908 Sentences With "ternate" | Random Sentence Generator

"Last year I was on Ternate in Indonesia when Gamalama volcano erupted," Kim told CNBC.

Panasonic will also live broadcast the event from Ternate Island, Indonesia from Tuesday, March 8, 8 p.m.

A Jakarta resident, she went to the island of Ternate Maluku in the country's east to witness the occasion.

"There were no reports of damage or casualties in Ternate," he added, referring to the city closest to the epicenter.

But some hospitals in Ternate, about 130 km (80 miles) from the epicenter, suffered minor damage and had to evacuate patients, media said.

In a clove garden on the island of Ternate, I found that most of the trees were leafless, their trunks the color of ash.

The quake occurred at a depth of 126 km (6 miles) in an area 168 km south-southeast of the city of Ternate, the USGS said.

The quake was centered 51 miles (83 km) northwest of Ternate at a shallow depth of 9.4 miles (15 km) below the seabed, which would have amplified its effect.

The quake had a magnitude of 7.1 and its epicenter in the sea was 86 miles northwest of the city of Ternate at a depth of 28 miles, according to the U.S. Geological Survey.

Jubier says that, with a slightly adjusted flight path, Garuda Indonesia Flight 649 from Ternate City to Jakarta could get at least two and half minutes' viewing time of totality on March 9 (local time).

Agus Wibowo, a spokesman for Indonesia's disaster mitigation agency (BNPB), said two people sustained minor injuries in Ternate in the province of North Maluku, also known as the Moluccas, citing the local disaster mitigation agency.

The quake had a magnitude of 7.1 and its epicentre in the sea was 139 km (86 miles) northwest of the city of Ternate at a depth of 45 km, according to the U.S. Geological Survey.

Because of the eclipse's trajectory, the regions of South Sumatra, Indonesian Borneo, Central Sulawesi and Eastern Indonesia got the best shows, with the small town of Ternate in the Maluku Islands deemed the prime viewing location.

The quake in the Moluccas struck late on Thursday and had a magnitude of 7.1 with its epicentre in the sea 139 km (86 miles) northwest of the city of Ternate, according to the U.S. Geological Survey.

In the following decades, the Dutch sought a monopoly on cloves, which once had grown nowhere but the tropical islands of Ternate and Tidore in what is today Indonesia, and then in 1652 introduced the scorched-earth policy known as extirpation, felling and burning tens of thousands of clove trees.

"The local disaster mitigation agency in Ternate has also said that the people who were staying away from beaches started returning to their homes this morning," he said in a statement, adding that calm had returned to the city of Bitung on Sulawesi island and in the Halmahera district in the Moluccas.

The Museum Kedaton Sultan Ternate (Palace of the Sultan of Ternate Museum) is a museum of relics from the era of the Sultanate of Ternate. The museum is located in the Village of Soa-sio, North Ternate, Ternate, North Maluku, Indonesia.

Sultan of Ternate Mosque (Indonesian Masjid Sultan Ternate), also known as the Old Mosque of Ternate, is an old mosque in Ternate City, Indonesia. It is the largest mosque in the city and the royal mosque of the Ternate Sultanate.

The Sultan of Ternate Mosque is located on the eastern side of the volcanic island of Ternate Island; precisely in Soa Sio Administrative Village, Ternate Utara Subdistrict of the Ternate City. Mount Gamalama provides a backdrop for the mosque.

Most inhabitants of Ternate are Muslim. The indigenous inhabitants of Ternate speak the Ternate language, which is a non-Austronesian language, belonging to the North Halmahera branch of the West Papuan languages. Ternatean should be distinguished from Ternate Malay, which is a Malay-based creole, serving as the local lingua franca. Many inhabitants of Ternate use Ternatean as their first language and employ Ternate Malay as a means of interethnic or trade communication, although the usage of traditional Ternate is declining.

Finally, it terminates at the intersection with Caylabne Road and Ternate–Nasugbu Road in Ternate.

At the time of the Sultanate of Ternate after Baab Mansour Malamo, Sahu tribe has two working groups, namely Tala'i and Pa'disua. Both of these groups have an obligation given by the sultan of Ternate to worship and bring tribute to the Sultanate of Ternate.

Around this period Ternate was divided between the Spanish and the Dutch. Under Sultan Hamzah (1627-1648), the territory of Ternate was expanded. A number of territories were given to the VOC in exchange of controlling riots. In 1663 the Spaniards left Ternate and Tidore.

Ternate Welcome Arch N405 runs from the municipality of Naic to Ternate, Cavite as Governor's Drive. It starts at the intersection with N402, specifically the Naic–Indang Road and Capt. C. Nazareno Street in Naic. It then passes through the municipalities of Maragondon and Ternate.

This language should be distinguished from Ternate Malay, a local Malay-based creole which it has heavily influenced. Ternate serves as the first language of ethnic Ternateans, mainly in the rural areas, while Ternate Malay is used as a means of interethnic and trade communication, particularly in the urban part of the island. More recently, there has been a language shift from Ternate towards Malay.

In 1607, the Dutch also built the Fort Oranje on Ternate, which was their first stronghold in the archipelago. The VOC expelled the Spanish from most of Maluku in the following years, though Spain kept Tidore and Fort Gammalamo in Ternate until 1663. From the beginning, unhealthy and unbalanced relations between the Netherlands and Ternate caused dissatisfaction with the rulers and nobles of Ternate. Among them were Hidayat, a young Ambonese kimelaha (governor) who was also a former regent of Ternate and led the opposition against both Mudafar Syah and the Dutch.

Sahu-Indonesian-English Dictionary and Sahu Grammar Sketch. Dordrecht: Foris. Sahu has many Ternate loanwords, a historical legacy of the dominance of the Ternate Sultanate in the Moluccas.

The Ternate–Nasugbu Road, also known as Ternate–Nasugbu Highway or Nasugbu–Ternate Highway, is a two-to-four lane, secondary road in the provinces of Cavite and Batangas, Philippines. It connects the municipality of Ternate in Cavite to the municipality of Nasugbu in Batangas. The road is a component part of the National Route 407 (N407) of the Philippine highway network. It is also locally known as J.P. Laurel Street in Nasugbu.

Zulham Zamrun was born in Ternate, Maluku, the son to Malik Zamrun a scout of Persiter Ternate. He has a twin brother Zulvin Zamrun who is also a professional footballer.

In 1865 he married to Adolphine Susanna Wilhelmina van Rennesse van Duivenbode (1844 Ternate -1919 Delft) in Ternate. She was the daughter of Maarten Dirk van Renesse van Duivenbode. This was the man Alfred Russel Wallace called "...Mr. Duivenbode(n), a native of Ternate from an ancient Dutch family..."Wallace, Alfred Russel (1869).

The islands of North Maluku on an early map from c. 1519, with the Portuguese banner planted on what is likely Ternate. Bayan Sirrullah was the eldest son of the first Sultan of Ternate, Zainal Abidin, and a woman from soa Marsaoli.C.F. van Fraassen (1987) Ternate, de Molukken en de Indonesische Archipel.

In 1627 and 1628, Sultan Hamzah of Ternate had much of the Christian population of the island moved to Malaya, on Ternate. Later, it was administered under the Dutch East Indies.

Ternate or Ternatese (bahasa Ternate, bahasa Tarnate) is a North Halmahera language of eastern Indonesia. It is spoken on the island of Ternate, and some neighboring areas in North Maluku, including Halmahera, Hiri, Kayoa and the Bacan Islands. Historically, it served as the primary language of the Sultanate of Ternate, famous for its role in the spice trade. A North Halmahera language, it is unlike most languages of Indonesia which belong to the Austronesian language family.

The company purchased fresh supplies from the people of Maquian, but the natives refused to trade or sell any cloves without permission from the King of Ternate. Duly, Red Dragon sailed on towards Tidore and Ternate, more eastward islands. On 22 March, they became involved in a small fracas between Tidore and Ternate. Two Ternate galleys were rowing at best possible speed, hailing the Red Dragon to wait for them, being chased by seven Tidore galleys.

Finally the Kolano of Ternate heard about Mahadum and invited him to his island, letting himself be converted under the name Zainal Abidin. Mahadum died in Ternate and his son Syuku was married to Zainal Abidin's daughter.C.F. van Fraassen (1987) Ternate, de Molukken en de Indonesische Archipel, Vol. II. Leiden: Rijksmuseum te Leiden, p. 5.

The island of Ternate or Gapi began to bustle in the early 13th century. The early Ternate population was the result of an exodus from Halmahera. Initially there were four villages in Ternate, each headed by a momole (head of a clan). It was they who first made contact with merchants who came from all directions looking for spices.

Entrance to Fort Oranje. Fort Oranje is a 17th-century Dutch fort located at the center of Ternate City on the island of Ternate, one of the Moluccas in Indonesia. The fort is the largest in Ternate Island. Fort Oranje was once the capital of Dutch East India Company's trade empire in Asia until it was moved to Batavia.

17th century map of Fort Oranje. Ternate is a small volcanic island located in Maluku Islands (The Moluccas). It was the center of the powerful former Sultanate of Ternate. The island was once the world's single major producer of cloves, a commodity which allowed the Sultanate of Ternate to become amongst the most powerful Sultanate in the Indonesian region.

Operation Opossum was a World War II raid undertaken by Australia's Z Special Unit in 1945 on the island of Ternate near Borneo to rescue the Sultan of Ternate, Iskander Muhammad Jabit Syah.

Boheyat (b. c. 1514–d. 1529) was the third Sultan of Ternate in Maluku, whose largely nominal reign lasted from 1521 to 1529. In his time the Portuguese strengthened their positions in Ternate.

Simão Vaz, the vicar of Ternate, went to Tolo to found the mission. The mission was the source of conflict between the Spanish, the Portuguese and Ternate. Simão Vaz was later murdered at Sao.

It soon enters Naic, turns left toward Ternate, and intersects with Naic- Indang Road. The highway follows a straight route, turning right and soon ends at the bridge over the Maragondon River near Ternate.

Most people in this area have a command of Ternate Malay.

Ternate, like other North Halmahera languages, is not a tonal language.

All matches played in Ternate, North Maluku and Nabire, West Papua.

Lobation patterns can be loosely classified as pinnate, binate, or ternate.

Example (12) has demonstrated the use of YX construction with element Y as a kinship term, where the possessor tete refers to grandfather and the possessum papa refers to father. Together, the expression has the meaning of ‘the grandfather’s father’, demonstrating the kinship relationship. Example (12): tete papa orang Ternate. grandfather father person Ternate my grandfather’s father is a person from Ternate.

C.F. van Fraassen 1987, Vol. II, p. 4. With this, Muslim scholars became important figures in the Ternate kingdom. Opposite of Ternate lies the island of Tidore, the seat of the Kingdom of Tidore, or Duko.

Ternate has a tropical rainforest climate (Af) with heavy rainfall year-round.

In November 2014, Dias got married. His mother is from Ternate, Maluku.

About 200 families of Mixed Mexican-Filipino-Spanish and Papuan-Indonesian-Portuguese descent left Ternate and settled in the Philippines.Zamboangueño Chavacano: Philippine Spanish Creole or Filipinized Spanish Creole? By Tyron Judes D. Casumpang (Page 3) In the Philippines, they settled in (Ermita, Manila), (San Roque, Cavite), (Tanza, Cavite) and (Ternate, Cavite) which they named after their homeland. However, there are still remnants of these mixed Mexican- Filipino-Spanish and Papuan-Indonesian-Portuguese people who elected to stay in Ternate, Indonesia but they were persecuted by a resurgent Islamicizing Sultanate of Ternate.

The Sultanate of Ternate, previously also known as The Kingdom of Gapi is one of the oldest Muslim kingdoms in Indonesia besides Tidore, Jailolo, and Bacan. The Ternate kingdom was established by Momole Cico, the first leader of Ternate, with the title Baab Mashur Malamo, traditionally in 1257. It reached its Golden Age during the reign of Sultan Baabullah (1570–1583) and encompassed most of the eastern part of Indonesia and a part of southern Philippines. Ternate was a major producer of cloves and a regional power from the 15th to 17th centuries.

Hanna, Willard A. & des Alwi (1990) Turbulent times past in Ternate and Tidore. Banda Naira: Yayasan Warisan dan Budaya Banda Naira, p. 132-73. Desiring to restore Ternate to its former glory and expel the western power, Sultan Sibori Amsterdam (1675–1691) declared war to the Dutch, but the power of Ternate had greatly reduced over the years, he lost and was forced to concede more of his lands to the Dutch by a treaty in 1683. By this treaty, Ternate had lost its equal position with the Dutch and became a vassal.

Mahadum stayed in Ternate and died there, his son marrying Zainal Abidin's daughter.

Tidore was one of four kingdoms that arose in North Maluku some time before the coming of Islam in the 15th century, the others being Ternate, Bacan and Jailolo. Ternate was usually the strongest power, though Tidore held a ritual precedence since Tidorese princesses were regularly married to Ternatan rulers and princes.Leonard Andaya (1993), p. 55. Two daughters of al-Mansur were consorts of Sultan Bayan Sirrullah of Ternate.

C.F. van Fraassen 1987, Vol. II, p. 1-2. The Kingdom of Gapi was centered in the village of Ternate, which later grew bigger and more crowded so that the population was also referred as Gam Lamo or the big village (later, people knew Gam Lamo as Gamalama). Ternate was the larger and more populous settlement on the island, so that people would call the kingdom Ternate rather than Gapi.

Peter Borschberg (2015), p. 87-9. Defying the Portuguese garrisons on Ternate and Tidore, the Dutch built a fort at Malayu on the eastern side of Ternate. In the following years a series of forts were constructed in North Maluku: four in Ternate, three on Makian, and one each on Moti, Bacan and Jailolo (Halmahera). Ternatans and other allied peoples moved to live under VOC protection close to fortresses.

As Persiter Ternate disqualified from the tournament, PSS Sleman won third-place position automatically.

In 1607, the Dutch visited the Minahasa Peninsula, with the approval of the Sultan of Ternate. As the peninsula at that time was part of the Sultanate of Ternate, the Dutch were assigned by the Sultan to order all Ternate people who were in Manado to return to Ternate. This was done to make it easier for the Dutch to repulse Spain in Manado who came to North Sulawesi through the Philippines. In 1617, the Spaniards tried to spread Catholicism to the local people around Lake Tondano by force, but they were repulsed by the local community.

Ternate is a member of the North Halmahera language family, which is classified by some as part of a larger West Papuan family, a proposed linking of the North Halmahera languages with the Papuan languages of the Bird's Head Peninsula. It is most closely related to the Tidore language, which is native to the southern neighboring island. The distinction between Ternate and Tidore appears to be based on sociopolitical factors rather than linguistic differences. While many authors have described these varieties as separate languages, some classifications identify them as dialects of a single language, collectively termed as either "Ternate" or "Ternate-Tidore".

Ideas about her position in the Ternate dynasty differ among historians. Paramita R. Abdurrachman believes that she was the mother of three sons who became Sultans of Ternate in turn: Boheyat (r. 1521-1529), Dayal (r. 1529-1533) and Tabariji (r. 1533-1535).

The best known North Halmaheran language is Ternate (50 000 native speakers), which is a regional lingua franca and which, along with Tidore, were the languages of the rival medieval Ternate and Tidore sultanates, famous for their role in the spice trade.

When Bayan Sirrullah died in 1521, his successors Boheyat, Dayal and Tabariji were granddaughters of al-Mansur, and their mothers had a political role at the Ternate court.C.F. van Fraassen (1987), Ternate, de Molukken en de Indonesische Archipel. Leiden: Rijksmuseum te Leiden, Vol. II, p. 14. The 1520s were nevertheless marked by spates of warfare between Tidore and Ternate, backed up by the Portuguese garrison that was stationed at the last-mentioned island.

The first Europeans to stay on Ternate were part of the Portuguese expedition of Francisco Serrão out of Malacca, which was shipwrecked near Seram and rescued by local residents. Sultan Abu Lais of Ternate heard of their stranding, and, seeing a chance to ally himself with a powerful foreign nation, he brought them to Ternate in 1512. The Portuguese were permitted to build a fort (Kastella) on the island, construction of which began in 1522.

Ternate features in Paradox Interactive's grand-strategy game Europa Universalis IV, as well as earlier installments in the series. John Milton mentions Ternate in an extended metaphor in the second book of his epic poem Paradise Lost (published 1667): :As when far off at sea a fleet descried :Hangs in the clouds, by equinoctial winds :Close sailing from Bengala, or the isles :Of Ternate and Tidore, whence merchants bring :Their spicy drugs: ...

Ternate and Tidore are notable for being the only indigenous non- Austronesian ("Papuan") languages of the region to have established literary traditions prior to first European contact. The Ternate language was recorded with the Arabic script since the 15th century, while the Latin alphabet is used in modern writing. Other languages of the North Halmahera region, which were not written down until the arrival of Christian missionaries, have received significant lexical influence from Ternate.

115 Warwyck reached Ternate without incident, and in celebration fired off so much ammunition that the very ground shook.Milton, p. 136 They were received well, primarily because the king of Ternate was at war with neighboring Tidore, and was happy to have military assistance.Masselman, p.

I, p. 1-12. According to these sources he was the first ruler of Ternate to use the title Sultan rather than Kolano, or king, and enacted a number of changes in the government, based on Islamic Law, technically transforming Ternate into an Islamic kingdom.

It is derived from North Moluccan Malay (Ternate Malay), which can be evidenced by the number of Ternate loanwords in its lexicon. Simple Manado Malay sentences can be understood by speakers of standard Malay or western Malay dialects, albeit with varying degrees of difficulty.

The brig Ternate would be added to the Wassenaar for actual sailing practice on the Zuiderzee.

There is a degree of mutual intelligibility between the Galela–Tobelo languages, and Voorhoeve 1988 considered them dialects of a language he called Northeast Halmaheran, though most speakers consider them to be distinct languages. Ternate and Tidore are generally treated as separate languages, though there is little Abstand involved, and the separation appears to be based on sociopolitical grounds. Voorhoeve groups these idioms together as varieties of a unitary "Ternate-Tidore" language, while Miriam van Staden classifies them as distinct languages. Other North Halmahera languages, such as Galela and Tobelo, have received significant influence from Ternate, a historical legacy of the dominance of the Ternate Sultanate in the Moluccas.

Kraton (palace) of the Sultan of Ternate The Sultan's palace The first Europeans to stay on Ternate were part of the Portuguese expedition of Francisco Serrão out of Malacca, which was shipwrecked near Seram and rescued by local residents. Sultan Bayan Sirrullah of Ternate (1500–1522) heard of their stranding and, seeing a chance to ally himself with a powerful foreign nation, he brought them to Ternate in 1512. The Portuguese were permitted to build a fort on the island, today known as Kastella, construction of which began in 1522, but relations between the Ternateans and Portuguese were strained from the start.Andaya, Leonard Y. (1993), p.

The Portuguese in Ternate was welcomed by the Ternate Sultanate, partly because the Portuguese promised to help the Ternatese in their fight against their rival, the Sultanate of Tidore, which was allied with the Spanish. The Ternate Sultanate allowed the Portuguese to build several forts around Ternate and to establish a trade port. One of the first forts built was Fort Tolluko, which was constructed in 1512 at the order of Francisco Serrão and at the time was named Fort Saint Lucas. It became clear to the Ternatese that the Portuguese intention was not merely to establish a trading port, but to monopolize the spice trade.

In 1611 the Governor of the Spanish Philippines, Captain-General Juan de Silva, dispatched an expeditionary force under Captain Fernando de Ayala to Ternate which captured the fort. However, with the Dutch fortress of Fort Oranje lying between Fort Tolukko and the main Spanish fortress of Kastella, the Spanish found it difficult to maintain Fort Tolukko, and it was abandoned by 1613. In 1661, The Dutch government allowed the Ternate Sultan Mandar Syah of Ternate to occupy the Fort with his soldiers. At some point it was renamed Fort Tolukko after the tenth ruler of the Ternate Sultanate, Kaicil Tolukko, whose reign started in 1692.

Jailolo's power was broken, Katarabumi was deprived of his rank as Sultan, and his son Kaicili Gujarati became a Sangaji (sub-ruler) under Ternate. These events greatly strengthened Hairun's position in Maluku.Leonard Andaya (1993), p. 130. The main long- standing rival of Ternate was, however, Tidore.

Riot in Ternate, North MalukuDemonstrations were held in Ambon and Ternate against the omnibus law and demanding that the Elimination of Sexual Violence Bill be the nation's top priority. In Ambon, several college students broke into Maluku's DPRD office. Riots occurred for an hour. Several were arrested.

Territories associated with Ternate (red) and Tidore (orange), and vassals of Tidore (light orange) In the next year 1797 Nuku proceeded against the Dutch positions. Bacan was occupied with the assistance of English country traders, who prevented the rebels to kill the Christian villagers. In April the rebel fleet finally reached Tidore, whose Sultan Kamaluddin had already fled to safety in Ternate. Nuku tried to attack the Dutch main fortress in Ternate, but it proved to be too strong.

In the seventeenth century, Ternate further exerted its power over Morotai by repeatedly forcing major parts of the population to move off the island. Early in the century most of the population was moved to Dodinga, a small town in a strategic spot on Halmahera's west coast. Later, in 1627 and 1628, Sultan Hamzah of Ternate had much of the Christian population of the island moved to Malayu, on Ternate, where they could be more easily controlled.

Gate of the palace of Ternate Sultanate. Ternate and neighbouring Tidore were the world's major producer of cloves upon which their rulers became among the wealthiest and most powerful sultans in the Indonesian region. Much of their wealth, however, was wasted fighting each other. Up until the Dutch completed the colonization of Maluku in the 19th century, the sultans of Ternate ruled empires that claimed at least nominal influence as far as Ambon, Sulawesi and Papua.

"Moluccæ Insulæ Celeberrimæ", a map by Willem Blaeu first published in 1630 of the Moluccas. The company purchased fresh supplies from the people of Makian, an island mostly sworn to the king of Ternate, with the exception of the town of Taffasoa, which was sworn to the king of Tidore. The natives refused to trade cloves without permission from the Ternate king. Duly, the Dragon sailed on towards the more eastward islands of Tidore and Ternate.

He was born in Dufa Dufa on Ternate as the third son of the 47th Sultan of Ternate, Mohammad Djabir Sjah. He was educated in Ternate, Makassar and Jakarta. However, his youth coincided with the Independence of Indonesia and the winding down of traditional forms of rule. Mohammad Djabir had little authority after 1950 as he stayed permanently in Jakarta, and in 1965 a law deprived the North Malukan Sultans their rights of representation in the administration.

As of 2003, former churches and cinemas on Ternate were occupied by refugees from the Halmahera violence.

Monodontides ternatensis is a butterfly of the family Lycaenidae. It is found on Ternate in the Moluccas.

II, p. 17-9. At his birth, the spice empire of Ternate was still intact, and invasion attempts by Spanish-Portuguese forces were regularly thwarted. Ternate had vassals in North Sulawesi, the Sangihe Islands, Halmahera, Buru Island, Ceram and the Banda Islands.Leonard Andaya (1993) The world of Maluku.

Ternate is the largest city in the Indonesian province of North Maluku and an island in the Maluku Islands. It was the capital of the former Sultanate of Ternate and de facto provincial capital of North Maluku before Sofifi on the nearby coast of Halmahera became the capital in 2010. It is off the west coast of the much larger island of Halmahera. Ternate island itself has just over 200,000 inhabitants in an area of 101.49 km2;Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2020.

The Sultan was brought to Batavia and interrogated by the VOC authorities; however it was not found necessary to depose him. Rather, the status of Ternate as a formally sovereign state was abrogated through a new treaty on 17 July 1683. In a European legal sense, Ternate now became a vassal (leen) under the Company. In Ternatan terms, the VOC became the "father" and the Ternate kingdom the "child", and the Dutch had a decisive voice in the appointment of new Sultans.

During this time, Banggai was located between the powerful states of Ternate and Gowa, though Banggai later came under influence of Ternate following the Treaty of Bongaya in 1667, with Ternate receiving annual tribute from Banggai and appointing its ruler. During the late 17th and early 18th centuries, the Dutch East India Company attempted to spread its influence to Banggai with little success. During this time, Banggai was also subjected to raids from Papuans and routinely fought with the Tambuku and Buton polities.

Hidalgoa ternata is a hemi-epiphytic vine. It is distinguished by its deep orange flowers and ternate leaves.

Muller (1997), p. 130. Following the 1575 Ternatean invasion, Bacan appears to have become subservient to Ternate, which was sealed through marriages. A sister and a daughter of Sultan Saidi Berkat of Ternate married Bacan rulers in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. A Spanish fort was built in 1606.

Saidi was requested to give up the formerly Portuguese fort on Ternate, but gave a vague answer. Supported by the rulers of Tidore, Bacan and northern Sulawesi, the Iberian forces invaded Ternate. The defenders, reinforced by the crews of 30 Javanese merchant vessels, successfully defeated an attempt to storm the fortress.

C.F. van Fraassen (1987) Ternate, de Molukken en de Indonesische Archipel. Leiden: Rijksmuseum te Leiden, Vol. II, p. 22.

It has similarities to Ambon Malay, but van Velzen considers it to be more closely related to Ternate Malay.

Like the rest of Indonesia, Ternate was occupied by Japanese forces during World War II; eastern Indonesia was governed by the Navy. After Japan surrendered in August 1945 and Indonesia declared independence, Ternate was reoccupied in early November 1945 by Allied forces intending to return Indonesia to Dutch control. It became part of Maluku province when Indonesia became independent. Ternate saw some violence in the 1998–2000 sectarian conflict across the Maluku islands, not, however, to the extent of other islands such as nearby Halmahera.

Sultan Babullah Airport () also known as Ternate Airport, is located in the Indonesian province of North Maluku, close to the city of Ternate. The airport is named after Indonesian warrior Sultan Babullah of Ternate. The airport serves as the main access to the province, with a high flow of both passengers and cargo. In the long run, government policy regarding air transport development plans will be aimed at the development of infrastructure and service at the airport, allowing for further routes to and from the city.

On April 16, 1799, a small group of Tidorese soldiers led by Kaicil Nuku, the nineteenth Sultan of Tidore, attacked Tolukko Fort. They were rapidly forced back by the combined forces of Ternate and Dutch East India Company. Continuous war between Ternate and Tidore greatly reduced the population of the city of Ternate, with many dying of starvation, being killed in the war, or fleeing to Halmahera. In 1810 the fort was occupied by the British during an invasion of the Moluccas during the Napoleonic Wars.

Van Warwijck arrival at the capital of Ternate in 1599. For the Ternatean rulers, the Dutch were a useful, if not particularly welcome, presence that gave them military advantages against Tidore and the Spanish. Particularly under Sultan Hamzah (r. 1627–1648), Ternate expanded its territory and strengthened its control over the periphery.

Zainal Abidin (born Tidore Wonge or Gapi Buta) was the eighteenth (or nineteenth) ruler of the Ternate kingdom in Maluku in modern-day Indonesia. His life is only described in sources dating from the 16th century or later.Christiaan van Fraassen (1987), Ternate, de Molukken en de Indonesische Archipel. Leiden: Rijksmuseum te Leiden, Vol.

418-20, IV:5, p. 440. In spite of all these conflicts, the Ternate-Portuguese relationship was not entirely broken. The officer Gonçalo Pereira led an expedition to the Philippines in 1569, where the rulers of Tidore, Bacan and Ternate were summoned to participate. Prince Baab showed up with fifteen korakoras (large outriggers).

Leonard Andaya (1993) The world of Maluku. Honolulu: Hawai'i University Press, p. 115. The rival sultans of Ternate and Tidore heard about the castaways; both were interested in inviting the white strangers to help them expand their power in the region.Willard A. Hanna & Des Alwi (1990) Turbulent times past in Ternate and Tidore.

Metrernis tencatei is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found on Ternate Island in eastern Indonesia.

The Halmahera giant gecko (Gehyra marginata), also known as the ternate dtella, is a species of gecko endemic to Indonesia.

C.F. van Fraassen (1987) Ternate, de Molukken en de Indonesische Archipel. Leiden: Rijksmuseum te Leiden, Vol. I, p. 57-9.

Some forts no longer exist, leaving only ruins, such as Fort Kastela, which was built by the Spanish. The palace of the Sultan of Ternate still exists. It is now converted into a museum. The museum displays artifacts from the Sultanate of Ternate at its maximum extent, such as weapons, armor and traditional Ternatean clothes.

Tidore was included in the Residency of Ternate together with Ternate, Bacan, Halmahera and dependencies. The infamous hongi expeditions which had ensured the eradication of unpermitted spice trees in Maluku were finally abolished in 1861.F.S.A. de Clercq (1890), p. 171-82. The sultan title lapsed in 1905, and was replaced by a regency.

With her father in Tidore in her back, she was a most influential person. In fact, Al-Mansur entertained ideas to bring both Tidore and Ternate under Spanish protection which would reserve a dominant role for himself. However, Ternate had a strong alliance with the Portuguese from Melaka, who cooperated with Darwis and built a fort on the island in 1522-1523. Relations between the Queen Mother and Darwis were consequently rocky, and the Portuguese captain in Ternate took her sons into custody, causing her to flee to her father in Tidore for a while.

Also, in 2010 the provincial government has moved the provincial capital from Ternate City to Sofifi, a small village on the Halmahera coast opposite Tidore island. North Maluku Province consists of eight regencies and two municipalities (cities); five of the regencies and one municipality include a part of Halmahera island. The regencies are North Halmahera, West Halmahera, East Halmahera, Central Halmahera, South Halmahera, Morotai, Sula Islands and Taliabu, while the municipalities are Ternate and Tidore Islands. Only Ternate Municipality, and Morotai, the Sula Islands and Taliabu regencies do not include any part of Halmahera.

Among the Tobelo people, they speak Indonesian, Ternate, and also Tobelo, which has several dialects such as gamsung, dodinga and boeng.

Ternate was the first town to attain full independence on March 31, 1857, under an agreement signed by Tomas de Leon, Felix Nigosa, Pablo de Leon, Florencio Nino Franco and Juan Ramos in behalf of the people of Ternate. Furthermore, Bailen (now Gen. Aguinaldo) and Alfonso seceded from Maragondon in 1858. Naic then severed as a town in 1869.

Maluku made during the Age of Discovery. North is on the right, with Ternate as the rightmost followed by Tidore, Mare, Moti and Makian islands. The bottom is the Gilolo (Jailolo or Halmahera) Island. The inset on the top is Bacan Island. Willem Blaeu, 1630 Sultan of Ternate's guard. Colonial-era painting of Ternate island, c. 1883–1889.

Fort Oranje is the largest fort in Ternate Island. It is rectangular in form, consisting of four stone bulwarks, thick walls, a deep moat, and many cannons. Despite frequent earthquakes in Ternate, the walls of Fort Oranje are still in good condition. Some area of the fort, especially the eastern part, has been refurbished into a park.

Retta (Reta) is a Papuan language spoken on the south sides of Pura and Ternate islands, between Pantar and Alor in the Alor archipelago of Indonesia. It is not mutually intelligible with Blagar, which is spoken on the north side of Pura Island, and is unrelated to Alorese, which is spoken on the north side of Ternate.

The invasion did not occur as Koxinga fell ill and died. The Merdicas community eventually integrated into the local population. Today, the place is called Ternate after the island of Ternate in the Moluccas, and the descendants of the Merdicas continue to use their Spanish creole (with Portuguese influence) which came to be known as Caviteño or Ternateño Chavacano.

London: The Hakluyt society, p. 213-5. Ternate, though not offering an excellent harbor, was an important center for trade. Pires relates that 150 bahar (150 x 180 kilo) were exported per year, and that some foreign merchants stayed on the island. Ternate was rich in foodstuff, though much foodstuff arrived from other parts of Maluku.

