Not much can be done to prevent ovarian torsion, either.
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In that sense, it can also protect against cyst-related torsion episodes.
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To do so, he used a piece of apparatus called a torsion balance.
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His wife Rachel had ovarian torsion, which is a serious medical emergency requiring surgery.
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In fact, ovarian torsion tends to be pretty rare, affecting about one in 1.5 million women.
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Since 2001, the team has published results from four torsion balances, each more sensitive than the last.
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For instance, its coil-sprung suspensions did away with the clunky torsion bars of the previous generation.
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The official diagnosis, Philipps wrote, was that she'd suffered an ovarian torsion, also known as a twisted ovary.
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Occasionally, though, ovarian torsion can occur in women who have none of these risk factors, says Dr. Schwartz.
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The good news is that ovarian torsion is relatively uncommon, accounting for less than 3% of gynecological complaints.
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By wearing Neofect's rather crazy looking glove, multiple axes of flexion and torsion can be detected with great precision.
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I had a fallopian torsion — meaning my tube had twisted and become gangrenous — when I was 9 years old.
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A large cyst ups your risk of ovarian torsion, in which the ovary twists, cutting off its own blood flow.
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The sale includes apparel, outerwear, and popular sneakers like the ZX Torsion, select Ultraboosts, NMDs, Nite Joggers, Stan Smiths, and more.
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Dr. Schwartz has not treated Philipps, but she has diagnosed ovarian torsion in other patients and recently published research on the condition.
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The theoretic risk of torsion was present in my case because the cyst was lopsided and more than seven centimeters in diameter.
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An old-fashioned passive equivalent, such as the torsion bars that must be set permanently, can't be adjusted based on driving conditions.
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This is one tactic, to be sure, but it seems like a fairly brittle one when put to any torsion in the courts.
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"Every woman is, in theory, at risk [for ovarian torsion], but the typical story is that doesn't happen out of the blue," he said.
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The sneakers' full-length Boost midsole is fitted with redesigned Adidas Torsion technology, which provides balance and support at the bottom of the foot.
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It turned out I was experiencing an ovarian torsion — my left ovary, enlarged and inflamed, had started twisting on itself, and needed to be removed.
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Like Simpson, I was also misdiagnosed and by the time the torsion was detected, the tube was so damaged that it had to be removed.
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Certain types of high-impact exercise can increase the chances of ovarian torsion even more, such as running, jumping, or intense yoga positions, Dr. Klein said.
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Enlarged ovaries are at a greater risk of a gynecological emergency called "ovarian torsion," in which the ovary twists around its "stalk" and cuts off blood flow.
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Because the mini is not heavy, it exercises little of the constant torsion and strain on your wrist that a larger iPad does, making it one-handed.
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Li's team was studying how they could use the particles levitated by light in a vacuum as a torsion balance, a tool that can detect very slight forces.
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Treem writes in Variety that she discovered she was pregnant when she woke up in agony due to an "ovarian torsion" that was the result of the pregnancy.
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When exposed to pressure, they collapse in on themselves, as PhysOrg explains:The LnN6 units acting like torsion springs are synchronised by rigid Fe(CN)6 units acting like gears.
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Usually, says Dr. Schwartz, the only way to know if you have an ovarian torsion is through minimally invasive laparoscopic surgery—the same surgery that's used to untwist the organ.
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They created and levitated nanoscale silica dumbbells around a hundred nanometers in diameter (the size of a virus) and created their torsion balance analogue—an interesting result on its own.
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Compared to the Eöt-Wash team, which uses torsion balances that are a few centimeters wide, both experiments trade away the larger gravitational signals for more precision at close range.
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Richard James, a naval engineer during World War II, was working with torsion springs when one fell out of a box; he watched in awe as it "walked" across a table.
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At times, they even have a coach take care of lacing for them, because it's impossible to get enough torsion on their own to achieve full lockdown in their game shoes.
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But later, the night took a turn when Philipps landed in the hospital with terrible pains in her left side, which she said was determined to be caused by ovarian torsion.
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In the 20143s, Adelberger and the so-called Eöt-Wash group at the University of Washington had built a device called a "torsion balance" that would twist in response to small forces.
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Packard, for example, offered Torsion-Level Ride in 1955 and 1956, and Citroën famously used a four-wheel hydropneumatic suspension and automatic leveling on its innovative DS 19, also introduced in 1955.
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The lock tilt mechanism allows users to lock the chair in the upright position or free float, and a torsion control knob adjusts the tilt tension to ideally suit your body weight.
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Justin "WebMD'd himself" into a tizzy and believed he had testicular torsion, a serious condition caused when a spermatic cord becomes twisted cutting off the flow of blood to the attached testicle.
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A lightweight and breathable Primeknit upper, a full-length Boost midsole, plenty of support and rigidity from the Torsion plate and rear heel cups, and an overall look that's both sporty and casual.
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But Bartley says her weight-gain accelerated after ovarian torsion caused her to lose an ovary at the age of 12 and have surgery to untwist her remaining ovary at the age of 14.
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A veterinarian determined that he had died of gastric torsion, which caused his stomach to flip over, cutting off its blood supply — a condition that is thought to be caused by several factors, including stress.
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There's groin pain in a boy that can mean a pulled muscle or a too-small athletic cup, and there's groin pain in a boy that can be a sign of testicular torsion, a medical emergency.
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And here is the torsion that the whole show hinges upon: between the deep and abiding logocentrism that Simpson has incisively exploited for most of her artistic career, and the elsewhere that these paintings take her to.
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Although she was lucky, she pointed out that the condition—also called andexal torsion—can sometimes require surgery or result in the loss of an ovary, "which actually happened to a really good friend of mine," she wrote.
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"I had a crazy excruciating pain in my lower right side and after a long time at Mass Gen, it was determined my ovary had flipped over — it's called torsion," Busy wrote on Instagram, wearing a "Hysterical Female" sweatshirt.
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To get our best wellness tips delivered to you inbox, sign up for the Healthy Living newsletter Even though most women won't experience ovarian torsion in their life, Dr. Schwartz thinks everyone should be aware of the potentially dangerous complications.
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Where FutureCraft moves the concept forward is in using a single material to create the entire shoe: The upper, midsole, laces, and even the rigid torsion bar on the bottom are all variations of the same basic material, thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU).
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"We've explored many technologies and opted for the combination of a hands-on-wheel torsion sensor with visual and audio alerts, and we will of course continue to evaluate new technologies as we evolve the Tesla fleet over time," Tesla said.
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Compared to the original design, which features 220 pieces, the new Ultra Boost 19 is made up of four key pieces — a one-piece Primeknit 360 upper, a Torsion spring plate, a 3D-printed heel frame for stability, and a midsole with 20% more Boost.
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The mechanical design also includes torsion springs which drive more power to a leg if it meets resistance, and moves the opposing leg accordingly, making the robot dynamically stable, without a power-hungry CPU in the loop crunching numbers and making decisions based on sensor data.
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Similarly, Eric Adelberger of the University of Washington, in Seattle, is employing a torsion balance, a piece of kit invented over 200 years ago for the purpose of measuring weak forces (Henry Cavendish, a British natural philosopher of the 18th century, used one, illustrated below, to work out the density, and therefore the mass, of Earth).
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On top of that, the hormone shots needed prior to the procedure carry a risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, an extremely taxing condition in which ovarian blood vessels leak fluid and cause abdominal pain, blood clots, ovarian torsion, and alarming weight gain — in severe cases, up to 213 pounds in a matter of a couple weeks.
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Read more: The new Adidas Ultra Boost 19 originally sold out in 10 minutes, but they're back in these colorsCompared to the original Ultra Boost, which consists of 17 individual pieces, the newly designed Ultra Boost 19 features four key performance pieces — a one-piece Primeknit 360 upper, an updated torsion spring, a 3D-printed heel frame, and last but not least, a Boost midsole with 20% more Boost.
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The raw components of the sneakers being produced inside the Speedfactory were minimal: rolls of engineered knit fabric; finger-wide strips of semi-rigid thermoplastic polyurethane, which fuse to the exterior of a shoe to give it structure; white granules of thermoplastic polyurethane for Adidas' signature Boost soles; an orange neon liner imported from Italy; and a "floating torsion bar," purportedly for increased support, that looked like a double-headed intrauterine device.
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Gonadal torsion refers to torsion of the gonads. It may refer to testicular torsion or ovarian torsion.
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Torsion bars and torsion fibers do work by torsion. However, the terminology can be confusing because in helical torsion spring (including clock spring), the forces acting on the wire are actually bending stresses, not torsional (shear) stresses. A helical torsion spring actually works by torsion when it is bent (not twisted). We will use the word "torsion" in the following for a torsion spring according to the definition given above, whether the material it is made of actually works by torsion or by bending.
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In mathematics, Reidemeister torsion (or R-torsion, or Reidemeister–Franz torsion) is a topological invariant of manifolds introduced by Kurt Reidemeister for 3-manifolds and generalized to higher dimensions by and . Analytic torsion (or Ray–Singer torsion) is an invariant of Riemannian manifolds defined by as an analytic analogue of Reidemeister torsion. and proved Ray and Singer's conjecture that Reidemeister torsion and analytic torsion are the same for compact Riemannian manifolds. Reidemeister torsion was the first invariant in algebraic topology that could distinguish between closed manifolds which are homotopy equivalent but not homeomorphic, and can thus be seen as the birth of geometric topology as a distinct field.
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Rear torsion adjuster may be installed, and any torsion bar may be used.
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Over an integral domain, every module M has a torsion-free cover from a torsion-free module F onto M, with the properties that any other torsion-free module mapping onto M factors through F, and any endomorphism of F over M is an automorphism of F. Such a torsion-free cover of M is unique up to isomorphism. Torsion-free covers are closely related to flat covers.
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A group is called a torsion (or periodic) group if all its elements are torsion elements, and a ' if the only torsion element is the identity element. Any abelian group may be viewed as a module over the ring Z' of integers, and in this case the two notions of torsion coincide.
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The Torsion Lever: On the measuring board there is an adjustable lever which the patient subjectively aligns to measure torsion.
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It can be used to classify lens spaces. Reidemeister torsion is closely related to Whitehead torsion; see . It has also given some important motivation to arithmetic topology; see . For more recent work on torsion see the books and .
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In abstract algebra, a torsion abelian group is an abelian group in which every element has finite order.Dummit, David; Foote, Richard. Abstract Algebra, , pp. 369 For example, the torsion subgroup of an abelian group is a torsion abelian group.
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In the theory of abelian groups, the torsion subgroup AT of an abelian group A is the subgroup of A consisting of all elements that have finite order (the torsion elements of A). An abelian group A is called a torsion (or periodic) group if every element of A has finite order and is called torsion-free if every element of A except the identity is of infinite order. The proof that AT is closed under the group operation relies on the commutativity of the operation (see examples section). If A is abelian, then the torsion subgroup T is a fully characteristic subgroup of A and the factor group A/T is torsion- free. There is a covariant functor from the category of abelian groups to the category of torsion groups that sends every group to its torsion subgroup and every homomorphism to its restriction to the torsion subgroup.
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The presence of torsion is determined subjectively; the patient is instructed to take hold of the torsion lever and make it straight.
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The 4-torsion subgroup of an elliptic curve over the complex numbers. The torsion elements of an abelian variety are torsion points or, in an older terminology, division points. On elliptic curves they may be computed in terms of division polynomials.
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According to conventional wisdom in physics, torsion is nonpropagating, which means that torsion will appear within a massive body and nowhere else. According to Fredkin, torsion could appear outside and around massive bodies, because alternate universes have anomalous inertial effects.
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Coulomb first developed the theory of torsion fibers and the torsion balance in his 1785 memoir, Recherches theoriques et experimentales sur la force de torsion et sur l'elasticite des fils de metal &c.; This led to its use in other scientific instruments, such as galvanometers, and the Nichols radiometer which measured the radiation pressure of light. In the early 1900s gravitational torsion balances were used in petroleum prospecting. Today torsion balances are still used in physics experiments.
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Torsion bar suspension of a Citroen Traction Avant, with the torsion bar attached to the lower control arm A control arm may be used to carry the suspension load and transmit them to the spring or shock absorber. Torsion bar suspension commonly does this, with the outboard end of the torsion bar attached to the inboard bearing of the control arm.
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A torsion bar with no load appliedA torsion bar with a load applied A front VW Beetle suspension cross-section A torsion bar suspension, also known as a torsion spring suspension, is any vehicle suspension that uses a torsion bar as its main weight-bearing spring. One end of a long metal bar is attached firmly to the vehicle chassis; the opposite end terminates in a lever, the torsion key, mounted perpendicular to the bar, that is attached to a suspension arm, a spindle, or the axle. Vertical motion of the wheel causes the bar to twist around its axis and is resisted by the bar's torsion resistance. The effective spring rate of the bar is determined by its length, cross section, shape, material, and manufacturing process.
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An element m of a module M over a ring R is called a torsion element of the module if there exists a regular element r of the ring (an element that is neither a left nor a right zero divisor) that annihilates m, i.e., In an integral domain (a commutative ring without zero divisors), every non-zero element is regular, so a torsion element of a module over an integral domain is one annihilated by a non-zero element of the integral domain. Some authors use this as the definition of a torsion element, but this definition does not work well over more general rings. A module M over a ring R is called a torsion module if all its elements are torsion elements, and torsion-free if zero is the only torsion element.
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There is another covariant functor from the category of abelian groups to the category of torsion-free groups that sends every group to its quotient by its torsion subgroup, and sends every homomorphism to the obvious induced homomorphism (which is easily seen to be well-defined). If A is finitely generated and abelian, then it can be written as the direct sum of its torsion subgroup T and a torsion-free subgroup (but this is not true for all infinitely generated abelian groups). In any decomposition of A as a direct sum of a torsion subgroup S and a torsion-free subgroup, S must equal T (but the torsion-free subgroup is not uniquely determined). This is a key step in the classification of finitely generated abelian groups.
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Primary diseases of the spleen are splenic torsion and splenic tumors. Splenic torsion occurs when the spleen twists along the axis of the blood supply. Symptoms of splenic torsion include lethargy, abdominal distension and pale mucous membranes. One theory for the development of splenic torsion is that for dogs with chronic intermittent gastric dilatation, the dilation causes the spleen's ligaments to stretch and increases the spleen's mobility within the abdomen.
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For example, the circle of radius R given by r(t)=(R cos t, R sin t, 0) in the z=0 plane has zero torsion and curvature equal to 1/R. The converse, however, is false. That is, a regular curve with nonzero torsion must have nonzero curvature. (This is just the contrapositive of the fact that zero curvature implies zero torsion.) A helix has constant curvature and constant torsion.
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The force of the twisting torsion spring reverses the direction of rotation, so the torsion pendulum oscillates slowly, clockwise and counterclockwise. The clock's gears apply a pulse of torque to the top of the torsion spring with each rotation to keep the wheel going. The wheel and torsion spring function similarly to a watch's balance wheel and hairspring, as a harmonic oscillator to control the rate of the clock's hands.
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The difference between a connection with torsion, and a corresponding connection without torsion is a tensor, called the contorsion tensor. Absorption of torsion also plays a fundamental role in the study of G-structures and Cartan's equivalence method. Torsion is also useful in the study of unparametrized families of geodesics, via the associated projective connection. In relativity theory, such ideas have been implemented in the form of Einstein–Cartan theory.
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If the curvature is always zero then the curve will be a straight line. Here the vectors N, B and the torsion are not well defined. If the torsion is always zero then the curve will lie in a plane. A curve may have nonzero curvature and zero torsion.
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Longitudinal torsion bars extend under the passenger compartment, cutting into interior space by raising the floor, while in transverse systems, torsion bar length is limited by vehicle width.
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Secondary structure prediction from chemical shifts: Secondary structure is predicted from chemical shifts by CSI. Torsion angle prediction from chemical shifts: Torsion angles are predicted from chemical shifts by PREDITOR. Chemical shift threading: Backbone Phi and Psi torsion angles predicted from chemical shifts by PREDITOR are mapped into nine different regions in Ramachandran space, each of which are assigned specific letters. A protein can represented by a sequence of these nine "torsion angle letters".
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From left to right: torsion wrench, "twist-flex" torsion wrench, offset diamond pick, ball pick, half-diamond pick, short hook, medium hook, saw (or "L") rake, snake (or "C") rake.
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Jim Bradbury goes so far as to claim torsion engines were only useful against personnel, primarily because medieval torsion devices were not powerful enough to batter down walls.Bradbury, 250, 255.
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PREDITOR (PREDIction of TORsion angles) is a freely available web-server for the prediction of protein torsion angles from chemical shifts. For many years it has been known that protein chemical shifts are sensitive to protein secondary structure, which in turn, is sensitive to backbone torsion angles. torsion angles are internal coordinates that can be used to describe the conformation of a polypeptide chain. They can also be used as constraints to help determine or refine protein structures via NMR spectroscopy. In proteins there are four major torsion angles of interest: phi, psi, omega and chi-1.
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If the corpus luteum becomes large it may cause ovarian torsion, where the ovary twists and blood flow is cut off. Ovarian torsion is rare and is accompanied by severe pain.
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Before World War II (1934), the front wheel drive Citroen Traction Avant had independent front torsion bar suspension and a flexible trailing dead axle, also sprung by torsion bars. The flexibility of the axle beam provided wheel location features like a twist beam axle. Also in the 1930s, prototypes of the first Volkswagen Beetle incorporated torsion bars—especially their transverse mounting style. Czechoslovakian Tatra's 1948 T600 Tatraplan employed rear torsion bar suspension, the only Tatra to do so.
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Drawing of Coulomb's torsion balance. From Plate 13 of his 1785 memoir. Torsion balance used by Paul R. Heyl in his measurements of the gravitational constant G at the U.S. National Bureau of Standards (now NIST) between 1930 and 1942. The torsion balance, also called torsion pendulum, is a scientific apparatus for measuring very weak forces, usually credited to Charles-Augustin de Coulomb, who invented it in 1777, but independently invented by John Michell sometime before 1783.
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PREDITOR also estimates the torsion angle errors so that its torsion angle constraints can be used with standard protein structure refinement software, such as CYANA, CNS, XPLOR and AMBER. PREDITOR also supports automated protein chemical shift re-referencing and the prediction of proline cis/trans states. PREDITOR is not the only torsion angle prediction software available.
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The torsion subgroup of an abelian group A is the subgroup of A consisting of all elements that have finite order. A torsion abelian group is an abelian group in which every element has finite order. A torsion-free abelian group is an abelian group in which the identity element is the only element with finite order.
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The n-torsion of an abelian variety and the n-torsion of its dual are dual to each other when n is coprime to the characteristic of the base. In general - for all n - the n-torsion group schemes of dual abelian varieties are Cartier duals of each other. This generalizes the Weil pairing for elliptic curves.
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The torsion constant is a geometrical property of a bar's cross-section which is involved in the relationship between angle of twist and applied torque along the axis of the bar, for a homogeneous linear-elastic bar. The torsion constant, together with material properties and length, describes a bar's torsional stiffness. The SI unit for torsion constant is m4.
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A torsion box consists of two thin layers of material (skins) on either side of a lightweight core, usually a grid of beams. It is designed to resist torsion under an applied load. A hollow core door is probably the most common example of a torsion box (stressed skin) structure. The principle is to use less material more efficiently.
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The torsion pendulum was invented by Robert Leslie in 1793. The torsion pendulum clock was first invented and patented by American Aaron Crane in 1841. He made clocks that would run up to one year on a winding. He also attempted to make precision astronomical regulator clocks based on the torsion pendulum, but only four sold.
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The ballista was a powerful crossbow, powered by torsion in bundles of sinew, rather than torsion in the arms. Early versions projected heavy darts called bolts, or spherical stone projectiles of various sizes.
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Ovarian cysts increase the risk for ovarian torsion; cysts which are larger than 4 cm are associated with approximately 17% risk. The torsion can cause obstruction of blood flow and lead to infarction.
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In fluid dynamics, torsion is naturally associated to vortex lines.
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Over a commutative ring R with total quotient ring K, a module M is torsion-free if and only if Tor1(K/R,M) vanishes. Therefore flat modules, and in particular free and projective modules, are torsion-free, but the converse need not be true. An example of a torsion-free module that is not flat is the ideal (x, y) of the polynomial ring k[x, y] over a field k, interpreted as a module over k[x, y]. Any torsionless module is a torsion-free module, but the converse is not true, as Q is a torsion-free Z-module which is not torsionless.
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De Rham also worked on the torsion invariants of smooth manifolds.
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Every torsion sheaf is a filtered inductive limit of constructible sheaves.
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The amplitude of movements are based upon the antagonistic muscles forces and the amount of leverage the antagonistic muscle provides for movement. For the torsion motion, muscles are arranged in helical layers around a hydrostatic body. The fiber angle (the angle the fiber makes with the long axis of the body) plays a critical role in torsion, if the angle is greater than 54°44', during muscle contraction, torsion and elongation will occur. If the fiber angle is less than 54°44', torsion and shortening will occur.
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Using MacPherson struts to achieve independent front suspension with coil springs meant providing strong turrets in the frontal structure of the car. A disadvantage is that torsion bars, unlike coil springs, usually cannot provide a progressive spring rate. In most torsion bar systems, ride height (and therefore many handling features) may be changed by simply adjusting bolts that connect the torsion bars to the steering knuckles. In most cars with this type of suspension, swapping torsion bars for a different spring rate is usually an easy task.
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The development of an ovarian mass is related to the development of torsion. In the reproductive years, regular growth of large corpus luteal cysts are a risk factor for rotation. The mass effect of ovarian tumors is also a common cause of torsion. Torsion of the ovary usually occurs with torsion of the fallopian tube as well on their shared vascular pedicle around the broad ligament, although in rare cases the ovary rotates around the mesovarium or the fallopian tube rotates around the mesosalpinx.
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In physics, a field is an assignment of a quantity (vector, tensor, or spinor) to every point of the space containing it. The word "torsion" refers to any variable that describes rotation. Thus, torsion fields (i.e., fields of any physical value reasonably described as "torsion") do exist in established physics aside from in this pseudoscientific case, where the terms have been misappropriated.
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This concept allowed a very simple design of the rear suspension using transverse torsion bars located one behind the other without affecting handling. The front torsion bars were longitudinal. The fixed end of the torsion bars is mounted on quadrants that can be adjusted via a holes/fixing bolt arrangement. This enables the suspension to be "beefed up" and the ground clearance increased.
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But the vine may also be stretched out to maximize its extent (or length). In this case, the torsion of the vine is related to the torsion of the pair of filaments (or equivalently the surface torsion of the ribbon connecting the filaments), and it reflects the difference between the length-maximizing (geodesic) configuration of the vine and its energy-minimizing configuration.
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He determined a value for implicitly, using a torsion balance invented by the geologist Rev. John Michell (1753). He used a horizontal torsion beam with lead balls whose inertia (in relation to the torsion constant) he could tell by timing the beam's oscillation. Their faint attraction to other balls placed alongside the beam was detectable by the deflection it caused.
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Many people have been injured or killed trying to adjust torsion springs, and special training and procedures are required to safely adjust a torsion spring, it is a job for a professional not a homeowner or DIYer.
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1, pp. 1-17.Laurent Bartholdi. The growth of Grigorchuk's torsion group.
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Compare to Anemic infarct. Hemorrhagic infarction is also associated with testicular torsion.
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Protein torsion angles are calculated for phi, psi, omega (which corresponds to the peptide bond) and chi1 (the first side chain torsion angle) using standard IUPAC definitions. These values are listed under four different column headers: PHI, PSI, OMEGA and CHI1. All torsion angles are reported in degrees. Torsion angles are a very useful indicator of the stereochemistry and the stereochemical quality of a protein structure, with most high-quality proteins exhibiting a relatively tight clustering of phi/psi angles and relatively little deviation in the omega angles.
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A mousetrap is powered by a helical torsion spring. Torsion springs obey an angular form of Hooke's law: : \tau = -\kappa\theta\, where \tau\, is the torque exerted by the spring in newton- meters, and \theta\, is the angle of twist from its equilibrium position in radians. \kappa\, is a constant with units of newton-meters / radian, variously called the spring's torsion coefficient', torsion elastic modulus, or just spring constant, equal to the torque required to twist the spring through an angle of 1 radian. It is analogous to the spring constant of a linear spring.
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Torsion along a geodesic. In differential geometry, the notion of torsion is a manner of characterizing a twist or screw of a moving frame around a curve. The torsion of a curve, as it appears in the Frenet–Serret formulas, for instance, quantifies the twist of a curve about its tangent vector as the curve evolves (or rather the rotation of the Frenet–Serret frame about the tangent vector). In the geometry of surfaces, the geodesic torsion describes how a surface twists about a curve on the surface.
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The contorsion tensor in differential geometry is the difference between a connection with and without torsion in it. It commonly appears in the study of spin connections. Thus, for example, a vielbein together with a spin connection, when subject to the condition of vanishing torsion, gives a description of Einstein gravity. For supersymmetry, the same constraint, of vanishing torsion, gives (the field equations of) 11-dimensional supergravity.
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Werner Müller grew up in the German Democratic Republic (East Germany). He studied mathematics at the Humboldt University of Berlin in East Berlin. In 1977 he completed his Ph.D. under the supervision of Herbert Kurke. In his thesis, Analytische Torsion Riemannscher Mannigfaltigkeiten, he solved, at the same time as but independently of Jeff Cheeger, the Ray–Singer conjecture on the equality between analytic torsion and Reidemeister torsion.
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Generalizing all these examples, any (possibly nonlinear) connection on M induces a semispray H, and conversely, any semispray H induces a torsion-free nonlinear connection on M. If the original connection is torsion-free it coincides with the connection induced by H, and homogeneous torsion-free connections are in one-to-one correspondence with full sprays.I. Bucataru, R. Miron, Finsler-Lagrange Geometry, Editura Academiei Române, 2007.
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In 80%, torsion happens unilaterally, with slight predominance on the right. In ovarian torsion, the ovary rotates around both the infundibulopelvic ligament (ie, suspensory ligament) and the utero-ovarian ligament (i.e. ovarian ligament), disrupting blood flow to the ovary.
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Ovarian torsion is difficult to diagnose accurately, and operation is often performed before certain diagnosis is made. A study at an obstetrics and gynaecology department found that preoperative diagnosis of ovarian torsion was confirmed in only 46% of people.
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The presence of an ovarian fibroma can cause ovarian torsion in some cases.
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Mutations in this gene result in the autosomal dominant disorder, torsion dystonia 1.
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Modern depiction of a Hellenistic artillery tower equipped with torsion ballistae Preceding the development of torsion siege engines were tension siege engines that had existed since at least the beginning of the 4th century BC, most notably the gastraphetes in Heron of Alexandria's Belopoeica that was probably invented in Syracuse by Dionysius the Elder.Marsden, Historical Development, 5,16,66; Chevedden, 134. Though simple torsion devices could have been developed earlier, the first extant evidence of a torsion siege engine comes from the Chalcotheca, the arsenal on the Acropolis in Athens, and dates to c. 338 - 326 BC. It lists the building's inventory that included torsion catapults and its components such as hair springs, catapult bases, and bolts.Marsden, Historical Development, 56-57; Rihill, 79; Nossov, 133.
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Urs Schreiber, "11d Gravity From Just the Torsion Constraint" (2016) That is, the contorsion tensor, along with the connection, becomes one of the dynamical objects of the theory, demoting the metric to a secondary, derived role. The elimination of torsion in a connection is referred to as the absorption of torsion, and is one of the steps of Cartan's equivalence method for establishing the equivalence of geometric structures.
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Combining the results for odd and even dimensional spheres shows that much of the odd torsion of unstable homotopy groups is determined by the odd torsion of the stable homotopy groups. For stable homotopy groups there are more precise results about -torsion. For example, if for a prime then the -primary component of the stable homotopy group vanishes unless is divisible by , in which case it is cyclic of order .
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Torsion is the twisting of a muscular hydrostat along its long axis and is produced by a helical or oblique arrangement of musculature which have varying direction. For a counter-clockwise torsion it is necessary for a right-hand helix to contract. Contraction of a left-hand helix causes clockwise torsion. The simultaneous contraction of both right and left-hand helixes results in an increase in resistance to torsional forces.
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One possible sequela, volvulus (mesenteric torsion), is a rare consequence of EPI in dogs.
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Over a Noetherian integral domain, torsion-free modules are the modules whose only associated prime is zero. More generally, over a Noetherian commutative ring the torsion-free modules are those modules all of whose associated primes are contained in the associated primes of the ring. Over a Noetherian integrally closed domain, any finitely- generated torsion-free module has a free submodule such that the quotient by it is isomorphic to an ideal of the ring. Over a Dedekind domain, a finitely- generated module is torsion-free if and only if it is projective, but is in general not free.
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Anniversary clock made by S. Haller & Sohne Co. :Kundo reverts here. For other use, see Kundo (disambiguation) A torsion pendulum clock, more commonly known as an anniversary clock or 400-day clock, is a mechanical clock which keeps time with a mechanism called a torsion pendulum. This is a weighted disk or wheel, often a decorative wheel with 3 or 4 chrome balls on ornate spokes, suspended by a thin wire or ribbon called a torsion spring (also known as "suspension spring"). The torsion pendulum rotates about the vertical axis of the wire, twisting it, instead of swinging like an ordinary pendulum.
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Torsion clocks are capable of running much longer between windings than clocks with an ordinary pendulum, because the torsion pendulum rotates slowly and takes little energy. However they are difficult to set up and are usually not as accurate as clocks with ordinary pendulums. One reason is that the oscillation period of the torsion pendulum changes with temperature due to temperature-dependent change in elasticity of the spring. The rate of the clock can be made faster or slower by an adjustment screw mechanism on the torsion pendulum that moves the weight balls in or out from the axis.
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These include abdominal pain, torsion of the bowel (transverse colon volvulus) or shortness of breath.
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Torsion bar front suspension was a rarity in customs (or any cars) at the time.
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88 disc brakes on the front wheels, and torsion bar springs at all four wheels.
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The torsion balance consists of a bar suspended from its middle by a thin fiber. The fiber acts as a very weak torsion spring. In Coulomb's experiment, the torsion balance was an insulating rod with a metal- coated ball attached to one end, suspended by a silk thread. The ball was charged with a known charge of static electricity, and a second charged ball of the same polarity was brought near it.
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2, 212-221 (1961). This theory removes a constraint of the symmetry of the affine connection and treats its antisymmetric part, the torsion tensor, as a variable in varying the action. In the resulting field equations, the torsion tensor is a homogeneous, linear function of the spin tensor. The minimal coupling between torsion and Dirac spinors thus generates an axial-axial, spin–spin interaction in fermionic matter, which becomes significant only at extremely high densities.
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In algebraic geometry and number theory, the torsion conjecture or uniform boundedness conjecture for abelian varieties states that the order of the torsion group of an abelian variety over a number field can be bounded in terms of the dimension of the variety and the number field. A stronger version of the conjecture is that the torsion is bounded in terms of the dimension of the variety and the degree of the number field.
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If \Gamma is a torsion-free, finitely generated nilpotent group then it is of type F.
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For space curves, on the other hand, a vertex is a point where the torsion vanishes.
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There is a complete classification of three- dimensional lens spaces, by fundamental group and Reidemeister torsion.
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These extra equations express the torsion linearly in terms of the spin tensor associated with the matter source, which entails that the torsion generally be non-zero inside matter. A consequence of the linearity is that outside of matter there is zero torsion, so that the exterior geometry remains the same as what would be described in general relativity. The differences between Einstein–Cartan theory and general relativity (formulated either in terms of the Einstein–Hilbert action on Riemannian geometry or the Palatini action on Riemann–Cartan geometry) rest solely on what happens to the geometry inside matter sources. That is: "torsion does not propagate".
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An abelian étale sheaf F on X is called finite locally constant if it is a representable functor which can be represented by an étale cover of X. It is called constructible if X can be covered by a finite family of subschemes on each of which the restriction of F is finite locally constant. It is called torsion if F(U) is a torsion group for all étale covers U of X. Finite locally constant sheaves are constructible, and constructible sheaves are torsion. Every torsion sheaf is a filtered inductive limit of constructible sheaves. Grothendieck originally introduced the machinery of Grothendieck topologies and topoi to define the étale topology.
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In mathematics, the rank, Prüfer rank, or torsion-free rank of an abelian group A is the cardinality of a maximal linearly independent subset.Page 46 of The rank of A determines the size of the largest free abelian group contained in A. If A is torsion-free then it embeds into a vector space over the rational numbers of dimension rank A. For finitely generated abelian groups, rank is a strong invariant and every such group is determined up to isomorphism by its rank and torsion subgroup. Torsion-free abelian groups of rank 1 have been completely classified. However, the theory of abelian groups of higher rank is more involved.
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As for the groups constituting the torsion subgroup of E(Q), the following is known: the torsion subgroup of E(Q) is one of the 15 following groups (a theorem due to Barry Mazur): Z/NZ for N = 1, 2, ..., 10, or 12, or Z/2Z × Z/2NZ with N = 1, 2, 3, 4. Examples for every case are known. Moreover, elliptic curves whose Mordell–Weil groups over Q have the same torsion groups belong to a parametrized family.
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The closer in the balls are, the smaller the moment of inertia of the torsion pendulum and the faster it will turn, like a spinning ice skater who pulls in her arms. This causes the clock to speed up. One oscillation of the torsion pendulum usually takes 12, 15, or 20 seconds. The escapement mechanism, that changes the rotational motion of the clock's gears to pulses to drive the torsion pendulum, works rather like an anchor escapement.
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An integral domain is called a Prüfer domain if every torsion-free module over it is flat.
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For Malaysia, the i30 used a 1.8L engine and a torsion beam setup for the rear suspension.
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Unlike GR, gravity is not due to the curvature of spacetime. It is due to the torsion.
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Therefore, the bracket of any element with itself is 2-torsion, if it does not actually vanish.
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Dual A arm with torsion bar suspension, since 4wd frames are used for the Ford Ranger EV.
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The change in torsion is, moreover, determined in reference to the paratonic action of incident geotropic stimulus.
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The motive power appears to have been obtained by the torsion of ropes, fibres, catgut, or hair.
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The parallel transport of a point of along a path is given by counting the number of (up/down, forward/backwards and left/right) crystal bonds transversed. The Burgers vector corresponds to the torsion. Disinclinations correspond to curvature, which is why they are left out. The torsion, i.e.
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Yet for observers, the exteriors of both solutions with the same mass are indistinguishable. The Einstein–Cartan theory extends general relativity by removing a constraint of the symmetry of the affine connection and regarding its antisymmetric part, the torsion tensor, as a dynamical variable. Torsion naturally accounts for the quantum-mechanical, intrinsic angular momentum (spin) of matter. The minimal coupling between torsion and Dirac spinors generates a repulsive spin-spin interaction which is significant in fermionic matter at extremely high densities.
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DB's proposal used an external leaf spring suspension, in contrast to the MAN proposal of twin torsion bars. Wa Pruef 6's opinion was that the leaf spring suspension was a disadvantage and that using torsion bars would allow greater internal hull width. It also opposed the rear drive because of the potential for track fouling. Daimler Benz still preferred the leaf springs over a torsion bar suspension as it resulted in a silhouette about shorter and rendered complex shock absorbers unnecessary.
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Calegari works in algebraic number theory, including Langlands reciprocity and torsion classes in the cohomology of arithmetic groups.
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Modified shock absorbers in combination with stiffer torsion bars (front +40%, rear +20%) increased the Continental's handling ability.
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The other method was a baited torsion spring which when triggered, would stab the wolf in the head.
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This is the basic reason why Einstein's theory based purely on curvature can be rewritten as a teleparallel theory based only on torsion. There exists, moreover, infinitely many ways of rewriting Einstein's theory, depending on how much of the curvature one wants to reexpress in terms of torsion, the teleparallel theory being merely one specific version of these. A further application of teleparallelism occurs in quantum field theory, namely, two-dimensional non-linear sigma models with target space on simple geometric manifolds, whose renormalization behavior is controlled by a Ricci flow, which includes torsion. This torsion modifies the Ricci tensor and hence leads to an infrared fixed point for the coupling, on account of teleparallelism ("geometrostasis").
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The large travel and high elasticity of the torsion bars results in a "rocking" motion when the tank is moving or coming to a sudden stop. A gun stabilizer must be used to compensate for the rocking motion. Due to the massive weight of a main battle tank, compared to an automobile, there is a much greater risk of breaking a torsion bar on sudden bumps or maneuvers, and if it is not replaced in short order the reduced suspension can affect the maneuverability of the vehicle, and in extreme cases risk immobilizing the vehicle as the reduced capacity of the suspension causes additional torsion bars to break. Some front-wheel drive automobiles use a related type of torsion beam suspension, usually called a twist-beam rear suspension, in which the rear wheels are carried on trailing arms connected by a laterally mounted torsion beam, as found on the Mitsubishi Debonair.
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The differential diagnosis of testicular pain is broad and involves conditions from benign to life-threatening. The most common causes of pain in children presenting to the emergency room are testicular torsion (16%), torsion of a testicular appendage (46%), and epididymitis (35%). In adults, the most common cause is epididymitis.
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The transition from tension machines to torsion machines is a mystery,Marsden, Historical Development, 17. though E.W. Marsden speculates that a reasonable transition would involve the recognition of the properties of sinew in previously existing tension devices and other bows. Torsion based weaponry offered much greater efficiency over tension based weaponry.
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The couplers use a Hirth joint to resist torsion. It takes only a few minutes to separate the couplings.
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R. Soc. (London) A, 240, pp. 375–457, 1948. Later modifications have allowed for tensile, compression, and torsion testing.
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This is a suspension system that makes use of 4 torsion bars (2 front / 2 rear) that use torsion arms and shocks to regulate suspension travel. Some cars will run with a wing on top to help with downforce the get the car to stick to the track. Others will run without a wing to let the car slide for more exciting racing. However, there is a growing number of cars that use a torsion bar rear set-up with a coil- over front set-up.
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Torsion siege engine pieces were probably invented in Macedonia, shortly before the times of Alexander III. These were driven by the torsion of a spring made of an appropriate organic material, usually sinew or hair, human or horse. Stone-throwing torsion-powered machines had their first recorded use in 332 BC at the siege of Tyre by Alexander. Although other power systems such as metal springs and pneumatically powered machines were experimented with by Ctesibius - according to Philo - there is no record of their actual use.
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The proof centers around a careful study of the rational points on classical modular curves. An effective bound for the size of the torsion group in terms of the degree of the number field was given by . Mazur provided a complete list of possible torsion subgroups for rational elliptic curves. If Cn denotes the cyclic group of order n, then the possible torsion subgroups are Cn with 1 ≤ n ≤ 10, and also C12; and the direct sum of C2 with C2, C4, C6 or C8.
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The stereographic projection from the sphere to the plane preserves critical points of geodesic curvature. Thus simple closed spherical curves have four vertices. Furthermore, on the sphere vertices of a curve correspond to points where its torsion vanishes. So for space curves a vertex is defined as a point of vanishing torsion.
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Bradbury, 255. It describes a single-armed torsion machine on a triangular frame that could hurl 50 lbs. stones. Additionally, Persian double-armed devices similar to ancient Greek design are also described. The major problem with this source, however, is that most of the illustrations show trebuchets, not onagers or other torsion machines.
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The monument at Straßburger Platz honours the soldiers from Osnabrück who fell during the Franco-German War of 1870-71. It was first erected in Neumarkt in 1880; in 1928 it was relocated to Westerberg. Pupils from the Osnabrücker Ratsgymnasium designed a sculpture – “Die schützende Torsion” (The Protective Torsion) – symbolising Franco-German friendship.
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Influence of stacking fault energy on nanostructure under high pressure torsion. Materials Science and Engineering A, 410-411, 188-193.
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Torsion tools are able to rotate the workpiece on the longitudinal axis. Alternatives are complex assembly groups with standard bends.
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Torsion bar suspensions are used on combat vehicles and tanks like the T-72, Leopard 1, Leopard 2, M26 Pershing, M18 Hellcat, and the M1 Abrams (many tanks from World War II used this suspension), and on modern trucks and SUVs from Ford, Chrysler, GM, Mitsubishi, Mazda, Nissan, Isuzu, LuAZ, and Toyota. Manufacturers change the torsion bar or key to adjust the ride height, usually to compensate for engine weight. While the ride height may be adjusted by turning the adjuster bolts on the stock torsion key, rotating the stock key too far can bend the adjusting bolt and place the shock piston outside its standard travel. Over-rotating the torsion bars can also cause the suspension to hit the bump-stop prematurely, causing a harsh ride.
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The rotor is normally centred in its sleeve by the torsion bar but manual steering effort twists the torsion bar, permitting the rotor to turn within its sleeve, opening the way for hydraulic fluid pressure to be applied to one or other side of the servo piston, thus assisting in turning the front wheels.
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Abbo Cernuus, Bella Parisiacae urbis; Bradbury, 252. What is uncertain is whether the machine was tension or torsion powered. In another example, the diminutive Latin word manga/mangana is used by William of Tyre and Willam the Breton to indicate small stone-throwing engines, though again it is unclear whether they were torsion-powered.Bradbury, 252.
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Poincare duality states that the intersection form is unimodular (up to torsion). By Wu's formula, a spin 4-manifold must have even intersection form, i.e., Q(x,x) is even for every x. For a simply-connected 4-manifold (or more generally one with no 2-torsion residing in the first homology), the converse holds.
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In the opposite direction, all these torsion structures occur infinitely often over Q, since the corresponding modular curves are all genus zero curves with a rational point. A complete list of possible torsion groups is also available for elliptic curves over quadratic number fields. There are substantial partial results for quartic and quintic number fields .
