Timothy David Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius (Harvard University Press, 1981)p55. The Council, however, held that Mensurius was traditor and that sacraments administered by Caecilianus were thus invalid.Munier, "Cirta" in The Encyclopedia of the Early Church (New York City: Oxford University Press, 1992). The situation was further complicated by the fact tha Caecilianus was consecrated by Felix of Aptunga, another traditor.
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The Bishop of Carthage, Mensurius, died in 311. Caecilian, a deacon under Mensurius and a traditor, was appointed as his successor and consecrated by Felix of Aptungi. Secundus was opposed to the election of a traditor as Bishop, and presided over the rival Council of 70 that elected Majorinus instead.Munier, “Cirta” in The Encyclopedia of the Early Church (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992).
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The Donatist faction latter bought charges of Traditor against Felix and the Roman Emperor ordered Aelianus, the proconsul of Africa, to investigate.Episcopi Aptungitani, of Aptunga. A hearing took place on Feb. 15, 314 Augustine. Post. Coll.
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The word traditor comes from the Latin transditio from trans (across) + dare (to hand, to give), and it is the source of the modern words traitor and treason. The same derivation, with a different context of what is handed to whom, gives the word tradition as well.
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Apostolic Succession - Titular Sonship . In antiquity, two bishops from Henchir-Boucha are known. Felix of Tubyza, was beheaded in Rome under Diocletian (15 January 304) for not handing over scriptures (traditor),Tracts for the Times, Volumes 1-2 (1840) p81.John Richardson, The Canon of the New Testament Vindicated (1700) p38.
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In 311 Caecilian (a new bishop of Carthage) was consecrated by Felix of Aptungi, an alleged traditor. His opponents consecrated Majorinus, a short- lived rival who was succeeded by Donatus. Two years later, a commission appointed by Pope Miltiades condemned the Donatists. They persisted, seeing themselves as the true Church with valid sacraments.
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851; W. Karasiewicz: Działalność polityczna Andrzeja Zaremby w okresie jednoczenia państwa polskiego na przełomie XIII/XIV wieku, Poznań 1961. The cooperation between the new Bishop and Przemysł II was good, although some historians wonder why Bishop Gerbicz later was surnamed "traditor" (traitor).A. Swieżawski, Przemysł. Król Polski, Warszawa 2006, p. 121-122.
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Donatist thinking was relatively consistent with that of Saint Cyprian, who died a martyr during an earlier wave of persecutions, over half a century earlier. Effectively, the Roman Church believed that lapsed clergy could perform rituals such as baptism as long as they followed church ritual. During his tenure of some 40 years Donatus oversaw the expansion of the Donatist Christian sect but struggled unsuccessfully against the Roman Christian wing to obtain Church recognition as the legitimate Primate of North Africa. This effort failed because the Donatists were unable to prove to a series of the councils that considered the case that Caecilian had been a traditor or that his consecration was invalid because he was consecrated as bishop by a traditor, Bishop Felix of Aptunga.
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Mensurius was a bishop of Carthage in the early 4th century during the early Christian Church.Catholic Encyclopedia - Donatists During the Christian persecution of Diocletian he evaded turning over sacred scriptures to the Roman authorities, but was nevertheless considered a traditor by Donatists. He was accused of "countenancing" the Traditors.Milman, H.H.: "The History of Christianity", page 367.
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Whether this was in the presence of any Numidian bishops or not seems uncertain. Secundus, Primate of Numidia and Bishop of Tigisis, was presently invited to Carthage by the rigorist party. He came, attended by 70 bishops, and cited Caecilianus before them. Felix of Aptunga was denounced as a traditor and consequently it was claimed that any ordination performed by him was invalid.
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The cathedral and some documents were destroyed in his absence. Felix was nonetheless accused and tried of being a traditor in 314.Saint Optatus (Bishop of Mileve), Mark J. Edwards, OPTATUS (Liverpool University Press, 1997) pxx. The proto-Donatist in a Council at Cirta calling this consecration invalid,Serge Lancel, Saint Augustine (Hymns Ancient and Modern Ltd, 2002)[v p166].
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Little is known about Secundus' personal life. He lived in Numidia during the Diocletianic Persecution and was Bishop of Tigisis. Later in life, Secundus was convicted by a Roman court of being a traditor and a thief, but it is possible that this verdict was motivated by Secundus' support of the Donatist Schism.A Dictionary of Christian Biography, Literature, Sects and Doctrines.
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Whether the sacrament of Penance could reconcile a traditor to full communion was questioned, and the church's position was that the sacrament could. The church still imposed years- (sometimes decades-) long public penance for serious sins. A penitent would first beg for the prayers of those entering a church from outside its doors. They would next be permitted to kneel inside the church during the Liturgy.
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See also: MacMullen, vii, and passim. Because of the persecution, however, a number of Christian communities were riven between those who had complied with imperial authorities (traditores) and those who had refused. In Africa, the Donatists, who protested the election of the alleged traditor Caecilian to the bishopric of Carthage, continued to resist the authority of the central Church until after 411.Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 56; Tilley, Martyr Stories, xi.
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Va, dal furor portata, Palesa il tradimento; Ma ti sovvenga ingrata, Il traditor qual'è. Scopri la frode ordita, Ma pensa in quel momento, Ch'io ti donai la vita, Che tu la togli a me. Go, transported by fury, reveal the treachery; but remember, ingrate, who is the traitor. Disclose the deception that was planned; but at the moment consider that I gave you life and you take it from me.