Banda Naira: Yayasan Warisan dan Budaya Banda Naira, p. 12. Ternate came first as Bayan Sirrullah sent his brother Kaicili Vaidua to invite Serrão's party to Ternate. The Europeans were cordially received on arrival, and the Sultan promised to deliver the cloves to the Portuguese, provided that they would build a fortress on Ternate.Leonard Andaya (1993), p. 116.

Willard A. Hanna & Des Alwi (1990), Turbulent times past in Ternate and Tidore. Banda Naira: Rumah Budaya Banda Naira, p. 20-5. By that time the sultanate lived in an uneasy and ambiguous relation with its close neighbour Ternate. Though frequently at war, Tidore had a ritual precedence position since his daughters regularly married Ternatan sultans and princes.

Territories associated with Ternate (red) and Tidore (orange), and Tidore vassals (light orange), at the end of the VOC era. The extent of political influence shifted over the centuries. Tidore remained an independent kingdom, albeit with frequent Dutch interference, until the late eighteenth century. Like Ternate, Tidore allowed the Dutch spice eradication program (extirpatie) to proceed in its territories.

The invasion did not occur as Koxinga fell ill and died. The Merdicas community eventually integrated into the local population. Today, the place is called Ternate after the island of Ternate in the Moluccas, and the descendants of the Merdicas continue to use their Spanish creole (with Portuguese and Papuan influence) which came to be known as Ternateño Chabacano.

Troides criton, the Criton birdwing, is a birdwing butterfly found on the islands of Morotai, Halmahera, Bacan, Ternate and Obi in Indonesia.

Kalgoorlie paid off on 8 May 1946, and was recommissioned on the same day into the Royal Netherlands Navy as HNLMS Ternate.

A 1720 depiction of Ternate island and Portuguese ships from Halmahera During the 15th and 16th centuries, the area was generally within the sphere of influence of the powerful sultanate on the island of Ternate. A larger region, called Moro, included the island of Morotai and parts of the North Halmahera coastline. The Portuguese were a formidable presence in the area and they built a number of fortifications and controlled the island Ternate, off the southwest coast of the North Halmahera Regency. In the mid-16th century, a Portuguese Jesuit mission visited Hakmahera and Morotai. This created conflict with Muslims who at the time controlled Ternate and Halmahera and in 1571, they drove the Christians from Morotai. In the early 17th century, the town of Dodinga, strategically located on Halmahera's west coast grew in influence.

The Malay Archipelago. Harper. After his marriage and discharge Bruijn took over the business in naturalia in Ternate with his brothers in law.

Because of the points and head-to-head between Persiter Ternate and Persihalbar West Halmahera is similar, so the final stage is held.

Ternate was one of the four traditional kingdoms in North Maluku, the others being Tidore, Bacan and Jailolo. Of these, Ternate emerged as the stronger component at an early date, though it was severely contested by the others. As soon as he was appointed ruler, according to Valentijn, Zainal Abidin had to deal with aggression from the powerful Jailolo kingdom that was based in Halmahera and allied with Tidore. Eventually the warring parts made peace in 1488, leaving the ruler free to bring Ternate on the track to ordered Islamic governance.Hanna & Alwi (1996); François Valentijn (1724), p. 141.

In 1513, the first Portuguese trading fleet to reach the Moluccas set up a trading post on Bacan which at the time was subservient to the Sultan of Ternate. The fleet's commander, Captain Antonio de Miranda Azevedo, left seven men on Bacan to buy cloves for the following year's expedition. Their arrogant behaviour and reported bad treatment of Bacan women led to their murder. As Ternate did not have enough stock, the ship for which the men had stayed to prepare was used by the Sultan of Ternate to fill Ferdinand Magellan's last ship, which was the first ship to circumnavigate the world.

Sultan Saidi (d. 7 January 1657) was the tenth Sultan of Tidore in Maluku islands. He was also known as Magiau and ruled from 1640 to 1657. His reign saw intermittent hostilities with Tidore's traditional rival, the Sultanate of Ternate, which included interference in an anti-Dutch rebellion in Ternate and Ambon and attempts to increase Tidorese territory in Maluku.

Two candidates for the throne were brought forward by Ternate but were killed in succession.Hubert Jacobs (1980) Documenta Malucensia, Vol II. Rome: Jesuit Historical Institute, p. 10. A half-brother of Mole called Kaicili Kota was considered the legitimate heir since he was born from Gava's main consort or Putri. However, he had leanings towards Ternate and Mole was therefore enthroned.

Dutch influence over the kingdom was limited, though Hamzah and his successor, Sultan Mandar Syah (r. 1648–1675) did concede some regions to the Dutch East India Company (VOC) in exchange for help controlling rebellions there. The Spaniards abandoned Ternate and Tidore in 1663. When they abandoned Ternate, some of the people accompanied the Spanish in their retreat to the Philippines.

Historically, the term Maluku referred to the four royal centers in North Maluku, namely Ternate, Tidore, Bacan and Jailolo. A type of confederation consisting of the four kingdoms, which most likely emerged in the 14th century, was called Moloku Kie Raha or "Four Mountains of Maluku".C.F. van Fraassen 1987 Ternate, de Molukken en de Indonesische Archipel. Leiden: Rijksmuseum te Leiden, Vol.

In 1607, Duyfken may have made a second voyage east to Australia. Later in the year, she was sent to Java to get supplies for the beleaguered Dutch fortress on Ternate. In February or March 1608, Duyfken was involved in hunting Chinese junks north of Ternate. In May 1608, the ship was engaged in a five-hour battle with three Spanish galleys.

António de Abreu then sailed to Amboina whilst Serrão sailed towards the Moluccas, but he was shipwrecked near Seram. Sultan Abu Lais of Ternate heard of their stranding, and, seeing a chance to ally himself with a powerful foreign nation, brought them to Ternate in 1512 where they were permitted to build a fort on the island, the ', built in 1522.

In 1557, Father Antonio Vaz converted Bacan's sultan and court members to Catholicism. The king was married to a daughter of Sultan Hairun of Ternate. Fleets from Ternate invaded the islands in 1570 and later and the king apostatized in 1575, though he was nevertheless poisoned in 1578. A community of Christians remained and were later joined by coreligionists from Tobelo and Ambon.

Ternate was an important center for the trade in cloves, and was transformed from a traditional domain under a Kolano (king) into a sultanate with selective Islamic features. Bayan Sirrullah is, in fact, the first ruler who is known from contemporary sources. According to the Portuguese writer Tomé Pires (c. 1515), Ternate was the most important power in Maluku at the time.

Sultan Saidi Berkat (b. c. 1563-d. 1628) was the eighth Sultan of Ternate in the Maluku Islands. He succeeded to the extensive east Indonesian realm built up by his father Sultan Babullah, reigning from 1583 to 1606. The Spanish, who colonized the Philippines and had interests in Maluku, repeatedly tried to subdue Ternate, but were unsuccessful in their early attempts.

This initiative failed, however. In 1623 a Spanish embassy turned up in Ternate with letters from Saidi where his good treatment was emphasized. During a meeting the Spaniards and Ternatans agreed to make peace, under the condition that Saidi should be sent back from exile. In the end the ex-Sultan was never actually returned to Ternate, so that hostilities resumed.

Ciri Leliatu is only known from relatively late historical traditions. According to these, the four North Malukan kingdoms Ternate, Tidore (Duko), Bacan and Jailolo were founded by the four sons of the Arab Jafar Sadik. The son who inherited Tidore, Sahjati, was followed by seven rulers with the title Kolano.F.S.A. de Clercq, (1890) Bijdragen tot de kennis der Residentie Ternate.

Ternate supported the VOC expedition to Makassar in 1667 with a small force. Makassar was crushed with the help of the Bugis leader Arung Palakka and forced to sign the Treaty of Bongaya in the same year. One of the stipulations was that Ternate regained its old vassals in Sulawesi and adjacent islands.Leonard Andaya (1981) The heritage of Arung Palakka.

However, the Sultans of Ternate and its people were never fully under Dutch control until its annexation in 1914.Hanna, Willard A. & Des Alwi (1990), p. 174-84. In the 18th century Ternate was the site of a VOC governorship, which attempted to control all trade in the northern Moluccas. By the 19th century, the spice trade had declined substantially.

Francisco Serrão (died 1521) was a Portuguese explorer and a cousin of Ferdinand Magellan. His 1512 voyage was the first known European sailing east past Malacca through modern Indonesia and the East Indies. He became a confidante of the Sultan Bayan Sirrullah, the ruler of Ternate, becoming his personal advisor. He remained in Ternate where he died around the same time Magellan died.

However, not long after the treaty, Jamil was murdered on the orders of de Mesquita. Khairul's son Babullah declared war, which lasted for seven years. Gradually, the Portuguese forts were taken by Ternate and in 1577 the Ternatese managed to expel the Portuguese from the region. The fort was used by the Sultan of Ternate as a fortified royal residence.

Ali accompanied Wallace to New Guinea in 1858 before returning to Ternate. It was on Batchian on 24 August 1858 that Ali went to collect birds while Wallace collected insects. Wallace wrote: The species was named by George Robert Gray as Semioptera wallacii or Wallace's standardwing. While at Ternate, Ali married a woman and he did not join Wallace in 1859.

Euchromia walkeri is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by George Hampson in 1898. It is found on Ternate in Indonesia.

XVI, p. 252 However, while these plans were being formed the British East India Company's (EIC) armed brig Ternate appeared on the southern horizon.

Morotai was part of the Ternate Sultanate, which was a vassal of the Dutch East India Company by the end of the 17th century.

Willard A. Hanna & Des Alwi (1990) Turbulent times past in Ternate and Tidore. Banda Naira: Yayasan Warisan dan Budaya Banda Naira, p. 171-2.

On 6 November 1999, a several-hundred strong Muslim gang, led by local Makianese political elite and thought to be mostly Makianese refugees, raged through Ternate attacking the Christian minority there also. The police forces of Ternate were only able to guard their own institutions from attack, yet the traditional guards of the Sultan of Ternate, mostly composed of local Ternate Muslims, were particularly effective at protecting the local Christian population from attack. The Sultan's guard had both established secure perimeters around areas of the city, including the mostly Chinese-owned business district, and physically stood between the mobs and possible victims in some cases and were later commended for preventing a potential massacre. At least 4 people died, however, and the Indonesian Navy later evacuated the several thousand Christian residents of both islands to Bitung and Manado in North Sulawesi.

On 6 November, a several-hundred strong Muslim gang, led by local Makianese political elite and thought to be mostly Makianese refugees, raged through Ternate attacking the Christian minority there also. The police forces of Ternate were only able to guard their own institutions from attack, yet the traditional guards of the Sultan of Ternate, mostly composed of local Ternate Muslims, were particularly effective at protecting the local Christian population from attack. The Sultan's guard had both established secure perimeters around areas of the city, including the mostly Chinese-owned business district, and physically stood between the mobs and possible victims in some cases and were later commended for preventing a potential massacre. At least 4 people died, however, and the Indonesian Navy later evacuated the several thousand Christian residents of both islands to Bintung and Manado in North Sulawesi.

Ardi Idrus (born 22 January 1993 in Ternate) is an Indonesian professional footballer who plays as a full-back for Liga 1 club Persib Bandung.

They are termed Binate, Ternate, or Quinate, growing two, three, or five together, according to the number of Folioles, of which the digitate Leaf consists.

Analysing the specimens present within the museum at Leiden, Bernstein made no less than nine separate trips from Ternate. Ternate was used as a base for rebuilding boats, writing letters (mostly to Hermann Schlegel) and sending specimens to Leiden. Schlegel was always urging Bernstein to keep ahead of Alfred Russel Wallace, who was also collecting at that time in the area. The rivalry was strong but gentlemanly.

The Japanese invaded the region during World War II, and Ternate became the center of the Japanese rule of the Pacific region. Following the Indonesia's independence, the region became a part of the province of Maluku. The province of North Maluku was officially established on 12 October 1999. Ternate served as its de facto capital until 2010, when the provincial government moved to Sofifi.

Leonard Andaya 1993, p. 132-7. After the death of Sultan Baabullah, the sultanate began to weaken. The Spanish, who had united with Portugal in 1580, tried to regain control of Maluku by attacking Ternate via the Iberian base in Tidore. With Spain strengthening its position in the Philippines, Ternate formed an alliance with local Muslim lords in Mindanao to drive off the Spanish, but failed.

Gamalama is a near-conical stratovolcano that comprises the entire Ternate island in Indonesia. The island lies off the western shore of Halmahera island in the north of the Maluku Islands. For centuries, Ternate was a center of Portuguese and Dutch forts for spice trade, which have accounted for thorough reports of Gamalama's volcanic activities. An eruption in 1775 caused the deaths of approximately 1300 people.

The first islands visited were the Aru Islands, followed by the nearby Kai Islands. The ship then crossed the Banda Sea touching at the Banda Islands, to reach Amboina (Ambon Island) in October 1874, and then continuing to Ternate Island. All these islands are now part of Indonesia. From Ternate, the route went north-westward towards the Philippines, passing east of Celebes (Sulawesi) into the Celebes Sea.

Distrust by Christians was mostly directed at Makianese and Ternate migrants in Tobelo, as was aired to a political delegation including the Sultan of Ternate and the interim governor sent to Tobelo on 7 December, however rumors of a "bloody Christmas" or "bloody Ramadan" to purge the opposing faith from Halmahera were spread through both communities and intensified the feeling that further violence was inevitable.

On 22 March, the crew became involved in the friction between Tidore and Ternate. Two Ternatan caracoasancient Austranesian boats used for war and trading were being chased by seven Tidore warboatsCorney (1855), p33. and hailed the Red Dragon for help. The lead boat contained the King of Ternate and three Dutch merchants who pleaded with Middleton to rescue the second vessel, which contained more Dutch.

In 1570 Captain Diogo Lopes de Mesquita (1566-1570) undertook an official reconciliation with the sultan, but the atmosphere was still tense.Willard A. Hanna & Des Alwi (1990) Turbulent times past in Ternate and Tidore. Banda Naira: Yayasan Warisan dan Budaya Banda Naira, p. 86-7. Apparently the Portuguese peace appeal was only for gaining time to consolidate their strength, waiting for the right moment to repay Ternate.

Sultan Hairun Jamilu (c. 1522 – 28 February 1570) was the 6th Muslim ruler of Ternate in Maluku, reigning from 1535 to 1570. During his long reign, he had a shifting relation to the Portuguese who had a stronghold in Ternate and tried to dominate the spice trade in the region. This ended with his assassination at the hands of a Portuguese soldier in 1570.

Since he was therefore expected to follow Iberian interests, the Manila authorities allowed him to return to Ternate in 1627.Leonard Andaya (1993) The world of Maluku. Honolulu: Hawai'i University Press, p. 158-9. At this time Ternate was an autonomous kingdom, but was bound by a contract with the VOC to follow Dutch commercial policy, and kept a number of Dutch garrisons on its territory.

The eastern terminus of the highway is at Carmona bridge in Carmona–Biñan boundary then it travels along Carmona, General Mariano Alvarez, Dasmariñas, General Trias, Trece Martires, southern Tanza, crosses Antero Soriano Highway in Naic and ends at the junction of Ternate–Nasugbu Road in Ternate. The highway is mostly concrete paved, while some other parts are currently being rehabilitated and being overlaid with asphalt.

This disturbed the peace that existed between the two communities in Ternate, Tidore, Galela and Tobelo, before spreading to the rest of the province. The issue got aggravated in spite of efforts by both groups for reconciliation. Several thousand Christians fled from Ternate and Central Halmahera and took shelter in Tobelo and it turned into a refugee camp. Muslims fled from Tobelo and Kao.

Like some other provinces during the Spanish era, the province adapted the name of its capital town [e.g., Bulacan, Bulacan; Tayabas, Tayabas (now Quezon province); Tarlac, Tarlac; Manila, Manila province ; Balayan, Balayan Province (now Batangas); Taal, Taal (now Batangas); and the present Batangas, Batangas]. San Roque was founded as a separate town also in 1614. At 1663, during the Spanish evacuation of Ternate, Indonesia, the 200 families of mixed Mexican-Filipino- Spanish and Papuan-Indonesian-Portuguese descent who had ruled over the Christianized Sultanate of Ternate and included their Sultan who converted, were relocated to Ternate, Cavite plus Ermita, Manila and San Roque, Cavite.

North Moluccan Malay (also known as Ternate Malay) is a Malay-based creole language spoken on Ternate, Tidore, Halmahera, and Sula Islands, North Maluku for intergroup communications. The local name of the language is Bahasa Pasar, and the name Ternate Malay is also used, after the main ethnic group speaking the language. Since North Moluccan Malay is used primarily for spoken communication, there is no standardized orthography. A large percentage of this language's lexicon has been borrowed from Ternatean, such as, ngana "you (sg.)", ngoni "you (pl.)", bifi "ant" and ciri "to fall", and its syntax and semantics have received heavy influence from the surrounding West Papuan languages.

Hemifusus ternatanus, common name ternate false fusus, is a species of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Melongenidae, the crown conches and their allies.

Due to historically being under the control of Ternate but being located in Papua, Fakfak is torn between being pro-Indonesian or supporting the Free Papua Movement.

Several cops were "assaulted, kicked, and stabbed with traffic lights" according to a policeman. Two places in Ternate saw peaceful protests. Roads were closed. Several were arrested.

The male members of his wife's family, the Dutch Van Gelders, were named Prince of Ternate in 2012, and tried to control the sultanate after Mudaffar's death.

In fact the new Spanish-Tidorese hegemony was of short duration. Already in 1607 a Dutch fleet appeared in North Maluku and made a treaty with the new Sultan of Ternate. A fort was constructed in Ternate so that the island was divided into a Spanish and a VOC-allied sphere. In 1613 the allies joined forces to invade Tidore in order to push out the Spanish, strengthened by Japanese mercenaries.

A view of Ternate occupied by the regiment in the early nineteenth century The regiment next took part in expedition to the Dutch East Indies seeing action at the capture of Amboyna in February 1796 and its recapture in February 1810, the capture of Ternate in April 1801 and its recapture in August 1810 and the capture of Banda in March 1796 and its recapture in August 1810.

Khairun University is an Indonesian public university in Ternate City, North Maluku. Named after a historical monarch of the Sultanate of Ternate, it was founded in 1964 initially as a partner of the Sam Ratulangi University in Manado. The university was nationalized in 2004, making it a state-operated institution. In 2016, the university claimed a student count of 1,120 with 115 teaching staff, over double of 550 in 2014.

There remained the São João Baptista fortress that was still under siege. For five years the Portuguese and their families suffered a hard life in the castle, cut off from the outside world. Sultan Babullah finally gave an ultimatum to leave Ternate within 24 hours. Those who were indigenous in Ternate were allowed to remain on condition that they become royal subjects.Willard A. Hanna & Des Alwi (1990), p. 92.

After the time of Sultan Babullah, no other leaders in Ternate and Maluku matched his caliber. In the face of new Spanish and Dutch advances in the early 17th century, the fabric of the Ternate polity proved too fragile to withstand colonial subordination. Sultan Babullah was succeeded by his only historically ascertained son Sultan Saidi Berkat (r. 1583-1606), although his brother Mandar Syah was considered to have more legitimate claims.

Tobelo people are divided into several sub-ethnic groups namely, Dodinga people, Boeng people, Kao people and so on. The total population of the people are about 85,000. The huge influence on the Tobelo people was rendered by the Ternate people, since in the 15th-19th century entered the Sultanate of Ternate. Tobelo people also dominated such small peoples of the interior of northern Halmahera as Pagu people, Tabaru people, etc.

Marhum was, according to late tradition, the eighteenth King or Kolano of Ternate in the Maluku Islands. He supposedly ruled between 1465 and 1486, being the first king to adopt Islam. His name merely means "The Late", "The Deceased", and he is probably the same person as King Gapi Baguna II, mentioned in several other chronicles and king lists. His son Zainal Abidin became the first Sultan of Ternate.

On July 7, 2019, an earthquake occurred in the Molucca Sea, 129 km west southwest of Kota Ternate The U.S. Geological Survey said the magnitude 6.9 quake was centered 133 kilometers (82.6 miles) southeast of Kota Ternate at a depth of 36.3 kilometers (22.6 miles). A graphic posted on Twitter by Indonesia's geophysics agency predicted waves of half a meter (1.6 feet) for parts of North Sulawesi and North Maluku.

Afconterfeytinghe van de stadt Tidore (Depiction of Tidore town), Dutch illustration from the 17th century showing Dutch and Spanish vessels in front of the royal settlement. A mosque, a Spanish church, and a small fortress are visible. The Spaniards launched a major attack on Ternate from their Philippines base in 1606. This was successful, the power of Ternate was curbed, and Tidore was allowed to take over certain Ternatan dependencies.

The Sultan's guard (1900-1920) Spanish forces captured the former Portuguese fort from the Ternatans in 1606, deporting the Ternate Sultan and his entourage to Manila in the Spanish Philippines. In 1607 the Dutch came back to Ternate, where with the help of Ternatans they built a fort in Malayo. The island was divided between the two powers: the Spaniards were allied with Tidore and the Dutch with their Ternaten allies.

Syllepte consimilalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Julius Lederer in 1863. It is found on Ambon Island and in Ternate in Indonesia.

Callidula erycinoides is a moth in the family Callidulidae. It was described by Felder in 1874. It is found on the Indonesia islands of Ternate, Halhamera and Bacan.

Allophylus cobbe, or titberry, is a plant bearing alternately and spirally arranged ternate leaves belonging to the family Sapindaceae. The edible fruit is three chambered like Sapindus trifoliatus.

Gorap is lexically 85% Malay, but has many Ternate words as well, and word order differs from both Austronesian and Halmahera languages. Children no longer acquire the language.

As the Portuguese battles in the Indian Ocean against Muslim powers raged on, Ternate became a site of interest especially for the Ottomans, who had gained much information about maritime Southeast Asia from the Sultanate of Aceh, and in fact Kurtoğlu Hızır Reis, the Ottoman Admiral, intended to reach both Java, Borneo and Ternate but was engaged in battle and was outnumbered against the Portuguese Fleet in Sumatra. Spanish and Dutch traders competing for control over the lucrative clove trade were caught up in the competition between Ternate and Tidore. The Dutch eventually became the ruling power although for a long time their influence was limited and the sultanates were in place almost continually until today. Spanish forces captured the former Portuguese fort from the Ternatese in 1606, deported the Ternate Sultan and his entourage to Manila, a city which the Spanish captured from the Sultanate of Brunei by siding with the subjugated Kingdom of Tondo, the state which Manila displaced when Brunei invaded Luzon.

Chapters 3 and 5 The Islamic Sultanate of Ternate sought the patronage of the Portuguese, offering a trading monopoly in return for military support against rival local kingdoms. In 1534, the first Catholic community was established in Halmahera, the result of an appeal to the Portuguese for protection from Halmahera against Ternatean incursions—protection offered on condition of converting to Christianity. Further evangelising resulted in many Ternate nobles converting to Christianity, while Francis Xavier, a Catholic missionary and co-founder of the Jesuit Order worked in Ternate, Moro and Ambon briefly in 1546 and also 1547. St Francis wrote that most of the population were 'pagan', and hated the local Muslims, resisting conversion to Islam.

The sultans of Ternate was in a continuously conflict with the nearby Sultanate of Tidore. At the end of the 15th century, the Ternatese has adopted Islam as their official religion, which was mainly influenced from the Javanese. The first Europeans to arrive in Ternate were the expedition team led by Francisco Serrão. Serrão had been shipwrecked near Ceram and was rescued by local inhabitants. Informed by the local Ternatese, the Sultan brought the survivors to Ternate in 1512 and gave permission to the Portuguese to build a fort. Construction of the fort began in 1522, however relationship between the Portuguese and the Sultan was difficult at the beginning of the treaty and deteriorated over time.

The Malay term mandulika, also meant "governor". The Merdicas (also spelled Mardicas or Mardikas), whose name comes from the same etymon, were also the Catholic native inhabitants of the islands of Ambon, Ternate, and Tidore of the Moluccas in modern-day Indonesia, converted during the Portuguese and Spanish occupation of the islands by Jesuit missionaries. Most were enslaved or expelled to Batavia (modern Jakarta) and Java when the Dutch Empire conquered Ambon in 1605. The remaining Catholic natives in Ternate and Tidore were resettled by the Spanish in the communities of Ternate and Tanza, Cavite, Manila in 1663 when the Spanish evacuated the islands under threat of invasion by the Dutch-allied Muslim sultanates.

Sultan Gapi Baguna (b. c. 1547-d. 29 April 1599), also known as Sirajul Arifin,F.S.A. de Clercq, (1890) Bijdragen tot de kennis der Residentie Ternate. Leiden: Brill, p.

Maarten Dirk was born in Ternate. His father was Dirk Maartens van Duivenbode. In 1825 he married Carolina Jacoba Weintré (1812–1836). They got three sons and one daughter.

Nyctemera swinhoei is a moth of the family Erebidae first described by Rob de Vos in 2002. It is found on the northern Moluccas (Bacan, Halmahera, Morotai, Obi, Ternate).

Though reputed to be a good and valiant warrior, the Sultan had to flee his kingdom in the end. The ever-scheming Hamza gave him sanctuary in Ternate, provided that he finally gave him his daughter in marriage.P.A. Tiele (1890), p. 283. The Dutch were discontented with the self-willed kingmaking activities of Hamza which might increase the powers of Ternate in a way detrimental to Company interests, but there was little they could do.

Sultan Mir, or Amiruddin Iskandar Dulkarna'in (b. c. 1511-d. 1550s) was the third Sultan of Tidore in Maluku Islands. He had a long and troubled reign from 1526 to the 1550s where he tried to counter the hegemonic ambitions of the Portuguese and their Ternate allies. The global rivalries between Spain and Portugal characterized the period, and the two Iberian powers indiscriminately involved the spice sultanates Tidore and Ternate in their power game.

Wallace travelled from 1854 to 1862 through the Malay Archipelago. From January 1858 on, he stayed three years on Ternate in a house owned by Van Duivenbode (spelled as "van Duivenboden") and used this house as base camp for expeditions to other Maluku Islands like Gilolo. Maarten Dirk van Duivenbode was the man Alfred Russel Wallace called "...Mr. Duivenboden, a native of Ternate, from an ancient Dutch family..."Wallace, Alfred Russel (1869).

His attempts to centralize his realm were apparently inspired by his Spanish background, since the policy of colonial rule in the Philippines was to exercise direct control over the territories. The resources of the Ternate center were nevertheless too limited and fragile to uphold the extensive realm efficiently. The solution was to ask for assistance from the VOC when needed, which tied Ternate closer to Dutch colonial governance.Leonard Andaya (1993), p. 162.

II, p. 20. An older kinsman, Hamza ruled as Sultan from 1627 to 1648 when he passed away without sons. Now the grandees of the kingdom wanted Manilha to be their new ruler, while Muslim clerics preferred Kalamata. However, the VOC, whose influence in the affairs of Ternate was on the rise, insisted that the youngest brother Tahubo should be installed since he had been raised under the supervision of the Dutch governors in Ternate.

They also gave limited assistance to Amiruddin to take control of Tidore Island on 12 April 1797, after surrounding the island with 79 of Amiruddin's ships and one British ship. Sultan Kamaluddin escaped to Ternate Island, and Amiruddin was unanimously elected as the new sultan of Tidore. In 1801, Amiruddin and the allied British freed Ternate from the Dutch. However, Britain withdrew from Maluku in 1803, leaving Amiruddin to fend for himself.

There was a state of low-intensive warfare between Tidore and Ternate and their respective European allies.Hubert Jacobs (1984) Documenta Malucensia, Vol. III. Rome: Jesuit Historical Institute, p. 2-6.

A new diplomatic foray in 1623 also failed. The Spanish nevertheless kept the Gamalama fortress in Ternate and several forts in Tidore until the 1660s.Leonard Andaya (1993), p. 154-6.

The expedition reached the islands with great difficulty, docking at Tidore. The conflict with the Portuguese established in nearby Ternate was inevitable, starting nearly a decade of skirmishes.Lach 1998, p. 1397.

Zulham Malik Zamrun (born February 19, 1988 in Ternate, Indonesia) is an Indonesian professional footballer who plays as a winger for Liga 1 club Persib Bandung and the Indonesia national team.

Hairun was the son of a former Sultan, Bayan Sirrullah (d. 1521) by a Javanese lady.C.F. van Fraassen (1987), Ternate, de Molukken en de Indonesische Archipel. Leiden: Rijksmuseum te Leiden, Vol.

They were under the care of 140 missionaries, of which 79 were Augustinians, nine Dominicans and 42 Franciscans.Retana, "Relacion de las Encomiendas existentes en Filipinas el dia 31 de 1.591" Archivo del Bibliófilo Filipino IV, p 39–112 During the Spanish evacuation of Ternate, Indonesia, the 200 families of mixed Mexican-Filipino-Spanish and Moluccan-Portuguese descent who had ruled over the briefly Christianized Sultanate of Ternate (They later reverted to Islam) and included their Sultan who converted to Christianity, were relocated to Ternate, Cavite and Ermita, Manila.Zamboangueño Chavacano: Philippine Spanish Creole or Filipinized Spanish Creole? By Tyron Judes D. Casumpang (Page 3) Maria Clara gown The fragmented and sparsely populated nature of the islands made it easy for Spanish colonialization.

Colonial interest in Bacan was primarily driven by the spice trade, which was flourishing in Ternate, Tidore, and Halmahera. The island of Bacan was not particularly sought-after for its own resources, but rather, to assist control of the more valuable islands nearby. The Dutch East India Company paid a stipend to the Bacan sultan as compensation for the destruction of Bacan's clove trees that was higher than the salary of the Dutch Governor on Ternate and about 1/9 of that paid to the Sultan of Ternate. It is thought that gold was washed on Bacan since at least 1774; in the mid-nineteenth century, 20 skilled Chinese gold workers were brought from west Borneo but a gold rush did not eventuate.

The Ternate squadron came first and escorted the Portuguese group to their ruler Bayan Sirrullah. This was the beginning of a Ternate- Portuguese strategic alliance that lasted with many twists and ruptures until 1570. Al-Mansur, in turn, received the Spanish Magellan expedition with open arms wen it appeared in late 1521. Magellan had been killed in the Philippines some months earlier and the expedition was headed by João Lopes de Carvalho and Juan Sebastián Elcano.

The Dutch and Ternatans invade Tidore in 1605, illustration from India Orientalis (1607). Sultan Saidi Berkat stands at the place marked 'O'. The Dutch, arch-rivals of the Spanish, showed up in Ternate in 1599 to partake in the clove trade. Three years later the Dutch East India Company was constituted, whose efficiency the Spanish could hardly match. An expedition equipped in the Spanish Philippines sailed down to Maluku in 1603 and tried to invest Ternate.

Sultan Babullah Airport is the main gateway to the city, serving several flights to other cities in Indonesia such as Jakarta, Makassar and Surabaya. It is served by Wings Air (Group Lion Air), Merpati Nusantara Airlines, Express Air of Trigana Air. The Ahmad Yani seaport is the main seaport of Ternate, which served different type of ships from different parts of the archipelago. Ships operated by Pelni connect Ternate with other cities such as Ambon and Manado.

Upon making landfall, they were ordered to construct a fortress on Ternate and to establish the Portuguese pre-eminence in the region. The initial fort was named by the Portuguese after Saint John the Baptist, on whose feast day the first stone was laid in 1522. It was completed in 1523. The location selected was on the south-west coast of Ternate, near the Sultan's Court, but 7 km from the island's main reef-free harbor at Talangame.

The Portuguese were the first Europeans to arrive in Indonesia. They sought to dominate the sources of valuable spices and to extend their Roman Catholic missionary efforts. Francis Xavier was the most well-known Portuguese missionary in the archipelago, the mission began in 1534 when some chiefs from Morotai came to Ternate asking to be baptised. He later returned to Moluccas and spent his time at Halmahera, Ternate and Amboina in 1546-1547, baptizing several thousand locals.