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Thus we conclude from the formula for P_4 that CR structures having zero torsion have CR Paneitz operators that are non- negative. The article [4] among other things shows that real ellipsoids in C^2 carry a CR structure inherited from the complex structure of C^2 whose CR Paneitz operator is non-negative. This CR structure on ellipsoids has non- vanishing Webster-Tanaka torsion. Thus [4] provides the first examples of CR manifolds where the CR Paneitz operator is non-negative and the Torsion tensor too does not vanish.
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T20E3, which replaced the T20's HVSS with torsion bar suspension Ford GAN V8 engine with Torqmatic torque converter transmission T20: 76 mm gun M1 and horizontal volute spring suspension T20E1: 75 mm automatic gun and horizontal volute spring suspension. This version was cancelled and the turret used on the T22E1 T20E2: 3 inch gun and torsion bar suspension. Completed as the T20E3. T20E3: 76 mm gun and torsion bar suspension Of the above only the T20 and T20E3 were completed, the T20E3 being converted from the T20E2 prototype.
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We call the co-finite equivalence class of a root-type to be the set of root-types that differ from it by a finite difference at a finite number of indices. The co-finite equivalence class of the type of a non-identity element is a well-defined invariant of a torsion-free abelian group of rank 1. We call this invariant the type of a torsion-free abelian group of rank 1. If two torsion-free abelian groups of rank 1 have the same type they may be shown to be isomorphic.
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The companion notion of curvature measures how moving frames "roll" along a curve "without twisting". More generally, on a differentiable manifold equipped with an affine connection (that is, a connection in the tangent bundle), torsion and curvature form the two fundamental invariants of the connection. In this context, torsion gives an intrinsic characterization of how tangent spaces twist about a curve when they are parallel transported; whereas curvature describes how the tangent spaces roll along the curve. Torsion may be described concretely as a tensor, or as a vector-valued 2-form on the manifold.
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Child abuse (physical abuse) and certain conditions such as osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) are considered differentials when identifying spiral or torsion fractures.
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Some models were also fitted with an anti-roll bar, a torsion bar arrangement intended to reduce body roll on cornering.
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The Proton Exora uses MacPherson strut with coil spring on the front and torsion beam with coil spring for the rear.
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Any closed subgroup and image of diagonalizable groups are diagonalizable. The torsion subgroup of a diagonalizable group is dense. The category of diagonalizable groups defined over k is equivalent to the category of finitely generated abelian group with Gal(k/ks)-equivariant morphisms without p-torsion. This is an analog of Poincaré duality and motivated the terminology.
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In other words, the covariant derivative is linear (over C∞(M)) in the direction argument, while the Lie derivative is linear in neither argument. Note that the antisymmetrized covariant derivative , and the Lie derivative Luv differ by the torsion of the connection, so that if a connection is torsion free, then its antisymmetrization is the Lie derivative.
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Wolfgang Franz (born 4 October 1905 in Magdeburg, Germany; died 26 April 1996Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main) was a German mathematician who specialized in topology particularly in 3-manifolds, which he generalized to higher dimensions.Franz, W. (1935), "Ueber die Torsion einer Ueberdeckung", J. Reine Angew. Math., 173: 245–254. He is known for the Reidemeister–Franz torsion.
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Most cars use a torsion bar suspension system. Different size bars either soften or stiffen the suspension. Torsion bars, and specialty shock absorbers are the key ingredients in the handling of sprint cars. That coupled with the wings, tire stagger, light weight, and enormous horsepower make these cars some of the fastest race cars in the world.
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It uses fixed geometries of amino acid residues to simplify the potential energy surface. Thus, the energy minimization is conducted in the space of protein torsion angles. Both MM2 and ECEPP include potentials for H-bonds and torsion potentials for describing rotations around single bonds. ECEPP/3 was implemented (with some modifications) in Internal Coordinate Mechanics and FANTOM.
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This becomes straightforward in the absence of 2-torsion in the homology. Quite generally, the result indicates the relationship that holds between the Betti numbers of and the Betti numbers with coefficients in a field . These can differ, but only when the characteristic of is a prime number for which there is some -torsion in the homology.
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The SU-152G used individual torsion for suspension. Gydraulic shock absorbers were installed on the first and the sixth pair of rollers.
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Torsion bar suspension was fitted. No night vision equipment or NBC protection was fitted. The vehicle could ford to a depth of .
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Helical fibers can oriented into either left or right- handed arrangements. Contraction of orthogonal fibers causes torsion or twisting of the hydrostat.
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For example, an electromagnetic wave with circular polarization or the stress tensor of a solid body under torsion stress can be described as torsion fields, although such usage is rare. The torsion tensor is a quantity in general relativity, and plays an important role in Einstein–Cartan theory. Spinor fields, in particular fermionic fields, are existing concepts from particle physics and quantum field theory. Advocates for the existence of the spinor field or torsion field as described here claim that spin-spin interaction itself a well-studied quantum phenomenon can be transmitted through space similar to electromagnetic waves, but transmitting no mass or energy but only information, and does so at speeds of up to a billion times the speed of light, in explicit violation of special relativity.
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TALOS+. Predicts protein backbone torsion angles from chemical shift data. Frequently used to generate further restraints applied to a structure model during refinement.
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Hence there is a bijection between types of torsion-free abelian groups of rank 1 and their isomorphism classes, providing a complete classification.
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Connections also lead to convenient formulations of geometric invariants, such as the curvature (see also curvature tensor and curvature form), and torsion tensor.
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If a pair of curves are in different positions but have the same curvature and torsion, then they are congruent to each other.
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A 1969 study of torsion dystonia patients found an average IQ 10 points higher than controls matched for age, sex and ethnic background.
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A torsion typical of anamorphosis twists the image, crumples it and alters it, attempting to introduce the eccentrical into the field of view.
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The revolutionary Jaguar E-Type introduced in 1961 had a torsion bar front suspension very similar to the Citroen and Morris Minor, and an independent coil spring rear suspension using four shock absorbers with concentric springs. An early application of a torsion bar in an American car was by Hudson Motor Car Company of Detroit who had introduced the innovative front axle flex suspension in 1934 Hudson and Terraplane cars and realized for 1935 that a transverse torsion bar linked to the rear axle was needed as an anti-roll bar to stabilize the cars. The single torsion bar was mounted through the frame sides behind the rear axle and then attached by arms and links to the front side of the spring U-bolt plates. Axle flex was discontinued for the 1936 model year. Post-war the use of torsion bar front suspension was a defining feature of British Morris cars, starting with the Morris Minor of 1948, its larger Morris Oxford MO counterpart and the upmarket Morris Six MS, plus the Wolseley-badged upmarket variants of the latter two models.
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The suspension of the Mk. 4 is almost the only feature carried over with little change from the Vickers Mark 1 and Mark 3 MBTs. The total vertical wheel travel is 303 mm (bump : 202 mm / rebound : 101 mm). In principle, it is of a conventional, torsion bar type, but it is unique in having secondary torsion bar springs in the trailing arms of the first two and the last road wheels on each side. The secondary torsion bars provide more effective springing at the most critical wheel stations and significantly improve the ride over rough ground.
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Sakharov observed that many condensed matter systems give rise to emergent phenomena that are analogous to general relativity. For example, crystal defects can look like curvature and torsion in an Einstein–Cartan spacetime. This allows one to create a theory of gravity with torsion from a world crystal model of spacetime in which the lattice spacing is of the order of a Planck length. Sakharov's idea was to start with an arbitrary background pseudo-Riemannian manifold (in modern treatments, possibly with torsion) and introduce quantum fields (matter) on it but not introduce any gravitational dynamics explicitly.
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Complex cobordism over the rationals can be reduced to ordinary cohomology over the rationals, so the main interest is in the torsion of complex cobordism. It is often easier to study the torsion one prime at a time by localizing MU at a prime p; roughly speaking this means one kills off torsion prime to p. The localization MUp of MU at a prime p splits as a sum of suspensions of a simpler cohomology theory called Brown-Peterson cohomology, first described by . In practice one often does calculations with Brown-Peterson cohomology rather than with complex cobordism.
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The rear swing axles were also held at their outboard ends by flat plate trailing arms, which were pivoted on the ends of a crosswise tube, containing the torsion bars. At this time the rear shock absorbers were only single-acting, lever-type. The front suspension was provided by pairs of short trailing arms, again with transverse torsion bars mounted in two separate tubes, mounted ahead of the flat platform. These torsion bars were stacks of flat strips, and the number of leaves was changed to vary the suspension stiffness, over the production of the Beetle.
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The channel section chassis had suspension by leaf springs at the front and a mix of leaf springs and torsion bars at the rear. At the front semi-elliptical springs were used with radius arms controlling fore and aft movement of the axle. The radius arms were joined by a torsion bar across the front of the chassis to act as an anti-roll bar. At the rear the quarter-elliptical springs had their front ends mounted in a boss that was attached to a short transverse torsion bar which controlled the rotation of the boss making the suspension a hybrid arrangement.
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The front wheels were independently sprung, using a torsion bar and wishbone suspension arrangement,"Torsion Bars Support Car Without Springs" Popular Mechanics, October 1934 drawings explaining suspension and body construction where most contemporaries used live axle and cart-type leaf spring designs. The rear suspension was a simple steel beam axle and a Panhard rod, trailing arms and torsion bars attached to a steel tube, which in turn was bolted to the main platform. Since it was considerably lighter than conventional designs of the era, it was capable of 100 km/h (62 mph), and consumed fuel only at the rate of .
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A crutch device at the top of the torsion spring engages a lever with two anchor-shaped arms; the arms in turn alternately engage the teeth of the escape wheel. As the anchor releases a tooth of the escape wheel, the lever, which is fixed to the anchor, moves to one side and, via the crutch, gives a small twist to the top of the torsion spring. This is just enough to keep the oscillation going. The Atmos clock, made by Jaeger Le Coultre, is a type of torsion clock which doesn't need to be wound or powered at all.
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If ∇ is an affine connection on a differential manifold, then the torsion tensor is defined, in terms of vector fields X and Y, by :T(X,Y) = abla_XY- abla_YX - [X,Y] where [X,Y] is the Lie bracket of vector fields. Torsion is particularly useful in the study of the geometry of geodesics. Given a system of parametrized geodesics, one can specify a class of affine connections having those geodesics, but differing by their torsions. There is a unique connection which absorbs the torsion, generalizing the Levi-Civita connection to other, possibly non-metric situations (such as Finsler geometry).
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The cohomological Brauer group of a quasi-compact scheme X is defined to be the torsion subgroup of the étale cohomology group H2(X, Gm). (The whole group H2(X, Gm) need not be torsion, although it is torsion for regular schemes X.Milne (1980), Corollary IV.2.6.) The Brauer group is always a subgroup of the cohomological Brauer group. Gabber showed that the Brauer group is equal to the cohomological Brauer group for any scheme with an ample line bundle (for example, any quasi-projective scheme over a commutative ring).de Jong, A result of Gabber.
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Comparably, the torsion in the Dmanisi fossils is quite low, which indicates differing arm movement and orientation. It might mean that the arms would have been habitually oriented more supinely (horizontally) and that the shoulder girdle might have been positioned more laterally. Athletes that require high levels of mobility in their arms tend to have reduced humeral torsion, and the Dmanisi hominins might thus have been capable of a diverse range of arm movement. Humeral torsion is also low (or entirely absent) in H. floresiensis, which means that this might be a basal trait in Homo.
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Behind the torsion box the wing was fabric covered. An auxiliary rear spar carried long span, tapered ailerons. The wing's deepened, wholly ply-covered centre-section blended wing roots into the upper fuselage. The Smyk's cockpit was immediately ahead of the wing main spar within a reinforced cut-out in the torsion box, its rear-hinged transparency closely following the wing profile.
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The 501 was an all-new platform, with a perimeter frame, double A-arm front suspension with torsion bar springs, and a live axle with torsion bar springs at the rear.Norbye, p.88 The steering mechanism was similar to a rack and pinion system except that the rack was semi-circular instead of straight.The Ultimate History of BMW, Noakes, p.
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Another version of this condition is a chronic illness called intermittent testicular torsion (ITT) which is characterized by recurrent rapid acute onset of pain in one testis which will temporarily assume a horizontal or elevated position in the scrotum similar to that of a full torsion followed by eventual spontaneous detortion and rapid solution of pain. Nausea or vomiting may also occur.
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The spermatic cord is sensitive to torsion, in which the testicle rotates within its sac and blocks its own blood supply. Testicular torsion may result in irreversible damage to the testicle within hours. A collection of serous fluid in the spermatic cord is named 'funiculocele'. The contents of the abdominal cavity may protrude into the inguinal canal, producing an indirect inguinal hernia.
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Symmetric and locally symmetric spaces in general can be regarded as affine symmetric spaces. If M = G/H is a symmetric space, then Nomizu showed that there is a G-invariant torsion-free affine connection (i.e. an affine connection whose torsion tensor vanishes) on M whose curvature is parallel. Conversely a manifold with such a connection is locally symmetric (i.e.
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The dependence on the field F is only through its characteristic. If the homology groups are torsion-free, the Betti numbers are independent of F. The connection of p-torsion and the Betti number for characteristic p, for p a prime number, is given in detail by the universal coefficient theorem (based on Tor functors, but in a simple case).
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This analogy was originally proposed by Ludwig Prandtl in 1903.Prandtl, L.: "Zur torsion von prismatischen stäben", Phys. Z., 4, pp. 758-770 (1903).
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Alike on both sides or uniform in all parts. Terrestrial. Living on the land. Testaceous. Composed of shelly matter. Torsion. A twisting around. Tortuous.
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Other conditions that cause similar symptoms include: miscarriage, ovarian torsion, and acute appendicitis, ruptured ovarian cyst, kidney stone, and pelvic inflammatory disease, among others.
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Omental infarction, or omental torsion, is an acute vascular disorder which compromises tissue of the greater omentum—the largest peritoneal fold in the abdomen.
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The single hood scoop was split into two units. The car also received Packard's torsion level suspension. Production for 1955 stood at 500 units.
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Garibaldi, Merkurjev, Serre (2003), p.50 The cohomological invariants with 3-torsion coefficients have a basis 1, g3 of degrees 0, 3.Garibaldi (2009), p.
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Laurent Bartholdi. The growth of Grigorchuk's torsion group. International Mathematics Research Notices, 1998, no. 20, pp. 1049-1054Tullio Ceccherini-Silberstein, Antonio Machì, and Fabio Scarabotti.
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The transfer of third- order models reflecting space torsion using calibrated trifocal tensors have been studied, but remains an open problem for uncalibrated trifocal tensors.
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In mathematics, a slender group is a torsion-free abelian group that is "small" in a sense that is made precise in the definition below.
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The derived subgroup (or commutator subgroup) of a group is a verbal subgroup. The torsion subgroup of an abelian group is a fully invariant subgroup.
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Note that with minor variations the same proof shows that there is a unique connection that is compatible with the metric and has prescribed torsion.
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It was modified to include, among other things, a change from the unsprung tracks to a torsion bar suspension and went through successful trials in May 1943. No further development occurred, although a revised version, the TOG 2 (R) was proposed. The 'R' would have been shorter, used torsion bar suspension and had no sponsons. The single TOG 2 prototype can be seen at The Tank Museum.
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233x233px Captains of Crush Grippers (commonly nicknamed "CoC") are a brand of torsion-spring grippers (a torsion spring fitted with two handles) designed, manufactured and sold by IronMind Enterprises, Inc., based in Nevada City, California. They are the official grippers of the Arnold Sports Festival, the GNC Grip Gauntlet, United States Arm Wrestling and the World's Strongest Man contest.IronMind Enterprises, Inc. 2009. Catalog. Vol.
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Torsion-spring grippers date back at least as far as the beginning of the 20th century, and are used for both testing and building grip strength. Historically, torsion-spring grippers were not considered serious training tools because, among other things, they were not very difficult to close.Strossen, Randall J., J.B. Kinney, and Nathan Holle. 2003. Captains of Crush Grippers: What They Are and How to Close Them.
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Since the u-invariant is of little interest in the case of formally real fields, we define a general u-invariant to be the maximum dimension of an anisotropic form in the torsion subgroup of the Witt ring of F, or ∞ if this does exist.Lam (2005) p. 409 For non-formally real fields, the Witt ring is torsion, so this agrees with the previous definition.Lam (2005) p.
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The Manin–Mumford conjecture of Yuri Manin and David Mumford, proved by Michel Raynaud, states that a curve C in its Jacobian variety J can only contain a finite number of points that are of finite order (a torsion point) in J, unless C = J. There are other more general versions, such as the Bogomolov conjecture which generalizes the statement to non-torsion points.
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The cremaster reflex (elevation of the testicle in response to stroking the upper inner thigh) is typically present in epididymitis but absent in testicular torsion as the testis is already elevated. Prehn's sign (the relief of pain with elevation) though a classic physical exam finding has not been found to be reliable in distinguishing torsion from other causes of testicular pain such as epididymitis.
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Infinitely generated abelian groups have very complex structure and are far less well understood than finitely generated abelian groups. Even torsion-free abelian groups are vastly more varied in their characteristics than vector spaces. Torsion-free abelian groups of rank 1 are far more amenable than those of higher rank, and a satisfactory classification exists, even though there are an uncountable number of isomorphism classes.
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SEM image of the trochophore of Haliotis asinina 11 hours post fertilization, with calcified protoconch (pc) prior to torsion. Protoconch of Haliotis asinina when the torsion is complete. A protoconch (meaning first or earliest or original shell) is an embryonic or larval shell which occurs in some classes of molluscs, e.g., the initial chamber of an ammonite or the larval shell of a gastropod.
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In mathematics, specifically in abstract algebra, a torsion-free abelian group is an abelian group which has no non-trivial torsion elements; that is, a group in which the group operation is commutative and the identity element is the only element with finite order. That is, multiples of any element other than the identity element generate an infinite number of distinct elements of the group.
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He performed a measurement of Newton's gravitational constant by innovative means during 1893. In 1903 he was the first to realise that the Sun's radiation can draw in small particles towards it: Extract of page 437 this was later named the Poynting–Robertson effect. He discovered the torsion- extension coupling in finite strain elasticity. This is now known as the (positive) Poynting effect in torsion.
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Ovarian torsion accounts for about 3% of gynecologic emergencies. The incidence of ovarian torsion among women of all ages is 5.9 per 100,000 women, and the incidence among women of reproductive age (15–45 years) is 9.9 per 100,000 women. In 70% of cases, it is diagnosed in women between 20 and 39 years of age. The risk is greater during pregnancy and in menopause.
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The presence of the cremasteric reflex does not eliminate testicular torsion from a differential diagnosis, but it does broaden the possibilities to include epididymitis or other causes of scrotal and testicular pain. In any event, if testicular torsion cannot be definitively eliminated in an expeditious manner, a testicular Doppler ultrasound or exploratory surgical intervention is usually implemented to prevent possible loss of the testicle to necrosis.
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The torsion box uses the properties of its thin surfaces to carry the imposed loads primarily through tension while the close proximity of the enclosed core material compensates for the tendency of the opposite side to buckle under compression. Torsion boxes are used in the construction of structural insulated panels for houses, wooden tables and doors, skis, snowboards, and airframes - especially wings and vertical stabilizers.
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In 1975 the torsion box ski construction design is patented. The patent is referenced by Kästle, Salomon, Rottefella, and Madshus, but in fact torsion box skis became common beginning in 1962 with the introduction of the Dynamic VR7 and VR17 race skis. In 1993 Elan introduced the Elan SCX. These introduced a new ski geometry, common today, with a much wider tip and tail than waist.
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Torsion naturally accounts for the quantum-mechanical, intrinsic angular momentum (spin) of matter. The minimal coupling between torsion and Dirac spinors generates a repulsive spin–spin interaction that is significant in fermionic matter at extremely high densities. Such an interaction prevents the formation of a gravitational singularity. Instead, the collapsing matter reaches an enormous but finite density and rebounds, forming the other side of the bridge.
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Torsion created a condition in the cerebrovisceral commissures called streptoneury. Secondarily, some gastropod lineages detorted: they reversed the torsion event and straightened out their internal organs, uncrossing the commissures in the process. It is this second state, one in which the commissures have once again become untwisted, that is called euthyneury. The Opisthobranchia represent one of the more prominent gastropod lineages that have undergone euthyneury.
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By the definitions, an abelian variety is a group variety. Its group of points can be proven to be commutative. For C, and hence by the Lefschetz principle for every algebraically closed field of characteristic zero, the torsion group of an abelian variety of dimension g is isomorphic to (Q/Z)2g. Hence, its n-torsion part is isomorphic to (Z/nZ)2g, i.e.
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One finds that the first letter of the first word in the first 21 sentences spell out: : NIEDER MIT DEN FRANZOSEN (down with the French). He also published papers on torsion. In fact, in his paper "Differential Invariants in Einstein’s Theory of Tele-parallelism" Weitzenböck had given a supposedly complete bibliography of papers on torsion without mentioning Élie Cartan. Weitzenböck died in Zelhem, Netherlands in 1955.
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The suspension of the Mirada utilized transverse torsion bars in the front and leaf springs with a sway bar in the rear. A "sport handling package" was offered, which included heavy-duty shock absorbers, torsion bar bushings, springs, as well as anti-sway bars in both the front and rear. The braking system used power assisted disc brakes in the front and drum brakes in the rear.
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In papers in 1977 and 1978, Barry Mazur proved the torsion conjecture giving a complete list of the possible torsion subgroups of elliptic curves over the rational numbers. Mazur's first proof of this theorem depended upon a complete analysis of the rational points on certain modular curves. In 1996, the proof of the torsion conjecture was extended to all number fields by Loïc Merel. In 1983, Gerd Faltings proved the Mordell conjecture, demonstrating that a curve of genus greater than 1 has only finitely many rational points (where the Mordell–Weil theorem only demonstrates finite generation of the set of rational points as opposed to finiteness).
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In mathematics, a Fedosov manifold is a symplectic manifold with a compatible torsion-free connection, that is, a triple (M, ω, ∇), where (M, ω) is a symplectic manifold (i.e., ω is a symplectic form, a non-degenerate closed exterior 2-form, on a C∞-manifold M), and ∇ is a symplectic torsion-free connection on M. (A connection ∇ is called compatible or symplectic if X ⋅ ω(Y,Z) = ω(∇XY,Z) + ω(Y,∇XZ) for all vector fields X,Y,Z ∈ Γ(TM). In other words, the symplectic form is parallel with respect to the connection, i.e., its covariant derivative vanishes.) Note that every symplectic manifold admits a symplectic torsion-free connection.
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The more torque the driver applies to the steering wheel and column, the more fluid the valves allow through to the cylinder, and so the more force is applied to steer the wheels. One design for measuring the torque applied to the steering wheel has a torque sensor – a torsion bar at the lower end of the steering column. As the steering wheel rotates, so does the steering column, as well as the upper end of the torsion bar. Since the torsion bar is relatively thin and flexible, and the bottom end usually resists being rotated, the bar will twist by an amount proportional to the applied torque.
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The genitalia of female flies are rotated to a varying degree from the position found in other insects. In some flies this is a temporary rotation during mating, but in others it is a permanent torsion of the organs that occurs during the pupal stage. This torsion may lead to the anus being located below the genitals, or, in the case of 360° torsion, to the sperm duct being wrapped around the gut, despite the external organs being in their usual position. When flies mate, the male initially flies on top of the female, facing in the same direction, but then turns round to face in the opposite direction.
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A gradient in the levels of both MLC2v phosphorylation and its kinase, cardiac MLCK, has been shown to exist across the human heart from endocardium (low phosphorylation) to epicardium (high phosphorylation). The existence of this gradient has been proposed to impact cardiac torsion due to the relative spatial orientation of endocardial versus epicardial myofibers. In support of this, recent studies have shown that MLC-2v phosphorylation is critical in regulating left ventricular torsion. Variations in myosin cycling kinetics and contractile properties as a result of differential MLC-2v phosphorylation (Ser14/15) influence both epicardial and endocardial myofiber tension development and recovery to control cardiac torsion and myofiber strain mechanics.
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In the special case when Y is the spectrum of an algebraically closed field (a point), Rqf∗(F ) is the same as Hq(F ). Suppose that X is a Noetherian scheme. An abelian étale sheaf F over X is called finite locally constant if it is represented by an étale cover of X. It is called constructible if X can be covered by a finite family of subschemes on each of which the restriction of F is finite locally constant. It is called torsion if F(U) is a torsion group for all étale covers U of X. Finite locally constant sheaves are constructible, and constructible sheaves are torsion.
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It has been recently proposed that twisted nanowires could work as electromechanical nanodevices (or torsion nanobalances) to measure forces and torques at nanoscale with great precision.
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Honda also used front torsion bars on the third generation Civic and other variants built on the same platform including the Ballade and first generation CRX.
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Aftermarket forged- metal torsion key kits use relocked adjuster keys to prevent over-rotation, and shock brackets to keep the piston travel in the stock range.
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Patients with ovarian torsion often present with sudden onset of sharp and usually unilateral lower abdominal pain, in 70% of cases accompanied by nausea and vomiting.
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Deflection of the suspension arm caused both halves of the double torsion bar to twist. A disadvantage of the torsion bar suspension used in Tiger and Panther tanks (and many other WWII-era tanks and other AFVs) was the inability to incorporate an escape hatch through the bottom of the hull, a common feature of WWII-era tanks, as the torsion bar arrangement would have blocked crew access to such a hatch; however, the absence of leaf, coil or volute springs often left a large expanse of the side of the hull clear to include a side-escape hatch, and it was rare for a tank to be flipped over in such a way that all top-side hatches were unable to open, which is the purpose of ventral hatches. Many contemporary main battle tanks use torsion bar suspension, including the American M1 Abrams, German Leopard 2, and Chinese MBT-3000, though the newest generation of tanks such as the Russian T-14 Armata utilize an adjustable hydraulic suspension. Due to their small size, tremendous load capacity, and relative ease of service, torsion bar suspension has been ideal for tanks, though it is not without disadvantage.
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For non-finitely generated modules, the above direct decomposition is not true. The torsion subgroup of an abelian group may not be a direct summand of it.
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Similarly, the notion of orientability of a polyhedron is insufficient to characterise the surface twistings of toroidal polytopes, and this led to the use of torsion coefficients.
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Similarly, the notion of orientability of a polyhedron is insufficient to characterise the surface twistings of toroidal polytopes, and this led to the use of torsion coefficients.
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Similarly, the notion of orientability of a polyhedron is insufficient to characterise the surface twistings of toroidal polytopes, and this led to the use of torsion coefficients.
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Similarly, the notion of orientability of a polyhedron is insufficient to characterise the surface twistings of toroidal polytopes, and this led to the use of torsion coefficients.
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Similarly, the notion of orientability of a polyhedron is insufficient to characterise the surface twistings of toroidal polytopes, and this led to the use of torsion coefficients.
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"Thrust Measurement of an Independent Microwave Thruster Propulsion Device with Three-Wire Torsion Pendulum Thrust Measurement System". Journal of Propulsion Technology(in Chinese). 37 (2): 362–371.
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The literary examples of torsion machines are too numerous to cite here. Below are a few well-known examples to provide a general perspective held by contemporaries.
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Similarly, the notion of orientability of a polyhedron is insufficient to characterise the surface twistings of toroidal polytopes, and this led to the use of torsion coefficients.
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The NMR restraints grid can be searched by PDB or BMRB number, and also by specific kinds of restraints, like torsion angle, distance, residual dipolar coupling, etc.
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These are a modern version of the old storefront crank-up awnings of the last century. The two, three or four tension arms (width dependent) and a top tube are supported by a torsion bar. With a Traditional 'Open Style' folding arm awning the torsion bar a.k.a square bar fits into wall or soffit or fascia or roof mounted brackets that spread the load to the wall or roof truss.
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There is a high incidence of gastric dilatation volvulus (GDV) in this breed, which occurs when twisting of the stomach (volvulus or torsion) causes or is caused by excess gas. Symptoms include restlessness, inability to get comfortable, pacing, or retching without being able to bring up anything. The dog's abdomen may be visibly swollen, but bloat or torsion can occur without visible swelling. A dog with GDV requires immediate veterinary care.
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In the elementary differential geometry of curves in three dimensions, the torsion of a curve measures how sharply it is twisting out of the plane of curvature. Taken together, the curvature and the torsion of a space curve are analogous to the curvature of a plane curve. For example, they are coefficients in the system of differential equations for the Frenet frame given by the Frenet–Serret formulas.
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For many special classes of groups, the answer is affirmative. Farkas and Snider proved in 1976 that if G is a torsion-free polycyclic-by-finite group and then the group ring K[G] is a domain. Later (1980) Cliff removed the restriction on the characteristic of the field. In 1988, Kropholler, Linnell and Moody generalized these results to the case of torsion-free solvable and solvable- by-finite groups.
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Orchiopexy can also be performed to resolve a testicular torsion. If caught early enough and the blood supply can be restored to the testicle, this operation can be performed to prevent further occurrence of torsion. If the blood supply has been interrupted for too long, an orchiectomy must be performed. Sometimes orchiopexy is also done preventively in adults in cases in which the patient has the bell-clapper deformity, retractile testicles.
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The driveshaft passed through a hole in the "X" frame. The parking brake gripped the driveshaft and was not connected to the rear drum brakes prior to the 1963 model year. The Imperial, and all Chrysler-built cars, incorporated "Torsion- Aire" suspension for 1957. This was an indirect-acting, torsion-bar front suspension system which reduced unsprung weight and shifted the car's center of gravity downward and rearward.
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Generalizations of the Einstein–Cartan action have been considered which allow for propagating torsion. Because Riemann–Cartan geometries have Lorentz symmetry as a local gauge symmetry, it is possible to formulate the associated conservation laws. In particular, regarding the metric and torsion tensors as independent variables gives the correct generalization of the conservation law for the total (orbital plus intrinsic) angular momentum to the presence of the gravitational field.
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Active camera torsion can be used in machine and computer vision for several purposes. For instance, camera torsion can be used to make improved use of the search range over which matching detectors or stereo matching algorithms operate, or to make a 3D slanted surface appear frontoparallel for further stereo processing. For image compression purposes, images with cyclodisparity are advantageously encoded using global motion compensation using a rotational motion model.
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Torsion naturally accounts for the quantum-mechanical, intrinsic angular momentum (spin) of matter. According to general relativity, the gravitational collapse of a sufficiently compact mass forms a singular black hole. In the Einstein–Cartan theory, however, the minimal coupling between torsion and Dirac spinors generates a repulsive spin–spin interaction which is significant in fermionic matter at extremely high densities. Such an interaction prevents the formation of a gravitational singularity.
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For timekeeping it uses a torsion pendulum, which consumes less energy than an ordinary pendulum. The torsion pendulum has a period of precisely one minute; thirty seconds to rotate in one direction and thirty seconds to return to the starting position. This is thirty times slower than the 0.994 m (39.1 in) seconds pendulum typically found in a longcase clock, where each swing (or half-period) takes one second.
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Sela's work relied on applying his earlier JSJ-decomposition and real tree techniques as well as developing new ideas and machinery of "algebraic geometry" over free groups. Sela pushed this work further to study first-order theory of arbitrary torsion-free word-hyperbolic groups and to characterize all groups that are elementarily equivalent to (that is, have the same first-order theory as) a given torsion-free word-hyperbolic group.
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The spin connection occurs in two common forms: the Levi-Civita spin connection, when it is derived from the Levi-Civita connection, and the affine spin connection, when it is obtained from the affine connection. The difference between the two of these is that the Levi-Civita connection is by definition the unique torsion- free connection, whereas the affine connection (and so the affine spin connection) may contain torsion.
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Using K-theory, they constructed an example of a torsion cohomology class—that is, a cohomology class such that for some positive integer —which is not the class of an algebraic cycle. Such a class is necessarily a Hodge class. reinterpreted their result in the framework of cobordism and found many examples of such classes. The simplest adjustment of the integral Hodge conjecture is: ::Integral Hodge conjecture modulo torsion.
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In abstract algebra, torsion refers to the elements of finite order in a group and the elements annihilated by any regular element of a ring in a module.
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Similarly, the notion of orientability of a polyhedron is insufficient to characterise the surface twistings of toroidal 4-polytopes, and this led to the use of torsion coefficients.
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By applying Pontryagin duality, one can see that abelian profinite groups are in duality with locally finite discrete abelian groups. The latter are just the abelian torsion groups.
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Einstein–Cartan theory relaxes this condition and, correspondingly, relaxes general relativity's assumption that the affine connection have a vanishing antisymmetric part (torsion tensor). The action used is the same as the Palatini action, except that the constraint on the torsion is removed. This results in two differences from general relativity: (1) the field equations are now expressed in terms of affine connection, rather than the Levi-Civita connection, and so have additional terms in Einstein's field equations involving the contorsion that are not present in the field equations derived from the Palatini formulation; (2) an additional set of equations are now present which couple the torsion to the intrinsic angular momentum (spin) of matter, much in the same way in which the affine connection is coupled to the energy and momentum of matter. In Einstein–Cartan theory, the torsion is now a variable in the principle of stationary action that is coupled to a curved spacetime formulation of spin (the spin tensor).
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This torsion may lead to the anus being below the genitals, or, in the case of 360° torsion, to the sperm duct being wrapped around the gut and the external organs being in their usual position. When flies mate, the male initially flies on top of the female, facing in the same direction, but then turns around to face in the opposite direction. This forces the male to lie on his back for his genitalia to remain engaged with those of the female, or the torsion of the male genitals allows the male to mate while remaining upright. This leads to flies having more reproduction abilities than most insects, and much quicker.
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In algebra, a torsion-free module is a module over a ring such that zero is the only element annihilated by a regular element (non zero-divisor) of the ring. In integral domains the regular elements of the ring are its nonzero elements, so in this case a torsion-free module is one such that zero is the only element annihilated by some non-zero element of the ring. Some authors work only over integral domains and use this condition as the definition of a torsion-free module, but this does not work well over more general rings, for if the ring contains zero-divisors then the only module satisfying this condition is the zero module.
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CYANA (combined assignment and dynamics algorithm for NMR applications) is a program for automated structure calculation of biological macromolecules on the basis of conformational constraints from nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The combination of automated nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY) cross peak assignment, structure calculation with a fast torsion angle dynamics algorithm. The CYANA package includes the previous DYANA system, that uses simulated annealing combined with molecular dynamics in torsion angle space (torsion angle dynamics). The target function used as the potential energy, and system can move away from local minima of the target function because it is coupled to a temperature bath which is cooled down slowly from its initial high temperature.
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Schachtellaufwerk interleaved wheels on a Panther The suspension consisted of front drive sprockets, rear idlers and eight double-interleaved rubber-rimmed steel road wheels on each side – in the so-called Schachtellaufwerk design, suspended on a dual torsion bar suspension. The dual torsion bar system, designed by Professor Ernst Lehr, allowed for a wide travel stroke and rapid oscillations with high reliability, thus allowing for relatively high speed travel over undulating terrain. The extra space required for the bars running across the length of the bottom of the hull, below the turret basket, increased the overall height of the tank. When damaged by mines, the torsion bars often required a welding torch for removal.Spielberger 1993, pp.
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The main advantages of a torsion bar suspension are soft ride due to elasticity of the bar, durability, easy adjustability of ride height, and small profile along the width of the vehicle. It takes up less of the vehicle's interior volume than coil springs. Torsion bars reached the height of their popularity on mass-production road cars in the middle of the 20th century at the same time that unitary construction was being adopted. At a time when the mechanics of stress and metal fatigue in monocoque body frames was poorly understood, torsion bars were very attractive to vehicle designers as the bars could be mounted to reinforced parts of the central structure, typically the bulkhead.
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As long as they are not twisted beyond their elastic limit, torsion springs obey an angular form of Hooke's law: : \tau = -\kappa\theta\, where \tau\, is the torque exerted by the spring in newton-meters, and \theta\, is the angle of twist from its equilibrium position in radians. \kappa\, is a constant with units of newton-meters / radian, variously called the spring's torsion coefficient, torsion elastic modulus, rate, or just spring constant, equal to the change in torque required to twist the spring through an angle of 1 radian. It is analogous to the spring constant of a linear spring. The negative sign indicates that the direction of the torque is opposite to the direction of twist.
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Popławski's approach is based on the Einstein–Cartan theory of gravity which extends general relativity to matter with intrinsic angular momentum (spin). Spin in curved spacetime requires that the affine connection cannot be constrained to zero and its antisymmetric part, the torsion tensor, must be a variable in Hamilton's principle of stationary action which gives the field equations. Torsion gives the correct generalization of the conservation law for the total (orbital plus intrinsic) angular momentum to the presence of the gravitational field, but also modifies the Dirac equation for fermions. Gravitational effects of torsion on fermionic matter are significant at extremely high densities which exist inside black holes and at the beginning of the Universe.
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Among the many innovations in the book was the first definition of a topological manifold, and systematisations of Betti number, torsion, the fundamental group, and the topological classification problem.
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The transmission and quick-change rear axle casing were painted brown, the rack and pinion and torsion bar tube yellow.Ganahl, Pat. "Uncertain T", in Street Rodder, July 2003, p.
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Güntert, P., Mumenthaler, C. & Wüthrich, K. (1997). Torsion angle dynamics for NMR structure calculation with the new program DYANA. Journal of Molecular Biology 273, 283-298.Güntert, P. (2004).
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The nervous system of prosobranchs is twisted into a figure 8 due to a developmental process known as torsion. The eyes are situated at the base of the tentacles.
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This is a useful sign to distinguish it from testicular torsion. If there is pain relieved by elevation of the testicle, this is called Prehn's sign, which is, however, non-specific and is not useful for diagnosis. Before the advent of sophisticated medical imaging techniques, surgical exploration was the standard of care. Today, Doppler ultrasound is a common test: it can demonstrate areas of blood flow and can distinguish clearly between epididymitis and torsion.
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Traditionally protein NMR spectroscopists have used vicinal J-coupling information and the Karplus relation to determine approximate backbone torsion angle constraints for phi and chi-1 angles. However, several studies in the early 1990s pointed out the strong relationship between 1H and 13C chemical shifts and torsion angles, especially with backbone phi and psi angles. Later a number of other papers pointed out additional chemical shift relationships with chi-1 and even omega angles.
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This also defines a parallel transport on the frame bundle. Infinitesimal parallel transport in the frame bundle yields another description of an affine connection, either as a Cartan connection for the affine group or as a principal connection on the frame bundle. The main invariants of an affine connection are its torsion and its curvature. The torsion measures how closely the Lie bracket of vector fields can be recovered from the affine connection.
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1957 Chrysler New Yorker 1957 Chrysler cars were redesigned with Virgil Exner's "Forward Look" at the cost of $300 million. The 1957 New Yorker had a powerful Hemi V8 engine rated at . This stylish car sold well with 10,948 built, but only 1,049 convertible models. The 1957 models also came with the TorqueFlite 3-speed automatic transmission and a Torsion bar suspension called Torsion-Aire that gave smoother handling and ride quality to the car.
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Torsion clocks are usually delicate, ornamental, spring-wound mantel clocks. The polished clock mechanism is exposed under a glass case or dome, to allow people to watch the torsion pendulum turn. Clocks of this style, first made by Anton Harder around 1880, are also known as 400-day or anniversary clocks, because many can run for an entire year on a single winding. This does not mean they will keep accurate time the whole year.
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Trochlear nerve palsy also affects torsion (rotation of the eyeball in the plane of the face). Torsion is a normal response to tilting the head sideways. The eyes automatically rotate in an equal and opposite direction, so that the orientation of the environment remains unchanged—vertical things remain vertical. Weakness of intorsion results in torsional diplopia, in which two different visual fields, tilted with respect to each other, are seen at the same time.
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Other examples include the theories of non-archimedean fields and torsion-free groups. These three theories can be defined without the use of infinite quantification; only infinite junctions are needed.
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In differential geometry, the torsion of a curve — a fundamental property of curves in three dimensions — is computed using third derivatives of coordinate functions (or the position vector) describing the curve.
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Orchiopexy (or orchidopexy) is a surgery to move an undescended (cryptorchid) testicle into the scrotum and permanently fix it there. Orchiopexy typically also describes the surgery used to resolve testicular torsion.
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There are coil springs on the first and second axle and torsion bars on the third axle. The drive train and steering linkages are protected within the hull of the vehicle.
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In some alternative theories like Einstein–Cartan theory, the stress–energy tensor may not be perfectly symmetric because of a nonzero spin tensor, which geometrically corresponds to a nonzero torsion tensor.
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PREDITOR was designed to exploit these experimental observations and to help NMR spectroscopists easily predict protein torsion angles from chemical shift assignments. Specifically, PREDITOR accepts protein sequence and/or chemical shift data as input and generates torsion angle predictions for phi, psi, omega and chi-1 angles. The algorithm that PREDITOR uses combines sequence alignment, chemical shift alignment and a number of related chemical shift analysis techniques to predict torsion angles. PREDITOR is unusually fast (<40 s per protein) and exhibits a very high level of accuracy. In a series of tests 88% of PREDITOR’s phi/psi predictions were within 30 degrees of the correct values, 84% of chi-1 predictions (3-state predictions) were correct and 99.97% of PREDITOR’s predicted omega angles were correct.
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Life restoration of the head of Spinosaurus Further study by Andrew R. Cuff and Rayfield in 2013 on the skulls of Spinosaurus and Baryonyx did not recover similarities in the skulls of Baryonyx and the gharial that the previous study did. Baryonyx had, in models where the size difference of the skulls was corrected for, greater resistance to torsion and dorsoventral bending than both Spinosaurus and the gharial, while both spinosaurids were inferior to the gharial, alligator, and slender-snouted crocodile in resisting torsion and medio-lateral bending. When the results from the modeling were not scaled according to size, then both spinosaurids performed better than all the crocodilians in resistance to bending and torsion, due to their larger size.
