no other names were announced or leaked.
|
|
Toybox Turbos is a racing video game with gameplay similar to the Micro Machines video game series. The game features 18 circuits and 35 vehicles. The game supports local and online multiplayer.
|
|
1989 saw the MILL expand by two teams: the New England Blazers and the Detroit Turbos. The New Jersey Saints also moved to Long Island, New York, becoming the New York Saints.
|
|
The National Division (Detroit Turbos, New England Blazers, Pittsburgh Bulls) defeated the American Division (Baltimore Thunder, New York Saints, Philadelphia Wings), by a score of 25-20, at the Spectrum in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
|
|
In 1990 a special version of the six cylinder appeared in the Lotus Carlton-Omega. With the 24v 3.0 L engine from the GSi as a base, displacement was increased to by increasing the stroke to while keeping the bore at . Lotus reportedly experimented with a variety of forced induction schemes, including paired supercharging and turbocharging and sequential turbos, before settling on two small turbos for quick spool-up. Two Garrett AiResearch T25 turbochargers and a Behr air-to-water intercooler were used.
|
|
Rew and Rooster Turbos also did at least one twin-turbo conversion. This engine used the Cosworth pistons, Weber carburretion and water injection to cool the intake charge. Output was estimated to have been .
|
|
For cars of between 2001 and 3000cc engine capacity, it featured the turbos; Mitsubishi Starion, Nissan Skyline and Volvo 240, but also included Alfa Romeo GTV6, BMW 323i, Mercedes-Benz 190E and Toyota Supra.
|
|
With turbos banned from the season, the Arrows team reverted to using , naturally aspirated Ford DFR V8 power plants. The M12's major shortcoming as a Formula One engine was its lack of throttle response due to turbo lag. Unlike the V6 and V8 turbocharged engines which ran with twin turbos (one for each bank of cylinders), the inline-4 BMW engine, like the other 4 cylinder turbo engines used in F1 such as the Hart 415T and the Zakspeed 1500/4, only used a single turbocharger.
|
|
Engine management for the turbos was by Saab Trionic 5 with Direct Ignition (SDI) and Automatic Performance Control, and for non-turbos by Bosch Motronic fuel injection. A distributor- operated ignition system was provided for naturally aspirated engines in some markets. In contrast to the 'classic' Saab 900 with its longitudinally mounted engine and front-hinged hood (bonnet), the NG900 had a more-common transversely mounted engine with rear-hinged hood (bonnet). The convertible variant was introduced in 1995 (1994 is a continuation of the C900 line).
|
|
In October 1986, the Saab Long Run took place. Three standard Saab 9000 Turbos set two world records and 21 international records at the Talladega Superspeedway in Talladega, Alabama, USA. were covered with an average speed of 213.299 km/h (132.537 mph) and with an average speed of 213.686 km/h (132.778 mph). Ten years later, in 1996, three standard Saab 900 (NG) Turbos driven by factory test drivers and two standard naturally aspirated Saab 900s driven by journalists set new world records on the same speedway.
|
|
Koinonia Halafungani Laumape (born 22 April 1993) is a New Zealand rugby footballer who plays rugby union for the Manawatu Turbos, Hurricanes and the All Blacks. Laumape previously played rugby league for the New Zealand Warriors.
|
|
The 'E' version has a self- sustaining engine (SOLO 2350, 18 hp 2-stroke) and was certified in February 2008. By August 2014 the numbers of ASG29 produced had reached 163 turbos and 87 pure gliders.
|
|
All train operating companies whose trains operate on the Brighton Main Line can use the sidings. Those which can regularly be seen include; Great Western Railway Class 165/166 Turbos, Class 387 and Class 442 EMUs.
|
|
He was first named in 's squad ahead of the 2012 ITM Cup, however he didn't make any appearances and had to wait until the following year before making his senior debut. With game time severely limited in Waikato, he shifted north and joined in 2014. Again he found his chances limited there, making just 1 appearance before being loaned to the Manawatu Turbos in 2015. The Turbos were in need of new props due to injuries to Ma'afu Fia and Chris Eves and this allowed Armstrong to become a regular in their side.
|
|
With the ample under-bonnet capacity, larger turbos and intercoolers could be fitted provided the owner did not mind slight modifications to the engine bay. All engines offered were liable for the same amount of Japanese annual road tax.
|
|
Today, the 166s alongside the 165s are normally referred to as Thames Turbos or just simply Turbos. The Class 166s are still in service today and are used for express services out of London Paddington and local services out of Reading and Didcot Parkway alongside the Class 165s. In July 2017, they began operation on the Severn Beach line in Bristol to allow other services to be strengthened. Since September, they have rapidly been introduced on other services such as the Weston-super-Mare to Filton Abbey Wood / Bristol Parkway service and the Cardiff Central to Taunton services.
|
|
As the defending champions, Nissan realized that the aged GTP ZX-Turbo was now the prime target of all other competitors, leading them to begin development on the car's replacement. While this car was being built, Nissan would have to continue to use the older GTP ZX-Turbos into the 1990 season. The newly renamed NPTI team would be aided by privateer Busby Racing who ran a third car that season. Following problems once again at Daytona, the GTP ZX-Turbos would take a victory in Miami for the third time, while Busby's new car would take second.
|
|
Xindan Li, Avanidhar Subrahmanyam, Xuewei Yang, "Can financial innovation succeed by catering to behavioral preferences? Evidence from a callable options market", Journal of Financial Economics, 128(1): 38-65, April 2018. The strike price of the option is generally the same as the barrier: if the stock hits the barrier, the option expires and becomes worthless. Variations on turbos include: forms where the strike and barrier are not identical; forms where the barrier is only active at, for example, the close of business but the strike is continuously monitored (smart turbos); and forms with no fixed maturity (minis).
|
|
In 2008-2009, the NRL contained 18 teams grouped in a Western Conference with six teams and an East Conference with twelve teams. The NRL Championship Game took place in Charlottetown, PEI, and the Cambridge Turbos won againTurbos defend national championship Also in 2008, the first World Club Ringuette Championship was held in Sault-Sainte-Marie, Ontario. Four NRL teams faced two teams from the Professional Ringette Elite League of Finland, the Ringeten SM- Sarja.(fi) Ringeten SM-Sarja Website The Cambridge Turbos won the world title having overcome in finale the Finnish champion team, LuKi-82 Luvia.
|
|
For 1984, the team entered two Metro Turbos for the first six rounds of the series, driven by Robin Brundle and Watts under the "Computervision Racing with Esso" banner, although Austin Rover had withdrawn their works support. Watts took three Class B victories in the first four races, with Brundle taking the other. The team only competed in the season opener of the 1985 BSCC season, with Steve Soper driving a Metro Turbo. He failed to finish, due to a carburettor issue. In 1987, Roger Dowson Engineering ran the ESSO Metro Challenge, a one-make series for MG Metro Turbos.
|
|
280px The Montréal Mission have played in the National Ringette League since its formation in 2004. For several years, The Montreal Mission have been the best NRL team in the province of Quebec. The team is ranked second in the Eastern Conference of the National Ringette League behind a team from Ontario, the Cambridge Turbos, and it has been in second place for two seasons: 2010-11 and 2009-10. In 2008-09, the Montreal Mission ended its season at the top of the NRL standings for the NRL Eastern Conference with two points more than the Cambridge Turbos.
|
|
The German rookie had to wait until Round 4 in Mexico to qualify for his first race. There at the Autodromo Hermanos Rodriguez in the high altitude of Mexico City where the thinner air gave the turbos a massive power advantage over their atmospheric rivals (the 'atmos' lost a reported 25% of their power at altitude while the turbos lost around 5%), Schneider qualified in an encouraging 15th place and ran well early on the edge of the top 10 until retiring with engine failure on lap 16. The 881's replacement, the Zakspeed 891, would be powered by a Yamaha V8 engine.
|
|
In September 1981, in partnership with turbocharger specialists Normalair-Garrett, Mitsubishi produced a limited run of 500 Sigma Turbos, the first Australian-built turbocharged production car. The forced-induction 2.0-litre Astron powerplant produced and . Mitsubishi discontinued the GH series in February 1982.
|
|
The game attracted a large crowd of over 10,000; one of the Highlanders' biggest of the 2009 season. On 4 September 2011, The Manawatu Turbos hosted the Hawkes Bay Magpies in the ITM Championship Cup Final at Central Energy Trust Arena. Crowd attendance was 13,100.
|
|
In 1986, Judas Priest intended to release a double album entitled Twin Turbos, of which half would consist of melodic, more commercial hard rock, and the other half would be heavier and less synth-driven. Columbia Records objected to the double album concept, and the project was ultimately split into two separate releases, 1986's Turbo, and 1988's Ram It Down. At least four songs, "Ram it Down", "Hard as Iron", "Love You to Death" and "Monsters of Rock", were written for the Twin Turbos project. Ram It Down would be the final Judas Priest album for 30 years recorded with producer Tom Allom.
|
|
The announcement at end of the season that turbocharged cars would be banned from , and the introduction of the Jim Clark Cup and Colin Chapman Trophy championships for naturally aspirated cars for , prompted Cosworth to revive their elderly engine design. This resulted in the DFZ, essentially an updated version of the final DFY design. However, the capacity increase for the new 3.5L naturally aspirated formula running alongside the 1.5L turbos in 1987 allowed Cosworth to increase the power output of the unit to . The engine was intended as a temporary measure to tide smaller teams over until the turbos were banned at the end of the season.
|
|
While the first NPT-90 chassis were under construction, NPTI began the 1990 season using the older GTP ZX-Turbos. The first chassis would be completed halfway through the season and debut at Topeka where it took an eighth-place finish, behind the second place GTP ZX-Turbo. Although engine problems at Lime Rock Park would put the lone NPT-90 out of the race, it would quickly show its potential at the next round at Mid-Ohio by taking the race win. With a second victory at Watkins Glen, and the second chassis completed, the NPT-90s would completely take over from the GTP ZX-Turbos.
|
|
This compared favourably to the Ferrari of Berger who trapped at , and the fastest of the non-turbos, the March-Judd of Ivan Capelli which was trapped at . However, with the reduction in engine power from the levels of 1986 and 1987, the McLaren-Honda's top speed was slower than the fastest speed of 1987 (Nelson Piquet in a Williams-Honda at Monza), and slower than had been achieved in 1986 (Gerhard Berger in a Benetton-BMW, also at Monza). At Silverstone, McLaren introduced revised aerodynamics to the MP4/4, doing away with the turbo "snorkels" (which force-fed air to the turbos) located on the top of the side pods.
|
|
The league prepared to open its third season with six teams: the Baltimore Thunder, the Detroit Turbos, the New England Blazers, the New York Saints, the Philadelphia Wings, and the Washington Wave. Each of the six teams played an eight-game schedule in 1989, with an even four home and road games. In its first ever regular season game, 12,171 Detroit fans watched the expansion Turbos defeat the Washington Wave, 11–9, in the debut of the 1989 season. As the season went on, regular season attendance figures for the league totalled at 230,724 for 24 regular season games, which made an average of 9,614 people in the stands per game.
|
|
Mafi and his family returned to New Zealand after he left Perpignan at the end of the 2017–18 Top 14 season, with Mafi rejoining Manawatu Turbos for the 2018 Mitre 10 Cup. He retired from rugby upon the conclusion of Manawatu's involvement in the competition.
|
|
The agreement regarding the use of the 'New DTM' regulations by Japan's Super GT began in 2014 and ran for four years. DTM moved away from its previous 4.0-litre V8 specification in favour of 2.0-litre turbos in 2019, which Super GT had implemented in 2014.
|
|
Francis "Frankie" Bryant (born 17 January 1982) is a former New Zealand rugby union player. He notably played for the Manawatu Turbos in the National Provincial Championship, mainly as a centre. A strong runner, Bryant formed a great partnership with former players, Matty James and Johnny Leota.
|
|
They wanted with standard production parts, so the 20V149 was born. It has 3 engine blocks, 3 crankshafts bolted together. The unique set up of the 20V has a 6V block on either end of a special 8V block with 6 turbos, 3 blowers and intercoolers.
|
|
Manawatu's Andre Taylor equaled the record for most points scored in an Air New Zealand Cup match with 27. He scored 2 tries and was given kicking duties where he scored 4 conversions, 2 penalty goals and 1 drop goal."Turbos finish strongly" , allblacks.com, 24 October 2009.
|
|
The turbos were arranged in parallel, each fed by and feeding three cylinders. The fuel injection system was customized. Apart from a reduction in compression ratio to 8.2:1, the cylinder head was otherwise unmodified. The Lotus engine produced at 5,200 rpm and at 4,200 rpm.
|
|
For 1978, RHAM/1 was modified even more, now with and output of assisted by twin Garrett AiResearch turbos. But, fuel consumption dropped to 2.5 mpg (for the 1977 race, the average was 5.75 mpg) so the entry to Le Mans was withdrawn two weeks prior the race.
|
|
The turbo hatchback came in the GT equipment level, turbo sedans were called LX and carried taller gearing. Turbos were not available with the 4-speed transmission. Hatchbacks and sedans were replaced by the Eagle Summit. Top speeds (with manual transmissions) were or respectively for the naturally aspirated and turbocharged versions.
|
|
Central Energy Trust Arena has a capacity of 15,000. Temporary seating is added for major events allowing the capacity to reach 20,000. Central Energy Trust Arena is home to Manawatu Rugby. Generally one club game will be played on the ground per week, whilst it is the Manawatu Turbos' home ground.
|
|
In 2015 Morland was called in as injury cover for Kayne Hammington who bruised his ribs at a training camp. He signed on a week-by-week contract until Hammington had recovered. He re-signed for the Turbos to play in the 2016 season. He started the first two games.
|
|
Johnny Leota (born 21 January 1984) is a rugby union player who plays for Sale Sharks in the Aviva Premiership. Leota was born in Palmerston North, New Zealand and made his international debut for Samoa in 2011; he has since won 20 caps. He previously played for Manawatu Turbos in the ITM Cup.
|
|
In 2015 head coach of the Turbos Jason O'Halloran announced he would be leaving New Zealand for Scotland to become an assistant for the national team, joining Cotter's brother, Vern in the coaching staff. The Manawatu Rugby Union then announced that Cotter would become head coach of the team for the 2016 season.
|
|
Class T : Turbo and 4WD Cars - mixed class featuring small turbos, Ford Laser, Hyundai Scoupe and Mitsubishi Lancer but also larger Mitsubishi Galant and Subaru Liberty but was largely dominated by larger sports cars, Lotus Esprit, Nissan Skyline GT-R, Toyota Supra and in particular the factory supported team of Mazda RX-7s.
|
|
Americans Headd (32 points) and Shackleford (24 points) top scored for Portsmouth, while 17-year-old Nelson began a Portsmouth career that would ultimately last as long as the club.The News, Portsmouth, 21 January 1985 'The Turbos run out of steam A burst pipe which delayed work on the Mountbatten Centre's main sports hall floor meant Portsmouth were back at Fleming Park on 26 January, this time for a 'home' clash with league leaders Kingston Kings. Admission prices were set at £2.50 for adults and £1 for juniors.The News, Portsmouth, 23 January 1985 'Turbos first home match away' Portsmouth had to borrow Kingston's red kit as they only had a white strip available and league rules at the time insisted that away teams wore white.
|
|
Automatic Performance Control (APC) was the first engine knock and boost control system. Invented by Per Gillbrand at the Swedish car maker SAAB that introduced it on turbo charged Saab H engines in 1982 and was fitted to all subsequent 900 Turbos through 1993 (and 1994 convertibles), as well as 9000 Turbos through 1989. Sold to Maserati to equip the carbureted Maserati Biturbo, same layout as the APC from SAAB with different settings, known as MABC, Maserati Automatic Boost Controller The APC allowed a higher compression ratio (initially, 8.5:1 as opposed to 7.2:1, and, on 16-valve variants introduced in 1985, 9.0:1). This improved fuel economy and allowed the use of low-octane petrol without causing engine damage caused by knock.
|
|
Germany proved a return to the year's trend, with the long straights of Hockenheim showcasing the brute strength of the turbos, with the only atmos car on the lead lap behind both McLarens and Ferraris respectively being Capelli's March. Capelli recorded the fastest 'atmo' speed trap of the season during qualifying, the Judd V8 pushing the March 881 to , though this was significantly slower than the McLarens at , and Ferraris at . Unable to exploit the power of their Megatron turbos thanks to the pop-off valve regularly cutting in at around 2.3 bar instead of the full 2.5 bar limit, the Arrows A10Bs of Derek Warwick and Eddie Cheever struggled, only trapping at around . Gerhard Berger survived a high speed spin in qualifying.