Determined to make one last show of defiance, Maxwell ordered the marines to wade towards the proas at low tide and open fire on them. This achieved no hits, but did persuade the Dayaks to move further offshore, and they departed entirely when the Ternate was spotted.Annual Biography and Obituary, 1832 Vol. XVI, p. 253 The following day the survivors embarked on board Ternate, Maxwell having lost not one man on either the shipwreck or the island.

Mount Binaiya (3027 m) on Seram is the highest mountain. A number of islands, such as Ternate (1721 m) and the TNS islands, are volcanoes emerging from the sea with villages sited around their coasts. There have been over 70 serious volcanic eruptions in the last 500 years and earthquakes are common. Ternate Island, as seen from Halmahera The geology of the Maluku Islands share much similar history, characteristics and processes with the neighbouring Nusa Tenggara region.

According to later historical traditions, the four kingdoms of North Maluku, Ternate, Tidore, Bacan, and Jailolo, had a common root. A story that arose after the introduction of Islam says that the common ancestor was an Arab, Jafar Sadik, who married a heavenly nymph (bidadari) and sired four sons, of whom Sahjati became the first kolano (ruler) of Tidore.C.F. van Fraassen (1987), Ternate, de Molukken en de Indonesische Archipel. Leiden: Rijksmuseum te Leiden, Vol. I, p. 16-8.

The mosque with its original thatched-roof in early 20th century. There are differing opinions about the founding time of the Sultan of Ternate Mosque. The current mosque building was probably built in early 17th-century, around 1606, by the ninth Sultan Hamzah. It is very likely that the current mosque building replaced an earlier mosque 16th-century mosque, since it has been known that the Sultanate of Ternate was powerful during the course of the 16th century.

In spite of the colonial background to his position, he was well regarded by the republican government of Sukarno after 1949. In 1952 he was appointed head (kepala) of the territory of North Maluku with his seat in Ternate. At the same time, the anti-feudal atmosphere in post-liberation Indonesia made the old kingdoms look increasingly anachronistic, and they were by and by replaced by modern bureaucratic functions.C.F. van Fraassen (1987) Ternate, de Molukken en de Indonesische Archipel.

Fort Tolukko is a small fortification on the east coast of Ternate facing Halmahera. It was one of the colonial forts built to control the trade in clove spices, which prior to the eighteenth century were only found in the Maluku Islands. It has been variously occupied by the Portuguese, the native Ternate Sultanate, the Dutch, the British and the Spanish. It was abandoned as a fort in 1864, renovated in 1996, and is now a tourist attraction.

Fort Tolukko is located in the village of Duga Duga on the edge of Ternate City on the island of Ternate, one of the Maluku Islands in modern Indonesia. It is a tall, stone built fort, sitting on a cape about above sea level. Fort Tolukko's unusual phallic layout is a function of the immediate topography. Its small narrow layout with two bulwarks is distinctively Portuguese, different with the Dutch built Fort Oranje and Fort Kalamata.

The phallic shape of Tolukko is more likely a function of the immediate topography than anything else. After the arrival of Islam and the decline of Majapahit influence, the government organisation of North Maluku changed to a Sultanate by the fifteenth century, when the first Europeans arrived. Ternate was one of the so-called Spice Islands. Until the 18th century, cloves grew only on a few islands in the Moluccas: Bacan, Makian, Moti, Ternate, and Tidore.

Delias zebuda is a butterfly in the family Pieridae. It was described by William Chapman Hewitson in 1862. It is found in the Australasian realm (Celebes, Ternate, Menado).Seitz, A., 1912-1927.

Batavia: Bruing, p. 67-8. The Spanish claimed that they saved the skins of the Dutch in Maluku by depriving the rebels in Ternate and Ambon of Tidorese support.Hubert Jacobs (1981), 332-3.

Ohilimia only occurs in rainforests of the northeastern Cape York Peninsula of Australia, New Guinea and the Moluccas islands Ternate and Kai. The current distribution seems to be due to past land bridges.

N405 then turns north as Caylabne Road, which connects Ternate to Caylabne Bay. Just meters past the terminus of N405, the Caylabne Bay Resort could be found at the end of this road.

The 2017 Liga 3 North Maluku is the third edition of Liga 3 North Maluku as a qualifying round for the national round of 2017 Liga 3. Persiter Ternate are the defending champions.

C.F. van Fraassen (1987) Ternate, de Molukken en de Indonesische Archipel. Leiden: Rijksmuseum te Leiden, Vol. I, p. 47. As Babullah passed away in July 1583, Saidi succeeded him, though not without controversy.

The new Sultan was nevertheless dissatisfied with the spice monopoly that the Company had imposed on his father, which led to a shortage of money for the Ternate court.Leonard Andaya (1993), p. 178.

In the rest of the East Indies, once-powerful indigenous states such as Mataram, Ternate, Banten and Makassar lost their autonomy or became heavily dependent on the VOC in the late seventeenth century.

The 2018 Liga 3 North Maluku is the fourth edition of Liga 3 North Maluku as a qualifying round for the national round of 2018 Liga 3. Persiter Ternate are the defending champions.

At length, however, the VOC, which was a Dutch creation to control the commerce of the East Indies, succeeded in pacifying Ternate and Tidore. In its heyday, the VOC pursued an orderly, neat and controlling strategy, helped by a strong and flexible organization. Both Ternate and Tidore agreed to extirpate all clove trees in their realms in the 1650s, ensuring Dutch monopoly on clove cultivation. Because of the colonial policy, Maluku became an economic backwater after the mid-17th century.

The first European to land in the Moluccas was supposedly Ludovico di Varthema, an Italian explorer who claims to have visited the region in 1505. In 1512, the Portuguese set foot in Ternate for the first time under the leadership of Francisco Serrão. With the approval of Sultan Bayan Sirrullah, Portugal was allowed to establish a trading post in Ternate. Portugal came not only to share the trading opportunities, but to control the commerce in spices, nutmeg and cloves, in Maluku.

Chavacano or Chabacano is a Spanish-based creole language spoken in the Philippines. The word ' is derived from Spanish, meaning "poor taste", "vulgar", for the Chavacano language, developed in Cavite City, Ternate, Zamboanga and Ermita. It is also derived from the word chavano, coined by the Zamboangueño people. Six different dialects have developed: Zamboangueño in Zamboanga City, Davaoeño Zamboangueño / Castellano Abakay in Davao City, Ternateño in Ternate, Cavite, Caviteño in Cavite City, Cotabateño in Cotabato City and Ermiteño in Ermita.

Dutch galleon, West of the island of Ternate. The Sultanate of Gowa of the mid-17th century had galle' (or galé) 40 m long and 6 m breadth, carrying 200–400 men. Other galle' of the kingdom varied between 23–35 m in length. Those ships were used by Gowa's king to perform inter- island sea voyages and trades in Nusantara, either in the western (Malacca, Riau, Mempawah, Kalimantan) or in the eastern (Banda, Timor, Flores, Bima, Ternate, and North Australia) areas.

Banda Naira: Yayasan Warisan dan Budaya Banda Naira, p. 151. He also asked for the daughter of the Tidorese crown prince Ngarolamo in marriage, but this was opposed by his kinsman Kapita Laut Ali, who wanted her for himself. Kapita Laut Ali was the Ternatan sea lord and was remembered by historical tradition as a forceful figure who maintained the wide influence of the Ternate kingdom.Naïdah (1878) "Geschiednis van Ternate", Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, 4:II, p. 450-7.

Some months after Hamza's return, the current Sultan Mudafar Syah I passed away. Map of Maluku in 1638. Although there were other candidates for the throne, the Ternatan state council chose to appoint Hamza as new Sultan of Ternate, the more as he reverted to Islam on his return. The Dutch, who were not consulted on the matter, feared that the choice of ruler might strengthen the Spanish who occupied a number of forts on Ternate and its neighbor Tidore since 1606.

He certainly worked to strengthen the center of the kingdom by forced migrations. Christians from Moro Halmahera were forced to settle in Malayu on Ternate Island, and people from Loloda were moved to Jailolo, opposite Ternate. He also strengthened his position at the cost of the Jogugu (first minister) and the Kapita Laut Ali, who was sent on an expedition to reaffirm Ternate's power in Sulawesi and Buton, and died en route in 1632 or 1633.C.F. van Fraassen (1987), Vol.

Sultan Mandar Syah (b. c. 1625-d. 3 January 1675) was the 11th Sultan of Ternate who reigned from 1648 to 1675. Like his predecessors he was heavily dependent on the Dutch East India Company (VOC), and was forced to comply to Dutch demands to extirpate spice trees in his domains, ensuring Dutch monopoly of the profitable spice trade. On the other hand, the Ternate-VOC alliance led to a large increase of Ternatan territory in the war with Makassar in 1667.

Sultan Sibori Amsterdam (b. c. 1654-d. 27 April 1690) was the twelfth Sultan of Ternate in the Maluku Islands who reigned from 1675 to 1690. He participated in the last outburst of armed resistance against the Dutch East India Company (VOC) in 1679–1681, but was eventually forced to sign a new treaty that reduced Ternate to a mere vassal of the Company. In that way he was the last formally independent Sultan before the onset of early-modern Dutch colonialism.

Prior to the arrival of the Europeans, the Gorontalo kingdoms were under the influence of the Ternate Sultanate. Gorontalo came under the administrative region of the Dutch East India Company with the formation of Gorontalo Regency as a result of a treaty between Governor Ternate Robertus Patbrugge and the Gorontalo king. During the Dutch East Indies period, Gorontaloan people began to emigrate out of Gorontalo region in the 18th century; to other regions such as Ternate, Ambon Island, Buol Island, Banggai Island and Minahasa Regency, in order to avoid the forced labor system that was enforced by the Dutch East Indies government in Gorontalo at that time. There were military-political alliance, which by the end of the 19th century they were fully colonized by the Dutch East Indies.

A lot of trade goods passed via Ternate: iron utensils from Banggai, parrots from Morotai, white parrots from Ceram, gold from other islands. Textiles from India were in demand.Tomé Pires (1944), p. 214-6.

London: Hakluyt Society, p. 127-8. He was succeeded by his young son Boheyat, but the Portuguese grip over Ternate was soon to cause resentment and conflicts.C.F. van Fraassen (1987), Vol. I, p. 38.

Dayal was the son of Sultan Bayan Sirrullah. His mother was a daughter of Sultan al-Mansur of Tidore.C.F. van Fraassen (1987) Ternate, de Molukken en de Indonesische Archipel. Leiden: Rijksmuseum te Leiden, Vol.

There is no evidence of the adoption of Islam by Indonesians before the 16th century in areas outside of Java, Sumatra, the sultanates of Ternate and Tidore in Maluku, and Brunei and the Malay Peninsula.

The Halmahera rain forests is a tropical moist forest ecoregion in Indonesia. The ecoregion includes the island of Halmahera and neighboring islands, including Bacan, Morotai, the Obi Islands, Ternate, Tidore, Gebe, and many smaller islands.

With the help of a sympathetic Japanese named Yamanishi, Mononutu fled to the island of Ternate (the northern part of the Maluku Islands) and remained there until the end of the occupation.Nalenan (1981), p. 120.

Weber's sailfin lizard (Hydrosaurus weberi), is an agamid lizard found in Indonesia. Specifically, it is endemic to Halmahera and Ternate Islands of Maluku.The Reptile Database.czZipcodezoo.com It has a life-span of between 10–15 years.Exoticpetia.

Map of Maluku in 1638. After his accession to the throne Ngarolamo quickly lost support from part of the Tidorese elite, as well as from the Spanish who by this time kept military posts in Tidore and southern Ternate. In 1634 Sultan Hamza of Ternate used the situation to assist his protegé Gorontalo, whose uncle (oom) he was, in launching a coup. Coming over to Tidore, the prince was accepted as the new Sultan by many Tidorese, as well as by the Spanish Captain Pedro de Heredia.

Malukan chronicles say that Babullah's mother's sister, a Bacan princess, married a Tidore ruler.W.P. Coolhaas (1923) "Kronijk van het rijk Batjan", Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 63.; Naïdah (1878) "Geschiedenis van Ternate", Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 4:II, p. 441. According to the Jesuit historian Daniello Bartoli the Sultan of Ternate treacherously murdered his Tidore counterpart in about 1560.P.A. Tiele (1879-1887) "De Europëers in den Maleischen Archipel", Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 25-36, Part IV:1, p.

In the 18th century Ternate was the site of a VOC governorship, which attempted to control all trade in the northern Moluccas. By the 19th century, the spice trade had declined substantially. Hence the region was less central to the Netherlands colonial state, but the Dutch maintained a presence in the region in order to prevent another colonial power from occupying it. After the VOC was nationalised by the Dutch government in 1800, Ternate became part of the Government of the Moluccas (Gouvernement der Molukken).

Summit of Gamalama view from Dodoku Ali Ternate lies in a very active seismic region where active volcanic activity and frequent earthquakes are common. Ternate belongs to a group of islands that make up the Ring of Fire, known as the Circum-Pacific Belt. Around 90% of the world's earthquakes and seismic activity occur in this arc in the base of the Pacific Ocean. The region consists almost entirely of an uninterrupted chain of volcanic arcs and oceanic trenches, and experiences continual plate movement.

Built by the Portuguese in 1522, it is also referred to in different languages as São João Baptista de Ternate or Fortaleza de Ternate (Portuguese), Ciudad del Rosario (Spanish) or Gammalamma (Ternatean and Dutch). Today it is locally known as Kastella/Kastela. In April 1521, a fleet was dispatched by King Manuel I of Portugal from Lisbon under the command of Jorge de Brito. The fleet was given orders to intercept the Spanish fleet of Ferdinand Magellan while sailing towards the Spice Islands from the Americas.

Location of the Alor Archipelago Pantar, one of the islands Kangge, one of the smallest islands in the archipelago The Alor Archipelago is located at the eastern Lesser Sunda Islands. Alor is the largest island in the archipelago which is located at its eastern end. Other islands in the archipelago include Pantar, Kepa, Buaya, Ternate (Alor) (not to be confused with Ternate, North Moluccas), Pura and Tereweng. Administratively, the Alor archipelago forms its own regency (Indonesian: kabupaten) within the province of East Nusa Tenggara.

Islam came to Maluku in the late 15th century via Java, with the strongest impact was felt in the spice islands of Ternate and Tidore. Features in the oldest mosque in the islands, such as the Sultan's Mosque of Ternate, imitate feature in the oldest Javanese mosques. However, mosques in Maluku lack a peristyle, terrace, courtyard and gate, but retain the multi-tiered roof and centralized ground plan of Javanese mosques. The region of Papua contains few significant mosques, as the region is largely Christian.

Francisco Serrão's letters to Ferdinand Magellan, carried to Portugal via Portuguese Malacca and describing the 'Spice Islands', helped Magellan persuade the King of Spain to finance his circumnavigation.Hannard (1991), page 8 Before they met each other, Serrão mysteriously died in Ternate at almost the same time Magellan was killed in the Philippines (in Mactan Island, Cebu). One theory suggests Serrão died of poison administered by the Sultan of Ternate. His family ties with João Serrão remain unclear in the historiography of Portuguese expeditions to Southeast Asia.

Sibori Amsterdam was born around 1654 as the eldest son of Sultan Mandar Syah and his consort Lawa.C.F. van Fraassen (1987) Ternate, de Molukken en de Indonesische Archipel. Leiden: Rijksmuseum te Leiden, Vol. II, p. 22.

Hence the region was less central to the Netherlands colonial state, but the Dutch maintained a presence in the region to prevent another colonial power from occupying it. After the VOC was nationalised by the Dutch government in 1800, Ternate became part of the Government of the Moluccas (Gouvernement der Molukken). Ternate was seized and occupied by British forces in 1810 before being returned to Dutch control in 1817. In 1824 it became the capital of a residency (administrative region) covering Halmahera, the entire west coast of New Guinea, and the central east coast of Sulawesi. By 1867 all of Dutch- occupied New Guinea had been added to the residency, but then its region was gradually transferred to Ambon (Amboina) before being dissolved into that residency in 1922.Fraassen, Christiaan van (1987) Ternate, de Molukken en de Indonesische Archipel, Vol.

With Saidi's consent, a Dutch token force was henceforth kept in Ternate.Willard A. Hanna & Des Alwi (1990), p. 125-9. The VOC-Ternate forces take the Portuguese fort in Tidore in 1605, illustration from India Orientalis (1607).

This is a list of rulers of Maluku from proto-historical times until the present. The four sultanates of Ternate, Tidore, Jailolo and Bacan were considered descendants of a legendary figure called Jafar Sadik and formed a ritual quadripartition. Drawing wealth from the spice production and trade with other parts of Asia, Ternate and Tidore lorded over extensive realms which stretched from Sulawesi to Papua, while Jailolo and Bacan merely had local significance. They fell under Portuguese or Spanish influence in the sixteenth century, superseded by Dutch impact in the seventeenth century.

He is one of the first Indonesian rulers of whom a painted portrait is preserved (at the Czartoryski Museum, Krakow), where signs of the sickness can be seen. He was pushed to install his son Kaicili Seram (Hamza Faharuddin) as formal ruler though he continued to handle the important issues.Leonard Andaya (1993), p. 173. Seram married a daughter of Mandar Syah of Ternate who had previously been the wife of the Jailolo heir Kaicili Alam, thus seemingly binding the two kingdoms; however the princess soon returned to Ternate.

In a letter from 1608, Sultan Saidi Berkat of Ternate claimed that his grandaunt, Hairun's sister, was married in Tidore, presumably with Mir; she gave birth to the Tidore Sultan who ruled around 1570, by implication Gapi Baguna.Francisco Colin & Pablo Pastells (1900) Labor evangelica, ministerios apostolicos de los obreros de la Compañia de Iesvs, fvndacion, y progressos de su provincia en las islas Filipinas, Vol. III. Barcelona: Henrich y Compañia, p. 54. Portuguese texts mention a few children of Mir: a daughter who married Hairun of Ternate around 1540,Hubert Jacobs (1971), p. 305-7.

In spite of the perennial rivalry with Ternate, relations were not entirely severed, as the two Sultanates stood in a dualistic relation sealed by marriages. Gapi Baguna had a role in promoting the succession of Saidi Berkat as Sultan of Ternate in 1583. He was betrothed to a Ternatan princess, sister of Sultan Saidi Berkat, who feared that Tidore would otherwise support his uncle Mandar Syah who had claims to the Ternatan throne. As it was, the lady was abducted by Mandar Syah before the marriage had taken place.

The inconclusive results of the invasions made for an uneasy balance between Tidore and Ternate and their respective European allies that lasted for several decades. The VOC constantly admonished the Ternatan allies to keep pressure on the Tidorese and was keen to prevent attempts by the two spice Sultanates to make peace.P.A. Tiele (1886), p. 350. In that way the traditional rivalry between Tidore and Ternate became a war by proxy where the two were treated as pawns in a global game for power.Leonard Andaya (1993), p. 156.

In addition the indigenous tribes or kingdoms that had supported the Portuguese had been virtually been cornered. Print showing Francis Drake in Ternate meeting the Sultan, Babullah in 1579 In early November 1579 having passed Siau Island Drake encountered two fishing canoes who were able to guide the Golden Hinde through the islands. They led him to the island of Ternate - its volcanic peak Gamalama dominating the skyline. There Drake was able to dock and the crew were warmly welcomed by Sultan Babullah in a ceremonious courtesy in an old Portuguese castle.

The Portuguese turned east to Maluku. Through both military conquest and alliance with local rulers, they established trading posts, forts, and missions in eastern Indonesia including the islands of Ternate, Ambon, and Solor. Following defeat in 1575 at Ternate at the hands of natives, Portuguese lost much of its trading posts and its former East Indies possessions to Dutch, and its presence in Indonesia was reduced to Solor, Flores and Timor (see Portuguese Timor) in modern-day Nusa Tenggara. After the independence of Indonesia, the two countries officially opened diplomatic relations in 1950.

The Spanish set up Manila as a Captaincy-General under the Mexico-based Viceroyalty of New Spain and Spanish Ternate in turn was ruled under the Governor-General based in Manila. In 1607 the Dutch came back in Ternate where with the help of Ternateans built a fort in Malayo. The Spaniards occupied the southern part of the island where they had their main settlement the town of Ciudad del Rosario. The island was divided between the two powers: the Spaniards were allied with Tidore and the Dutch with their Ternaten allies.

With a crew of 120 Portuguese and 60 slaves they were guided by Malay pilots, recruited to guide them through Java, the Lesser Sunda Islands and Ambon Island to the Banda Islands, where they arrived in early 1512.Hannard (1991), page 7 They remained there for about a month, buying and filling their ships with nutmeg and cloves. Abreu then sailed to Amboina whilst his deputy commander Serrão stepped forward to the Moluccas but sank, ending in Ternate. Occupied with fighting elsewhere in the archipelago, such as Ambon and Ternate, he returned only in 1529.

In 1660 an agreement was agreed between the Sultanate of Tidore and the Sultanate of Ternate under the supervision of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) which stated that all of New Guinea was in the territory of the Tidore Sultanate. This agreement shows that at first the Dutch Government actually recognized Papua as part of the population in the archipelago. In the end, the Dutch effectively dissolved both the sultanate of Ternate and Tidore and incorporated them into the Dutch East Indies. Dutch colonial rule lasted for three centuries.

In Ternate Malay, words do not align its forms with its grammatical roles; therefore, the functions of words are often determined by linguistic context and non- linguistic situation. In this case, possessions are often used as a tool to determine the borders of constituents for the sake of successful interpretation of word meanings and functions. Generally, words in Ternate Malay are often constructed in head-initial structure, except from the two possessive constructions – Y pe X constructions and YX constructions, where words are constructed in head-final structure.

A total of are located within the Mounts Palay-Palay–Mataas-na- Gulod Protected Landscape, a protected area in Ternate and Maragondon created by Proclamation Number 1594 on October 26, 1976. The park lies at the border of Cavite and Batangas and encompasses three peaks, Palay-Palay, Pico de Loro and Mataas na Gulod. The five (5) unclassified forests are found along Tagaytay Ridge, Maragondon, Magallanes, Ternate and Alfonso. The other mountain peaks in the province are Mt. Buntis, Mt. Nagpatong, Mt. Hulog and Mt. Gonzales (Mt. Sungay).

Portuguese seafarers from Melaka had appeared in the waters of eastern Indonesia since 1512. The trade in spices and forest products made it vital for the early colonizers to secure bases in the Maluku Islands (Moluccas) and control the enormously lucrative commerce. A fort was built on Ternate in 1522–1523 with the approval of the local Sultan, who hoped for military assistance to expand his own power. At the time Ternate was the most powerful of the four sultanates of North Maluku, the other being Tidore, Bacan and Jailolo.

The Spaniards tried to strike back against the VOC alliance using their traditional friends (and rivals of Ternate), the Tidorese. In spite of initial successes against the Ternatan vassal Jailolo in 1608, the efforts could not be sustained, however, since the Tidorese feared Dutch retaliation. The Governor of the Philippines, Juan de Silva, brought Mudafar's exiled father Saidi with him on an expedition in 1611, trying to reconcile with the Ternatans. As this failed, the Spanish fleet attacked and captured a few sites in Halmahera, though they soon reverted to Ternate and the VOC.

Hamza also intervened in the affairs of Ternate's traditional rival, Tidore, which was still allied to Spain. Sultan Ngarolamo of Tidore was deposed in 1634 with Ternatan support and replaced with his cousin Sultan Gorontalo, who had lived in Ternate as Hamza's protegé. The VOC was not happy about Hamza's activism, since it was apparently just a way to increase royal Ternatan influence in the region, which could be detrimental to Dutch interests. Hamza allowed the deposed monarch to stay in Ternate, where his daughter was married to Hamza.

Several texts, such as Rijali's Hikayat Tanah Hitu (written before 1657 and later adjusted in c. 1700), Hikayat Ternate, and Naïdah's chronicle, state that Gapi Baguna II was the actual father of Sultan Zainal Abidin, although Valentijn makes him the father of Marhum. This Gapi Baguna is sometimes said to have followed his son Zainal Abidin on a journey to Java to learn more about Islam, but to have died on the return journey.Naïdah (1878) "Geschiedenis van Ternate", Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, 4:II, p. 440-1.

The Sultan of Ternate Mosque in late 19th-century The Sultan of Ternate Mosque adopts a unique tradition. Only men are allowed to enter the mosque, women are not allowed in order to maintain the sanctity of the mosque. Another rule is the prohibition of wearing sarong inside the mosque; wearing trousers and a headscarf or cap are obligatory. There are several rituals unique to this mosque; one of the ritual is the qunut ritual on the 16th night of Ramadan, known as the Malam Qunut ("qunut night").

One of the famous missionaries was Francis Xavier. Arrived in Ambon on February 14, 1546, then traveled to Ternate, arriving in 1547, and tirelessly visited islands in the Maluku Islands to spread Catholicism. The relationship between the Portuguese and Ternatean broke down in 1570, resulting of a war with Sultan Babullah that lasted for 5 years (1570–1575), causing the Portuguese to be expelled from Ternate and were driven to Tidore and Ambon. The resistance of the Moluccas to the Portuguese was used by the Dutch to set foot in Maluku.

This was formalised in a treaty which obliged the Ternatese to sell the spices as cheaply as possible to the Portuguese. In 1533, the Ternatese, led by Dajalo, tried to capture the Portuguese forts, but failed. António Galvão managed to calm the situation and maintain peace in Ternate, enabling the Portuguese to maintain their monopoly over the spice trade in the Maluku Islands. Their position was strengthened by a new treaty made in 1570 between Governor of the Moluccas, Lopez de Mesquita, and the Sultan of Ternate, Khairun Jamil.

The siege was a complete failure, and the Spanish accused Sultan Mole of betraying his allies.Willard A. Hanna & Des Alwi (1990) Turbulent times past in Ternate and Tidore. Banda Naira: Yayasan Warisan dan Budaya Banda Naira, p. 126.

The letters show sign of non-native usage; the Ternateans used (and still use) the unrelated Ternate language, a West Papuan language, as their first language. Malay was used solely as a lingua franca for inter-ethnic communications.

Cavite's forest provides an abundance of different forest products. Bamboo, a member of the grass family, is one of the most available forest products found in the municipalities of Ternate, Magallanes, Maragondon and General Aguinaldo throughout the year.

The blue-eyed cuscus (Phalanger matabiru) is a species of marsupial in the family Phalangeridae. It is endemic to the two small islands of Ternate and Tidore, west of the island of Halmahera in North Maluku province, Indonesia.

I. Amstedam: Onder de Linden, p. 140. It was his son and successor Zainal Abidin who began to introduce certain Islamic institutions, at least among the elite of the kingdom, and to expand the political network of Ternate.

', officially the ' (, ), is a in the province of , . According to the , it has a population of people. Formerly known as Bahra, the municipality is named after Ternate island of Indonesia where migrants from then Dutch East Indies originated.

Gamal started his football career for Persiter Ternate when still a student in 2005. Gamal helped bring his team to the third place Liga Indonesia First Division in 2005, once led the team promotion to the First Division.

In his testament he named the King of Portugal as the heir to the Ternate kingdom.Georg Schurhammer (1980) Francis Xavier: His Life, his times - vol. 3: Indonesia and India, 1545-1549. Rome: The Jesuits Historical Institute, p. 39-40.

Mole Majimun (d. 1627) was the seventh Sultan of Tidore in Maluku Islands, who reigned from 1599 to 1627. He was also known as Sultan Jumaldin or Kaicili Mole.F.S.A. de Clercq (1890) Bijdragen tot de kennis der Residentie Ternate.

Slotten p. 144. From 1858 to 1861, he rented a house on Ternate from the Dutchman Maarten Dirk van Renesse van Duivenbode, which he used as a base for expeditions to other islands such as Gilolo.Heij, dr. C.J., 2011.

At the beginning of January 1607 he reached Ternate, part of the Spice Islands. He sailed on 1 May for Manila arriving on 22 May. The expedition proved that New Guinea was not part of the sought-after continent.

London, p. 97-102. Mole Majimu (r. 1599-1627) and his son and successor Ngarolamo (r. 1627-1634) held on to the old alliance with the Spanish, while Ternate was closely dependent on the Dutch East India Company or VOC.

He went first to Ambon Island, where he stayed until mid-June. He then visited other Maluku Islands, including Ternate, Baranura, and Morotai. Shortly after Easter 1547, he returned to Ambon Island; a few months later he returned to Malacca.

Duivenbode's riflebird is a bird in the family Paradisaeidae that is a presumed intergeneric hybrid between a magnificent riflebird and lesser lophorina. The common name commemorates Maarten Dirk van Renesse van Duivenbode (1804-1878), Dutch trader of naturalia on Ternate.

Crocodile- infested crater Tolire Lake lies in the northwest and is bordered by sheer cliffs. Ternate beaches include Sulamadaha (on the northern tip), Afetaduma and Jouburiki in the west, and the beach at the village of Kastela in the southeast.

In 1656, Sultan Kudarat declared a jihad against the Spanish colonialist. His Sultanate was felt as far as Ternate in Indonesia and Borneo, and in fact, its power reached the shores of Bohol, Cebu, Panay, Mindoro and Manila in north.

Saddam Hi Tenang, sometimes written as Saddam Tenang (born 2 February 1994, in Ternate), is an Indonesian professional footballer who plays as a defender for Liga 2 club Babel United. Previously, he played for several Indonesian first- tier league clubs.

The Malay Archipelago. Harper Mr Duivenbode served the Dutch Trade Company (Nederlandse Handelmaatschappij) as a merchant. He was the owner of many ships, plantations and the whole district of Doalasi. Because of his wealth he was nicknamed the "King of Ternate".

It was originally described by Alexander von Gilli in 1973 to accommodate a single specimen of a suffruticose pyrophyte with ternate leaves. The type species was Multidentia verticillata - named after its verticillate leaves - but has been made synonym with Multidentia concrescens.

A. podagraria is perennial, growing to a height of with rhizomes. The stems are erect, hollow, and grooved. The upper leaves are ternate, broad and toothed. Numerous flowers are grouped together in an umbrella-shaped flowerhead known as a compound umbel.

Its capital used to be Ternate, on a small island to the west of the large island of Halmahera, but has been moved to Sofifi on Halmahera itself. The capital of the remaining part of Maluku province remains at Ambon.

The Karo Batak of North Sumatra, call it jongkit. People in Ternate, Maluku, call it suje, while the Buginese in South Sulawesi call it subbi’ and arekare’ and the Iban Dayak in West Kalimantan and Sarawak call it pilih or pileh.

This stage scheduled starts on 9 July 2017 and finish 27 July 2017. The winner of group stage will represent North Maluku region in national round of 2017 Liga 3. All matches will be held in Gelora Kie Raha Stadium, Ternate.

Boheyat, or Abu Hayat, was born to Sultan Bayan Sirrullah and his main consort, a daughter of Sultan al-Mansur of Tidore.C.F. van Fraassen (1987) Ternate, de Molukken en de Indonesische Archipel. Leiden: Rijksmuseum te Leiden, Vol. II, p. 14.

Dayal (born c. 1515-died 1536) was the fourth Sultan of Ternate in Maluku. He had a short and largely nominal reign between 1529 and 1533, and later tried to create an anti-Portuguese alliance among the kings in North Maluku.

They joined local rebels and Malay raiders to fight the Spaniards, but were eventually expelled in 1596.Willard A. Hanna & Des Alwi (1990) Turbulent times past in Ternate and Tidore. Banda Naira: Yayasan Warisan dan Budaya Banda Naira, p. 114-6.

Hamza was the third son of Kaicili (prince) Tolu (d. c. 1590), himself a son of sultan Hairun (r. 1535-1570). His brothers were Hafsin, Naya and Kapita Laut Ali.C.F. van Fraassen (1987) Ternate, de Molukken en de Indonesische Archipel.