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Let f be in A such that f M \subset F. Then fM is free since it is a submodule of a free module and A is a PID. But now f: M \to fM is an isomorphism since M is torsion-free. By the same argument as above, a finitely generated module over a Dedekind domain A (or more generally a semi-hereditary ring) is torsion-free if and only if it is projective; consequently, a finitely generated module over A is a direct sum of a torsion module and a projective module. A finitely generated projective module over a Noetherian integral domain has constant rank and so the generic rank of a finitely generated module over A is the rank of its projective part.
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The Romans 'inherited' the torsion-powered ballista, which had by now spread to several cities around the Mediterranean, all of which became Roman spoils of war, including one from Pergamum, which was depicted among a pile of trophy weapons in relief on a balustrade. The torsion ballista, developed by Alexander, was a far more complicated weapon than its predecessor and the Romans developed it even further, especially into much smaller versions, that could be easily carried.
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These models were identified by a "Volkswagen" badge on the engine lid. The rear suspension was significantly revised and included a widened track, softer torsion bars and the addition of a unique Z-configuration equalizing torsion spring. On US, UK and Ireland models, the generator output was increased from 180 to 360 watts, and the entire electrical system was upgraded from 6 to 12 volts. The clutch disc also increased in size and changes were made to the flywheel.
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Explosive shells had been in use in China for centuries but what was new was the counterweight type of trebuchet as opposed to the torsion type giving greater range and accuracy as it was easier to judge the weight of the counter weight than the torsion generated by repeated windings. Rashid al-Din's Jami al-Tawarikh. Edinburgh University Library. The counterweight trebuchet built by the Muslims from Mosul were longer in range, and assisted in destroying Fancheng.
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GAFolder makes torsion angles moves within the ranges defined by the values and uncertainties of torsion angles predicted by PREDITOR. GAFolder evaluates protein models by the scoring function described below. Scoring function: Scoring function of GAFolder consists of knowledge based scores and chemical shift scores. The knowledge-based scores include: # radius of gyration score, # hydrogen bond energy, # number of hydrogen bonds, # bad contacts score, # disulfide bond score, # modified threading energy based on the Bryant and Lawrence potential.
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The case of 2-dimensional spheres is slightly different: the first -torsion occurs for . In the case of odd torsion there are more precise results; in this case there is a big difference between odd and even dimensional spheres. If is an odd prime and , then elements of the -component of have order at most . This is in some sense the best possible result, as these groups are known to have elements of this order for some values of .
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A sway bar is usually a torsion spring that resists body roll motions. It is usually constructed out of a cylindrical steel bar, formed into a "U" shape, that connects to the body at two points, and at the left and right sides of the suspension. If the left and right wheels move together, the bar rotates about its mounting points. If the wheels move relative to each other, the bar is subjected to torsion and forced to twist.
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The front suspension was similar to the Bagheera's, while the rear suspension was a departure from the Murena's predecessor. In the tradition of the Simca 1100, Talbot Alpine, and Talbot Horizon, at the front were upper and lower transverse A-arms with longitudinal torsion bars and telescopic hydraulic shock-absorbers. An anti-roll bar was also fitted. At the rear, the Bagheera's torsion bar suspension was replaced by MacPherson struts and coil springs with trailing arms.
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This would have been beneficial, since Seymouria had low-slung limbs and a wide, top-heavy body that would have otherwise been vulnerable to torsion when it was walking. This may also explain the presence of this trait in captorhinids, diadectomorphs, and other "cotylosaurs". Perhaps swollen vertebrae were an interim strategy to prevent torsion, which would later be supplanted by strong hip muscles in later reptiles. The rather undeveloped hip muscles of Seymouria are in line with this hypothesis.
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A curve can be described, and thereby defined, by a pair of scalar fields: curvature \kappa and torsion \tau, both of which depend on some parameter which parametrizes the curve but which can ideally be the arc length of the curve. From just the curvature and torsion, the vector fields for the tangent, normal, and binormal vectors can be derived using the Frenet–Serret formulas. Then, integration of the tangent field (done numerically, if not analytically) yields the curve.
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Other changes included the addition of the Torsion-Aire Ride (torsion bar) front suspension and a heavy-duty suspension with heavy-duty shock absorbers and a heavy-duty leaf-sprung rear. A 3.73:1 rear axle was standard with the three-speed manual transmission, but automatic cars received a 3.18:1 rear axle. There were 13 optional rear axles available, ranging from 2.92:1 through 6.17:1. The D-501 received 7.60x15 tires on 15x8-inch wheels.
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The critical indicator of malignancy is usually the appearance of the Sister Mary Joseph Nodule. OGCTs can further give rise to ovarian torsion, hemorrhage, and even isosexual precocious puberty in young children.
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The rise in temperature of the lower junction of the > thermo-couple produces a current in the loop which is deflected by the > magnetic field against the torsion of the quartz fibre.
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The wing was built around a single, wooden spar with wooden ribs; ply covering ahead of the spar formed a torsion-resistant D-box. The rest of the wing was fabric-covered.
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The suspension consisted of a double horizontal wishbone with upper and lower torsion bars and a damper unit between the chassis and upper wishbone. Fully loaded, the LRV had a ground clearance of .
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Ultrasound is useful if the cause is not certain based on the above measures. If the diagnosis of torsion is certain, imaging should not delay definitive management such as physical maneuvers and surgery.
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The Serre–Tate theorem asserts, roughly speaking, that the deformations of abelian scheme A is controlled by deformations of the p-divisible group A[p^\infty] consisting of its p-power torsion points.
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Rather they are projectively parametrized, meaning that their preferred class of parameterizations is acted upon by the group of fractional linear transformations. Like an affine connection, projective connections have associated torsion and curvature.
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Other obstetrical/gynecological causes of similar abdominal pain in women include pelvic inflammatory disease, ovarian torsion, menarche, dysmenorrhea, endometriosis, and Mittelschmerz (the passing of an egg in the ovaries approximately two weeks before menstruation). Men: testicular torsion Adults: new-onset Crohn disease, ulcerative colitis, regional enteritis, cholecystitis, renal colic, perforated peptic ulcer, pancreatitis, rectus sheath hematoma and epiploic appendagitis. Elderly: diverticulitis, intestinal obstruction, colonic carcinoma, mesenteric ischemia, leaking aortic aneurysm. The term "" is used to describe a condition mimicking appendicitis.
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Many of these atoms are directly moulded into the template, and fit together by pushing plastic stubs into small holes. The plastic grips well and makes bonds difficult to rotate, so that arbitrary torsion angles can be set and retain their value. The conformations of the backbone and side chains are determined by pre-computing the torsion angles and then adjusting the model with a protractor. The plastic is white and can be painted to distinguish between O and N atoms.
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The flatness problem is naturally solved by the Einstein–Cartan–Sciama–Kibble theory of gravity, without an exotic form of matter required in inflationary theory. This theory extends general relativity by removing a constraint of the symmetry of the affine connection and regarding its antisymmetric part, the torsion tensor, as a dynamical variable. It has no free parameters. Including torsion gives the correct conservation law for the total (orbital plus intrinsic) angular momentum of matter in the presence of gravity.
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There has been some scholarly debate over the use of torsion siege engines.Chevedden, 131-150; Bradbury, 250-270. Beginning in the mid-19th century, Guillaume Defour and Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte definitively claimed that torsion siege engines were replaced by trebuchets, tension machines, and counterweight machines early in the Middle Ages because the requisite supplies needed to build the sinew skein and metal support pieces were too difficult to obtain in comparison to the materials needed for tension and counterweight machines.Dufour, 97,99; Bonaparte, 26.
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The system first saw military use in the Swedish Stridsvagn L-60 tank of 1934. It was used extensively in European cars like Renault, Citroën and Volkswagen, as well as by Packard in the 1950s. The Packard used torsion bars at both front and rear, and interconnected the front and rear systems to improve ride quality. Morris Minor and Oxford from the late 1940s onwards used a front torsion bar system very similar to the Citroen, as did the Riley RM models.
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The structural formula and the bond angles are not usually sufficient to completely describe the geometry of a molecule. There is a further degree of freedom for each carbon–carbon bond: the torsion angle between the atoms or groups bound to the atoms at each end of the bond. The spatial arrangement described by the torsion angles of the molecule is known as its conformation. Newman projections of the two conformations of ethane: eclipsed on the left, staggered on the right.
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To the extent that an object's internal distribution of mass differs from a symmetric model, we may use the measured surface gravity to deduce things about the object's internal structure. This fact has been put to practical use since 1915–1916, when Roland Eötvös's torsion balance was used to prospect for oil near the city of Egbell (now Gbely, Slovakia.), p. 1663;Prediction by Eötvös' torsion balance data in Hungary , Gyula Tóth, Periodica Polytechnica Ser. Civ. Eng. 46, #2 (2002), pp. 221–229.
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For non-circular cross-sections, there are no exact analytical equations for finding the torsion constant. However, approximate solutions have been found for many shapes. Non-circular cross-sections always have warping deformations that require numerical methods to allow for the exact calculation of the torsion constant.Advanced structural mechanics, 2nd Edition, David Johnson The torsional stiffness of beams with non-circular cross sections is significantly increased if the warping of the end sections is restrained by, for example, stiff end blocks.
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The difference in position between the opposite ends of the torsion bar controls a valve. The valve allows fluid to flow to the cylinder which provides steering assistance; the greater the "twist" of the torsion bar, the greater the force. Since the hydraulic pumps are positive-displacement type, the flow rate they deliver is directly proportional to the speed of the engine. This means that at high engine speeds the steering would naturally operate faster than at low engine speeds.
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The experimental apparatus consisted of a torsion balance with a pair of 2-inch 1.61-pound lead spheres suspended from the arm of a torsion balance and two much larger stationary lead balls (350 pounds). Cavendish intended to measure the force of gravitational attraction between the two. He noticed that Michell's apparatus would be sensitive to temperature differences and induced air currents, so he made modifications by isolating the apparatus in a separate room with external controls and telescopes for making observations.
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Garage door manufacturers typically produce garage doors fitted with torsion springs that provide a minimum of 10,000 to 15,000 cycles and are guaranteed for three to seven years. One cycle is a single opening and closing sequence. Most manufacturers offer a 30,000 cycle spring. However, it is important to remember that if the weight of the garage door is increased by adding glass, additional insulation, or even several coats of paint, the life of the torsion spring may be greatly reduced.
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Because the rear torsion bars are located one behind the other, the wheelbase is longer on the right side than on the left. The R3 and R4 had four-wheel torsion-bar independent suspension. This was an innovation that would be copied on a succession of subsequent front-engined Renaults introduced during the 1960s and 70s. The car features a shorter wheelbase on the left than on the right because the rear wheels are not mounted directly opposite one another.
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Recall that the torsion of a connection \omega can be expressed as :\Theta_\omega = D\theta = d\theta + \omega \wedge \theta where \theta is the solder form (tautological one-form). The subscript \omega serves only as a reminder that this torsion tensor was obtained from the connection. By analogy to the lowering of the index on torsion tensor on the section above, one can perform a similar operation with the solder form, and construct a tensor :\Sigma_\omega(X,Y,Z)=\langle\theta(Z), \Theta_\omega(X,Y)\rangle + \langle\theta(Y), \Theta_\omega(Z,X)\rangle \- \langle\theta(X), \Theta_\omega(Y,Z)\rangle Here \langle,\rangle is the scalar product. This tensor can be expressed asDavid Bleecker, "Gauge Theory and Variational Principles" (1982) D. Reidel Publishing (See theorem 6.2.
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The different layout was primarily chosen to reduce the impact of the inertial torsion inherent with crank throws spaced 90° apart due to the pistons being accelerated (start-stop motion), given this engine was meant to be high revving and inertial forces scale as to the square of engine speed. The reduction in torsion was achieved by splitting the crank into two separate parts, geared together, from their respective midpoints, via a counter-shaft, from which power was delivered to the gearbox.Entwicklungsgeschichte des URS-Rennmotor, German language article on the developmental history of the URS engine. It is likely this inertial torsion within the crank is the reason for Yamaha citing crank forging improvements as a reason for the cross-plane crank being viable in a road bike.
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Animation of a torsion spring oscillating The balance wheel of a mechanical watch is a harmonic oscillator whose resonant frequency f_n\, sets the rate of the watch. The resonant frequency is regulated, first coarsely by adjusting I\, with weight screws set radially into the rim of the wheel, and then more finely by adjusting \kappa\, with a regulating lever that changes the length of the balance spring. In a torsion balance the drive torque is constant and equal to the unknown force to be measured F\,, times the moment arm of the balance beam L\,, so \tau(t) = FL\,. When the oscillatory motion of the balance dies out, the deflection will be proportional to the force: :\theta = FL/\kappa\, To determine F\, it is necessary to find the torsion spring constant \kappa\,.
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234–235 The fundamental theorem for finitely presented abelian groups was proven by Henry John Stephen Smith in , as integer matrices correspond to finite presentations of abelian groups (this generalizes to finitely presented modules over a principal ideal domain), and Smith normal form corresponds to classifying finitely presented abelian groups. The fundamental theorem for finitely generated abelian groups was proven by Henri Poincaré in , using a matrix proof (which generalizes to principal ideal domains). This was done in the context of computing the homology of a complex, specifically the Betti number and torsion coefficients of a dimension of the complex, where the Betti number corresponds to the rank of the free part, and the torsion coefficients correspond to the torsion part. Kronecker's proof was generalized to finitely generated abelian groups by Emmy Noether in .
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Quantitatively, this is measured by the differential- geometric invariants called the curvature and the torsion of a curve. The fundamental theorem of curves asserts that the knowledge of these invariants completely determines the curve.
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The T23E4 was cancelled before the design was completed, but the T23E3 prototype was completed and the torsion bar suspension was found to have reduced the ground pressure by 20% compared to the T23.
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In addition to this, wheel stations 1, 2, and 6 also had hydraulic shock absorbers. Having a heavier turret than the Mk. 4, the Valiant had secondary torsion bars fitted to all wheel stations.
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In differential geometry, the fundamental theorem of space curves states that every regular curve in three-dimensional space, with non-zero curvature, has its shape (and size) completely determined by its curvature and torsion...
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A 4-speed manual transmission was specified, and an a-arm suspension with torsion bars was used in front. Drum brakes were used all around. This was the first vehicle to bear the "Fairlady" name.
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The tank in the picture has either damaged or disassembled torsion bars and its hull lies on the ground. Rear view of a T-62. Notice the two optional 200 litre drum-type fuel tanks.
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When a moderate number of sheets are inserted between the two "tongues" of the clip, the tongues will be forced apart and cause torsion in the bend of the wire to grip the sheets together.
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The Nagell–Lutz theorem is a result in the diophantine geometry of elliptic curves, which describes rational torsion points on elliptic curves over the integers. It was published independently by Nagell and by Élisabeth Lutz.
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For 1974, the Travelall underwent a second nomenclature change, offering 150 and 200 series. The model line adopted the chassis revisions of the pickup trucks, adopting a coil-sprung independent front suspension (replacing torsion bars).
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X-ray of a dog with GDV. The "double bubble" pattern indicates that stomach torsion has occurred. X-ray from the underside of a dog with GDV. The dark area is the buildup of gas.
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As a further refinement, Gromov's metric can also be defined on framed hyperbolic 3-manifolds. This gives nothing new but this space can be explicitly identified with torsion-free Kleinian groups with the Chabauty topology.
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The superscript "3" indicates that a 1H atom is coupled to another 1H atom three bonds away, via H-C-C-H bonds. (Such hydrogens bonded to neighbouring carbon atoms are termed vicinal). The magnitude of these couplings are generally smallest when the torsion angle is close to 90° and largest at angles of 0 and 180°. This relationship between local geometry and coupling constant is of great value throughout nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and is particularly valuable for determining backbone torsion angles in protein NMR studies.
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To avoid double vision from non-corresponding points, the eye with the prism must move up or down, following the image passing through the prism. Likewise conjugate torsion (rolling) on the anteroposterior axis (from the front to the back) can occur naturally, such as when one tips one's head to one shoulder; the torsion, in the opposite direction, keeps the image vertical. The muscles show little inertia - a shutdown of one muscle is not due to checking of the antagonist, so the motion is not ballistic.
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The fenders, quarter panels, floor and roof contributed to the stiffness of the body shell. A unit wheelbase comparison showed the Valiant to be 95% stiffer in torsion and 50% stiffer in beam than a 1959 Plymouth with separate body-on-frame construction. Dynamic testing showed that high structural resonant frequencies were attained, indicating greater damping and reduced body shake. The front suspension consisted of unequal length control arms with torsion bars, while the rear suspension used a live axle supported by asymmetric leaf springs.
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He died in 1981. Saxl is most well known for a series of controversial experiments in which he measured unexpected changes in the period of a torsion pendulum under various conditions. In one series of experiments, the period of a torsion pendulum situated inside a Faraday cage, with the pendulum and the cage connected by a conducting path, was observed to increase as the voltage on the cage was increased. In another experiment, the period of the pendulum was seen to increase during an eclipse.
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If only small amounts of torsion are present, cyclotropia may be without symptoms entirely and may not need correction, as the visual system can compensate small degrees of torsion and still achieve binocular vision (see also: cyclodisparity, cyclovergence). The compensation can be a motor response (visually evoked cyclovergence) or can take place during signal processing in the brain. In patients with cyclotropia of vascular origin, the condition often improves spontaneously. Cyclotropia cannot be corrected with prism spectacles in the way other eye position disorders are corrected.
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A coil spring may also be used as a torsion spring: in this case the spring as a whole is subjected to torsion about its helical axis. The material of the spring is thereby subjected to a bending moment, either reducing or increasing the helical radius. In this mode, it is the Young's Modulus of the material that determines the spring characteristics. Metal coil springs are made by winding a wire around a shaped former - a cylinder is used to form cylindrical coil springs.
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It consisted of upper and lower A-arms with telescopic hydraulic dampers and longitudinal torsion bars running back along the chassis for springing. An anti-roll bar was fitted at the front as well. The rear of the M550 prototype used the same type of suspension as the front, moved rearward along with the engine and transaxle. This proved unsatisfactory and so the final production cars received a new system that comprised new trailing arms designed by Matra with transverse torsion bars and telescopic shock-absorbers.
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In the classical limit, which corresponds to working with rational coefficients, this is precisely the quotient of a subset described above in supergravity. The quantum corrections come from torsion classes and contain mod 2 torsion corrections due to the Freed-Witten anomaly. Thus twisted K-theory classifies the subset of RR field strengths that can exist in the absence of D-branes quotiented by large gauge transformations. Daniel Freed has attempted to extend this classification to include also the RR potentials using differential K-theory.
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The 645's front suspension used Porsche's traditional upper and lower transverse torsion bars and upper and lower trailing arms. The rear suspension was significantly different than that of earlier Spyders. It consisted of familiar Porsche-style trailing arms and lateral torsion bars but added upper and lower lateral links. Both upper and lower links angled slightly backwards to attach to the hubs, and while the lower ones were parallel to the ground, the upper ones sloped downwards at a 13° angle towards the car's centre-line.
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Top speed was factory rated at . The 944 Turbo S' suspension had the "M030" option consisting of Koni adjustable shocks at the front and rear, with ride height adjusting threaded collars on the front struts, progressive rate springs, larger hollow rear anti-roll/torsion bars, harder durometer suspension bushings, larger hollow anti-roll/torsion bars at the front, and chassis stiffening brackets in the front frame rails. The air conditioning dryer lines were routed so as to clear the front frame brace on the driver's side.
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Merkurjev's work focuses on algebraic groups, quadratic forms, Galois cohomology, algebraic K-theory and central simple algebras. In the early 1980s Merkurjev proved a fundamental result about the structure of central simple algebras of period dividing 2, which relates the 2-torsion of the Brauer group with Milnor K-theory. In subsequent work with Suslin this was extended to higher torsion as the Merkurjev–Suslin theorem. The full statement of the norm residue isomorphism theorem (also known as the Bloch-Kato conjecture) was proven by Voevodsky.
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A variation of the earlier invention, the torsion balance, the Eötvös pendulum, designed by Hungarian Baron Loránd Eötvös, is a sensitive instrument for measuring the density of underlying rock strata. The device measures not only the direction of force of gravity, but the change in the force of gravity's extent in the horizontal plane. It determines the distribution of masses in the Earth's crust. The Eötvös torsion balance, an important instrument of geodesy and geophysics throughout the whole world, studies the Earth's physical properties.
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The s-cobordism theorem states for a closed connected oriented manifold M of dimension n > 4 that an h-cobordism W between M and another manifold N is trivial over M if and only if the Whitehead torsion of the inclusion M\hookrightarrow W vanishes. Moreover, for any element in the Whitehead group there exists an h-cobordism W over M whose Whitehead torsion is the considered element. The proofs use handle decompositions. There exists a homotopy theoretic analogue of the s-cobordism theorem.
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Gastric dilatation volvulus (GDV), also known as gastric dilation, twisted stomach, or gastric torsion, is a medical condition that affects dogs in which the stomach becomes overstretched and rotated by excessive gas content. The word bloat is often used as a general term to mean gas distension without stomach torsion (a normal change after eating), or to refer to GDV. GDV is a life-threatening condition in dogs that requires prompt treatment. It is common in certain dog breeds; deep-chested breeds are especially at risk.
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Lory designed a high performance 1 482 cc V8 engine incorporating four overhead camshafts and two Roots compressors. This unit initially provided 215 hp at 6,000 rpm. By 1948 the engine had been modified to produce a maximum of 275 hp at 8,000 rpm. However, it was matched to a transmission system that one commentator described as "delicate". The chassis employed independent suspension with longitudinal torsion bars at the front and lateral torsion bars at the rear, with wheels mounted on “silent blocks” that permitted vertical movement.
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In addition to distance restraints, restraints on the torsion angles of the chemical bonds, typically the psi and phi angles, can be generated. One approach is to use the Karplus equation, to generate angle restraints from coupling constants. Another approach uses the chemical shifts to generate angle restraints. Both methods use the fact that the geometry around the alpha carbon affects the coupling constants and chemical shifts, so given the coupling constants or the chemical shifts, a qualified guess can be made about the torsion angles.
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The fuselage was designed with increased stiffness, to provide increased crash protection for the pilot, and the wing leading edges formed torsion boxes. The pilot lay above the wing centre section under an extensively glazed canopy.
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Several other computer programs including TALOS, TALOS+ and DANGLE have also been developed to predict backbone torsion angles from protein chemical shifts. These stand-alone programs exhibit similar prediction performance to PREDITOR but are substantially slower.
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The scorpio was a torsion-powered catapult-type weapon used for precision fire and also for parabolic shooting. It fired bolts capable of piercing enemy shields and armour. The Roman army supplied 60 to each legion.
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A semi-automatic, two pedal, "Manumatic" transmission with centrifugal clutch with vacuum operation coupled to gear changes was optional. Independent front- suspension with forward torsion bars continued to promise "above average comfort" for the car's occupants.
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In mathematics, the Nagell–Lutz theorem is a result in the diophantine geometry of elliptic curves, which describes rational torsion points on elliptic curves over the integers. It is named for Trygve Nagell and Élisabeth Lutz.
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If the assumption that M and N are simply connected is dropped, h-cobordisms need not be cylinders; the obstruction is exactly the Whitehead torsion τ (W, M) of the inclusion M \hookrightarrow W. Precisely, the s-cobordism theorem (the s stands for simple-homotopy equivalence), proved independently by Barry Mazur, John Stallings, and Dennis Barden, states (assumptions as above but where M and N need not be simply connected): : An h-cobordism is a cylinder if and only if Whitehead torsion τ (W, M) vanishes. The torsion vanishes if and only if the inclusion M \hookrightarrow W is not just a homotopy equivalence, but a simple homotopy equivalence. Note that one need not assume that the other inclusion N \hookrightarrow W is also a simple homotopy equivalence—that follows from the theorem. Categorically, h-cobordisms form a groupoid.
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The United States eventually deployed the Light Tank M24, an improvement over the M3 Light Tank. The M24 had torsion-bar suspension, high mobility, and a compact 75 mm gun. Ergonomically the tank was quite good also.
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Daimler L 20 photo from Aero Digest January 1927 ;L20 A1: Internally wire-braced wing. Three built by Daimler aircraft. ;L20 B1: Wing with ply-covered torsion box. Prototype built by Daimler but produced by Klemm Flugzeugebau.
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The Monitor is largely a wooden aircraft. Its high wings are built around a single box spar, with a torsion resisting, plywood covered leading edge. Behind the spar the wing is fabric covered. Dihedral is just 0.5°.
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57, No. 2, pp. 434-441 (June 1990).C. K. Lee, and F. C. Moon, "Laminated Piezopolymer Plates for Torsion and Bending Sensors and Actuators," Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Vol. 85, No. 6, pp.
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Suspension was an independent torsion bar design on all four wheels, with wishbones up front and trailing arms in rear. Brakes were drums all around.Ruiz, Marco. The Complete History of the Japanese Car: 1907 to the Present.
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Dr. Raveenthiran of SRM Hospital, Kattankulathur described a new syndrome in which Spigelian hernia and cryptorchidism (undescended testis) occur together. Some common complications of this distinct syndrome cryptorchidism are testicular torsion, and its link to testicular cancer.
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Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 14 May 2015. Web. 25 Oct. 2016. However, the Poland-Scheraga Model is now considered elementary because it fails to account for the confounding implications of DNA sequence, chemical composition, stiffness and torsion.
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Protein chemical shifts can also be used to identify secondary structures, to estimate backbone torsion angles, to determine the location of aromatic rings, to assess cysteine oxidation states, to estimate solvent exposure and to measure backbone flexibility.
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According to Norinco, the VT-4 uses a locally produced 1,300 hp diesel engine with torsion bar suspension and an integrated hydraulic transmission system. Steering and acceleration is handled by a steering wheel and automatic gear transmission.
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An affine connection is called a Levi-Civita connection if # it preserves the metric, i.e., . # it is torsion- free, i.e., for any vector fields and we have , where is the Lie bracket of the vector fields and .
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The union of the pn-torsion points, for all n, forms a p-divisible group. Deformations of abelian schemes are, according to the Serre–Tate theorem, governed by the deformation properties of the associated p-divisible groups.
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Reidemeister torsion was first used to combinatorially classify 3-dimensional lens spaces in by Reidemeister, and in higher-dimensional spaces by Franz. The classification includes examples of homotopy equivalent 3-dimensional manifolds which are not homeomorphic — at the time (1935) the classification was only up to PL homeomorphism, but later showed that this was in fact a classification up to homeomorphism. J. H. C. Whitehead defined the "torsion" of a homotopy equivalence between finite complexes. This is a direct generalization of the Reidemeister, Franz, and de Rham concept; but is a more delicate invariant.
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If the ring R is an integral domain then the set of all torsion elements forms a submodule of M, called the torsion submodule of M, sometimes denoted T(M). If R is not commutative, T(M) may or may not be a submodule. It is shown in that R is a right Ore ring if and only if T(M) is a submodule of M for all right R modules. Since right Noetherian domains are Ore, this covers the case when R is a right Noetherian domain (which might not be commutative).
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Philco was the company that had manufactured the all-transistor car radio Mopar model 914HR, starting in the fall of 1955 at its Sandusky, Ohio plant, for the Chrysler corporation.Walter P. Chrysler Museum, With the inauguration of the second generation Forward Look cars for 1957, Torsion-Aire suspension was introduced. This was not air suspension, but an indirect-acting, torsion-spring front suspension system which drastically reduced unsprung weight and shifted the car's center of gravity downward and rearward. This resulted in both a smoother ride and significantly improved handling.
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Note for example how the unit directions of latitude and longitude on the Earth's surface break down as a moving frame at the north and south poles. The method of moving frames of Élie Cartan is based on taking a moving frame that is adapted to the particular problem being studied. For example, given a curve in space, the first three derivative vectors of the curve can in general define a frame at a point of it (cf. torsion tensor for a quantitative description – it is assumed here that the torsion is not zero).
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Despite the several obvious contradictions with established physics along with associated statements by believers criticized as being "nonsensical" by reputable scientists, torsion fields have been embraced as an explanation for claims of homeopathic cures, telepathy, telekinesis, levitation, clairvoyance, ESP, and other paranormal phenomena. The harnessing of torsion fields has been claimed to make everything possible from miracle cure devices (including devices that cure alcohol addiction) to working perpetual motion machines, stargates, UFO propulsion analogs, and weapons of mass destruction (WMDs). Some such devices, in particular the miracle cure boxes, have been patented, manufactured and sold.
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Chrysler and Ford during the early 1950s also waged a campaign of "stealing" Packard dealerships, consequently Packard's dealer network became steadily smaller and more scattered. Packard's last major development was the Bill Allison–invented Torsion-Level suspension, an electronically controlled four-wheel torsion-bar suspension that balanced the car's height front to rear and side to side, having electric motors to compensate each spring independently. Contemporary American competitors had serious difficulties with this suspension concept, trying to accomplish the same with air-bag springs before dropping the idea.
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Cyclotropia is a form of strabismus in which, compared to the correct positioning of the eyes, there is a torsion of one eye (or both) about the eye's visual axis. Consequently, the visual fields of the two eyes appear tilted relative to each other. The corresponding latent condition – a condition in which torsion occurs only in the absence of appropriate visual stimuli – is called cyclophoria. Cyclotropia is often associated with other disorders of strabism, can result in double vision, and can cause other symptoms, in particular head tilt.
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Each end of the bar is connected to an end link through a flexible joint. The sway bar end link connects in turn to a spot near a wheel or axle, transferring forces from a heavily loaded axle to the opposite side. Forces are therefore transferred: # from the heavily loaded axle # to the connected end link via a bushing # to the anti-sway (torsion) bar via a flexible joint # to the connected end link on the opposite side of the vehicle # to the opposite axle. The bar resists the torsion through its stiffness.
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The simplest and most natural theory of gravity with torsion is the Einstein–Cartan theory. Torsion modifies the Dirac equation in the presence of the gravitational field and causes fermion particles to be spatially extended. The spatial extension of fermions limits the minimum mass of a black hole to be on the order of , showing that micro black holes may not exist. The energy necessary to produce such a black hole is 39 orders of magnitude greater than the energies available at the Large Hadron Collider, indicating that the LHC cannot produce mini black holes.
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The Volkswagen Type 1 Beetle used a platform chassis, with independent torsion bar suspension at each end. The 'Volkswagen', 'Peoples' Car' or 'KdF-Wagen' project began in 1933 and by 1934 Porsche had sketched out a design for a rear-engined, platform chassis car with four seats and torsion bar suspension. A central stiffening tube provided much of the strength of the chassis. This basic design proceeded through the pre-war Porsche Type 60, and several wartime military vehicles, before finally the first post-war mass-production Volkswagen Beetles of 1945.
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Extension spring systems should always be restrained by a safety cable that runs through the middle of the spring, tying off to a solid point at the rear and front of the horizontal door track. The safety cable prevents hazards to bystanders when a spring, pulley, or cable breaks under tension and makes the system quite safe. Torsion spring systems can be very dangerous as they are always under tension and release energy when the spring fails. Serious injury or death can be caused by the projectile pieces of a failed torsion spring.
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As with tension testing, there exist a variety of methods for specimen attachment and loading when subjecting materials to torsion on a SHPB. One way of applying loading called the stored-torque method involves clamping the midsection of the incident bar while a torque is applied to the free end. The incident wave is created by suddenly releasing the clamp, which sends a torsion wave toward the specimen. Another loading technique known as explosive-loading uses explosive charges on the free end of the incident bar to create the incident wave.
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During the constrained HPT process, the material experiences shear deformation between a fixed and a rotating anvil, without losing its original dimensions. High pressure torsion (HPT) can be traced back to the experiments that won Percy Bridgman the 1946 Nobel Prize in Physics, though its use in metal processing is considerably more recent. In this method, a disk of the material to be strained is placed between 2 anvils. A large compressive stress (typically several gigapascals) is applied, while one anvil is rotated to create a torsion force.
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The main nerve cords of the central nervous system run through the length of the body from the pleural ganglia. In the ancestral gastropod, these would presumably have run down either side of the animal, but because of the torsion of the visceral mass found in many modern forms, they now cross over each other. However, a number of species have undergone de-torsion, restoring their original bilateral symmetry. A pair of parietal ganglia lie along the length of the main nerve cords, supplying nerves to the gill and associated olfactory organ.
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The basic vehicle is powered by indigenously manufactured 6-cylinder, opposed piston, vertical in line, water cooled, two stroke CI engine with uni- flow scavenging coupled to a semiautomatic transmission with 6 forward and 2 reverse speed . suspension is provided by trailing arm type torsion bar with all road wheel stations the vehicle also has secondary torsion bars and double acting telescope shock absorbers in the two front and rear stations. Low ground pressure, adequate power-to-weight ratio improved suspension and final drive result in good mobility of the vehicle.
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The twist-beam rear suspension (also torsion-beam axle or deformable torsion beam) is a type of automobile suspension based on a large H or C shaped member. The front of the H attaches to the body via rubber bushings, and the rear of the H carries each stub-axle assembly, on each side of the car. The cross beam of the H holds the two trailing arms together, and provides the roll stiffness of the suspension, by twisting as the two trailing arms move vertically, relative to each other.
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The IS-7 has a total of seven road wheels attached to road wheel arms on torsion bars, limited by volute spring bump stops, and hydraulic shock absorbers. The rear allowed for external fuel tanks to be carried.
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His construction leads to what Edmond Bonan called the Obata connection. which is torsion free, if and only if, "two" of the almost complex structures I, J, K are integrable and in this case the manifold is hypercomplex.
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Morse homology is a special case for the one-form df. A special case of Novikov's theory is circle-valued Morse theory, which Michael Hutchings and Yi-Jen Lee have connected to Reidemeister torsion and Seiberg–Witten theory.
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The suspension of all FIA Formula 3 Championship cars is upper and lower steel wishbones, pushrod operated, coupled with twin Koni dampers and torsion bars suspension (front) and spring suspension (rear) similar to current Formula One car suspension.
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The idea of JSJ-decomposition was later extended by Rips and Sela to torsion-free finitely presented groupsE. Rips, and Z. Sela. "Cyclic splittings of finitely presented groups and the canonical JSJ decomposition." Annals of Mathematics (2), vol.
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Like other moon snails, this species lays its eggs in a "sand collar". The eggs may number in the thousands and hatch into microscopic larvae which feed on plankton until they undergo torsion and metamorphose into the adult stage.
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Tyler now also plays in the band Alias Linn. Wood and Chintha also collaborate in the band Torsion Fields. A Cricket in Times Square's song "5.5-Minute Hallway" is featured in the film Alone with Her starring Colin Hanks.
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But if the geodesics are generated from a Riemannian metric, the parallel transport which is constructed in the limit by Schild's ladder is the same as the Levi-Civita connection because this connection is defined to be torsion-free.
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A Mark II was introduced in 1956, with more modern bodywork. It could be had with Zephyr or Jaguar XK120 inline six. The split front axle was replaced by torsion bars and coil springs were fitted in the back.
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Some facts about modules over a PID extend to modules over a Bézout domain. Let R be a Bézout domain and M finitely generated module over R. Then M is flat if and only if it is torsion-free.
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In general, 0° axial alignment makes composites resistant to longitudinal bending and axial tension/compression, 90° hoop alignment is used to obtain resistance to internal/external pressure, and ± 45° is the ideal choice to obtain resistance against pure torsion.
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Scoville contributed to the development of the aneurysm clip. His modification was to place a coiled spring with an axis parallel to the plane of clip closure.Scoville WB: Miniature torsion bar spring aneurysm clip. J Neurosurg 25:97, 1966.
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His doctoral dissertation On a Solution of Laplace's Equation with an Application to the Torsion Problem for a Polygon with Reentrant Angles was written under the supervision of Herman William March. In June 1931 Sokolnikoff married Elizabeth Thatcher Stafford.
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Any flat module is torsion- free. The converse holds over the integers, and more generally over principal ideal domains. This follows from the above characterization of flatness in terms of ideals. Yet more generally, this converse holds over Dedekind rings.
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It is notable that there are no return rollers. The suspension is a torsion bar system. The engine exhaust is on the left fender. The Durjoy tanks require a crew of 4 people which includes commander, driver, gunner and loader.
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R 2+ 3 is strongly arched, the r–m crossvein is distinct, and the discal cell is absent. The anal vein of the wing is long. The genitalia of the male is inverted at 180° by torsion of segments 5–8.
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Friedrich Wilhelm Levi (1930). Friedrich Wilhelm Daniel Levi (February 6, 1888 – January 1, 1966) was a German mathematician known for his work in abstract algebra, especially torsion-free abelian groups. He also worked in geometry, topology, set theory, and analysis.
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In 2002, an application was made for oil drilling licenses in Russia and the UK using "microlepton technologies". In 2011, National Research Council of Thailand approved a 4 million baht (around $130,000) fund for "Torsion Field Technologies" research at Chulalongkorn University.
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The elastic membrane analogy, also known as the soap-film analogy, was first published by pioneering aerodynamicist Ludwig Prandtl in 1903. Prandtl, L.: "Zur torsion von prismatischen stäben", Phys. Zeitschr., 4, pp. 758-770 (1903) Love 1944, article 224, page 322.
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In 1925, the company hired Louis de Monge as chief research engineer. Some of his work included torsion bar suspension and automatic transmissions. De Monge left in 1937 to join Bugatti, where he would design the Bugatti 100P racer plane.
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In the place of the earlier models' ladder frame was a new monocoque chassis. The suspension used torsion bar springs front and back, and the car came with a dual-circuit hydraulic braking system that operated on all four wheels.
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Front suspension was MacPherson struts, rear by torsion bar. It also had rack and pinion steering, another Soviet first. On December 31, 1979, the first VAZ-2108 prototype was completed. It strongly resembled the earlier Ladoga, and the VAZ-1106 saloon.
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The Alfa 90 has longitudinal front engine, rear mounted gearbox with differential lock, independent front suspension wishbones with torsion bar springs and rear De Dion tube. It has disc brakes on all four wheels, the rear brakes are mounted inboard.
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The track is driven by a drive sprocket at the rear, with an idler at the front. It is notable that there are no return rollers. The suspension is a torsion bar system. Engine exhaust is on the left fender.
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Finally, the name of the torsion subgroup of an infinite group shows the legacy of topology in group theory. A torus. Its abelian group structure is induced from the map , where τ is a parameter living in the upper half plane.
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The simplest and most natural theory of gravity with torsion is the Einstein–Cartan theory. Torsion modifies the Dirac equation in the presence of the gravitational field and causes fermion particles to be spatially extended. In this case the spatial extension of fermions limits the minimum mass of a black hole to be on the order of , showing that micro black holes may not exist. The energy necessary to produce such a black hole is 39 orders of magnitude greater than the energies available at the Large Hadron Collider, indicating that the LHC cannot produce mini black holes.
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Paul E. Chevedden, "Black Camels and Blazing Bolts: The Bolt-Projecting Trebuchet in the Mamluk Army", Mamluk Studies Review 8 (2004): 232–233. Explosive shells had been in use in China for centuries, but the counterweight system of the trebuchet (as opposed to the torsion-type) gave greater range and accuracy while also making it easier to judge the force generated (versus by the torsion from repeated windings). As such, the counterweight trebuchet built by the Persians were, practically speaking, greater in range, and so could assist in destroying the walls at Fancheng with greater safety to the Mongol forces.
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It describes the stress distribution on a long bar in torsion. The cross section of the bar is constant along its length, and need not be circular. The differential equation that governs the stress distribution on the bar in torsion is of the same form as the equation governing the shape of a membrane under differential pressure. Therefore, in order to discover the stress distribution on the bar, all one has to do is cut the shape of the cross section out of a piece of wood, cover it with a soap film, and apply a differential pressure across it.
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In general, there are an infinite number of metric connections for a given metric tensor; however, there is a unique connection that is free of torsion, the Levi-Civita connection. It is common in physics and general relativity to work almost exclusively with the Levi-Civita connection, by working in coordinate frames (called holonomic coordinates) where the torsion vanishes. For example, in Euclidean spaces, the Christoffel symbols describe how the local coordinate bases change from point to point. At each point of the underlying -dimensional manifold, for any local coordinate system around that point, the Christoffel symbols are denoted for .
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In common with other power steering systems, the control valve is of the rotary type and consists of a valve rotor and torsion bar. The valve rotor is the input shaft to the steering gear and has six longitudinal grooves machined into its outer surface. When no load is applied to the steering wheel, these grooves lie between six grooves in the valve sleeve and no hydraulic assistance is applied. When steering effort is applied at the wheel it is transmitted to the rotor, which transmits the effort to the hour glass cam by means of the torsion bar.
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A lithobolos () refers to any mechanical artillery weapon used and/or referred to as a stone thrower in ancient warfare. Typically this referred to engines that propel a stone along a flat track with two rigid bow arms powered by torsion (twisted cord), in particular all sizes of palintonon. However, Charon of Magnesia referred to his flexion (bow) stone-thrower engine, a gastraphetes shooting 5–6 mina (), as a lithobolos; Isidoros of Abydos reportedly built a larger version shooting . Also, the euthytonon, a single-arm torsion catapult, was referred to by contemporaries as a stone-thrower, as was its Roman evolution the onager.
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In algebraic number theory, a fundamental unit is a generator (modulo the roots of unity) for the unit group of the ring of integers of a number field, when that group has rank 1 (i.e. when the unit group modulo its torsion subgroup is infinite cyclic). Dirichlet's unit theorem shows that the unit group has rank 1 exactly when the number field is a real quadratic field, a complex cubic field, or a totally imaginary quartic field. When the unit group has rank ≥ 1, a basis of it modulo its torsion is called a fundamental system of units.