|
|
This also meant that turbos filled the first seven places on the grid. Piquet's Lotus teammate Satoru Nakajima qualified 10th, with the Lotuses split by the fastest non-turbos, the Benetton-Fords of Thierry Boutsen and Alessandro Nannini in 8th and 9th places on the grid. Defending World Champion Piquet, the race winner in 1986 and 1987 when driving for Williams, never looked at ease during qualifying at a track where the Honda powered Lotus 100T should have been a long way ahead of at least the 'atmo' cars. Only late on in qualifying was it discovered that the team had inadvertently set up both Piquet and Nakajima's cars with the settings for the Imola circuit and not for Monza.
|
|
The smaller, mainly British teams (most notably Tyrrell who were the last major team to turn to turbo power, Renault no less, in ) lacked the funding to obtain this technology and their results suffered. The turbos became so disparagingly fast that FISA adopted a non turbo cup in 1987 known as the Jim Clark Cup. In an attempt to limit soaring engine power outputs (by , the 4cyl BMW engine was reportedly producing around in qualifying, with the Renault's output quoted at around ), and the escalating costs of research and development, turbo boost was severely limited to 4.0 Bar in and 2.5 Bar in , before turbos were banned from . Turbo pioneers Renault never won a championship using the technology, although they did manage two runner-up positions.
|
|
The Turbos, in their first season back in the Championship following a disappointing 1-year stay in the Premership, could only finish in 5th place which saw them miss out on the promotion playoffs, however, Hemopo himself was in good form, playing in all 10 of their regular season matches and scoring 1 try.
|
|
After not reaching any serious achievements as a player for Te Puke, Cotter became the team's coach and in 2011 lead them to their first Baywide (senior rugby competition) title. He coached the Bay of Plenty Development side. In 2013, Cotter received an offer from the Manawatu Turbos to become their forwards coach. He accepted.
|
|
Josh Bradnock is a retired New Zealand Super Rugby rugby player. Bradnock captained the Manawatu Turbos in the Air New Zealand Cup. He was one of the top openside flankers in New Zealand rugby. Josh Bradnock was an exciting addition to 2009 Hurricanes squad by adding depth and enthusiasm to the loose forward stocks.
|
|
Andrea de Cesaris was excluded after failing to stop for a weight check during Saturday qualifying. Keke Rosberg's pole position was the last for the Cosworth DFV engine, and the last for a car with a naturally aspirated engine until turbos were banned in . It was also the last pole position for Cosworth until .
|
|
At least 70 have been built in the Netherlands, while many turbos (or similar, lane splitting designs) can be found in southeast Asia. Alt URL Multi-lane roundabouts in the United States of America are typically required to be striped with spiral markings, as most states follow the federal Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices.
|
|
James Goode (born 5 September 1982, Cardiff, Wales) is a Welsh rugby union player. He played for the Cardiff Blues in the Celtic League but left the team at the end of the 2007–08 season. He also played for the Manawatu Turbos in Palmerston North, New Zealand. Goode's position of choice is at lock.
|
|
Rennie became first the U23 head coach and then the assistant coach of the Hurricanes. Rennie coached at the New Zealand international academy. Originally a short term contract, Rennie was the coach of the in the ITM Cup from 2005 to 2011. Under Rennie the Turbos were Championship Runner-up in the 2011 ITM Cup.
|
|
The S63 is the BMW M version of the N63, which debuted in the BMW X6 M and was used in the BMW M5 models from 2011 to present. The S63 uses two twin-scroll turbochargers plus a pulse tuned, cross-engine exhaust manifold to keep constant exhaust pulses flowing to the turbos at every 180 degree rotation.
|
|
Over 850 Discuses had been built by 2004 and it remains in production today despite the introduction of its successor, the Schempp-Hirth Discus-2. About 12 per year are built under license by Schempp-Hirth Vyroba in the Czech Republic as the Discus CS. Some models are fitted with small sustaining engines (turbos) and are designated Discus T.
|
|
Rews also modified the rear suspension geometry to add toe-in to improve the car's handling. 19 cars received turbocharger upgrades from Rews' Rooster Turbos company. Attempts to convince AC to offer the turbo conversion as a factory option were unsuccessful. A road test of another turbo conversion in December 1983 shows that the Rooster Turbo conversion had evolved.
|
|
In 2003, he joined Japanese side, Yamaha Jubilo. He returned to NZ and joined NPC side, Manawatu Turbos. He ended his rugby career in 2008. While at Gloucester he was a replacement in the 2002 Zurich Championship Final (the year before winning the play-offs constituted winning the English title) in which Gloucester defeated Bristol Rugby.
|
|
At the end of the regular season were qualifying rounds: eight teams participate in the NRL Playoffs which crown the team champion of the league. The championship match of the LNR took place in the Centre Étienne Desmarteau in Montreal, on April 1, 2006 and Cambridge Turbos won. During the off season three teams folded, citing low attendance revenue.
|
|
Racing with Mitsubishi gave Brad several opportunities to race overseas, racing the Starion turbos in Australia, Japan and across Asia. During this time, Brad Jones again linked with Bryan Thompson to drive both the Mercedes Chev and a Chevrolet Monza to 2nd place (behind Thompson who also drove both cars) in the 1985 Australian GT Championship.
|
|
On November 30, 1993, ESPN signed a six-year agreement with the National Lacrosse League. This particular package of 12 games would be telecast on ESPN2, on a delayed basis. The first ever Monday night game on ESPN2 featured the Detroit Turbos and the Baltimore Thunder. Playoff broadcasts would meanwhile, air on both ESPN and ESPN2.
|
|
The heads of the exhaust valves as well as the turbine wheel of its Rajay turbocharger for the Corvair Spyder turbo engine were made of Nimonic 80A.. Most Saab cars with high output turbos use exhaust valves made of Nimonic 80A as well. Nimonic 75 has been certified by the European Union as a standard creep reference material.
|
|
In 2012 a new Saab rally team took part in the classic historic Midnattssolsrallyt (Rally to the Midnight Sun). The S2AB Historic Rally team entered four Saab 99 Turbos, driven by ex-champions Ola Strömberg, Erik Uppsäll, Travis Decker and Jörgen Trued. S2AB (Swedish Advanced Automotive Business) is the company led by Magnus Roland, former chassis manager at Saab.
|
|
The Detroit team was named the Turbos, and began play in the Joe Louis Arena. Their team colors were announced to be purple, silver and black. The Boston entry was called the New England Blazers and they played their home games at the Worcester Centrum. The Blazers used green, orange, and white as their team colors.
|
|
Rookie twin Turbos, Paul and Gary Gait, set new standards in most offensive categories. Paul scored a record 47 goals, while Gary was second in the league with 32. Gary established new records with 36 assists and 68 points. As a team, Detroit set records for goals scored with 184, assists with 227, and total points with 411.
|
|
Crosswell made his provincial debut for Manawatu in 2008, he was a part of the Turbos squad up until 2011. He then went on to play a season for the Hino Red Dolphins in the Japanese competition. He then returned to New Zealand to play for provincial union, Taranaki, in the opening game of the 2013 ITM Cup.
|
|
Subsequent years saw fewer changes to the 18 line, in preparation for the launch of the Renault 21 early in 1986. For 1986, a limited range was sold as the "18 Gala" in France, with the Turbo model discontinued during 1985 (only about 650 Turbos were built that year). July 1986 marked the end for the R18 in France.
|
|
The 12V and 16V configurations have two blocks, two crankshafts bolted together, two blowers, and four turbos. The 16V149 has dual exhaust outlets with eight bolt flanges. The 20V configuration was mainly designed for haul trucks. Detroit could push the envelope of the 16V (in the marine version it could produce @ 2100 RPM) but it would require special parts.
|
|
The Renault 5 Turbo or R5 Turbo is a high-performance hatchback automobile launched by the French manufacturer Renault at the Brussels Motor Show in January 1980. The car was primarily designed for rallying, but was also sold in a street version. A total of 4987 (turbo 1: 1820 and turbo 2: 3167) R5 Turbos were manufactured during a six-year production run.
|
|
There was never a factory-produced twin-cam CA 2.0 L motor, nor a turbo version. However the blocks are similar, and it is possible to fit the DOHC CA18DE/T twincam head to the SOHC CA20 block. However the DOHC/SOHC manifolds are different and the timing pulley/belts are not compatible. Despite this, CA20DET turbos have been built.
|
|
Alain Prost was predictably second on the grid, though he was some 6/10ths slower than his teammate. Gerhard Berger (Ferrari) and Nelson Piquet (Lotus-Honda) made up the 2nd row. Satoru Nakajima (Lotus-Honda) and Eddie Cheever (Arrows-Megatron) made good use of the turbos' altitude advantage to qualify 6th and 7th respectively behind the 5th placed Ferrari of Michele Alboreto.
|
|
De Cesaris' misfortune handed fifth place to Thierry Boutsen in the Benetton despite a spin and a stuttering engine, with Ivan Capelli taking the final point for sixth in his March despite a puncture. In the last race in which cars with turbocharged engines were allowed to compete until , all three podium positions were taken by cars powered by Honda turbos.
|
|
However the underfunded operation meant the engines were not competitive. When the banning of turbos from Formula One was announced, Chiti designed a new 3.5 litre atmospheric flat-12 engine. This was eventually taken up by Subaru, who badged it for use in their brief and completely unsuccessful entry into Formula One with the tiny Coloni team in the 1990 Formula One season.
|
|
As morning broke, the SARD Toyota was still leading. The second Toyota was chasing the Nissan and finally overtook it for 4th at lunchtime when the latter had gearbox problems. Through the morning the unfortunate Bugatti needed all four of its turbos replaced. Dropping down the board, in the final hour, a tyre blowout pitched Bouillon into the barriers on the Mulsanne straight.
|
|
The 6" x 13" aluminium alloy wheels are intended for either Goodyear or Dunlop 165/60HR13 low-profile tyres. The servo-assisted braking system has Metro ventilated discs and four-pot calipers at the front, with modified drums at the rear. The car has adjustable shock absorbers all round, and the ride height is lowered. A total of 436 ERA Mini Turbos were produced.
|
|
Isaac Thompson (born 2 July 1987) is a New Zealand rugby union player. His position of choice is fly-half. He made his debut for the Brumbies in Super Rugby during the 2017 season. Thompson was educated at Palmerston North Boys' High School and signed for the Manawatu Turbos in 2008 where he totaled 30 games in the National Provincial Championship, scoring 134 points.
|
|
Fry began playing for Old Boys University in 2012 in The Jubilee Cup. On July 17, 2012 he signed to play for the Manawatu Turbos in the ITM Cup. In August 2012 he joined London Scottish who compete in the RFU Rugby Championship. At the conclusion of the 2013-14 season, Fry was named in the Championship Dream XV based on his performance during the season.
|
|
Tavares played his entire National Lacrosse League (NLL) career with the Buffalo Bandits, starting in their inaugural season in 1992. He was acquired from the Detroit Turbos in exchange for Brian Nikula in October 1991. Tavares was also the Professional Lacrosse Players' Association representative for the Bandits. Tavares is the NLL's all-time leader in games played (306), goals (815), assists (934), and points (1,749).
|
|
Bentley Mulsanne Turbo (1984) Launched at the Geneva Motor Show in 1982 and produced until 1985 was the Mulsanne Turbo. There was a 50% increase in power thanks to the Garrett AiResearch turbocharger. There was the usual highly polished walnut veneered fascia, blemish-free leather and carpets and headlining of pure wool for the interior. 498 short wheelbase and 18 long wheelbase Mulsanne Turbos were built.
|
|
Gibbins moved to Palmerston North in 2007 to study for a Bachelor of Sport and Exercise at Massey University. He made his Manawatu Turbos debut in 2009 against Wellington. He was named in the Wider Training Group for the 2013 Super Rugby season. In 2015 Gibbins signed a full contract to be in the Hurricanes first team squad after two strong years in the Wider Training Group.
|
|
Clare's leg injury forced a two-year layoff from the sport, and he didn't play again until 2009. After a stint in Italy, Clare returned to New Zealand in 2010 and signed back with Manawatu. He proceeded to start all 13 games of the 2010 season for the Turbos, primarily at his preferred position of fullback. Clare signed for Bay of Plenty in 2015.
|
|
The S55 engine is the high performance version of the N55 engine. It was introduced in the F80 M3 and F82 M4, replacing the BMW S65 naturally aspirated V8 engine used in the previous generation M3. Differences compared with the N55 include a closed-deck engine block, lightweight crankshaft, strengthened pistons, different valve material, twin turbos, twin fuel pumps, active exhaust and revised intercoolers.
|
|
Restricted to one, 4-cylinder, overhead cam, production-based automotive engine. Maximum displacement 2.8 liter (170.75 cid). Engine swaps permitted; engine must be from same manufacturer as body (For example, Rover K-series engine into Austin Mini or Austin 1100 or Citroën Saxo engine into Citroën 2CV). Redundant power adders, such as a dual stage nitrous system or twin turbos, will be counted as one power adder.
|
|
The 1994 season is the 8th season of the league that began on January 8, 1994, and concluded with the championship game on April 16. In this season, a game between the Detroit Turbos and Philadelphia Wings, was the only game in MILL history to be called off exclusively for fighting."Lacrosse History: The Only NLL Game Ever Called Off Due To Fighting." Lacrosse Lime. LacrosseLime.
|
|
With both turbos boosting, a torque peak arrives at 4800 rpm and maximum power () is seen at 6000 rpm. Note that Japanese-market B4s – running on 100-octane fuel – are rated at . The primary turbo (located at the left rear of the engine) delivers boost in the low rpm and load range, while the secondary turbo comes in to aid mid-to-high range breathing.
|
|
The PC version of Toybox Turbos received "mixed or average" reviews according to a review aggregator website Metacritic. Reception towards the PlayStation 3 version was more favourable. GamesRadar+ gave it , saying "there is something fundamentally fun about racing tiny cars across a breakfast table and pushing your best mate off it onto the floor...[it] offers immediate multiplayer fun thanks to its mix of racing, weapons and forgiving handling...[but] the single-player mode is not as entertaining. Eurogamer rated it 7/10, stating, "handling is appropriately chunky, with enough bounce to be fun, but enough traction that you don't feel out of control...the tracks and race types certainly don't offer enough variation that the decision to favour speed over handling, or vice versa, has any real tactical merit...[but] as a budget-priced reminder of simpler times, Toybox Turbos does everything it needed to, but sadly not much more.
|
|
Leota debuted for Manawatu in 2004 and developed into a fixture for the province, playing his 50th match in 2009. As part of his move to the Highlanders in 2008, he signed with Otago, but was immediately loaned back to Manawatu. Leota missed most of the 2010 ITM Cup through injury, making only two appearances for the Turbos. He returned to action with Manawatu for the 2011 season.
|
|
Toyota boss Ove Andersson withdrew all the factory Supra Turbos from the event. During the 1988 season, Torph participated in only two WRC events. In Sweden, driving a privateer Audi Coupé Quattro, he took his fourth podium place finishing behind Markku Alén and Stig Blomqvist. For the Safari Rally, Torph had a factory team contract with Volkswagen but retired after his Golf GTI 16V developed an engine problem.
|
|
Over the rest of the season, the NPT-90 would only be able to secure one more win at Road America, but the strong points finishes of both cars as well as the success of the GTP ZX-Turbos earlier in the season would allow Nissan to take the constructors championship for the second year in a row. Geoff Brabham would secure his third straight drivers championship as well.
|
|
It was not uncommon for Casspirs, like the Hippos, to be armed with M1919s or captured PKMs as auxiliary support weapons. Very late in the war, the Casspir was complemented in Koevoet service by the WMF Wolf Turbo, a similar vehicle optimised for Namibian conditions. Some Casspirs and Wolf Turbos were equipped with a mount for a 60mm mortar on the hull roof; this was used for suppressing ambushes.
|
|
Some cars feature in only a handful of episodes due to the simple nature of the modifications involved, while others have run for months due to the complexity and scale of the modifications being undertaken. Typically, cars featured in builds will be given a name to build an identity with viewers (like Yaris Hilton, or Taylor Drift), and it is a great opportunity for the boys to include a pun or 2 as both are highly qualified pun-masters.The show was originally filmed on Marty's mother's driveway and garage, but was moved to a private indoor location in Sydney in 2015, following issues with people posting spoilers or causing traffic issues in the suburban street. The MCM duo have released several feature-length films documenting automotive-focused travel, such as Turbos and Temples, Kei to the City, Chasing Midnight, and Turbos and Temples II, have drawn critical acclaim and positive accolades from around the world.