At the recall, Lieutenant Dobbie returned to Centurion; By 26 February 1803 Dobbie was acting commander of the EIC's brig Ternate and about to attack pirates at "Baite Island" off the coast of Gujarat. Admiral Rainier was sold in September 1803.

With the coming of a VOC-friendly Sultan, the Dutch found the time ripe to arrange a treaty between the three North Malukan Sultanates, Tidore, Ternate and Bacan in 1660. In theory, this ended the centuries-long rivalry between Tidore and Ternate, though it would soon reappear. In the treaty the vassals of the Sultans were laid down. Under Tidore were places at or adjacent to Halmahera, namely Toniu, Kayassa, Yodi, Sasi, Maidi, Waunua, Goroa, Toia, Weda, Maba, Saffora, and Morotai, as well as the lands of the Papuans, "or all their islands".A. Haga (1884) Nederlandsch Nieuw Guinea en de Papoesche eilanden.

Paramita R. Abdurrachman (1988), p. 588. In the next year already, Freitas took over ruling powers from her, and she and her spouse stayed in the house of Baltasar Veloso who had married a Ternate princess. Though she was reputed to be a greater expert on the Qur'an than anyone else in Maluku, her years in Goa had made her susceptible to Christianity. During the stay of the renowned missionary Francis Xavier in Ternate in 1546, she took baptism and adopted the new name Dona Isabel - in fact the only personal name under which she is known.

The news of the Iberian Union between Spain and Portugal were received in Maluku in 1582, to the consternation of Babullah, who again vainly tried to ally with Gapi Baguna against the Europeans. The recent Spanish conquest of the Philippines made for a far more acute threat against Ternate and, conversely, opportunities for protection for Tidore. However, an Iberian attempt to invade Ternate from the Tidore base in the same year failed completely. After Babullah's death a few more Spanish expeditions were launched in 1584 and 1585 but they likewise miscarried.P.A. Tiele (1877-1887), Part V:3, p. 179-84.

During the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, Morotai was generally within the sphere of influence of the powerful sultanate on the island of Ternate. It was the core of a larger region, called Moro, that included the island and the coastline of Halmahera closest to Morotai to the south. In the mid-sixteenth century, the island was also the site of a Portuguese Jesuit mission. The Muslim states on Ternate and Halmahera resented the outpost for its proselytising activities, and managed to drive the mission from the island in 1571, as a part of a larger Portuguese retreat in the region.

In the mid-16th century, the areas of present-day Manila were part of larger thalassocracies governed by Muslim Rajahs. Rajah Sulayman and Rajah Matanda ruled the Muslim communities south of the Pasig River, and Lakan Dula ruled the Kingdom of Tondo, the Hindu-Buddhist community north of the river. The two Muslim communities of Sulayman and Matanda were unified into the Kingdom of Maynila. Both city-states were officially Malay-speaking and held diplomatic ties with the Bolkiah dynasty of Brunei and the sultanates of Sulu and Ternate (not to be confused with Ternate, Cavite).

In the days following the Ternate riots, Muslim provocateurs are alleged to have directed attacks against Christian civilians in the sub-districts of Payahe and West Gane, both home to significant populations of Makianese. There were Christian casualties in Lola village, including the death of a pastor. Several thousand residents were displaced to Tobelo in northern Halmahera. The targeting of churches for destruction and rumors that a number of children were killed by the Makianese fighters, along with descriptions of the security forces' inability to protect local Christians in Tidore and Ternate, prompted Halmahera residents to construct homemade weapons to defend themselves.

Today, much transportation to the rest of Indonesia is through connections on the provincial capital, Ternate island although Tobelo, the largest town on Halmahera, also has direct ferry and cargo sea links to Surabaya and Manado. Particularly since the inauguration of the first ever directly elected Bupati (Regent or District Head), Tobelo is undergoing rapid development and is aiming at rivaling Ternate's historical dominance. As it is surrounded by flat land, Tobelo has the potential for expansion. Ternate is limited by its size, being a small island which can be driven around in forty-five minutes.

António Galvão was the son of Duarte Galvão, who was chief diplomat and chronicler to King Afonso V of Portugal. In 1527, António Galvão sailed for Portuguese India where he became captain of Maluku and governor of the fort of Ternate from 1536 to 1540. He is described in Chapter II of the Fifth "Decade of Asia" as a respected governor, having sent a mission to Papua and received local embassies. He funded a seminar in Ternate, where he spent 12,000 cruzados from the inheritance he had received from his father, and was known for his integrity.

Middleton ordered the ship to slow and find out what was going on; they found that the galley contained the King of Ternate and three Dutch merchants. The Dutch pleaded with Middleton to rescue the second vessel, which contained more of their kinsmen who would be killed by the chasing Tidore. Red Dragon fired at the Tidore galleys, but they maintained their course, and once within range, fired their own weapons at the trailing Ternate galley. They then boarded the vessel, killing all but three of the crew, those three having abandoned the vessel and swam to Red Dragon.

At that time the Catholic church was not yet established in the region, with Hinduism and Buddhism being the religions of the majority of the population. In the 16th century, the Portuguese sailed east to Asia and eventually captured Malacca in 1511. They came for the spice but Catholic missionaries soon arrived in the region, most notably Francis Xavier who worked in Ambon, Ternate and Morotai (Halmahera) in 1546–1547. Dominican missionaries also converted many in Solor. With the expulsion of Portugal from Ternate in 1574, many Catholics in the northern Moluccas were killed or converted to Islam.

The flourishing of trade in the Bohol "kingdom" is owed to its strategic location along the busy trading channels of Cebu and Butuan. For other countries such as Ternate to gain access to the busy trade ports of the Visayas, they need to first forge diplomatic ties with the Bohol "kingdom". Relations between the Sultanate of Ternate and the Bohol soured when the Ternatan sultan learned the sad fate of his emissary and his men who were executed by the two ruling chieftains of Bohol as punishment for abusing one of the concubines. Thus, in 1563, the Ternatans attacked Bohol.

The first Europeans to find Maluku were the Portuguese, in 1512. At that time two Portuguese fleets, each under the leadership of António de Abreu and Francisco Serau, landed in the Banda Islands and the Penyu Islands. After they established friendships with local residents and kings – such as with the Sultanate of Ternate on the island of Ternate, the Portuguese were given permission to build fortifications in Pikaoli, as well as the old Hitu State, and Mamala on Ambon Island. The Portuguese adopted a monopoly system while at the same time carrying out the spread of Catholicism.

The island of Banggai was named in a Chinese document dating from 1304 and the 14th century Negarakertagama as a Majapahit tributary. In the 16th century, four small states located in Banggai were conquered by the Sultanate of Ternate under Sultan Babullah, with Java-born Ternatean general Adi Cokro expanding the polity in the 1580s to include parts of mainland Sulawesi. Adi Cokro's son Mandapar was recorded to rule between 1600 and 1625. It was recorded that the king of Banggai sent his son to Ternate in 1564 to examine Christianity and Islam, eventually selecting the former.

Few days later, Ngarolamo's son Saidi was secretly brought over from Ternate by night, ostensibly without Hamza's knowledge. Opinions were divided in Tidore how to react to the coup, but Saidi was eventually enthroned through Spanish pressure.P.A. Tiele (1890), p. 381-3.

Leiden: Rijksmuseum te Leiden, Vol. II, p. 14. Inhabitants of Batochina (Halmahera), where Tidore strove to expand its power; image from Codice Casanatense (c. 1540). The dwindling Spanish garrison finally left Tidore in 1534, and a new confrontation with Ternate soon followed.

Bartholomew Leonardo de Argensola (1708), The discovery and conquest of the Molucco and Philippine Islands. London, p. 97-8. Near- contemporary documents show that he was a cousin (primo) of Sultan Babullah of Ternate (r. 1570-1583) while Babullah's father Hairun (r.

Senft, Gunter; Linguistics, Australian National University Pacific (2008). Serial verb constructions in Austronesian and Papuan languages. Pacific Linguistics, Research School Of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University. It is closely related to Ternate, of which it is sometimes considered a dialect.

The "Ternate Essay" was a pioneering account of evolution by natural selection written on the island by Alfred Russel Wallace in 1858 and famously sent to Charles Darwin. Darwin at once responded by publishing Wallace's essay alongside his own accounts of the theory.

The larvae feed on Dunbaria villosa. They live in a tent-like structure formed by a folded ternate leaf of the host plant and eats the folded leaf from inside. Pupation usually occurs within this shelter. The pupal period lasts 4–6 days.

The dorsal ribs may or may not be on the fruit, but are narrowly winged if at all. Leaves are mainly basal and dissected (ternately, pinnately, or ternate-pinnately dissected or compound), many look like ferns or can be mistaken for them.

The city is located on the eastern shore of Bima Bay. Traditionally Bima was a port city that connected to other port cities in Eastern Indonesia such as Makassar and Ternate, as well as to ports in Lombok, Bali, and East Java.

The Maluku Islands were a single province from Indonesian independence until 1999 when they were split into North Maluku and Maluku. North Maluku province includes Ternate (the former site of the provincial capital), Tidore, Bacan and Halmahera (the largest of the Maluku Islands).

Richmond: Curzon, p. 103. His reign inaugurated a period of free trade in the spices and forest products that gave Maluku a significant role in Asian commerce.C.F. van Fraassen (1987) Ternate, de Molukken en de Indonesische Archipel. Leiden: Rijksmuseum te Leiden, Vol.

François Valentijn (1724) Oud en Nieuw Oost-Indien, Vol. I. Amsterdam: Onder de Linden, p. 208.; similarly denominated in Bartholomew Leonardo de Argensola (1708), p. 55. At this stage the Ternate sultanate was by far the largest Islamic kingdom in eastern Indonesia.

Leonard Andaya (1993) The world of Maluku. Honolulu: Hawai'i University Press, p. 153. View of Gamalama in Ternate, 1614. The new contract was initially seen by the Ternatans as a pact for support, with due commercial advantages for the part that provided assistance.

He restored many of the old royal traditions, though Ternate society was temporarily disturbed by sectarian violence in 1999.Sidel, John T. (2007) Riots, pogroms, jihad: Religious violence in Indonesia. Singapore: NUS Press, p. 181-2. Sultan Mudaffar Sjah II died in 2015.

Dolichoderus gibbus is a species of ant in the genus Dolichoderus. Described by Smith in 1861, the species is endemic to Indonesia.Smith, F. 1861b. Catalogue of hymenopterous insects collected by Mr. A. R. Wallace in the islands of Ceram, Celebes, Ternate, and Gilolo. [part].

Nyaicili Boki Raja (died after 1556) was a Queen of Ternate in Maluku Islands who served as regent of the kingdom in 1545-1546.Georg Schurhammer (1977) Francis Xavier: His Life, his times - vol. 2: India, 1541-1545. Rome: The Jesuits Historical Institute, p. 702.

Duivenbode's bird-of-paradise is a bird in the family Paradisaeidae that is a hybrid between the emperor bird-of-paradise and lesser bird-of-paradise. The common name commemorates Maarten Dirk van Renesse van Duivenbode (1804–1878), Dutch trader of naturalia on Ternate.

Potentilla norvegica is a species of cinquefoil known by the common names rough cinquefoil, ternate-leaved cinquefoil, and Norwegian cinquefoil.Potentilla norvegica. NatureServe. 2012. It is native to Europe, Asia, and parts of North America, and it can be found elsewhere as an introduced species.

There are 452 volcanoes in the Pacific Ring of Fire, accounting for 75% of the world's dormant and active volcanoes. Ternate is dominated by the volcanic Mount Gamalama (1715 m). An 1840 eruption destroyed most houses. Recent eruptions occurred in 1980, 1983, 1994 and 2011.

There he was converted to Christianity and was later pushed to write a testament that bequeathed Ternate to the King of Portugal.Georg Schurhammer 1980 Francis Xavier: His Life, his times - vol. 3: Indonesia and India, 1545-1549. Rome: The Jesuits Historical Institute, p. 39-40.

In 1865 she married with Antonie Augustus Bruijn who took over the business in naturalia in Ternate with his brothers in law. In 1867 the Governor of the Dutch Indies granted Maarten Dirk the addition of the name Van Renesse to his family name.

58 & 59. Being an amateur botanist himself, he kept melons at his countryhouse in Maarssen along the river Vecht. He received many plants, animals and birds from Cape of Good Hope, Mauritius, Madagascar, Ceylon, Ternate and Java, e.g. parakeets, parrots, flying lizards and chameleons.

Cavite shoreline stretches about . The communities located along the coast are Cavite City, Bacoor, Kawit, Noveleta, Rosario, Tanza, Naic, Maragondon, and Ternate. The richness of Cavite's coastal resources is a major producer of oysters and mussels. The fishing industry also produces shrimp and bangus (milkfish).

Mountain soil undifferentiated is forested with bamboos found in the sea coast. Cavite also has the Patungan sand characterized by pale gray to almost white sand with substratum of marine conglomerates which are found at Santa Mercedes in Maragondon and in some coastlines of Ternate.

Gebe is an island of Maluku Islands, Indonesia. During 2015, Susi Air runs return flights from Ternate on Monday, Wednesday and Friday mornings. Cessna Caravan turbo-prop aircraft carries 12 passengers and is well suited for the unpaved airstrip. The island lies on the equator.

Hubert Jacobs (1984) Documenta Malucensia, Vol. III. Rome: Jesuit Historical Institute, p. 2-6. By 1616 the Ternate court received a prince from the rival lineage, Kaicili Gorontalo, "related to the Kings of Ternate and Tidore on his father's and mother's side, and therefore very well-regarded by both nations, so that the prince of Tidore could be preferred according to the right of succession, since the right succession of the kingdom was deprived the father of this Kaicili due to his young age, and the crown went to the present king". P.A. Tiele (1886) Bouwstoffen voor de geschiedenis der Nederlanders in den Maleischen Archipel, Vol.

His fate was entangled with that of the neighbouring kingdom and rival Ternate, where the Portuguese made themselves increasingly hated. The alliance between Sultan Hairun of Ternate and the Christian Europeans broke down in 1557, since Captain Duarte d'Eça brusquely arrested Hairun and his brother Kaicili Gujarati, when the Sultan opposed the Portuguese appropriation of cloves from the Ternatan vassal Makian. As a result an anti-Portuguese revolt broke out, and the discontented chiefs allied with the Sultan of Tidore, who was a son-in-law of Hairun, in order to besiege the Portuguese in their fortress.Diogo Barbosa Machado (1736) Memorias para a historia de Portugal, Vol.

From then on, the Portuguese were infrequent visitors to the islands preferring to buy their nutmeg from traders in Malacca. Unlike other eastern Indonesian islands, such as Ambon, Solor, Ternate and Morotai, the Bandanese displayed no enthusiasm for Christianity or the Europeans who brought it in the sixteenth century, and no serious attempt was made to Christianise the Bandanese. Maintaining their independence, the Bandanese never allowed the Portuguese to build a fort or a permanent post in the islands. Ironically though, it was this lack of ports which brought the Dutch to trade at Banda instead of the clove islands of Ternate and Tidore.

Although the area is more peaceful than the neighbouring Maluku province, there were several clashes between Christians and Muslims in Ternate and Halmahera. Several people were killed in Kao, Halmahera as residents of both faiths and Makianese Muslim migrants fought for three days, and the majority of sources state that the violence had started with the invasion of Sosol, one of the two villages destroyed by the Makianese gang. A team of leaders was tasked with securing peace by the regional government, however no modifications were made to the redistricting decision and tension remained. The conflict spread from Halmahera to neighbouring Ternate and Tidore.

The islands of North Maluku are mostly of volcanic origin, with the volcanoes of Dukono on Halmahera, Gamalama on Ternate still active and the whole of Tidore consisting of a large stratovolcano. The North Maluku Islands are formed by the movement of three tectonic plates, namely Eurasia, the Pacific and Indo-Australia which have occurred since the time of lime. this movement formed the archipelago volcanic archipelago that stretched from north to south in western Halmahera, including Ternate Island, Tidore Island, Moti Island, Mare Island and Makian Island. Halmahera Island itself is a volcanic island even though volcanic activity occurs only in a part of its territory.

In May 1611, he left as commandeur of four ships for the East Indies. He quickly worked his way up to become the third Governor-General in 1616, where he was stationed at the VOC headquarters, at that time on Ternate in the Moluccas. That year he could personally welcome both Joris van Spilbergen (30 March) and Schouten & Le Maire (12 September) upon their respective arrivals at Ternate from the Dutch Republic via the Strait of Magellan and Cape Horn. He was unaware that the VOC had ordered Schouten & Le Maire's ships to be confiscated for alleged infringement of its monopoly of trade to the Spice Islands.

In the mid-16th century, the areas of present-day Manila were governed by native rajahs. Rajah Matanda (whose real name was recorded by the Legaspi expedition as Ache) and his nephew, Rajah Sulayman "Rajah Mura" or "Rajah Muda" (a Sanskrit title for a Prince), ruled the Muslim communities south of the Pasig River, including Maynila while Lakan Dula ruled non-Muslim Tondo north of the river. These settlements held ties with the sultanates of Brunei, Sulu, and Ternate, Indonesia (not to be confused with Ternate in present-day Cavite). Maynila was centered on a fortress at the mouth of the Pasig river (Kota means fortress or city in Malay).

The Merdicas (also spelled Mardicas or Mardikas) were Catholic natives of the islands of Ternate and Tidore of the Moluccas, converted during the Portuguese occupation of the islands by Jesuit missionaries. The islands were later captured by the Spanish who vied for their control with the Dutch. In 1663, the Spanish garrison in Ternate were forced to pull out to defend Manila against an impending invasion by the Chinese pirate Koxinga (sacrificing the Moluccas to the Dutch in doing so). A number of Merdicas volunteered to help, eventually being resettled in a sandbar near the mouth of the Maragondon river (known as the Bahra de Maragondon) and Tanza, Cavite.

Fort Kalamata in the beginning of the 20th century Fort Kalamata is a coastal star fort that was built by the Portuguese on the island of Ternate in Indonesia's Maluku Islands. Formerly known as Benteng Kayu Merah (Red Wood Fort) because it is located in Kayu Merah village, Originally the fort was named Santa Lucia, but later it became famous for Fort Kalamata. Kalamata itself comes from the name Pengeran Kalamata, the younger brother of the Sultan of Ternate Madarsyah It is located at the south eastern corner of the island 1 km south of Bastiong on the edge of the water. It is now open to the public.

Six of them garrisoned the city of Manila and another one the fort at Cavite. Six were in Ternate (the Moluccas) and three in Formosa (Taiwan). The islands of Oton, Cebu and Caraga each had one company. One company of volunteers was also stationed at Cebu.

In 1864 he was promoted to lieutenant 2nd class. In 1865 he was the captain commander of the national guard of the Sultan of Ternate. In 1867 he requested for absence without leave because of health reasons and on October 2, 1867, he was honorably discharged.

Tolire Lake is located in northwest Ternate, North Maluku, Indonesia. The lake is bordered by sheer cliffs. Tolire Lake at the foot of Mount Gamalama, the highest volcano in North Maluku. The lake itself is composed of two sections which locals call Tolire Large and Small Tolire.

The loss of Maluku immediately alerted the Spanish governor Pedro Bravo de Acuña who dispatched a new fleet in 1606. This time the Spaniards were entirely successful. Mole contributed with a fleet of korakoras (outriggers) manned with 600 men and a successful landing was made on Ternate.

Kabayo Kids is a 1990 comedy film directed by Tony Y. Reyes and written by Joey de Leon starring the comic trio "Tito, Vic and Joey". The movie was released on May 15, 1990 and was shot in the Puerto Azul Beach Resort in Ternate, Cavite.

BBC News. 23 June 2012 a commodity that allowed their sultans to become amongst the wealthiest and most powerful of all sultans in the Indonesian region. In the precolonial era, Ternate was the dominant political and economic power over most of the "Spice Islands" of Maluku.

Flacourtia inermis, known commonly as lovi-lovi, or batoko plum, is a species of flowering plant native to the Philippines, but which has naturalized in tropical Asia and Africa.The common name of Flacourtia inermis in Indonesia, such as Tome-Tome (Ternate, North Maluku), Lovi-lovi, lobi-lobi.

The 7th district is composed of the city of Tagaytay and the municipalities of Alfonso, General Emilio Aguinaldo, Indang, Magallanes, Maragondon, Mendez, Naic, and Ternate. First term incumbent Abraham Tolentino, who was elected with 54% of the vote in 2013, is running for a second term unopposed.

During the term of office of Cornelis Speelman as Governor-General, the Sultan of Ternate was defeated. He ceded all his lands of his kingdom to the Company. Speelman also subdued the city of Bantam. Cornelis Speelman died on 11 January 1684 in the Castle at Batavia.

These local customs that maintained respect had also been undermined by reform Islam, which was popular in Ternate during the 1980s, and the 1981 fatwa from the Indonesian Association of Ulama that banned Christians from participation in Islamic holidays aided the segregation of the religious communities.

The leaves can be herbaceous, leathery, or transformed into spines. The leaves are generally petiolate or subsessile, rarely sessile. They are frequently inodorous, but some are aromatic or fetid. The foliar lamina can be either simple or compound, and the latter can be either pinnatifid or ternate.

The Dutch described him as strong, big man of about 36 years, pleasant, humorous and very curious about new things. He was a renowned warrior and a devoted Muslim. Ternate was described as almost devoid of foodstuff apart from sago. Local society was only partly monetarized.

Mudafar was born around 1595 to Sultan Saidi Berkat (r. 1583-1606). It is unclear if his mother was Saidi's main consort Ainal-ma-lamo or a co-wife from soa Jika.C.F. van Fraassen (1987) Ternate, de Molukken en de Indonesische Archipel. Leiden: Rijksmuseum te Leiden, Vol.

Royalist struck a reef on one of the Philippine Islands circa July September 1832. She was taken in to Ternate, Moluccas. She was surveyed, and condemned as unseaworthy (leaky and unmanageable), on 5 August 1832 and was declared a constructive total loss. She was subsequently sold.

The Dutch commander and most of his men were killed, and the survivors were captured. In October 1783, the Dutch post on Tidore was attacked by Amiruddin's force, and all the Europeans were killed. This was heating up the rivalry between the kingdom of Ternate and Tidore.

Mudaffar Sjah II (13 April 1935 – 19 February 2015) was the 48th Sultan of Ternate from 1975 until his death. Although his position as monarch was ceremonial rather than executive, he was a prominent local politician whose career was temporarily interrupted by sectarian violence in 1999.

Formerly, five subspecies of Morelia amethistina, including the nominate race, M. a. amethystina, were generally recognized. The Mollucan Islands, including Halmahera, Ternate, and Tidore, are home to the former M. a. tracyae. The Tanimbar Islands are home to a smaller subspecies, the former M. a. nauta.

Potentilla flabellifolia grows 10 to 30 centimeters tall, and is slightly hairy to nearly hairless. The leaves are ternate, divided into three leaflets. The basal leaves are largest, borne on long petioles. Each has oval leaflets up to 3 centimeters long which are deeply cut into blunt teeth.

Befriending Sultan Babullah of Ternate in the Moluccas, Drake and his men became involved in some intrigues with the Portuguese there. He made multiple stops on his way toward the tip of Africa, eventually rounded the Cape of Good Hope, and reached Sierra Leone by 22 July 1580.

Tidore () is a city, island, and archipelago in the Maluku Islands of eastern Indonesia, west of the larger island of Halmahera. In the pre-colonial era, the Sultanate of Tidore was a major regional political and economic power, and a fierce rival of nearby Ternate, just to the north.

Betousa is a monotypic moth genus of the family Crambidae described by Francis Walker in 1865. Its only species, Betousa dilecta, was described by the same author in the same year. It is found on the Moluccas, Retrieved April 19, 2018. Woodlark Island, St. Aignan, Ternate and Fergusson Island.

There are an estimated 1027 islands. The largest two islands, Halmahera and Seram are sparsely populated, while the most developed, Ambon and Ternate are small. The majority of the islands are forested and mountainous. The Tanimbar Islands are dry and hilly, while the Aru Islands are flat and swampy.

Around 30,000 Caviteños still speak Chabacano, mostly elderly speakers. The language is today taught in elementary schools in both Cavite City and Ternate as part of the K-12 national curriculum from the first to 3rd grades, building up a new generation of speakers and writers within the province.

The image is enshrined at San Roque Church in Cavite City. Her feastday is celebrated every 2nd and 3rd Sunday of November. Traditions and fiesta celebrations include Mardicas, a war dance held in Ternate town. Karakol street dancing with a fluvial procession is usually held in coastal towns.

Bayan Sirrullah (d. 1521) was the second Sultan of Ternate in Maluku. He is also known as Abu Lais (in Portuguese sources, Boleife) or Kaicili Leliatu. He ruled from perhaps 1500 to 1521, and is important as the first east Indonesian ruler who made contact with the encroaching Portuguese.

Willard A. Hanna & Des Alwi (1990) Turbulent times past in Ternate and Tidore. Banda Naira: Yayasan Warisan dan Budaya Banda Naira, p. 152-4. He was nevertheless regarded as an extremely cunning and ambivalent figure who operated between Spanish and Dutch interests.Hubert Jacobs (1984) Documenta Malucensia, Vol. III.

Leonard Andaya (1993), p. 162. In spite of the Sultan's efforts, the territory shrank drastically in these decades due to the great expansion of Makassar. By 1636 the King of Gowa had replaced Ternate as the overlord in Buton, Banggai, Tobungku, Menado and Buru.Leonard Andaya (1993), p. 164.

The region was previously mostly unclaimed, with the coastal regions and surrounding islands having trading relationship with both the Sultanate of Tidore and the Sultanate of Ternate. Under the 1660 treaty between Sultanate of Tidore and the Sultanate of Ternate under the auspices of Dutch East India company, the Papuan people are recognized as subjects of Tidore sultanate. Under the 1872 treaty, the Sultanate of Tidore recognized the sovereignty of Netherlands over all of its territory, which was used by Kingdom of the Netherlands to establish West Papua as formal colony part of the Dutch East Indies. For most of the colonial rule, there was no distinction made between Moluccans and Papuan.

The Portuguese baptised over a thousand in Manado, where the Portuguese, and Christianity, were seen as a bulwark against the powerful Ternate Sultanate directly due east. Portuguese missionary activity continued in northern Sulawesi between 1563 and 1570, but following the murder of Sultan Hairun in Ternate and the ensuing anti-Portuguese attacks, the mission was abandoned.History of Christianity in Indonesia. pp. 62–68 In the Spanish-controlled Sangihe Islands and Talaud Islands in the kingdom of Siau, lying directly north of northern Sulawesi, Catholicism had been adopted with some enthusiasm, and when the allied Dutch-Ternatean Muslim pillaged the islands in 1613 and 1615, help was sought from the Philippines to the north.

The local chief requested the Dutch for help, and the Spaniards was repulsed from the area. Since then in North Sulawesi, the Dutch began to establish its hegemony, then after the Dutch East India Company (VOC) Governor in Ternate, Robertus Padtbrugge traveled across North Sulawesi to Kwandang to make a contractual decision in 1678. The Gorontaloan and Limbotoan localities could do nothing when the Ternate Sultanate handed over Gorontalo and Limboto regions to the VOC. Gorontalo is important to VOC because it contains food ingredients such as rice, chocolate and coconut, besides that in the mountains there are also gold mines, such as in the areas of Samalata, Marisa, Bonepantai, and Bintauna.

On February 17, 1613, the Board of Commissioners Heren XVII released the Decision Letter on February 17, 1613, setting the Maluku region as the center of VOC official position; Ternate and Ambon were chosen for the official residence of the Governor-General. This occurred when Pieter Both was appointed the Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies. At that time Ternate play a bigger role, and so Fort Orange became the official place for the Dutch East Indies Council to do their administrative work related with the Dutch Indies matters; such as holding meetings, making laws, etc. Oranje Fort remains the headquarter of the VOC until it was moved to Batavia in 1619.

Sultan Babullah (10 February 1528 (?) – July 1583), also known as Sultan Baabullah (or Babu [Baab] in Europan sources) was the 7th Sultan and 24th ruler of the Sultanate of Ternate in Maluku who ruled between 1570 and 1583. He is known as the greatest Sultan in Ternatan and Moluccan history, who defeated the Portuguese occupants in Ternate and led the Sultanate to a golden peak at the end of the 16th century. Sultan Babullah was commonly known as the Ruler of 72 (Inhabited) Islands in eastern Indonesia, including most of the Maluku Islands, Sangihe and parts of Sulawesi, with influences as far as Solor, East Sumbawa, Mindanao, and the Papuan Islands.Robert Cribb (2000) Historical atlas of Indonesia.

After the assassination of Hairun, Sultan Babullah demanded the handover of Lopes de Mesquita for trial. Portuguese fortresses in Ternate, namely Tolucco, Saint Lucia and Santo Pedro fell within short, leaving only the São João Baptista Citadel as the residence of Mesquita. At the behest of Babullah the Ternate forces besieged São João Baptista and severed its relationship with the outside world; the food supply was restricted to small rations of sago, so that the inhabitants of the fort could just barely survive. The Ternatans nevertheless tolerated occasional contacts between the besieged and the islanders - it should be recalled that a lot of Ternatans had married Portuguese people and lived in the fort with their families.

The Merdicas (also spelled Mardicas or Mardikas) were Catholic natives of the islands of Ternate and Tidore of the Moluccas in the vicinity of New Guinea, converted during the Portuguese occupation of the islands by Jesuit missionaries. The islands were later captured by the Spanish who vied for their control with the Dutch. In 1663, the Spanish garrison in Ternate were forced to pull out to defend Manila against an impending invasion by the Chinese pirate Koxinga (sacrificing the Moluccas to the Dutch in doing so). A number of Merdicas volunteered to help, eventually being resettled in a sandbar near the mouth of the Maragondon river (known as the Barra de Maragondon) and Tanza, Cavite, Manila.

In the aftermath of the attack, the Ternate King endeavoured to talk Middleton out of trading with their enemies on Tidore, and promoted the idea of setting up a factory on Ternate instead. Middleton was set on travelling to Tidore to trade with the Portuguese, saying that if they would not accept peaceable trade, he would have just cause to join the Dutch in war against them. They arrived at Tidore on 27 March, and the following day met Thomè de Torres, captain of one of the Portuguese galleon. Red Dragon traded successfully and remained at Tidore for the next three weeks, acquiring all but 80 baharsA bahar is a unit of weight in the trading system equivalent to .

The Portuguese soon began to act as kingmakers in Ternate. Captain António de Brito took Sultan Boheyat and his Tidorese mother in custody and then attacked Tidore in 1524. After a few abortive raids, the Portuguese force and its Ternatan allies managed to land on the west side of Tidore.

According to Argensola he was bent on revenge against Ternate because of his father's violent death.Bartholomew Leonardo de Argensola (1708) The discovery and conquest of the Molucco and Philippine Islands. London, p. 97-103. In spite of being sidelined, Kaicili Kota served his brother loyally as an envoy to Manila.

His policy of trying to conclude a separate peace with Ternate indicates that the Spanish alliance was more strategical than cordial.Hubert Jacobs (1980), p. 9-10. Fort Tahula, constructed in Mole Majimun's time. From Mole's reign come the earliest explicit references to Tidore's relation with the lands of the Papuans.

The radical leaves have a long petiole, whilst the leaves on the flowering stalks are usually sessile or with short petioles. The glossy leaves are alternate, ternate, consisting of three obovate leaflets with serrated margins. The paired stipules are leaflike and palmately lobed. There are 2–8 dry, inedible fruits.

Diffie 1977, pp. 368, 473. Between 1525 and 1528 Portugal sent several expeditions around the Maluku Islands. Gomes de Sequeira and Diogo da Rocha were sent north by the governor of Ternate Jorge de Menezes, being the first Europeans to reach the Caroline Islands, which they named "Islands de Sequeira".