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Maximian probably seized the Christian property in Rome quite easily--Roman cemeteries were noticeable, and Christian meeting places could have been easily found out. Senior churchmen would have been similarly prominent. The bishop of the city, Marcellinus, seems not to have ever been imprisoned, however, a fact which has led some to believe Maximian did not enforce the order to arrest clergy in the city. Others assert that Marcellinus was a traditor.
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Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 38; Curran, 49. Marcellinus appears in the 4th-century Church's depositio episcoporum but not its feriale, or calendar of feasts, where all Marcellinus's predecessors from Fabian had been listed--a "glaring" absence, in the opinion of historian John Curran. Within forty years, Donatists began spreading rumors that Marcellinus had been a traditor, and that he had even sacrificed to the pagan gods.Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 38, 303 n.
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Felix, Bishop of Aptunga, in proconsular Africa was a 4th-century churchman, at the center of the Donatist controversy. Felix was one of those who laid hands on Caecilian as Bishop of Carthage in 311AD.Augustine. Brevie. Coll. iii. 14, 26; 16, 29. However, Felix was considered to have been a Traditor during the Diocletian Persecution and as such his enactment of this consecration was not supported by the majority of the Church.
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Shand Mark, Augustine, the Donatists and the Catholic Church This appointment was intended to depose the existing recently appointed bishop Caecilianus. Caecilianus had been the understudy of the recently deceased bishop Mensurius considered by many to be a traditor during the Diocletianic Persecution, though Mensurius denied the charges.Emilien Lamirande, La correspondence entre Secundus et Mensurius, in: Œuvres de Saint Augustin 32 (Bibliothèque Augustinienne) 1965, p728. Saying instead that he had hidden Christians and church property.
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J. Stevenson, W. H. C. Frend, A New Eusebius: Documents Illustrating the History of the Church to AD 337 (Baker Books, 1 Jul. 2013) All this, however, was not enough to exclude him from the meeting though, as Tilley puts it > ...since Purpurius had not been a traditor... he was still a member – albeit > a sinful member – of the true church. His private affairs, even murder, were > no bar to his participation in the ritual of consecration.Maureen A. Tilley, > The Bible in Christian North Africa: The Donatist World (Fortress Press, > 1997)p102.
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During the War of the League of Cognac, Malatesta left Perugia to Philibert of Orange, chief of the Imperial army in Italy, to assume the defence of the Republic of Florence. A secret agreement with Pope Clement VII and the Imperials stated that he would receive the city back after his condotta for Florence ended. His treason was revealed on 3 August 1530, at the Battle of Gavinana, in which the Florentine force under Francesco Ferrucci was destroyed by the Imperial army. Ferrucci's exclamation: "Ahi traditor Malatesta!" has remained famous.
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Constantine I in York, England. Traditor, plural: traditores (Latin), is a term meaning "the one(s) who had handed over" and defined by Merriam-Webster as "one of the Christians giving up to the officers of the law the Scriptures, the sacred vessels, or the names of their brethren during the Roman persecutions".. It refers to bishops and other Christians who turned over sacred scriptures or betrayed their fellow Christians to the Roman authorities under threat of persecution. During the Diocletianic Persecution between AD 303 and 305, many church leaders had gone as far as turning in Christians to the authorities and "handed over". sacred religious texts to authorities to be burned.
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Charles Joseph Hefele, A History of the Councils of the Church: from the Original Documents,(Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2007) p128. The Council is known to history for the participation of several "traditores", bishops who had handed over scripture to the Roman authorities during the Diocletian Persecution, and the absolution that Secundus gave them.James Strong and John McClintock, Councils of Cirta, McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia. (Haper and Brothers; NY; 1880.) The Council was also significant as Silvanus, a subdeacon, who had also been a traditor, was elected to the bishopric, amid much controversy; J. Stevenson, W. H. C. Frend, A New Eusebius: Documents Illustrating the History of the Church to AD 337 (Baker Books, 2013) .
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Constantine met their wish. Jurists went to Carthage, collected documents, tabulated the statements of witnesses, and laid their report before the bishops assembled at the Council of Arles in 314 A.D. This council, presided over by Marinus, bishop of Arles, and composed of about 200 persons, was the most important ecclesiastical assembly the Christian world had yet seen; and its decisions were of permanent significance to the church. As regarded Caecilianus personally, the validity of his ordination was confirmed, the charge raised against his consecrator, Felix, was proved baseless; and in regard to this wider issues were debated such as the status and meaning of traditor, proof or disproof of and ordination by traditors, when valid or not. Canons on baptism and re-baptism of great importance were passed.
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By 1686, he had definitely established the "Italian overture" form (second edition of Dal male il bene), and had abandoned the ground bass and the binary form air in two stanzas in favour of the ternary form or da capo type of air. His best operas of this period are La Rosaura (1690, printed by the Gesellschaft für Musikforschung), and Pirro e Demetrio (1694), in which occur the arias "Le Violette", and "Ben ti sta, traditor". From about 1697 onwards (La caduta del Decemviri), influenced partly perhaps by the style of Giovanni Bononcini and probably more by the taste of the viceregal court, his opera arias become more conventional and commonplace in rhythm, while his scoring is hasty and crude, yet not without brilliance (L'Eraclea, 1700), the oboes and trumpets being frequently used, and the violins often playing in unison. The operas composed for Ferdinando de' Medici are lost; they might have given a more favourable idea of his style as his correspondence with the prince shows that they were composed with a very sincere sense of inspiration.
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