|
|
Gait started playing in the Major Indoor Lacrosse League (later the National Lacrosse League) in 1991. He was drafted by the Detroit Turbos who got both Gait brothers in a slightly controversial double-pick. In this season he won the MILL championship and was given the Rookie of the Year Award. He played with Detroit for one more season before him and his brother were both traded to the Philadelphia Wings in 1993.
|
|
Ferrari Turbos: The Grand Prix Cars, 1981-88 p.37 When Pironi tried passing Derek Daly's Williams, the Ferrari 126C2 smashed into the back of Alain Prost's invisible Renault: a violent accident which bore some similarity to that suffered by Villeneuve. Pironi survived, but multiple fractures to both of his legs meant he never raced again in Formula 1. In the immediate aftermath of the accident, he said he felt no pain.
|
|
In October 2007 he was appointed High Performance Academy Manager by the Manawatu Rugby Union, having spent the previous two seasons coaching at Japanese club Kubota. In 2009 he was selected as a co-coach for the Hurricanes Secondary Schools team that retained the National Secondary Schools title. In October 2011 he was appointed as Head Coach of the Manawatu Turbos ITM Cup team, succeeding Dave Rennie who moved to the Chiefs.
|
|
Pat Coyle (born September 17, 1969 in Orangeville, Ontario) is a retired lacrosse player. In his National Lacrosse League career, Coyle played for the Detroit Turbos, the Ontario Raiders, the Toronto Rock, and the Colorado Mammoth. Coyle was named Defensive Player of the Year in 2002, and won five NLL Championships; four with the Toronto Rock and one with the Colorado Mammoth. He has been the head coach of the Colorado Mammoth since 2017.
|
|
The IBS kit consisted of an intercooler, appropriate ducting, a new fan shroud, new oil cooler lines and mounting brackets, and optionally an automatic transmission kit. IBS raised the output of the B21FT to , slightly more than the non intercooled European market B21ET's . Canada also received the B21FT, along with a detuned B23E in 1983. Midway through the 1984 model year, the "intercooler boost system" became standard on North American 240 Turbos.
|
|
McLaren P1 in Race Mode while driving. The P1 features a twin-turbocharged V8 engine. McLaren's Chris Goodwin explains the P1 Drivetrain The twin turbos boost the petrol engine at to deliver at 7,500 rpm and of torque at 4,000 rpm, combined with an in-house-developed electric motor producing and of torque. The electric motor and the petrol engine in the P1, produce a combined power output of and of torque.
|
|
The injected engine's output of was higher than both turbos but lower than either carbureted engine. Road testing of the injected engine began on 19 April 1963. In May 1963 a new injection system designed by Rochester was installed that produced nearly the same output as the Marvel-Schebler system. Performance of the most recent development engine was compared with a 4X1 engine on 5 November 1963; the injected engine produced approximately more.
|
|
Lateral Gs are reported in excess of 1.2. It has both a 3-point seatbelt and a 5-point harness. The most notable differences from the M12 are the use of forged pistons, T28 turbos, a front anti-roll bar, stiffer springs, different shocks, Pirelli P Zero tyres, a smoother gear shifter, and a slightly narrower central tunnel as the driver now sits a bit more central than previous models. Exterior differences remain subtle.
|
|
Warwick and Cheever would later remark that their race was "good fun". In the thin air of Mexico City's high altitude, the turbos were able to perform at their optimum, while the naturally aspirated cars actually lost approximately 20–25% of their power. This advantage allowed the Zakspeed of Bernd Schneider to qualify an impressive 15th for his first Grand Prix start in what wasn't the most competitive car in the field.
|
|
In a parallel configuration, both turbochargers are fed one-half of the engine's exhaust. In a sequential setup one turbocharger runs at low speeds and the second turns on at a predetermined engine speed or load. Sequential turbochargers further reduce turbo lag, but require an intricate set of pipes to properly feed both turbochargers. Two-stage variable twin-turbos employ a small turbocharger at low speeds and a large one at higher speeds.
|
|
Lateral Gs are reported in excess of 1.2. It has both a 3-point seatbelt and a 5-point harness. The most notable differences from the M12 are the use of forged pistons, T28 turbos, a front anti-roll bar, stiffer springs, different shocks, Pirelli P Zero tyres, a smoother gear shifter, and a slightly narrower central tunnel as the driver now sits a bit more central than previous models. Exterior differences remain subtle.
|
|
From 1988 through 1990, water-cooled T3s were fitted. In 1990, Saab fitted Mitsubishi TE-05 turbochargers in the SPG models only for the USA; for other countries, and for the US from 1991, all 900 Turbos were fitted with the TE-05. Also water-cooled, the TE-05 was slightly smaller than the Garrett T3s, providing improved throttle response and quicker spool-up. The TE-05's exhaust inlet flange utilizes a Garrett T3 pattern.
|
|
Volkswagens and Porsches with double turbos. Some of the old Camaro Cup drivers stayed, including two-times champion Peter Norlander who won the premiere in a space frame Camaro. In 1988 Camaro Cup was resumed, with Boström being one of the driving forces behind the series' resumption. Between 1994-1998 the series was dominated by Thomas Engström, winning five driver's titles. The first cars of the current generation of Camaro Cup cars took to the track in 1999.
|
|
The game features a total of 40 playable vehicles. Stunts can be executed by holding the directional pad or analog stick in certain directions while in mid-air to add to the turbo meter for increased speed. As seen in the hint screens, using the controller to perform various stunts from jumping-off points gains 'Turbos' which allow short bursts of speed. The car in use will take damage based on running into obstacles or other cars.
|
|
When Cosworth stopped development of their turbocharged V6 engine, Benetton were forced to switch to normally aspirated Ford DFR V8 engines in anticipation of the banning of turbos in 1989. Boutsen's consistency, mechanical sympathy and speed in the Rory Byrne designed Benetton B188 saw him score points in 10 of the 16 races, including five 3rd-place finishes (all behind the all-conquering McLaren-Honda's), and place 4th overall as the best non-turbo driver in the field.
|
|
Impressed, Honda took Hirotoshi's idea and made a production version, introduced in September 1982. A few months earlier, Honda staffers took two City Turbos on a gruelling 10,000 km round trip of Europe, all the way from Sicily to Karasjok in the arctic north. Honda City Turbo II In November 1983, the intercooled Turbo II joined the lineup. Flared fenders, wings, side-skirts and graphics combined for a much more pugnacious appearance, making its "Bulldog" nickname very fitting.
|
|
Garrett also offers a diesel engine version of wastegate turbos and VNTs. Dual-Stage turbochargers use two smaller turbochargers either side-by-side (parallel) or in sequence (serial). The first is used at low speeds and a valve opens up the second as engine RPMs increase. The dual-stage used in the Audi A6/A7 three liter V6 engine however runs both turbochargers at a lower pressure mode and some use one larger turbo followed by a smaller one.
|
|
This is also the case with the Sunday services, with half-hourly services until 18:45.Great Western Railway timetable publicity Additional services are provided during Henley Regatta at the beginning of July, with longer trains. All services are operated by [Great Western Railway] (GWR), using Class 165/166 Turbo diesel multiple units. Upon completion of electrification, Class 387 trains will be used, while the Turbos will be displaced to other parts of the GWR network.
|
|
The Buffalo Bandits defeated the Baltimore Thunder in front of their second sellout crowd of the season at the Memorial Auditorium, 16,325. It also marked the first time a team sold out two games in the same season. The expansion Buffalo Bandits advanced to the League Championship Game by defeating the Detroit Turbos and the Gait brothers, 19–16, to win the National Division crown. The Philadelphia Wings defeated the Saints, 8–6, to capture the American Division Championship.
|
|
ESPN2's first Monday night broadcast featured the Detroit Turbos against the Baltimore Thunder. The Philadelphia Wings denied the Buffalo Bandits a third consecutive World Championship by defeating the Bandits, 26–15, in front of a sellout crowd of 16,284 at Memorial Auditorium. The win gave the Wings its third League Championship in their history, the most of any league team. ESPN broadcast the game live from Buffalo, marking the first live telecast by ESPN of a league game.
|
|
A prototype version of the 1G-GEU called the LASREα-X, featuring twin-turbos, variable valve timing and intake as well as variable displacement, was fitted to the Toyota FX-1 show car at the 1983 Tokyo Motor Show. It showcased a number of technologies which were later to become commonplace.All About the Toyota Twin Cam, p. 18 These engines were used as a lower-displacement alternative to the more upmarket M family and JZ family straight-sixes.
|
|
Haitana started playing rugby while at Palmerston North Boys' High School, where he was selected to play for the Hurricanes Schools. In 2005, Haitana started to play for North Harbour Rugby Union. In 2008 Haitana started to play for Manawatu Turbos however he was injured while playing for them. During recovery Haitana was approached in 2009 to play for Northland Rugby Union in the Air New Zealand Cup by his former All Black under 21 coach Bryce Woodward.
|
|
During qualifying, World Champion and the last driver to win the title driving a naturally aspirated car Keke Rosberg, said in an interview at about the new rules that if you ignored the McLarens it was quite a competitive race between the turbos and the 'atmos'. Considering that the Imola circuit had always been considered a power track that spelled good news for the FIA's turbo restriction rules, especially with drivers of the faster atmo cars, Nigel Mansell's Williams-Judd and the Benetton-Fords of Nannini and Boutsen, regularly challenging the turbos of Lotus-Honda (fastest through the speed trap in qualifying at ), Ferrari and Arrows-Megatron, though the McLarens (which were 1.5 km/h slower at Tosa than Piquet in qualifying) were out of reach of everyone. The acceleration of the Honda V6 turbo in the sleek, lowline McLaren, and their downforce in the corners was unsurpassed. That, combined with who many considered the two best drivers in the world, saw the McLarens simply in another league at Imola.
|
|
The sale of the surviving Power Dome Coach car was cancelled, and it stood spare until a sister unit caught fire and burned in September 1975. The three rebuilt 9-car sets entered service for CN in late 1973. CN ran the Turbos from Toronto-Montreal-Toronto with stops at Dorval, Kingston and Guildwood on the Quebec City-Windsor Corridor. Original train numbers were Train 62 which left Toronto at 12:45 p.m. and arrived in Montreal at 4:44 p.m.
|
|
The sequential turbocharger system utilizes the smaller of the two turbos when the engine is running at low revolutions; once the engine has reached 2,800 rpm, the larger turbocharger is also used to pressurize the intake. Jaguar tested fitting the engine to its XK model but didn't carry the project over to production. The 3.0-litre variants used by Land Rover feature the 2.7-litre's off-roading adaptations plus calibration of the engine's electronics to allow the use of low-quality fuels.
|
|
All the following Osella models up to the FA1L in had their origins in the initial Alfa design. The Alfa turbo engine, the 890T, was not reliable. Chargers blew off regularly and power output had to be reduced down to the level of the non-turbo cars just to achieve the necessary reliability. On more than one occasion, Osella tried to replace the 890T with more up-to-date Motori Moderni turbos (which Minardi did not support) or with Cosworth engines.
|
|
The MaxxForce 7, the International/Navistar engine which is a 6.5L V8 engine or also known as the 6.4 L PowerStroke in 2008-2010 model year Ford Super Duty trucks, is a V8 turbo-diesel engine. The engine has a Series Sequential Turbocharger. They are not twin turbos, there is a high pressure and low pressure turbo, with only the high pressure turbo being a VGT (variable geometry turbo). The engine also uses a high pressure common rail fuel injection system.
|
|
In 2005-2006, the National Ringette League, for its second season, competed with 19 teams (two new teams joined the league). These teams are now distributed in four conferences: the West Conference - five teams, Central Conference - five teams, Ontario Conference - five teams and Quebec Conference - four teams. The dominant teams were the Cambridge Turbos in the Ontario Conference, Montreal Mission in the Quebec Conference, in the Western Division the Edmonton WAM! and the champions of the Central Division, the APFG Sixers.
|
|
Following the success of their previous album, Defenders of the Faith, Judas Priest initially recorded a double album which was intended to be released under the title Twin Turbos. This idea was scrapped. Instead, the material was split up, with the more commercial songs appearing as the album Turbo. The lyrical content on Turbo was markedly different from previous Judas Priest albums, with more emphasis on grounded subjects such as love and romance rather than the band's usual sci-fi and fantasy themes.
|
|
The different types and sizes of Garrett's turbochargers. Garrett offers gasoline-powered turbochargers called wastegate turbos. They are designed to be smaller than previous turbo generations, have higher fuel efficiency, more torque, and meet emissions standards. Garrett also offers Variable-geometry turbochargers called VNT. They have nine moveable vanes, an electrohydraulic actuator and a proportional solenoid for variable control throughout the engine’s power curve. This means the air passageway of the turbo varies to meet the engine’s needs at different RPMs.
|
|
The league prepared to open season five with the same six teams. However, this season schedule increased from 8 to 10 games with each team playing five games at home and five games on the road. In the first game of the regular season, the debut of Detroit rookie twin brothers Paul and Gary Gait was successful, as they paced the Turbos to a 20–16 victory over the Baltimore Thunder. The 1991 season was definitely a record-breaking year, especially in Detroit.
|
|
During his time with Northland, he was popular due his facial hair and mullet, which he grew and later had removed for a charity. In 2010, Haitana left Northland to return to Manawatu Turbos however after a second hamstring injury, he was released by Manuwatu. After a few years, Haitana played a few games for Freyberg in Palmerston North before being signed by Irish club Blackrock College RFC in 2013. In 2014, Haitana signed with English team Tunbridge Wells RFC.
|
|
There are 4 different engine combinations available for the Pro Modified category. Cars utilizing forced induction via either a turbocharger, roots-type supercharger or Centrifugal-type supercharger "new starting in the 2020 season" are limited to 526 cubic inches with the turbos having a maximum inlet size of 88 millimeters. Both types of forced-induction cars must adhere to a 2,650 lb minimum weight with driver. Normally aspirated vehicles using nitrous oxide have no cubic inch limit but must weigh 2,425 lbs (1,100 kg) with the driver.
|
|
The transverse EcoBoost 3.5L V6 uses two Garrett GT1549L turbochargers and provides up to 11 psi of boost. The turbos are set up in a twin-turbo configuration. The engine can consume up to 25% more air over the naturally aspirated counterpart. Through the use of direct injection, the engine needs only regular-grade gasoline to run. The EcoBoost V6 was first available as an engine option for 2010 Lincoln MKS, followed by 2010 Ford Flex, 2010 Ford Taurus SHO, and 2010 Lincoln MKT.
|
|
Despite the -long shaft extensions, there were no problems with this feature. When the turbos were fitted to the later YFM-1, they were plagued by cranky turbo regulators that backfired continuously. An explosion during a September 1939 test flight made it apparent that the teething engine troubles would not be solved easily. Additionally, Marshall Wainwright notes that other sources indicate the first eight aircraft were to originally have been powered by Allison V-1710-13 engines fitted with GE Type B-6 turbo-superchargers (turbochargers).
|
|
Elio de Angelis was a close third in the second Lotus, then a long gap back to Rosberg and the stunning Tyrrell rookies, Brundle and Stefan Bellof. The Tyrrell team, still loyal to the normally aspirated Cosworth-Ford V8 engine, were given no chance on the season of being competitive against the mighty turbos. Already, however, they had been in the points four times in seven races, and on a tight circuit, their lighter weight and lower horsepower combined to give much better tire wear.
|
|
Throughout the years that Durand was designing cars he was also involved in other projects. At various times he applied his experience with fibre-reinforced plastics to making sailboats, sports steering-wheels, tool-boxes, mud-flaps and radiator shrouds. Together with his son he made headlamp parts for Renault 5 Turbos, the bodywork for Jean Louis Schlesser's first Dakar buggy and once again returned to making a series of scale models of various sports cars, including his own Jidés. Durand died on 16 August 2009 in Mougins.
|
|
It was the year that turbos arrived in considerable numbers, with over a dozen turbocharged entries, led by the Renault Alpine A442. It saw the arrival of French prototype manufacturers Jean Rondeau and Gérard Welter in a new GTP class and a first-time invitation to American IMSA and NASCAR entries.Clausager 1982, p.169-70 Once an initial challenge from Renault Alpine was seen off, the 936 of previous race-winners Jacky Ickx and Gijs van Lennep built a relentless, inexorable lead that was never headed.