61; C.F. van Fraassen (1987), Vol. II, p. 16-7. Ternate, an important center for the trade in cloves, had been heavily dependent on the Portuguese since 1522, when they built a stone fort on the island.Leonard Andaya (1993) The world of Maluku. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, p. 117.

Sultan Babullah even issued a regulation requiring every European arriving in Ternate to remove his hats and shoes, just to remind them not to forget themselves.Willard A. Hanna & Des Alwi (1990), p. 94. Babullah's fortified residence Gammalamo as it looked like in 1607. The original fort is down to the left.

His mother Bega was a co-wife of Prince Baab, later Sultan Babullah.Naïdah (1878) "Geschiedenis van Ternate", Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, IV:2, p. 449. After the assassination of Hairun at the hands of the Portuguese in 1570, Babullah took over and successfully fought the European intruders.

Nuku was enthroned as Sultan Muhammad al-Mabus Amiruddin. As such he took care to restore the defunct Jailolo sultanate in order to return to the traditional, pre-European quadripartition of Maluku.Leonard Andaya (1993), p. 235-6. In 1801 Ternate was captured by the British and Tidorese after a long siege.

The Kingdom of Banggai was a petty kingdom in present-day Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. It was based around the Banggai Islands and the eastern coast of Sulawesi, centered at the island of Banggai. For a significant part of its history, the kingdom was under the overlordship of the Sultanate of Ternate.

While in office, he plundered a Spanish fort on Tidore, poisoned the sultan of Ternate and committed atrocities against the local population. Subsequently he was arrested and sent to Portuguese India. After his return to Portugal he was banished to the colony of Brazil, where he died in combat against Indians in 1537.

Potentilla grayi is a small upright plant growing 10 to 20 centimeters tall. The leaves are ternate, divided into three leaflets. Each leaflet is roughly oval in shape and has usually seven blunt teeth along the edges. The inflorescence is a cyme of one to five flowers each with five yellow petals.

In 1880 he became the herbarium's Curator. He married shortly after becoming Curator and was later appointed as Deputy Director. In 1896 he became the Deputy Director of the Bogor Botanical Gardens (then called the Buitenzorg Botanical Gardens) in Indonesia. He died while on a scientific expedition to the coast of Ternate.

Sultan Mir was married to a Jailolo princess in 1544.P.A. Tiele (1877-1887), Part III:1, p. 270. Genealogical records from Bacan say that the consort of Hairun of Ternate (r. 1535-1570) had a sister Boki Hongi, daughter of Aluddin of Bacan, who married a Sultan of Tidore, maybe Mir.

A cousin of the Sultan, who had commanded a campaign in Tolo on Halmahera in 1560 and been taken prisoner by Ternate, was converted by the Jesuits by this time. Two of Bungua's brothers and six prominent relatives likewise accepted baptism.Hubert Jacobs (1974) Documenta Malucensia, Vol. I. Rome: Jesuit Historical Institute, p.

Only one adult male specimen is known of this bird, held in the Netherlands Natural History Museum and coming from the Arfak Mountains of north-western New Guinea. It is named after J. Bensbach, Dutch Resident at Ternate, who presented the specimen to the museum.Frith & Beehler (1998), p.517.Iredale (1950), p.56.

Members of the walnut family have large, aromatic leaves that are usually alternate, but opposite in Alfaroa and Oreomunnea. The leaves are pinnately compound or ternate, and usually 20–100 cm long. The trees are wind-pollinated, and the flowers are usually arranged in catkins. Some fruits are borderline and difficult to categorize.

This is an incomplete list of plants with trifoliate leaves. Trifoliate leaves (also known as trifoliolate or ternate leaves) are a leaf shape characterized by a leaf divided into three leaflets. Species which are known to be trifoliate are listed here. Genera which are characteristically trifoliate are also listed, with species underneath.

Around 40% of Maluku's population is Christian. This population is overwhelmingly Protestant, except in the east, in the Kai, Tanimbar and Aru islands, which have Catholic populations. Only in the Kai islands is Catholicism the predominant denomination. Protestantism and Islam are otherwise unevenly distributed among the islands, with Ternate and Tidore 95% Islamic.

Angelica gigas is a stout plant that is 1 to 2 meters high with deep thick roots and purplish ribbed stem. Its leaf blades have a triangular-ovate outline. Korean Angelica has a 20–40 × 20–30 cm, 2–3-ternate-pinnate arrangement. The plant's purple umbel measures 5–8 cm across.

On the other hand, the rulers were able to strengthen their personal powers vis-à-vis their subjects under European protection. Ternate was reduced to a vassal of the VOC in 1682, and Tidore met the same fate in 1780.Leonard Andaya 1993, p. 167, 185-6; Muridan Widjojo 2009, p. 56.

They include the Buli, Maba, Patani, Sawai and Weda peoples. North and West Halmahera are dominated by Papuan-speaking ethnic groups, i.e. Galela, Tobelo, Loloda, Tobaru, Modole, Togutil, Pagu, Waioli, Ibu, Sahu, Ternate and Tidore. In the Sula Islands, there are several ethnic groups such as the Kadai, Mange and Siboyo peoples.

A Dutch garrison was established in 1821, but sultan attempted an attack and a mass poisoning to the garrison, which were intervened by Dutch. Mahmud Badaruddin II was exiled to Ternate, and his palace was burned to the ground. The Sultanate was later abolished by Dutch and direct colonial rule was established.

In addition, the first European people that arrived in Northern Sulawesi was the Portuguese. Francisco Xavier supported and visited the Portuguese mission at Tolo on Halmahera. This was the first Catholic mission in the Moluccas. The mission began in 1534 when some chiefs from Morotai came to Ternate asking to be baptised.

In G. Davidse, M. Sousa Sánchez, S. Knapp & F. Chiang Cabrera (eds.) Flora Mesoamericana. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F.. Prionosciadium lilacinum is an herb up to 4 m (13 feet) tall. Leaves are up to 35 cm (14 inches) long and 35 cm across, ternate to pinnate with ovate leaflets.

The blue-and-white kingfisher (Todiramphus diops) is a species of bird in the family Alcedinidae. It is endemic to North Maluku in Indonesia. It can be found on the islands of Morotai, Ngelengele, Halmahera, Damar, Ternate, Tidore, Moti, Bacan, Obi and Obilatu. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical mangrove forests.

The brown lory (Chalcopsitta duivenbodei), also called Duyvenbode's lory, is a species of parrot in the family Psittaculidae. The scientific name commemorates Maarten Dirk van Renesse van Duivenbode (1804-1878), Dutch trader of naturalia on Ternate. It is found in northern New Guinea. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.

The enormous potential profits in the spice trade made Maluku interesting for a permanent establishment. Bayan Sirrullah saw their presence in Ternate as advantageous for the advancement of Ternate's power, not least with regard to their superior weapon technology.Leonard Andaya (1993), The world of Maluku. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, p. 115-6.

Sultan Hamza (d. 6 May 1648) was the tenth Sultan of Ternate in the Maluku Islands. He ruled from 1627 to 1648, during a time when the Dutch East India Company (VOC) increasingly dominated this part of maritime Southeast Asia, and the increasing power of the Makassar kingdom threatened the Ternatan possessions.

The only author to give substantial information about Marhum is the Dutch cleric François Valentijn, in his comprehensive work Oud en Nieuw Oost-Indien from 1724–1726. Valentijn drew from now lost manuscripts and traditions from North Maluku.C.F. van Fraassen (1987), Ternate, de Molukken en de Indonesische Archipel. Leiden: Rijksmuseum te Leiden, Vol.

A treaty with the Sultan was signed on 31 July 1652. Mandar Syah agreed to allow the destruction of all clove trees in Ternate and the Ambon dependencies. In return, the Sultan received an annual sum (recognitiepenningen) of 12,000 rijksdaalders. Some of this money was to be allocated to the various Bobatos.

Leaving garrisons at Tidore (100 soldiers) and Ternate (500), the Spanish sailed back to Manila. With them were the king of Terrenate, his son, and other nobles. These individuals were well treated and shown every honor, but they were hostages. The governor entered Manila in triumph with the fleet on May 31, 1606.

Fort Tolukko 1651. The Dutch expanded in the East Indies in the early 17th century. As a part of this expansion they captured Fort Tolukko in 1605 from the Ternate Sultanate, renaming it Fort Hollandia. In 1610 it was repaired and improved by Jan Pieter Both for the Dutch East India Company.

In order to avoid their capture, the Portuguese had burned their big galleons. The Spanish fleet entered the Strait of Singapore on February 25, 1616. From there Governor de Silva sent Juan Gutierrez Paramo with part of the fleet to reinforce Ternate (in the Moluccas). But the governor was in poor health.

Moluccas Islands, Dutch engraving In the Moluccas, the great distances made it extremely difficult, if not completely impossible, for the Portuguese Crown to direct a consistent policy in such a remote region, meaning it was often reduced to the initiative of individual captains assigned to the archipelago. In late 1570, the captain of Ternate Diogo Lopes de Mesquita had Sultan Khairun of Ternate assassinated, as the latter had been persecuting native Christians for some time. This proved untimely, as it provoked a major rebellion led by the late Sultan's son Baabullah (Babu in Portuguese), who allied with the Sultan of Tidore with support of the Javanese against the Portuguese.Saturnino Monteiro (2011), Portuguese Sea Battles Volume III - From Brazil to Japan, 1539-1579 p.

Hannard (1991), page 7 D'Abreu sailed through Ambon and Seram while his second in command Francisco Serrão went ahead towards the Maluku islands, was shipwrecked and ended up in Ternate. Distracted by hostilities elsewhere in the archipelago, such as Ambon and Ternate, the Portuguese did not return until 1529; a Portuguese trader Captain Garcia Henriques landed troops in the Bandas. Five of the Banda islands were within gunshot of each other and he realised that a fort on the main island Neira would give him full control of the group. The Bandanese were, however, hostile to such a plan, and their warlike antics were both costly and tiresome to Garcia whose men were attacked when they attempted to build a fort.

Cloves were traded by Omani sailors and merchants trading goods from India to the mainland and Africa during the Middle Ages in the profitable Indian Ocean trade. Until modern times, cloves grew only on a few islands in the Moluccas (historically called the Spice Islands), including Bacan, Makian, Moti, Ternate, and Tidore. In fact, the clove tree that experts believe is the oldest in the world, named Afo, is on Ternate; the tree is between 350 and 400 years old. Tourists are told that seedlings from this very tree were stolen by a Frenchman named Pierre Poivre in 1770, transferred to the Isle de France (Mauritius), and then later to Zanzibar, which was once the world's largest producer of cloves.

Most of them have identified themselves as Malays, rather than Javanese. Javanese merchants were also present in the Maluku Islands as part of the spice trade. Following the Islamisation of Java, they spread Islam in the islands, with Ternate being a Muslim sultanate circa 1484. Javanese merchants also converted coastal cities in Borneo to Islam.

She was later baptized by the Catholic missionary Francis Xavier and took the name Dona Isabel. Being the daughter, wife, sister and mother of kings, she had a potentially bridge-building function between the competing Malukan spice Sultanates Ternate and Tidore, but was repeatedly sidelined by the brutal policy of early European colonialism in Maluku.

The family background of Gapi Baguna is somewhat obscure. Tidore king lists say that he succeeded a Sultan called Iskandar Sani.F.S.A. de Clercq, (1890), p. 153-4. According to the Spanish historian Bartolomé Leonardo de Argensola (1609) he was a brother of his predecessor Sultan Gava who was murdered on a state visit to Ternate.

They attacked in an area known as Ternate and the Pico de Loro Hills on the southern shore of Manila Bay. This action took one month. The Japanese were again using a cave defense system. The artillery and mortars couldn't hit their targets because of the terrain, and razor sharp thickets hid the caves.

Ruang is the southernmost stratovolcano in the Sangihe Islands arc. It comprises an island 4 × 5 km wide. The summit contains a partial lava dome, and reaches some 2,379 ft in altitude. From its summit, Klabat's peak in the south, that of Siau to the north, and Ternate to the east can all be seen.

As a result, he was widely respected by many local populations, and had little need to call on foreign military help for governing the kingdom, unlike Ternate which frequently relied upon Dutch military assistance.Leonard Andaya (1993), p. 190-2. Tidore long remained an independent state, albeit with growing Dutch interference, until the late eighteenth century.

V. rainerguentheri was originally described from Halmahera, where it is now known to occur throughout the island. It is also found on the islands of Morotai, Ternate, Tidore, Gebe, Bacan, Kasiruta, and Obi. Its range was later expanded to include Buru, and it is likely to prove to be even more widespread throughout the Moluccas.

With an area of 31,982 km² and a population of 1.2 million in 2017, the population density in North Maluku is 38 / km². The area with the highest density is Ternate with a density of 2,003 / km², while the region with the lowest density is East Halmahera Regency with a density of only 14 / km².

Deuterocopus atrapex is a moth of the family Pterophoridae described by Thomas Bainbrigge Fletcher in 1909. It has been recorded from Sri Lanka, Assam, Selangor, the Tenasserim Hills, south-eastern Borneo, Ternate, Ambon Island, Batian, southern Sulawesi, the Sangihe Islands, Halmahera, Neu Pommern, northern New Guinea, the Kei Islands, the D'Entrecasteaux Islands and Queensland.

Maarten Dirk van Renesse van Duivenbode (June 2, 1804 – March 31, 1878) was a Dutch merchant, trader of bird skins for fashion and naturalia, captain, commander and honorary major in Ternate (Dutch East Indies). From 1858 to 1861 he provided lodging and assistance to Alfred Russel Wallace when he travelled through the Moluccan islands.

Golden Press Edition, 1983, Gradesville, NSW. sailed in the name of Spain along the southwestern part of the island in present-day Papua, and also claimed the territory for the King of Spain. Near the end of the sixteenth century, the Sultanate of Ternate under Sultan Baabullah (1570–1583) had influence over parts of Papua.

At Batavia the crew were reunited with Amherst and his party, who had sent Ternate to search for them and subsequently chartered the East Indiaman Caesar for the remainder of the journey to Britain. The voyage to Europe remained eventful. In the Indian Ocean Caesar caught fire and was almost destroyed,Fraser's Magazine, 1843 Vol.

Poyk was born in Namodele, Rote Island. He graduated in 1956 from a Christian school of teachers in Surabaya. After that he taught at schools in Ternate (1956-1958) and Bima (1958). In 1962-1970, he was a journalist in the evening capital newspaper "Sinar Harapan", in 1970-1971 – in the National information agency "Antara".

In her teens she began to appear on stage in women's clothes, and took the stage name Dorce Ashadi. She later underwent sex reassignment surgery in Surabaya. Her stage name derived from mount Gamalama in Ternate. Gamalama has three adopted children and owns a number of orphanages that have cared for thousands of children.

Victor Lieberman (2009) Strange parallels: Southeast Asia in global contexts, c. 800-1830. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 853-4. Thus, on 15 July 1575, the Portuguese left Ternate in disgrace; however, Babullah stood by his word and no-one was hurt. The importance of Melaka for the spice trade caused a degree of moderation.

Local tradition says that Ternate used a combination of interference in internal power struggles and marriage politics to gain influence. King Humonggilu of Limboto called in Ternatan assistance to defeat his adversary Pongoliwu of Gorontalo, then marrying Babullah's sister Jou Mumin.M.H. Liputo (1949) Sedjarah Gorontalo Dua Lima Pohalaa, Vol. XI. Gorontalo: Pertjetakan Rakjat, p. 40.

The sister of the defeated king was in turn brought to Ternate and married to a grandee. Babullah himself supposedly married a princess from the Tomini Bay, Owutango, who had a pivotal role in spreading Islam in the region.M.H. Liputo (1950) Sedjarah Gorontalo Dua Lima Pohalaa, Vol. XII. Gorontalo: Pertjetakan Rakjat, p. 23, 26-7.

P. japonicum has a stout umbellifer of 30–100 cm and is essentially glabrous. The stem is frequently flexuous. The leaf blade is broadly ovate-triangular. It size is 35 x 25 cm. It is thinly coriaceous, bearing 1-2 ternate(s). leaflets are ovate-orbicular, 3-parted, 7–9 cm broad and glaucous.

The rise of the Makassar Kingdom in the first half of the 17th century had grave consequences for the Sultante of Ternate. Large areas such as Buton, Banggai, Tobungku, Menado, Sula and Buru fell away from Ternatan overlordship.Leonard Andaya (1993), p. 164. Here, the growing power of the VOC turned out to be advantageous.

However, even before his demise a new Sultan had been proclaimed on Tidore Island. This was his brother Muhammad Tahir who was acknowledged by the returning British, who had occupied Ambon in February 1810. He did not cause any trouble for the British or Dutch.F.S.A. de Clercq, (1890) Bijdragen tot de kennis der Residentie Ternate.

The ongoing war between the Spanish Empire and the Dutch Republic was matched by hostilities in Maluku where Spain and Tidore stood against the VOC and Ternate.Hubert Jacobs (1984) Documenta Malucensia, Vol. III. Rome: Jesuit Historical Institute, p. 2-6. The Dutch actively tried to prevent any attempts to make a separate peace between Ternate and Tidore.

Sultan Ngarolamo (b. c. 1590-d. July 1639) was the eighth Sultan of Tidore in Maluku Islands. He was also known as Sultan Alauddin or Kaicili Ngaro (Naro), ruling from 1627 to 1634. Due to a combination of factors he was deposed after a short reign and was eventually killed at the instigation of the Sultan of Ternate.

As the crews dared not come near him out of respect, they shot him with their muskets from a distance. The body of Ngarolamo was brought to Ternate and buried on 15 July. However, Gorontalo himself was in turn murdered by a Spanish delegation some weeks later. Ngarolamo's son Saidi was appointed Sultan in his stead.

A high-status woman from North Maluku, from Codex Casanatense, c. 1540. Her original name is not known, since Nyaicili Boki Raja (Naychile Puka Raga) is a title meaning "Junior Lady Royal Princess". She was a daughter of Sultan al-Mansur of Tidore (d. 1526) and married Sultan Bayan Sirrullah of Ternate some time prior to 1518.

Instead, he put Ternate under blockade, consolidated his position and became the de facto Sultan of Tidore.Leonard Andaya (1993), p. 236. As such he was called Muhammad al-Mabus Amiruddin. According to a Makassarese eyewitness, "he was surrounded by twelve bodyguards armed with swords and shields, because he had little trust in all Tidorese".Muridan Widjojo (2009), p. 214.

F.S.A. de Clercq, (1890) Bijdragen tot de kennis der Residentie Ternate. Leiden: Brill, p. 151 As soon as al-Mansur was dead, the Portuguese broke the peace and made an armed incursion to Tidore. According Malukan custom, no hostilities should be initiated as long as a ruler lay unburied, and the Tidorese did not expect an attack.

Honolulu: Hawaii University Press, p. 130. While this happened Mir was conducting a raiding expedition to the Sulawesi area. When he returned, Captain Bernaldim de Sousa, feeling strong enough to put on pressure, arranged a meeting with the Sultans of Ternate and Tidore. In spite of considerable resentment among the aristocracy, Mir had to agree to raze the fortifications.

Mole was the heir to the throne by 1584.Diogo do Couto (1777) Da Asia, Decada X:1, p. 49. However, Kota was regarded the more legitimate heir, since his mother was the main consort of the previous ruler Gava. Since Kota was suspected of being inclined towards Ternate, it was eventually Mole who succeeded his uncle.

Gava (b. c. 1525/30- d. c. 1560) was a Sultan of Tidore in Maluku Islands who ruled briefly in the years up to 1560. His fairly obscure reign was characterized by an attempt to expand Tidore's territory in Halmahera which ended with his violent demise at the hands of his rival, the Sultan of Ternate.

I. Lisboa: J.A. da Sylva, p. 576. The Tidore ruler took the opportunity to take over some territories in Maluku that otherwise stood under Ternate. He played mayhem in northern Halmahera and many local Christians lost their lives. In his desperation, Duarte d'Eça turned to the other Malukan realms, Bacan and Jailolo for assistance, and got some.

The yellow wood anemone (Anemonoides ranunculoides) is slightly smaller, with yellow flowers and usually without basal leaves. Wood sorrel Oxalis acetosella, which grows in similar shaded places, can be readily distinguished by its ternate and clover-like leaves and smaller flowers with 5 white petals and 5 sepals.Parnell, J. and Curtis, T. 2012. Webb's An Irish Flora.

The Duivenbode's six-wired bird-of-paradise, also known as Duivenbode's six- plumed bird-of-paradise,Iredale (1950), p.45. is a bird in the family Paradisaeidae that is an intergeneric hybrid between a western parotia and greater lophorina. The common name commemorates Maarten Dirk van Renesse van Duivenbode (1804–1878), Dutch trader of naturalia on Ternate.

The Papuans, south-east Halmaherans and east Ceramese sided with the rebellious Prince Nuku. The British sponsored Nuku as part of their campaign against the Dutch in the Moluccas. Captain Thomas Forrest was intimately connected with Nuku and represented the British as ambassador. Nuku could finally take Tidore in 1797 and helped the British to conquer Ternate in 1801.

Potentilla micrantha has a thin, short and densely pubescent stem, that can reach a height of about , with no runners. These small perennial herbs are hairy-silky, non stoloniferous and have a thick stump. They show elliptical ternate small leaves showing numerous teeth on the edge. These leaves are gray-green on both sides, with straight hairs.

The beach at Jailolo around 1920 Jailolo is a town and former sultanate on Halmahera in Indonesia's Maluku Islands. It is located on the island's west coast approximately 20 km north of Ternate. Jailolo is a small port that serves Halmahera's northwestern coastal villages. Before the arrival of Europeans it was the most important political power on Halmahera.

I, p. 18. Although the four kingdoms subsequently expanded and covered the entire North Maluku region (as now defined) and parts of Sulawesi and New Guinea, the area of expansion was originally not included in the term Maluku. This only referred to the four main clove-producing islands to the west of Halmahera: Ternate, Tidore. Moti and Makian.

In June, she was sent with larger ships to capture the fortress of Taffaso on Makian Island. A month later, she was brought inside the reef at Ternate for repairs. It seems that she was hauled on her side to repair the bottom but this caused further damage, and the ship was condemned as beyond repair.

The mature leaves are most commonly ternate with leaflets up to 80 mm long and petioles that are able to twine around objects to provide climbing support. Juvenile leaves are simple, usually purplish-tinged with whitish streaks along the main veins. Several varieties have been previously described but are now not formally recognised. These included: :var.

Psittacanthos comes from the Greek psittakos (parrot), and the Greek anthos (flower), possibly chosen, according to Don, because of the bright colours. The specific epithet, biternatus, is the Latin for twice ternate, which according to StearnStearn, W.S. (1992) Botanical Latin (4th Ed.) p. 376. Timber Press, Oregon. means each of the three main divisions, being itself divided in three.

Cacatua alba is endemic to lowland tropical rainforest on the islands of Halmahera, Bacan, Ternate, Tidore, Kasiruta and Mandioli (Bacan group) in North Maluku, Indonesia. Records from Obi and Bisa (Obi group) are thought to be introductions. It occurs in primary, logged, and secondary forests below 900m. It also occurs in mangroves, plantations including coconut and agricultural land.

Megaderma spasma is from the order Chiroptera and family Megadermatidae which comprises four genera and five species. M. spasma also known as lesser false vampire. Its type locality was in Indonesia, Molucca Islands and Ternate. There are two specimens of M. spasma collected in Sarawak Museum Unimas, one from Niah and another one from batu 16, Ulu Gombak.

Dasmariñas is an industrial city. The growth has been greatly influenced by its proximity to Metro Manila and the national government's industrial boom. It becomes the choice location for business enterprises being in a crossroad of development south of Manila. Industrial developments along the Governor's Drive (Carmona-Ternate Road) specifically the First Cavite Industrial Estate, the Reynold's Phils.

It grows as a procumbent to erect annual or biennial plant, up to fifty centimetres high, producing small, pink, five-petalled flowers (8–14 mm in diameter) from April until the autumn. The leaves are deeply dissected, ternate to palmate, and the stems often reddish; the leaves also turn red at the end of the flowering season.

By far the oldest account is provided in a Portuguese text from c. 1544, A treatise on the Moluccas. It says that Islam came to Maluku about 80-90 years previously, brought by Malay, Javanese and other merchants. Along with them arrived a Muslim Javanese woman of high birth who subsequently married the King of Ternate, Tidore Wonge.

Naïdah (1878) "Geschiednis van Ternate", Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 4:II, p. 443. These areas are, however only documented as Ternatan vassals in the second half of the 16th century.P.A. Tiele (1877-1887) "De Europëers in den Maleischen Archipel", Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, 25-35, Part V:1, p. 161-2.

Hubert Jacobs (1974), p. 703-4; A.B. de Sá (1956), p. 354-6. Gapi Baguna now allowed the Portuguese to build a fort on Tidore (1578), hoping to attract the clove trade and secure military backing against Ternate. After the merger of Portugal with Spain in 1581, forces from the Spanish Philippines backed up the Iberian positions in Maluku.

II. Rome: Jesuit Historical Institute, p. 72.). The negotiations were inconclusive; however, the main purpose of the embassy was to make alliances on the way with Islamic rulers in Brunei, Aceh and Sunda (Banten?). When Kaicili Naik finally returned to Ternate after a successful mission, Babullah had already passed away.P.A, Tiele (1877-1887), Part V:4, p. 199.

In 1810 the most heavily defended islands Banda Neira, Ambon and Ternate fell, and by August the region had been conquered with little loss. In 1811, Java fell to a British force force under Minto. He appointed Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles as lieutenant governor of Java. Raffles carried further the administrative centralisation previously initiated by Daendels.

Muller (1997), p. 132. The whole group had a population of 84,075 at the 2010 Census. Several non-Austronesian (Papuan) languages are spoken on Bacan, the main one of which is Galela but also Tobelo and Ternate. Near the capital Labuha, Bacanese Malay was once spoken, but as of 2012 it had only handful of speakers remaining.

The Portuguese captain António de Brito began the construction of a fortress on Ternate in 1522, which was named São Jõao Bautista. According to agreement, the spice trade was left to the Portuguese, where a certain price was fixed for the cloves. This arrangement soon made for grass abuses, however. Resentment grew from other causes as well.

Sultan Mole Majimu of Tidore held on to his allegiance to Spain, although some Tidorese princes leaned towards Ternate and the VOC. By this time the royal clan had split into two rivalling lineages which made for rapid throne shifts. The Spanish authorities found the sultans to be a nuisance rather than a help to the Spanish power.

This spelt the end of the traditional Ternatan kingdom, since the administration and settlement pattern were forcibly changed by the Dutch. The throne of Ternate was left vacant from 1914 to 1929, until the board of ministers under the blessing of the Dutch created Crown Prince Iskandar Muhammad Jabir the next Sultan.Fraassen, Christiaan van (1987), Vol.

Next day, however, several Dutch soldiers were murdered.Willard A. Hanna & Des Alwi (1990) Turbulent times past in Ternate and Tidore. Banda Naira: Yayasan Warisan dan Budaya Banda Naira, p. 175-7. Sibori Amsterdam hastily brought his harem, Bobatos (chiefs) and artillery to Jailolo on Halmahera in open defiance of the Company.Leonard Andaya (1993), p. 181-2.

At Maba in Halmahera, Zainal Abidin repulsed a fleet from Ternate dispatched by the Dutch. This was his last feat since he died soon after, news of his demise being received by the Europeans in July 1810. The Maba people, still loyal to his cause, named his son Jamaluddin as the new Sultan Tidore.Muridan Widjojo (2009), p. 93.

The municipality of Naic is located on the western part of the province along the shorelines of Manila Bay. Trece Martires City and Tanza bound it to the east. Situated beyond the southern portion of Naic is Indang and the western boundary is shared with Ternate and Maragondon. Travel between Naic and Metro Manila covers 47 Kilometers.

Governor's Drive toward Ternate starts also at the intersection with Aguinaldo Highway at Palapala, near Robinsons Place Dasmariñas. It is mostly a 6-lane highway when it runs westward towards General Trias. The highway passes through the western barangays of Dasmariñas, and then enters General Trias. It soon intersects Arnaldo Highway near the San Miguel and Purefoods-Hormel factories.

Frets liked football since elementary school, He joined the Adidas Halbar Soccer School to develop himself. Frets came out of Ternate in 2015 while attending the Indonesian National Armed Forces education in Ambon until 2016. After that he first got his service in Kostrad Jakarta. Since entering the army he began the adventure as a migrant.

In 1907 American herpetologist Thomas Barbour was in Ternate and he noted in his 1943 memoir: A 2015 analysis by John van Wyhe and Gerrell M. Drawhorn noted that Ali was more than just a working assistant but that he truly immersed himself into the study of birds. Searching for Ali Wallace, a documentary film, was produced in 2016.

Fearing an attack from Japan, Niño de Tabora improved the defenses of Manila. The old Sultan of Ternate, a hostage of the Spanish for many years, finally died in Manila. On August 4, 1628, Niño de Tabora wrote to the king that the revenues for the previous year amounted to 180,000 pesos from New Spain; 90,000 pesos for licenses (including the head tax on the Chinese); and 50,000 pesos from other revenues (duties, sales of offices, and the 20,000 pesos paid by the Portuguese in Macau). Expenses were more than 500,000 pesos, for stipends to the Church, salaries of the judges of the Audiencia and other officials, pay for the infantry, aid of Ternate and Formosa, the naval storehouse in Cavite, expenses of the fleet and the embassy to China, shipbuilding expenses, etc.

Streptocarpella leaves can be decussate in arrangement (each pair of leaves at a node is at 90 degrees to the ones preceding or following it), or ternate (whorls of 3 leaves at each node). Some specimens may exhibit both on the same plant. Streptocarpella are grown as houseplants, hanging plants, and sometimes as bedding plants. These two Streptocarpus subgenera do not interbreed.

Ngarolamo withdrew to the main village Soa Siu where his position was still strong. When Gorontalo had been duly enthroned he vigorously attacked his rival who had to flee the island. Hamza then invited the ex-ruler to live in Ternate with 200 followers. This event greatly increased Hamza's power in Maluku, to the great irritation of his Dutch allies.

P.A. Tiele (1890), p. 300. As a result of the new Tidore-Ternate concord, the Tidorese in the clove-producing island Makian became so rash that they stole the slaves and servants of the VOC and the locals with impunity.P.A. Tiele (1890), p. 284. Tidorese activities were also felt in the commercially vital East Ceram whose inhabitants felt badly intimidated by their presence.

In the meantime, however, the impoverished ex-Sultan Ngarolamo contacted the Spanish in the Gamalama fortress in Ternate, hoping to regain his throne. The negotiations could not be kept secret, and Hamza and Gorontalo were alerted. The old man was brought on board a Ternatan ship and then killed by Tidorese musketeers in July 1639.P.A. Tiele (1890), p. 380-1.

Ngarolamo stayed on in Malayu in Ternate for some years, but always hoped to regain his throne. In his debauched and impoverished state he began to negotiate with the Spanish, asking to stay among them. The Spanish authorities in Manila, on their part, entertained advanced plans to reinstall Ngarolamo as Sultan.Marco Ramerini "The Spanish forts on the island of Tidore, 1606-1663".

Paramita R. Abdurrachman (1988) "'Niachile Pokaraga'; A sad story of a Moluccan queen", Modern Asian Studies, 22, p. 576. On the other hand, Christiaan van Fraassen posits that Bayan Sirrullah married two daughters of al-Mansur, of which the second gave birth to Tabariji.C.F. van Fraassen (1987), Ternate, de Molukken en de Indonesische Archipel. Leiden: Rijksmuseum te Leiden, Vol. II, p. 14.

Francis Xavier inspiring Portuguese soldiers in the East Indies. Nyaicili Boki Raja returned to the kingless Ternate in 1545 together with her husband Pati Sarangi. Captain Jordão de Freitas summoned the ministers of the court and read out Tabariji's testament. He proclaimed himself governor in the name of King John III while Nyaicili functioned as ruler for the time being.