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The Type 3's torsion bars are cross- mounted in the lower tube, so that each individual torsion bar spans the full width of the car, the upper tube containing an anti-roll bar that connects the upper trailing links to each other. The complete front suspension unit is rubber-mounted to the car's floorpan. In 1968 the rear suspension was upgraded to double jointed CV joint semi trailing arm suspension (sometimes called IRS by VW enthusiasts to differentiate it from the previous ( IRS ) swing-axle type), a design feature that previously appeared on the VW Type 2 in 1967.
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The minimal coupling between torsion and Dirac spinors obeying the nonlinear Dirac equation generates a spin-spin interaction which is significant in fermionic matter at extremely high densities. Such an interaction averts the unphysical big bang singularity, replacing it with a bounce at a finite minimum scale factor, before which the Universe was contracting. The rapid expansion immediately after the big bounce explains why the present Universe at largest scales appears spatially flat, homogeneous and isotropic. As the density of the Universe decreases, the effects of torsion weaken and the Universe smoothly enters the radiation-dominated era.
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The X-29 design made use of the anisotropic elastic coupling between bending and twisting of the carbon fiber composite material to address this aeroelastic effect. Rather than using a very stiff wing, which would carry a weight penalty even with the relatively light-weight composite, the X-29 used a laminate which produced coupling between bending and torsion. As lift increases, bending loads force the wing tips to bend upward. Torsion loads attempt to twist the wing to higher angles of attack, but the coupling resists the loads, twisting the leading edge downward reducing wing angle of attack and lift.
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It is also difficult to arrange spring attachments for springs such as half-elliptic springs requiring distance fore and aft of the axle line, or for coil spring or strut suspensions needing an attachment point raised vertically above the platform. Instead, springs such as torsion bars are used. Whether these are transverse or longitudinal, they lie in the horizontal plane of the platform and so can be worked in to such a chassis. Other torsion-based systems, such as twist-beam rear suspension, may be used as well for front-wheel drive cars with light rears.
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The Greeks and Romans, with advanced methods of military supply and armament, were able to readily produce the many pieces needed to build a ballista. In the later 4th and 5th centuries as these administrative structures began to change, simpler devices became preferable because the technical skills needed to produce more complex machines were no longer as common. Vegetius, Ammianus Marcellinus, and the anonymous "De rebus bellicis" are our first and most descriptive sources on torsion machines, all writing in the 4th century AD.Chevedden, 138-139, 152-158. A little later, in the 6th century, Procopius provides his description of torsion devices.
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Opposition to this viewpoint appeared later in the 19th century, when General Köhler argued that torsion machines were used throughout the Middle Ages.Köhler, 139-211 Scholarly views become more complex at this point, with Rudolf Schneider arguing that the loss of classical knowledge in the early Middle Ages prevented ancient siege engines from being reproduced,Schneider, 10-16. while Kalervo Huuri argued that one-armed torsion machines, such as the Roman onager, may have been used in the Medieval Mediterranean, though there was no evidence of two armed machines, such as the ballista, in this view.Huuri, 51-63, 212-214.
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The employment of a rear drive provided additional crew space and also allowed for a better slope on the front hull, which was considered important in preventing penetration by armour-piercing shells. The MAN design embodied a more conventional configuration, with the transmission and drive sprocket in the front and a centrally mounted turret. It had a petrol engine and eight torsion-bar suspension axles per side. Because of the torsion bar suspension and the drive shaft running under the turret basket, the MAN Panther was higher and had a wider hull than the DB design.
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Contemporary DMD chips can produce up to 1024 shades of gray (10 bits). See Digital Light Processing for discussion of how color images are produced in DMD-based systems. Diagram of a digital micromirror showing the mirror mounted on the suspended yoke with the torsion spring running bottom left to top right (light grey), with the electrostatic pads of the memory cells below (top left and bottom right) The mirrors themselves are made out of aluminum and are around 16 micrometers across. Each one is mounted on a yoke which in turn is connected to two support posts by compliant torsion hinges.
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Particular attention was also paid to the hydrodynamics of the planing hull and to the riveting techniques required to make this all-metal aircraft watertight. The Amiot 110-S had a thick-section wing with a constant-chord centre section, occupying about one-third of the span, and tapered, blunt-tipped outer sections. They were mounted on the top of the fuselage with about 4° of dihedral. The wing structure was a development of the torsion-resistant box spars used in high-performance gliders, with three spars, built out of interconnected steel tubes, forming the central torsion boxes.
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His observations in the 1960s on analogies between primes and knots were taken up by others in the 1990s giving rise to the field of arithmetic topology. Coming under the influence of Alexander Grothendieck's approach to algebraic geometry, he moved into areas of diophantine geometry. Mazur's torsion theorem, which gives a complete list of the possible torsion subgroups of elliptic curves over the rational numbers, is a deep and important result in the arithmetic of elliptic curves. Mazur's first proof of this theorem depended upon a complete analysis of the rational points on certain modular curves.
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The unit circle bundle over compact Riemann surfaces with genus strictly greater than 1 also provides examples of CR manifolds which are strongly pseudoconvex and have zero Webster torsion and constant negative Webster curvature. These spaces can be used as comparison spaces in studying geodesics and volume comparison theorems on CR manifolds with zero Webster torsion akin to the H.E. Rauch comparison theorem in Riemannian Geometry. In recent years, other aspects of analysis on the Heisenberg group have been also studied, like minimal surfaces in the Heisenberg group, the Bernstein problem in the Heisenberg group and curvature flows.
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Michell's torsion balance, used in the Cavendish experiment Michell devised a torsion balance for measuring the mass of the Earth, but died before he could use it. His instrument passed into the hands of his lifelong friend Henry Cavendish, who first performed in 1798 the experiment now known as the Cavendish Experiment. Placing two 1-kg lead balls at the ends of a six-foot rod, he suspended the rod horizontally by a fibre attached to its centre. Then he placed a massive lead ball beside each of the small ones, causing a gravitational attraction that led the rod to turn clockwise.
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The theory behind this is that fat accumulation within the omentum occludes blood supply to the distal parts of the omentum in addition to making it more susceptible to torsion. Other risk factors for omental infarction are polycythemia, hypercoagulability, and vasculitides plus other conditions which predispose to torsion such as trauma, sudden body movements, coughing, heavy food intake, and hyperperistalsis. 50px Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Historically, omental infarction was diagnosed only intraoperatively during surgery for presumed appendicitis or other causes of acute abdomen.
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A structure with the same name is often found in invertebrates, including molluscs and arthropods, connecting the oral cavity with the stomach. In terms of the digestive system of snails and slugs, the mouth opens into an esophagus, which connects to the stomach. Because of torsion, which is the rotation of the main body of the animal during larval development, the esophagus usually passes around the stomach, and opens into its back, furthest from the mouth. In species that have undergone de-torsion, however, the esophagus may open into the anterior of the stomach, which is the reverse of the usual gastropod arrangement.
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Torsion springald in Roberto Valturio's De Re Militari (1472) A Springald, or espringal, is a mechanical artillery device for throwing large bolts and less commonly stones or Greek fire. It is depicted in a diagram in an 11th-century Byzantine manuscript, but in Western Europe is more evident in the late 12th century and early 13th century. It was constructed on the same principles as a Greek or Roman ballista, but with inward swinging arms. It was also known as a 'skein-bow', and was a torsion device using twisted skeins of silk or sinew to power two bow-arms.
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In particular, the antisymmetric part of the connection (referred to as the torsion) is zero for Levi-Civita connections, as one of the defining conditions for such connections. Because the contorsion can be expressed linearly in terms of the torsion, then is also possible to directly translate the Einstein–Hilbert action into a Riemann–Cartan geometry, the result being the Palatini action (see also Palatini variation). It is derived by rewriting the Einstein–Hilbert action in terms of the affine connection and then separately posing a constraint that forces both the torsion and contorsion to be zero, which thus forces the affine connection to be equal to the Levi-Civita connection. Because it is a direct translation of the action and field equations of general relativity, expressed in terms of the Levi-Civita connection, this may be regarded as the theory of general relativity, itself, transposed into the framework of Riemann–Cartan geometry.
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The suspension was redesigned using coil springs instead of torsion bars, the first major engineering changes since the original 911. The front suspension used MacPherson struts, a system that has continued for all subsequent versions, but the rear suspension retained semi-trailing arms.
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Substrates in explosively deformed Cu and CU-Al alloys. Acta Metallurgica 12, (10), 1153-1159.Zhao, Y.H., Liao, Y.Y., Zhu, Y.T., (2005). Influence of stacking fault energy on nanostructure formation under high pressure torsion. Materials Science and Engineering A, 410-411, 188-193.
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In mathematics the division polynomials provide a way to calculate multiples of points on elliptic curves and to study the fields generated by torsion points. They play a central role in the study of counting points on elliptic curves in Schoof's algorithm.
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Accessed January 22, 2010 The Cheeger–Müller theorem on the analytic torsion of Riemannian manifolds is named after them.Michael Farber, Wolfgang Lück, and Shmuel Weinberger (Editors), Tel Aviv Topology Conference: Rothenberg Festschrift. American Mathematical Society, 1999, Contemporary Mathematics series, vol. 231; ; p.
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The Ptolemaic Tessarakonteres was the largest ship constructed in Antiquity. New siege engines were developed during this period. An unknown engineer developed the torsion-spring catapult () and Dionysios of Alexandria designed a repeating ballista, the Polybolos. Preserved examples of ball projectiles range from .
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Einstein at his office, University of Berlin, 1920In order to incorporate spinning point particles into general relativity, the affine connection needed to be generalized to include an antisymmetric part, called the torsion. This modification was made by Einstein and Cartan in the 1920s.
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Torsion II by Charles Hadcock in Canary Wharf, London Charles William George Hadcock DL (born 1965 in Derby) is a British sculptor specialising in monumental sculpture that reflects his interest in geology, engineering and mathematics enriched with references to music, philosophy and poetry.
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The research themes of Xiaonan Ma encompass global analysis and local Atiyah–Singer–index theory (analytic Ray–Singer torsion, Eta forms, elliptic genera), Bergman kernels und geometric quantization. He is editor of Science in China A (Mathematics) and of International Journal of Mathematics.
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Several varieties of leaf-spring suspensions were tried on Ausf. A through Ausf. D, usually using eight relatively small- diameter road wheels before the torsion-bar suspension of the Ausf. E was standardized, using the six road wheel design that became standard.
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Because of the torsion of the nerve cords, one parietal ganglion is typically higher in the body than the other. Finally, the nerve cords terminate in a linked pair of visceral ganglia, which supply nerves to the remaining organs of the visceral mass.
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Usually the lesion is surgically removed. Primarily, there is concern that the lesion identified in a patient could be cancerous, but there is also the risk of torsion, and possibly the development of symptoms. A stable lesion, however, could be clinically followed.
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The powers of the root element form a cyclic group and provide the basis for a cyclic cover. A line bundle over a complex projective variety with torsion index r may induce a cyclic Galois covering with cyclic group of order r.
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With its short wheelbase of 2,060 mm, the vehicle had the ability to climb steep grades of up to 65%. The prototype body of the car was manufactured by Porsche's own Stuttgart Body Works with later versions (stabilized with torsion bars) coming from Karmann coachworks.
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The suspension consists of five sets of double road wheels with torsion bar springs. The system does not have track return rollers. The forward and rearmost road wheels are equipped with hydraulic shock absorbers. On some of the tanks lightweight openwork road wheels were used.
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Within each different prototype series, a variety of different suspension and armament configurations were tried out, for example, the T20 had an early version of the horizontal volute spring suspension (HVSS) suspension later employed on the M4A3 Sherman, whereas the T20E3 had torsion bar suspension.
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The Scale Card: Used to measure the deviation of heterophorias, small heterotropias (with NRC) and also torsion. The scale card has the horizontal, vertical and torsional scales. The board also contains the red and white arrows. This will be further discuss throughout the video.
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They were so popular in ancient Greece and Rome that competitions were often held. Students from Samos, Ceos, Cyanae, and especially Rhodes were highly sought after by military leaders for their catapult construction.DeVries, 130. Torsion machines in particular were used heavily in military campaigns.
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Their weight is 25% of that of the whole aircraft. The wing ahead of this spar, positioned at 30% chord, forms a plywood covered torsion box. Behind it, the wing is fabric covered. Ailerons, divided to allow for wing flexure, fill the tapered trailing edges.
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The engine is to the right of the crew compartment. The Canadian Forces began upgrading the Bison between 2002 and 2008. The upgrades include improved engine power, new torsion bars, fittings for add-on armour, air conditioning, and the VRS respirator system for NBC defence.
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The torsion bar suspension consists of six evenly spaced large rubber-tired road wheels with a drive sprocket at the rear and an idler at the front. The road wheels are hollow to assist its amphibious capabilities. These wheels increase the APC's buoyancy by 30%.
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This characteristic, called resupination, occurs primitively in the family and is considered apomorphic, a derived characteristic all Orchidaceae share. The torsion of the ovary is very evident from the longitudinal section shown (below right). Some orchids have secondarily lost this resupination, e.g. Epidendrum secundum.
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The engine is to the right of the crew compartment. The Canadian Forces began upgrading the Bison between 2002 and 2008. The upgrades include improved engine power, new torsion bars, fittings for add-on armour, air conditioning, and the VRS respirator system for NBC defence.
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Other firms entered the market, beginning the German mass production of these clocks. Although they were successful commercially, torsion clocks remained poor timekeepers. In 1951, Charles Terwilliger of the Horolovar Co. invented a temperature compensating suspension spring, which allowed fairly accurate clocks to be made.
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Almost any line is a valid gauge fixing, i.e., there is a large gauge freedom. To tell whether the rod is twisted, you need to first know the gauge. Physical quantities, such as the energy of the torsion, do not depend on the gauge, i.e.
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During ejection, LV torsion results in the storage of potential energy into the deformed myofibers. This stored energy is released with the onset of relaxation similar to a spring uncoiling and results in suction forces. These forces are then used for rapid early diastolic restoration.
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Suppose that R is a (commutative) principal ideal domain and M is a finitely-generated R-module. Then the structure theorem for finitely generated modules over a principal ideal domain gives a detailed description of the module M up to isomorphism. In particular, it claims that : M \simeq F\oplus T(M), where F is a free R-module of finite rank (depending only on M) and T(M) is the torsion submodule of M. As a corollary, any finitely-generated torsion-free module over R is free. This corollary does not hold for more general commutative domains, even for R = K[x,y], the ring of polynomials in two variables.
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More generally, if S is a multiplicatively closed subset of the ring R, then we may consider localization of the R-module M, : M_S = M \otimes_R R_S, which is a module over the localization RS. There is a canonical map from M to MS, whose kernel is precisely the S-torsion submodule of M. Thus the torsion submodule of M can be interpreted as the set of the elements that 'vanish in the localization'. The same interpretation continues to hold in the non- commutative setting for rings satisfying the Ore condition, or more generally for any right denominator set S and right R-module M.
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Similar to planar second moment of area calculations (I_x,I_y, and I_{xy}), the polar second moment of area is often denoted as I_z. While several engineering textbooks and academic publications also denote it as J or J_z, this designation should be given careful attention so that it does not become confused with the torsion constant, J_t, used for non-cylindrical objects. Simply put, the polar moment of inertia is a shaft or beam's resistance to being distorted by torsion, as a function of its shape. The rigidity comes from the object's cross-sectional area only, and does not depend on its material composition or shear modulus.
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The wing was tapered in planform and was built around two spars, though there were two variants of the internal wing structure. The first three aircraft, type L20 A1, had wings stiffened against torsion by internal wire bracing but later aircraft, type L20 B1, used a torsion box formed by plywood skin ahead of the rear spar. Like the later version of the L15, the L20 used a combination of conventional ailerons and unusual wingtip flaps, rotating about an axis well ahead of mid-chord. The ailerons were directly controlled from the cockpit as normal and the tip flaps were linked to them with external rods and cranks.
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The big bounce hypothesis attempts to replace the cosmic singularity with a cosmic contraction and bounce, thereby explaining the initial conditions that led to the big bang. The flatness and horizon problems are naturally solved in the Einstein-Cartan- Sciama-Kibble theory of gravity, without needing an exotic form of matter or free parameters. This theory extends general relativity by removing a constraint of the symmetry of the affine connection and regarding its antisymmetric part, the torsion tensor, as a dynamical variable. The minimal coupling between torsion and Dirac spinors generates a spin-spin interaction that is significant in fermionic matter at extremely high densities.
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Einstein–Cartan theory has been historically overshadowed by its torsion-free counterpart and other alternatives like Brans–Dicke theory because torsion seemed to add little predictive benefit at the expense of the tractability of its equations. Since the Einstein–Cartan theory is purely classical, it also does not fully address the issue of quantum gravity. In the Einstein–Cartan theory, the Dirac equation becomes nonlinear and therefore the superposition principle used in usual quantization techniques would not work. Recently, interest in Einstein–Cartan theory has been driven toward cosmological implications, most importantly, the avoidance of a gravitational singularity at the beginning of the universe.
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Front suspension was a modified MacPherson strut, with longitudinal torsion bars acting at base of the control arms instead of coil springs on the struts, to allow room for the wide V6 and the optional air conditioning. The height of the front suspension is adjustable, using eccentric cams in the ends of the torsion bars, where they are attached to the body. The rear suspension is a modified Chapman strut, using nearly trailing arms carrying the coil springs, axle shafts as lateral control links, and toe control links, with good wheel geometry control. Axle shafts are connected by universal joints at both the hubs and the limited-slip differential.
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In 1951, Jean- Pierre Serre showed that homotopy groups of spheres are all finite except for those of the form or (for positive ), when the group is the product of the infinite cyclic group with a finite abelian group . In particular the homotopy groups are determined by their -components for all primes . The 2-components are hardest to calculate, and in several ways behave differently from the -components for odd primes. In the same paper, Serre found the first place that -torsion occurs in the homotopy groups of dimensional spheres, by showing that has no -torsion if , and has a unique subgroup of order if and .
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This meant that several of Issigonis' proposals were reviewed – first the all-independent torsion bar suspension was changed for a torsion-sprung live rear axle and this was then substituted by a conventional leaf-sprung arrangement. All of Miles Thomas' suggestions for spreading the cost of developing the new car and broadening the design's appeal were treated sceptically by the Morris board and vetoed by Lord Nuffield. It became clear that the only way to overcome the personal and financial obstacles to the project was to adopt a lightly revised version of the Morris Eight's obsolete side-valve engine. Thomas resigned his position at Morris Motors over the debacle.
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The seats were hammocks hung from the roof by wires. The suspension system, designed by Alphonse Forceau, used front leading arms and rear trailing arms, connected to eight torsion bars beneath the rear seat: a bar for the front axle, one for the rear axle, an intermediate bar for each side, and an overload bar for each side. The front axle was connected to its torsion bars by cable. The overload bar came into play when the car had three people on board, two in the front and one in the rear, to support the extra load of a fourth passenger and fifty kilograms of luggage.
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On the right side it had torsion of its humeral shaft, three bony tumors on its radius, a truncated articular surface of its third metacarpal bone, and deformities on the first phalanx bone of the third finger. This finger was permanently deformed and unable to flex. The deformities of the humerus and the third finger may have been due to osteodysplasia, which had not been reported from non-avian dinosaurs before, but is known in birds. Affecting juvenile birds that have experienced malnutrition, this disease can cause pain in one limb, which makes the birds prefer to use the other limb instead, which thereby develops torsion.
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The actual springing medium for these is usually coil springs. The torsion beam functions both as wheel locating arm and as an anti-roll bar to resist lateral motion of the wheels as the body leans in turns. Its advantages are that it is inexpensive to manufacture and install, and engages a minimum amount of interior volume, leaving more space for the carriage of passengers, cargo, and other components. Because the torsion beam acts in the lateral plane, not vertically, the twist beam axle cannot provide ride height adjustment, and it suffers, to some extent, similar car handling limitations as other beam axle suspensions.
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In addition, there was some concern that in making the doors as light as possible they wouldn't provide adequate protection in side-impact accidents. There was, however, no indication that this concern was justified. The DeLorean solved these problems by using a patented cryogenically-set stainless steel torsion bar spring (manufactured by Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corporation) to partially counterbalance a full-sized door, and then added a gas-pressurized (pneumatic) strut similar to those found in hatchback cars. The combination of the torsion spring and strut provided the correct torque variation necessary to offset the variable torque of the door as it opened through a rotational angle of about 80 degrees.
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Their secondary palate helped them resist bending and torsion of their tubular snouts. A 2013 beam-theory study by the British palaeontologists Andrew R. Cuff and Rayfield compared the biomechanics of CT-scanned spinosaurid snouts with those of extant crocodilians, and found the snouts of Baryonyx and Spinosaurus similar in their resistance to bending and torsion. Baryonyx was found to have relatively high resistance in the snout to dorsoventral bending compared with Spinosaurus and the gharial. The authors concluded (in contrast to the 2007 study) that Baryonyx performed differently than the gharial; spinosaurids were not exclusive piscivores, and their diet was determined by their individual size.
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Popławski theorizes that torsion manifests itself as a repulsive force which causes fermions to be spatially extended and prevents the formation of a gravitational singularity within the black hole's event horizon. Because of torsion, the collapsing matter on the other side of the horizon reaches an enormous but finite density, explodes and rebounds, forming an Einstein-Rosen bridge (wormhole) to a new, closed, expanding universe. Analogously, the Big Bang is replaced by the Big Bounce before which the Universe was the interior of a black hole. This scenario generates cosmic inflation, which explains why the present Universe at largest scales appears spatially flat, homogeneous and isotropic.
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By 1974 the difficulties faced in meeting the conflicting regulatory requirements in different markets and differing production methods used by the various divisions had killed the world-car idea. While unable to replace the Cortina/Taunus, the Fox platform remained a multiple-wheelbase design, as the short-wheelbase version remained in development to replace the Mustang II. In 1975 North American Automobile Operations took over development of the Fox platform from Sperlich's Product Planning and Research group. The first running Fox (Fairmont) prototype was a Cortina with a modified suspension, using MacPherson struts and torsion bars. The torsion bars would not appear in the final version.
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Because of the car-to-car differences, each hardtop fits only the car for which it was made. The front suspension had parallel double wishbones with torsion bar springs and an anti-roll bar. The rear suspension had a live axle, also sprung by torsion bars, and located by a Panhard rod and a central, transverse A-arm to control acceleration and braking forces. The brakes were Alfin drum brakes of 284.5 mm (11.2 in) diameter, and power brakes were optional. Late-model 507s had front Girling disc brakes. & Pirelli 185VR16 Cinturato radial tyres. The engine was BMW's aluminium alloy OHV V8, of displacement, with pushrod- operated overhead valves.
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The torsion-bar suspension, sometimes including shock absorbers, has been the dominant heavy armored vehicle suspension since World War II. Torsion bars may take space under or near the floor, which may interfere with making the tank low to reduce exposure. As with cars, wheel travel and spring rate affect the bumpiness of the ride and the speed at which rough terrain can be negotiated. It may be significant that a smooth ride, which is often associated with comfort, increases the accuracy when firing on the move (analogously to battle ships with reduced stability, due to reduced metacentric height). It also reduces shock on optics and other equipment.
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Conditions that may result in similar symptoms include testicular torsion, inguinal hernia, and testicular cancer. Ultrasound can be useful if the diagnosis is unclear. Treatment may include pain medications, NSAIDs, and elevation. Recommended antibiotics in those who are young and sexually active are ceftriaxone and doxycycline.
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Some of the early devices used by the Byzantines were torsion powered engines used to shoot arrows with greater intensity. The Byzantine military engineers were learning and developing more sophisticated siege weapons, and by the 10th century they had adopted engineering techniques used by the Muslims.
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Any such module is isomorphic to the sum of a finitely- generated free module and an ideal, and the class of the ideal is uniquely determined by the module. Over a principal ideal domain, finitely-generated modules are torsion-free if and only if they are free.
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Large cysts can lead to torsion of the adnexa inflicting acute pain. Prior to surgery, PTCs are usually seen on ultrasonography. However, because of the proximity of the ovary that may display follicle cysts, it may be a challenge to identify a cyst as paratubal or paraovarian.
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Ovarian torsion (OT) is when an ovary twists on its attachment to other structures, such that blood flow is decreased. Symptoms typically include pelvic pain on one side. While classically the pain is sudden in onset, this is not always the case. Other symptoms may include nausea.
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Primary works of A. Gorgidze were devoted to Numerical solution of plane problems in the theory of elasticity; He gave accurate methods for solving problems of torsion and bending of isotropic and anisotropic, homogeneous and heterogeneous prismatic bars. He died on 17 December 1992 in Tbilisi.
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The appendix of testis can, occasionally, undergo torsion (i.e. become twisted), causing acute one-sided testicular pain and may require surgical excision to achieve relief. One third of patients present with a palpable "blue dot" discoloration on the scrotum. This is nearly diagnostic of this condition.
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In mathematics, in Diophantine geometry, the conductor of an abelian variety defined over a local or global field F is a measure of how "bad" the bad reduction at some prime is. It is connected to the ramification in the field generated by the torsion points.
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While the membrane analogy allows the stress distribution on any cross section to be determined experimentally, it also allows the stress distribution on thin-walled, open cross sections to be determined by the same theoretical approach that describes the behavior of rectangular sections. Using the membrane analogy, any thin-walled cross section can be "stretched out" into a rectangle without affecting the stress distribution under torsion. The maximum shear stress, therefore, occurs at the edge of the midpoint of the stretched cross section, and is equal to 3T/bt^2, where T is the torque applied, b is the length of the stretched cross section, and t is the thickness of the cross section. It can be shown that the differential equation for the deflection surface of a homogeneous membrane, subjected to uniform lateral pressure and with uniform surface tension and with the same outline as that of the cross section of a bar under torsion, has the same form as that governing the stress distribution over the cross section of a bar under torsion.
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Einstein–Cartan theory differs from general relativity in two ways: (1) it is formulated within the framework of Riemann–Cartan geometry, which possesses a locally gauged Lorentz symmetry, while general relativity is formulated within the framework of Riemannian geometry, which does not; (2) an additional set of equations are posed that relate torsion to spin. This difference can be factored into general relativity (Einstein–Hilbert) -> general relativity (Palatini) -> Einstein–Cartan by first reformulating general relativity onto a Riemann–Cartan geometry, replacing the Einstein–Hilbert action over Riemannian geometry by the Palatini action over Riemann–Cartan geometry; and second, removing the zero torsion constraint from the Palatini action, which results in the additional set of equations for spin and torsion, as well as the addition of extra spin-related terms in the Einstein field equations themselves. The theory of general relativity was originally formulated in the setting of Riemannian geometry by the Einstein–Hilbert action, out of which arise the Einstein field equations. At the time of its original formulation, there was no concept of Riemann–Cartan geometry.
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The localization theorem states that the equivariant cohomology can be recovered, up to torsion elements, from the equivariant cohomology of the fixed point subset. This does not extend, in verbatim, to the non-abelian action. But there is still a version of the localization theorem for non-abelian actions.
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Medscape > Testicular Torsion Imaging by David Paushter. Updated: May 25, 2011 Initially it provides a radionuclide angiogram, followed by a static image after the radionuclide has perfused the tissue. In the healthy patient, initial images show symmetric flow to the testes, and delayed images show uniformly symmetric activity.
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Although the outer rings "spiral" around the inner ring (and each other), they actually have no helical torsion. They are all equivalent. The spiraling is a result of the 3-sphere curvature. The inner ring and the five outer rings now form a six ring, 60-cell solid torus.
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Tamiya Rough Rider was the very first of Tamiya's SRB (Special racing buggies) series. These according to Tamiya made Radio Control Models accessible to everyone. The design is famous for its fibre glass chassis with rear torsion bars and front hairpin springs. These models originally cost 18,000 yen.
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This design offers good beam resistance because of its continuous rails from front to rear, but poor resistance to torsion or warping if simple, perpendicular cross-members are used. The vehicle's overall height will be greater due to the floor pan sitting above the frame instead of inside it.
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The A1 uses a MacPherson strut front and torsion beam rear suspension. In the UK, the A1 trim levels are SE, Sport and S line. SE is the base specification, while Sport and S line models also have sport seats, sports suspension and larger wheels, amongst other features.
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An x-ray image of a spiral fracture to the left humerus of a 27-year-old male. The injury was sustained during a fall. A spiral fracture (a.k.a. torsion fracture) is a bone fracture occurring when torque (a rotating force) is applied along the axis of a bone.
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Torsion bars were sometimes used instead of conventional coil valve springs in some older motorcycles, such as the Honda CB450, and also on the Panhard Dyna X and Panhard Dyna Z cars of the 1950s. They were also used in the door mechanism of the DMC DeLorean automobile.
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The BMP-3 engine is a diesel four-stroke, liquid-cooled design. The transmission is a four-speed hydromechanical power unit, with power takeoff to its water jets. The suspension is independent, with a torsion bar and six hydraulic shock absorbers. Steering is by gear differential with hydrostatic drive.
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In 1987, gravity researcher A.H. Cook wrote: > The most important advance in experiments on gravitation and other delicate > measurements was the introduction of the torsion balance by Michell and its > use by Cavendish. It has been the basis of all the most significant > experiments on gravitation ever since.
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Schrade and Smith & Wesson have both recently introduced OTF knives that are opened by sliding forward a handle attached to the blade to engage the torsion spring. As it is classified as spring-assisted, it is not proscribed by the Federal Switchblade Act or most state laws on switchblades.
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The fourth generation Mégane is larger and lower than its predecessor. The suspension is made of MacPherson struts on the front and a torsion beam on the rear. Brakes are discs on both axles. The driver can select between five driving modes that change the car set up.
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The coil is attached to a thin pointer that traverses a calibrated scale. A tiny torsion spring pulls the coil and pointer to the zero position. When a direct current (DC) flows through the coil, the coil generates a magnetic field. This field acts against the permanent magnet.
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More generally, let M be a module over a ring R and S be a multiplicatively closed subset of R. An element m of M is called an S-torsion element if there exists an element s in S such that s annihilates m, i.e., In particular, one can take for S the set of regular elements of the ring R and recover the definition above. An element g of a group G is called a torsion element of the group if it has finite order, i.e., if there is a positive integer m such that gm = e, where e denotes the identity element of the group, and gm denotes the product of m copies of g.
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A total of 221 prototypes were tested in Australia, Canada, China, South Korea, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States. According to GM, the Cruze's body structure is 65 percent high-strength steel. MacPherson struts are utilized in the front suspension with a solid torsion beam axle for the rear, avoiding the cost and complexity needed for a modern multi-link independent rear suspension used by some more expensive rivals. According to GM's global product development chief Mark Reuss, the North America version Cruze is modified from the global platform as it requires reinforcements to the engine compartment because it offers a bigger engine than in other markets and uses torsion beam suspension.
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A modern reconstruction of the gastraphetes The dramatic change in the abilities of Greeks to operate against fortifications owed much to the development of effective artillery. This had begun around 400 BC in Syracuse under Dionysius I. By Alexander’s time, torsion-powered artillery was in use. Torsion machines used skeins of sinew or hair rope, which were wound around a frame and twisted so as to power two bow arms; these could develop much greater force than earlier forms (such as the gastraphetes) reliant on the elastic properties of a bow-stave. Two forms of such ballista were used by the Macedonians: a smaller bolt-shooting type called the oxybeles and a larger stone-throwing machine called the lithobolos.
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In the TM series, these engines were carbureted, with Mitsubishi's "ECI Multi" electronic fuel injection (EFI) version launched with the TN series, boosting power to . Magna was fitted with either a five-speed manual or a four-speed ELC automatic transmission with electronic control and overdrive (a button on the shift lever providing the ability to switch between the default three- speed mode or overdrive four-speed). The Executive and luxury Elite models, however, were available only in automatic. In terms of suspension, Magna's front comprised MacPherson struts front design and, at the rear, a three-link torsion beam axle with coil springs (specifically, a torsion beam axle, located by two trailing arms and a Panhard rod).
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No definitive results have been obtained through documentation or experiment that can accurately verify claims made in manuscripts concerning the range and damaging capabilities of torsion machines.Marsden, Historical Development, 86. The only way to do so would be to construct a whole range of full-scale devices using period techniques and supplies to test the legitimacy of individual design specifications and their effectiveness of their power. Kelly DeVries and Serafina Cuomo claim torsion engines needed to be about 150 meters or closer to their target to be effective, though this is based on literary evidence, too.Cuomo, 771; DeVries, 131. Athenaeus Mechanicus cites a three-span catapult that could propel a shot 700 yards.
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Special socket extensions are available, which take advantage of the inability of an impact wrench to work against a spring, to precisely limit the output torque. Designed with spring steel, they act as large torsion springs, flexing at their torque rating, and preventing any further torque from being applied to the fastener. Some impact wrenches designed for product assembly have a built- in torque control system, such as a built-in torsion spring and a mechanism that shuts the tool down when the given torque is exceeded. When very precise torque is required, an impact wrench is only used to snug down the fastener, with a torque wrench used for the final tightening.
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Its most well-known uses were by Coulomb to measure the electrostatic force between charges to establish Coulomb's Law, and by Henry Cavendish in 1798 in the Cavendish experiment to measure the gravitational force between two masses to calculate the density of the Earth, leading later to a value for the gravitational constant. The torsion balance consists of a bar suspended from its middle by a thin fiber. The fiber acts as a very weak torsion spring. If an unknown force is applied at right angles to the ends of the bar, the bar will rotate, twisting the fiber, until it reaches an equilibrium where the twisting force or torque of the fiber balances the applied force.
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Let M be a manifold with an affine connection on the tangent bundle (aka covariant derivative) ∇. The torsion tensor (sometimes called the Cartan (torsion) tensor) of ∇ is the vector-valued 2-form defined on vector fields X and Y by :T(X, Y) := abla_X Y - abla_Y X - [X,Y] where is the Lie bracket of two vector fields. By the Leibniz rule, T(fX, Y) = T(X, fY) = fT(X, Y) for any smooth function f. So T is tensorial, despite being defined in terms of the connection which is a first order differential operator: it gives a 2-form on tangent vectors, while the covariant derivative is only defined for vector fields.
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The product and the multiplicative inverse of two roots of unity are also roots of unity. In fact, if and , then , and , where is the least common multiple of and . Therefore, the roots of unity form an abelian group under multiplication. This group is the torsion subgroup of the circle group.
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Ancient Greece: A Political, Social, and Cultural History. Oxford University Press. , p. 366 Other arrow shooting machines such as the larger ballista and smaller Scorpio also existed starting from around 338 BC, but these are torsion catapults and not considered crossbows.Duncan B Campbell, Ancient Siege Warfare 2005 Osprey Publishing , pp.
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He was born in Tokyo Setagaya Ward SDF Central Hospital to Kinue and Kenichi Ozaki. He has one older brother, Yasushi. Early in life, he was hospitalized with intestinal torsion and bronchitis which subsequently weakened his internal organs. In 1973 he began studying martial arts and continued training throughout his life.
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Forward of the spar the wings were ply skinned, forming a D-shaped torsion box. Ribs were built from spruce trellis work. There was a secondary spar behind the main one and an over-all fabric covering. A trim tab was positioned inboard on the trailing edge of each half- span.
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Testicular torsion is a condition of physical twisting of the testis which results in cutting off the blood supply. It leads to damage that, if not treated within a few hours, causes the death of testicular tissue, and requires removal of the testis to prevent gangrene, and therefore can cause infertility.
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There exists a close analogy of geometry of spacetime with the structure of defects in crystal. Dislocations are represented by torsion, disclinations by curvature. These defects are not independent of each other. A dislocation is equivalent to a disclination-antidisclination pair, a disclination is equivalent to a string of dislocations.
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Bradbury, 256-257; Hacker, 43. This is only for two-armed arrow-firing machines, though. Onagers and two-armed stone throwers are still up for modern debate. Konstantin Nossov argues that “beam-sling” stone- throwers that were the precursors of proper trebuchets largely replaced torsion stone-throwers by the 9th century.
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In mathematics, a protorus is a compact connected topological abelian group. Equivalently, it is a projective limit of tori (products of a finite number of copies of the circle group), or the Pontryagin dual of a discrete torsion-free abelian group. Some examples of protori are given by solenoid groups.
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Polyorchidism can also occur in conjunction with infertility, inguinal hernia, testicular torsion, epididymitis, hydrocele testis and varicocele. However, it is not clear whether polyorchidism causes or aggravates these conditions, or whether the existence of these conditions leads sufferers to seek medical attention and thus become diagnosed with a previously undetected supernumerary testicle.
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As with almost all fossils, the taxonomic relations of and within the euophaloids can only be inferred from their remaining hard parts, in their case the shell. The general inclusion of the Euomphalacea, as originally spelled is based on the asymmetrically coiled tubular shell, suggestive if not indicative of the diagnostic torsion.
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In addition some models (very few) were equipped with a tachometer. All Daytonas came with torsion bar heavy duty suspension. And to compete against the Cordoba, they could be ordered with luxury appointments. Although this car was a product of the times, this was the first true Daytona produced on the assembly line.
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Metal cloth clips Clothespins were further enhanced by the invention of stainless steel clothespins that do not rust or decay with outdoor use. Rather than using a torsion spring that often twists, causing the clothespin to fall apart, they rely on a strong, trapped, compression spring that results in a stronger grip.
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The torsion bar suspension consists of six evenly spaced large rubber-tired road wheels with the drive sprocket at the rear and the idler at the front. The road wheels are hollow to ensure additional amphibious abilities. Usage of hollow road wheels increased APC's buoyancy by 30%. There are no track-return rollers.
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The air-cooled Gilmore, p.46. motor's built-in oil cooler, and the flat-four engine configuration's superior performance was also effective for the German Afrika Korps in Africa's desert heat. The suspension design used compact torsion bars instead of coil or leaf springs. The Beetle is nearly airtight and will briefly float.
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The first generation Crider was launched in June 2013 with an MSRP of 114,800 yuan (roughly US$18,700). It is based on a stretched City body architecture. It features an independent MacPherson strut front suspension and a single torsion beam rear suspension. All models feature four-wheel disc brakes and electric power steering.
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PSSC Simple Waves film. The machine consists of 64 horizontal rods welded to an axle torsion bar that is perpendicular to the rods. Notice that the wave inverts as it reflects from each non-fixed end. Shive was a gifted lecturer, and became Director of Education and Training at Bell Telephone Laboratories.
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The driver and powerpack are at the front of the hull with a fully enclosed turret at the rear. It has torsion bar suspension with six dual rubber tyred road wheels, a drive sprocket at the front, idler at the rear and track return rollers. The PLZ-52 is offered for export.
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A small number of plates were added to the stele, and somewhat more to the dorsal and ventral surfaces, during growth, but the number of plates making up the cinctus remained constant throughout growth. Because of the asymmetric anatomy of cinctans, they likely underwent torsion when metamorphosing from a larva into an adult.
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They may also have cross- braced torsion wires to help stop the wing twisting. A few biplane designs, like the British 1917 Bristol Fighter two-seat fighter/escort, had its fuselage clear of the lower wing as well as the upper one, using ventral cabane struts to accomplish such a design feature.
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The interconversion of helical and extended conformations at the site of a domain boundary is not uncommon. In calmodulin, torsion angles change for five residues in the middle of a domain linking α-helix. The helix is split into two, almost perpendicular, smaller helices separated by four residues of an extended strand.
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The new version is based on an updated version of the same platform, abandoning the current torsion beam rear suspension in favor of a new independent setup. The entry- level price was lowered to RMB 229,000 for the old GL8 25S, while a luxury version, the most expensive GL8 Avenir, at RMB 449,000.
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From this description it is possible to recover information about the p-part of the class group of K. The motivation here is that the p-torsion in the ideal class group of K had already been identified by Kummer as the main obstruction to the direct proof of Fermat's Last Theorem.
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Many of the preceding results remain valid when the field of definition of E is a number field K, that is to say, a finite field extension of Q. In particular, the group E(K) of K-rational points of an elliptic curve E defined over K is finitely generated, which generalizes the Mordell–Weil theorem above. A theorem due to Loïc Merel shows that for a given integer d, there are (up to isomorphism) only finitely many groups that can occur as the torsion groups of E(K) for an elliptic curve defined over a number field K of degree d. More precisely, there is a number B(d) such that for any elliptic curve E defined over a number field K of degree d, any torsion point of E(K) is of order less than B(d). The theorem is effective: for d > 1, if a torsion point is of order p, with p prime, then :p < d^{3d^2} As for the integral points, Siegel's theorem generalizes to the following: Let E be an elliptic curve defined over a number field K, x and y the Weierstrass coordinates.
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Buick's engineers used a torsion bar suspension that provided a steady ride. Though it weighed about 20 tons, the Hellcat was capable of traveling upwards of 45 mph. Its power came from Wright R-975, a nine-cylinder, 350-to-400-horsepower radial aircraft engine, paired to a three-speed 900T Torqmatic automatic transmission. Changes to the specification mean that the first pilot – the 57 mm Gun Motor Carriage T49 – was built with the British (57 mm) QF 6-pounder gun instead of the 37 mm and a torsion bar suspension instead of the Christie suspension. It was tested in 1942 but the army wanted a heavier gun – the same 75 mm gun M3 as used on the M4 Sherman medium tank.
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The springs front and rear were 4-inch wide single leaf units attached to the chassis by a fitting in their centre that was able to rotate, and which put the front spring in front of the front chassis cross-member and the rear spring behind the rear chassis cross-member. That means that if the springs were on stands it was theoretically possible to rotate the chassis through 360°. All of the roll-resistance was provided by two long torsion bars running the length of the chassis, one on each side, that were attached to the suspension by 12-inch arms. The strength of roll-resistance was adjustable at each wheel by changing the location of the anchors for the torsion bars.