|
|
Derby Storm was a former British Basketball League (BBL) franchise from the city of Derby, Derbyshire. The team took the decision to sit out the 2002–03 season after failing to find a suitable venue for home games. Despite early efforts for a new arena, the franchise never returned to playing action. Founded in 1984 as the Derby Turbos later changed to Derby Rams in 1985, the team was a founder member of the franchise-based professional BBL when it was set up in 1987.
|
|
Honeywell Turbo Technologies History page The industrial division produced turbochargers for construction machinery, railroad locomotives, tractors, ships, powerplants and oil pipeline pumping stations. The Chevrolet Corvair Monza was one of the first turbocharged passenger vehicles. It was the sports model in the Corvair lineup.The T11 automotive turbocharger developed in 1960 expanded turbos to commercial vehicles such as the heavy trucks produced by Mack Trucks, Volvo and Scania. The first turbocharged passenger cars were the Chevrolet Corvair Monza and the Oldsmobile Jetfire in 1962/1963.
|
|
After debuting for the Manawatu Turbos during the 2009 Air New Zealand Cup, the next 5 years of his career were ones of ups and downs. Making the ITM Cup squad in 3 of his 5 seasons in Manawatu, playing 16 times and scoring 3 tries. Stifled by a lack of opportunities, he headed to Waikato and played club rugby with the Melville Club. 2016 was his breakthrough year; after helping Melville to win a first Breweries Shield in 35 years in July, he was named in Waikato's 2016 Mitre 10 Cup squad.
|
|
In spite of the team's engineering expertise, Zakspeed never managed to create a competitive chassis/engine package. Their first car, the 184, debuted in 1985, one year after the original plan, and was already outdated. Even with drivers such as the first Formula 3000 champion Christian Danner and ex-Tyrrell driver Martin Brundle, their best result (and only points finish) was a 5th place in the 1987 San Marino Grand Prix, thanks to Brundle. For their final season, in 1989, they had to use Yamaha engines as turbos were banned.
|
|
The British Rail Class 166 Networker Turbo is a fleet of diesel multiple-unit passenger trains (DMUs), originally specified by and built for British Rail, the then Great Britain state-owned railway operator. They were built by ABB at York Works between 1992 and 1993. The trains were designed as a faster, air- conditioned variant of the Class 165 Turbo, intended for longer-distance services, and, like the 165s, belong to the Networker family of trains. They were originally known as Networker Turbos to distinguish them from the electrically propelled members of that family.
|
|
Great Western Railway unit 166212 at on the Severn Beach Line in Bristol, July 2017 From July 2017, a number of Turbos were transferred to Bristol for services on the Severn Beach Line to provide extra capacity during busy services. From October 2017, the 166s began on Weston-super-Mare to Bristol Parkway and Cardiff Central to Taunton services. As more of the 166s moved to Bristol, they also started service on the Heart of Wessex Line and Golden Valley line in 2018, replacing Class 150 units on these lines.
|
|
The British Rail Class 165 Networker is a fleet of suburban diesel multiple units (DMUs), originally specified by and built for the British Rail Thames and Chiltern Division of Network SouthEast. They were built by BREL York Works between 1990 and 1992. An express version was subsequently built in the form of the Class 166 Networker Turbo Express trains. Both classes are now sometimes referred to as "Networker Turbos", a name which was derived some three years later for the project that resulted in the visually similar and EMUs.
|
|
The Manufacturers' title was won by Subaru. One major flaw in the new class system was exposed by the increasing speed of the naturally aspirated front-wheel- drive FIA 2-Litre World Rally Cup cars. The tarmac specification cars built by Peugeot and Renault that competed in the all-tarmac French and Spanish championships became major threats on WRC tarmac events Rallye Catalunya and the Tour de Corse with Gilles Panizzi defeating all but two of the WRC four- wheel-drive turbos in his Peugeot 306 Maxi, taking third place in both events.
|
|
Hammington also found the going tougher in his second year in Palmerston North, starting just 3 times and generally playing back up to Jamie Booth throughout the year. 2016 didn't get much better, with the Turbos, now a championship side once more, finishing in 5th place on the log to miss out on the promotion playoffs altogether while Hammington had to make do with being part of a halfback rotation system along with Booth and the experienced Toby Morland, he played 6 times throughout the season, including 3 starts.
|
|
In Detroit, this allowed them to use the softer Goodyear compound, while all the others had to use the harder compound. Also, the compactness of the cars, in comparison with the turbos, was an advantage in threading between the concrete walls, especially through the chicane leading on to the pit straight. Most importantly, Brundle and Bellof were putting in much better performances in their first year than anyone could have expected. Here, with things threatening to deteriorate at half distance, it was Brundle who would bring the race back to life.
|
|
Blair Joscelyne currently hosts, together with Martin Mulholland, an online car modification show Mighty Car Mods, now featured as a series of episodes on YouTube. Gavin Tyrrell, who is a director and motion effects artist, creates the intro sequence for each season of the show. The show is entirely shot, edited and hosted by Blair and Martin, and it has become Australia's No. 1 online DIY automotive show.Might Car Mods Home Website Their feature-length film, Turbos and Temples, follows the two hosts on a journey around Hokkaido, Japan.
|
|
On 16 January 2015, Laumape was named in the Warriors' 2015 Auckland Nines squad. After suffering a season ending leg injury, Laumape returned to rugby union, signing with the Manawatu Turbos and Hurricanes in July 2015. Laumape made his debut for the Hurricanes in the 2016 Super Rugby competition, starting in the inside centre position against the Brumbies whilst scoring his first professional rugby union try. He then celebrated his return to Palmerston North with scoring his second try of the season in the Hurricanes win over the Force.
|
|
This was done to minimize turbo lag, which was an undesirable trait for mass-market appeal in the U.S. These changes led to increased horsepower and torque vs. the previous 1G turbos. The 2G turbo cars produced at 6000 rpm ( at 6000 rpm w/ AT) and at 3000 rpm ( at 3000 rpm w/ AT.) The 4G63 engines found in 1990–1994 models have a 60 mm throttle body compared to the 1995–1999 MY's 52 mm. The intake ports on the head and runners of the intake manifold are also larger on the 1G.
|
|
He subsequently retired in 2011, ending his playing days with 56 caps for Manawatu. A member of the Crusaders' Wider Training squad in 2008, he was also ruled out of Super 14 contract contention that season due to a shoulder injury. Bradnock is a former New Zealand Universities and Hurricanes Schools flanker and flew the flag as the sole Turbos representative in the 2009 Hurricanes team.Since retirement has continued to be involved in Manawatu Rugby both as a match commentator and member of the Manawatu Rugby Union Board of Directors.
|
|
With only 95–110 hp, rapid acceleration was simply not an option, but the Porsche name carried with it higher expectations. When the 924 Turbo models came out, Car and Driver magazine proclaimed the car "Fast...at Last!" The later 924S had performance on par with the Turbo, but with much improved reliability, and at less cost. The 1981 and 1982 Turbos and the associated special variants are garnering interest in collector circles, and while many still exist, excellent examples of the cars are quite scarce as of today.
|
|
For the chassis, Nissan and Electramotive would turn to Lola Cars International to construct their new car to their specifications. The first two chassis, (#1 and #2), termed "Lola T810", were completed in early 1985. This initial year of competition was used for development of the new car in preparation for 1986. Electramotive was tasked with modifying elements of the T810 to better adapt to the smaller tracks and shorter sprint races used by IMSA GT. This led to the cars being renamed GTP ZX-Turbos as their design was evolved beyond the initial T810.
|
|
With the combined running of the GTP ZX-Turbos and NPT-90s, as well as the performance of privateers Jim Busby and later David Seabroke, Nissan would once again easily take the GTP constructors championship. Geoff Brabham would take his third drivers championship as well. One GTP ZX-Turbo would be entered by John Shapiro at the Miami round in 1991, finishing 13th before the team would fold. This would be the final race by a GTP ZX-Turbo car, although the NPT-90s would continue to carry the GTP ZX- Turbo name on them.
|
|
The FA1L was the only turbo car not to qualify in Mexico, blown off by even the equally struggling Zakspeed 881 turbos. Larini only finished three races in 1988. Other than his ninth in Monaco, he was classified 19th and last at Silverstone after running out of fuel on lap 60 of the 65 lap race (highlighting the 890T's high fuel consumption), and 12th in Portugal. After scoring no points in the first half of the season to the British Grand Prix, Osella was forced into pre-qualifying.
|
|
This was hoped to give Honda teams an advantage as all other turbo engines had been originally designed for previous years higher boost levels and greater fuel allowance. The turbo powered cars were producing approximately less than in 1987 thanks to the FIA's controversial pop-off valves. Introduced in 1987 to restrict turbo boost to 4.0 bar, this was further reduced in 1988 to only 2.5 bar, while the turbos were also restricted to a fuel tank size of only 150 litres compared to a maximum of 215 litres for the "atmos".
|
|
The power output of is similar to previous FPV turbos, but it is a substantially modified design: the new induction system which includes a bigger and more efficient intercooler, higher compression ratio, extra boost and strengthened internals are the key changes. The XT, G6 and G6E also have an E-Gas (LPG) option. The engine continues to use a similar VCT system as its BA/BF predecessors. Fuel consumption has been improved over the outgoing model. The XR6 Turbo received Motor magazine's Bang for your Buck 2008 award.
|
|
In 1990, the MILL prepared to open its fourth season with six teams: the Baltimore Thunder, Detroit Turbos, New England Blazers, New York Saints, Philadelphia Wings, and Pittsburgh Bulls. Each of the six teams played an eight-game schedule over the 1990 season. During the near of the end of the season, the New York Saints defeated the Philadelphia Wings, 8–5, before the first sellout and the largest crowd in league history: 17,177 at the Spectrum in Philadelphia. The Saints' victory forced a rematch the next week in the playoffs.
|
|
The "action- packed" video starts with Ricch speeding in a "super charged" muscle car in a "Fast & Furious-style street race". During the race, Ricch turns on his turbos and "outdrives his opponent who eventually crashes and burns, leaving Ricch the victor of the contest". The video then cuts to a basketball game, where Ricch is seen scoring the game-winning shot, "flying" in the air, akin to NBA icon Michael Jordan, with what MTV's Madeline Roth called an "impressive (and definitely far-fetched)" slam dunk. Ricch is then seen carrying out a major bank heist.
|
|
After spending time with the development squad in the early part of the year, Mapapalangi made the Manawatu squad ahead of the 2015 ITM Cup season and scored 3 tries in 9 appearances during the campaign. His performances attracted the attention of Super Rugby franchise, the who invited him to train with their wider training group during the 2016 Super Rugby pre- season. The 2016 Mitre 10 Cup was less successful for both Mapapalangi and his side. The Turbos finished 5th in the Championship table while he made 7 appearances of which only 2 came from the start.
|
|
He missed the Turbos entire Premiership campaign in 2015 with a hamstring injury sustained playing in the Super Rugby final with the Hurricanes, and they were once again a Championship side when he made his return in 2016. He featured in all 10 of their regular season games, starting 5 times and scoring 2 tries as they ended up in 5th place on the Championship log, just outside of the promotion playoff places. Eves signed with North Harbour for the 2017 Mitre 10 Cup Season. Eves signed with Bay of Plenty Steamers for the 2019 Mitre 10 Cup Season.
|
|
This saw the pair ultimately finish 2nd to Pirro/Winkelhock in the 1991 Nissan Mobil series.1991 Nissan Mobil series at History of Touring Car Racing For 1992, cigarette brand Winfield joined the team as title sponsor. During the season CAMS handicapped the GT-Rs in an attempt to bring it back to the field, which included upping the cars weight from 1360 to 1500 kg over the course of the year (40 kg was added before the ATCC and another 100 kg was added before the endurance races), as well as adding pop-off valves to the turbos to restrict power.
|
|
The Solent Stars applied for voluntary liquidation in December 1984 despite leading the league and terminated the contract of their coach Jim Kelly and leading players to save money. An extraordinary season continued in January 1985 when just a few days before the National Cup final Manchester United F.C. bought the Warrington & Liverpool club, renaming them for the final and relocating to Stretford. The drama continued as Portsmouth F.C. attempted to takeover Solent Stars before a former Stars player TJ Robinson headed a consortium to save the club. Portsmouth F.C. then bought Telford Turbos (also in liquidation) and moved the team to Portsmouth.
|
|
Part of Mighty Car Mods success stems from the hosts' relatability as everyman car enthusiast as well as their humourous and laconic nature, and their desire to tackle complex tasks and learn new skills along the way. Their first feature-length film titled Turbos and Temples was well received by critics and motoring fans when it premiered at Hoyts Cinema, Fox Studios, in Sydney Australia. The film continues to attract many viewers on YouTube, achieving over 2.5 million views. Their second feature-length film "Kei to the City" has attracted an enthusiastic reception with more than 4.3 million views on YouTube.
|
|
As players hit structures, they can get up to five tokens which can be used to obtain weapons, upgrades, and power-ups by entering "Stop-N-Go" buildings scattered around the map. Once the player reaches the top of the leaderboard, their vehicle turns into a monster truck, and smashing into objects while driving the truck results in double the number of points. Alternatively, they can wreck opponents vehicles using several weapons including Peashooters, Blasters, Rockets, Zap Cannons, and Galaxy Guns. Players are also equipped with up to three turbos, which they can use to escape danger.
|
|
GE air-cooled RD-1 turbocharger assemblies also required repeated redesign of both manifolds and turbines.Steinbrenner, page 283 By early 1948, ALCO had spent $4.3 million on field repairs and modifications of 244 engines.Steinbrenner, page 284 In 1950, the first engines with upgrades new from the factory, dubbed the 244D, were installed in locomotives, beginning with the RS-3.Steinbrenner, page 288 In 1953, the RD-1 and RD-2 turbochargers were replaced with GE water-cooled RD-3 and RD-4 models, followed the next year by ALCO-designed and built 510 and 710 turbos.
|
|
The body was restyled with the other GM mid-size formal coupes (Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme, Pontiac Grand Prix, Buick Regal). It featured a smoother profile than the previous models and new vertical taillights similar to the 1973–1977 models. Engine offerings were carried over, including the standard 229 CID Chevrolet V6 (231 CID Buick V6 in California) an optional 267 CID V8 (not available in California), a 305 CID V8 in the base and Landau models, and a turbocharged 231 CID Buick V6 in the Monte Carlo Turbo. There were a total of 3,027 Monte Carlo Turbos for 1981.
|
|
The Galibier, a 1000 HP sedan, was first shown as a concept in 2010 and when they planned to put it into production in 2015, it would have cost about $1.4 million. It would use the same 16-cylinder 8.0-litre engine as the Veyron but instead of four turbos, the 16C Galibier would instead use two superchargers to deliver better torque. Production would require new facilities in Molsheim, France, to be refitted, which pushed back potential deliveries until 2015. In 2013, it was announced that the car will never be produced as they wish to focus on a Veyron replacement.
|
|
Sequential turbocharging refer to a set-up in which the engine uses one turbocharger for lower engine speeds, and a second or both turbochargers at higher engine speeds. This system is intended to overcome the limitation of large turbochargers providing insufficient boost at low RPM. On the other hand, smaller turbos are effective at low RPM (when there is less kinetic energy present in the exhaust gases) but are unable to provide the quantity of compressed intake gases required at higher RPM. Therefore, sequential turbocharger systems provide a way to decrease turbo lag without compromising power output at high RPM.
|
|
Its turbocharged variant, G63T (also sometimes referred to simply as the 4G63), has powered Mitsubishi vehicles in World Rally Championships for years in the Mitsubishi Lancer EX 2000 Turbo, Mitsubishi Galant VR-4, Lancer Evolution, Carisma GT, and Lancer WRC04. It was the powerplant of the Lancer Evolution when Tommi Mäkinen won his four consecutive WRC championships in his Lancer. MHI and T-4 turbos were both used as power for these engines. A 1.7L variant of the 4G63 was also used in a custom made hill-climb McLaren F1(Known as McLaren F1 Evo) made by Komvet Racing.
|
|
Alboreto scored the engine's last win in 1983, but in 1984 the team was excluded from the championship after being found to have run underweight cars before adding ballast during pit stops. Tyrrell denied this and felt his team was being singled out for refusing to run more expensive turbos. In the early 1990s Tyrrell relinquished much of the company's control to his sons and to Harvey Postlethwaite, who was the first to introduce the high-nose concept in the 1990 Tyrrell. Jean Alesi scored two- second places in the car and the team led a lap for the last time.