Willard Anderson Hanna (born 1911, died 1993) was an American author of Southeast Asian history and works of fiction as well as a teacher. Hanna wrote politics, history, and historical fiction. He wrote Bali Chronicles with Adrian Vickers. Hanna co-authored Turbulent Times Past in Ternate and Tidore on the history of the Maluku Islands and Banda Neira with Des Alwi.

Portugis, or Ternateño, was a Portuguese-based creole language spoken by Christians of mixed Portuguese and Malay ancestry in the islands of Ambon and Ternate in the Moluccas (Indonesia), from the 16th to the middle of the 20th century. Portugis was a creole based chiefly on Portuguese and Malay. The language was gradually replaced by a variant of Malay called Ambonese Malay.

154 was the sixth Sultan of Tidore in Maluku Islands. He reigned from 1560 to 1599, a time of major political realignments. Due to the great expansion of Tidore's rival Ternate, the previous Tidorese hostility towards the Portuguese was changed into a strategic policy of cooperation, while the Spanish establishment in the Philippines and the Iberian Union in 1581 brought him Spanish support.

The new Sultan Babullah initially cooperated with the Tidorese in confronting the Portuguese forces. Matrimonial relations played a role in the bond since a sister of Babullah married the Sultan in c. 1571.Diogo do Couto (1777) Da Asia, Decada VIII. Lisboa : Na Regia officina typografica, p. 269-70.; otherwise in C.F. van Fraassen (1987) Ternate, de Molukken en de Indonesische Archipel.

In general, the Portuguese in Maluku in the late 16th century were left to fend for themselves, as they could not count on assistance from either Goa or Manila.P.A. Tiele (1877-1887), Part V:5, p. 198. They could not prevent that some of Tidore's old vassals in Halmahera were captured by Ternate by the end of the 16th century.

The young has brownish plumage, a black bill, legs and hazel iris. An Indonesian endemic, the Moluccan megapode is confined to hill and mountain forests on the Maluku Islands of Halmahera, Buru, Seram, Ambon, Ternate, Haruku and Bacan. It also found on Misool Island in West Papua province. The Moluccan megapode is the only megapode known to lay its eggs nocturnally.

The appearance of this vessel, coupled with a sudden attack spearheaded by Alceste's marines, caused the pirates to flee.Henderson, pp. 176–177 The rescue ship was Ternate, a 16-gun brig belonging to the British East India Company's navy, the Bombay Marine, despatched by Lord Amherst on the day of his arrival in Batavia.Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green and Longman, p.

Like Ternate, Tidore allowed the Dutch spice eradication program (extirpatie) to proceed in its territories.Muridan Widjojo (2009) The revolt of Prince Nuku: Cross-cultural alliance-making in Maluku, c. 1780-1810. Leiden: Brill, p. 33-7. This program, intended to strengthen the Dutch spice monopoly by limiting production to a few places, impoverished Tidore and weakened its control over its periphery.

During the 2011 eruption, Indonesia closed a domestic airport near the volcano for several days following ash emissions that reached into the atmosphere. The foothills are home to groves of clove trees, and climbs to the peak of the volcano can be made. The airport lies along the northeast coastline. Hiri island is a volcanic cone lying off the northern tip of Ternate.

The assassination of Sultan Hairun incited the people of Ternate to expel Portugal. Even other parts of the Moluccas chose to support the leadership and struggle of the new Sultan Baabullah. The fortresses of Portugal throughout Maluku and the eastern regions of Indonesia were attacked. After five years of war, the Portuguese were finally expelled from northern Maluku in 1575.

Kue bagea (also called sago cake) is a cake originating from Ternate in North Maluku, Indonesia. It has a round shape and creamy color. Bagea has a hard consistency that can be softened in tea or water, to make it easier to chew. It is prepared using sago, a plant-based starch derived from the sago palm or sago cycad.

On December 4, 2011 Mount Gamalama erupted, ejecting material up to 2,000 meters into the air. Thousands of residents in nearby Ternate City fled due to ash and dust particles raining down on the town. Finally on December 27 some 4 people died and dozens injured from debris falls (lahar) after a month of activity. More eruptions occurred in September 2012.

Robert Blust (2013) considers this paradox to be a result of historical language replacement. Ternate, Tidore, West Makian, and Sahu have received extensive Austronesian influence in terms of grammar. Bert Voorhoeve noted a set of lexical similarities between the North Halmahera languages and the Central Papuan languages of the south coast of Papua New Guinea, possibly arising from potential language contact.

The Aldermaston estate was occupied by his son Higford for a short while, before he sold it to Charles Edward Keyser in 1893. Burr's family's coat of arms included a golden rampant lion, with a crest inscribed with "Ternate" – the Indonesian Maluku Island captured by his father in 1801. The family's motto was versus veras honos – literally "virtue, truth, honour".

Ligusticum scoticum is a herbaceous perennial plant which typically grows tall. It has triangular, twice-ternate leaves, long, with each lobe long. The edges of the leaves may be toothed, lobed or serrated, and are typically either a paler green or magenta. The stem branches infrequently, and bears 2–5 inflorescences, each of which is a compound umbel in diameter.

However, since Ternate had little interest in this venture, Baab diverted on the way and brought his fleet to the Melaka Straits where he performed acts of piracy. He nevertheless lost 300 men in the enterprise. The Portuguese enterprise in the Philippines likewise turned out to be a failure, to the ill-concealed satisfaction of Hairun.P.A. Tiele IV:5, p. 438.

A Spanish force arrived to Tidore in 1582, and attempted to weaken Babullah through incursions on Ternate. However, the Spaniards were badly afflicted by an epidemic and had to return to Manila without achieving anything much.P.A. Tiele (1877-1887), Part V:3, p. 179. The full consequences of the Spanish position in the Philippines were felt by Babullah's successor Saidi Berkat in 1606.

The shoreline of Rosario, Tanza, Naic and Ternate are lined with Guadalupe sand. The central area principally consists of Magallanes loam with streaks of Magallanes clay loam of sandy texture. This is recommended for diversified farming such as the cultivation of upland rice, corn, sugarcane, vegetables, coconut, coffee, mangoes and other fruit trees. The steep phase should be forested or planted to rootcrops.

Muller (1997), p. 131. The chief town at the time, also known as Bachian, was Amasing or Amasingkota on the island's isthmus. Ternate and Bacan were the only places in the northern Moluccas that had a Dutch curriculum school and a Protestant minister in the late 19th century. The majority of Bacan's Roman Catholics became Protestants during the Dutch colonial period.

Travedona-Monate is a comune and small town near the eastern shore of the Lake Maggiore, in the province of Varese, northern Italy. The population is about 3,336 inhabitants. It extends to an area of , with a density of 371 inhabitants/km2. It shares boundaries with Biandronno, Brebbia, Bregano, Cadrezzate, Comabbio, Ispra, Malgesso, Osmate, Ternate, and the Lago di Monate lake.TRavedona-Monate. Italia.indettaglio.it.

He was brought to Manila with the victorious fleet, together with most of the royal family. With this, most of Maluku was securely under the thumb of Spain. A peace treaty was forced upon Ternate, where they promised to have no contact with the English or Dutch, allow Catholic missionizing, and abide to Spanish dispositions.Willard A. Hanna & Des Alwi (1990), p. 131-5.

Honolulu: Hawai'i University Press, p. 150. However, the arrival of the Dutch, political and commercial rivals of the Spanish-Portuguese empire, alerted the Spanish authorities in the Philippines. Dutch seafarers entered negotiations with Saidi in 1599 and onwards and conquered the Iberian fortification on nearby Tidore in 1605. A large Spanish armada invaded Ternate in 1606 and reduced the kingdom to vassalage.

Kaicili (prince) Tahubo, the later Mandar Syah, was only a few years old when his father Sultan Mudafar Syah I passed away in 1627. He had two older brothers, Kaicili Kalamata and Kaicili Manilha, and was therefore not a likely candidate for the Ternatan throne.C.F. van Fraassen (1987) Ternate, de Molukken en de Indonesische Archipel. Leiden: Rijksmuseum te Leiden, Vol.

Map of Fort Oranje on Ternate in c. 1651. Apart from the rebellions, the selling of spices to merchants operating outside the VOC was a problem for the Dutch authorities, who deemed such practices "smuggling". The solution was to force the periphery areas in Maluku to stop producing spices. Here Mandar Syah was a useful tool to enforce Dutch spice monopoly.

She was reported at various places in the region such as Ambon, Buru, and Ternate. In late 1805 or early 1806 Law died; his son was on board at the time as an apprentice. Greenwich returned to London on 28 October 1806. 3rd whaling voyage (1807–1809): Captain Charles Cresar Bristow acquired a letter of marque on 16 December 1806.

During the fishing season, skippers use Sandeq to trap eggs from a series of coconut leaves and seaweed. The Sandeq can also be used to collect spices from Ternate and Tidore to be delivered to the city of Makassar. Every year, a Sandeq race is held in mid-August. The route from Mamuju, West Sulawesi to Makassar, South Sulawesi covers a distance of .

Then this fortress was repaired by "Mayor Lutzow" in the year 1799. The fort was captured by the British when they conquered the Spice Islands in 1810. Fort Kalamata was restored by the Government of Indonesia in 1994 and inaugurated after the full post in 1997. In 2005, Ternate City Government contemplated this game by adding yard and house to protect the fortress.

"Moluccan Beetles" from Alfred Russel Wallace's The Malay Archipelago, 1869 In 1858 Alfred Russel Wallace wrote his paper on evolution here, which he sent to Charles Darwin for his attention. Contrary to popular belief, Wallace had not published a paper on evolution before 1858, nor had he intended the "Ternate Essay" to be published in the form in which he sent it to Darwin. The essay was titled "On the Tendency of Varieties to Depart Indefinitely From the Original Type", and in its nine pages it concisely describes the theory of evolution by natural selection. Wallace concludes the essay with the words Darwin at once decided to publish his own work, and arranged for Wallace's "Ternate Essay" and extracts of two of his own accounts of evolution, to be read at the Linnean Society of London on 1 July 1858.

Milton 1999, pp. 5–7. From Banda Abreu returned to Malacca, while his vice-captain Francisco Serrão, after a separation forced by a shipwreck and heading north, reached once again Ambon and sank off Ternate, where he obtained a license to build a Portuguese fortress-factory: the Fort of São João Baptista de Ternate, which founded the Portuguese presence in the Malay Archipelago. In May 1513 Jorge Álvares, one of the Portuguese envoys, reached China. Although he was the first to land on Lintin Island in the Pearl River Delta, it was Rafael Perestrello—a cousin of the famed Christopher Columbus—who became the first European explorer to land on the southern coast of mainland China and trade in Guangzhou in 1516, commanding a Portuguese vessel with crew from a Malaccan junk that had sailed from Malacca.Pfoundes 1882, p. 89.

The final part of the campaign involved the capture of the island of Ternate, the last remaining Dutch possession of any consequence in the Moluccas; after capturing Manado, Tucker and 174 men from HMS Dover arrived there on 21 August. The plan was to capture Fort Kalamata a small fortress which lies near the main town which was made up Fort Oranje; a bigger fort – this contained 92 heavy calibre guns and a garrison of 500 men of which 150 were Dutch. Many of the natives soldiers however had been in near mutiny over their pay. Present day view of Fort Oranje on Ternate After having found an amphibious landing difficult at night Tucker and his men resorted in daylight and succeeded at Sasa, a village screened by a point of land from the fort by 7am.

A boy of 14-15 years, Tabariji, was now enthroned with his mother Nyaicili Boki Raja as guardian. She had previously remarried with the nobleman and jogugu (first minister) Pati Serangi and is described as a shrewd woman who cultivated a deep knowledge of the Muslim religion.Georg Schurhammer (1977), p. 250-1. Unfortunately, the arrogant behaviour of the Portuguese officers in Ternate did not improve.

The Slavic and East European Journal, Vol. 5, No. 1 (Spring, 1961), pp. 12–18 Francis reached Lisbon in June 1540 and, four days after his arrival, he and Rodrigues were summoned to a private audience with the King and the Queen. Francis Xavier devoted much of his life to missions in Asia, mainly in four centres: Malacca, Amboina and Ternate, Japan, and off-shore China.

Muridan Widjojo (2009), p. 165-85. The French occupation of the Netherlands in 1795 had global consequences since British squadrons were dispatched to seize the VOC possessions in Asia. Ambon and the Banda Islands fell for the British arms in early 1796, while Ternate remained in Dutch hands for the time being. With a considerable fleet, Nuku paid a visit to the new British governor in Ambon.

The Spanish vessels took in cargoes of cloves and departed in December 1521. However, one of the ships foundered offshore, and its crew stayed on Tidore for some time. The remaining vessel Victoria made it back to Spain where the Tidorese spices yielded a profit that more than covered the costs for the expedition.Willard A. Hanna & Des Alwi (1990) Turbulent times past in Ternate and Tidore.

The deposed Sultan Dayal of Ternate fled to Mir who was his mother's brother. Mir refused to return him to the Portuguese; on the contrary an alliance began to form between Dayal and the other three Malukan rulers: Mir of Tidore, Alauddin of Bacan and Katarabumi of Jailolo.Hubert Jacobs (1971) A treatise on the Moluccas (c. 1544). Rome: Jesuit Historical Institute, p. 241-9.

The Portuguese in Ternate were eventually forced to capitulate in 1575. However, Gapi Baguna began to fear Babullah's growing power in Maluku, and realized that a European establishment could attract the profitable clove trade. In 1576 he took the decision to travel to Ambon where the Portuguese still had a post, for secret negotiations about a strategical alliance. Babullah nevertheless got wind of this and acted swiftly.

In that way Tidore was able to hold its own against the powerful Ternate. The strong Iberian fortress on Tidore Island, Los Reys Magos, deterred Ternatan attacks while the rest of Maluku and parts of Sulawesi fell under Ternate's might. By 1584 Kaicili Mole was the heir of his uncle and already a medium- aged person.Diogo do Couto (1777) Da Asia, Decada X:2.

He also secured friendly ties with the Sultan Alauddin II of Bacan in the south of Maluku Proper by marrying his daughter.P.A. Tiele (1879-1887) "De Europëers in den Maleischen Archipel", Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 25-36, Part VII:1, p. 54. Frontispiece of Bartolomé Leonardo de Argensola's Conquista de las Islas Malucas that celebrated the Spanish-Tidorese invasion of Ternate in 1606.

Typical flower Anemonoides nemorosa is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial plant less than in height. The compound basal leaves are palmate or ternate (divided into three lobes). They grow from underground root-like stems called rhizomes and die back down by mid summer (summer dormant). The plants start blooming in spring, March to May in the British Isles soon after the foliage emerges from the ground.

He was buried on 6 August 1740 in The Hague. He was married to Amarante/Amarantha van der Elst (born 1690 in Delft) with whom he had children born in Batavia and Ternate. In 1719, Everard Kraeyvanger wrote a poem for Amaranta in consolation for the loss of two of her children in Batavia.Everard Kraeyvanger, Dichtlievende lente en zomer, Losel Publishers, Rotterdam, 1728, p.

Hiri is a small, 3-kilometre-wide forested island immediately north of the island of Ternate, in the Maluku Islands of Indonesia. It is located at the northernmost part of a chain of volcanic islands off the western coast of Halmahera. It is a conical volcano which rises to . The island covers 6.7 km2 and had a population of 3,064 in 2015;Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2020.

They migrated to Bohol from Sumatra in the seventh century and became involved with the conflict between Kedatuan of Dapitan and Sultanate of Ternate. The Eskayas speak a Boholano dialect, however, they are better known for an auxiliary language, known as Eskayan or Ineskaya. Foreign trade and commerce bloomed during this period. It also marked the beginning of a wide trade between Muslims and the Ilaya natives.

The Dutch responded and helped Sultan Mudafar Syah I to reestablish himself on Ternate Island. On 26 June 1607 the sultan signed a contract that gave the Dutch East India Company (VOC) monopoly in purchasing spices in his realm, in return for Dutch assistance against Spain. Peter Borschberg 2015 Journals, memorials and letters of Cornelis Matelieff de Jonge. Singapore: NUS Press, p. 87-9.

According to the genealogies of the kings of Ternate and Tidore, the first kolano of Tidore was Sahjati (Muhammad Naqil) who supposedly ascended the throne in 1081.Annie Nugraha 2017 "Tidore dalam balutan sejarah". The ruler was known as Kië ma-kolano, "King of the Mountain". It was only at the end of the 15th century that Islam was adopted as the official religion of the kingdom.

This made the next sultan Hairun a royal vassal of Portugal, but in fact he disregarded the testament and built up his power behind the backs of the Europeans. Portugal helped Hairun conquer the Jailolo kingdom in 1551, reducing it to a Ternate vassal.Leonard Andaya 1993, p. 130. However, the arrogant treatment of his brothers and himself caused the deep resentment of Sultan Hairun.

An anonymous Dutch view of Spanish Kastella in 1607. The original Portuguese fort is shown in the bottom left. Looking past the ruins of the Portuguese- built Kastella towards Ternate's Gamalama volcano, from 2012 Fort Kastela () is a ruined fortress located at the southwest coast of Ternate. It is famous for being the first colonial fortification constructed in the Spice Islands (Maluku) of Indonesia.

Muhammad Abduh Lestaluhu (born 16 October 1993) is an Indonesian professional footballer who plays as a left back for Liga 1 club TIRA-Persikabo and the Indonesia national team. He lives in Ternate and his childhood friend is Persib Bandung player, Ardi Idrus. His uncle, Ramdani Lestaluhu is also a football player. He is also a second sergeant in the Indonesian Army for Military Police Corps unit.

The use of Jawi script was a key factor driving the emergence of Malay as the lingua franca of the region, alongside the spread of Islam. It was widely used in Sultanate of Malacca, Sultanate of Johor, Sultanate of Brunei, Sultanate of Sulu, Sultanate of Pattani, the Sultanate of Aceh to the Sultanate of Ternate in the east as early as the 15th century.

1614 painting by Hendrick Cornelisz Vroom showing English, Dutch and Spanish ships in a bay in the East Indies. The Maluku Islands (Moluccas) Sir Henry Middleton (died 1613) was a sea captain and adventurer. He negotiated with the sultan of Ternate and the sultan of Tidore, competed against Dutch and Portuguese interests in the East Indies but still managed to buy cloves.Margaret Makepeace, 'Middleton, Sir Henry (d.

The Dutch arrived in 1599 and competed with the Portuguese in the area for trade. The Dutch East India Company allied with the Sultan of Ternate and conquered Ambon and Tidore in 1605, expelling the Portuguese. A Spanish counterattack from the Philippines restored Iberian rule in parts of North Maluku up to 1663. However the Dutch monopolized the production and trade in spices through a ruthless policy.

Some traditions, including the oldest chronicle Hikayat Tanah Hitu by Rijali (before 1657), nevertheless hold that Zainal Abidin himself first converted to the new religion.Christiaan van Fraassen (1987), Vol. II, p. 6. Rijali relates that a prince and missionary from Samudra Pasai in Sumatra, Mahadum by name, travelled to Maluku via Melaka and Java, successfully converting the rulers of Jailolo, Tidore and Ternate in turn.

After Indonesian Government regulates that no more Regional Government Budget to Support Football Team, PSIS can not recruit Stars Player anymore. PSIS also can't defend their local stars like M. Ridwan, Khusnul Yakin, Imral Usman, Yaris Riyadi, Maman Abdurrahman, and many other. PSIS can give them expected salary. In the 2008 season, PSIS and PKT Bontang joined the Indonesia Super League, replacing Persmin Minahasa and Persiter ternate.

Chavacano or Chabacano is a group of Spanish-based creole language varieties spoken in the Philippines. The variety spoken in Zamboanga City, located in the southern Philippine island group of Mindanao, has the highest concentration of speakers. Other currently existing varieties are found in Cavite City and Ternate, located in the Cavite province on the island of Luzon. Chavacano is the only Spanish-based creole in Asia.

Cavite coastal areas have marl and conglomerate sedimentary rocks and some igneous rocks which are prominent in the high, mountainous regions of western part of the province. Black sands are found in Kawit while Noveleta has its own salt products. Magallanes has gravel deposits while reserves of sand and gravel materials are found in Alfonso, Carmona, Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo, Naic, Ternate, Maragondon and Silang.

He married a woman from Amboina and became a military advisor to the Sultan of Ternate, Bayan Sirrullah. His letters to Magellan would prove decisive, giving information about the spice-producing territories.Zweig, Stefan, "Conqueror of the Seas – The Story of Magellan", p. 51, Read Books, 2007, R.A. Donkin, "Between East and West: The Moluccas and the Traffic in Spices up to the Arrival of Europeans", p.

Willard A. Hanna & Des Alwi (1990) Turbulent times past in Ternate and Tidore. Banda Naira: Yayasan Warisan dan Budaya Banda Naira, p. 54-6. However, another half-brother of Hairun, Dayal, had been deposed some years previously and fled to the rival Sultanate Tidore, based on an island in the vicinity. There he was supported by his maternal uncle, Sultan Mir, who refused to surrender Dayal.

The other three kingdoms in the region were Tidore, Bacan and Jailolo. The kings were all related to each other. Other sources show that the ruler of Tidore had a precedence position vis-à- vis Ternate, since his daughters were regularly married with Ternatan Sultans and princes; in spite if that, Tidore was usually the weaker of the two.Leonard Andaya (1993) The world of Maluku.

Paramita R. Abdurrachman (1988) "'Niachile Pokaraga'; A sad story of a Moluccan queen", Modern Asian Studies, 22, p. 576. To this end he dispatched his son Kaicili Latu as envoy to Melaka in the same year. Latu stayed in Melaka for six months and apparently visited other places afterwards, returning to Ternate only after the death of his father.Paramita R. Abdurrachman (1988), p. 577.

Saidi Berkat and his entourage on the way to the mosque, according to Johann Theodor de Bry (1601). Saidi Berkat, also called Said Din Berkat Syah, was, according to Dutch information, born in c. 1563 in the time of his grandfather Sultan Hairun.Willard A. Hanna & Des Alwi (1990) Turbulent times past in Ternate and Tidore. Banda Naira: Yayasan Warisan dan Budaya Banda Naira, p. 119.

Saidi Berkat entertains Jacob van Neck and his men, illustration from about 1654. The Dutch first arrived to Indonesia in 1596 and were, like the Portuguese, bent on controlling the spice trade. Their first visit to Ternate followed in 1599 with two ships under Captain Wijbrand van Warwijk. Sultan Saidi received them in a friendly mood, hoping to use the newcomers against his indigenous and European enemies.

Sultan Saidi and most of his family was brought to Manila as prisoners. However, the young Prince Modafar with a number of supporters hid in Halmahera where they found protection with his brother-in-law, King Doa of Jailolo. He was now proclaimed new Sultan of Ternate, though he was not universally recognized.Peter Borschberg (2015) Journals, memorials and letters of Cornelis Matelieff de Jonge.

The first eight kolanos are proto-historical as there are no contemporary sources on Tidore until the early 16th century.F.S.A. de Clercq (1890) Bijdragen tot de kennis der Residentie Ternate. Leiden: Brill, p. 321 The ninth, Ciri Leliatu, was reportedly converted to Islam by an Arab, Syekh Mansur, and named his oldest son after the preacher.P.J.B.C. Robidé van der Aa (1879) Reizen naar Nederlandsch Nieuw-Guinea.

The first iron ships built by Fijenoord were the Hecla and the Etna under construction in 1834. One was 34 m long and the other a bit shorter. They were finished in 1835 and 1836 and later got the names Banda and Ternate (both volcanic islands). They each had a 24-pdr carronade, and had compound engines with one large and one small cylinder.

In November of the same year, Ternate helped the Dutch attack Tidore. The Dutch then, in December, enforced an agreement and appointed Sultan Hairul Alam Kamaluddin Kaicili Asgar, a prince exiled to Ceylon, as the new puppet sultan. In 1787, Amiruddin's base in eastern Seram was attacked and seized by the Dutch forces; however, Amiruddin managed to escape. Amiruddin then built a new base in Gorong island.

I.R.A. Arsad (2018) "Contestation of aristocratic and non-aristocratic politics in the political dynamic in North Maluku", in Rukminto Adi & Rochman Achwan (eds) Competition and Cooperation in Social and Political Sciences. Leiden: CRC press. Mudaffar came back to Ternate in 1966 and was active in a movement to restore the adat (body of traditions) of the old sultanate. His followers regarded him as his father's heir.

He was then appointed in Batavia because of the Franco-Dutch War. Lostal fought against the sultans in Mataram (Java), Ternate and Bantam and seems to have been a skillful soldier. His adventures were used in a playwright by Onno Zwier van Haren.Information on the playwright in French on Persee Lostal lived in Utrecht from 1683 with his comagnon Hendrik van Rheede, a naturalist.

However, the Portuguese presence was later reduced to Solor, Flores and Timor (see Portuguese Timor) in modern-day Nusa Tenggara, due to their 1575 defeat at Ternate at the hands of indigenous Ternateans, and its defeat to the Dutch. In the early 17th century, the VOC was founded. Its main business was profiting in intra-Asian trade and establishing direct spice trade between the archipelago and Europe.

Lloyd's List for 28 October 1814 reported that Fortune, Walker, master, had left Sydney on 13 September 1813 and had not been heard from since. It was feared that she had foundered.Lloyd's List 28 October 1814. However, on 29 November, Lloyd's List reported that Fortune had sailed from Ambonya in the middle of November (1813), and arrived at Ternate after a tedious voyage from Sydney.

The two karaengs established alliances with and sent envoys to states and cities across the archipelago, including Johor, Malacca, Pahang, Patani, Banjarmasin, Mataram, Balambangan, and Maluku. Trade thrived as Makassar was more fully integrated into the Muslim commercial routes, which Christian Pelras (1994) refers to as the "Champa-Patani-Aceh-Minangkabau-Banjarmasin-Demak-Giri-Ternate network", and Tunijalloq had the Katangka Mosque built for the burgeoning Malay community of Makassar. The influence of Islam on Gowa and Talloq grew stronger, although Muslim missionaries such as Dato ri Bandang still had little success; the veneration of the divine origins of nobility and the influential role of the bissu priesthood remained powerful obstacles for Islamization. In 1580, Sultan Babullah of the Malukan sultanate of Ternate offered an alliance on the condition that Tunijalloq convert to Islam, but this was rejected perhaps in order to prevent Ternaten religious influence over South Sulawesi.

Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, p. 99-110. Tidore established an alliance with the Spanish in the sixteenth century, and Spain had several forts on the island. There was mutual distrust between the Tidorese and the Spaniards but for the Tidorese the Spanish presence was helpful in resisting the incursions of the Ternateans and their ally, the Dutch, who had a fort on Ternate. For the Spanish, backing the Tidore state helped check the expansion of Dutch power that threatened their nearby Asia-Pacific interests, provided a useful base right next to the centre of Dutch power in the region and was a source of spices for trade.Leonard Andaya (1993), p. 169-74. Before the Spanish withdrawal from Tidore and Ternate in 1663, the Tidore sultanate, although nominally part of the Spanish East Indies, established itself as one of the strongest and most independent states in the region.

Not even Saifuddin himself seems to have had a very clear idea how far his territory in New Guinea extended. This was complemented by another treaty in 1667 that reaffirmed the close alliance with the VOC and granted the Tidorese the exclusive rights to sail to the waters of Papua.Leonard Andaya (1993), p. 172. Territories associated with Ternate (red) and Tidore (orange), and Tidore vassals (light orange), in the VOC era.

The house of a Dutch resident in Central Java c. 1905 In the Dutch East Indies, Dutch residents and lower ranks such as assistant residents were posted alongside a number of the many native princes in present Indonesia, compare Regentschap. For example, on Sumatra, there were Dutch residents at Palembang, at Medan in Deli sultanate; another was posted with the Sultan of and on Ternate, and one in Bali.

I. Rome: Jesuit Historical Institute, p. 186. In conclusion, according to Paramita Abdurrachman, "Meant to be the bridge between two ambitious powers, Tidore and Ternate, personified for her personality by her father and husband, this dream could not be materialized... Thus, she could only have disappeared in history, not remembered by anyone, not even in the local lore, and only sporadically mentioned in Portuguese documents".Paramita R. Abdurrachman (1988), p. 590.

An expedition launched by the Dutch in 1818 and captured Sultan Najamudin and exiled him to Batavia. A Dutch garrison was established in 1821, but sultan attempted an attack and a mass poisoning to the garrison, which were intervened by Dutch. Mahmud Badaruddin II was exiled to Ternate, and his palace was burned to the ground. The Sultanate was later abolished by Dutch and direct colonial rule was established.

In the coming years the British Navy began to cooperate closer with Nuku, dropping the previous non- interference policy with regard to North Maluku. The Ambon governor William Farquhar and Nuku led a series on assaults on the Dutch in Ternate who finally had to surrender in June 1801. Immediately afterward, Farquhar officially proclaimed Nuku Sultan of Tidore, though he had already been the actual ruler for four years.

In the 16th century Tidore was the second most important polity in North Maluku after Ternate. The Malukan sultanates generated some wealth through the trade in cloves which attracted merchants from other parts of Asia, and eventually European seafarers. The best cloves supposedly grew in Tidore.P.A. Tiele (1877-1887) "De Europëers in den Maleischen Archipel", Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 25-36, Part I:9, p. 408.

The Portuguese, coming from Melaka, established a base in nearby Ternate and, allying with the local elite, made war on Tidore. After a temporary peace agreement in 1526, Sultan al-Mansur was apparently poisoned by a Portuguese physician. He left a large number of children of whom a young man of fifteen years was placed on the throne. This was Mir, whose full royal titles were Sultan Amiruddin Iskandar Dulkarna'in.

Sultan Mir's personal reign started in 1529, while the leading politician was his able and respected brother Kaicili Rade.P.A. Tiele (1877-1887), Part I:9, p. 415-8. Two of his sisters, including the well-known Nyaicili Boki Raja, were mothers of a succession of Ternatan Sultans, a circumstance that did not prevent the perennial rivalries between the two island kingdoms.C.F. van Fraassen (1987) Ternate, de Molukken end de Indonesische Archipel'.

The type genus Metrioxena contains twelve described species apart from the fossil ones mentioned below. They are today restricted to parts Southeast Asia, extending into the Indonesian archipelago. Roughly, they occur between Thailand and the Philippines and from Malaysia to the Tanimbar Islands. They have been found on Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi and offshore Ternate but are hitherto unknown from Borneo and the Lesser Sunda Islands where they conceivably might also occur.

Kaicili (prince) Mole was, according to the contemporary chronicler Bartolomé Leonardo de Argensola, a son of Sultan Gava who was treacherously murdered by the Sultan of Ternate when Mole was a child.Bartholomew Leonardo de Argensola (1708) The discovery and conquest of the Molucco and Philippine Islands. London, p. 97-8. His uncle Gapi Baguna then ruled Tidore during several decades, marked by a strategical alliance with the Spanish and Portuguese.

Sultan Saidi Berkat was forced to capitulate, while the Spanish groomed Mole and "made this king, who had always been our friend, emperor of those islands"Peter Borschberg (2015), p. 82. Mole took over or received back a number of territories previously held by Ternate, such as parts of Makian, Mayu island, and a section of Morotai.Leonard Andaya (1993) The world of Maluku. Honolulu: Hawai'i University Press, p. 142.

Sultan Mole Majimun passed away in 1627 at a very advanced age. In spite of the official state of war, Ternate sent a customary burial gift, but the envoy was arrested since a Ternatan prince had recently attacked a ship sent by the King of Makassar to his Tidorese counterpart.P.A. Tiele (1890) Bouwstoffen voor de geschiedenis der Nederlanders in den Maleischen Archipel, Vol. II. 's Gravenhage: Nijhoff, p. 124.