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In the mathematical subject of group theory, the Stallings theorem about ends of groups states that a finitely generated group G has more than one end if and only if the group G admits a nontrivial decomposition as an amalgamated free product or an HNN extension over a finite subgroup. In the modern language of Bass–Serre theory the theorem says that a finitely generated group G has more than one end if and only if G admits a nontrivial (that is, without a global fixed point) action on a simplicial tree with finite edge-stabilizers and without edge-inversions. The theorem was proved by John R. Stallings, first in the torsion-free case (1968)John R. Stallings. On torsion-free groups with infinitely many ends.
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Much more recently, Randall Rogers and Bernard Bachrach have argued that the lack of evidence regarding torsion siege engines in the Middle Ages does not provide enough proof that they were not used, especially considering that the narrative accounts of these machines almost always do not provide enough information to definitively identify the type of device being described, even with illustrations.Rogers, 254-273. Rogers and Bachrach seem to be the norm today, especially as medieval studies has become less centered on Western Europe. Torsion powered arrow throwers were used throughout the Byzantine Empire at least through the 11th century, and existed in western Europe up through the 14th century as the espringal, as well as in the Muslim world as the ziyar .
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General Motors first used torsion bars on their light-duty pickup trucks in 1960 until it was phased out in 1963 where traditional coil springs are used up front for their 2WD trucks. Its first use in a passenger car was in 1966, starting with the E-platform vehicles (Oldsmobile Toronado, Cadillac Eldorado), 4WD S-10 pickups and Astro vans with optional AWD, and since 1988, full size trucks and SUVs with 4WD (GMT400, GMT800, and GMT900 series). Porsche used four-wheel torsion bar suspension for their 356 and 911 series from 1948 until 1989 with the introduction of the 964. They are also used in the front suspension of the 914 as well as the rear suspension of the 924, 944, and 968.
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Breguet's first sailplane, the Type 900, had some success in national competitions but failed to impress at the two World Championships of 1950 and 1952, partly because of its short wingspan. The 901 is a development of this aircraft, retaining its mid wing layout and largely wooden construction. The wing of the 901 is straight tapered and built around a single spar, with a leading edge torsion box and fabric covered aft of the spar. On the 901 the torsion box was skinned with a plywood-klegecell (a plastic foam) sandwich rather than the ply of the 900. At 17.32 m (57 ft 8 in), its span is 2.97 m (9 ft 9 in) greater than the 900, raising the aspect ratio from 12.9 to 20.
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Also called torsion-spring pendulum, this is a wheel-like mass (most often four spheres on cross spokes) suspended from a vertical strip (ribbon) of spring steel, used as the regulating mechanism in torsion pendulum clocks. Rotation of the mass winds and unwinds the suspension spring, with the energy impulse applied to the top of the spring. With a period of 12—15 seconds, compared to the gravity swing pendulum's period of 0.5—2s, it is possible to make clocks that need to be wound only every 30 days, or even only once a year or more. This type is independent of the local force of gravity but is more affected by temperature changes than an uncompensated gravity-swing pendulum.
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A pusher mounted on a loader Steel trip edge snow pushers have a spring-loaded steel cutting edge mounted to the bottom of the moldboard that allow them to scrape the pavement. They employ a tripping system to allow them to pass over obstructions such as uneven pavement or raised manhole covers. There are three types of trip edges in use today: compression spring, torsion spring, and composite material springs. Both compression and torsion spring systems work similarly; the steel edge is mounted on a hinge and is held in place by the pressure of the springs; when the edge meets an obstruction the springs compress and allow the edge to flip back and under the pusher and to pass over the obstruction.
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Large-capacity computers enabled the design and construction of bigger and more modern ships. Container ships were developed to satisfy the increasing consumer demand for goods. These open vessels were a lot more vulnerable to torsion and a particular challenge for design engineers. GL invested in research resulting in new construction rules for container ships.
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The proof of the structure theorem relies on the base domain being field, so not many attempts have been made on persistence homology with torsion. Frosini defined a pseudometric on this specific module and proved its stability. One of its novelty is that it doesn't depend on some classification theory to define the metric.
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SAE horsepower claims were , and , respectively. The front wheels are driven through a four-speed gearbox with column shift, with synchromesh on the upper three gears. Suspension at the front is provided by two transverse leaf springs, and at the back by three torsion bars each side. The standard car weighs approximately , and the Tigre .
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Radionuclide scanning of the scrotum is the most accurate imaging technique to diagnose testicular torsion, but it is not routinely available.Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines, 2010 from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Recommendations and Reports. December 17, 2010 / Vol. 59 / No. RR-12 The agent of choice for this purpose is technetium-99m pertechnetate.
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All such weaponry was operated by military engineers. However, the primary siege weapon was the manjaniq, a type of siege weapon that was comparable to the trebuchet employed in Western medieval times. From the seventh century onward, it had largely replaced torsion artillery. By Harun al-Rashid's time, the Abbasid army employed fire grenades.
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Philip V of Macedon, for example, used torsion engines during his campaigns in 219-218 BC, including 150 sharp- throwers and 25 stone-throwers.Marsden, Historical Developments, 77. Scipio Africanus confiscated 120 large catapults, 281 small catapults, 75 ballistae, and a great number of scorpions after he captured New Carthage in 209 BC.Livy, 26.47.5-6 .
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Bradbury, 256. Also by the 12th century, siege engines were used in batteries, often consisting of large numbers of torsion devices, as in Philip Augustus’ siege of Chinon in 1205 during which he collected 400 cords for petrariae.Joinville, Life of St. Louis; Bradbury 257 . These batteries were gradually replaced with trebuchets and early gunpowder machines.
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A form of fatigue testing for carbon fiber components is very high cycle fatigue (VHCF). Common VHCF test methods are ultrasonic or resonance testing of tension, compression, or torsion. Typically, destructive tests are carried out to validate the mechanical properties, whereas NDT is used to monitor and control the manufacturing process of the CFRP parts.
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At the time of its introduction, its dimensions and engine displacement were larger than established Kei car regulations. The S500 used a four-speed manual transmission with chain drive at the rear wheels. A four- wheel independent suspension was also novel, with torsion bars in front and diagonal coilover shock absorbers at the rear.
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The fuselage is built around a wooden torsion box that is foam- filled for stiffness. The tailboom is a diameter 6061-T6 aluminum tube. Its span wing is constructed from Douglas fir spars and wing ribs, covered with doped aircraft fabric. The wing features half-span ailerons and cable-bracing from a single kingpost.
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The key idea is include energy minimization as an integral part of the algorithm and the underlying mathematics. This concept is now industry standard. Hans Hagen has a strong background in differential geometry and topology. His geometric modeling publication record started with a work on geometric splines, where he introduced a torsion continuous spline curve.
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Extensions of machine learning techniques attempt to predict more fine-grained local properties of proteins, such as backbone dihedral angles in unassigned regions. Both SVMs and neural networks have been applied to this problem. More recently, real-value torsion angles can be accurately predicted by SPINE-X and successfully employed for ab initio structure prediction.
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In the fourth season, Turk is diagnosed with type two diabetes; he initially jokes about this as a way of coping with his fear about the disease, but learns to take it seriously. In the seventh season, Turk has a testicle removed after his daughter, Izzy, kicks him in the groin, causing testicular torsion.
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Green 1960, p. 60.Green and Swanborough 1994, pp. 482–483. Like the earlier aircraft, the Potez 230 was a low-wing cantilever monoplane, with a similar elliptical wing. The wings were built around an integral torsion box, the first example of this structure to have flown, and were fitted with split trailing-edge flaps.
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The WZ-111 featured a 750 hp supercharged diesel engine and torsion bar suspension system. The idler wheels were in front with drive sprockets in the rear. Many of the suspension components were the same type used in Soviet heavy tank designs such as the IS-2. The first prototype began testing in 1964.
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When the Vikings attacked A Coruña they were met by the army of King Ramiro I and were heavily defeated. Many of the Vikings' casualties were caused by the Galicians' ballistas – powerful torsion-powered projectile weapons that looked rather like giant crossbows. 70 of the Vikings' longships were captured on the beach and burned.
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With two-barrel carburettor, high-flow exhaust system, and 9.3:1 compression ratio, it produced . Standard brakes were finned, servo-assisted drum brakes all round, although most buyers opted for the optional front discs. Underneath was Valiant's basic torsion bar suspension, lowered by to improve handling and with a front anti-sway bar fitted.
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The fundamental group of any oriented hyperbolic 3-manifold is a Kleinian group. There are many examples of these, such as the complement of a figure 8 knot or the Seifert–Weber space. Conversely if a Kleinian group has no nontrivial torsion elements then it is the fundamental group of a hyperbolic 3-manifold.
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A quaternionic structure on a smooth manifold M is an almost quaternionic structure Q which admits a torsion-free affine connection abla preserving Q. Such a connection is never unique, and is not considered to be part of the quaternionic structure. A quaternionic manifold is a smooth manifold M together with a quaternionic structure on M.
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The wing had a single main spar and an auxiliary main spar with leading edge torsion box and plywood covering. The aircraft's cabin section was built integral with the wing, the rear fuselage being a plywood monocoque. Dual controls were provided, and the hydraulically operated double-slotted wing flaps were supplemented by an hydraulically operated air brake.Green, 1965, p.
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Both of these light tanks had torsion-bar suspension, light armour, and small engines. Their simple construction kept them in production even though their combat value was limited. The T-60 had only a 20 mm gun while the T-70 had a 45 mm. In addition, both had one-man turrets, making them difficult to crew effectively.
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A highly advanced air conditioner with no moving parts was a first effort. Then Joe Montgomery, after a camping bike trip with his son, conceived the Bugger bicycle trailer. Ron Davis devised the under-seat hitch, a torsion spring made of Lexan. Wistrand designed the cloth bags and cargo carrier on the two models of trailers.
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Removal of the conical pair in the transmission permitted fitting a more compact gear box and improved the control of the brakes and the steering clutch. Visibility from the driver's position was improved. The driver was protected from being splashed by water while the vehicle was fording. The new torsion bar suspension allowed easier crossing of rough ground.
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Some signs and symptoms of testicular cancer found during the TSE are common to other disorders of the male urinary tract and reproductive organs, some of which require prompt medical attention to preserve reproductive and urinary function. These include hydrocele testis, a varicocele, a spermatocele, genitourinary system cancers, urinary tract infections, sexually transmitted infections, or testicular torsion.
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Originally called Torsion IM, Ricochet was renamed in June 2014. Ricochet is a modern alternative to TorChat, which hasn't been updated in several years, and to Tor Messenger, which is discontinued. On September 17, 2014, it was announced that the Invisible.im group would be working with Brooks on further development of Ricochet in a Wired article by Kim Zetter.
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A crossbow based on depictions from a Roman grave in Gaul. The late 4th century author Vegetius provides the only contemporary account of ancient Roman crossbows. In his De Re Militaris, he describes arcubalistarii (crossbowmen) working together with archers and artillerymen. However it is disputed if arcuballistas were even crossbows or just more torsion powered weapons.
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A naked cab and chassis version was also available in some markets. Mechanical features included recirculating ball steering and front disc brakes, rear-wheel drive, and front suspension with coil springs. Four-wheel drive (4WD) was added in 1981, featuring torsion bar suspension up front. The rear suspension for both comprised leaf springs with bias-mounted shock absorbers.
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Augmenting the pulling force already increases the extension for zero imposed torsion. Positive twists lead again to plectoneme formation that reduces the extension. Negative twist, however, does not change the extension of the DNA molecule a lot. This can be interpreted as the separation of the two strands which corresponds to the denaturation of the molecule.
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A torsion field (also called axion field, spin field, spinor field, and microlepton field) is a feature of pseudoscientific proposals that the quantum spin of particles can be used to cause emanations to carry information through vacuum orders of magnitude faster than the speed of light. This theory is the basis of a number of unfounded claims and scams.
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The vehicle is powered by a turbocharged diesel engine which is capable of developing a power of 300 hp. The power pack provides a maximum speed of 70 km/h. The vehicle has an operational range of 200 km, which can be increased to 400 km by additional fuel tanks. It is fitted with torsion bar suspension system.
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Torsion-bar suspension on the front combined with multi-leaf springs on the rear provided a smoother ride and improved handling. Pillarless hardtops, in both two and four-door configurations, received the Southampton designation. The Hongqi CA770, a Chinese state limousine, was based on the second-gen Imperial, however used a 340 which was not available in the Imperial.
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Testicular pain, also known as scrotal pain, occurs when part or all of either one or both testicles hurt. Pain in the scrotum is also often included. Testicular pain may be of sudden onset or of long duration. Causes range from non serious muscular skeletal problems to emergency conditions such as Fournier gangrene and testicular torsion.
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The growing mass may cause pain if ovarian torsion develops. Symptoms can be caused by a mass pressing on the other abdominopelvic organs or from metastases. If these symptoms start to occur more often or more severely than usual, especially after no significant history of such symptoms, ovarian cancer is considered. Metastases may cause a Sister Mary Joseph nodule.
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Several different cells from the mesenchyme can give rise to sex-cord or stromal tumors. These include fibroblasts and endocrine cells. The symptoms of a sex- cord or stromal ovarian tumor can differ from other types of ovarian cancer. Common signs and symptoms include ovarian torsion, hemorrhage from or rupture of the tumor, an abdominal mass, and hormonal disruption.
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Strictly speaking, colic refers only to signs originating from the gastrointestinal tract of the horse. Signs of colic may be caused by problems other than the GI-tract e.g. problems in the liver, ovaries, spleen, urogenital system, testicular torsion, pleuritis, and pleuropneumonia. Diseases which sometimes cause symptoms which appear similar to colic include uterine contractions, laminitis, and exertional rhabdomyolysis.
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Avascular nonunions are subdivided as: # Torsion wedge nonunions have an intermediate fragment with decreased or absent blood supply. This fragment has healed to one main fragment but not to the other. # Comminuted nonunions have one or more intermediate fragments that are necrotic. # Defect nonunions has a gap in diaphysis of bone due to a loss of fragment.
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The Mk F3 design lacks of nuclear-biological-chemical (NBC) protection for its crew. The torsion bar suspension consists of five single rubber-tyred road wheels with the drive sprocket at the front and the fifth roadwheel acting as the idler. There are three track-return rollers. The first and last road wheel stations have hydraulic shock-absorbers.
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New teleparallel gravity theory (or new general relativity) is a theory of gravitation on Weitzenböck spacetime, and attributes gravitation to the torsion tensor formed of the parallel vector fields. In the new teleparallel gravity theory the fundamental assumptions are as follows: In 1961 Christian Møller revived Einstein's idea, and Pellegrini and Plebanski found a Lagrangian formulation for absolute parallelism.
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Onager with a bucket Sketch of an onager with a sling, from Antique technology by Diels. The onager (British , , U.S. /ˈɑnədʒər/) was an imperial-era Roman torsion powered siege engine; in other words, a small catapult. The onager was first mentioned in AD 353 by Ammianus Marcellinus, who described onagers as the same as a scorpion.
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Barry Charles Mazur (; born December 19, 1937) is an American mathematician and the Gerhard Gade University Professor at Harvard University. His contributions to mathematics include his contributions to Wiles's proof of Fermat's Last Theorem in number theory, Mazur's torsion theorem in arithmetic geometry, the Mazur swindle in geometric topology, and the Mazur manifold in differential topology.
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Though not a genetic disease, wandering spleen is often found at birth. It can occur in adults as the result of injuries and other similar conditions that cause the ligaments to weaken, such as connective tissue disease or pregnancy. Wandering spleen (splenoptosis) predisposes the spleen to complications such as torsion, splenic infarction, pancreatic necrosis and rarely pseudocyst formation.
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The T20 used an early version of the horizontal volute spring suspension (HVSS), another improvement compared to the less robust vertical volute spring suspension (VVSS) of the early versions of the M4.Hunnicutt 1996, p.50. Later prototypes of the M26 tested a torsion bar suspension, which became the standard for future U.S. tank suspension systems.
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In sheep, this can lead to knee- walking. In cattle, constant changing of position of the feet gives bluetongue the nickname The Dancing Disease. Torsion of the neck (opisthotonos or torticollis) is observed in severely affected animals. Not all animals develop signs, but all those that do lose condition rapidly, and the sickest die within a week.
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The undercarriage supports are integrated into the car body and take the form of cavity-sealed tubular steel frames. The design is torsion-free. The vehicle interior is predominantly aluminium, with no heat release. The vehicles are usually manufactured by Swiss cabin manufacturer, CWA Constructions, itself a subsidiary of Doppelmayr Garaventa Group; or Austrian cabin manufacturer, Carvatech.
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The outer panels carry some dihedral. It is built around a single spar placed at 30% chord. Torsional loads are resisted by a torsion box formed by the riveted Alclad skin that covers the whole wing and an auxiliary spar at 65% chord. Its ailerons are metal framed but fabric covered, mounted on piano hinges from the upper surface.
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Any factor that directly compromises the splenic artery can cause infarction. Examples include abdominal traumas, aortic dissection, torsion of the splenic artery (for example, in wandering spleen) or external compression on the artery by a tumor. It can also be a complication of vascular procedures. Splenic infarction can be due to vasculitis or disseminated intravascular coagulation.
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Electronic torque wrench With electronic (indicating) torque wrenches, measurement is by means of a strain gauge attached to the torsion rod. The signal generated by the transducer is converted to the required unit of torque (e.g. N·m or lbf·ft) and shown on the digital display. A number of different joints (measurement details or limit values) can be stored.
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The Kityonok has a conventional undercarriage with main wheels on backward-leaning cantilever legs mounted on torsion bars in the lower fuselage. The mainwheels have hydraulic brakes, and the tailwheel casters. Alternatively it can be equipped with skis or floats. Two production batches of 10 were begun in 2006, on by MAI and one by PRAD.
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Surgical treatment of ovarian torsion includes laparoscopy to uncoil the torsed ovary and possibly oophoropexy to fixate the ovary which is likely to twist again. In severe cases, where blood flow is cut off to the ovary for an extended period of time, necrosis of the ovary can occur. In these cases the ovary must be surgically removed.
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The Vikings invaded Galicia in 844, but were decisively defeated by Ramiro I at Corunna. Many of the Vikings' casualties were caused by the Galicians' ballistas – powerful torsion-powered projectile weapons that looked rather like giant crossbows. Seventy of the Vikings' longships were captured on the beach and burned. A few months later, another fleet took Seville.
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If S is a right denominator set for a ring R, then the left R-module RS−1 is flat. Furthermore, if M is a right R-module, then the S-torsion, is an R-submodule isomorphic to , and the module is naturally isomorphic to a module MS−1 consisting of "fractions" as in the commutative case.
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Perrett (1999), p. 5 The chassis had originally been designed with a six-wheeled Schachtellaufwerk interleaved-roadwheel suspension (as already adopted for German half-tracks), but the German Army amended this to a torsion bar system. Permitting greater vertical deflection of the roadwheels, this was intended to improve performance and crew comfort both on- and off-road.Simpkin (1979), p.
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Other causes of similar symptoms include: miscarriage, ovarian torsion, and acute appendicitis. Prevention is by decreasing risk factors such as chlamydia infections through screening and treatment. While some ectopic pregnancies will resolve without treatment, this approach has not been well studied as of 2014. The use of the medication methotrexate works as well as surgery in some cases.
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Front airflow to cool the chassis was enabled with exit ducts under the wing mirror stalk at the back of the front wheel guards. Independent push-rod suspensions are linked to a bellcrank, and the torsion bar is mounted at the pivot point. Total, Toyota's petrol supplier, worked with the team to enhance fuel efficiency and performance.
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The name twisted geometry captures the relation between these additional degrees of freedom and the off-shell presence of torsion in the theory, but also the fact that this classical description can be derived from Twistor theory, by assigning a pair of twistors to each link of the graph, and suitably constraining their helicities and incidence relations.
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A large conformational change reveals a large hydrophobic interface that allows for subunit rotation which may be driven by superhelical torsion within the protein-DNA complex. After this 180° rotation, Hin returns to its native conformation and re-ligates the cleaved DNA, without the aid of high energy cofactors and without the loss of any DNA.
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The wing consists of two cantilever sections attached to a central torsion box, forming a single unit with the fuselage. The air brakes are housed in fairings at the tip of each wing. Each wing has five hardpoints for weapons carriage, with the attachment points mounted on load-bearing ribs and spars.Gordon and Dawes 2004, p. 77.
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Although usually classified as a primitive gastropod, there is a minority view that the Bellerophontida actually represented a more primitive, untorted type of mollusk, (see Torsion) which evolved a spiral shell independently. Another view is that some Bellerophontids, including Bellerophon, were torted gastropods, but that others were untorted forms.Wagner P. J. 2001. Gastropod phylogenetics: progress, problems and implications.
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The Caenogastropoda exhibit torsion, and thus are included in what was previously called the Streptoneura (meaning twisted nerves), also known as Prosobranchia (meaning gills forward). Specifically, they are characterized by having only a single auricle in the heart and a single pair of gill leaflets, and are equivalent to the Monotocardia or Pectinobranchia of older authors.
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The scorpio or scorpion was a type of Roman torsion siege engine and field artillery piece. It was described in detail by the early-imperial Roman architect and engineer VitruviusVitruvius, De Architectura, X:10:1-6. in the 1st century BC and by the 4th century AD officer and historian Ammianus Marcellinus.Ammianus Marcellinus, Roman History, XXIII:4.
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Chronic testicular pain is long-term pain of the testes. It is considered chronic if it has persisted for more than 3 months. Chronic testicular pain may be caused by injury, infection, surgery, cancer or testicular torsion and is a possible complication after vasectomy. IgG4-related disease is a more recently identified cause of chronic orchialgia.
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Jake and Kim Reid went on to operate the independent label Safranin Sound and form the core of the band Screen Vinyl Image. Chintha worked on music under the moniker Vacuole Eyes and played with the Antiques. Welch and Chintha also played in Torsion Fields with John Wood of A Cricket in Times Square, among others.
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Peter Masak was the designer and builder of the Scimitar sailplane prototype, based on the Schempp-Hirth Ventus. It employed many of his design modifications, including a completely new wing and tailplane. The composite wing used a flexible S-glass torsion box spar, with stiff kevlar skins. "We get superior twist characteristics as a function of speed," Masak claimed.
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It weighed , used a twelve-cylinder, Maybach DSO 8 gasoline engine and its upper body had three bench seats behind the driver. Its suspension was based on the World War I-era Marienwagen II and bore absolutely no relation to the interleaved roadwheels and torsion bars used by the various models of the Sd.Kfz. 8.Spielberger, pp.
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Ecole Etage had won two races in the 1973 season, prior to the Preakness, the General George Stakes and the Preakness Prep. Torsion entered the race with a most recent finish of fifth place in the Preakness Prep and two wins in twelve career starts, one as a two-year-old and one as a three-year-old.
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Since bounded generation is preserved under taking homomorphic images, if a single finitely generated group with at least two generators is known to be not boundedly generated, this will be true for the free group on the same number of generators, and hence for all free groups. To show that no (non-cyclic) free group has bounded generation, it is therefore enough to produce one example of a finitely generated group which is not boundedly generated, and any finitely generated infinite torsion group will work. The existence of such groups constitutes Golod and Shafarevich's negative solution of the generalized Burnside problem in 1964; later, other explicit examples of infinite finitely generated torsion groups were constructed by Aleshin, Olshanskii, and Grigorchuk, using automata. Consequently, free groups of rank at least two are not boundedly generated.
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120-128 (121ff.) A ballista After the absorption of the ancient Greek city states into the Roman Republic in 146 BC, some advanced Greek technologies began to spread across many areas of Roman influence. This included the hugely advantageous military advances the Greeks had made (most notably by Dionysus of Syracuse), as well as all the scientific, mathematical, political and artistic developments. The Romans 'inherited' the torsion powered ballistae which had by now spread to several cities around the Mediterranean, all of which became Roman spoils of war in time, including one from Pergamum, which was depicted among a pile of 'trophy' weapons in relief on a balustrade. The torsion ballista, developed by Alexander, was a far more complicated weapon than its predecessor, and the Romans developed it even further.
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During the 1920s and early 1930s, Allen taught at Mount Holyoke, Wellesley and Oberlin Colleges and undertook post-doctoral work at the University of Chicago and at Yale University. She began working with William Francis Gray Swann at Yale and continued work under his direction with the Bartol Research Foundation between 1927 and 1930. She also did research at Harvard University before becoming a professor at Mount Holyoke, where she taught until her retirement in 1959. For nearly 20 years, starting in the early 1960s, Allen collaborated with Erwin Saxl, an industrial physicist living in Harvard, Massachusetts, on experiments with a torsion pendulum. Allen and Saxl reported anomalous changes in the period of a torsion pendulum during a solar eclipse in 1970 and hypothesized that “gravitational theory needs to be modified”.
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He has also conducted studies on finite temperature corrections to the Casimir forces occur at large separations. Cowsik has developed a sensitive torsion balance using which he conducted the first laboratory experiment for the so-called fifth force. He is involved in the development of a more sensitive torsion balance for probing the violations of the Inverse-square law of gravity at millimeter scales, Cowsik, who has drawn comparison with the renowned physicist, Enrico Fermi for his achievements in theoretical and experimental physics, has published his experiments and observations in several scientific papers published in peer reviewed journals and ResearchGate, an online repository has listed 193 of them. He has attended several seminars and conferences and has delivered keynote addresses on astrophysics and the relationship between religion and science.
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The Stilo's styling received mixed reviews, with many journalists and enthusiasts criticising it as being too bland and too German looking, as the styling of the preceding Bravo and Brava had been criticised for being too "Italian". Critics also attacked the car's excessive weight and its semi- independent rear torsion beam suspension / twist-beam rear suspension, however, this was the same system used by the market-leading Volkswagen Golf of the time. Some saw the torsion beam as a step backwards from the acclaimed fully-independent rear suspension used in the Bravo/Brava and Fiat Coupe. However, when pushed the Stilo resists understeer, although arguably its soft spring and damper rate dull the experience. The engine range, particularly the 1.2-litre petrol, was also generally criticised for being underpowered.
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Since Listing's law and its variants determine the orientation of the eye(s) for any particular gaze direction, it therefore determines the spatial pattern of visual stimulation on the retina(s). For example, since Listing's law defines torsion as zero about a head-fixed axis, this results in 'false torsional' tilts about the line of sight when the eye is at tertiary (oblique) positions, which the brain must compensate for when interpreting the visual image. Torsion is not good for binocular vision because it complicates the already difficult problem of matching images from the two eyes for stereopsis (depth vision). The binocular version of Listing's law is thought to be a best compromise to simplify this problem, although it does not completely rid the visual system of the need to know current eye orientation.
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Ever the sportsman—at six foot two and 250 pounds—he once fought off goons hired by (as was believed at the time) General Motors. It is alleged that he sent two to hospital and the third running. McCahill was a personal friend of Walter P. Chrysler and appreciated the handling and performance characteristics of Chrysler Corporation cars in the late 1950s and 1960s, which included many advanced engineering features such as front torsion-bar suspensions (combined with rear multi-leaf springs) for flatter cornering, powerful V8 engine options across the board and positive-shifting three-speed TorqueFlite automatic transmissions. In a 1959 road test of the Plymouth Sport Fury (which he referred to as the "Sports Fury"), he claimed that the torsion bar suspensions were the finest in America.
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In mathematics, specifically module theory, the annihilator of a module, or a subset of a module, is a concept generalizing torsion and orthogonality. In short, for commutative rings, the annihilator of a module M over a ring R is the set of elements in R that always act as multiplication by 0 on M. The prototypical example for an annihilator over a commutative ring can be understood by taking the quotient ring R/I and considering it as a R-module. Then, the annihilator of R/I is the ideal I since all of the i \in I act via the zero map on R/I. This shows how the ideal I can be thought of as the set of torsion elements in the base ring R for the module R/I.
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The new isolated transverse suspension system was a substantial departure from the longitudinal torsion bars Chrysler had introduced in 1957 and used on all models since that year, until the release of the F-bodies. The transverse (side-to-side) bars were not as geometrically favorable, but saved space and weight. In addition, the new front suspension system was touted as giving a "big car ride" as the suspension had a low, or softer, fore and aft compliance which allowed the wheel to move rearward instead of straight up and down when the tire encountered an object, dampening the blow and rolling with the condition of the road. The two parallel torsion bars and an anti-sway bar were mounted forward of the front wheels, integrated into a spring-strut front suspension.
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Philo of Byzantium provides probably the most detailed account on the establishment of a theory of belopoietics (belos = "projectile"; poietike = "(art) of making") circa 200 BC. The central principle to this theory was that "all parts of a catapult, including the weight or length of the projectile, were proportional to the size of the torsion springs". This kind of innovation is indicative of the increasing rate at which geometry and physics were being assimilated into military enterprises. From the mid-4th century BC onwards, evidence of the Greek use of arrow-shooting machines becomes more dense and varied: arrow firing machines (katapaltai) are briefly mentioned by Aeneas Tacticus in his treatise on siegecraft written around 350 BC. An extant inscription from the Athenian arsenal, dated between 338 and 326 BC, lists a number of stored catapults with shooting bolts of varying size and springs of sinews.. The later entry is particularly noteworthy as it constitutes the first clear evidence for the switch to torsion catapults, which are more powerful than the more-flexible crossbows and which came to dominate Greek and Roman artillery design thereafter.. This move to torsion springs was likely spurred by the engineers of Philip II of Macedonia.
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The engine was a Dutch Anker 2-stroke, situated between the rear wheels. The pressed-steel forward section of the frame, supported by torsion bars, could swivel to enable the rider to lean the vehicle into bends like a motorcycle. The front "fork" was a single-sided down tube with a rudimentary rubber block suspension. All three pressed steel wheels were interchangeable.
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The track is driven by a drive sprocket at the front. There are five road wheels per side, along with three return rollers. The vehicle uses torsion bar suspension and has shock absorbers on the first and last road wheel. The vehicle has a top road speed of about 32 miles per hour, considerably less than that of its M75 predecessor.
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An uncoiled modern watch mainspring. Clock mainspring Keys of various sizes for winding up mainsprings on clocks. A mainspring is a spiral torsion spring of metal ribbon—commonly spring steel—used as a power source in mechanical watches, some clocks, and other clockwork mechanisms. Winding the timepiece, by turning a knob or key, stores energy in the mainspring by twisting the spiral tighter.
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Doppler ultrasound of epididymitis, seen as a substantial increase in blood flow in the left epididymis (top image), while it is normal in the right (bottom image). The thickness of the epididymis (between yellow crosses) is only slightly increased. Diagnosis is typically based on symptoms. Conditions that may result in similar symptoms include testicular torsion, inguinal hernia, and testicular cancer.
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This concept is a hatchback concept built on the V platform, designed to be sold alongside Nissan Micra and Nissan Juke. It included Nissan's "Squash Line" at the side body panel, independent front MacPherson struts with coil springs, torsion beam rear axle, Around View Monitor (AVM) safety technology, Nissan Safety Shield System. The vehicle was unveiled at the 2012 Geneva International Motor Show.
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Each Life Flight helicopter can carry up to two patients. Life Flight has experienced only one fatal crash killing the pilot John Pittman, paramedic Charles R. "Mac" Atteberry and flight nurse Lynn Ethridge. It happened in 1999 and resulted from helicopter manufacturing flaws in the previously used BK-117 helicopter model — the tension torsion strap unraveled, sending the aircraft to the ground.
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Ivoprop produce both in-flight adjustable and ground-adjustable propellers of unusual design. Whereas conventional variable-pitch propellers rotate at the blade root, the Ivoprop design has its blade fixed. The blade is hollow, containing a steel torsion rod fixed to the blade tip. By mechanically turning the rod within the hub, a twist is achieved which adjusts the blade's angle of attack.
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The 1493 cc four- cylinder engine had leaf spring valve gear as used on the Leyland Eight which Parry Thomas was also involved with. The car had an advanced specification with torsion bar suspension and four-wheel brakes. There was also a promised version with a double overhead cam engine. The cars were advertised at £575 but few appear to have reached customers.
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These were armed with the same 76.2 mm gun as the T-34, and had the same Kharkiv model V-2 diesel engine. The KV tanks were equipped with a torsion bar suspension and much heavier armour than the T-34. The KV was slow, intended as a breakthrough tank. The KV-2 close-support version was armed with a howitzer.
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In May 1984, Sertco developed an improved motorcycle engine cylinder for race applications that increased the reliability and maximum displacement available to racers. Following the 'big block,' Sertco developed a shock absorbing rear sprocket that drastically reduced transmission breakage. The 'torsion sprocket received the "Murdoch Award" in 1993 as the year's most significant new product in the sport of motorcycle racing.
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The 9th National Spelling Bee was held in Washington, D.C. on May 30, 1933, organized by the Louisville Courier-Journal. Scripps-Howard would not sponsor the Bee until 1941. The winner was 12-year-old Alma Roach of Twinsburg, Ohio, sponsored by the Akron Beacon Journal, correctly spelling the word torsion. George Meltzer (age 14) of New Jersey placed second(15 October 2012).
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Torsion (twisting or wrenching motion) of the appendages can cause ischemia which can cause painful symptoms that mimic other conditions such as diverticulitis, and appendicitis; however, it is rare. The pain associated with the inflamed appendages is located in the left and sometimes in the right lower abdominal quadrant. Diagnosis of epiploic appendagitis can be challenging due to its infrequency.
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The contract for an advanced trainer had gone to the Focke-Wulf Fw 56 after trials in 1935. The Ruhrtaler Ru.3 was a single engine, parasol wing aircraft of mixed construction. Its one piece wing was built around a single wooden spar, with a plywood covering forward of it forming a torsion resistant box. Elsewhere the wing was fabric covered.
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Trim levels in Canada are Comfortline, Highline and Execline. All trim levels lost the multi-link rear independent suspension for a less expensive torsion-beam rear suspension. As with its predecessors, production of the all-new 2019 Jetta will continue at Volkswagen's Puebla assembly plant in Mexico. The all-new Jetta reached Volkswagen dealerships in the U.S. in the second quarter of 2018.
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The idea that the arcuballista was a crossbow is based on the fact that Vegetius refers to it and the manuballista, which was torsion powered, separately. Therefore, if the arcuballista was not like the manuballista, it may have been a crossbow. Some suggest it was the other way around and manuballistas were crossbows. The etymology is not clear and their definitions obscure.
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Symptoms seen in infants include inconsolable crying, refusing to feed and a general erythematous rash. Muscle aches and pains, and neck spasm are often seen in children over four years of age. Unlike those of some other spiders, redback bites do not necrose. Latrodectism has been misdiagnosed as various medical conditions including acute hepatitis, sepsis, testicular torsion or an acute abdomen.
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The suspension is of the torsion bar type with either side consisting of five dual road wheels with the drive sprocket at the front, the idler at the rear and two track-return rollers. The first and last road wheel stations are provided with a hydraulic shock- absorber. The 4K 4FA has no NBC system, night vision equipment or amphibious capability.
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The Bradley has a welded aluminum unit or monocoque structure to which the armor is attached, mostly on the outside. The suspension is by torsion bars and cranks. Six small rubber rimmed, divided road wheels on each side straddle the location flanges sticking up from the tread. These were originally of aluminum, but were changed to steel as vehicle weight increased.
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Suspension rear The Fiat steel frame was modified to carry independent suspension with front torsion bar. At the rear, hydraulic drum brakes were placed next to the differential, attached to a frame also fitted with elastic suspension elements borrowed from a Gilera motorcycle, shock absorbers and a clutch system articulation lever adapted from a door closing device salvaged from a local pub.
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Algorithmically computing the Grushko decomposition for specific classes of groups is a difficult problem which primarily requires being able to determine if a given group is freely decomposable. Positive results are available for some classes of groups such as torsion-free word-hyperbolic groups, certain classes of relatively hyperbolic groups,François Dahmani and Daniel Groves. "Detecting free splittings in relatively hyperbolic groups".
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More than 796 A. lumbricoides worms weighing up to 550 g [19 ounces] were recovered at autopsy from a 2-year-old South African girl. The worms had caused torsion and gangrene of the ileum, which was interpreted as the cause of death. The worms lack teeth. However they can rarely cause bowel perforations by inducing volvulus and closed loop obstruction.
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It uses torsion springs as energy storage and includes a wire and latch mechanism to compress and release the springs. ETH Zurich has reported a soft jumping robot based on the combustion of methane and laughing gas.M. Loepfe, C.M. Schumacher, U.B. Lustenberger, and W.J. Stark, "An Untethered, Jumping Roly- Poly Soft Robot Driven by Combustion," Soft Robotics, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp.
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The Porsche 914-6 was introduced in September 1969 and was a collaborative effort between Porsche and Volkswagen. Short lived, only 3360 examples were produced between 1970 and 1972. Sitting very low, the 914-6's suspension is a combination of a 911-type torsion bar front suspension with a rear coil spring suspension. It also features Porsche disc brakes.
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Overall, they metastasize more frequently than epithelial ovarian cancers. In addition, the cancer markers used vary with tumor type: choriocarcinomas are monitored with beta-HCG and endodermal sinus tumors with alpha-fetoprotein. Germ-cell tumors are typically discovered when they become large, palpable masses. However, like sex cord tumors, they can cause ovarian torsion or hemorrhage and, in children, isosexual precocious puberty.
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Example of CS23D output page CS23D Ramachandran plot alphabet that is used in chemical shift threading CS23D is a web server to generate 3D structural models from NMR chemical shifts. CS23D combines maximal fragment assembly with chemical shift threading, de novo structure generation, chemical shift-based torsion angle prediction, and chemical shift refinement. CS23D makes use of RefDB and ShiftX.
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He has over 100 publications listed in the Mathematical Reviews, including 6 books. His earlier work was mostly in module theory, especially torsion theories, non-commutative localization, and injective modules. One of his earliest papers, , proved the Lambek–Moser theorem about integer sequences. In 1963 he published an important result, now known as Lambek's theorem, on character modules characterizing flatness of a module.
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Cyclotropia can be detected using subjective tests such as the Maddox rod test, the Bagolini striated lens test, the phase difference haploscope of Aulhorn, or the Lancaster red-green test (LRGT). Among these, the LRGT is the most complete. Cyclotropia can also be diagnosed using a combination of subjective and objective tests. Before surgery, both subjective and objective torsion should be assessed.
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Strangulating obstructions have all the same pathological features as a simple obstruction, but the blood supply is immediately affected. Both arteries and veins may be affected immediately, or progressively as in simple obstruction. Common causes of strangulating obstruction are intussusceptions, torsion or volvulus, and displacement of intestine through a hole, such as a hernia, a mesenteric rent, or the epiploic foramen.
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This has been demonstrated in the rat after injection with bacterial cell wall components to produce an immune reaction. Neutrophils also enter the rat testis after treatment with hormones that increase the permeability of blood vessels. In humans, neutrophils have been found in the testis when associated with some tumors. In rat experiments, testicular torsion leads to neutrophil entry into the testis.
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For some commercial or military applications, steel alloys may go through only one vacuum remelt, namely the VAR. For example, steels for solid rocket cases, landing gears, or torsion bars for fighting vehicles typically involve one vacuum remelt. Vacuum arc remelting is also used in production of titanium and other metals which are reactive or in which high purity is required.
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Ultrasonography is a sensitive enough imaging tool that it can accurately differentiate between pregnancy, hemorrhagic ovarian cysts, endometriosis, ovarian torsion, and tubo-ovarian abscess. Its availability, the relative advancement in the training of its use, its low cost, and because it does not expose the woman (or fetus) to ionizing radiation, ultrasonography an ideal imaging procedure for women of reproductive age.
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Modern multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) shows results comparable with MRI for detecting occult fractures. Due to the submillimeter resolution of MDCT arthrography, many authors consider this technique complementary to MR arthrography. It may even have superior sensitivity in detecting cartilage pathology, but lesser detecting labral tears. CT can also be used to obtain accurate measurement of the femoral version and torsion.
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The wing was plywood-covered ahead of the spar, forming a torsion resistant D-box, and fabric-covered behind. Exceptionally, the laminar flow wing of the Lom 58/II was dural-foil covered. The ailerons of this variant were single-piece but on all others they were divided. Three variants, the Lom 57/I, 58/I and 58/II, had flaps.
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St Nicholas Abbey was euthanised on the morning of January 14, 2014, due to complications from colic surgery. Coolmore Stud announced that the surgery revealed a severe strangulating colon torsion which led to the decision to euthanize on humane grounds. Coolmore thanked the surgeons and the Fethard Hospital for tending care to the horse, and thanked everyone that had sent well wishes.
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Jacques de Vitry mentions "cum cornu" ("with horns") in 1143 whilst referencing siege engines, which could indicate double arms made of horn required by a torsion machine (though it could just as likely be a tension device).Bradbury, 254. The best medieval source is a 12th-century treatise by Mardi ibn Ali al- Tarsusi. The account is highly detailed, if incredibly dense.
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The path of the fiber now describes a helix which, like the circle, has constant curvature. The helix also has the interesting property of having constant torsion. As such the result is a gradual rotation of the fiber about the fiber's axis as the fiber's centerline progresses along the helix. Correspondingly, the stripe also twists about the axis of the helix.
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Bimoment (aka warping moment) is a term used in the analysis of beams (continuum mechanics) that relates to torsion and warping. Its symbol is Mω. Bimoment show the distributions at a cross-section of (longitudinal) warping stress in cases of torsional warping and distortional warping, respectively. Generally, a bimoment can be represented by a pair of equal and opposite bending moments.
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World Chelonian Trust. The inside of the carapace is often heavily buttressed. This has sometimes been seen as a defense mechanism, that is it increases the strength of the shell against biting force, however Thomson (2003) demonstrated it is linked to feeding methods and the prevention of internal torsion of the shell. Chelids also lack mesoplastra, which separates them from the Pelomedusidae.