|
|
The American Roller Derby League (ARDL) is a professional roller derby league formed in the late 1980s. Based in Northern California, the ARDL promotes teams whose names include the Bay City Bombers (the league's primary focus), the Los Angeles Turbos, the New York Demons, the Chicago Pioneers (a.k.a. the Chiefs), and three all-female teams, the East Bay Lady Killers, the SF Roller Girls, and the Orlando Thunder. However, in May 2006, league owner Tim Patten admitted that he was having trouble recruiting and retaining skaters, and only had eight inexperienced skaters practicing once a week in San Francisco.
|
|
The team had to settle for second and third at Portland as Jaguar's new car began to show its pace. However the GTP ZX-Turbos were back at Topeka with the top two positions, beginning another short streak through San Antonio and Sears Point. Defeat came once again at Tampa, while the cars would also not be able to win the season finale at Del Mar. With ten victories in comparison to Jaguar's three, Nissan was able to easily win the constructor's championship, the first time anyone besides Porsche had won it since the GTP class had been created in 1983.
|
|
The IHI RHB51 turbocharger, developed as a joint venture between Ishikawajima Heavy Industry and Honda, was lighter and smaller than most other turbos and could run at higher rpm. When combined with Honda's PGM-FI fuel injection and an 8-bit digital computer control unit, the end result was a very efficient engine with minimal turbo lag. 0–100 km/h was possible in 8.6 seconds. The later City Turbo II's engine featured an intercooler, a revised intake plenum, a slightly larger throttle body, a modified inlet manifold, a higher AR turbo compressor, exhaust housings, and a slightly raised (7.6:1) compression ratio.
|
|
Since Lancia were owned by the Fiat Group, they were able to seek the assistance of fellow Fiat company Ferrari. Ferrari allowed Lancia to adapt the new naturally aspirated four valve V8 which had been introduced in the Ferrari 308 GTBi QV in 1982. The development of the engine was assigned by Enzo Ferrari to Nicola Materazzi, then Chief Engineer in the Racing Department. The development was done in parallel with that of the F114B powering the GTO and both engines were intended with high duty in mind, with one difference being that the GTO engine would use IHI turbos for the road.
|
|
The tight and twisty Hungaroring offered a chance for the naturally-aspirated cars against the turbos, and they took seven of the top ten positions in qualifying. However, Ayrton Senna still took pole position in his McLaren-Honda, his eighth of the season, pipping the Williams of Nigel Mansell by 0.1 seconds. Mansell was driving against doctor's orders as he had developed chickenpox. On the second row of the grid were Thierry Boutsen in the Benetton and Ivan Capelli in the March, and on the third row were Alessandro Nannini in the second Benetton and Riccardo Patrese in the second Williams.
|
|
" Linda Barnard of the Toronto Star gave the film two out of four stars, saying "Turbos colourful trek to product placement-littered Indianapolis is as rote as it gets, but little viewers won't care about predictability." David Hiltbrand of The Philadelphia Inquirer gave the film two out of four stars, saying "Let's face it: Kids aren't a very demanding audience. If there's color, movement, and a high quotient of silliness, they're happy." Peter Hartlaub of the San Francisco Chronicle gave the film a negative review, saying "After the originality of the hero, the filmmakers borrow too heavily from other movies; the similarities to Ratatouille and Cars are almost distracting.
|
|
Smith made his debut for Manawatu in the 2008 Air New Zealand Cup at the age of 19, making several substitute appearances for the Turbos. This included the historic 25–24 win over Canterbury in Round 1 and the 38–38 draw with Waikato in Round 3. For the 2009 Air New Zealand Cup, Smith established himself as the first-choice half-back for Manawatu, starting all 13 games over the course of the season and scoring his first representative try. He continued as the starter in the 2010 ITM Cup, and established himself as one of the top half-backs in the competition and earning a Super Rugby contract.
|
|
The EBBA increased the first division to fourteen teams which resulted in a 26-match schedule which was warmly welcomed after the 36-match schedule of the previous season. Of the 13 existing teams Brighton switched to Worthing and with new sponsors would be known as the Nissan Worthing Bears and Hemel Hempstead merged with the second division outfit Watford Royals to form Hemel Watford Royals. The new fourteenth team was Telford Turbos who secured a new sponsor called Screen Stars. It was evident that as the season progressed many clubs had been spending beyond their means in recent years and were duly struggling to balance the books.
|
|
996 Turbo 996 Turbo S In 2000, Porsche launched the turbocharged version of the Type 996 for the 2001 model year. Like the GT3, the Turbo's engine was derived from the engine used in the 911 GT1 and, like its predecessor, featured twin-turbos and now had a power output of . Also like its predecessor, the new Turbo was only available with all-wheel drive. In 2002, the X50 package was available that increased the engine output to with of torque across a wide section of the power band. With the X50 package, the car could accelerate from 0–100 km/h (0–62 mph) in 3.91 seconds.
|
|
In 1994, Coyle played with the Detroit Turbos of the MILL, but was suspended indefinitely from the MILL for striking a referee. When the MILL became the NLL in 1998, it was decided that the suspension did not apply to the new league, and Coyle was signed by the Ontario Raiders. The Raiders became the Toronto Rock the next season, and Coyle went on to win four championships with the Rock before being traded to the Vancouver Ravens after the 2004 season. However, just weeks before the 2005 season began, the league announced that the Ravens would not play in 2005, and Coyle immediately became a free agent.
|
|
The system is arranged so that a small ("primary") turbocharger is active while the engine is operating at low RPM, which reduces the boost threshold (RPM at which effective boost is provided) and turbo lag. As RPM increases, a small amount of exhaust gas is fed to the larger ("secondary") turbocharger, to bring it up to operating speed. Then at high RPM, all of the exhaust gases are directed to the secondary turbocharger, so that it can provide the boost required by the engine at high RPM. The first production car to use sequential turbocharging was the 1986-1988 Porsche 959, which used sequential twin-turbos on its flat- six engine.
|
|
In an era when turbocharged engines were starting to come to prominence in Formula One, Long Beach remains one of the few circuits used from the time Renault introduced turbos in until the last Long Beach Grand Prix in 1983 that never once saw a turbo-powered car take victory. John Watson's win for McLaren in 1983 holds the Formula One record for the lowest ever starting position for a race winner. In a grid consisting of 26 cars, Watson started 22nd in his McLaren-Ford. That same race also saw Watson's teammate (and 1982 Long Beach winner) Niki Lauda finish second after starting 23rd on the grid.
|
|
Unlike the 1984 race, the drivers made a clean start, as Mansell got away well on the outside and took the first corner ahead of Senna. In Turn 2, however, Senna took the lead back, and by the end of the first lap, Rosberg had also gotten around Mansell. After one lap, Senna and Rosberg were opening a gap to Mansell, Prost, Alboreto, Derek Warwick, Elio de Angelis, Johansson, Piquet and Lauda. The Tyrrells of Bellof and Martin Brundle, down on power to the turbos but always extremely well suited to the tight Detroit circuit, each moved up six places on the first lap to 12th and 13th.
|
|
In the Netherlands, DEGIRO earned the first place in a 2015 survey for the cheapest broker in Financieel Dagblad. In 2014, VEB considered DEGIRO to be the cheapest broker for investments in shares, bonds, options and turbos and in the same year, Beleggers Belangen elected the company as the #1 Dutch broker in regard to costs, trade opportunities, convenience and service. Consumentenbond, a Dutch non-profit organization which promotes consumer protection considered DEGIRO to be the cheapest Dutch broker. DEGIRO also won the Golden Bull Award in 2015, where Dutch brokers are judged in different categories, such as trading opportunities, commission fees, terms and conditions and investment tools.
|
|
The combined sales of the Chessmaster series had reached 1 million copies by September 1996. The series surpassed 5 million units in sales by 2002, making it the highest-selling computer chess series ever at the time. In 1989, Computer Gaming World found Chessmaster 2100s features "the clear winners" over Sargon 4, in 1992 reported that Chessmaster 3000 had added "a lot" to its predecessors, with new tutorial features and a variety of computer opponents making the game "a truly impressive sequel", and in 1994 approved of Chessmaster 4000 Turbos new AI "personalities" based on historical chess players. 4000 Turbo received a perfect 10 out of 10 score from Electronic Entertainment.
|
|
Driving cab of a 170 The class is a development of the design used in the British Rail Class 165 and 166 DMUs known as the Networker Turbos which were built by British Rail Engineering Limited and later ABB Transportation Ltd before that company became part of Bombardier. Notable features shared are the aluminium alloy frame and Voith transmission as well as the general body shape (the cab ends are similar to those of the Class 168, but not Class 165/166), interior design and door fittings. The final drive is sourced from ZF instead of Gmeinder and the diesel-engine supplier is MTU.TURBOSTAR – United Kingdom bombardier.
|
|
Central Energy Trust Arena formerly known as Arena 1 and FMG Stadium was the venue for the first ever Super 12 rugby match in 1996, which was played by the Wellington Hurricanes and the Auckland Blues. The Stadium was the host of the 1987 Rugby World Cup game between Wales and Tonga on 29 May. Wales won 29–16. The ground was a venue for the British and Irish Lions on the 2005 British and Irish Lions tour to New Zealand with a game against Manawatu Turbos on 28 June. On 28 March 2009, The Highlanders played a Super Rugby 'home' game at Central Energy Trust Arena against the Bulls.
|
|
The 3-door Mini with an automatic transmission will reach in 7.3 seconds for the 1.5L 3-cylinder petrol model and in 6.4 seconds with the 2.0L 4-cylinder petrol engine. The Cooper S soon got out-powered by the higher performing John Cooper Works model in 2015. In 2018, the Life Cycle Impulse (LCI) brought twin turbos to the 3-cylinder diesel engines, albeit with no changes in output. The 6-speed Steptronic torque-converter was also replaced by a 7-speed dual-clutch transmission in all models but the Cooper SD and JCW, with the latter now fitted with an 8-speed Steptronic auto.
|
|
It was mostly manufacturer-supported teams, such as Renault, Ferrari and Alfa Romeo which took that route. In contrast, the cheap, reliable and narrow Ford- Cosworth DFV engine, still used by most teams more than a decade after its introduction, lent itself well to highly efficient ground effect aerodynamics. These two groups were represented by two political bodiesthe sport's governing body FISA, headed by Jean-Marie Balestre; and FOCA, headed up by Bernie Ecclestone. The first group supported a strict limitation of ground effect to gain full advantage from their powerful turbos while the other relied on unrestricted ground effect to balance their horsepower deficit.
|
|
Both Zakspeed turbos failed to qualify for the race showing the cars' lack of handling and lack of power from the team's own 4 cylinder engines with Bernd Schneider the slowest of the 30 drivers, some 7.9 seconds slower than Berger's Ferrari. His experienced teammate Piercarlo Ghinzani fared little better, being almost 6 seconds slower than the Ferrari. Also failing to make the grid were the EuroBrun of Oscar Larrauri and the Ligier of Stefan Johansson, who complained of lack of grip from his JS31. The Coloni of Gabriele Tarquini failed to pre-qualify, despite setting a time faster than what Schneider managed in qualifying.
|
|
A puncture caused the car to plunge off the track at over and into catch fencing; one of the poles struck Mansell on the head, giving him a concussion which forced him to miss the race. The race was also the first in which the Tyrrell team used Renault turbo engines, thus becoming the last F1 team to go over from naturally aspirated engines to turbos. However, only Martin Brundle drove the new Renault-powered 014 car, while teammate Stefan Bellof continued to use the Cosworth-powered 012. Brundle could only qualify 20th, but was still over four seconds faster than Bellof in 25th.
|
|
The Lions scored their first convincing tour victory in this game at Palmerston North against NPC second division side Manawatu Turbos, winning 109–6. They led 38–6 at half time and scored 71 unanswered points in the second. Welshman Shane Williams scored five tries to help the Lions post their all-time record score in New Zealand, surpassing their 64–5 victory over Marlborough/Nelson 46 years ago. Tries were shared by Williams (5), Ronan O'Gara (2), Mark Cueto (2), Geordan Murphy, Charlie Hodgson, Jason Robinson, Martin Corry, Neil Back, Gareth Cooper, Gordon D'Arcy and Ollie Smith, with Manawatu restricted to two Jonathan Hargreaves penalties.
|
|
In the US, the first president was Mr. R. Millet. In 1987, Saab created a TV advertisement called "Saab suite" (subtitled Ballet in 3 acts for 8 Saab 9000 Turbos). In the film, stunt drivers show incredible driving with stock cars, such as one- wheeled burnouts, bumper-to-bumper driving through a slalom, cars slaloming from opposite directions on the same course, two-wheel driving, sliding in full speed, and jumping over passing cars—all on a closed airport runway with classical music playing in the background. To commemorate its 40th anniversary, Saab formed a Performance Team in 1987, which laid on exhibitions of automobile acrobatics and formation driving.
|
|
However, the Wings won that game and later went on to become the first team to win two league championship games, defeating the New England Blazers, 17–7 in front of 11,479 fans. The Major Indoor Lacrosse League later announced that the attendance for 26 total games during the season was 287,585 which was a huge boost, increasing the average attendance a game to 11,060. After the season, the MILL announced the signing of twin brothers, Paul Gait and Gary Gait, 3-time All-Americans at Syracuse to the Detroit Turbos after being drafted (the two brothers won national championships with the Syracuse Orange in 1988, 1989, and 1990).
|
|
Nissan won the 1982 Australian Endurance Championship for Makes with two factory entered 910 series Bluebird Turbos. On 29 September 1984 George Fury put his Nissan Bluebird Turbo (an imported version with a Nissan Z engine turbo motor and fabricated IRS) on pole position for the 1984 James Hardie 1000 touring car race with a time of 2:13.850. This remains the fastest time by a closed sedan on the old 6.172 km Mount Panorama Circuit before the introduction of the Caltex Chase in 1987 increased the lap distance to 6.213 km. It was the first time a turbocharged car had won the pole at the Bathurst 1000.
|
|
Though it used a modified body from a standard Renault 5, and was badged a Renault 5, the mechanicals were radically different, the most obvious difference being rear-wheel drive and rear-mid-engined instead of the normal version's front-wheel drive and front-mounted engine. At the time of its launch it was the most powerful production French car.Evening Times (Scotland) December 7, 1979 The first 400 production 5 Turbos were made to comply with Group 4 homologation to allow the car to compete in international rallies, and were manufactured at the Alpine factory in Dieppe. Many parts later transferred to the Alpine A310, such as the suspension or alloy wheel set.
|
|
In the end, both were too expensive, so Osella had to stick with the increasingly outdated but cheap 890T. For 1988 – the last year before turbos were banned – the team re-branded the 890T as the "Osella V8". This came about after Alfa's parent company, Fiat, grew tired of the negative publicity the team had given the 890T and, while allowing them to continue using the engine, refused to allow the Alfa Romeo name to be used. After driver Nicola Larini managed some impressive times in pre-season testing at Monza, the team were quietly confident of a decent showing through 1988, as many teams had switched to naturally-aspirated engines in preparation for 1989.
|
|
1) #72 Helix and Turbo (Michiko) both decide to leave, but Turbo is confronted by a man called Dan Jones, who has come to reclaim the Torpedo suit the Turbos wear. Dan Jones is in fact the last Dire Wraith Volx, an enemy the Warriors fought against before and who killed the other Turbo (Mike). Volx claims the suit and kidnaps Friday (the Kymellian spaceship which is not only an ally of Power Pack, but also of the Warriors). With the help of the Thinker, Night Thrasher and Rage rescue Namorita from the Soldiers of Misfortune, while the Warriors join forces with Garthan Saal to stop Volx, almost leading to the death of Friday.
|
|
Bob McMahon is a former head coach in the National Lacrosse League, and currently serves as an assistant coach with the Calgary Roughnecks. Bob McMahon began his professional lacrosse coaching career as an assistant coach with the Detroit Turbos in 1992 and 1993. In 1999, McMahon was hired as an assistant coach to his friend Terry Sanderson in Albany, and was promoted to head coach following the 2001 season, when Sanderson left Albany to become head coach of the expansion Montreal Express. In the two years with Sanderson as head coach, the Attack finished with 6-6 and 5-9 records, but in McMahon's first year as head coach, Albany improved to a league-best 14-2 record.