Candidius was born in 1597 at Kirchardt in the Palatinate. He studied at Leiden in the Dutch Republic from 1621 to 1623, when he was persuaded by Sebastiaen Dankaerts to minister overseas. Before arriving in Formosa in 1627 Candidius worked in Ternate, Moluccas. Having arrived in Taiwan he refused to live in the Dutch castle Zeelandia and settled in the native village of Sinckan (modern-day Sinshih) instead.

An expedition launched by the Dutch in 1818 and captured Sultan Najamudin and exiled him to Batavia. A Dutch garrison was established in 1821, but sultan attempted an attack and a mass poisoning to the garrison, which were intervened by Dutch. Mahmud Badaruddin II was exiled to Ternate, and his palace was burned to the ground. The Sultanate was later abolished by Dutch and direct colonial rule was established.

The Tidorese prince Nuku led a successful anti-Dutch rebellion that encompassed much of Maluku and western Papua in 1780-1805. Helped by the British invasion in 1796-1803 he was able to push back the Dutch positions, but resistance collapsed after his death.Muridan Widjojo 2009, p. 57-89. In the end, thus, Ternate and Tidore as well as other kingdoms in Maluku were incorporated in the Dutch colonial state.

The widow of the sultan, the Tidorese princess Nukila, and Prince Taruwese, son of the deceased sultan by a low-ranking wife, acted as guardians. Queen Mother Nukila intended to unite Ternate and Tidore under one crown, headed by one of her two sons, Pangeran Hidayat (later Sultan Dayalu) or prince Abu Hayat (later Sultan Abu Hayat II). Meanwhile Prince Tarruwese wanted the throne for himself.C.F. van Fraassen 1987, Vol.

Loch Teàrnait, also known as Loch Tearnait or Loch Ternate, is a small, lowland, freshwater loch on the Ardtornish Estate on the Morvern peninsula in the Scottish Highlands. It lies in an east to west direction and is approximately southeast of Loch Arienas and east of Loch Aline. It is long and wide, and is at an altitude of . The average depth is and its maximum depth is .

Tambora is the poorly attested non-Austronesian (Papuan) language of the Tambora culture of central Sumbawa, in what is now Indonesia, that was wiped out by the 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora. It was the westernmost known Papuan language, and was relatively unusual among such languages in being the language of a maritime trading state, though contemporary Papuan trading states were also found off Halmahera in Ternate and Tidore.

Arriving in Semarang, Malaka became sick. A month later, he had returned to health and participated in a meeting with fellow SI Semarang members. The meeting concluded that a rival to government schools was needed. The school, named Sekolah Sarekat Islam (which was later better known as Sekolah Tan Malaka, and spread to Bandung and Ternate), opened to enrollment on 21 June 1921, the day after the meeting.

The island of Ternate had been occupied by Japan since 1942. The Sultan sent several islanders to Australian Army headquarters on Morotai Island asking to be rescued. The Dutch were enthusiastic about the mission. The mission had been requested by the Netherlands Indies Civil Administration who was, according to Dick Horton "embarrassed that the Sultan...had been captured by the Japanese ... and was being held hostage in his own castle".

Many Muslim Javanese traders frequented Ternate at the time and incited the king to learn more about the new creed. In c. 1495, he traveled with his companion Hussein to study Islam in Giri (Gresik) on Java's north coast, where Sunan Giri kept a well-known madrasa.Soejono (2008), p. 194; François Valentijn (1724), p. 143.. While there, he won renown as Sultan Bualawa, or Sultan of Cloves.Amal (2016), p. 64.

Frequent visits were undertaken to the areas claimed by Ternate, where their loyalty to the Sultan's policy was requested. In 1580 Babullah is said to have led a grand naval expedition (hongi) that visited a number of places in Sulawesi. The ruler also paid a visit to Makassar and met with the king of Gowa, Tunijallo. The two rulers concluded an alliance, whereby Babullah invited Tunijallo to convert to Islam.

Under the leadership of Babullah, the Sultanate of Ternate reached its height of glory. A combination of Islamic socio-political influence, the after-effects of the Portuguese presence, and the rising clove sales, intensified royal control over territories and spices.Victor Lieberman (2009), p. 853. Early in his reign, the Sultan dispatched fleets to subjugate Buru, Ceram, and parts of Ambon; and in 1580 the chiefdoms in North Sulawesi were subordinated.

The position of the Bacans in the Moluccas The Bacan Islands, formerly also known as the Bachans, Bachians, and Batchians, are a group of islands in the Moluccas in Indonesia. They are mountainous and forested, lying south of Ternate and southwest of Halmahera. The islands are administered by the South Halmahera Regency of North Maluku Province. Bacan (), formerly also known as Bachian or Batchian,Encyclopædia Britannica, 9th ed.

Willard A. Hanna & Des Alwi (1990) Turbulent times past in Ternate and Tidore. Banda Naira: Yayasan Warisan dan Budaya Banda Naira, p. 45-6. This and similar events led to a conspiracy with the aim to expel the white foreigners, where the Sultan of Jailolo on Halmahera, Katarabumi, was involved. However, the plans leaked in the last minute through a Ternatan woman whose son had a Portuguese father.

Iberian power in Maluku was now entirely depleted, since the Portuguese stronghold in Ambon had also been captured. These losses inspired Governor Pedro Bravo de Acuña to dare a larger enterprise. This time more than 3,000 men were sent on 37 larger and smaller vessels, departing from Iloilo in January 1606. Helped by 600 Tidorese auxiliaries, the Spaniards undertook a well-coordinated attack on Ternate on 1 April.

Sultan Mudafar Syah I (b. c. 1595-d. 16 June 1627), also spelt Muzaffar Syah, was the ninth Sultan of Ternate who ruled from 1606 to 1627. He reigned during an important transitional phase, when the Dutch East India Company gained ascendency in the Maluku Islands and began to regulate the commerce in spices. This was the beginning of the colonial subordination of Maluku that would accelerate during his successors.

Leiden: Rijksmuseum te Leiden, Vol. II, p. 17. When the Spanish invaded and occupied Ternate in 1606, Hamza was among the many members of the royal family who were brought to the Spanish Philippines as state prisoners. While in Manila he was Hispanicized in many ways: he was baptized and took the name Pedro de Acuña, after the Spanish governor who had led the 1606 invasion, and married in the church.

The police said that they "thank" the students for "voicing their aspirations," saying that they will forward their messages to the government and the DPR in a form of a letter. In Ternate, North Maluku, riots occurred and one journalist was injured. There were also destructions of property, with several rock fights between the protesters and the police. Tear gas did not stop the protesters from protesting, more so rioting.

A korakora (large outrigger) from Maluku, and soldiers performing cakalele (war dance), 1669. Dissatisfaction with Mandar Syah's dependence on the Company soon led to open opposition from the influential House of Fala Rahi and the various Bobatos (chiefs) of Ternate. In August 1650 they elected his brother Manilha, supposedly a mentally unstable person, as Sultan in opposition. They believed that Manilha would be more sensible to Ternatan community leaders.

Iligan had its beginnings in the village of Bayug, four (4) kilometers north of the present Poblacion. It was the earliest pre-Spanish settlement of native sea dwellers. In the later part of the 16th century, the inhabitants were subdued by the Visayan migrants from the island-nation called the Kedatuan of Dapitan, on Panglao island. In the accounts of Jesuit historian Francisco Combes, the Mollucan Sultan of Ternate invaded Panglao.

Odontonia bagginsi (more commonly known as Hobbit Shrimp) is a tiny species of shrimp with eight hairy limbs. It was discovered in 2009 by Leiden University biology student Werner de Gier and shrimp researcher Dr. Charles Fransen in Ternate, Indonesia. The name came from the novel The Hobbit starring Bilbo Baggins as the fictional “hobbit” characters have hairy feet. Genetic characters of the shrimp was put in the tree of life.

Ternate island. View from North Halmahera The North Halmahera Regency is located in northeastern Indonesia between the islands of New Guinea and Sulawesi. It occupies roughly half of the northern mainland section of the island and includes smaller islands off the northwest coast of Halmahera. It formerly included the larger island of Morotai to the northeast of the headland but this was administratively separated to form its own regency in 2009.

View from Ternate to Tidore islands in the Maluku, where Portuguese Eastward and Spanish Westward explorations ultimately met and clashed between 1522 and 1529Newitt 2005, p. 104.Lach 1998, p. 1397 Saavedra's failed attempts to find a return route from the Maluku to New Spain (Mexico) in 1529 Soon after Magellan's expedition, the Portuguese rushed to seize the surviving crew and built a fort in Ternate. In 1525, Charles I of Spain sent another expedition westward to colonize the Maluku Islands, claiming that they were in his zone of the Treaty of Tordesillas. The fleet of seven ships and 450 men was led by García Jofre de Loaísa and included the most notable Spanish navigators: Juan Sebastián Elcano and Loaísa, who lost their lives then, and the young Andrés de Urdaneta. Near the Strait of Magellan one of the ships was pushed south by a storm, reaching 56° S, where they thought seeing "earth's end": so Cape Horn was crossed for the first time.

The Invasion of the Spice Islands was a military invasion by British forces that took place between February to August 1810 on and around the Dutch owned Maluku Islands (or Moluccas) also known as the Spice Islands in the Dutch East Indies during the Napoleonic wars. By 1810 the Kingdom of Holland was a vassal of Napoleonic France and Great Britain along with the East India Company sought to control the rich Dutch spice islands in the East Indies. Two British forces were allocated; one to the island of Ambon and Ternate, then another force would capture the more heavily defended islands of Banda Neira, following which any other island that was defended. In a campaign that lasted seven months British forces took all of the islands in the region; Ambon was captured in February, Banda Neira in August and Ternate and all other islands in the region later that same month.

When his father was murdered by the Spanish authorities in 1639 for treasonous conduct, Golofino tried to be acknowledged, opposing the Spanish candidate Saidi.W.P. Coolhaas, ed. (1964) Generale missiven van Gouverneurs-Generaal en Raden aan Heren XVII der Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie, Deel II. 's-Gravenhage: M. Nijhoff, p. 105. However, he had to give up the attempt in 1640 and sought refuge in the Sultanate of Ternate, which was closely allied with the VOC.

Shortly after this, the VOC-backed Sultan of Ternate, Mandar Syah, was opposed by his brothers and part of the Ternatan elite. The Dutch commander Arnold de Vlamingh van Outshoorn suppressed an attempt to replace Mandar Syah, and the Ternatans had to agree on a treaty in 1652 where they were stipulated to extirpate clove trees in their dominions.Leonard Andaya (1993) The world of Maluku. Honolulu: Hawai'i University Press, p. 167-8.

He dressed in Portuguese fashion, spoke good Portuguese and received many sympathies.Georg Schurhammer (1977), p. 252-6. When Freitas became captain of the Ternate fort in 1544 he saw it that Tabariji was recalled from his Indian exile, while the current Sultan Hairun was arrested and dethroned on dubious grounds. However, when the party stopped over in Melaka, Tabariji suddenly died in June 1545, and Nyaicili suspected that he had been poisoned.

Further on there is little known about Bruijn's life in Ternate. Much more is known about his father in law (see above). There are four birds species that are named after him: Waigeo brushturkey (Aepypodius bruijnii ), red-breasted pygmy parrot (Micropsitta bruijnii ), torrent-lark (Grallina bruijni ), and pale-billed sicklebill (Drepanornis bruijnii ). Further species include Mantou's riflebird and two mammal species: western long-beaked echidna (Zaglossus bruijnii ) and lowland brush mouse (Pogonomelomys bruijni ).

Alongside Silang, the town's territory was very large during its early decades. Andres Bonifacio's monument at the foot of Mount Nagpatong and Mount Buntis in Maragondon, Cavite where he was believed to be martyred; where his execution took place upon orders of Emilio Aguinaldo's administration last May 10, 1897. In the second half of the 19th century the towns of Ternate, Magallanes, Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo (formerly Bailen), Alfonso, and Naic were mere barangays of Maragondon.

Apart from Tidore Island it encompassed parts of Halmahera and New Guinea, which yielded foodstuff, forest and sea products that gave the Sultanate a certain economic significance.E. Katoppo (1984), p. 22-31. However, its prestige was declining since the VOC increasingly imposed its will on Tidore and its neighbour, the Sultanate of Ternate. This was aggravated by a rebellion in the Papuan island Salawati and incursions by the Iranun people of southern Philippines.

When Gapi Baguna's small fleet of korakoras (outriggers) approached Tidore, it was surrounded by a large Ternatan fleet under the sea lord Rubuhongi, who captured the Sultan.Artur Basilio de Sá (1956) Documentação para a história das missões Padroado portugues do Oriente, Vol. IV. Lisboa: Agencia Geral do Ultramar, p. 332. The prisoner was kept under surveillance in Ternate, but in the meantime Tidore was ably governed by his brother Kaicili Kota (Alcazen).

By this time the royal clan had split into two competing lineages. His son Ngarolamo was reportedly accepted as heir more due to respect for Mole than for any affection on the part of the populace, since he regularly slept with other persons' wives. By contrast, his nephew Kaicili Gorontalo was a popular figure who stayed with the Sultan of Ternate and was considered the more legitimate heir.P.A. Tiele (1886), p. 139-40.

Moro raiders had harassed the Spanish and their allies for years. In 30 years, an estimated 20,000 persons were taken captive by the Moro pirates and sold in the markets of Batavia, Ternate, Amboina, Makassar, Java and Madras. A royal decree of 1636 ordered the pacification of Mindanao, where many of these raiders were based. On March 13, 1637, Hurtado de Corcuera left Zamboanga and landed at Lamitan to begin the assault.

Alyxia stellata, known as maile in Hawaiian, is a species of flowering plant in the dogbane family, Apocynaceae, that is native to Hawaii. It grows as either a twining liana, scandent shrub, or small erect shrub, and is one of the few vines that are endemic to the islands. The binomial nomenclature means "chain resembling olive" in Latin. The leaves are usually ternate, sometimes opposite, and can show both types on the same stem.

This group and its descendants heavily inter-married with the Portuguese Mestiço community. Kampung Tugu was a famous Mardijker settlement in Batavia, but Mardijker quarters could be found in all major trading posts including Ambon and Ternate.Leirissa, R. Article ‘Ambon and Ternate through the 19th century’, in ‘Authority and enterprise among the people of South Sulawesi’ (Bijdragen in taal land en volkenkunde by University of Leiden, 156, 2000 no.3, 619-633, KITLV, Leiden.) p.

She was born in Ternate, North Maluku, Indonesia, on 27 May 1995 to a traditional Minahasan family background. When at 7 her parents was divorced and she was raised by her maternal grandparents. She was finishing her secondary study in SMAN 1 Manado and holds a bachelor degree on Business accounting and finance from TIE Eben Haezer in Manado, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. on 2015-2016 She was part of The Puteri Indonesia Queens, batch 2015.

In 1810 the islands including Banda Neira, Ambon and Ternate fell to a British invasion with little loss. The following year Java fell to the British which completed the conquest of the Dutch East Indies. Minto appointed Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles as lieutenant governor of Java. The British held on to the islands until the end of the war – the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 meant that they were handed back to the Dutch.

Anticipating a strong Spanish retaliation, Sultan Kudarat wrote to his allies and vassals to take up arms against the Spaniards. Declaring Jihad, he wrote to the Sultans of Sulu, Ternate, Brunei, and Makassar to support the struggle which he proclaimed was a defense of Islam and the Shari'ah. The Spanish offensive did not materialise, as they know that the Moro are ready according to their expectations. A tit for tat war then ensued.

Once again, the Spaniards were expelled from the Great Pulangi. In 1662, on account of the Koxinga threat, the Spaniards, in spite of Jesuit objections, decided to abandon their forts in Ternate and Zamboanga (Sambuwangan). In 1663, Zamboanga was abandoned and the Samals there became vassals of Kudarat while most of the indigenous Catholic converts reverted to Islam. There was then to be a long peace between Kudarat as the Spaniards kept their distance.

The islands are also home to the largest bee in the world, Wallace's giant bee (Megachile pluto). Most of the natural forest remains on these mountainous islands, although much of the coastal and lowland areas have been cleared for clove-planting since the sixteenth century, especially on the islands of Ternate and Tidore. Logging has occurred more recently on Halmahera and Morotai. The Sula Islands are part of the Sulawesi lowland rain forests ecoregion.

The navy was led by an admiral who was called Pabise. Thus, at the end of the 15th century the Kingdom of Bima Mbojo evolved into a crowded commercial center in the eastern archipelago, at the side of Gowa and Ternate. At that time, the Kingdom of Bima Mbojo was a storehouse of rice in the area, similar to Lombok. The kingdom saw developments in the field of literature, art and culture.

Museum Kedaton Sultan of Ternate is a 1500 square meter building situated on 1.5 acres of land, commissioned on 24 November 1813 by Sultan Muhammad Ali. It was built by a Chinese architect as a palace for the Sultan. The palace was handed over to the Indonesian Ministry of Education and Culture in 1981 and was inaugurated as a museum in 1982, though it still functions as a residence for the Sultan.

On 18 November 1667, he concluded the so-called Bongaais Treaty (Treaty of Bongaya). In the same year, he was named Commissioner (commissaris) of Amboina, Banda and Ternate. Consequently, he became Counsellor- extraordinary (raad extra-ordinaris) to the Dutch Council of the Indies. He travelled once again, in 1669, as admiral of another expedition to Makassar where he completely subjugated the kingdom, receiving a gold chain and medallion in recognition of this the following year.

Wairati was born on Ternate, North Moluccas, Dutch East Indies, as 'Diederich Gijsbrecht Christo Wairati, son of Andries Egbert Wairata and Antoinetta Cornelia Meulenaar, on 25 December 1929Biography at the indo-rock-gallery website. (or 1930 or 1932).The Waikiki Islanders Website Rudi Wairata He learned to play steel guitar by listening to Sol Ho'opi'i and Andy Iona records. His family moved to Yogyakarta, Java, when he was 11 years of age.

Kora-kora fleet from Ternate and Tidore bound for Ambon. 1817. A kora-kora or kora kora or coracora is a traditional canoe from the Maluku (Moluccas) Islands, Indonesia. It is approximately ten metres long and very narrow, National archive quite open, very low, and weighs about four tons.Authorama It had outriggers of bamboo about five feet off each side, which supported a bamboo platform extending the whole length of the vessel.

It is spoken on the coast near Makian Island, and on the western half of that island. West Makian has been strongly influenced by a neighboring Austronesian language or languages, to the extent that it was once classified as Austronesian, as East Makian (Taba) still is. A brief description of the language can be found in Voorhoeve (1982). Much influence comes from Taba, as well as Malay, Ternate, Dutch, and potentially Portuguese.

1SG remember 3SG POSS good very I always remember his kindness. From the above examples, it can be seen that wide ranges of possessions, including possessions in human, animals, objects or even abstract items like time, can be demonstrated from the Y pe X constructions. As mentioned earlier, word functions in Ternate Malay are often determined from contexts rather than word forms. Therefore, not all Y pe X constructions show possessive meanings.

They returned to Tidore on 3 May having received word from the fort of a Dutch attack.Corney (1855), pp46-50. In addition to the Dutch fleet, the king of Ternate and all his caracoas were there, as part of the attack on their enemies. The Red Dragon received a cold reception from the Dutch, who claimed that a Gujarati had told them that they had assisted the Portuguese during the last battle.

The Spanish settled and took control of Tidore in 1603 to trade spices and counter Dutch encroachment in the archipelago of Maluku. The Spanish presence lasted until 1663, when the settlers and military were moved back to the Philippines. Part of the Ternatean population chose to leave with the Spanish, settling near Manila in what later became the municipality of Ternate. Spanish galleons travelled across the Pacific Ocean between Acapulco in Mexico and Manila.

Zainal Abidin's reign coincided with the rise of the noble houses of Tomaitu and Tomagola who were instrumental in spreading the political influence of Ternate. Members of the Tomaitu went to the Sula Islands where they acted as sub-rulers with the title Kimelaha. The Tomagola, on their part, settled in Buru Island and later established their authority in the Ambon Quarter, settling at the inner coast of Ceram.François Valentijn (1724), p. 142.

These migrations had a long lasting impact. The friendship pact that the Sultan concluded with Pati Puti (or Pati Tuban), one of the petty rulers from Ambon, also contributed to the claims made by Ternate to the southern parts of Maluku: Buru, Seram, Ambon, the Lease and Banda Islands.Abdurachman (2008), p. 188. A 19th-century chronicle claims that Zainal Abidin, at the time when he returned from Java, subdued half of Sulawesi.

His forces attacked areas in Halmahera where the Jesuit mission had made progress, and forced the baptized ruler of Bacan to revert to Islam in about 1575. He also took the war to Ambon where the Portuguese had constructed a fortress in 1569. In 1570 a Ternate fleet of six large korakoras under the leadership of Kapita Kalasinka (Kassinu), invaded Ambon.A.B. de Sá (1956) Documentação para a história das missões Padroado portugues do Oriente, Vol.

The Portuguese troops under the captaincy of Sancho de Vasconcellos could keep their fortress with great difficulty, and lost much of their grip over the trade in cloves.Gerrit Knaap (2004) Kruidnagelen en Christenen: De VOC en de bevolking van Ambon 1656-1696. Leiden: KITLV Press, p. 17-9. Vasconcellos, assisted by the Christian natives succeeded in repelling the troops of Ternate on Buru Island for a while,A.B. de Sá (1956), p. 331, 396-7.

His rule was far from unopposed, however. The Sultan of Tidore, Gapi Baguna, had supported Babullah after the murder of Hairun, but grew increasingly uneasy with Ternate's power ambitions. He therefore sailed over to Ambon in 1576 to draw up a strategical alliance with the Portuguese. On his way back he was trapped by a Ternate fleet and captured, though he was liberated through a daring raid by his kinsman Kaicili Salama.

The highest number of Chavacano speakers are found in Zamboanga City and in the island province of Basilan. A significant number of Chavacano speakers are found in Cavite City and Ternate. There are also speakers in some areas in the provinces of Zamboanga del Sur, Zamboanga Sibugay, Zamboanga del Norte, Davao, and in Cotabato City. According to the official 2000 Philippine census, there were altogether 607,200 Chavacano speakers in the Philippines in that same year.

In a twist of events, Portuguese and Ternatan forces encircled Tolo in Halmahera and defeated the Tidorese in 1560. Gava was forced to submit, but was soon murdered by the Ternate ruler on a state visit.P.A. Tiele (1879-1887) "De Europëers in den Maleischen Archipel", Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 25-36, Part IV:1, p. 399-400; Bartholomew Leonardo de Argensola (1708), The discovery and conquest of the Molucco and Philippine Islands.

The Portuguese had to leave Ambon to its fate for several years, though they eventually came back to build a new stronghold in 1569. Since the Sultan dominated the waterways he could stop the vital deliveries of foodstuff from Moro in Halmahera to the Portuguese settlement in Ternate, to the great embarrassment of the garrison.P.A. Tiele (1877-1887), Part IV:5, p. 441-3. Hairun's growing opposition to the Portuguese eventually cost him his life.

The newcomers oversaw the construction of a fort on Tidore; however, the Spanish bases in the Americas were too far away, and the Tidore-Spanish alliance only had substantial consequences after the founding of the Spanish Philippines. The other Malukan kingdoms also let themselves be involved in the rivalries between Spain-Tidore and Portugal-Ternate, since Bacan took Ternate's side and Jailolo on Halmahera supported Tidore.C.F. van Fraassen (1987), Vol. I, p. 38.

The Spanish commander Juan de Morones was forced to give up the enterprise and shortly returned to Manila.P.A. Tiele (1877-1887), Part V:2, p. 182-4. A new expedition with 2,000 Spanish and Filipino soldiers was dispatched in 1593 but faltered due to a mutiny among the Chinese rowers. A few years later Saidi went on the offensive, sending a strong fleet of korakoras (large outriggers) to Mindanao which was loosely claimed by Ternate.

The defenders were quickly overwhelmed and Sultan Saidi escaped to Halmahera with a number of followers. With Ternate in their hands again after 36 years, the Iberians demanded the surrender of Saidi as a condition for peace. Some Ternatans declared that their Sultan had behaved in a negligent and despotic fashion, and professed their loyalty to the Iberian Crown. Saidi complied and gave himself up, though this did not save his position.

Mudafar was, moreover, no forceful figure and was far from popular with the Dutch. He was considered a lethargic youth sometimes capable of fits of cruelty. His first wife was a daughter of the Sangaji (sub-ruler) of Sahu in Halmahera, but she somehow displeased him, and he killed her with his kris and had her body thrown into the sea.Willard A. Hanna & Des Alwi (1990) Turbulent times past in Ternate and Tidore.

However, the old Sultan Mohammad Djabir meddled in the local politics from his base in Jakarta, leading to internal conflicts between factions. In 1968 Mudaffar was ordered by the government to put a stop to the restoration movement. In the elections for the regional North Maluku Assembly in 1971, he was a candidate for the ruling Golkar party, and was actually elected.C.F. van Fraassen (1987) Ternate, de Molukken en de Indonesische Archipel.

The new Sultan had a hostile relation to the Dutch Governor C.L. Wieling, who resided in Ternate and whose endorsement of his enthronement he declined to seek. Forts on Tidore fired on ships that came nearby, and Tidorese korakoras (large outriggers) flied the Dutch tricolor upside down as an act of defiance.A. Haga (1884), p. 435. The Sultan also received a British naval squadron, to the consternation of the Dutch who feared a joint attack.

The trade in cloves and other spices from the Molaccas was a fabulously wealthy one and the European colonial powers competed to control it. In November 1511. the Portuguese in Malacca learnt of the location of the Spice Islands in the Moluccas, and sent an expedition led by António de Abreu to find them. This arrived in early 1512, with Abreu going to Ambon while deputy commander Francisco Serrão went to Ternate.

Pendhapa (pavilion) in Kraton Yogyakarta Kraton of the Sultan of Ternate Pendhapa (pavilion) in Kraton Yogyakarta Kraton or Keraton () is a type of royal palace in Indonesia. Its name is derived from the Javanese ka-ratu-an, meaning residence of the ratu, the traditional honorific title for a king or queen. In Java, the palace of a prince is called pura or dalem, while the general word for palace is istana, identical to Indonesian and Malay.

Jorge de Menezes (c. 1498 – 1537) was a Portuguese explorer, who in 1526–27 landed on the islands of Biak (Cenderawasih Bay), whilst he awaited the passing of the monsoon season, and on the northern coasts of the Bird's Head Peninsula, calling the region Ilhas dos Papuas. He is thus credited with the European discovery of New Guinea. online Jorge de Menezes was the Portuguese Governor of the Moluccas from 1527 until 1530, residing on Ternate.

Saifuddin took care to act as a ruler on equal status with the Ternate Sultan. Unlike the Ternatan counterpart, however, he did not try to disrupt traditional institutions in order to concentrate his personal powers. Rather, he shored up popular support by displays of liberality and generosity, distributing wealth among the chiefs (Bobatos). He also made repeated suggestions to the Dutch authorities to reinstall the long-vanished Jailolo Sultanate in order to revert to the traditional quadripartition of Maluku.

IV. 's Gravenhage: Nijhoff, p. 794. Moreover, Saifuddin sided with the VOC when Sultan Sibori Amsterdam launched an anti-Dutch rebellion in 1679–1681, and assisted the Europeans with soldiers and ships to crush the uprising.Leonard Andaya (1993), p. 184-5. While the defeated Ternate had to sign a treaty that transformed it into a formal vassal (leen), Tidore preserved its independence under Dutch protection for another century, strengthened by the economic redistribution system with Halmahera and Papua.

One of Saidi's helpers was the chief Gurabesi whom later traditions associate with the origins of Tidore rule in the Papuan lands.P.A. Tiele (1895), p. 444. In 1649 a number of battles and mutual raids took place, culminating in a Tidore-Spanish invasion in Ternate where the Dutch were defeated with considerable losses. Before the VOC were able to stage a counter-attack, news of the Peace of Westphalia reached the East Indies, and hostilities were cancelled.

Mole complained about the headstrong character of his son, who made unauthorized efforts to marry the widowed Queen of Jailolo, a princess from the rival Sultanate of Ternate.Marques de Miraflores & Miguel Salva (eds) (1868), p. 338-9. He was also a warrior of some note; in 1614 he raided Morotai, ostensibly to prevent it from moving over to Ternate and the VOC. This irritated the Spanish allies since he killed two baptized rulers and enslaved numbers of Christian people.

Manuel Lobato (2014) "War-making, raiding, slave-hunting and piracy in the Malukan Archipelago", in Y.H. Teddy Sim (ed.) Piracy and surreptitious activities in the Malay Archipelago and adjacent seas, 1600-1840. Singapore: springer, p. 83. Nor was he entirely popular among the Tidorese elite due to his habit of taking advantage of the wives of married men. His cousin and rival Kaicili Gorontalo, on the other hand, commanded much respect, though he stayed in Ternate.

Early in his reign, Ngarolamo irritated the Spanish authorities by forbidding his subjects to sell cloves to the Spanish captain of Tidore, as had previously been the case. He also negotiated with Sultan Hamza of Ternate who wished to marry his daughter. The Dutch, hearing this, made efforts to stop the marriage between an ally and an enemy, and managed to postpone it.P.A. Tiele (1890) Bouwstoffen voor de geschiedenis der Nederlanders in den Maleischen Archipel, Vol.

Allying with Sultan Saidi Berkat of Ternate, the Dutch in turn attacked and captured Fort Los Reys Magos in 1605, after having first conquered the important center of clove cultivation Ambon. At this time Tidore was considered the third largest producer of cloves with 900 Bahar (c. 245,8 metric tons) per year, and therefore held considerable economic importance in the region.Peter Borschberg (2015) Journals, memorials and letters of Cornelis Matelieff de Jonge. Singapore: NUS Press, p. 584.

The VOC succeeded in winning the war and in 1656, and subsequently carried out forced displacement of residents to various regions in western Seram in an effort to quell further rebellion. Many inhabitants of Buano were forcibly relocated to Manipa Island. In 1675, Ternate made a treaty with the VOC, withdrewing its claims against the Ambon and surrounding areas including Buano. Until 1917, Boano was listed as an area of the West Seram Onderafdeling, Afdeling Seram, Governorate of Ambon.

The Cavite–Tagaytay–Batangas Expressway (CTBEx) is a proposed expressway that will connect the under-construction Cavite–Laguna Expressway (CALAEx) in the municipality of Silang, Cavite to J.P. Laurel Street (Ternate–Nasugbu Road) in the municipality of Nasugbu, Batangas, which situated as the western terminus of the expressway. The objective of the new expressway in Calabarzon region is to decongest the main highway of Tagaytay of heavy traffic due to tourism developments in Tagaytay–Nasugbu area.

Ternate was captured and occupied by the British in 1810 before being returned to Dutch control in 1817. In 1824 became the capital of a residency (administrative region) covering Halmahera, the entire west coast of New Guinea, and the central east coast of Sulawesi. By 1867 all of Dutch- occupied New Guinea had been added to the residency, but then its region was gradually transferred to Ambon (Amboina) before being dissolved into that residency in 1922.

Eriogonum ternatum is a species of wild buckwheat known by the common name ternate buckwheat. It is native to mountain ranges of northern California and southern Oregon, where it grows in the serpentine soil of the forests. This is a perennial herb forming mats up to half a meter wide with rosetted clusters of oval to rounded woolly leaves each about a centimeter long. The inflorescence arises on a flowering stem and bears an umbel of bright yellow flowers.

Dozens of camps were set up across North Maluku after the earthquake struck The strong shaking caused fear of tsunami among residents in North Maluku, even though the Indonesian geological agency stated that no tsunami threat was caused by the earthquake. In Ternate, hundreds of people evacuated to higher grounds due to fear of tsunami. Some evacuated to Ternate's Regional Disaster Management Board. In Labuha, thousands of residents who lived near the coastline evacuated to higher grounds.