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The front suspension used parallel quarter- elliptic leaf springs, while at the rear a De Dion tube was suspended on parallel torsion bars. The car appeared at the 1930 Indianapolis 500 for the first running of the so-called "Junk Formula". Driven by Louis Meyer, it took an early lead but had to pit for repairs. The car finished fourth.
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The central panels were rectangular in plan, occupied about 35% of the span and had 8° of dihedral. The outer panels were trapezoidal apart from rounded tips and had no dihedral. Both panels shared a single spar which, with plywood skinning forward of it around the leading edge, formed a torsion-resistant D-box. The half-wings were joined together within the fuselage.
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Definitive surgical treatment involves anatomical repositioning of the stomach and spleen followed by a right-sided gastropexy. Depending on the severity, partial gastrectomy and/or splenectomy may be indicated if the relevant tissues have necrosed due to ischemia caused by torsion/avulsion of the supplying vasculature. 72-hour post-operative supportive care, fluid therapy and ECG monitoring for cardiac arrhythmias is highly recommended.
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A ribbon defined by a curve of constant torsion and a highly oscillating curvature. The arc length parameterization of the curve was defined via integration of the Frenet-Serret equations. The Frenet–Serret apparatus allows one to define certain optimal ribbons and tubes centered around a curve. These have diverse applications in materials science and elasticity theory,Goriely et al. (2006).
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It can climb 60% gradients. The BMD-1 has a ground pressure of 0.57 kg/cm². The 230 mm wide track is driven at the rear and passes over five small evenly spaced road wheels suspended on independent torsion bars. On each side there is an idler wheel at the front, a rear drive sprocket and four track-return rollers.
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Kartsev changed the arrangement of the torsion beams, which was necessary to keep the tank's weight balanced. The tank received the designation "Ob'yekt 165" and in November 1958 three prototypes were built. In January 1962, the Ob'yekt 165 was accepted for service under the name T-62A. In the same year, Factory #183 produced five tanks that were put into experimental service.
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A number of distinct reactions are associated with the term ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling. Remodeling enzymes have been shown to slide nucleosomes along DNA, disrupt histone-DNA contacts to the extent of destabilizing the H2A/H2B dimer and to generate negative superhelical torsion in DNA and chromatin. Recently, the Swr1 remodeling enzyme has been shown to introduce the variant histone H2A.Z into nucleosomes.
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One variant of MMFF94 is MMFF94s, which has different out-of-plane bending and dihedral torsion parameters in order to planarize delocalized trigonal nitrogen atoms, e.g. in aniline.MMFF VI. MMFF94s option for energy minimization studies, Thomas A. Halgren, J. Comput. Chem.; 1999; 720-729, The "s" in MMFF94s stands for "static", as MMFF94s better reflects time-averaged geometries than MMFF94.
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HSS, especially rectangular sections, are commonly used in welded steel frames where members experience loading in multiple directions. Square and circular HSS have very efficient shapes for this multiple-axis loading as they have uniform geometry along two or more cross- sectional axes, and thus uniform strength characteristics. This makes them good choices for columns. They also have excellent resistance to torsion.
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The four cylinder, side valve, 1185 cc engine had its all synchromesh equipped, four speed, gearbox mounted in front of it with gear selection via cables. The drive was transmitted to the front wheels via short shafts and constant velocity joints. The steering used a rack and pinion mechanism. Suspension was independent all round using torsion bars at the rear.
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Ergebnisse der Plankton-Expedition der Humboldt-Stiftung. 4: 1–170. Although Kofoid and Swezy admit in their paper to have only observed T. teredo, their suspicions as to the existence of T. robustum, inferred from Schütt’s drawings, were later confirmed. Torodinium was deemed its own genus due to its characteristic sulcal torsion and posterior cingulum housing the longitudinal anterior flagellar pore.
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Original engine of the M48 Patton has been replaced with a more powerful, German MTU MB 871 Ka 501 liquid-cooled turbocharged Diesel engine. This develops in traveling mode, and when driving the mine flail. A Renk HSWL 284 M transmission was fitted. The Keiler uses the same Torsion bar suspension as the M48 Patton tank, and has 6 wheels on each side.
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The (strong) torsion conjecture first posed by has been completely resolved in the case of elliptic curves. Barry Mazur proved uniform boundedness for elliptic curves over the rationals. His techniques were generalized by and , who obtained uniform boundedness for quadratic fields and number fields of degree at most 8 respectively. Finally, Loïc Merel () proved the conjecture for elliptic curves over any number field.
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Worse pathologies related to p-torsion in crystalline cohomology were explored by Luc Illusie (Ann. Sci. Ec. Norm. Sup. (4) 12 (1979), 501–661). In the second Pathologies paper, Mumford gives a simple example of a surface in characteristic p where the geometric genus is non- zero, but the second Betti number is equal to the rank of the Néron–Severi group.
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Coil springs first appeared on a production vehicle in 1906 in the Brush Runabout made by the Brush Motor Company. Today, coil springs are used in most cars. In 1920, Leyland Motors used torsion bars in a suspension system. In 1922, independent front suspension was pioneered on the Lancia Lambda and became more common in mass market cars from 1932.
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42, 17–88 (1925). a generalization of Riemannian geometry to which Cartan made important contributions. The so-called Einstein–Cartan theory of gravity not only reformulated but also generalized general relativity, and allowed spacetimes with torsion as well as curvature. In Cartan's geometry of bundles, the concept of parallel transport is more fundamental than that of distance, the centerpiece of Riemannian geometry.
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Let G be a word-hyperbolic group which is torsion- free, that is, with no nontrivial elements of finite order. Let g, h ∈ G be two non-commuting elements, that is such that gh ≠ hg. Then there exists M≥1 such that for any integers n ≥ M, m ≥ M the subgroup H = n, hm> ≤ G is free of rank two.
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Other similarities across all allosauroids include the structure of their hind limb and pelvis. The pelvis in particular is thought to be designed to reduce stress regardless of body size. In particular, the way the femur is inclined reduces the bending and torsion stress. Furthermore, like other animals with tails, allosauroids possess a caudofemoralis longus (CFL) muscle that allowed them to flex theirs.
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The first torsion field proposals were proposed in the late Soviet Union by a group of physicists in the 1980s who loosely based their ideas on Einstein–Cartan theory and some variant solutions of Maxwell's equations that do not have a solid grounding in scientific fact. The group, led by Anatoly Akimov and Gennady Shipov,Gennady Shipov homepage began the research as the state- sponsored Center for Nontraditional Technologies. They disbanded in 1991 when their research was exposed by physicist as a fraud and an embezzlement of government funding. Akimov and Shipov received financing for torsion field research from the Russian Ministry of Science from 1992 to 1995 and from the Russian Ministry of Defense from 1996 to 1997, and secretly continued their research, with a private enterprise called The International Institute for Theoretical and Applied Physics (later called UVITOR).
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Kaiser had begun to consider entering the automobile business in 1942, when the United States government halted production of civilian vehicles to focus on military ones due to the country's entry into World War II. With an eye toward postwar needs, Kaiser assembled a team of "idea men" to conceive a compact, lightweight car that the average working man could afford. By 1945, efforts had reached the prototype stage with the K-85, not a compact car but one with several advanced features, which included front wheel drive, unibody construction and a combination of torsion-bar springs and a torsion- beam rear axle called "Torsionetic Suspension." In partnership with automotive executive Joseph W. Frazer, Kaiser formed Kaiser-Frazer Corporation on July 25, 1945. Late that year, Kaiser-Frazer leased the Ford factory complex in Willow Run, near Detroit, Michigan as its manufacturing base.
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L^2-invarianten and those invariants which result from the K-theory of operator algebras. Such invariants arise in generalizations of the Atiyah- Singer index theorem. Schick, with Wolfgang Lück, introduced the strong Atiyah conjecture. Given a discrete group G, the Atiyah conjecture states that the L^2-Betti numbers of a finite CW-complex that has fundamental group G are integers, provided that G is torsion-free; furthermore, in the general case, the L^2-Betti numbers are rational numbers with denominators determined by the finite subgroups of G. In 2007 Schick, with Peter Linnell, proved a theorem which established conditions under which the Atiyah conjecture for a torsion- free group G implies the Atiyah conjecture for every finite extension of G; furthermore, they proved that the conditions are satisfied for a certain class of groups.
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The main result of Culler–Vogtmann 1986 paper, obtained via Morse-theoretic methods, was that the Outer space Xn is contractible. Thus the quotient space Xn /Out(Fn) is "almost" a classifying space for Out(Fn) and it can be thought of as a classifying space over Q. Moreover, Out(Fn) is known to be virtually torsion- free, so for any torsion-free subgroup H of Out(Fn) the action of H on Xn is discrete and free, so that Xn/H is a classifying space for H. For these reasons the Outer space is a particularly useful object in obtaining homological and cohomological information about Out(Fn). In particular, Culler and Vogtmann proved that Out(Fn) has virtual cohomological dimension 2n − 3\. In their 1986 paper Culler and Vogtmann do not assign Xn a specific name.
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A Korean K1 88 Main Battle Tank. A K2 Black Panther firing its cannon XK1 tanks are also equipped with a hybrid suspension system consisting of hydropneumatic system on road wheels 1, 2 and 6, while 3, 4 and 5 are equipped with torsion bars, a feature not present on the XM1, granting the XK1 greater stability and ability to elevate and depress the main gun nearly twice as much as tanks equipped with torsion bars alone (+20 to -9.7 degrees for the XK1 versus +10 to -5 for the XM1). The development of the vehicle was completed in 1983, with a prototype being delivered to the South Korean government in the same year. After the production of approximately 450 K1s, the Gunner's Primary Sights (GPS) designed by Hughes was replaced by the Gunner's Primary Tank Thermal Sights (GPTTS) by Texas Instruments.
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A new naturally aspirated engine called the M64 was used for 964 models, with a flat-6 displacement of 3.6 litres. Porsche substantially revised the suspension, replacing torsion bars with coil springs and shock absorbers. Power steering and ABS brakes were added to the 911 for the first time; both were standard. The exterior bumpers and fog lamps became flush with the car for better aerodynamics.
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The suspension front and rear comprised unequal-length upper and lower A-arms. At the front, the suspension initially had only one radius rod on the bottom end of the upright. An upper rod was added later. Also at both front and rear, springing was provided by longitudinal torsion bars, and damping was by either Koni twin- tube or Bilstein monotube shock absorbers, mounted inboard.
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The suspension consists of a torsion bar, bumper and a hydraulic shock absorber on each suspension arm. Disc brakes on each of the final drives controlled by a transmission retarder provide the braking. Together, this allows the Dardo to achieve speeds in excess of 70 km/h, maneuver on gradients of more than 60% and ford waters up to a depth of 1.5 m.
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However, as torsion and other sources of testicular pain can often be determined by palpation alone, some studies have suggested that the only real benefit of an ultrasound is to assure the person that they do not have testicular cancer. Nuclear testicular blood flow testing is rarely used. Additional tests may be necessary to identify underlying causes. In younger children, a urinary tract anomaly is frequently found.
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Typically, there are three grips used: overhand (pronated), a mixed overhand-underhand (supinated) (sometimes called "offset," "staggered," "alternating", or "mixed") grip, or a hook grip. Depending on forearm strength, the overhand grip may result in the bar potentially rolling about. Mixed grip is capable of neutralizing this through the "physics of reverse torsion." The mixed grip allows more weight to be held for this reason.
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The Roman catapult could be moved and operated by a single soldier, which allowed a more efficient use of soldiers and resources. These machines were torsion-powered and most were used to launch large spherical or dart-like projectiles. However, more creative options were often used. These included poisonous snakes, jars of bees, and dead bodies that were infected with diseases like the plague.
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In his study of infinite ramification theory, Fesenko introduced a torsion free hereditarily just infinite closed subgroup of the Nottingham group, which was named the Fesenko group. Fesenko played an active role in organizing the study of inter- universal Teichmüller theory of Shinichi Mochizuki. He is the author of a survey and a general article on this theory. He co-organized two international workshops on IUT.
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A basic example is provided by quantum mechanics which is a quantum field theory in one dimension. It's a sigma model with a base manifold given by the real line parameterizing the time (or an interval, or the circle, etc.) and a target space that is the real line. The model may be augmented by a torsion term to yield the Wess–Zumino–Witten model.
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The suspension was fully independent, with unequal- length wishbones and coilover shock absorbers. In the rear, the coilover assembly was located to the rear of the suspension wishbone mountings. The rear suspension wishbones were asymmetrical front-to-back, with an offset that brought the rear wheel hubs towards the spring mountings. This arrangement provided increased resistance to torsion and improved stability during acceleration and braking.
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The pre-1990s short shorts remain the standard for men in running activities. Originally, gym shorts were worn by boys and men along with a jockstrap only underneath. Schools across the country required boys to wear a jock, also known as an athletic supporter, for all PE/gym activities. This provided protection from testicle torsion, from squishing them between the thighs, and for modesty purposes.
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Suspension was by rubber springs loaded in torsion. In 1950 the engine was changed to a Riedel/Imme engine. By 1951, in response to customer requests for passenger-carrying capability, a scooter-type saddle was placed above the rear enclosure with footrests on either side of the body. A closed version, on which the hatch had an enclosure that covered the operator, was made available.
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The adult stage is usually short, its function only to mate and lay eggs. The genitalia of male flies are rotated to a varying degree from the position found in other insects.Crampton, G. The TemporalAbdominal Structures of Male Diptera. In some flies, this is a temporary rotation during mating, but in others, it is a permanent torsion of the organs that occurs during the pupal stage.
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The second figure gives an example of a test-piece vibrating in the torsion mode. The natural frequency of this vibration is characteristic for the shear modulus. To minimize the damping of the test-piece, it has to be supported at the center of both axis. The mechanical excitation has to be performed in one corner in order to twist the beam rather than flexing it.
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Although PT-91M2's PT-91M2 modernization objectives are the same as PT-17, the range of PT-91M2 varies considerably. The S-12U engine is powered by an 850-horsepower engine with the enhanced mechanical transmission (Cx version). Tracks also come with rubber overlays but developed by OBRUM / BUMAR. Like the PT-17, reinforced suspension (torsion shafts, shock absorbers, and elastomer bumpers) are used.
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The Hauptvermutung (German for main conjecture) of geometric topology is the conjecture that any two triangulations of a triangulable space have a common refinement, a single triangulation that is a subdivision of both of them. It was originally formulated in 1908, by Steinitz and Tietze. This conjecture is now known to be false. The non-manifold version was disproved by John Milnor in 1961 using Reidemeister torsion.
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However, luck ran out when the nationwide network of dealers was not realized. Dealers already up and running did not always have good things to say, such as one Los Angeles agency who said "Motors too small and torsion rod weakness not improved". In April 1911, investors decided to hedge their bets by going into real estate. In late 1911, the company went into liquidation.
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Rotations in the sense of the DNA helix are counted positively and vice versa. While twisting, the magnetic tweezers also allow stretching the DNA molecule. This way, torsion extension curves may be recorded at different stretching forces. For low forces (less than about 0.5 pN), the DNA forms supercoils, so called plectonemes, which decrease the extension of the DNA molecule quite symmetrically for positive and negative twists.
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He also performed the first successful thumb replacement, an operation involving replacement of a boy's lost thumb with the second toe of his right foot.Nicoladoni's operation @ Who Named It Nicoladoni made contributions in regards to urogenital and gastrointestinal surgery. He introduced new surgical techniques for treatment of esophageal diverticulum as well as for torsion of the spermatic cord. He also investigated the possibilities of gastroenterostomic surgery.
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In differential geometry, the covariant derivative makes a choice for taking directional derivatives of vector fields along curves. This extends the directional derivative of scalar functions to sections of vector bundles or principal bundles. In Riemannian geometry, the existence of a metric chooses a unique preferred torsion-free covariant derivative, known as the Levi-Civita connection. See also gauge covariant derivative for a treatment oriented to physics.
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In algebra, a flat cover of a module M over a ring is a surjective homomorphism from a flat module F to M that is in some sense minimal. Any module over a ring has a flat cover that is unique up to (non-unique) isomorphism. Flat covers are in some sense dual to injective hulls, and are related to projective covers and torsion-free covers.
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Buildings can appear to be twisted by design, where the twisting (torsion, helix, etc.) is structural rather than merely an ornamental detail. CTBUH defines a twisting building as one that progressively rotates its floor plates or its facade as it gains height. There are 15 spiraled skyscrapers, and 13 more are under construction. Turning Torso is regarded as the first twisted tower or building.
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They were arranged with considerable stagger. The wings were built around two closely spaced spars, with plywood skin from the rear spar forward forming a torsion box and fabric covering behind. Differential ailerons were mounted only on the lower wings. The wooden, rectangular fuselage was plywood-covered to just behind the pilot's seat and fabric- covered further aft apart from a curved plywood decking behind the cabin.
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The 718 was a development of the successful Porsche 550A with improvements made to the body work and suspension. The car's full name is 718 RSK, where "RS" stands for RennSport (sports-racing) and the "K" reflects the shape of the car's revised torsion-bar suspension. It had a mid-engined layout and used the 1.5-litre Type 547/3 quad-cam engine introduced in the 550A.
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The Rhönbussard had its wing over the cockpit, limiting the pilot's view, but on the Rhönsperber it was lowered to mid fuselage. It is an entirely wood and fabric aircraft with a wing built around a single spar. Forward of the spar the wing is plywood covered around the leading edge, forming a torsion- resisting D-box. Aft of the spar, the covering is fabric.
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As in the prior generation, all Chrysler Corp. full sized wagons shared a common greenhouse on a unitized body and chassis with longitudinal front torsion bars, rear leaf springs and the Dodge’s 122” wheelbase. And, as before, the wagon’s shorter wheelbase was offset by additional rear overhang. 1969 Town and Country wagons were nearly identical to other Chrysler body styles in overall length at just under 225”.
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Useful tests that may help in the determination of the cause include a urinalysis (usually normal in testicular torsion). Pyuria and bacteriuria (white blood cells and bacteria in the urine) in patients with acute scrotum suggests an infectious cause such as epididymitis or orchitis and specific testing for gonorrhea and chlamydia should be done. All people with chronic pain should be tested for gonorrhea and chlamydia.
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The wing was built in three parts, with a short, rectangular inner section within the fuselage and two dominant, tapering outer panels. Each outer panel was built around a spruce box spar and the wing surface ahead of it was plywood, forming a torsion resisting D-box. Behind the spar the wing had fabric covering. The M-5's ailerons were long and narrow.
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Structure validation is a particularly important component of the structure determination pipeline as many protein structures have small structural errors (i.e. distorted bond lengths or angles, incompatible torsion angles, overlapping atoms) that are not easily detected by visual inspection. For protein structures solved by NMR spectroscopy, where large numbers of structures are generated and where coordinate inaccuracies are common, this problem is particularly acute.
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The new power generation system provides 20 kW of stable voltage. The TR-85 tanks have a torsion bar suspension. The modernized version also has eight telescopic hydro-gas shock-absorbers to increase the overall speed. The running gear consists of six dual rubber-tyred road wheels and four return rollers per side, with the idler wheel at the front and drive sprocket at the rear.
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A volvulus is a twist along the axis of the mesentery, a torsion is a twist along the longitudinal axis of the intestine. Various parts of the horse's gastrointestinal tract may twist upon themselves. It is most likely to be either small intestine or part of the colon. Occlusion of the blood supply means that it is a painful condition causing rapid deterioration and requiring emergency surgery.
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N. O. Myklestad, "A New Method of Calculating Natural Modes of Uncoupled Bending Vibration of Airplane Wings and Other Types of Beams", Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences (Institute of the Aeronautical Sciences), Vol. 11, No. 2 (1944), pp. 153–162. N. O. Myklestad, "New Method of Calculating Natural Modes of Coupled Bending- Torsion Vibration Modes of Beams," Trans ASME, Vol. 67. No. 1, Jan. 1945.
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The engine was part of a single assembly including its clutch and gearbox. This assembly was held at three points in "live rubber" with a steadying bearing forward of the flywheel. Suspension was by long semi-elliptic springs at each corner of the car controlled by Luvax shock absorbers combined with a front (anti-roll) torsion bar. The chassis was mounted on large section tyres.
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This group is torsion free (), unlike the Nottingham group. This group is a finitely generated pro-p-group and a hereditarily just infinite group (). Thus, it is another representative of the 4th class of hereditarily just infinite groups, together with the Nottingham group and the Grigorchuk group, according to the conjectural classification of his group by Charles Leedham-Green. The Fesenko group is of finite width ().
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Early Mod A hulls had smaller diametered driver's hatches. The suspension consisted of six roadwheel pairs per side with a torsion bar suspension system and five return rollers. The engine exhaust vents were located on the top of the rear deck. There was a dual compensating idler arm at the front, and dual auxiliary track tension wheels behind the last road wheels, using the T97E2 track assembly.
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Tetraphis pellucida is characterized by having a straight smooth-lacking protrusions- seta. Whereas Tetraphis geniculata is charecturized by having a papillose or tuberculate surface in the upper portion of a sharply bent seta. Upon further examination Tetraphis geniculata has bulging cell walls that are common in the central region of the seta, and smooth directly below the capsule, spiral torsion of the seta is also common.
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The wheels also better protect the vehicle from enemy fire, and mobility is improved when some wheels are missing. This relatively complicated approach has not been used since World War II ended. This may be related more to maintenance than to original cost. The torsion bars and bearings may stay dry and clean, but the wheels and tread work in mud, sand, rocks, snow, and other surfaces.
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Each engine propels two of the vehicle's axles. The engine on the right propels the second and the fourth axles, while the one on the left propels the first and the third axles. Each engine has its own four-speed gear box with a single- shielded hydraulically controlled clutch and an exhaust. Each axle has its own differential and is hung on transversal torsion bars.
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The femoral version is measured by an angle formed between a line through the femoral head-neck axis and another horizontal line drawn between both ischial tuberosities. Normal values range between 5 and 25°. Retroversion is considered abnormal. Femoral torsion is the angle between a line along the femoral head and neck axis and a second line that is touching the posterior border of both femoral condyles.
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While in typical hydrostatic skeletons, movement is generated by applying force to a fluid-filled cavity, muscular hydrostats generate movement by muscle contractions. When one muscle contracts and decreases in area, other muscles within the structure must expand in response. Helical muscles may be present, which can create torsion, an ability that is restricted in hydrostatic skeletons. Muscular hydrostats are found in mammalian, reptilian, and amphibian tongues.
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The femora are both partially preserved, and each femur is quite robust, with an expanded head. The fourth trochanter forms a rugose crest, stopping just before a slight torsion in the diaphysis. The tibia is poorly preserved, but its diaphysis is straight and cylindrical. The fibula's diaphysis is oval in cross-section and expands towards a flattened distal end; its proximal end is missing.
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The front wheels are hung on double, unequal length wishbones with coil springs and hydraulic telescopic shock absorbers and a torsion bar stabilizer was installed. The Coupe's rear axle was of a two-joint design with one joint at each side of the differential at its centre line. The Roadster's wheels were larger than the Coupes'. The wheels were steel bowl/ aluminium rim rivet compound wheels.
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A lattice in a nilpotent Lie group N is always finitely generated (and hence finitely presented since it is itself nilpotent); in fact it is generated by at most \dim(N) elements. Finally, a nilpotent group is isomorphic to a lattice in a nilpotent Lie group if and only if it contains a subgroup of finite index which is torsion-free and of finitely generated.
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The Honda CB500T was a Honda motorcycle sold in 1975 and 1976. It bore a close resemblance to the model from which it derived, the 5-speed version of the CB450 which was discontinued in 1974. The engine was a double overhead cam (DOHC) vertical parallel twin with 180° crankshaft angle, dual CV carburetors and torsion bar valve springs. The transmission was a 5-speed.
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Early development proceeds as the zygote undergoes cleavage in the spiral pattern typical of molluscs and other protostomes. Embryos in culture at 7-9 °C reach the trochophore larval stage in 3 days, undergo torsion in 4.5–5 days, and hatch 6 days after fertilization. Veliger larvae stop swimming and begin crawling 9.5 days after fertilization and undergo metamorphosis into juvenile snails about 12 days after fertilization.
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The Košava was commissioned by the Yugoslavian Aeronautical Union and built at the Ikarus factory to replace the pre-World War II Kranich II aircraft. It is a wooden glider, covered in a mixture of plywood and fabric. The wings are built up around single spars, with ply covering to the leading edge forming a D- or torsion box. Behind the spar the covering is fabric.
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Although other covariant derivatives may be defined, usually one only considers the metric-compatible one. This is because given two covariant derivatives, abla and abla', there exists a tensor for transforming from one to the other: : abla_a x_b = abla_a' x_b - {C_{ab}}^c x_c. If the space is also torsion-free, then the tensor {C_{ab}}^c is symmetric in its first two indices.
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In mathematics, circle-valued Morse theory studies the topology of a smooth manifold by analyzing the critical points of smooth maps from the manifold to the circle, in the framework of Morse homology.. It is an important special case of Sergei Novikov's Morse theory of closed one-forms.. Michael Hutchings and Yi-Jen Lee have connected it to Reidemeister torsion and Seiberg–Witten theory..
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Cunningham C-5R A single all-new C-5R was prepared for the 1953 24 Hours of Le Mans. The front suspension comprised a solid beam axle sprung by torsion bars. This reduced weight by and allowed the use of diameter Al-Fin drum brakes mounted inboard of the wheels. At the rear was a live axle on coil springs as on the later C-4Rs.
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In mathematics, the Bochner–Kodaira–Nakano identity is an analogue of the Weitzenböck identity for hermitian manifolds, giving an expression for the antiholomorphic Laplacian of a vector bundle over a hermitian manifold in terms of its complex conjugate and the curvature of the bundle and the torsion of the metric of the manifold. It is named after Salomon Bochner, Kunihiko Kodaira, and Shigeo Nakano.
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The chassis was modified for its new role; a new engine cover was made to improve engine cooling and the interior was modified to add more ammunition storage. The extra weight of the gun required that the suspension be modified with stronger torsion bars and new road wheels. A brake to lock the wheels while firing was also added. The armor of the hull ranged from thick.
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Penrose, R. (2010). Cycles of time: an extraordinary new view of the universe. Random House In 2011, Nikodem Popławski showed that a nonsingular Big Bounce appears naturally in the Einstein-Cartan-Sciama-Kibble theory of gravity. This theory extends general relativity by removing a constraint of the symmetry of the affine connection and regarding its antisymmetric part, the torsion tensor, as a dynamical variable.
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Hungarian physicist and geophysicist, Loránd Eötvös carried out gravity measurements using the torsion balance technique, helping to launch geophysics. After his death, students named the Loránd Eötvös Geophysical Institute in his honor. By World War II independent Hungary had five active university geology departments. Mapping increased after the war, with a growing staff at the Geological Survey and a new map was released in 1956.
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In plan it had a rectangular centre section, extending to about mid-span, with straight-tapered outer panels. The wing sections were the same NACA ones used on the IS-7 and IS-8 gliders. It was of wooden construction with a single wooden spar and a plywood-covered torsion box from the spar forward around the leading edge. Behind the spar the wing was fabric covered.
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The Lagonda LG6 is a large car produced by the British Lagonda company from 1937 to 1940. It was announced at the 1937 London Motor Show. The LG6 chassis is based on the one used on the V12 model lengthened by to cater for the longer engine fitted. Suspension is independent torsion bar front suspension and live rear axle with Spiral bevel gear final drive.
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Treatment is by surgery to either untwist and fix the ovary in place or to remove it. The ovary will often recover, even if the condition has been present for some time. In those who have had a prior ovarian torsion, there is a 10% chance the other will also be affected. The diagnosis is relatively rare, affecting about 6 per 100,000 women per year.
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See "analytic torsion." suggested using this idea to evaluate path integrals in curved spacetimes. He studied zeta function regularization in order to calculate the partition functions for thermal graviton and matter's quanta in curved background such as on the horizon of black holes and on de Sitter background using the relation by the inverse Mellin transformation to the trace of the kernel of heat equations.
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Note that the previous definition uses a vertical circular cross section. This is not entirely accurate as the tube becomes increasingly distorted as the Torsion increases (ratio of the speed P \, and the incline of the tube). An alternative would be to have a circular cross section in the plane perpendicular to the helix curve. This would be closer to the shape of a physical spring.
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In boys, this reflex may be exaggerated which can occasionally lead to a misdiagnosis of cryptorchidism. The cremasteric reflex may be absent with testicular torsion, upper and lower motor neuron disorders, as well as a spine injury of L1-L2. It can also occur if the ilioinguinal nerve has accidentally been cut during a hernia repair. The cremasteric reflex can be helpful in recognizing testicular emergencies.
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Roman Orliński began to design the Orlik in the spring of 1984. Its first flight was made on 22 February 1987. It has a two part, low, rectangular plan, wooden wing set with 5° of dihedral and built around a single main spar. Plywood skin ahead of the spar around the leading edge forms a torsion-resistant D-box; behind the spar the wing is fabric covered.
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Siemens electrodynamometer, circa 1910, F = Fixed coil, D = Movable coil, S = Spiral spring, T = Torsion head, M = Mercury cups, I = Index needle Prodigit Model 2000MU (UK version), shown in use and displaying a reading of 10 watts being consumed by the appliance Electronic wattmeters are used for direct, small power measurements or for power measurements at frequencies beyond the range of electrodynamometer-type instruments.
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Symptoms typically present in the 3rd or 4th decade of life, but have been seen as early as the age of 14. It presents with torsion dystonia, particularly when presenting at a younger age, which then progresses to parkinsonism with or without ongoing dystonia. Often the two symptoms coexist. The parkinsonian features of x-linked dystonia parkinsonism include festinating gait, bradykinesia, blepharospasm, and postural instability.
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Under compression the coils slide over each other, affording longer travel. The result is more stable and powerful than any leaf, coil, or torsion bar spring in the same volume. Mounted vertically in a road wheel bogie for a pair of road wheels on a tank made a very compact unit.Tanks & Artillery: Standard Guide to U S World War II Konrad F., Jr. Schreier p.
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Zlil Sela Zlil Sela is an Israeli mathematician working in the area of geometric group theory. He is a Professor of Mathematics at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Sela is known for the solution of the isomorphism problem for torsion-free word-hyperbolic groups and for the solution of the Tarski conjecture about equivalence of first-order theories of finitely generated non-abelian free groups.
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The radula has seven denticles (or small teeth), which are sometimes reduced. The Mesogastropoda are, in many ways, more developed than the Archaeogastropoda. Through torsion of the intestinal mass and a spiral movement of the body, the gill, the kidney and the osphradium (which means sensory receptor, or olfactory organ) have disappeared on the right side. These organs exist only on the left side of the animal.
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Duplicated electrical and compressed air engine start systems are also used. The wheels are utilized with independent torsion-bar suspension and the traverse arms have high capacity telescopic hydraulic shock absorbers. Communication equipment installed in the BTR-90 include an R-163-50U radio set for external communications, an R-163UP receiver, and an R-174 intercom device for communication between the crew members.
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Following the standard practice of the time the wing had a single spar, with plywood covering ahead of it, forming a torsion resistant D-box. There were diagonal internal struts close to the wing roots and further ply skin strengthened these areas. The rest of the wing was fabric covered. The thickness was decreased markedly by the upward slope of the underside, providing dihedral.
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In materials science, and especially elasticity theory, ideas of torsion also play an important role. One problem models the growth of vines, focusing on the question of how vines manage to twist around objects. The vine itself is modeled as a pair of elastic filaments twisted around one another. In its energy-minimizing state, the vine naturally grows in the shape of a helix.
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On each side of the hull are six road wheels with an idler at the rear, and three track return rollers. The suspension is a torsion bar system. The driver sits to the right of the engine, with a single-piece hatch above him that opens to the right. The driver is provided with three fixed vision periscopes, and a single traversable periscope in the hatch.
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The fifth-generation Minica was introduced in February 1984 as a front engined, front wheel drive vehicle for the first time. It offered three- and five-door configurations, increased size and a torsion beam/coil spring rear suspension. With its "tall-boy" design it was much more spacious inside. It retained the G23B engine, but modernized with a timing belt rather than the old noisy timing chain.
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The injections are not a treatment for the disease, but are a means to control its symptoms. A fourth option in the treatment for the symptoms of torsion dystonia is surgery. Surgery is performed only if the patient does not respond to the oral medications or the injections. The type of surgery performed is specific to the type of dystonia that the patient has.
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They also carried considerable washout, deceasing the likelihood of tip stalling though reducing high-speed performance. The wing was built around a single spar with plywood skin ahead of it, forming a torsion-resistant D-box. Aft of the spar the wing was fabric covered. On each side a single bracing strut ran from the lower fuselage to the spar at about 25% span.
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When purchasing a purebred Mastiff, experts often suggest that the dog undergo tests for hip dysplasia, elbow dysplasia, thyroid, and DNA for PRA. A Mastiff may be kept in an apartment, but care must be taken to give it enough exercise. Mastiffs should be fed 2 or 3 times a day; it is believed that one large meal per day can increase the chance of gastric torsion.
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Thus, it is very common for computational optimizing programs to flip back and forth between representations during their iterations. This can dominate the calculation time of the potential itself and in long chain molecules introduce cumulative numerical inaccuracy. While all conversion algorithms produce mathematically identical results, they differ in speed and numerical accuracy. Currently, the fastest and most accurate torsion to Cartesian conversion is the Natural Extension Reference Frame (NERF) method.
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The engine feeds a manual transmission with five forward gears and one reverse gear. Track is driven at the front by a drive sprocket, and passes over four rubber-typed road wheels, then loops over an idler at the rear, before returning to the front again. No return rollers are fitted, the track rests on the top of the road wheels. Suspension is of the torsion bar type.
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The front suspension was changed from a transverse leaf spring to MacPherson struts with torsion springs and an antiroll bar. The DAF 66 was introduced as a successor to the 55. It featured new, boxy styling of the front, and a new rear axle design. The two drive belts now powered a differential, and the axle was changed from a swingaxle design to a leaf sprung de Dion axle.
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In 1964, the front glass area was updated to a flatter windshield and larger door glass. of cargo could be carried in the back. This model series introduced a factory-equipped 4WD ("K") option for the first time. The 2WD ("C") models introduced a torsion bar-based independent front suspension and trailing arm and coil spring rear, but by 1963, returned to a more conventional coil-spring approach.
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Researchers have explored many mechanisms that protect different hosts from the parasitic behavior of M. ruficauda. Hosts seem to display defense mechanisms both before and after parasitism. In certain cases, the hosts can escape M. ruficauda parasitism some weeks after the original attack. Violent body movements and torsion away from the parasite seem to be some of the most effective behavioral responses that allow for evasion of M. ruficauda.
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The tightly interlocking osteoderms along the back of Permian chroniosuchians were likely an adaptation to terrestrial locomotion. The plates made the vertebral column more rigid, allowing it to better cope with stresses from shearing, torsion, compression, and tension. However, the increased stability of the vertebral column resulted in less flexibility. In Madygenerpeton, the increased flexibility of the trunk may have been an adaptation to a secondarily aquatic lifestyle.
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Weight reduction of 10% is achieved by using very high-strength steels and aluminum alloys. Watt's link torsion beam rear suspension, first used on the Opel Astra (J), comes as standard. The car comes equipped with a 4.2" color screen radio or MyLink 2.0 infotainment system with an 8" screen, and can be configured with OnStar Gen10 offering 4G LTE Internet connection with a built-in Wi-Fi hotspot.
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On December 1, 1951, a windstorm revealed swaying and rolling instabilities of the bridge, resulting in its closure. In 1953 and 1954, the bridge was retrofitted with lateral and diagonal bracing that connected the lower chords of the two side trusses. This bracing stiffened the bridge deck in torsion so that it would better resist the types of twisting that had destroyed the Tacoma Narrows Bridge in 1940.
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They were built around a single spar with a forward torsion box between it and the leading edge. The tips carried the small sreamlined bodies known as salmons, common at the time. Ply and fabric covered ailerons ran from the tips over the more tapered outboard panels, with mid-chord spoilers immediately inboard, opening above and below the wing. The fuselage was a plywood monocoque, tapering to the tail.
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The Flexitor units were a type of lever arm shock absorber which used bonded rubber in torsion as the shock absorber. On these units a stub axle is mounted upon a trailing-arm with the pivot point being a steel rod. This rod is bonded inside a rubber tube which runs through and is also bonded to an external steel housing. The housing is bolted to the underside of the car.
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The tension wrench, or torsion wrench, is generally used when picking a pin tumbler or wafer lock. It is used to apply torque to the plug of a lock to hold any picked pins in place. Once all pins are picked, the tension wrench is then used to turn the plug and open the lock. There are two basic types of tension: "bottom of the keyway" and "top of the keyway".
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The independent suspension is of a double 'A' design with a torsion-bar spring and hydraulic telescopic shock absorber at each station. A stabilizer bar is provided for the rear suspension. The vehicle uses independent suspensions and portal geared hubs similar to portal axles to make for a full 16 inches of ground clearance. The vehicle also has disc brakes on all 4 wheels, and 4-wheel double-wishbone suspension.
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The Al-Zarrar is powered by a liquid- cooled 12-cylinder diesel engine, giving a power output of and torque output of 305 kg.m at 1300–1400 rpm. A combat weight of 40 tonnes gives Al-Zarrar a power-to-weight ratio of 18.3 hp/tonne and a top speed of 65 km/h. Crew comfort is improved over the Type 59 by a modified torsion bar suspension system.
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The OF-40 rests on an independent torsion bar suspension system with hydraulic shock absorbers and friction dampers on the first, second, third, sixth and seventh pairs of road wheels. The tank can also drive under water to a limited depth using a snorkel to feed the engine and comes equipped with two water pumps rated at 120 l/min used to evacuate water from the tank during fording.
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The property of being a G_2-manifold is much stronger than that of admitting a G_2-structure. Indeed, a G_2-manifold is a manifold with a G_2-structure which is torsion-free. The letter "G" occurring in the phrases "G-structure" and "G_2-structure" refers to different things. In the first case, G-structures take their name from the fact that arbitrary Lie groups are typically denoted with the letter "G".
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The first Compagno prototype was shown at the 1961 Tokyo Motor Show and had a design reminiscent of the Fiat 1800/2100. This was not a very well balanced design and the production version ended up looking quite different. The Compagno used a ladder-type chassis instead of the more modern monocoque style, with torsion bar wishbone suspension at the front and semi-elliptical leaf springs for the rear axle.
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There is the potential for an indirect inguinal hernia to develop, although not all people with a patent vaginal process will develop one. The more patent the vaginal process, the more likely the patient is to develop a hernia. Congenital malformation of the vaginal process is also the leading cause of testicular torsion, since lack of attachment to the inner lining of the scrotum leaves the testicles free to twist.
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All this assumes that the theory of general relativity remains valid at these small distances. If it does not, then other, presently unknown, effects might limit the minimum size of a black hole. Elementary particles are equipped with a quantum-mechanical, intrinsic angular momentum (spin). The correct conservation law for the total (orbital plus spin) angular momentum of matter in curved spacetime requires that spacetime is equipped with torsion.
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Such an interaction averts the unphysical Big Bang singularity, replacing it with a cusp-like bounce at a finite minimum scale factor, before which the Universe was contracting. The rapid expansion immediately after the Big Bounce explains why the present Universe at largest scales appears spatially flat, homogeneous and isotropic. As the density of the Universe decreases, the effects of torsion weaken and the Universe smoothly enters the radiation-dominated era.
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Singularity theorems which are premised on and formulated within the setting of Riemannian geometry (e.g. Penrose–Hawking singularity theorems) need not hold in Riemann–Cartan geometry. Consequently, Einstein–Cartan theory is able to avoid the general-relativistic problem of the singularity at the Big Bang. The minimal coupling between torsion and Dirac spinors generates an effective nonlinear spin–spin self-interaction, which becomes significant inside fermionic matter at extremely high densities.
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To historians, Biton is valuable as the only ancient witness other than Hero of Alexandria to mention non-torsion catapults. The lost treatise on optics is known only from Biton's references to it in the military treatise. He says that in his optical work he describes a method for calculating the height of walls, which is necessary in order to calculate the proper dimensions for siege engines attacking those walls.
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Production models featured the T80 turret that would later be used in modified form on the upgunned M4 variants. The T23 was not adopted for service partly because of its untried transmission system and partly because the design had poor weight distribution and excessive ground pressure. In an attempt to rectify this, two further variants were ordered, the T23E3 with torsion bar suspension and the T23E4 with horizontal volute suspension.
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Let ZN denote the Baer–Specker group, that is, the group of all integer sequences, with termwise addition. For each n in N, let en be the sequence with n-th term equal to 1 and all other terms 0. A torsion-free abelian group G is said to be slender if every homomorphism from ZN into G maps all but finitely many of the en to the identity element.
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The previous engine was retained but with compression ratio raised from 6.25 to 6.75:1 and revised timing increasing the output to 48bhp at 3000rpm. Other features included independent front suspension using torsion bars in place of the previous Dubonnet system with semi-elliptic leaf springs at the rear, Lockheed hydraulic brakes and a three-speed all-synchromesh gearbox in place of the four-speed "silent third" gearbox.
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The right side of the tank was fitted with clamp rings to carry an unditching log. The driver's position was described as cramped, though the writer of the review is typically taller than tankers of the time. The IS-4 track system is based on the IS-2 with an additional set of cast road wheels bringing the total to 7 pairs on a torsion bar suspension system.
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The Marder is propelled by a Diehl track, which can be fitted with rubber road pads. The drive mechanism consists of six rubber tyred road wheel with a drive sprocket at the front of the hull and an idler at the rear. Three return rollers are also fitted. The suspension is a torsion bar system, with additional hydrostatic shock absorbers fitted to the front two and last two road wheels.