|
|
The B23ET and B23FT motors were offered for two years only in the 1983 and 1984 Volvo 700 series. Both the B23ET and B23FT are somewhat unusual in the 700 series, as they were the only turbo motors offered in the 700 series with a block mounted distributor, forged pistons and a forged crankshaft. The B23ET was the only redblock known to be equipped with a small coolant passage version of the higher flowing 405 cylinder head, the FT had to make do with normal 398 head. As these motors predate the low-friction B200 and B230 turbos and are equipped with forged pistons and crank, they are often considered one of the most robust Volvo turbo motors.
|
|
New Warriors #28 Mike encountered the Warriors as Turbo when Darkling put Manhattan under siege with the energies of the Darkforce Dimension, and the two Turbos were attacked by the Air Force when they trained with Nova.New Warriors #28; New Warriors Annual #3 Mickey became a reserve Warrior, helping rescue the team twice alongside other back-up heroes, before being offered a full-time membership by the team. Mickey continued to share the armor with Mike, but often had to borrow it for missions with the Warriors. On one mission, the Warriors fought Volx, the queen of the Dire Wraiths, who recognized the Torpedo armor and desired it for the power-boost it would give her.
|
|
In 2008, 2225 Japanese Giga models from the 2007 model year were recalled after it was discovered they had faulty fuel tank caps which could cause fuel inside the tank to leak. In 2009, 5475 Japanese Giga Turbo models from the 1999-2005 model years were recalled after it was discovered they had faulty turbos which could result in turbine blade damage and output may be insufficient, resulting in inability to operate. In 2019, 1,205 Australian CX and EX models from the 2010 and 2019 model years were recalled after it was discovered they had faulty front under-run protection device (FUPD) reinforcement brackets which could cause the FUPD to fail if involved in a front-end collision.
|
|
At the end of a strong year in the 1990 World Sportscar Championship season for Nissan's R90CKs, it was decided that the company would leave the championship to instead concentrate on the R90CPs in the All Japan Sports Prototype Championship (JSPC) and GTP ZX-Turbos in the IMSA GT Championship in North America. Regulation changes in the World Sportscar Championship would have required Nissan to abandon their turbocharged engines in place of newer, advanced naturally aspirated units, as well as design all new cars to handle them. Nissan reversed their plans in 1991, partially because JSPC was beginning to allow the newer Group C cars that could outpace Nissan's older cars. Nissan turned to Nissan Performance Technology Inc.
|
|
With the championship now awarded specifically to two-wheel-drive cars exclusively has seen an influx of European and Asian Super 2000 and Super 1600 cars as well as a revival of older rear-wheel-drive performance cars. While most of the top drivers have moved out of the Mitsubishi Lancer and Subaru Impreza 4WD turbos, they remain competitive with reigning Western Australian rally champion Alex Stone winning a heat at the Forest Rally. Between Honda Jazz driver Eli Evans and Renault Clio driver Scott Peddar have dominated the 2013 season, winning all bar one heat and taking eleven of the 18 top three positions. Evans leads the championship by 29 points over Peddar.
|
|
The weight of the car was measured before and after the race, with oil and cooling liquids allowed to be refilled before the final weigh-in. The teams would therefore build their cars lighter than allowed by the regulations and added water tanks, which they claimed were used to cool brake temperatures, but in reality the water was dumped on the track as soon as the car left the pitlane, allowing them to run faster. Keke Rosberg later explained that "the water tank [...] was the one that gave us at least a theoretical chance to compete with the turbos." In other regulation changes, the minimum weight of the cars was reduced from to .
|
|
These two models are by far the most maintainable, with many 645 service parts being rather easily fitted to C and D engines. The 567D's turbocharger is perhaps the least maintainable part of such an engine, and the 567D turbo has many more maintenance issues than 645E and later turbos. A common choice is conversion of a 567D turbo engine to Roots-blown, thereby abandoning the turbo and its many issues. Installation of 645 power assemblies will still allow Roots-converted 4-axle locomotives (GP20s) to produce , as does a Roots-blown 16-645E, thereby becoming the functional equivalent of a GP38, although with older electrical equipment and controls, and, of course, the older carbody.
|
|
This ban would be rescinded in , in preparation for turbos themselves being banned from . The Formula One cars of 1986 are the most powerful Grand Prix cars in history. There were still no limits on engine power, and some engines, including the powerful but rather unreliable BMW M12/13 1.5 litre single turbocharged straight-4 engine used by the Benetton, Brabham and Arrows teams, could throw out 1,350+ hp at 5.5 bar boost (79.7 psi) during qualifying; this would happen when the engineers took the boost restrictors off the engine. The power of the turbocharged engines was so great that it could not even be accurately measured until years later, when the technology was advanced enough.
|
|
By 1988, the turbos were only slightly more powerful than the lighter 3.5-litre naturally aspirated cars that had been introduced the previous year. The thirsty turbo engines briefly saw refuelling introduced into the sport, but this was banned for 1984. The Williams FW11 won the Constructors' Championship in , the only year before 2014 in which every car in the field had a turbocharged engine With controversy at last left behind, the Formula One teams flourished through the remainder of the 1980s and into the 1990s. Despite the overwhelming dominance of two teamsMcLaren and Williamsthis period is regarded (perhaps ironically) as one of the brightest spots in F1's 50-year history.
|
|
With the introduction of Euro 1 class emission control regulation, it is only understandable that the engines gained a mass disadvantage compared with the earlier models. As the engines were now getting heavier due to Euro 1 class emissions fitting turbos, intercoolers, piping etc., the Mercedes Benz SK moved away from the ZF branded 16s series ecosplit cast iron transmissions used in the late model NG chassis and towards a Mercedes Benz aluminium 16 speed synchromesh transmission of model G155. These transmissions were much lighter than the 16s transmissions and could also tolerate a greater range of engine power up to 440 hp thanks mostly to their double clutch pressure plate capability and robust gear design.
|
|
The ECU – working with another duty solenoid and vacuum diaphragm – determines the amount that the exhaust control valve opens. The ECU calculates this amount of valve opening based on the input of a differential pressure sensor that takes feeds from the intake manifold and the outlet of the secondary turbo. Any boost pressure produced by the secondary turbocharger during the transitional stage is redirected to the atmospheric side of the compressor inlet (between the turbos and air filter). With the primary turbo continuing to supply manifold pressure and the secondary turbocharger essentially bleeding off the boost it makes during the transition, the ECU will determine when to close the pressure relief valve and fully open the exhaust control valve.
|
|
The Zakspeed 881 was a Formula One car designed by Chris Murphy and Heinz Zollner and raced by Zakspeed in the 1988 Formula One season. The car was the last to be powered by the team's own 1.5 litre straight 4 turbo engine, the 1500/4. The car was driven by veteran Piercarlo Ghinzani and West German F1 rookie Bernd Schneider. The 881 was a development of the team's car, the 871, and was a largely unsuccessful car in the last year for turbos in Formula One. Both Ghinzani and Schneider, who replaced 1987 drivers Martin Brundle and Christian Danner, struggled all season to qualify the car even against the slower atmospheric cars.
|
|
The film went to number 3 in its first weekend with $21.3 million behind The Conjuring and Despicable Me 2, making this the third-lowest all-time opening for a DreamWorks Animation computer-animated film, or adjusted for inflation and 3D prices, the lowest ever for a DWA CG film. Turbos domestic performance was a disappointment for DreamWorks Animation, which had expectation for their films to be "$150 million, $200 million grossing movies." Jeffrey Katzenberg, DreamWorks Animation's CEO, attributed less than expected gross to the bad release date, set in the middle of over-crowded summer marketplace, having an original film compete with five other animated films—by about 100% more than before. The film opened at number one in 32 territories.
|
|
They are described as being armed with a mix of several cannon and machine guns, so they may be analogous to the P-47 Thunderbolt of our timeline, although they are not given a designation in the books. From the first section of In at the Death it appears the primary Confederate transport of the war was called the Alligator, and is similar to the Junkers Ju 52 of our timeline. It is significant because it is mentioned as being of low quality, due to the Confederate unwillingness for a long fight, and limited time and manpower to produce anything more than weapons in the 1930s. In mid-1944, the United States began introducing jet-propelled fighters, known as "Turbos".
|
|
Turbo service was about a full hour faster than CN's previous express trains, the "Rapido". However, even the runs made by the Turbotrains in the late 1970s still fell substantially short of their intended 120 mph design speed; the fastest average speed for the Turbotrain in regular scheduled Canadian passenger service was an intermediate booking from Kingston to Guildwood (102 minutes for the 145.2 miles between the two cities nonstop at an average speed of 85.4 mph (137.4 km/hr). By 1974, after substantial modifications of the gearbox device and pendular suspension, and reinforcement of the sound insulation, the Turbotrains finally took up untroubled service. CN operated the Turbos until 1978, when their passenger operations were taken over by Via Rail, who continued the service.
|
|
BMW X5 xDrive35i The BMW F15 is the third generation X5 crossover, unveiled on 30 May 2013 and launched in November 2013. It featured the same chassis and same wheelbase of previous generation and launched with a choice of three engines: a 450 hp V8 petrol engine (xDrive50i) and two six-cylinder in-line diesel units, producing 258 hp with one turbo (xDrive30d) and 381 hp with three turbos (M50d M Performance), respectively. In December 2013, additional engine options became available: xDrive40d, xDrive35i and, for the first time on the X5 model, two four-cylinder engines xDrive25d and sDrive25d (with two- wheel transmission). In their later years, BMW added a PHEV (Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle) a xDrive40e with single turbo inline 4 cylinders.
|
|
Subsequent turbos take the charge from the previous stage and compress it further (for example to an additional three times intake pressure, for a total boost of nine times atmospheric pressure). A downside of staged turbocharging is that it often leads to large amounts of turbo lag, therefore it is mostly used on piston engine aircraft which usually do not need to rapidly raise and lower engine speed. (and thus where turbo lag is not a primary design consideration), and where the intake pressure is quite low due to low atmospheric pressure at altitude, requiring a very high pressure ratio. High-performance diesel engines also sometimes use this configuration, since diesel engines do not suffer from pre-ignition issues and can therefore use high boost pressures.
|
|
Taylor came to the attention of rugby selectors at the age of 18, after he was selected in the Manawatu team to take part in the inaugural 2006 Air New Zealand Cup season while still at school. Taylor made his provincial debut for the side later that year against Taranaki. The following year he was signed by the Super Rugby side the Hurricanes to feature in their wider training squad. Taylor first joined the Hurricanes in 2010 on the back of an exciting Air New Zealand Cup season in which he proved a constant threat for opposition defences. Taylor capped off an excellent season by scoring 27 points in the Turbos’ final game of the 2009 season against North Harbour.
|
|
GWR previously operated the two prototype three-car Class 150/0 units, which had transferred from London Midland and replaced the and Turbo units which were being used on the Reading to Basingstoke Line, which allowed the Turbo units to reinforce Thames Valley services. 150001 had entered service in January 2012. The two prototype units later cascaded down to the West fleet in response to the Class 387s taking over from the s and s on the London Paddington to Didcot Parkway services, hence releasing Turbos to take over on the Reading to Basingstoke Line again. Until the end of their operation by GWR, the two 150/0s were based at St Phillips Marsh depot in Bristol and were used on local services around Bristol and Exeter.
|
|
A five-cylinder engine is longer and more expensive to manufacture than a comparable four-cylinder engine, but some manufacturers like Volvo feel these costs are outweighed by its greater capacity in a smaller space than a six-cylinder. Five-cylinder turbos have been used on more than one occasion in sport and racing applications for their balance of performance qualities. The Volvo S60 R has a 2.5 litre turbocharged inline- five–cylinder engine which is capable of generating and of torque across a large amount of its rpm ranges. The Ford Focus RS Mk2 performance car uses the same Volvo 5-cylinder engine, developed (by Ford) to very similar power levels, and is one of the most powerful FWD production cars ever created.
|
|
Tom Pryce brought the Shadow home in fourth. James Hunt (McLaren-Cosworth M23D) during the 1976 Race of Champions On 25 September, the second British round of the World Championship of Makes arrived for the Brands Hatch Six-Hours; it was run in a deluge which caused it to be stopped for an hour and it was eventually run over 103 laps – 269 miles – which Jacky Ickx and Jochen Mass won at 97.696 mph driving a Porsche 935/2 Turbo. The race totally dominated by the Stuttgart marque, the first five places going to Porsche 935 Turbos – a 934 Turbo was sixth with a Carrera seventh. A little relief came with the eighth-place BMW 320i, two more Porsches rounded out the first ten.
|
|
In Mexico, it was nearly a repeat of San Marino: McLaren 1–2, with this time only one other driver on the lead lap. Gerhard Berger had picked up his third podium in four races, giving him the edge on Piquet and Alboreto for the title of "Best of the Rest" – the race for third. As expected, turbo cars dominated in the thin air of Mexico City, with the front three rows of the grid shared between the McLaren-Hondas, Ferraris, Lotus-Hondas. This dominance continued in the race. Behind the Prost-Senna 1–2 came a Ferrari 3–4 with Alboreto finishing behind his teammate, while Derek Warwick and Eddie Cheever finished 5th and 6th after a race long dice in their Arrows-Megatron turbos.
|
|
Michele Alboreto (Ferrari) and Keke Rosberg (Williams-Honda) were the only other winners in the season with each winning a single race. For Japanese giant Honda, Rosberg's win in the Dallas Grand Prix in the United States would be the first of 40 wins for their turbocharged V6 engines until the turbos were banned following the season. It was also Honda's first win in Formula One since John Surtees had won the 1967 Italian Grand Prix at Monza driving the V12 powered Honda RA300 in its debut race. The Dallas Grand Prix was a one-off race, as the race was inexplicably run during the 100F heat of a Texas July summer; the weather and track temperatures were so high that the track broke up very badly.
|
|
Before the start of the season the cars were given an extra 40 kg, bringing them up to a total of 1400 kg. CAMS also directed that the cars were to run Formula One style pop-off valves on the twin turbos to restrict their power, bringing them down from 1991's to around . Gibson Motorsport continually protested against the imposed penalties on the car (after winning the ATCC the cars were given an extra 100 kg to bring them 1500), and even took CAMS to court (unsuccessfully) in a bid to be able to run the GT-R as they were in 1991 claiming that they were no longer competitive. However most saw this as a false claim since the team won both the ATCC and the Tooheys 1000.
|
|
This was the last Bathurst 1000 to include Group C Touring Cars, which had first contested the Bathurst 1000 in 1973. While a production based category, continual parity adjustments to keep the leading vehicles roughly at the same pace had seen the cars become wildly over-specified. The led to a decision by the Confederation of Australian Motor Sport (CAMS) in mid-1983 that Australian touring car racing would abandon its locally developed Group C rules and would be run under regulations based on the FIA's international Group A rules from 1 January 1985. The major contenders in Group C were the V8-engined Ford Falcons and Holden Commodores, the lone V12 Jaguar XJ-S and 6 cylinder BMW 635 CSi, the rotary Mazda RX-7's, and the Nissan Bluebird turbos.
|
|
This version features advanced graphics as well as drivers having unique vehicles. A free-to-play port for iOS devices was released on 14 July 2016, and Android devices and Remix OS computers on November 2016. Published by EA subsidiary Chillingo and developed by Codemasters, the game, based extensively on PC, PS3 and Xbox 360 racing game Toybox Turbos, allows players to compete against one another across the internet, local WiFi or Bluetooth in races and vehicular battles. Although free to play, the game features in-app purchases allowing players to speed up progress by purchasing coins and gems, which in turn are used to buy additional parts for a variety of cars, ranging from transportation such as buses and taxis to rally cars, military vehicles and construction equipment.
|
|
These aircraft were eventually delivered with improved V-1710-23(D2) engines. Wainwright further states that two of the YFM-1 airframes were changed on the production line to accept the V-1710-41 without turbo-supercharging, becoming YFM-1Bs. This is noted in a contract change dated 19 October 1939 which shows that aircraft 38-489 and 38-490 had their turbos, all associated ducting, and controls removed and V-1710-41(D2A) "Altitude Rated" engines installed instead. The (D2A) was essentially a -23 with higher supercharger gear ratios (8.77:1 versus 6.23:1), which allowed the motor to develop around up to ASL. They used the same ratings and components as the Altitude Rated V-1710-33(C15) Allison fitted to the original Curtiss XP-40.