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All this assumes that the theory of general relativity remains valid at these small distances. If it does not, then other, presently unknown, effects will limit the minimum size of a black hole. Elementary particles are equipped with a quantum-mechanical, intrinsic angular momentum (spin). The correct conservation law for the total (orbital plus spin) angular momentum of matter in curved spacetime requires that spacetime is equipped with torsion.
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Its cantilever, constant chord, high mounted wing was built around a single spar, placed at about 40% of the chord. Forward of the spar the wing was ply covered around the leading edge, forming a torsion resisting D-box. Behind the spar both wing and ailerons were fabric covered. The steel fuselage frame defined a nonohedral cross section, not including the keel, which with its fabric covering approximated a blunt oval.
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Connective fibers, often collagenous, are arranged in a helical shape within the wall of the hydrostatic skeleton. The helical shape formed by these fibers allows for elongation and shortening of the skeleton, while still remaining rigid to prevent torsion. As the shape of the cylinder changes, the pitch of the helix will change. The angle relative to the long axis will decrease during elongation and increase during shortening.
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The Slingsby Swallow was a wooden-framed aircraft, covered in a mixture of plywood and fabric. Its high mounted, cantilever, straight-tapered and square-tipped wing had 3.3o dihedral. It was Gaboon plywood-skinned and built around a single spruce spar, with a leading-edge torsion box. Its unbalanced ailerons were fabric covered; there were no flaps but dive brakes could be extended in pairs above and below the wings.
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Permanent signal cables in the boom tubes run through the hollow swivel axis, so during boom motion they are only torsion-deformed, a more endurable load than bending. Built around the mast foot is a 200 m2 streamlined building for registration and maintenance purposes. On top of the mast, a compact weather radar was installed in 2007, measuring precipitation up to a radius of 60 km around the mast.
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Archaeological evidence for catapults, especially torsion devices, is rare. It is easy to see how stones from stone-throwers could survive, but organic sinews and wooden frames quickly deteriorate if left unattended. Usual remains include the all- important washers, as well as other metal supporting pieces, such as counterplates and trigger mechanisms. Still, the first major evidence of ancient or medieval catapults was found in 1912 in Ampurias.
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RKP trucks tend to hold traction better and are easier to handle at speed, whereas TKP trucks are more suited for tricks, bowl skating and usually sport a lower ride height. Other forms of trucks have been seen in the downhill but remain on the sidelines. These would include torsion trucks (seismic) and CAM trucks (Other Planet). Downhill trucks are separated into two further categories: Cast and Precision.
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The usual Daimler large cruciform chassis had a double wishbone front suspension, with laminated torsion bars, telescopic dampers, and an anti-roll bar, while the rear suspension used leaf springs with telescopic dampers. All cars featured automatic chassis lubrication to 21 points, using a pump controlled by exhaust heat at startup. Cam and peg steering was used, and Girling hydro-mechanical brakes: hydraulic front, mechanical rear. The cars had an wheelbase.
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The optional C-Type cylinder head carried over from the XK120 catalogue, and produced gross at 5750 rpmt. When fitted with the C-type head, 2-inch sand-cast H8 carburettors, heavier torsion bars and twin exhaust pipes, the car was designated XK140 SE in the UK and XK140 MC in North America. In 1956 the XK140 became the first Jaguar sports car to be offered with automatic transmission.
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300 Other giant crossbows were used throughout the period, and an "espringal", based on the ballista, which threw large bolts, was developed in the 13th century.Nossov, pp. 159–160 Torsion-powered arrow firers had been used from 400 BC, and were adapted for stones. A mangonel had a wooden spoon- shaped arm, to hold a stone or other projectile, which was manipulated under tension from a twisted rope.
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The first generation Forte was introduced in 2008. In North America, the Forte replaced the Kia Spectra, while the Forte retained the Cerato name in numerous markets. It shares the same platform as the Hyundai Avante/Elantra (HD), though employing a torsion-beam rear suspension in place of the Elantra's multilink design. Kia has stated that the Forte was specifically designed to target younger buyers attracted to sharper auto designs.
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I Ausf.C:PzKpfw I nA, Panzerkampfwagen I nA, VK601, VK602. :A fast reconnaissance tank for airborne operations with more armour and interleaving road wheel / torsion bar suspension. 40 built by Krauss-Maffei in 1942. ; Panzerkampfwagen I Ausf.F:Panzerkampfwagen I nA Verstärkt, VK1801, VK1802 : 30 built by Krauss-Maffei in 1942. ; 4.7cm PaK(t) (Sf) auf Pz.Kpfw.I Ausf.B:Panzerjäger I, (Sd.Kfz.101) : 4.7cm PaK(t) 36 L/43.4 (captured Czech weapons) on Ausf.B chassis.
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The engine used torsion bars in the camshafts to both drive the supercharger and absorb shocks from changing drive loads. Goossen tried vane and Roots style superchargers before finally settling on a Miller centrifugal blower. After Meyer retired from racing, driver Rex Mays posted some good results with the car. In 1938 industrialist Lew Welch and Winfield embarked on a project to build a new V8 powered Indy car.
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For example, AFM cantilevers, can measure angstrom-scale, millisecond events and forces larger than 10 pN. While glass microfibers cannot achieve such fine spatial and temporal resolution, they can measure piconewton forces. Optical tweezers allow the measurement of piconewton forces and nanometer displacements which is an ideal range for many biological experiments. Magnetic tweezers can measure femtonewton forces, and additionally they can also be used to apply torsion.
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Larger torsion bars were fitted to the front suspension. Flasher-type traffic indicators replaced semaphore arms. Jaguar Mark VII M Distinguishing the Mark VII M from its predecessor, circular grilles over the horns were installed below the headlights in place of the former integrated auxiliary lamps, which were moved slightly further apart up- rated and mounted on the bumper. Both bumpers now wrapped further around the sides of the car.
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Blood (300 µl, anticoagulated with citrate) is placed into the disposable cuvette using an electronic pipette. A disposable pin is attached to a shaft which is connected with a thin spring (the equivalent to Hartert's torsion wire in thrombelastography) and slowly oscillates back and forth. The signal of the pin suspended in the blood sample is transmitted via an optical detector system. The test is started by adding appropriate reagents.
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Blood (300 µl, anticoagulated with citrate) is placed into the disposable cuvette using an electronic pipette. A disposable pin is attached to a shaft which is connected with a thin spring (the equivalent to Hartert’s torsion wire in thrombelastography) and slowly oscillates back and forth. The signal of the pin suspended in the blood sample is transmitted via an optical detector system. The test is started by adding appropriate reagents.
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From about 1950 to his death in February 1981, Iosif Silimon was Romania's most prominent glider designer, his aircraft distinguished by his initials. His single seat IS-11 was a wooden, high wing aerobatic sailplane. The cantilever high wing of the IS-11 was mounted with a dihedral of 2.5°. It was built around a single spar with a plywood covered torsion box ahead of it around the leading edge.
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String potentiometers are composed of four main parts: a measuring cable, spool, spring, and rotational sensor. Inside the transducer's housing, a stainless steel cable is wound on a precisely machined constant diameter cylindrical spool that turns as the measuring cable reels and unreels. To maintain cable tension, a torsion spring is coupled to the spool. The spool is coupled to the shaft of a rotational sensor (a potentiometer or rotary encoder).
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Using the torque shaft was the result of being forced to use the Corvair underbody which, being a rear engine platform, had no drive shaft tunnel. To combine flexibility with strength in the proper proportion, the shaft was forged of SAE 8660 steel (high nickel, chrome and molybdenum alloying percentages) for torsion bar specifications. For automatic cars, the shaft was in diameter and long, while the manual-box shaft was by .
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Topoisomerases (or DNA topoisomerases) are enzymes that participate in the overwinding or underwinding of DNA. The winding problem of DNA arises due to the intertwined nature of its double-helical structure. During DNA replication and transcription, DNA becomes overwound ahead of a replication fork. If left unabated, this torsion would eventually stop the ability of DNA or RNA polymerases involved in these processes to continue down the DNA strand.
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Its wing is rectangular in plan out to blunted and turned-down tips and both its single spar and ribs are formed from woven glassfibre. Three-ply glasscloth skin ahead of the spar forms a torsion resistant D-box.The narrow trailing edge of the wing was cast in epoxy with spanwise glassfibres and glasscloth covered. The whole wing was then covered with glued and thermally bonded, transparent polyethylene terephthalate film.
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Subaru FF-1 G 4WD Wagon The () (also known as the 1100 and 1300) was a compact car and introduced in Japan July 10, 1970, replacing the FF-1 Star. It was a front wheel drive vehicle with a typical Subaru EA61 or EA62 flat-4 engine. A fully independent torsion bar suspension and rack and pinion steering were impressive for the time. The inboard front drum brakes were an oddity.
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Its ride comfort is highly praised. Though on the negative side, it is a more maintenance- intensive and expensive system, even if more capable than the simpler and cheaper torsion bar system used on many older tanks worldwide. During trials, the Arjun showcased its fording capability, by driving under 1.8 metres of water for 20 minutes. A new 1500 hp engine is being developed that will eventually replace the present engine.
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Several Civil Aviation Department aircraft were named after divisions (nakshatra) of the zodiac used in Hindu astrology; Bharani (भरणी) is one of these, literally meaning "the bearer". The glider named after it was a wood framed aircraft, covered with fabric and plywood. It had a high cantilever wing with a single spar, ahead of which ply covering formed a torsion resisting box. Behind the spar it was fabric covered.
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The walls were thicker than most Roman forts and had stone platforms projecting back from the wall, on which were placed catapult-like machines for hurling missiles. These machines, a smaller version of the ballista, were known as 'onagri', and derived their power from the torsion of a hair rope. From the north walls, these machines could fire missiles at anyone advancing down Dere Street from the north.
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Some people use shocks to modify spring rates but this is not the correct use. Along with hysteresis in the tire itself, they damp the energy stored in the motion of the unsprung weight up and down. Effective wheel bounce damping may require tuning shocks to an optimal resistance. Spring-based shock absorbers commonly use coil springs or leaf springs, though torsion bars are used in torsional shocks as well.
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Ideal springs alone, however, are not shock absorbers, as springs only store and do not dissipate or absorb energy. Vehicles typically employ both hydraulic shock absorbers and springs or torsion bars. In this combination, "shock absorber" refers specifically to the hydraulic piston that absorbs and dissipates vibration. Now, composite suspension system are used mainly in 2 wheelers and also leaf spring are made up of composite material in 4 wheelers.
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The pilot was S. Makaruk. The Pliszka had a two-part mid-wing of trapezoidal plan, with most sweep on the trailing edge, mounted with 3.5° of dihedral. Each half-wing was built around a single spar with a diagonal drag strut near the root from spar to fuselage. Forward of the spar the wing was metal stress-skinned, forming a torsion-resistant D-box, with fabric covering aft.
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The L/V excess can result from wheel unloading, or from improper rail or wheel tread profiles. The physics of this is more fully described below, in the section wheel-rail interaction. Wheel unloading can be caused by twist in the track. This can arise if the cant (crosslevel, or superelevation) of the track varies considerably over the wheelbase of a vehicle, and the vehicle suspension is very stiff in torsion.
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489–512 The machinery of the canonical representatives allowed Rips and Sela to prove algorithmic solvability of finite systems of equations in torsion-free hyperbolic groups, by reducing the problem to solving equations in free groups, where the Makanin–Razborov algorithm can be applied. The technique of canonical representatives was later generalized by DahmaniFrançois Dahmani. "Accidental parabolics and relatively hyperbolic groups." Israel Journal of Mathematics, vol. 153 (2006), pp.
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Three of the crew were to the left of the gun: driver to the front, then gunner and last the loader. The vehicle commander and lockman were to the right: commander to the front and the lockman behind. When the crew consisted of four men, the loading was carried out by the lockman. The suspension consisted of twelve torsion bars for the six road wheels on either side.
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Ogg worked in algebra and number theory. His accomplishments include the Grothendieck–Ogg–Shafarevich formula, Ogg's formula for the conductor of an elliptic curve, the Néron–Ogg–Shafarevich criterion and the 1975 characterization of supersingular primes, the starting point for the theory of monstrous moonshine.. He also posed the torsion conjecture in 1973 and is the author of the book Modular forms and Dirichlet series (W. A. Benjamin, 1969).
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Volkswagen added a "Super Beetle" (the Type 131) to its lineup in 1971. The Type 131 differed from the standard Beetle in its use of a MacPherson strut front suspension instead of the usual torsion bars. The Super Beetle featured a new hooded, padded dash and curved windshield (from 1973 model year on up). Rack and pinion steering replaced recirculating ball steering gears in the model year 1975 and up.
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The complementarity plot has been largely inspired by the Ramachnadran Plot in its design (but not in its physicochemical attributes). Ramachandran Plot is deterministic in nature, in contrast, CP is probabilistic. Ramachandran plot deals with main-chain torsion angles and errors in such parameters are essentially locally restricted. In contrast, CP deals with geometric and electrostatic fit of the interior side- chains with their local and non-local neighborhood.
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Each part was built around a single spar with plywood covering ahead of it, forming a torsion resistant D-box, and fabric covering behind. Control surfaces filled the whole trailing edge, with elevators inboard and ailerons outboard. The cockpit was within a ply-covered nacelle which reached forward from the trailing edge to well ahead of the leading edge. Its glazing provided good sideways, but limited forward, vision.
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The trunk lid (in the U.S. automotive industry sometimes also called decklid or deck lid) is the cover that allows access to the main storage or luggage compartment. Hinges allow the lid to be raised. Devices such as a manually positioned prop rod can keep the panel up in the open position. Counterbalancing torsion or other spring(s) can also be used to help elevate and hold open the trunk lid.
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The Dart was originally a 15 m sailplane, aimed immediately at the 1964 UK Gliding Championships and beyond at the 1965 World Championships.Flight 16 January 1964 p.92 Its wings were shoulder mounted, with 2o dihedral and about 0.75o forward sweep at quarter chord. They were built around spruce spars with a plywood covered torsion box ahead to the leading edge, fabric covered behind and with plywood covered ailerons.
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The average lifespan of the Mastiff is about 7 years although it's not uncommon for some to live to 10–11 years."n=35 median=7.1 IQR=2.01–9.01" Major problems can include hip dysplasia and gastric torsion. Other problems include obesity, osteosarcoma, and cystinuria. Problems only occasionally found include cardiomyopathy, allergies, vaginal hyperplasia, cruciate ligament rupture, hypothyroidism, OCD, entropion, progressive retinal atrophy (PRA), and persistent pupillary membranes (PPM).
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Although, depending on the demands on timing accuracy, acceleration-based methods are more precise. Saccades may rotate the eyes in any direction to relocate gaze direction (the direction of sight that corresponds to the fovea), but normally saccades do not rotate the eyes torsionally. (Torsion is clockwise or counterclockwise rotation around the line of sight when the eye is at its central primary position; defined this way, Listing's law says that, when the head is motionless, torsion is kept at zero.) Head-fixed saccades can have amplitudes of up to 90° (from one edge of the oculomotor range to the other), but in normal conditions saccades are far smaller, and any shift of gaze larger than about 20° is accompanied by a head movement. During such gaze saccades, first the eye produces a saccade to get gaze on target, whereas the head follows more slowly and the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) causes the eyes to roll back in the head to keep gaze on the target.
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Commutative finite flat group schemes often occur in nature as subgroup schemes of abelian and semi-abelian varieties, and in positive or mixed characteristic, they can capture a lot of information about the ambient variety. For example, the p-torsion of an elliptic curve in characteristic zero is locally isomorphic to the constant elementary abelian group scheme of order p2, but over Fp, it is a finite flat group scheme of order p2 that has either p connected components (if the curve is ordinary) or one connected component (if the curve is supersingular). If we consider a family of elliptic curves, the p-torsion forms a finite flat group scheme over the parametrizing space, and the supersingular locus is where the fibers are connected. This merging of connected components can be studied in fine detail by passing from a modular scheme to a rigid analytic space, where supersingular points are replaced by discs of positive radius.
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The Type 3 engine received a larger displacement (1.6 L) for 1966 (August '65) and in 1968 became the world's first volume production car to feature electronic fuel injection - pioneered by Bosch. The Bosch D-Jetronic system was offered on the Volkswagen 1600 TE & LE version (E designating "Einspritzung" or "injection" in German). A similar Bosch injection system was used in the later Type 4 VW 411, some models of the Porsche 914, Opel Admiral, Diplomat and Commodore, and available for the Volvo 1800E/ES, 142E, and certain 1972-75 140 and 164 series cars (see Volvo P1800)as well as certain Citroen DS21. Also introduced for 1968 was a fully automatic transmission. A notable advance from the Type 1 to the Type 3 was the front suspension — although similar to the Type 1, it was the first Volkswagen front suspension to incorporate transverse round torsion bars, as opposed to the Type 1's torsion leaves.
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The oblique or helical muscle arrays in the muscular hydrostats are located in the periphery of the structure, wrapping the inner core of musculature, and this peripheral location provides a larger moment through which the torque is applied than a more central location. The effect of helically arranged muscle fibers, which may also contribute to changes in length of a muscular hydrostat, depends on fiber angle—the angle that the helical muscle fibers make with the long axis of the structure. The length of the helical fiber is at a minimum when the fiber angle equals 54°44′ and is at maximum length when the fiber angle approaches 0° and 90°. Summed up, this means that helically arranged muscle fibers with a fiber angle greater than 54°44′ will create force for both torsion and elongation while helically arranged muscle fibers with a fiber angle less than 54°44′ will create force for both torsion and shortening.
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Earlier versions of the theory were called "O(3) electrodynamics". Evans claims that he is able to derive a generally covariant field equation for electromagnetism and gravity, similar to that derived by Mendel Sachs. Evans argues that Einstein's theory of general relativity does not take into account torsion, which is included in the Einstein–Cartan theory. In 1998 Evans founded the Alpha Institute for Advanced Studies (AIAS) to keep developing his theory.
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The American T69 resembled the AMX 50 The hull was equipped with a torsion bar suspension designed to ensure a vehicle with good cross-country mobility. The hull and suspension recalled both the German Tiger and the Panther tanks which, having entered French service after the war,Jeudy (1997), p. 207 were well known and deliberately imitated. Especially the engine deck, the sprockets and the tracks are strongly reminiscent of the German design style.
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Typical engineering applications illustrating the need for considering spatially variable seismic ground motions (SVSGMs) in the design of structures. Earthquake rotational loading indicates the excitation of structures due to the torsional and rocking components of seismic actions. Nathan M. Newmark was the first researcher who showed that this type of loading may result in unexpected failure of structures, and its influence should be considered in design codes.N. M. Newmark, Torsion in symmetrical building, Proc.
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In 1911, Flatau and Wladyslaw Sterling published an article on progressive torsion spasm in children.Postępujący torsyjny kurcz u dzieci / E. Flatau, W. Sterling ; z oddziału dla chorych nerwowych d-ra E. Flatau w Szpitalu [Żydowskim] na Czystem. 1911. The authors pointed out that the disease was associated with genetic factors. In the same year, Theodor Ziehen and Hermann Oppenheim published a paper claiming that dystonia is related to a disease of the muscles.
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The Phantom was a single-seat, clean, high-performance glider designed for Mr Percy Michelson with distance records and a cross-channel flight in mind. It was an all-wood aircraft, built of spruce and plywood. The wing had a single spruce spar with stressed ply to the leading edge forming a torsion box. At the time, the choice of the biconvex R.A.F. 34 airfoil was unusual, the concave/convex Göttingen forms being generally used.
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It had a long span, high aspect ratio, cantilever wing, which was straight tapered and had squared tipss. It was built around a single main spar, with ply covering forward of it to and around the leading edge forming a torsion resistant D-box. Aft of the spar the wing was fabric covered. Inboard of long ailerons, which occupied about half the span, there were Fowler flaps and also mid chord spoilers.
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The power head is usually supported by punched angle iron. Recently another type of opener, known as the jackshaft opener, has become more popular. This style of opener was used frequently on commercial doors but in recent years has been adapted for residential use. This style of opener consists of a motor that attaches to the side of the torsion rod and moves the door up and down by simply spinning the rod.
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Imaging is required to obtain an accurate diagnosis due to the common misdiagnosis of omental infarction as appendicitis or cholecystitis. Omental infarction occurs commonly in pediatric patients approximately 15 percent of cases. The most frequent cause of non- torsion related omental infarction is due to trauma as well as thrombosis or the omental veins. The predisposition for omental infarction includes obesity, strenuous activity, congestive heart failure, digitalis administration, recent abdominal surgery and trauma.
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Eric Katz is a mathematician working in combinatorial algebraic geometry and arithmetic geometry. He is currently an associate professor in the Department of Mathematics at Ohio State University. In joint work with Karim Adiprasito and June Huh, he resolved the Heron–Rota–Welsh conjecture on the log-concavity of the characteristic polynomial of matroids. With Joseph Rabinoff and David Zureick-Brown, he has given bounds on rational and torsion points on curves.
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Scrotal ultrasonography is useful when there is a suspicion of some particular diseases. It may detect signs of testicular dysgenesis, which is often related to an impaired spermatogenesis and to a higher risk of testicular cancer. Scrotum ultrasonography may also detect testicular lesions suggestive of malignancy. A decreased testicular vascularization is characteristic of testicular torsion, whereas hyperemia is often observed in epididymo-orchitis or in some malignant conditions such as lymphoma and leukemia.
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A total of 50 identical Turbine Cars were built between October 1963 and October 1964. They were all two-door hardtop coupes, with air-over-oil power brakes and power steering. The cars had independent front suspension with a coil spring at each front wheel, eschewing Chrysler's contemporary- standard independent front longitudinal torsion bar system (although their rear suspension utilized off-the-shelf leaf springs). All four wheels were equipped with power-assisted drum brakes.
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The topology of any given 7-polytope is defined by its Betti numbers and torsion coefficients.Richeson, D.; Euler's Gem: The Polyhedron Formula and the Birth of Topoplogy, Princeton, 2008. The value of the Euler characteristic used to characterise polyhedra does not generalize usefully to higher dimensions, whatever their underlying topology. This inadequacy of the Euler characteristic to reliably distinguish between different topologies in higher dimensions led to the discovery of the more sophisticated Betti numbers.
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The topology of any given 9-polytope is defined by its Betti numbers and torsion coefficients.Richeson, D.; Euler's Gem: The Polyhedron Formula and the Birth of Topoplogy, Princeton, 2008. The value of the Euler characteristic used to characterise polyhedra does not generalize usefully to higher dimensions, whatever their underlying topology. This inadequacy of the Euler characteristic to reliably distinguish between different topologies in higher dimensions led to the discovery of the more sophisticated Betti numbers.
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The topology of any given 5-polytope is defined by its Betti numbers and torsion coefficients.Richeson, D.; Euler's Gem: The Polyhedron Formula and the Birth of Topoplogy, Princeton, 2008. The value of the Euler characteristic used to characterise polyhedra does not generalize usefully to higher dimensions, whatever their underlying topology. This inadequacy of the Euler characteristic to reliably distinguish between different topologies in higher dimensions led to the discovery of the more sophisticated Betti numbers.
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Each glucose isomer is subject to rotational isomerism. Within the cyclic form of glucose, rotation may occur around the O6-C6-C5-O5 torsion angle, termed the ω-angle, to form three staggered rotamer conformations called gauche-gauche (gg), gauche-trans (gt) and trans-gauche (tg).For methyl α-D-glucuopyranose at equilibrium, the ratio of molecules in each rotamer conformation is reported to be 57% gg, 38% gt, and 5% tg. See .
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With Fritz John he also coauthored the two-volume work Introduction to Calculus and Analysis, first published in 1965. Courant's name is also attached to the finite element method, with his numerical treatment of the plain torsion problem for multiply-connected domains, published in 1943. This method is now one of the ways to solve partial differential equations numerically. Courant is a namesake of the Courant–Friedrichs–Lewy condition and the Courant minimax principle.
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Later, the wheelbase was extended several times to accommodate customer needs. Starting in the mid-1950s, with the introduction of the Unimog 404, the frame received a drop. Originally, this was done to make space for a spare tyre, but soon engineers found out that the new frame would improve the torsion performance, which is why all following Unimog series also received a frame with a drop.Carl-Heinz Vogler: Unimog 406 – Typengeschichte und Technik.
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The new combinatorial topology formally treated topological classes as abelian groups. Homology groups are finitely generated abelian groups, and homology classes are elements of these groups. The Betti numbers of the manifold are the rank of the free part of the homology group, and the non-orientable cycles are described by the torsion part. The subsequent spread of homology groups brought a change of terminology and viewpoint from "combinatorial topology" to "algebraic topology".
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Instead of one conventional front radiator, the Lotus 72 featured two, one on each side of the cockpit. Further innovations included torsion bar suspension in place of the widely used coil-springs, and all four brakes mounted inboard to reduce unsprung weight. During its first practice session, the left semi-axle of the car broke, sending Rindt into a spin. The car also proved ineffective in the race; Rindt retired after nine laps.
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The A2 was designed in the early 1960s at the Polytechnic University of Milan by Carlo Ferrarin, his cousin Francis Ferrarin and Livio Sonzio. Their aim was to build a low cost, light weight but high performance glider. The A2 is a single-seat cantilever mid-wing monoplane, its high-aspect-ratio wing built around an all-metal torsion box and spar. It is skinned with light alloy and has significant dihedral.
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The scrotum of a transgender female patient six months after receiving simple bilateral orchiectomy without other genital surgery. A simple orchiectomy is commonly performed as part of sex reassignment surgery (SRS) for transgender women, or as palliative treatment for advanced cases of prostate cancer. Orchiectomy may be required in the event of a testicular torsion as well. The patient lies flat on an operating table with the penis taped against the abdomen.
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Compression members are also considered as columns, struts, or posts. They are vertical members or web and chord members in trusses and joists that are in compression or being squished. Bending members are also known as beams, girders, joists, spandrels, purlins, lintels, and girts. Each of these members have their own structural application, but typically bending members will carry bending moments and shear forces as primary loads and axial forces and torsion as secondary loads.
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In mathematics, particularly the area of topology, a simple-homotopy equivalence is a refinement of the concept of homotopy equivalence. Two CW- complexes are simple-homotopy equivalent if they are related by a sequence of collapses and expansions (inverses of collapses), and a homotopy equivalence is a simple homotopy equivalence if it is homotopic to such a map. The obstruction to a homotopy equivalence being a simple homotopy equivalence is the Whitehead torsion, \tau(f).
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According to Fredkin, "Digital mechanics predicts that for every continuous symmetry of physics there will be some microscopic process that violates that symmetry." Therefore, according to Fredkin, at the Planck scale, ordinary matter could have spin angular momentum that violates the equivalence principle. There might be weird Fredkin forces that cause a torsion in spacetime. The Einstein–Cartan theory extends general relativity theory to deal with spin-orbit coupling when matter with spin is present.
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Saxl is reported to have attempted, without success, to get this work published in the Physical Review; eventually the work was published in Nature.Saxl, 1964. In the early 1960s, Saxl began a collaboration with Mildred Allen of Mount Holyoke College. In 1971, Saxl and Allen published a report of anomalous changes in the period of a torsion pendulum during a solar eclipse in 1970 and hypothesized that “gravitational theory needs to be modified”.
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Plywood covering around the leading edge from the forward spar formed a torsion resistant D-box, with fabric-covering aft. It was braced with V-struts on either side from the lower fuselage longerons to the wing spars. Long, constant chord, Frise-type ailerons occupied more than half the span; the Sroka was the first Polish glider to use them. The Sroka's ply- covered fuselage was hexagonal in section with deep, slightly converging sides.
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Equation () is invariant under affine reparameterizations; that is, parameterizations of the form :t\mapsto at+b where a and b are constant real numbers. Thus apart from specifying a certain class of embedded curves, the geodesic equation also determines a preferred class of parameterizations on each of the curves. Accordingly, solutions of () are called geodesics with affine parameter. An affine connection is determined by its family of affinely parameterized geodesics, up to torsion .
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The Grifo single-seat trainer was intended as an improved version of the Teichfuss Nibio I. It was a braced high-wing monoplane, with a single spar wing. Apart from full rounded wing tips the wing was rectangular in plan, with plywood covering from the spar forward around the leading edge forming a torsion resisting D-box. Aft of the spar the wing was fabric- covered. Ailerons occupied more than half the span.
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Oxybeles The oxybeles () was a weapon used by the Ancient Greeks starting in 375 BC. The word is derived from Ancient Greek: οξύς (oxys = sharp, pointed) and βέλος (belos = arrow). The weapon was basically an oversized gastraphetes, a composite bow placed on a stand with a stock and a trigger. It was supplanted by the scientifically engineered ballista. The difference between the two is the use of torsion power by the ballista.
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Every free abelian group is slender. The additive group of rational numbers Q is not slender: any mapping of the en into Q extends to a homomorphism from the free subgroup generated by the en, and as Q is injective this homomorphism extends over the whole of ZN. Therefore, a slender group must be reduced. Every countable reduced torsion-free abelian group is slender, so every proper subgroup of Q is slender.
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Slave starting using a second vehicle in the event of battery failure can be achieved using a connector in the rear of the hull. An auxiliary power unit can supply 4.2 kW of electricity if required. Running gear consists of seven dual rubber-tyred road wheels and four rubber-tyred track return rollers on each side, with idler front and drive sprocket to the rear. Road wheel suspension is provided by torsion bar and dampers.
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Cecal bascule is a cause of large bowel obstruction where there is folding of the cecum anteriorly over the ascending colon. It is one of two types of cecal volvulus, the other being axial ileocolic. It is caused by rotational torsion of the cecum or ascending colon along its own axis. In cecal bascule, the base of the cecum folds anteriorly over the ascending colon, creating a flap-valve, obstructing emptying of the cecum.
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This would provide the frame to which were attached the rocket engines, one above and one below, as well as the propellant tanks – hydrogen peroxide on top, kerosene underneath to keep two very volatile fuels apart. The frame would also house the torsion bar rear suspension. Clad in a slim pencil-shaped body with rear outrigger fins, the vehicle would feature a recumbent driving position. The wheels were to be machined from solid aluminium billets.
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Its range is extended to if the vehicle is equipped with two external fuel tanks. The TAM's transmission is a Renk HSWL-204 automatic, with a hydrodynamic torque converter. A double brake system includes hydraulic disk brakes on the roadwheels, and the suspension is a torsion bar. The TAM's survivability is related to its low profile turret, based on that of the Leopard 1A4s and the Leopard 2, and its physical armor array.
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The drivers had to use two pedals to shift: upshift on one side and downshift on the other. A parallelogram fork was used at the rear, which would have been useful to keep chain tension constant, but was not an advantage with shaft drive. The fork was equipped with torsion suspension and friction dampers. The frame was a double cradle, of which the front part was made from tubing and the rear pressed sheet metal.
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It also had 5 return rollers, 6 roadwheel pairs per side with the drive sprocket at the rear and a torsion bar suspension system. The Mod B turret also had larger hatches for the commander and loader. An additional three hulls were constructed (T48 pilots 4 through 6) in 1953. These tanks were used into 1955 for the component development of the M48A2 production tanks including fire control systems, turret cupolas, suspension configurations and powerpacks.
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The designer was Colin Chapman. The new 1956 cars designed by Chapman (along with the aerodynamicist Frank Costin) were of space frame construction, the De Dion rear axle's unsprung weight reduced and front torsion bar added. (None of these ideas were revolutionary, but Chapman was happy simply to be meticulous.)Setright, L.J.K. "Lotus: The Golden Mean", in Northey, Volume 11, p.1230. Furthermore, a fifth gear and Porsche synchromesh were added to the transmission.
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Initial photographs revealed that the car used a suspension concept appearing similar to that previously used in the TS040—a double wishbone arrangement with pushrod- actuated internal components paired with torsion bars. Compared to the TS040, the nose was also raised (a trait shared with its rivals, the Audi R18 and the Porsche 919 Hybrid), which allowed for a large opening beneath the nose, and for elements to be placed to tune airflow.
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The first generation Today (JW1) was introduced in September 1985 as a three-door hatchback, on a wheelbase of . The rear axle was a torsion beam with coil springs. The Today was originally only available as a light commercial vehicle, to suit Japanese tax requirements. The Today was initially launched with three different model specifications, with the entry model being model 'F', followed by a model 'M' and the top of the range 'G'.
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Most Murphy beds do not have box springs. Instead, the mattress usually lies on a wood platform or wire mesh and is held in place so as not to sag when in a closed position. The mattress is attached to the bed frame, often with elastic straps to hold the mattress in position when the unit is folded upright. Piston-lifts or torsion springs make modern Murphy beds easy to lower and raise.
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Also familiar from a succession of post war Panhard saloons was the four-speed all-synchromesh gear box and the front-wheel-drive configuration. The wheels were independently suspended with telescopic shock absorbers and a torsion bar for the rear axle. The drum brakes with which the early 24s were delivered drew criticism for inadequate stopping power and excessive vibration: after 1965 the 24BT and 24CT received front disc brakes which addressed the problem.
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All metabolic processes depend upon this transport mechanism. Major ordering energy structures in the body are created by the ground substance, such as collagen, which not only conducts energy but generates it, due to its piezoelectric properties. :Like quartz crystal, collagen in the ground substance and the more stable connective tissues (fascia, tendons, bones, etc.). transforms mechanical energy (pressure, torsion, stretch) into electromagnetic energy, which then resonates through the ground substance (Athenstaedt, 1974).
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M24 Chaffee on display In April 1943 the government started work on the M24 Chaffee, designated Light Tank T24 as a replacement for the M3/M5 Stuart after the original replacement, the M7, was rejected in March. Every effort was made to keep the weight of the vehicle under 20 tons. The armor was kept light, and a lightweight 75 mm gun was developed. The design also featured wider tracks and torsion bar suspension.
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The torsion bar system was to give a smoother ride than the vertical volute suspension used on most US armored vehicles. At the same time, the chassis was expected to be a standard used for other vehicles, such as self- propelled guns, and specialist vehicles; known together as the "Light Combat Team". It had a relatively low silhouette and a three-man turret. On October 15, 1943, the first pilot vehicle was delivered.
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Traditional historiography puts the speculative date of the invention of two- armed torsion machines during the reign of Philip II of Macedon circa 340 BC, which is not unreasonable given the earliest surviving evidence of siege engines stated above.DeVries & Smith, 42. The machines quickly spread throughout the ancient Mediterranean, with schools and contests emerging at the end of the 4th century BC that promoted the refinement of machine design.Marsden, Historical Development, 73-74.
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Marsden, Historical Development, 164. Romans made the Greek ballista more portable, calling the hand-held version manuballista and the cart-mounted type carroballista. They also made use of a one armed torsion stone-projector named the onager.DeVries, 130-131 The earliest extant evidence of the carroballista is on Trajan's Column. Between 100 and 300 AD, every Roman legion had a battery of ten onagers and 55 cheiroballistae hauled by teams of mules.
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The evidence for specific medieval engines is scarce. There are citations of Arabs, Franks, and Saxons using ballistae, but because of the mutability of the terms (see Terminology below), it is uncertain whether torsion machines were indicated.Bradbury, 251. One good example is the siege of Paris in 885-886, in which Rollo pitted his forces against Charles the Fat, at one point impaling seven Danes at once with a bolt from a funda.
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The supercharger, fuel injection pump, and other auxiliaries also changed sides. Although the crankshaft always rotated the same way within the block, this was the equivalent of offering left and right-handed rotation engines (the C6SFR variant). For a diesel at its introduction date of 1951, the engine operated at relatively high speed, up to 1,800 rpm. This was assisted by a viscous torsion damper at the opposite end to the flywheel.
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The Beetle suspension "stops" can be moved to allow more suspension travel. Longer shock absorbers, for the increase in suspension travel, provide more damping control over bumps giving more driver control and comfort. Some people eliminate the torsion bar suspension and install coilover-type springs that mount to a roll cage, allowing extreme amounts of travel with a very comfortable ride. There are two basic styles, The Narrow and Wide Eye Baja Bug.
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These he says should be transported fully assembled on ox carts to ensure readiness in case of sudden attack, in which case the onagers could be used for defence immediately. For Vegetius, the onagers were stone throwing machines.Vegetius, De re militari, IV:22 In the late 6th century the Avars brought the Chinese traction trebuchet, otherwise known as the mangonel, to the Mediterranean, where it soon replaced the slower and more complex torsion powered engines.
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Armament consists of a heavy machine gun KPVT 14.5 mm caliber, and a co-axial PKT machine gun 7.62 mm; The hull is made of welded steel plates and ensures protection against bullet caliber 7.62 mm and artillery splinters. The suspension is torsion bar. Road wheels (six from each drive sprocket) have holes to reduce weight. MLVM is fully amphibious, being propelled with a maximum speed of 5–6 km/h in water.
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Delta II is General Motors' current compact car platform, which was developed by Opel in Germany. It is the successor to the GM Delta platform. Internally it is simply known as a new Global Compact Vehicle Architecture or GCV. The platform features a torsion beam rear suspension with optional Watt's link which improves vehicle handling; such configuration is used in the Opel Astra and some trim-levels of the American-market Chevrolet Cruze.
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Opel/Vauxhall have continued to use twist or torsion beam suspension. This is at a cost saving of €100 per car compared to multi-link rear suspension. Their latest version as used in the 2009-on Opel Astra uses a Watts linkage at a cost of €20 to address the drawbacks and provide a competitive and cost effective rear suspension. The Renault Megane and Citroen C4 also have stayed with the twist beam.
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The original specification was for a five-turreted "anti-tank gun destroyer" which would resist 37-45 mm guns at any range and 76.2 mm artillery at 1,200 m. Both design teams objected to the antiquated multi-turreted design and the requirement was reduced to two turrets before serious design work began. Both tanks had some modern features, including thick, welded armor, radios and torsion bar suspension (another feature insisted upon by the design teams).
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Like all other gastropods, they undergo torsion (a 180° twisting of the internal organs) during development. Internally, slug anatomy clearly shows the effects of this rotation—but externally, the bodies of slugs appear more or less symmetrical, except the pneumostome, which is on one side of the animal, normally the right-hand side. Slugs produce two types of mucus: one is thin and watery, and the other thick and sticky. Both kinds are hygroscopic.
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The cantilever gull wings were constructed as a divided pair, with diagonal supplementary spars and plywood skinned leading edge D torsion box. The fuselage was constructed as a semi-monocoque shell, with integral fin carrying the rudder and all-flying tailplane. A pneumatically-sprung nose skid formed the undercarriage. Production continued until the outbreak of World War II, with most aircraft being destroyed except for examples confiscated by the German and Soviet authorities.
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Submodules of projective modules need not be projective; a ring R for which every submodule of a projective left module is projective is called left hereditary. Quotients of projective modules also need not be projective, for example Z/n is a quotient of Z, but not torsion free, hence not flat, and therefore not projective. The category of finitely generated projective modules over a ring is an exact category. (See also algebraic K-theory).
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The wings were built around a single spar with a forward, plywood skinned torsion box between it and the leading edge; behind the spar the wing was fabric covered. The tips carried the small sreamlined bodies known as salmons, common at the time. The outer panels carried wooden slotted ailerons which were ply skinned but with an outer fabric covering. The IS-8 had an ovoid cross-section metal and plywood monocoque fuselage.
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It was built around a single spar with a plywood covered torsion box ahead of it around the leading edge. Behind the spar the wing was fabric-covered. The leading edge was straight and unswept, and over the inner half span section the trailing edge ran parallel, apart from a root extension rearwards to blend wing and fuselage. The outer panels were straight-tapered, with short span, slotted ailerons that were fabric-over-ply-covered.
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Zaloga p6 Meetings in 1938 reduced the number of turrets in the specification and a move to torsion bar from spring suspension. Kotin and his assistant independently designed a single-turret version of the SMK which received Stalin's approval and the name KV. Production of two prototypes was ordered. The SMK's armament was a short 76.2 mm gun in the upper centrally placed turret and a 45 mm weapon in the forward turret.
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The T-62 uses torsion bar suspension. It has five pairs of rubber-tired road wheels, a drive sprocket at the rear and idler at the front on each side, with no return rollers. The first and last road wheels each have a hydraulic shock absorber. The tank is powered by the V-55 12-cylinder 4-stroke one-chamber 38.88 litre water-cooled diesel engine developing 581 hp (433 kW) at 2,000 rpm.
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Dairy cattle on high production diets are susceptible to a number of pathologies, most commonly after calving. A gas-filled abomasum can move into an abnormal location and become displaced. If the abomasum displaces to the right, it is at risk of torsion. A displaced abomasum will cause cows to present all or some of the following signs: loss of appetite, decrease rumen contractions, decrease cud- chewing, and drop in milk production.
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The S.15K has a single spar wing, with central, interal diagonal drag struts. In front of the spar and struts the wing is plywood-covered, forming torsion resistant D-boxes. The rest of the surface is fabric-covered. The wing is mounted on the top of the fuselage rather than on the short pedestal of the earlier variants and braced on each side by a single strut from the spar to the lower fuselage.
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26-31 As Matra was now a Chrysler affiliate and Tyrrell derived much of its income from Ford and Elf (associated with Renault) the partnership ended. Ken Tyrrell bought March 701 chassis as an interim solution while developing his own car for the next season. The new wedge-shaped Lotus 72 was a very innovative car featuring variable flexibility torsion bar suspension, hip-mounted radiators, inboard front brakes and an overhanging rear wing.
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Additionally, springs at highly humid environments, such as coastal regions tend to have a significantly shorter cycle life, due to the corrosive cracking. Other factors like poor garage door maintenance, loose tracks, or components shorten torsion spring life. Owners are advised to avoid applying grease to garage door tracks because that makes the wheels "skate" in the track instead of turning on their bearings. Only bearings, hinges, and spring wire require lubricant.