|
|
Secondly, those teams who had backed out of the 1982 San Marino boycott were harshly dealt with. The Tyrrell team was the last team to obtain a turbocharged engine contract (essential in order to be competitive in Formula One from 1983 onward), finally signing a deal to run "customer" Renault turbos in the latter part of 1985 (roughly three years before turbo engines were ultimately banned), having involved in a controversy in the team's final full year without turbo engines (prior to the ban) for using an illegal weight ballast. Toleman was effectively squeezed out of the Formula One world championship in 1985 when their tyre supplier pulled out of Formula One. In both cases, it must be said, the teams had previously blotted their copybook with inappropriate acts.
|
|
The 924 was sold in Japan at Mizwa Motors dealerships that specialize in North American and European vehicles, with left hand drive for its entire generation. Sales were helped by the fact that it was in compliance with Japanese Government dimension regulations with regards to its engine displacement and exterior dimensions. A five-speed transmission, available in normally aspirated cars (type 016) starting in 1979 and standard on all turbos (type G31), was a dog-leg shift pattern Porsche unit, with first gear below reverse on the left side. This was robust, but expensive due to some 915 internal parts, and was replaced for 1980 with a normal H-pattern Audi five-speed on all non-turbo cars. This lighter duty design was originally not used on the more powerful 924 Turbo.
|
|
The RS500 was more powerful ( in 1987) with larger turbos and was also more reliable. The team's poor run continued at the Sandown 500, where Johnson easily qualified his new Sierra RS500 on pole but the car blew its engine in the race morning warm up and was withdrawn, and Bathurst 1000 where both team cars were out of the 161 lap race before the end of lap 4 (Neville Crichton crashed the No. 18 Sierra he was to share with Charlie O'Brien on the 3rd lap with the Commodore of Larry Perkins which the Johnson / Hansford car suffered differential failure a lap later). Qualifying at bathurst also proved controversial for the team with the two Sierra's excluded from the results of Hardies Heroes when they failed a post runoff fuel check.
|
|
The Professional Lacrosse Players' Association (PLPA) is the trade union of players in the NLL. The PLPA was founded in 1991 by Dave Succamore (a former Detroit Turbos player), Peter Schmitz (a former Boston Blazers player and president) and four other players from other teams with assistance by labor attorney Ronald L. Jaros. The union was organized to assist with missed work pay for players who miss their regular jobs for games; expanded expense reimbursement; more opportunities for promotional pay on top of their regular game salaries; more time for rookies to assess their initial contracts; game compensation for practice players; free agency; a standard grievance and arbitration process for fines and suspensions. Before the PLPA was in place, injured players were responsible for paying their own medical bills.
|
|
Series II (above) and Series I (below) At the time of its release into the US market, the 280ZX turbo was the fastest Japanese import on the American market. The turbocharged 280ZX with a three-speed automatic delivered times of 7.4 secondsCar & Driver, 1981 and a very respectable quarter mile time of 16.6 seconds, at a top speed of . One criticism of the early 280ZX was a reduction in spring rates, giving a softer ride and making the car rather difficult to drive hard through corners without transient oversteer, which was a feature of trailing-arm rear suspensions. The release of the turbocharged model in 1981 saw the introduction of a revised rear suspension, which Nissan continued to use in the 1982 and 1983 turbos, as well as the non-turbo from mid-1982 onward.
|
|
Obermaier partnered with Antoine Salamin's eponymous team for the 1991 campaign with the best finish of fourth at the Nürburgring for Altenbach and Jürgen Oppermann. The team rounded out their 962 era with two final appearances at Le Mans in 1992 and 1993 with a seventh-place finish in latter event. The team instead concentrated on the new Porsche Supercup series starting in 1993, although international sports car racing was kept alive by appearances in the BPR Global GT Series with Porsche 911 Turbos as well as a joint effort with a Ferrari F40 at Le Mans in 1994. Obermaier continued to rank in the top five in the Porsche Supercup and Carrera Cup Germany championships, including winning the Supercup teams championship in 1996, until Hans Obermaier ended racing activities in 2000, concentrating instead on motorsport and automotive repairs and restorations.
|
|
He started out in provincial rugby with his local side, the Wellington Lions and made 9 appearances across the 2012 and 2013 ITM Cup seasons. However, due to strong competition among the Lions halfbacks, he opted to head north for 2014 and join . The move quickly paid off for both parties as Hammington played the season as the Turbos first choice half-back, featuring in 10 of their games in a season which saw them finish top of the ITM Cup Championship log with 8 wins in 10 games and earn promotion to the Premiership for 2015 with a 32-24 win over in the championship final. Manawatu's stay in the Premiership would only last for 1 year, as a record of 3 wins from 10 games saw them relegated back down to the Championship for 2016.
|
|
Legend twin-turbo setup from VIN 530 It was determined that the DeLorean needed additional power when automotive magazine road tests showed times for the DeLorean between 9.5 and 10.5 seconds, while its rivals were in the 7.5–8.5 second range. There had been interest in turbocharging the DeLorean early on, but the DMC engineering staff was busy with other projects, so DMC decided to go outside to develop a turbocharged version. DMC entered into a contract with Legend Industries, based in Hauppauge, New York, a firm having previous success with turbocharging Fiat Spiders for Fiat USA. DMC wanted to increase power without sacrificing fuel efficiency. DMC wanted a wide power band and did not want a surge of power similar to the Porsche 930 Turbo. Legend used twin IHI RHB52 turbos along with twin intercoolers.
|
|
The depot was situated to the west of Reading station and to the north of Reading West station until 2012. It was located within the wye formed by the Great Western Main Line to the north, with the Reading to Basingstoke Line split into the curve from Reading West to Reading to the east, and the curve connecting Reading West to the westbound main line to the west. With the rebuilding of Reading Station and the remodelling of the track, the depot was moved from the wye to a brand new facility located on the other side (to the north) of the main running lines, next to the fields where the Reading Festival is held each year. This new depot opened in mid 2012 and is home to GWR's fleet of Class 165 and 166 Network Turbos.
|
|
Volumetric efficiency in an internal combustion engine design refers to the efficiency with which the engine can move the charge of fuel and air into and out of the cylinders. It also denotes the ratio of air volume drawn into the cylinder to the cylinder's swept volume.Internal Combustion Engines 3rd edition Ferguson , Kirkpatrick- Publisher John Wiley and Sons, 2016 More specifically, volumetric efficiency is a ratio (or percentage) of the mass of air and fuel that is trapped by the cylinder during induction divided by the mass that would occupy the displaced volume if the air density in the cylinder were equal to the ambient air density. The flow restrictions in the intake system create a pressure drop in the inlet flow which reduces the density (unless boosts like turbos or superchargers or cam tuning techniques are used).
|
|
For 1987 only, there were two other championships, contested by drivers and constructors of cars powered by naturally aspirated engines: the Jim Clark Trophy for drivers, and the Colin Chapman Trophy for constructors. These championships encouraged teams to switch to such engines, ahead of the ban on turbos from onwards. Tyrrell were the only team to run two "atmo" cars for the entire season and thus easily won the Colin Chapman Trophy, while their drivers Jonathan Palmer and Philippe Streiff came first and second respectively in the Jim Clark Trophy. With the return of the naturally aspirated engines, and the aforementioned turbo ban in mind, the FIA introduced new rules for 1987 in an effort to reduce costs and slow down the cars with a resultant increase in safety, as well as to increase competitiveness between the two engine types.
|
|
2014 Triumph Street Triple R Though it has its styling roots in the café racer culture of the 1950s and 1960s, the streetfighter is very much inspired by the new Japanese bikes of the late 1970s and early 1980s,Street Bikes by R Eagen 2007 possibly from young riders in the UK who couldn't afford to replace damaged fairings after repeated crashes. Later, more appropriate headlights were added, then high handlebars to aid in wheelies and other stunts. The first sighting of the streetfighter design template was seen in Bike magazine in 1983 when the editor commissioned Andy Sparrow to draw a comic strip to replace Ogri. It was titled Bloodrunners and featured dispatch riders, delivering blood and live human organs for transplant operations in which bikers rode enormous Japanese inline fours with turbos, with no extraneous parts.
|
|
Bonus studio track "Red, White, and Blue" was written in the sessions for the Twin Turbos album (which would become Turbo) and recorded at Compass Point Studios in Nassau in July 1985. The second bonus track, a live performance of "Grinder", was recorded on 5 May 1984, in Los Angeles during the Defenders of the Faith tour. In 2009, Judas Priest kicked off their 30th anniversary tour in the US by playing British Steel live in its entirety for the first time. The only other Judas Priest albums of which all the songs have been performed live are Defenders of the Faith and Rocka Rolla, but neither of them were played in the original LP running order or during the same tour (though the original US debut LP had a different running order than the UK version).
|
|
In the 1983 British Grand Prix, the first Cosworth- powered car was in 13th place on the grid, all the cars ahead of it were being powered by turbocharged engines. Fuel consumption of the turbos was heavy and refuelling mid-race had become de rigueur, the mechanics now playing as important part as the drivers. With the ever-increasing power, speeds were continually on the up and in practice René Arnoux became the first person to lap the circuit in under 1:10.000 with a time of 1:09.462 in his Ferrari 126C3, a lap at over 150 mph. In the race, the lap record was raised to over 140 mph by Frenchman Alain Prost who won the race in the Renault RE40 at an average speed of 139.218 mph, from Nelson Piquet in the Brabham-BMW BT52B and Patrick Tambay in a Ferrari.
|
|
During the second to the last year of production of the 993 (1997), Porsche offered the 993 Turbo S which was manufactured by Porsche Exclusiv department. The Turbo S is a high-specification Turbo including a power upgrade to 450 hp (DIN) (424 hp (SAE) for the American market) achieved by larger KKK K-24 turbochargers, an additional oil cooler and a modified Motronic engine management system. The inclusion of extras including carbon fibre decoration in the interior makes it different from the earlier lightweight, spartan 964 Turbo S. The 993 Turbo S is recognized by yellow brake calipers, a slightly larger rear wing, a quad-pipe exhaust system, a front spoiler with brake cooling ducts (on European market cars), carbon fibre door sills with 'Turbo S' badging and air scoops behind the doors. This was the last of the air-cooled 911 Turbos.
|
|
After losing the opening game, the team won the six following games, securing the first place in the round-robin, earning the direct bye to the finals against six time NRL champion Cambridge Turbos, who were also crowned NRL champion the previous three seasons. With a 6-5 defeat the Atlantic Attack won the silver medal and their first podium finish since the joined the National Ringette League in 2011. Goalie Karine Doiron and forward Martine Caissie were named first-team all-stars. On April 13th the Atlantic Attack win the silver medal at the 2019 Championship in Charlottetown, P.E.I.The 2017-18 season again saw most of the players returning from the very successful previous season and for the first time all four Snowdon sisters playing for Atlantic Attack (Jessica, Kelly, Jenny and Britney Snowdon). The regular season saw them in 3rd place in the Eastern Conference and 4th place overall.
|
|
Mansell's fear of the Williams's brakes came to fruition when he spun into the barriers on lap 65 simply through having no brakes left. He had been in fourth place at the time just in front of Patrese, but had not been able to truly challenge Piquet who was able to use Honda power on the 900-metre-long Brabham Straight to keep his former teammates at bay. Prost would go on to win in Adelaide, leading home Senna and outgoing champion Nelson Piquet giving Honda turbos a fitting 1–2–3 finish in the final race of the first turbo era in Formula One. Prost's win over Senna in Australia saw him score eleven more points in total than the Brazilian, but only the eleven highest scores counted, with Senna's eight wins and three seconds giving him a total of 90 points to Prost's 87.
|
|
Besides developing the 917/10 turbo for the Can Am series, the Zuffenhausen-based company focused on the development of the already aging Porsche 911, testing the 911 flat-6 with turbochargers. Yet a 3 year old Porsche 908LH Coupé was entered by Reinhold Joest in the 1972 24 Hours of Le Mans, finishing a strong 3rd. Customers continued to race several 908/3, fitted with extra weight as required by the rules. In 1975, some 908s were fitted with turbocharged engines, similar to those used in the Porsche 934 GT car. Even with 2.1-litre and a turbo factor of 1.4, the turbos by now outpowered normally aspirated 3-litre engines. Taking advantage of that, in 1976 the factory developed the Porsche 936 to compete in the new Group 6 Two-Seater Racing Car category that replaced the Group 5 Sports Car class.
|
|
Arnoux scored the team's only point during the season with a 6th place in Belgium. The race at Spa also saw the best finish for his teammate Piercarlo Ghinzani who finished 7th. was to prove the final year for turbos in Formula One and Ligier took the chance to race the new, 3.5-litre Judd V8 engine. The Ligier JS31 proved to be a disaster though with both Arnoux and new teammate Stefan Johansson struggling, often only just making it onto the grid or simply failing to qualify, with both drivers often complaining that even in dry conditions the lack of grip saw them forced to drive with a wet weather technique. Although he only failed to qualify twice during the season (San Marino and France – Johansson failed to make the grid 6 times), his best finish of the year was a disappointing 10th place in the Portuguese Grand Prix.
|
|
The handling was eventually sorted but the car was often not on the ultimate pace of the front runners. The cars were also unreliable due to a shortage of spare parts and the strain placed on the chassis by the enormous power of the BMW engine, and less competitive on slower circuits where the power did not count for as much and the turbo lag of the 4 cylinder engine made it slower on low down acceleration than the V6 turbos of Honda, TAG, Ferrari and Renault. The team was also initially disadvantaged by its partnership with the tyre supplier Pirelli, when most of the front running teams were running Goodyears, as neither it or fellow-Pirelli user Brabham had managed to complete many laps during pre-season testing; the Italian company mostly relying on data from the Ligier team. Benetton B186 of Berger in the BMW Museum.
|
|
Eves first played provincial rugby with his home province, North Harbour, during the 2008 Air New Zealand Cup. He made 2 appearances and scored 1 try but failed to build on his early breakthrough and soon found himself in the rugby wilderness without a contract with one of New Zealand's senior provinces. Next, his career took a rather untrodden path to where he would spend 2 seasons playing for Agronomia. He was on the verge of making Portugal's national squad, however, their failure to qualify for the 2011 Rugby World Cup made him rethink his options. He returned to New Zealand in 2012 and began playing for Wests Roosters in Wellington's local club rugby competition. Local province, the Lions offered him a contract ahead of the 2013 ITM Cup, however, with his chances of getting regular game time slim, he opted to head north to Palmerston North and join the Turbos on loan.
|
|
Many programmable ECU's/ECU software (eCtune for example) also offer an "anti- lag" feature designed for spooling turbos off the line or between shifts. The end result is similar but the method of action is a bit different to the versions described above (which are far more common in high-level professional motorsports such as rally) and is more commonly used for launching & drag racing. When a car, ready for launch is being held at its launch RPM limit some ECUs (whether by switch or additional throttle) can be programmed to retard the ignition by quite a few degrees and add a lot more fuel. This causes the combustion event to happen much later, as the engine is driving the air/fuel mixture out of the cylinder, closer to the turbine, causing it to spool up either at an earlier RPM than it would normally – assuming the engine unloaded waiting for launch or make more boost at the launch RPM than it would without engaging this feature.
|
|
Tyrrell's Michele Alboreto scored his second Grand Prix win and first points of the season, after inheriting the lead from Nelson Piquet with just nine laps to go when the Brabham driver stopped to replace a deflating rear tire. The tight downtown street course took away much of the advantage of the turbocharged cars, and Alboreto's win for Cosworth- Ford was the last of the season's three non-turbo victories. It was also the last for a normally aspirated engine until the turbos were outlawed after the 1988 season, and the last of a record 155 wins for the legendary Cosworth DFV and also the last victory for the Tyrrell team. The circuit had been slightly modified from its original configuration the year before, with the pit lane extended to place the entrance before the final chicane, and a short new section of track eliminating the extremely tight hairpin at Turn Five.
|
|
With turbocharged engines scheduled to be eliminated prior to 1989, and their effectiveness intended to be curtailed by two rule changes for 1988, few teams opted to develop totally new equipment that would only be used for one season. Only Honda, who defected to McLaren from defending Constructor's Champion Williams, and Ferrari developed new engines to meet the revised turbo rules– boost reduced from 4 bars to 2.5, and fuel capacity reduced from 195 liters to 150 (refueling was banned from 1984 through 1993), and only McLaren developed a completely new chassis. Though the new rules were intended to narrow or eliminate the performance gap between the turbos and the normally aspirated engines, Honda and Ferrari were able to display a advantage over the best 3.5-liter equipment of the opposition. With that kind of power differential, the only new chassis in the field, and Senna and Prost behind the wheel, McLaren quickly turned the season into a two-man show.
|
|
The car was designed by John Barnard, and it was the first Ferrari he was responsible for designing. It sported a sharp nose, with a narrow monocoque and bulging side-pods designed to house the radiators with maximum aerodynamic efficiency. It originally had two small air intakes either side of the driver, but from the fourth race of the season in Mexico a more conventional large air intake above and behind the driver was introduced, which Ferrari kept on the car for the remainder of the season. Barnard, who had joined Ferrari from McLaren at the end of the season, had begun designing the car in 1987 with the intent on it being used during the season. However, continual problems with the car's revolutionary electrohydraulic-actuated semi-automatic gearboxGearbox - Formula 1 Dictionary saw the team forced to use the turbocharged F1/87/88C in 1988, with the car's debut pushed back to 1989, the first year of FISA's 3.5 Litre atmospheric formula where turbos were banned.
|
|
For the first race of the season in Brazil, with Ferrari being the only completely stable option and having dominated the Rio tests the previous month, many agreed that both Berger and Alboreto (should he find the motivation) would be in serious contention, and this was supported in Berger's second place behind Alain Prost's McLaren as well as setting the fastest race lap for the Ferrari. Though in a post-race interview Berger warned that Ferrari had a lot of work to do to catch up with Honda as the Ferrari V6 seemed to lack power compared to its rivals. Remarkable also, was Nigel Mansell's recovery from his accident in Japan to score a front row position for his non-turbo Judd-powered Williams on his first race back. Making Mansell's lap even more remarkable was that his Judd engined Williams FW12 was only timed at only on the long back straight compared to over for the Honda turbos of McLaren and Lotus.
|
|
McLaren secured their 12th 1–2 qualifying for the season, with Senna setting his record 13th pole for the year, again doing his last minute act by literally beating Prost's time on the last lap of qualifying. In the last turbo Formula One race until the season, Bernd Schneider failed to qualify his Zakspeed, while Nicola Larini failed to pre-qualify the Osella. A relaxed Nigel Mansell, in his last race in his first spell for Williams, qualified 3rd, though he wasn't confident going into the race as both he and Riccardo Patrese had suffered brake trouble all through practice and qualifying and the Adelaide Street Circuit had been notoriously hard on brakes in its 3 race history. Before the race Gerhard Berger told both Prost and Senna that with it being the last race for the turbos he was going to "go for it" and run the race with full turbo boost.
|
|
Jones and teammate Patrick Tambay captured the Ford V6 turbo's first ever points when they finished 4th and 5th respectively in the Austrian Grand Prix, with Jones backing up in the next race in Italy with a 6th-placed finish, the final points the engine would gain in 1986. Producing approximately , the turbocharged V6 is the most powerful Formula One engine designed and built by Cosworth. With Haas Lola not competing in 1987, Benetton, having lost the use of the 4 cylinder BMW engines when the German giant pulled out of Formula One, signed with Ford to race their V6 for the season. While in 1986 turbo boost had been unrestricted by the rules, 1987 saw the FIA introduce the pop-off valve to the turbocharged engines in a two-year plan to outlaw the turbos and make all Formula One engines 3.5 litres and naturally aspirated by the start of the season.
|
|
The next best turbo behind the McLarens being the Ferrari of Gerhard Berger in 8th place, though the Austrian was only 1.399 slower than Senna with Nelson Piquet (Lotus-Honda) and Michele Alboreto qualifying in 10th and 11th places. For Arrows, the A10Bs with their 4 cyl Megatron turbo engines could not match McLaren, Ferrari or Lotus-Honda at Jerez with Derek Warwick qualifying 17th and Eddie Cheever just scrambling onto the back row of the grid in 25th. The A10Bs were in fact slower than Nicola Larini's Osella FA1L with its ancient Alfa Romeo V8 turbo which qualified 14th. Both Zakspeed turbos of Piercarlo Ghinzani and Bernd Schneider failed to qualify, as did Julian Bailey, while there was a general sigh of relief on this tight circuit that the EuroBrun ER188 of Oscar Larrauri who had proven to be something of a mobile chicane in his rookie year and had a reputation for ignoring blue flags and his mirrors, also failed to make the cut.
|
|
After qualifying second on the grid, Alain Prost won the race in his McLaren from the Ferrari of Michele Alboreto and the Brabham-BMW of defending World Champion Nelson Piquet, with both the Ferrari and Brabham running out of fuel as they crossed the finish line. When they got out of their cars which stopped at the pit exit, Alboreto and Piquet raised their arms to each other in a gesture of frustration at FISA's 220 litre fuel limit for turbos which had reduced races to economy runs. Niki Lauda, who had almost lost his life in a fiery crash during the 1976 German GP, started 15th and finished 4th in his McLaren. In stark contrast to the lack of safety of the Nordschleife, Lauda gave the new GP-Strecke the thumbs up as a very safe Grand Prix circuit, saying that it was "the perfect place to hold a Grand Prix".
|
|
A Ford Sierra RS500 Cosworth that was campaigned by DJR throughout 1990, 1991 and 1992, pictured in 2015. In 1987 the team switched to the Ford Sierra RS Cosworth and began a 17-year run of naming rights sponsorship with petrochemical company Shell. It expanded to a two-car effort for the first time with Gregg Hansford becoming Johnson's first full-time teammate. The new , turbocharged Sierra's were plagued with reliability problems, usually blown turbos (according to Johnson in a 2015 interview with Australian Muscle Car magazine, DJR went through some 37 turbochargers in testing and race meetings in 1987), and this let the team down considerably, with only one win recorded in the 1987 Australian Touring Car Championship at the Adelaide International Raceway (Dick's first ATCC win since 1984), though significantly this was the first Group A win anywhere in the world for the RS Cosworth. Following the ATCC, the Ford Sierra RS500 was homologated which addressed most of the car's shortcomings.
|
|
A pair of Chiltern Railways Class 172/1 No. 172104 and No. 172102 at London Marylebone The interior of a Chiltern Railways Class 172/1 Chiltern Railways has obtained four two-car trains in the same order as that of London Overground to supplement the current Class 165 Networker Turbos on its routes from London Marylebone, originally due to be delivered from late 2010. They do not have the tripcock safety system installed—unlike the rest of the Chiltern Railways fleet—as the design of the bogie being used (based on the B5005 found on Class 220 Voyager and Class 222 Meridian trains) means there is no place for the brackets to be mounted. Thus, they are not able to operate on the Aylesbury via Amersham line whilst the current signalling system is in place unless running in multiple with other units on both the front and rear ends, which are fitted with a tripcock.
|
|
BRMC: Barry Sheene - Group A Touring Car Driver Later the Toyota Team GB Supra was shipped to a privateer in Australia where it won the first GroupA race on the continent. When the Mk II was replaced by the Mk III Supra, like the Mk II, it had varying degrees of success but both TOM'S and SARD, who competed only in 1988, fared better in Japan with the TOM'S team winning on its debut at the Sugo Track in on Sep 9 ,1987. In all, eleven MA70 Group-A turbos were built by TRD Japan for racing.. In 1987 the Turbo MK III was fairly competitive in Japan - not only that it won its debut race, but also for the remainder of the race season the Supras outqualified all Nissan Skyline (DR30) in the Division 3 of the JTCC. After the FIA increased the weight multiplication factor from 1.4 to 1.7, the MK III lost competitiveness as the rest of the Division 3 cars were mostly running 2.0 or 2.5 engines, increasing weight differences.
|
|
The engine was later revised into the DX block and most of the issues were fixed, a V6 version displacing 4.3 litres and a smaller 4.3 V8 were also offered around this time, mainly for the downsized front-wheel drive models of the mid-1980s and although they were much better in the reliability department, the damage had already been done and the North American diesel car market was severely crippled as a result, despite the best efforts by Mercedes-Benz, Audi, BMW, Peugeot, VW and others in offering their more refined and powerful diesel engines. All of these olds designed units were non-turbocharged (or natural-aspirated) diesels. This undoubtedly hampered them in the performance and efficiency departments, although there have been retrofits of turbochargers to Olds diesel blocks which are carried out by enthusiasts and collectors of these cars. It isn't well proven if turbos are reliable long-term with these engines, but so far they seem to be suitable, however, what performance benefit they bring could be considered as dubious given how low their power output was to begin with.
|
|
The engine of the FA1L was the old Alfa Romeo 890T turbo engine that had been introduced to Formula One in . Osella had been using Alfa turbo power since , but had scored only two points with the engine over five seasons when Piercarlo Ghinzani had finished fifth in the 1984 Dallas Grand Prix. The team's cars and the engine had both proved unreliable and as a result Fiat, the parent company of Alfa Romeo, withdrew its support for the engine, though they allowed Osella to keep using it in 1988 so long as the Alfa name was not used. This resulted in the engine being renamed the Osella 890T (or Osella V8) for the season. Despite the 890T being reportedly the most powerful engine in F1 in 1988 with around Osella V8 - Stats F1 (some 50 bhp more than the Honda and Ferrari V6 turbos), 1988 can be seen as a dismal failure for the small Italian team owned by Enzo Osella, though Larini reported that early season testing at Monza had produced good straight-line speed and encouraging lap times.
|
|
In 1986, Moffat joined long-time rival Peter Brock's Holden Dealer Team to race a Holden VK Commodore SS Group A in the European Touring Car Championship and the late season Australian Endurance Championship races which included Sandown and Bathurst. Following an off-season split between Brock and Holden in February 1987, Moffat left the team and hurriedly reassembled Allan Moffat Racing for the inaugural World Touring Car Championship with a Holden VL Commodore SS Group A purchased covertly from Brock. Complete with sponsorship from Rothmans, the team competed in the opening three rounds with Moffat and John Harvey winning the opening Monza 500 race, after the leading six factory BMW M3s were disqualified, before returning for round 5 to finish fourth outright and first in class at the Spa 24 Hour. Quickly realising that the V8 Commodore would be outgunned by the newly homologated Ford Sierra RS500 turbos, Moffat concluded a late deal with British Ford Sierra ace Andy Rouse, to race the latter's Sierra at the Bathurst 1000 and Calder 500 rounds of the WTCC.
|
|
The Italian Grand Prix at the very fast Monza Autodrome near Milan was next, and the Milan Auto Club's response to driver's concerns about the safety and almost total lack of run off at the Monza Park circuit had been responded to, with huge improvements in safety added to the circuit, including new and expansive run off areas at the Lesmos and the Curva Grande, and a new track surface. The field was slightly larger than normal at Monza with the return to the World Championship of Alfa Romeo which fielded a new 179 chassis for Bruno Giacomelli and the old 177 for Vittorio Brambilla, back in action for the first time since the crash at Monza the previous season. Ensign decided to give Formula 2 star Marc Surer a run in its car in place of Patrick Gaillard, while Hector Rebaque had his HR100 chassis ready for the first time. In qualifying it was no surprise to see the powerful Renault turbos first and second with Jean-Pierre Jabouille ahead of Rene Arnoux.
|
|
Several changes came for 1993, when Scoupes got a facelift, including the current Hyundai "H" logo, new flush headlamps plus body-colored side moldings and redesigned front sheetmetal, taillights, and rear bumper. The Base and LS models came with a new and improved, In-house manufactured, 1.5L 12-valve, direct-port fuel- injected engine, called "Alpha". The 1,495 cc Alpha, with a bore and an stroke, produced at 5,500 rpm and of torque at 4,000 rpm in naturally aspirated form, with a 10:1 compression ratio, and at 5,500 rpm and of torque at 4,500 rpm when turbocharged, with a 7.5:1 compression ratio. Turbos came only with 5-speed manual shift, while Base and LS models could have an optional 4-speed automatic. The Australian spec S-Coupe GT Turbo has been road tested by several Australian magazines, returning times of 9.2-9.3 secs for 0–100 km/h and 16.8 secs for the 0–400 m dash. Facelifted rear of Hyundai Scoupe Hyundai says the Scoupe was the first production application for Garrett Automotive Products' T15 turbocharger, which was new for the early 1990s. The turbo unit includes water-cooled bearings and housings and an integral wastegate.
|
|
The team reverted to the cars having the turbo snorkels for the rest of the weekend which restored some of the cars' balance, but the time lost and the Ferraris with their better top end power put pole out of reach of even Senna. Further testing at Silverstone before the next race in Germany revealed other factors and not the missing snorkels were the cause of the cars' imbalance and the McLarens did not appear with the turbo snorkels for the rest of the season. The naturally aspirated March-Judds impressed with Maurício Gugelmin qualifying 5th and Ivan Capelli 6th, ahead of the turbos of Lotus and Arrows, while Mansell and Patrese qualified in 11th and 15th respectively with Patrese almost 18 seconds quicker in Saturday qualifying than he was on Friday. Despite Patrick Head describing the converted suspension as a bodge, both Williams drivers expressed their delight at their cars' new 'conventional' suspension, saying it was amazing how much more confidence they had in their cars knowing that they would now behave the same way lap after lap and not different from lap to lap and sometimes corner to corner as it was with the reactive cars.
|
|
To begin with the car was chronically unreliable and earned the nickname 'the yellow teapot' from rival teams (it tended to blow up fairly regularly, usually in a cloud of white smoke), but Jabouille and the team pressed on throughout the rest of 1977 and 1978 until they brought the car home to its first points, a fourth place at the 1978 United States Grand Prix at Watkins Glen. The car had been developed so much it barely resembled the chunky machine that it had been when it first appeared, and the team's performance had picked up throughout the season. Reliability had started to be found, and the yawning turbo lag had been overcome by using twin turbochargers. The RS01 started the season for the team and Jabouille used the car to score the first pole position for a turbo car at the South African Grand Prix at Kyalami, a circuit located at high altitude where the thinner air saw the turbos operating at their maximum while the naturally aspirated cars such as the flat 12 Ferrari and Alfa Romeos, and the V8 Cosworth DFV, actually lost approximately 20% of their power compared to at sea level.
|
|
The Ventus-2a and 2b are 15 metre sailplanes. The 'a' version has a narrow fuselage and the wider fuselage version is called the 2b. Winglets are used with these models. The 18 metre span Ventus-2c was introduced in 1995 and was almost an entirely different aircraft with a different fuselage and wings, but it has the option of shorter tips with winglets to fly as a 15-metre sailplane. From 2003 the Schempp-Hirth Discus-2 fuselage was used for all versions, which now have the designations 2ax, 2bx and 2cx. Flight tests in 1996 showed that the 15 metre version had a glide angle of 46:1 but only after considerable work on sealing gaps and by using turbulators. The narrow fuselage Ventus-2a has been highly successful in competitions with consecutive World Championship wins from 1995 to 2003. A narrow fuselage version with an 18-metre span, the Ventus 2cxa has also been built. Some Ventus-2c and 2cx are fitted with small Solo 2350 sustaining engines (turbos) and are designated with a T suffix, while some are self- launching with a more powerful Solo 2625 and have the suffix 'M'. The 2cT climbs at up to 0.9 m/s (177 ft/min) and the 2cM at over 3 m/s (590 ft/min).
|
|
In 1971 911 2.4-litre, 260 hp and 2.6-litre, 284 hp for Gérard Larrousse and Jürgen Barth, 9 victories (Autodrome de Linas-Montlhéry, Rouen-Les-Essarts, Magny Cours and others). In 1972 911 2.4-litres for Jürgen Barth, Sylvain Garant and Mike Kyser at the 24 Hours of Le Mans. They achieved 13th scratch ranking, 1st in category, with only one 911 finishing, In 1973 a 911 RSR 3-litre with 310 hp (950 kg) for Guy Frequelin (Tour de France and several hill climbs). In 1974 911 Carrera RSR 3-litres, at 330 hp for Hubert Striebig and Hughes Kirschhoffer (24 Hours of Le Mans)(French) Thierry Chargé : "Les 24 heures du Mans 1974 de la Porsche Carrera RSR d'Hubert Striebig préparée par Louis Meznarie", 2013. and a 911 RS 3-litre for Thierry Sabine (French Championship, 1st in category 3). In 1975 and 1976 911 Carrera RSR 3-litres. In 1976 he prepared 934 turbos at 500 hp for Hubert Striebig and Charlotte Vernet (Albi, Silverstone and 24 Hours of Le Mans). In 1977 935 turbo for Thierry Sabine. From 1979 to 1982 911 SC 3-litre (315 to 330 hp) for Bernard Béguin, French Rally Championship 1st in 1979, European Rally Championship 2nd in 1980, scoring two victories in European Rally Championship and one in Belgium Ypres Westhoek Rally in 1981, French Rally Championship 2nd in 1982.
|
|