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The high resistance to flexion and torsion of the single-structure was ensured by the elements which made up the monocoque: the exterior covering of light, easily changeable metal panels. The ceiling and even the ornamental band under the windows were also structurally important parts. The body was made of steel profiles covered laterally with thick steel sheets combined with thick corrugated sheets of light alloy. The roof was made entirely of light alloy.
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A Panzer II during Operation Barbarossa in 1941 moves along a road outside a village. All production versions of the Panzer II were fitted with a 140 PS (138 HP), gasoline-fuelled six-cylinder Maybach HL62 TRM engine and ZF transmissions. Models A, B, and C had a top speed of 40 km/h (25 mph). Models D and E had a torsion bar suspensionPanzer Tracts No.2-3 Panzerkampfwagen II Ausf.
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Originally referred to as the "Astra I", it received the "Astra J" name instead to avoid confusing the letter I for the number 1. The Astra was developed at Opel's 'International Technical Development Center' (ITDC) in Rüsselsheim and continues Opel's design language, ‘sculptural artistry meets German precision’ first introduced on the Insignia. The Astra features a torsion beam rear suspension with Watt's link. Infotainment and car navigation systems are supplied by Bosch.
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The vehicle has a 4-stroke diesel engine satisfying a minimum power-to-weight ratio of 25 hp/ton. Suspension is of the torsion bar type with either side having five dual road wheels, drive sprocket at the front, and idler at the rear and three shock absorbers on each side. The vehicle can be equipped with either conventional T130 or T150 tracks or rubber band tracks. Steering is of the hydro-static type.
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Her work is dynamic, often geometric and angular or with sweeping lines and curves. In her furniture work, Smith uses Italian-made composite veneered plywood. To create thickness and dimension in her work, she often uses torsion boxes - hollow structures with a frame-like core and a plywood "skin", veneered to look solid. The financial freedom from teaching at the University of Kansas allowed her to explore new directions with her work.
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158 Porsche had experience of this form of petrol-electric transmission extending back to 1901, when he designed a car that used it. Suspension for the "slack track" equipped Ferdinand consisted of six twin bogies (three per side) with longitudinal torsion bars, without any overlapping wheels or return rollers. There are sprockets at both ends of the vehicle. The drive sprockets are at the rear, while the front pair contain a drum brake system.
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In 2006, the AWD variant was dropped and the rear wheel drive was the only driveline layout available. In a further effort to reduce cost, buyers could also choose cloth interior and/or a bench seat. The Silverado SS also comes with the Z60 performance suspension and 20 inch aluminum wheels. All the SS trucks in both 2 wheel drive and AWD used the torsion bar style front suspension for better handling.
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Energy can be captured from the wind by kites,Windswept and Interested ltd publish open source plans to make cheap lightweight rotary kite sets for tensioned torsion energy transfer. kytoons, tethered gliders,Makani Power, Inc. reported that they have progress on a tethered circling turbine glider-like craft that is powered at times and unpowered at times during energy generation. Report was at HAWP 2009 conference at Cleanteach Innovation Center in November 2009.
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There are many infinite isometry groups; for example, the "cyclic group" (meaning that it is generated by one element – not to be confused with a torsion group) generated by a rotation by an irrational number of turns about an axis. We may create non-cyclical abelian groups by adding more rotations around the same axis. There are also non-abelian groups generated by rotations around different axes. These are usually (generically) free groups.
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The large compound leaves are greenish above and bluish green below, with one terminal and 7 to 9 pairs of opposite leaflets. It is deciduous, with the foliage emerging before flowering time. The large, lilac flowers appear from November to January as seasonal rains commence, and are produced on long, pendulous racemes. The woody seed pods are flat and velvety, and release their seeds when they split open due to increasing torsion.
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There is no cure for torsion dystonia. However, there are several medical approaches that can be taken in order to lessen the symptoms of the disease. The treatment must be patient specific, taking into consideration all of the previous and current health complications. The doctor that creates the treatment must have intimate knowledge of the patients’ health and create a treatment plan that covers all of the symptoms focusing on the most chronic areas.
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Another exercise in which spotters are recommended is the barbell squat. Squats should be spotted by two spotters, one at each end of the bar. In the event of a missed lift, each spotter hooks an elbow under the end of the bar, and takes the plates in both hands. Care must be taken to keep the assistance balanced and coordinated to avoid uneven deloading of the weight and possible torsion injury.
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The Albatros was a wooden glider with a cantilever mid-set wing. The wings had a root chord of 1.60 m (5 ft 3 in), tapering to 0.66 m (2 ft 2 in) at the tip and carried 1.50° of dihedral. They were built around a single spar with a plywood covered leading edge torsion box in front of it and fabric covered behind. The wing carried wooden, fabric covered ailerons and airbrakes.
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The molecular geometry can be different as a solid, in solution, and as a gas. The position of each atom is determined by the nature of the chemical bonds by which it is connected to its neighboring atoms. The molecular geometry can be described by the positions of these atoms in space, evoking bond lengths of two joined atoms, bond angles of three connected atoms, and torsion angles (dihedral angles) of three consecutive bonds.
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For mobility, kept the torsion bar suspension system, as was the trend in modern tanks of the day. During the development of the prototype the shape of the fighting compartment was modified to reduce ammunition loading times. The new design was the SU-100Y (sometimes called T-100 there). The designs of the SU-100Y were sent to the Izhorskyi factory on February 24, 1940 and assembly began on the first of the month.
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The L3/38 had torsion bar suspension and two versions of a single mounted 13.2 mm machine gun. The designations of these tanks were changed prior to the outbreak of World War II, in accordance with the identification system that was adopted throughout the war by the Italians. The Model 21 was redesignated the L.5/21, and the Model 30 was redesignated the L.5/30 becoming the L5/21 and L5/30 light tank respectively.
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P. goliah was unable to hop as a mode of transportation, and would have been unable to accelerate sufficiently due to its weight. Broad hips and ankle joints, adapted to resist torsion or twisting, point to an upright posture where weight is supported by one leg at a time. Its broad hips also allowed for another important modification – large buttocks – a feature shared with other walking species. However, some ambiguity surrounds the possible locomotion of P. goliah.
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The R-17 had a one-piece cantilever, mid-mounted gull wing, trapezoidal in plan out to rounded tips. The inner 25% of the span had 8° of dihedral, the rest 1° of anhedral. The wing was built around a single main spar, with plywood covering ahead of it forming a torsion resistant D-box; three secondary spars behind it dealt with the stresses of aerobatics. Spoilers were mounted on the main spar just beyond the change in dihedral.
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The wheelbase is 30mm shorter without a decrease of interior space. Retaining the compact torsion beam rear suspension and the centrally mounted fuel tank help contribute to a boot capacity of 470 litres. More than 20,000 miles of testing was carried out on British roads for better handling and ride quality. The rear beam axle is completely redesigned for higher stiffness, and new fluid-filled bushing is used to improve stability and cornering ability, as well as ride quality.
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Subaru FF-1 G 4WD Wagon The Subaru FF-1 G (also sold as the 1100 and 1300) was a compact car from the 1970s, replacing the FF-1 Star. It was a front-wheel drive vehicle with a typical Subaru EA61 or EA62 flat-4 engine. A fully independent torsion bar suspension and rack and pinion steering were impressive for the time. The inboard front drum brakes were an oddity for this base level car.
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A series of experiments using similar but increasingly sophisticated apparatuses all returned the null result as well. Conceptually different experiments that also attempted to detect the motion of the aether were the Trouton–Noble experiment (1903), whose objective was to detect torsion effects caused by electrostatic fields, and the experiments of Rayleigh and Brace (1902, 1904), to detect double refraction in various media. However, all of them obtained a null result, like Michelson–Morley (MM) previously did.
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The Mazda R360 is a kei car manufactured and marketed by Mazda as the company's first automobile -- a two-door, four-seat coupé. Introduced in 1960, the R360 featured a wheelbase, weighed and was powered by a rear-mounted air- cooled 356 cc V-twin engine producing and of torque. The car was capable of and featured a 4-speed manual or two-speed automatic transmission. The suspension, front and rear, was rubber "springs" and torsion bars.
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These openers need a few extra components to function safely for residential use. These include a cable tension monitor, to detect when a cable is broken, and a separate locking mechanism to lock the door when it is fully closed. These have the advantage that they free up ceiling space that an ordinary opener and rail would occupy. These also have the disadvantage that the door must have a torsion rod to attach the motor to.
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Epiploic appendagitis (EA) is an uncommon, benign, self-limiting inflammatory process of the epiploic appendices. Other, older terms for the process include appendicitis epiploica and appendagitis, but these terms are used less now in order to avoid confusion with acute appendicitis. Epiploic appendices are small, fat-filled sacs or finger-like projections along the surface of the upper and lower colon and rectum. They may become acutely inflamed as a result of torsion (twisting) or venous thrombosis.
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The role of adscititious inequalities in hyperelastic materials, Proceedings of the Royal Society A 467 (2011) 3633-3646.L. A. Mihai and A. Goriely, Numerical simulation of shear and the Poynting effects by the finite element method: An application of the generalised empirical inequalities in nonlinear elasticity, International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics 49 (2013) 1-14. The Poynting phenomenon in torsion was noticed experimentally by J. H. Poynting.J. H. Poynting, Radiation-pressure, Philosophical Magazine 9 (1905) 393-406.
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Born in Carhaix- Plouguer, Brittany, Merel became a student at the École Normale Supérieure. He finished his doctorate at Pierre and Marie Curie University under supervision of Joseph Oesterlé in 1993. His thesis on modular symbols took inspiration from the work of Yuri Manin and Barry Mazur from the 1970s. In 1996, Merel proved the torsion conjecture for elliptic curves over any number field (which was only known for number fields of degree up to 8 at the time).
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4th century) note repeatedly the use of arrow shooting weapons such as arcuballista and manuballista respectively cheiroballista. While most scholars agree that one or more of these terms refer to handheld mechanical weapons, there is disagreement whether these were flexion bows or torsion powered like the recent Xanten find.Romanhideout.com: Manuballista found near Xanten The Roman commander Arrian (c. 86 – after 146) records in his Tactica Roman cavalry training for shooting some mechanical handheld weapon from horseback.
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Daniel Burrill Ray (5 February 1928, Cleveland, Ohiobirthdate from D. B. Ray's Ph.D. dissertation – 19 February 1979) was an American mathematician. He is known for Ray-Singer torsion. Ray received his bachelor's degree summa cum laude in 1949 from Harvard College and his Ph.D. from Cornell University in 1953 under Mark Kac with thesis On Spectra of Second Order Differential Operators. As a postdoc he was a Frank B. Jewett Fellow in 1953/54 at Bell Laboratories.
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The rear suspension is a trailing arm design with a torsion tube independently controlling the rear wheels. It is equipped with four-wheel disc brakes. The Chairiot solo is powered twin hub motors rated at 3 kW each built into the rear wheels. A 48 volt AGM battery pack with a nominal capacity of 7.5 kW provides propulsive power; a 12 volt auxiliary battery is kept charged by the main pack and supplies power for the vehicle's electrical accessories.
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Figures 1 and 2 in A Preliminary communication on the pressure of heat and light radiation, Phys. Rev. 13, 307-320 (1901). A Nichols radiometer was the apparatus used by Ernest Fox Nichols and Gordon Ferrie Hull in 1901 for the measurement of radiation pressure. It consisted of a pair of small silvered glass mirrors suspended in the manner of a torsion balance by a fine quartz fibre within an enclosure in which the air pressure could be regulated.
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This produced a weapon which, it was claimed, could be operated by a person of average strength but which had a power that allowed it to be successfully used against armoured troops. The oxybeles was a bigger and heavier construction employing a winch, and was mounted on a tripod. It had a lower rate of fire and was used as a siege engine. With the invention of torsion spring bundle technology, the first ballistae were built.
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Reverse gear was provided within the transfer box, allowing all five gears in either direction. The centre bevel boxes were included within the transfer box housing and had a slight overdrive to the drive shafts fore and aft. Each wheel station used double wishbones and torsion bars for suspension with four (three on the centre stations) shock absorbers. Steering was applied to the centre wheels and a lever arrangement moved the front wheels by a proportionately larger amount.
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The '65 Chryslers were again dramatically restyled, with a thoroughly modern unit body and larger engines up to 440 cubic inches. They were trim and boxy, with glass-covered headlamps and a swept-back roofline for 2-door hardtop models. Although Chryslers though the 1960s were well-built, quality cars with man innovative features (such as unit bodies and front torsion bar suspension), sales slumped as American buyers bought record numbers of cars from Ford and GM.
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The M-30 Fergeteg was a wooden aircraft. Its two-piece, mid-set wing was built around single main spars and in plan had rectangular centre sections out to about one third of the span and trapezoidal outer panels with forward swept trailing edges. Ahead of the spar the wing was plywood-covered, forming a torsion resistant D-box. The inner sections were also ply-covered behind the spar and their trailing edges were filled with flaps.
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The north-side subway tracks, underneath the Manhattan- bound roadway, were also closed during this time. In December 1987, inspectors also shut one lane of the lower level due to a crack in the deck. The New York City Department of Transportation published a list of 17 structurally deficient bridges in the city. Among them was the Manhattan Bridge, which needed $166 million in repairs to fix "cable anchors and torsion of steel members as subways cross".
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It is also recommended in cases of cryptorchidism to prevent torsion and malignant transformation of the testicles. Please see spaying and neutering for more information on the advantages and disadvantages of this procedure. Laser surgery offers a number of benefits,N. Berger, P.H. Eeg, Veterinary Laser Surgery, Blackwell, Veterinary laser surgery, URL accessed March 25, 2008 including reduced risk of infection, less post-operative pain and swelling, reduced bleeding and improved visibility of the surgical field.
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The theory was first proposed by Élie Cartan in 1922 and expounded in the following few years. Albert Einstein became affiliated with the theory in 1928 during his unsuccessful attempt to match torsion to the electromagnetic field tensor as part of a unified field theory. This line of thought led him to the related but different theory of teleparallelism. Dennis Sciama and Tom Kibble independently revisited the theory in the 1960s, and an important review was published in 1976.
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The latter had single spars and plywood covered leading edges, forming torsion-resisting D-boxes. In the absence of a conventional rudder the Habicht had drag rudders. These were leading edge flaps placed near the tips and formed by mounting the leading edge surfaces on a hinge so they could open upwards and downwards (those of the Horten H.I had extended downwards only). Their differential operational controlled yaw and they served as conventional airbrakes when opened together.
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Ab initio folding: Ab initio folding is done by Rosetta when no template was identified by the homology modelling and chemical shift threading steps. Rosetta models are evaluated by GAFolder scoring function and the best Rosetta models are refined by GAFolder (see below). Model optimization: Model optimization in CS23D is done by a torsion-angle-based minimizer GAfolder (Genetic Algorithm folder) that uses a genetic algorithm to sample conformation space. The method is similar to that employed by GENFOLD.
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Canine gastropexy is a surgical procedure performed most commonly in large breed dogs to prevent gastric dilatation volvulus (GDV), commonly known as bloat. GDV is a life-threatening condition in which the stomach flips over and expands, trapping air and gases in the stomach. Circulation to the stomach and spleen is subsequently interrupted, resulting in shock which can be fatal."Gastric Dilatation Volvulus (GDV), Bloat and Torsion", Dr. Ron Hines, All Creature Care, April 21, 2006.
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A coil spring is a mechanical device which is typically used to store energy and subsequently release it, to absorb shock, or to maintain a force between contacting surfaces. They are made of an elastic material formed into the shape of a helix which returns to its natural length when unloaded. Under tension or compression, the material (wire) of a coil spring undergoes torsion. The spring characteristics therefore depend on the shear modulus, not Young's Modulus.
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The turret has been refitted with a new set of hydraulic and servo control improving performance. The rest of the vehicle is completely overhauled including the torsion bars, brakes, fuel supply, electric system, wheels, seals, paint, and smoke grenades. The vehicle has also been retrofitted with the Automatic Fire and Explosion Sensing and Suppression System (AFSS). It is equipped with the LOTHAR gun sight, DNVS-4 Driver's Night Vision Sight and TURMS digital fire control system.
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The 223 had a revised chassis and suspension system. The front I-beam suspension used on the 220, 221 and 222 was replaced with an independent front suspension with torsion bars. A long bed version was introduced with the 222. As a low cost option, a lightly changed model of the D10 sidevalve-engined predecessor was introduced in October 1957 (the Datsun 124), followed by the Datsun 125 in 1959 and finally the Datsun 126 in 1960.
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The construction of the outer wing was typical for its era: a diagonal drag strut braced the spar to the fuselage and the wing was ply-skinned ahead of it. There was also ply skinning ahead of the spar, forming a torsion resistant D-box. Behind the spar and drag strut the wing was fabric covered, though the ailerons, which occupied about half the span, were ply-covered. In plan the wings were trapezoidal out to rounded tips.
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This avoided transmitting the propeller shaft torque through the platform. Where a propeller shaft has been used, these have been for rare examples with four-wheel drive. Attaching the suspension to a platform chassis requires independent suspension and encourages the use of suspension features such as torsion bars or trailing arms. As the chassis is in a single plane, it would be difficult to use a solid axle, without raising the entire platform above the axle line.
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The torsion bar suspension consists of six evenly spaced large rubber-tired road wheels with the drive sprocket at the rear and the idler at the front. The road wheels are hollow to minimize weight. These hollow road wheels increase the tank's buoyancy by 30%. There are no track-return rollers. The first and last road wheels have a hydraulic shock absorber and the steel tracks have 96 links each when new, each link has a single pin.
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The suspension setup in the third generation Saga, like the FLX previously, consists of MacPherson struts with stabiliser bars at the front and torsion beam axles at the rear. However, Proton has fitted new springs and dampers, as well as a new strut bar in the engine bay for improved handling and control. Proton has also lowered the steering ratio to 16:1 from 20:1 previously, and reduced the steering effort to 2.75 kgf from 3.0 kgf.
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The engine provides a maximum on- road speed of and a range of with additional fuel tanks. The battle tank is also equipped with a diesel-electric auxiliary power unit to supply power to onboard systems when the main engine is turned off. BM Oplot is equipped with torsion bar type suspension. Either side of the six dual rubber-tyred road wheels are provided with idler at forward, drive sprocket at the rear, and track support rollers.
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An innovative dashboard-operated rear load-leveling suspension engaged a torsion bar to increase stiffness by one-third when needed, and a pedal-operated central lubrication system kept friction points silent. Brakes were vacuum-assisted hydraulic drum all around, steering recirculating ball. Power steering and Artic-Kar air-conditioning were new options. An additional 4 inches of wheelbase provided greater rear legroom, equaling that of the long wheelbase model Rolls-Royce Silver Cloud also introduced that year.
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In 1858, he performed practically the first gastrostomy in England for a case of cancer of the oesophagus. Among his best-known papers were discussions of acupressure, syphilis, hydrophobia, intestinal obstruction, modified obturator hernia, torsion, and colloid cancer of the large intestine; and he published a book on Surgical Diseases of Children in 1860, founded on his experience as surgeon to the hospital for children and women in Waterloo Road. He died suddenly in London on 2 March 1886.
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Constructed entirely of wood with steel fittings the single-spar wings had plywood-covered torsion boxes forming the leading edges, and fabric covering aft of the mainspars. The fin was integral with the fuselage and also skinned with plywood. The tailplane was built up with wooden ribs and plywood leading edges stiffened with internal diagonal braces. The prototype was built with an adjustable tailplane for trimming but this was soon changed to a trim tab on the elevator.
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The Hauptvermutung (German for main conjecture) of geometric topology is the question of whether any two triangulations of a triangulable space have subdivisions that are combinatorially equivalent, i.e. the subdivided triangulations are built up in the same combinatorial pattern. It was originally formulated as a conjecture in 1908 by Ernst Steinitz and Heinrich Franz Friedrich Tietze, but it is now known to be wrong. The non-manifold version was disproved by John Milnor in 1961 using Reidemeister torsion.
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In 2019 Krieger was the Australian Mathematical Sciences Institute Mahler Lecturer, which involved giving a series of seminars and public lectures across Australia. In 2020 she won a Whitehead Prize of the London Mathematical Society "for her deep contributions to arithmetic dynamics, to equidistribution, to bifurcation loci in families of rational maps, and her recent proof (with DeMarco and Ye) of uniform boundedness results for numbers of torsion points on families of bielliptic genus two curves in their Jacobians".
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The device consists of two pens transmitting motion in five degrees of freedom through four interlinked mechanisms: #A horizontal pantograph maintains identical planar (X and Y axis) movement, with two degrees of freedom #An angled pantograph descending from the bridge maintains identical vertical (Z axis) movement #A torsion beam maintains identical pen fore-and-aft tilt #A parallel linkage maintains identical pen side-to-side tilt In addition, a vertical suspension spring balances the weight of the moving parts.
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The A-1 had a one piece, cantilever wing with swept leading edges, an unswept trailing edge and blunted tips. It had a reflex, Joukovsky airfoil section and was thick in the centre, thinning outboard where tapered ailerons reached out to the tips. It was built around pairs of swept wooden spars with plywood skin from the forward one around the nose forming a torsion resisting D-box. The rest of the wing was covered with silk (pongée).
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The design was based on the proven Tatra concept of a backbone tube chassis construction with swing half axles, a modular gearbox and differential assemblies. The main advantages of the central load carrying backbone tube are its high torsion and bend strength, which protects the truck body against load stresses. The secondary advantage is that it houses all important parts of the drivetrain. Due to its torsional stiffness and use of differentials locks the vehicle had exceptional offroad capabilities.
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It has a wing of straight tapered planform, terminated with small "salmon" fairings at the squared-off wingtips. The major structural component is the main spar plus nose D-box unit, skinned with a plastic foam-filled ("Klegecel") sandwich with ply outer layers. Ribs, ailerons and Schempp-Hirth airbrakes are attached to this torsion box. The whole upper wing surface and outboard lower surface is ply, supported by an internal Klegecell lining, with fabric below, aft of the spar.
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6 The Ausf. C boasted a completely new chassis and turret, a modern torsion-bar suspension and five Schachtellaufwerk-style interleaved roadwheels.Franco, Panzer I, pp. 37–38 It also had a maximum armor thickness of 30 millimeters (1.18 in), over twice that of either the Ausf. A or B, and was armed with a Mauser EW 141 semi-automatic anti-tank rifle, with a 50-round drum, firing powerful armor-piercing 7.92×94mm Patronen 318 anti-tank rounds.
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The RG-5 Pescăruș was a single seat glider designed and built in Romania in the 1950s, intended for club use. It was a mid wing cantilever monoplane. Like the rest of the aircraft, the wing was wooden, built around a single spar and mounted with 1.66° of dihedral. Plywood skinning from the spar forward and around the leading edge formed a torsion box; the rest of the wing was covered with a mixture of ply and fabric.
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Nevertheless, the sites for muscle attachment on the palate were more well- developed than those of contemporaneous amphibians. White extrapolated that Seymouria was a mostly carnivorous generalist and omnivore, feeding on invertebrates, small fish, and perhaps even some plant material. It may have even been cannibalistic according to his reckoning. White also drew attention to the unusual swollen vertebrae, which would have facilitated lateral (side- to-side) movement but prohibit any torsion (twisting) of the backbone.
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In 1925, de Monge joined car and motorcycle makers Impéria at Liège as chief research engineer. Some of his work there included torsion bar suspension and automatic transmissions. de Monge left Impéria in 1937 to join Ettore Bugatti, where he designed the Bugatti Model 100 racing aircraft. This had been almost completed in Paris in 1940 but when France was occupied by Germany it was moved to the French countryside, where it was hidden for the next thirty years.
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However, unlike Neanderthals, there was weak attachment to the diaphragm. Overall, this H. naledi specimen appears to have been small-bodied compared to other Homo, though it is unclear if this single specimen is representative of the species. The shoulders are more similar to those of australopithecines, with the shoulder blade situated higher on the back and farther from the midline, short clavicles, and little or no humeral torsion. Elevated shoulder and clavicle bones indicate a narrow chest.
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In mathematics and specifically in topology, rational homotopy theory is a simplified version of homotopy theory for topological spaces, in which all torsion in the homotopy groups is ignored. It was founded by and . This simplification of homotopy theory makes calculations much easier. Rational homotopy types of simply connected spaces can be identified with (isomorphism classes of) certain algebraic objects called Sullivan minimal models, which are commutative differential graded algebras over the rational numbers satisfying certain conditions.
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Vaaler's patents expired quietly, while the "Gem" was used worldwide, including his own country. The failure of his design was its impracticality. Without the two full loops of the fully developed paper clip, it was difficult to insert sheets of paper into his clip. One could manipulate the end of the inner wire so that it could receive the sheet, but the outer wire was a dead end because it could not exploit the torsion principle.
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Ground clearance was , and the maximum payload was . Suspension front and rear was by transverse torsion springs and trailing arms, but with the trailing arms from the first-generation Type 2 T1 (1950–1967) at the front and the portal axles used on both the Type 82 Kübelwagen and early Type 2 on the rear hubs. These two changes combined to raise the ride height to . The steering box and the windscreen wiper assemblies came from the Type 3.
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This approximated taper and was simpler to build with fewer different sized ribs. The mid-wing joins were blended with short tapered sections of the trailing edge; the leading edges were straight. Overall there was 1° of forward sweep. The wing structure was wooden, consisting of a single main spar with plywood skinning forward from it around the leading edge to form a torsion resisting box, a secondary rear strut and diagonal drag struts at the wing roots.
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Other Hellenistic innovations include torsion catapults, pneumatic catapults, crossbows, rutways, organs, the keyboard mechanism, differential gears, showers, dry docks, diving bells, odometer and astrolabes. In architecture, Hellenistic engineers constructed monumental lighthouses such as the Pharos and devised central heating systems. The Tunnel of Eupalinos is the earliest tunnel which has been excavated with a scientific approach from both ends. Automata like automatic doors and other ingenious devices were built by Hellenistic engineers as Ctesibius and Philo of Byzantium.
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The design was of central backbone tube construction with modular power train concept in 4×4, 4×2, 6×6, 6×4 and 6×2 configuration. Version 4×2, 6×4, and 6×2 were produced in very low quantity. The main advantages of central load carrying backbone tube are in its high torsion and bend strength protecting truck body against load stresses. The secondary advantage is that it houses all important parts of the drive train.
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The troop compartment is at the rear of the hull and provided with two roof hatches. Passengers embark and debark from a ramp, which is accessed through two doors at the rear. Transmission consists of a hydraulic torque converter coupled to a gearbox with one reverse and four forward driving gears. The AMX-10P utilises a torsion bar suspension, which supports five road wheels with the drive sprocket at the front and idler near the rear.
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Like the rest of the Steinadler, the two part cantilever wings is wood framed and covered in a mixture of plywood and fabric. Each part is built around a single spar, with ply covering ahead of it around the leading edge forming a D-shaped torsion box. Behind the spar the wing is fabric covered, except for small areas near the root and near the tip, where the aileron hinge angles in towards the spar, that require strengthening.
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D and E With a completely new torsion bar suspension with four road wheels, the Ausf. D was developed as a tank for use in the cavalry divisions. Only the turret was the same as the Ausf. C model, with a new hull and superstructure design and the use of a Maybach HL62TRM engine driving a seven-gear transmission (plus reverse). The design was shorter (4.65 m) but wider (2.3 m) and taller (2.06 m) than the Ausf.
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Recent studies have highlighted a critical role for MLC2v phosphorylation in cardiac torsion, function and disease. In cardiac muscle, the critical phosphorylation sites have been identified as Ser14/Ser15 in the mouse heart and Ser15 in the human heart. The major kinase responsible for MLC-2v phosphorylation has been identified as cardiac myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), encoded for by Mylk3. Loss of cardiac MLCK in mice results in loss of cardiac MLC-2v phosphorylation and cardiac abnormalities.
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The conventional understanding of pi stacking involves quadrupole interactions between delocalized electrons in p-orbitals. In other words, aromaticity should be required for this interaction to occur. However, several groups have provided contrary evidence, calling into question whether pi stacking is a unique phenomenon or whether it extends to other neutral, closed-shell molecules. In an experiment not dissimilar from others mentioned above, Paliwal and coauthors constructed a molecular torsion balance from an aryl ester with two conformational states.
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The PA-06 model is distinguished by the use of a double top-tube. It is also the only model also manufactured in the larger frame size (The PA-02 and PB-13 are only available in 22 inch frame size). This feature is often cited as being designed to carry pigs, but there is little factual basis for this claim. Double top-tubes are often used to stiffen larger frames in order to reduce "frame-whip" (lateral torsion).
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Its instinctive for us. And all of the upper torso work is not only like this, but also in torsion.” After the torso and pelvis movements, hip rolls, relevés, drops to plié and neck twists usually follow the warm up, starting on one side and repeating on the other. 276x276px Although the warm up includes many techniques derived from European ballet, such as relevés, pliés, tendus, and arabesques, the sequences themselves are composed of unparalleled elements.
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Danaher controls The LINC computer had a set of 8 knobs forming a rudimentary built-in dial box. A dial box is a computer peripheral for direct 3D manipulation e.g. to interactively input the rotation and torsion angles of a model displayed on a computer screen. Dial boxes were common input tools in the first years of interactive 3D graphics and they were available for Silicon Graphics (SGI) or Sun Microsystems and sold with their workstations.
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The German Anton Harder apparently independently invented and patented the torsion clock in 1879-1880. He was inspired by watching a hanging chandelier rotate after a servant had turned it to light the candles. He formed the firm Jahresuhrenfabrik ('Year Clock Factory') and designed a clock that would run for a year, but its accuracy was poor. He sold the patent in 1884 to F. A. L. deGruyter of Amsterdam, who allowed the patent to expire in 1887.
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The steering system was set up so that shallow turns used only the wheels, but brakes would be applied to the tracks the farther the steering wheel was turned. The drive sprockets had rollers rather than the more common teeth. The rear suspension consisted of six double roadwheels, overlapping and interleaved in the Schachtellaufwerk system, mounted on swing arms sprung by torsion bars. An idler wheel, mounted at the rear of the vehicle, was used to control track tension.
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In the Cartan formalism, the spin connection is used to define both torsion and curvature. These are easiest to read by working with differential forms, as this hides some of the profusion of indexes. The equations presented here are effectively a restatement of those that can be found in the article on the connection form and the curvature form. The primary difference is that these retain the indexes on the vierbein, instead of completely hiding them.
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The original T-80 design uses a 1,000 horsepower gas turbine instead of a 750-horsepower diesel engine, although some later variants of the T-80 revert to diesel engine usage. The gearbox is different, with five forward and one reverse gear, instead of seven forward and one reverse. Suspension reverts from pneumatic to torsion bar, with six forged steel-aluminium rubber-tyred road wheels on each side, with the tracks driven by rear sprockets.Foss (2005), pp. 89–90.
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The Mg-9 was a glider designed as a high performance and training aircraft with aerobatic capabilities. Like most gliders of its day, it was wood framed with a mixture of plywood and fabric covering. It had a high gull wing built around a single spar, with ply covering ahead of it around the leading edge forming a torsion resistant D-box. The centre section was rectangular in plan, with ply covering extending rearwards to a diagonal drag strut.
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Birkenmeier pp.188–189 The development of the trebuchet, the largest of which could batter down contemporary defensive walls, was attributed to the Byzantines by some western writers.Nicolle, p173 Additionally, the Byzantines also used long range, anti-personnel, bolt firing machines such as the 'great crossbow,' which was often mounted on a mobile chassis, and the 'skein-bow' or 'espringal' which was a torsion device using twisted skeins of silk or sinew to power two bow-arms.Nicolle, pp.
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It was built around a single spar with ply covering from it around the leading edge forming a torsion-resistant D-box. Behind the spar the wing was mostly fabric covered. In plan there was a rectangular centre section that filled about 40% of the span and tapered outer panels tapering to elliptical tips. The ailerons initially filled about 45% of the span and reached the tips, though they were later extended inboard almost to the centre section.
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The retinal nerve fibre layer should also be studied and commented on. It is also a useful tool in objectively measuring torsion as well as in documenting and recording progression of diseases over time. Fundus photography does not replace binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy; it is a tool to supplement and complement existing findings and to maintain a record of disease progression. Fundus photography is mainly used to monitor the progression of a retinal or optic nerve head disorder.
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For a wing of given span, sweeping it increases the length of the spars running along it from root to tip. This tends to increase weight and reduce stiffness. If the fore-aft chord of the wing also remains the same, the distance between leading and trailing edges reduces, reducing its ability to resist twisting (torsion) forces. A swept wing of given span and chord must therefore be strengthened and will be heavier than the equivalent unswept wing.
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The Phaeton was designed for the sports pilot rather than for commercial use but was able to carry two passengers. It was an equal span, single bay biplane with interchangeable upper and lower wings joined by N-form interplane struts. Shorter N-struts from the upper fuselage provided a central cabane. The wings were strongly staggered by about half chord They were built around twin spars, with plywood covering from the forward spar forming a torsion-resistant D-box.
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The wing had constant chord, rounded tips and dihedral (aircraft) of 2.5° throughout, built around a two spar torsion box. Its trailing edge carried slotted flaps. The rectangular, low set, tailplane was of the all moving type with full span anti-tabs and the straight tapered fin and rudder was assisted by a small dorsal extension and an underside fin. The fuselage forward of the cabin was circular in cross section, built around a tube steel frame.
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By the late Republican or early Imperial era, there were twelve stalls. Their divisions were fronted by herms that served as stops for spring-loaded gates, so that twelve light-weight, four-horse or two-horse chariots could be simultaneously released onto the track. The stalls were allocated by lottery, and the various racing teams were identified by their colors.; the gates probably used the same animal-sinew torsion springing as the Roman ballista; Ibid, pp.
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These components were attached to a K-shaped structural crossmember. The K-shaped crossmember was isolated from the unitized car body by four rubber mounts. This transverse torsion bar suspension was also incorporated into the M- and J-body cars. The conventional leaf spring rear suspension was also rubber-isolated, so there was no metal-to-metal path through which road noise or vibration can be transmitted to the body; even the steering column was isolated.
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Out of the starting gate, Ecole Etage took the lead, ahead of Torsion, while race favorite Secretariat exited last. Sham and Deadly Dream made contact exiting the gate. While Sham was able to successfully gain stride, Deadly Dream began to run towards the railing and collided with it when entering the first turn. Going into the course's first turn, Secretariat passed two horses on the outside and passed the remainder as the horses entered the backstretch.
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In a muscular hydrostat or any other structure of constant volume, a decrease in one dimension will cause a compensatory increase in at least one other dimension. The mechanisms of elongation, bending and torsion in muscular hydrostats all depend on constancy of volume to effect shape changes in the absence of stiff skeletal attachments.Wainwright, P. C.; Bennett, A. F. (1992). "The mechanism of tongue projection in chameleons: II. Role of shape change in a muscular hydrostat".
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Coulomb electrometer Torsion is used to give a measurement more sensitive than repulsion of gold leaves or cork-balls. It consists of a glass cylinder with a glass tube on top. In the axes of the tube is a glass thread, the lower end of this holds a bar of gum lac, with a gilt pith ball at each extremity. Through another aperture on the cylinder, another gum lac rod with gilt balls may be introduced.
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Long wings were vulnerable to torsional flexing and so most used two spar designs. The Vampyr's designers used a single spar and stabilized the wing with ply covering forward of the spar around the leading edge; this formed a torsion resisting D-box and was probably the first use of stressed skin on any aircraft apart from airships. Behind the spar the wing was fabric covered. It was built in three parts, a rectangular centre section and two tapered outer panels bearing ailerons.
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He became a professor at the University of California, Los Angeles in 1955; while there, he published the Theory of Inelastic Structure in 1968. He retired in 1978. In May 1981, Dr. Shu-Liang Bob Wu is the last Ph.D student that Professor Lin help to get Ph.D degree during Professor Lin's tenure years in UCLA. The Ph.D dissertation subject is "Stress-strain time relations under radial loadings, and plastic strain under static tension and cyclic torsion for Aluminum alloy" .
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In the front this would have interfered with engine packaging. The use of the leaf spring allowed the spring to be placed under the chassis, out of the way, while keeping the diameter of the shock-absorber assembly to that of just the damper, rather than damper and spring. However, in other applications, such as race car designs, the need to span the width of the vehicle resulted in significant design limitations. Coil and torsion springs present better packaging options for racing applications.
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His work on quartz fibre torsion ultramicrobalances and thereafter on a complete system of ultramicroscopic organic elemental and functional group analysis is also notable. At Imperial College, he created a new research group to work on analytical atomic absorption and atomic fluorescence spectroscopy. Under West's leadership this group very quickly became established as a leading centre of research in these fields. His many contributions included those to electrothermal methods of atomisation, microwave-excited atomic spectral lamps, low-luminosity flames, and atom-trapping techniques.
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On the other hand, the unguals (claws) were long and sharply pointed, with robust flexor tubercules (tendon attachment bumps). Some of the hip bones were obscured by the rest of the skeleton, but the ischium (front lower plate) was longer than the pubis (rear lower plate). The femur (thigh bone) was twisted, with the knee joints offset at 45 degrees from the rest of the shaft. In other early reptiles, this angle of torsion was smaller, usually 10 to 30 degrees.
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Assume that R is a commutative domain and M is an R-module. Let Q be the quotient field of the ring R. Then one can consider the Q-module : M_Q = M \otimes_R Q, obtained from M by extension of scalars. Since Q is a field, a module over Q is a vector space, possibly, infinite- dimensional. There is a canonical homomorphism of abelian groups from M to MQ, and the kernel of this homomorphism is precisely the torsion submodule T(M).
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Loop quantum gravity (LQG) is a quantization of a classical Lagrangian field theory. It is equivalent to the usual Einstein–Cartan theory in that it leads to the same equations of motion describing general relativity with torsion. As such, it can be argued that LQG respects local Lorentz invariance. Global Lorentz invariance is broken in LQG just like it is broken in general relativity (unless one is dealing with Minkowski spacetime, which is one particular solution of the Einstein field equations).
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The engine was placed in front of the front axle and powered front wheels through a 4-gear manual gearbox, identical with that of Syrena 100. The front suspension was not identical with that from the classic Syrena, but based on the same concept: independent with single transverse feathercoil, lower A-wishbones and hydraulic dampers. Single-circuit drum brakes were installed on all wheels. Specific for Syrena Sport was the independent rear suspension, with trailing arms, torsion bars and almost horizontal hydraulic dampers.
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Stanisław Łukaszewicz was the chief designer of another important innovation: self-supporting chassis with strengthened floor panel - other Syrenas at that time used traditional steel ladder frame. The stylish body of the car was moulded in fibreglass, which was the first such attempt at FSO. Syrena Sport also had a new independent rear suspension with trailing arms and torsion bars designed by Antoni Drozdek. Some other systems were built and tested, such as FSO’s first floor shifting mechanism and hydraulic-controlled clutch.
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Urinary bladder (black butterfly-like shape) and hyperplastic prostate (BPH) visualized by medical sonographic technique Ultrasound is routinely used in urology to determine, for example, the amount of fluid retained in a patient's bladder. In a pelvic sonogram, organs of the pelvic region are imaged. This includes the uterus and ovaries or urinary bladder. Males are sometimes given a pelvic sonogram to check on the health of their bladder, the prostate, or their testicles (for example to distinguish epididymitis from testicular torsion).
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Built to run in the sports car class that had been announced the previous year, the car was named the Hot Rod Magazine Special in honor of its sponsor. Miller fabricated a custom steel tube frame that used a coil-spring front suspension from a 1956 Chevrolet and a Ford rear axle with a Halibrand quick-change differential. Springing was by torsion bars. The engine was a small-block Chevrolet that had been bored and stroked to and equipped with Hilborn injection.
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The Armstrong Siddeley Lancaster is an automobile which was produced by Armstrong Siddeley Motors Limited from 1945 to 1952. It was the first post-war sports saloon to be made by the company. The chassis of the Lancaster was all new and featured independent front suspension using torsion bars and a live rear axle with leaf springs. A Girling hydro-mechanical braking system was fitted, with the front drums hydraulically operated while those at the rear used rod and cable.
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If \theta is the canonical vector-valued 1-form on the frame bundle, the torsion \Theta of the connection form \omega is the vector-valued 2-form defined by the structure equation :\Theta=d\theta + \omega\wedge\theta = D\theta, where as above D denotes the exterior covariant derivative. The first Bianchi identity takes the form :D\Theta=\Omega\wedge\theta. The second Bianchi identity takes the form :\, D \Omega = 0 and is valid more generally for any connection in a principal bundle.
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49 Ballistae were heavy missile weapons, hurling large rocks great distances to damage rampart walls. They resembled large crossbows, rather than catapults. They were powered by two horizontal like arms, which were inserted into two vertical and tightly wound "skein" springs contained in a rectangular frame structure making up the head or principal part of the weapon. The arms were drawn rearward with a winch lever to further twist the skeins and thus gain the torsion power to cast a projectile.
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Gordon Setter running Although not as prone to hip dysplasia as many of the larger breeds, Gordons can suffer from the condition. Other health issues can include hypothyroidism, gastric torsion (bloat) and eye diseases such as progressive retinal atrophy (PRA), and cataracts. Life expectancy for the breed is generally about 10 to 12 years. At the beginning of 2009, a report was issued to all of the Breed Clubs in the UK concerning cases of late onset PRA in Gordon Setters.
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The prototype of the K-02 Szellő was built by MÁV Istvántelki Főműhely (Istvántelki Workshop of the Hungarian Railways), first flying on 10 September 1949. The Szellő was an all-wood, high wing, pod and boom design. Its wing had a rectangular inner section extending out to about half span, followed by tapered outer panels with most sweep on their trailing edges. There was a single main spar with plywood ahead of it around the leading edge, forming a torsion resistant D-box.
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