Semioptera wallacei by Richard Bowdler Sharpe (1847-1909) The flightless invisible rail is endemic to the island. The naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace visited Halmahera, as described in his 1869 book The Malay Archipelago. He considered the standardwing bird of paradise, Semioptera wallacei, to be his greatest prize. It was in February 1858, on island of Ternate, between the bouts of fever, that a suffering Wallace came to the idea of the natural selection via the survival of the fittest.

The Tidores boarded the Ternate vessel, killing all but three who managed to swim to the safety of the Dragon.Corney (1855), p34. Middleton attempted to persuade the Ternatans to allow a trade monopoly and the establishment of an English factory but he lacked the authority needed to pledge the required protection from both Portuguese and Dutch aggression. Middleton arrived at Tidore on 27 March, and the following day met Thomè de Torres, captain of one of the Portuguese galleon.

Remnants of palaces and royal houses still can be found in Banten, Medan, Ternate, Bima, Bali and Sumenep. The layout of traditional Balinese and Javanese kratons is similar to the Chinese concept of walled compounds of royal pavilions, squares and gardens. Most of these kratons took the form of wooden pavilions called pendopo, while the istana of Sumatra usually consist of a single large structure. Typical Minangkabau vernacular architecture can be found in Pagaruyung Palace, West Sumatra.

The mission was authorised by General Douglas MacArthur who was worried about the Sultan's life and his wives. The Sultan had been sympathetic to the Allied cause. The Allied contingent consisted of eight Australians from Z Special Unit, and three Dutch officers and a Timorese corporal. The mission left Morotai on 8 April 1945 aboard two Australian crewed US Navy patrol boats and landed on the northern coast of Hiri Island, two kilometres north of Ternate.

When the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor thrust America into war on 7 December 1941, Heron (Lt. William L. Kabler) was stationed in Port Ciego, Philippines. After supporting General MacArthur's defense of the Philippines, Heron retired to the Moluccas and set up a base at Ambon. Upon hearing that had been bombed and was in need of help, she got underway 29 December with oil and spare parts intending to rendezvous with the stricken destroyer at Ternate.

Kampilan Swords in Display By 1563, before the full Spanish colonization agenda came to Bohol, the Kedatuan of Dapitan was at war with the Sultanate of Ternate, a Papuan speaking Muslim state in the Moluccas, which was also raiding the Rajahnate of Butuan. At the time, Dapitan was ruled by two brothers named Dalisan and Pagbuaya. The Ternateans at the time were allied to the Portuguese. Dapitan was destroyed by Ternateans and Datu Dalisan was killed in battle.

The Spanish then conducted the centuries long Spanish-Moro Conflict against the Sultanates of Maguindanao, Lanao and Sulu. War was also waged against the Sultanate of Ternate and Tidore (in response to Ternatean slaving and piracy against Spain's allies: Bohol and Butuan). During the Spanish-Moro conflict, the Moros of Muslim Mindanao conducted piracy and slave-raids against Christian settlements in the Philippines. The Spanish fought back by establishing Christian fort-cities such as Zamboanga City on Muslim Mindanao.

After the first round of negotiations, Babullah sent a sumptuous meal to Drake and his men: rice, chicken, sugar canes, liquid sugar, fruit, coconuts, and sago. Between the Sultan and Francis Drake arose mutual respect. Francis Drake was impressed with Babullah, noting the enormous respect that he enjoyed from his subjects. He left Ternate in November with a small quantity of prime quality clove, proceeding to traverse the Indonesian islands via Sulawesi, Baratiue (in Nusa Tenggara Timur?) and Java.

However, the Queen Mother reacted by withdrawing to a fortified place on the island, and forbade the people to deliver foodstuff to the fortress. The siege ended when a new captain, Goncalo Pereira arrived to Ternate, and a temporary reconciliation took place. Unfortunately, Pereira did not behave much better than his predecessor, and a succession of new sieges of the Portuguese fort ensued. The Ternatans temporarily allied with Tidore, Bacan and the Papuan Islands to maintain the blockade.

Since Spain and Portugal were at war with the Dutch Republic in Europe, the presence of the newcomers alarmed the Iberian colonist. A Spanish- Portuguese force once again tried to conquer Ternate in 1603 but was heavily defeated by the Ternatans and Javanese mercenaries. This in turn prompted a Dutch counter-attack in 1605 under Cornelis Sebastiaansz, that captured the Iberian fort in Tidore after a furious fight. The defeated enemy was allowed to sail for the Philippines.

Corney (1855), pp46–50. In addition to the Dutch fleet, the King of Ternate and all his caracoas were there, as part of the attack on their enemies. Red Dragon received a cold reception from the Dutch, who claimed that a Guzerat had told them that they had assisted the Portuguese during the last battle, a claim the English vehemently denied. The Dutch then described the battle ensuing, and their plans to attack the fort on the next day.

Although they had sporadic contacts with Minahasa, the Spanish and Portuguese influence was limited by the power of the Ternate sultanate. The Portuguese and Spaniards left reminders of their presence in the north in subtle ways. Portuguese surnames and various Portuguese words not found elsewhere in Indonesia, like garrida for an enticing woman and buraco for a bad man, can still be found in Minahasa. In the 1560s the Portuguese Franciscan missionaries made some converts in Minahasa.

The king complained of mistreatment by the Sultan Saidi Berkat, an ally of the Dutch on Terrenate. Reinforced with some boats and 600 men supplied by the king (and the king himself), on March 31 the fleet set out for Ternate. On April 1, after much fighting, the town and fort of Terrenate fell to the Spanish, and the Dutch and Moros fled. The Moros soon came to make peace and do homage to the king of Spain.

Sun rise at Ternate in North Halmahera ;Mamuya hot spring Mamuya hot spring in Mamuya village in Galelo is a hot spring emanating from a volcano by the same name. Spring water is said to have curing qualities for skin problems and hence is a popular attraction among the local people. It is only from Tobelo town. ;Wangongira rice field Wangongira rice fields are known for the special variety of rice grown along the swift flowing river called Molulu.

The yellow colour of the cormus and the skeleton composed only of triactines with cylindrical and undulated actines suggest that these clathrinas constitute a group of closely related species. Breitfuss (1897) reported a yellow clathrina he called C. clathrus in the Indo-Pacific region (Ternate). Borojevic & Klautau (2000) commented that he was probably referring to C. chrysea. In the original description of C. chrysea, the micrometry of the triactines was 105 mm (±9 mm)/10 mm (±1 mm).

Although the position is hereditary, the king of Banggai is ultimately appointed by the Sultan of Ternate, and acts as the polity's chief executive. The king is aided by four advisers, who also help in monitoring four autonomous local chiefs known as the basalo sangkap. As an example, the 1706 Dutch estimate noted that Banggai had a population of 1,450, with the king of Banggai only having 150 men and the rest under the 4 local chiefs.

The redrawing of administrative districts and contention between Tidore and Ternate over the location of the soon-to-be capital cast into doubt the viability of numerous existing power- structures and those employed by the groups that formed these structures. Economic power in Ambon from the mid-1980s onwards was held by civil servants, observed P. M. Laksono, and their salaries and monetary provisions from Jakarta contributed the overwhelming majority of wealth entering the Maluku region, as local agricultural and marine production was largely subsistence and commercial fishing operations were mostly foreign owned. Some estimates placed direct employment in the civil service at a quarter of total employment in Ambon and figures from 1990 stated 38% of Ternate workers were employed by the government. The dependence on a generally static number of public service positions meant that youth unemployment in Ambon was unusually high; in Benteng on Ambon 73.2% of the population was listed as not yet employed in 1994, and it was these disaffected youth that mostly composed the foot- soldiers of the conflict.

Resentment of the increasing influence of Makianese was not restricted to the Christian minorities, with mistrust aired in Ternate and Tidore following their attainment of important regional positions outside the traditional Makianese homeland. The dispute over land rights acquired a religious edge as the migrant Makianese were mostly Muslim while the 'indigenous' Jailolo and Kao were predominantly Protestant, however, there had also been a steady transmigration of Muslim Javanese to the Kao lands (even though the indigenous Christian population had been cooperative with the new residents). In 1999 the Kao and Jailolo claims received backing from the Sultan of Ternate and Protestant ethno-political groups, while the Makianese were supported by Muslim candidates, in their respective attempts to assume governorship of the newly established North Maluku province. During 1999, the national government agreed with Makian lobbyists to create a new Muslim majority Malifut sub- district, or kecamatan, which incorporated 16 Makianese settlements, several villages of Christian Pagu and Kao and the strategic gold deposits on the disputed lands.

The population of the Obi Islands Group is approximately 46,000 people (in 2018)Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2020., with a population density of 16.3 people per square kilometer, per Indonesian Department of Population and Civil Registry data for South Halmahera in 2010. All inhabitants on the Obi Island are migrants, as these islands had no indigenous population. The first groups to settle on Obi Island were the Buton, followed by immigrants from Tobelo-Galela, Ternate, Tidore, Makian- Kayoa, Bugis, Makassar and Java.

Hamza got wind of this and realized that the old king was a potential threat and might be used for Spanish machinations. He and the Ternatan grandees therefore decided his death in 1639 with the full knowledge of Sultan Gorontalo. Since Hamza did not want the regicide to take place in Ternate, the ex-ruler was brought to Jailolo in Halmahera on a boat, ostensibly to make a residence for him there. During the passage, three Tidorese boats showed up.

The name Papanggo comes from the Dutch language, De Papangers, meaning "the people of Pampanga," which originally referred to Mardijker soldiers, who served with the Dutch, or their descendants. They originated from Catholic freed slaves originally captured from Pampanga in the Spanish Philippines by Moro raiders and sold in slave markets in Batavia. The name was also applied to similar freed Catholic slaves originating from Goa and the islands of Ambon, Ternate, and Tidore in the Maluku Islands.Simbolon, Parakitri Tahi.

Francis Xavier's work initiated permanent change in eastern Indonesia, and he was known as the "Apostle of the Indies" where in 1546–1547 he worked in the Maluku Islands among the people of Ambon, Ternate, and Morotai (or Moro), and laid the foundations for a permanent mission. After he left the Maluku Islands, others carried on his work and by the 1560s there were 10,000 Roman Catholics in the area, mostly on Ambon. By the 1590s there were 50,000 to 60,000.

The governor found Nuku to be a dignified gentleman who was well aware of European manners. He did not promise substantial assistance for an attack in North Maluku, but expressed support for Nuku's rights to the throne of Tidore. However, Nuku proceeded to occupy Jailolo in Halmahera with British support. Jailolo was, until 1551, one of the four Malukan kingdoms together with Ternate, Tidore and Bacan, and a restoration of the original quadripartition was seen as a step in reestablishing precolonial harmony.

The potential profits of the trade in spices made the Portuguese equip an expedition to reac the Spice Islands soon after their conquest of Melaka. It arrived in Banda in 1512 and took in cargoes of spices. On the return trip, however, one of the boats was lost and the survivors made it to Ambon. The Sultans of Tidore and Ternate both sensed that they might profit on an alliance with the warlike strangers, and sent fleets to invite them.

His father Ciri Leliatu is sometimes associated with the first expansion of Tidore's power into the territories inhabited by Papuans. However, an alternative legend dates this to al-Mansur. According to this version, a vassal chief (Sangaji) in Halmahera encountered an outstanding war chief called Gurabesi in Waigeo, one of the Raja Ampat (Papuan Islands). Enjoined by the Sangaji, Gurabesi travelled with his men to Tidore where he was cordially greeted by the Sultan and performed outstanding feats in war against Ternate.

Inside the chamber at depths between , the exsolution of a high-pressure fluid magma formed during cooling and crystallisation of the magma. An over-pressurization of the chamber of about was generated, with the temperature ranging from . In 1812, the volcano began to rumble and generated a dark cloud. On 5 April 1815, a very large eruption occurred, followed by thunderous detonation sounds heard in Makassar on Sulawesi away, Batavia (now Jakarta) on Java away, and Ternate on the Molucca Islands away.

K.), n.d. Web. 29 April 2015. . In 1802, at the Peace of Amiens, Farquhar was charged with assessing British claims on the colony as it was returned to the Batavian Republic.Farquhar, Sir Robert Townsend, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, (subscription required), G. B. Smith, Retrieved 20 January 2009 During his time at Amboyna, Farquhar earned the Governor of Madras' displeasure by exceeding his brief in initiating a successful attack on the Dutch settlement of Ternate after the outbreak of the Napoleonic Wars.

The elegant sunbird (Aethopyga duyvenbodei) is a large, up to 12 cm long, Australasian sunbird in the genus Aethopyga. The male has an iridescent blue- green crown, shoulder patch and uppertail coverts, yellow bar across lower back, red ear coverts, olive back, yellow throat, red neck collar and yellow below. The female has a yellowish olive upperparts, scaly crown and yellow underparts. The scientific name commemorates Maarten Dirk van Renesse van Duivenbode (1804–1878), Dutch trader of naturalia on Ternate.

Like many Indonesian provinces, Islam is the majority religion adopted by the people of Gorontalo. Based on the 2010 population census of 1,040,164 Gorontalo inhabitants, 1,017,396 people or 97.81% were adherents of Islam. The teachings of Islam are predicted to enter Gorontalo in the 15th century from the Ternate and Bone, this can be seen in the artifacts that exist in the Hunto Sultan Amai Mosque in 1495. This mosque was built by Sultan Amai, King of the Gorontalo Sultanate who embraced Islam.

4th Force Recon Company provided deep and amphibious reconnaissance support to 1st Marine Expeditionary Brigade until the MEB was stood down from Hawaii in the mid-1990s. The unit also cross- trained with reconnaissance units from other countries during Cobra Gold in Thailand and Balikatan in the Philippines. In 1992, the unit crossed trained with the 61st Philippine Marine Recon Company in Ternate, Cavite, Philippines. In 1993, two teams conducted deep reconnaissance in support of 1st MEB during Operation Ke O'A Koa.

Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2019. North Maluku was originally the centre of the four largest Islamic sultanates in the eastern Indonesian archipelago—Bacan, Jailolo, Tidore and the Ternate—known as the Moloku Kie Raha (Four Mountain Sultanates). Upon Europeans' arrival at the beginning of the 16th century, North Maluku became the site of competition between the Portuguese, Spanish and the Dutch to control trade. In the end, the Dutch emerged victorious, beginning three centuries of Dutch rule in the region.

The population of Ternate became increasingly heterogeneous with settlements of Arab, Javanese, Malay and Chinese traders. Since the increasingly busy trading activities were coupled with threats that often came from pirates, the Momole Guna Tobona leaders held a conference to form a stronger organization and appoint a single leader as king.Leonard Andaya 1993, p. 50. In 1257, according to traditional chronology, Momole Cico, Sampalu's leader was elected and appointed as the first kolano (king) with the title Baab Mashur Malamo (1257-1277).

Quanchi, Historical Dictionary of the Discovery and Exploration of the Pacific Islands, page 233 On October 26, he captured the pearl fishing ship San Francisco at Zacatula.Myers, Paul A., North to California, Llumina Press, 2004 He then sailed across the Pacific Ocean to the Mariana Islands, the Philippine Islands and eventually to Ternate in the Maluku Islands in March 1616. He circumnavigated the earth, and returned to the Dutch Republic in 1617. He died a poor man in Bergen op Zoom in 1620.

In the history of Indonesia up to the 20th century, he was the only major leader who was able to win an absolute and uncontested victory over a Western power. His success in making Ternate into an extensive realm that reached its height of success in the late 16th century is only part of the picture. He also succeeded in instilling his people's confidence and rise up against a foreign power that strove to dominate their lives.Leonard Andaya (1993), p. 136-7.

Now used almost exclusively in Cavite City and coastal Ternate, Chabacano enjoyed its widest diffusion and greatest splendor in Spanish and American period of Filipino history, when newspapers and literary outputs flourished. Cavite Chabacano was spoken with relative ease because it was essentially a simplification of Castillan morphology patterned after the Tagalog syntax. Gradually and naturally, it acquired the sounds present in the Spanish phonological system. After World War II, creole Spanish speakers within the capital of the archipelago vanished.

Other historical sites include the Battle of Alapan and Battle of Julian Bridge Markers, the House of Tirona, and Fort San Felipe. The main churches of the province are the Imus Cathedral, San Roque Parish in Cavite City where the miraculous image of Nuestra Señora de la Soledad de Porta Vaga enshrined., Bacoor, Silang, Naic, Tanza, Ternate, Indang, General Trias, Kawit and Maragondon Catholic Churches. The Shrines of Our Lady of La Salette in Silang, and St. Anne, Tagaytay, also attract pilgrims.

He was only a minor when his father passed away in 1521, allegedly poisoned. Before his death the old Sultan had instructed his consort to keep the friendship with the Portuguese, of whom some had stayed on Ternate since 1512.P.A. Tiele (1879-1887) "De Europëers in den Maleischen Archipel", Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 25-36, Part I:3, p. 361. The Portuguese seafarers were in an expansive phase and kept the vital trading city Melaka since 1511.

Jorge de Menese's men insult the qadhi Vaidua, uncle of the king, by rubbing pork in his face; from Valentijn, Oud en Nieuw Oost-Indien (1724). The regent Kaicili Darwis was an important ally of the Portuguese for several years. He balanced the influence of the Queen Mother from Tidore, who had ambitions to unite Tenate and Tidore under one of her sons and had some support in both places.Willard A. Hanna & Des Alwi (1990) Turbulent times past in Ternate and Tidore.

A number of startling events took place in Maluku during the time of Mudafar Syah. These included the genocidal Dutch conquest of the Banda Islands, a traditional vassal of Ternate, in 1621, which secured VOC exploitation of the valuable nutmeg that grew on the islands. Furthermore, the Dutch strengthened their grip on Ambon, parts of which were also Ternatan dependencies, through the equally notorious Amboyna massacre that eliminated English influence.Adam Clulow (2019) Amboina, 1623: Fear and conspiracy on the edge of empire.

He had though bequeathed the island of Ambon to his Portuguese godfather, Jordão de Freitas. Following the murder of Sultan Hairun at the hands of the Portuguese, the Ternatans expelled the Portuguese in 1575 after a five-year siege. Ambon became the new centre for Portuguese activities in Maluku. European power in the region was weak and Ternate became an expanding, fiercely Islamic and anti-Portuguese state under the rule of Sultan Baab Ullah (r. 1570–1583) and his son Sultan Saidi Berkat.

The Sultan gave proof of military prowess in an expedition to Siau Island in 1677, which turned out to be a success. This contributed in strengthening his royal authority to the detriment of older, consensus-based forms of governance. One aristocrat who felt threatened by Sibori Amsterdam's policy was his brother-in-law Kaicili Alam (d. 1684), the heir to the defunct Jailolo kingdom, who sought and found sanctuary at the Dutch Fort Oranje on Ternate, to the great irritation of the Sultan.

Twenty joangas deceitfully posing as traders were sent by the sultan of Ternate to attack Bohol. Caught unaware, the inhabitants of Bohol could not defend themselves against the Ternatan raiders who were also equipped with sophisticated firearms like muskets and arquebuses, which the Boholanos saw for the first time. Such new weaponry were the result of the aid of the Portuguese to the Ternatan raid of Bohol. Many Boholanos lost their lives in this conflict, including that of Pagbuaya's brother Datu Dailisan.

After 2002, Maluku changed its face to become a friendly and peaceful province in Indonesia, for which the world gave a sign of appreciation in the form of World Peace Gong placed at Ambon City Center. All the Maluku Islands were part of a single province from 1950 until 1999. In 1999, the northern part of Maluku (then comprising the Maluku Utara Regency, the Halmahera Tengah Regency and the City of Ternate) were split off to form a separate province of North Maluku ().

Retrieved 15 November 2013. out of a total of 2,683,722 inhabitants (2011 projection figure, based on the 2010 census).Jumlah dan Laju Pertumbuhan Penduduk, 1971,1980, 1990, 2000, 2005, 2010, dan 2011, Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi Sulawesi Tengah. Retrieved 15 November 2013. The propagators of Islam were thought to enter the Central Sulawesi through neighboring regions, namely Bone, Wajo, and Mandar from the south and west routes, and through Gorontalo and Ternate from the north and east routes via Tomini Bay and Tolo Bay.

The royal family of Tidore split into two competing lineages in the late 16th century. This was further complicated by the tense relation to Tidore's traditional rival, the Sultanate of Ternate, and by the intense rivalry between the European powers of Spain and the Netherlands. In 1599 the supposedly legitimate candidate Kaicili Kota was sidelined in favour of his half-brother Kaicili Mole Majimu, the reason being his inclination towards Ternate.Bartholomew Leonardo de Argensola (1708) The discovery and conquest of the Molucco and Philippine Islands.

Hannard (1991), page 7; Before reaching Banda, the explorers visited the islands of Buru, Ambon and Seram. Later, after a separation forced by a shipwreck, Abreu's vice-captain Francisco Serrão sailed to the north and, but his ship sank off Ternate, where he obtained a license to build a Portuguese fortress-factory: the . Letters describing the "Spice Islands", from Serrão to Ferdinand Magellan, who was his friend and possibly a cousin, helped Magellan persuade the Spanish crown to finance the first circumnavigation of the earth.

Pielat joined the Dutch East India Company and worked his way up to opperkoopman (upper-merchant) in the Dutch Indies. From at least 1720 he was captain and charged with the military accompaniment of goods from Patna to the Dutch factory in Hugly in Dutch Bengal. After a period of being secunde ("vice- governor") in Ternate, he succeeded Stephanus Versluys as governor of Amboina from 1728–29 to 1731.Generale missiven van gouverneurs-generaal en raden aan heren XVII der Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie, p.

253 Ternate returned to Batavia with the castaways, where Amherst chartered the ship Caesar for the journey to England. During a stop at St Helena, Maxwell met Napoleon, who remembered the action on 29 November 1811 when Alceste had captured La Pomone, and remarked, "...your government must not blame you for the loss of Alceste, for you have taken one of my frigates." The requisite court martial exonerated Maxwell, his officers, and his crew of the loss of Alceste.Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green and Longman, p.

According to Wallace he was richer and more important than the real sultan of Ternate. Wallace also mentioned the sons of Maarten Dirk who accompanied him when visiting Gilolo. During this period, 9 March 1858 he sent the manuscript Tendency of varieties to depart indefinite from the original type to Charles Darwin who received this document on 18 June 1858 which urged him to finish his famous On the Origin of Species. Darwin considered Wallace's idea to be identical to his concept of natural selection.

In the 1800s, Numbay maintained relations with the Ternate Sultanate. On 28 September 1909 a detachment of the Dutch navy under Captain F.J.P. Sachse came ashore at Humboldt Bay near the mouth of the Numbay river. Their task was the systematic exploration of northern New Guinea and the search for a natural border between the Dutch and German spheres on New Guinea. Their camp along the river was called Kloofkamp, a name still in use as the name of an ancient district of Jayapura.

Plants grow tall, from a caudex (woody-like perennial base), flowering spring to mid summer but often found flowering till late summer. They have 3-10 basal leaves that are ternate (arranged with three leaflets), rounded to rounded triangular in shape with long petioles. The flowers are produced in clusters (umbels) with 2 to 8 flowers, but often appear singly. The inflorescence have 3 leaf-like bracts similar in appearance to the basal leaves but simple and greatly reduced in size, pinnatifid in shape.

Thalictrum minus, known as lesser meadow-rue, is a perennial herb in the family Ranunculaceae that is native to Europe, Northwest Africa, Yemen, Ethiopia, South Africa, Southwest Asia, and Siberia. It grows on sand dunes, shingle, coastal rocks or calcareous grassland, cliffs and rocky gullies at up to elevation at southern latitudes. It grows to tall with erect stems and leaves that are highly subdivided, 3-4 ternate to pinnate. The plant contains an alkaloid 'Thalidisine', which is also present in other Thalictrum species.

Cynometra cauliflora, known in Indonesia (Maluku and Manado) as namu-namu (due to the flattened, crescent shaped pods, which look similar to the Indonesian pastry, namu-namu), Ternate namo-namo, and ñam-ñam in the Maldives is a species of the genus Cynometra, native to Malaysia, and found mainly in northern Peninsular Malaysia. A member of the family Fabaceae (legumes), it is a small, cauliflorous tree with a thick, heavily branched stem, and rather small flowers, about across, that appear on the stem in clusters.

A Portuguese carrack in Nagasaki, 17th century. Goa had functioned from the start as the capital of Portuguese India, the central shipping base of a commercial net linking Lisbon, Malacca, and as far as China and the Maluku Islands (Ternate) since 1513. The first official visit of Fernão Pires de Andrade to Guangzhou (1517–1518) was fairly successful, and the local Chinese authorities allowed the embassy led by Tomé Pires, brought by de Andrade's flotilla, to proceed to Beijing. In 1542, Portuguese traders arrived in Japan.

People of Tidore during visit by hospital ship USNS Mercy (T-AH-19) Maluku's population is about 2 million, less than 1% of Indonesia's population. Over 130 languages were once spoken across the islands; however, many have now switched to the creoles of Ternate Malay and Ambonese Malay, the lingua franca of northern and southern Maluku, respectively. A long history of trade and seafaring has resulted in a high degree of mixed ancestry in Malukans. Austronesian peoples added to the native Melanesian population around 2000 BCE.

During the war that followed Prince William V of Orange ordered the Dutch East India Company to hand over their colonies to the British to stop trade falling into French hands. The VOC was officially dissolved in 1799; the overseas possessions then became Dutch government colonies (the Moluccas became part of the Dutch East Indies). The islands were captured by Vice Admiral Peter Rainier – Ternate was later viciously contested by the Dutch. These were subsequently returned as a result of the Treaty of Amiens seven years later.

Once the Dutch established hegemony in the 17th century, the Netherlands' power on Bacan was based in Fort Barnaveld. In 1705, the sergeant in charge of the fort and the sultan captured the English explorer William Dampier, seized his ship, looted its cargo, and threatened all aboard with execution. It is thought that this was in response to Dampier violating the trade monopoly. When the sergeant's Dutch superiors heard of the incident, Dampier was released, his ship restored and the English provided with sumptuous hospitality in Ternate.

The two ships, the Castricum under De Vries and the Breskens under Hendrick Cornelisz Schaep left Batavia, the capital of Dutch Java, in February 1643. After a stop in Ternate in the Moluccas they continued their journey on April 4. On May 20 the two ships lost touch with each other in a storm, while off Hachijo Shima, an island some 290 km south of Edo, which, due to this setback, was christened Ongeluckich, or "Unlucky", Island by the Dutch. Tokugawa Iemitsu Early 18 c.

Alwi married Anna Marie Mambu, and had four children; Karma Alwi, Mira Alwi and Tanya Alwi and Ramon Alwi. In the latter stages of his life, he focused much attention and personal investment on his beloved Banda. Des managed a hotel and resort in Banda Naira, with a guest list featuring Princess Diana, rock star Mick Jagger and Sarah Ferguson. He co-authored a book "Turbulent Times Past in Ternate and Tidore" together with Willard A Hanna on the history of Maluku and Banda Naira.

The Banda Islands in southern Maluku became an important trading entrepot, and a few Ternatan ships went there with cargoes of cloves which grew abundantly on their island. This attracted the foreign merchants to proceed from Banda to Ternate to take in spices. At this time the clove trees were not purposefully planted, and the locals obtained the stalks by cutting down the branches rather than climbing the trees to pick the stalks, as was later the case.François Valentijn (1724) Oud en nieuw Oost- Indien, Vol.

Tidore established a loose alliance with the Spanish in the sixteenth century, starting with the visit of the Magellan expedition in 1521-22. The aim was to counter the power of Ternate, which had allied with the Portuguese since 1512. At the start, this did not mean much due to rare Spanish visits, and Tidore suffered a series of serious defeats in 1524, 1526, 1529, 1536 and 1560. However, the Ternatan sultan Babullah broke with the Portuguese in 1570 and greatly expanded his territory in all directions.

In Indonesia, customary adat laws of the country's various indigenous ethnicities are recognized, and customary dispute resolution is recognized in Papua. Indonesian adat law are mainly divided into 19 circles, namely Aceh, Gayo, Alas, and Batak, Minangkabau, South Sumatra, the Malay regions, Bangka and Belitung, Kalimantan, Minahasa, Gorontalo, Toraja, South Sulawesi, Ternate, the Molluccas, Papua, Timor, Bali and Lombok, Central and East Java including the island of Madura, Sunda, and the Javanese monarchies, including the Yogyakarta Sultanate, Surakarta Sunanate, and the Pakualaman and Mangkunegaran princely states.

For the Ternatan rulers, the Dutch were a useful, if not particularly welcome, presence that gave them military advantages against Tidore and the Spanish. Particularly under Sultan Hamzah (1627–1648), Ternate expanded its territory and strengthened its control over the periphery. Dutch influence over the kingdom was limited, though Hamzah and his grandnephew and successor, Sultan Mandar Syah (1648–1675) did concede some regions to the Dutch East India Company (VOC) in exchange for help controlling rebellions there. The Spaniards abandoned Maluku in 1663.

Shortly after, the three most important officials of the kingdom, the Jogugu (first minister), the Kapita Laut (the sea lord) and the Hukum (magistrate), fled to Ternate's traditional rival, the Tidore Sultanate, after which Sibori Amsterdam abolished the Jogugu position altogether for a while.Leonard Andaya (1993), p. 180. Later on, Kaicili Alam found favour with the Sultan because of his warlike feats and was made Jogugu of Ternate. The Dutch Governor Robertus Padtbrugge at table with Sibori Amsterdam, right before the outbreak of the rebellion in 1679.

The Muslim traders and proselytiser had encouraged the rise of Islamic states in the archipelago. By the 13th century, Islam had gained its foothold in the archipelago through the establishment of Samudra Pasai in Aceh and Ternate Sultanate in the Maluku Islands. The spice-producing Maluku islands gained its name from Arabic "Jazirat al Muluk" which means "the peninsula or islands of kings". By the 14th century, these Muslim ports began to thrive as they welcome Muslim traders from India and the Middle East.

The mangrove monitor's range extends throughout northern Australia, New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, the Marshall Islands, the Caroline Islands, and the Mariana Islands, where it inhabits damp forests near coastal rivers, mangroves, and permanent inland lakes. It also occurs on the Moluccan islands of Morotai, Ternate, Halmahera, Obi, Buru, Ambon, Haruku, and Seram in Indonesia. Within this range of thousands of miles across hundreds of islands are large variations in size, pattern, and scalation. The monitors have also been introduced to Japan since the 1940s.

It is generally believed that Bazaar Malay was a pidgin, perhaps influenced by contact between Malay, Chinese and non-Malay natives traders. The most important development, however, has been that pidgin Malay creolised, creating several new languages such as the Ambonese Malay, Manado Malay, Makassar Malay and Betawi language. Apart from being the primary instrument in spreading Islam and commercial activities, Malay also became a court and literary language for kingdoms beyond its traditional realm like Aceh, Banjar and Ternate and also used in diplomatic communications with the European colonial powers. This is evidenced from diplomatic letters from Sultan Abu Hayat II of Ternate to King John III of Portugal dated from 1521 to 1522, a letter from Sultan Alauddin Riayat Shah of Aceh to Captain Sir Henry Middleton of the East India Company dated 1602, and a golden letter from Sultan Iskandar Muda of Aceh to King James I of England dated 1615. Frontispiece of a copy of Sulalatus al-Salatin The early phase of European colonisation in Southeast Asia began with the arrival of the Portuguese in the 16th century and the Dutch in the 17th century.

Albert Zwaveling was born on 21 July 1927 in Schoonebeek, in the province of Drenthe, the Netherlands. He worked as a doctor on the island of Ternate in Indonesia before returning to the Netherlands. In July 1958 he started a surgical residency at the department of surgery of the Leiden University Medical Center under professor Maarten Vink. In 1960 Zwaveling obtained his PhD at Leiden University on the subject of experimental chemotherapeutical treatment of implantation metastases with a thesis titled: "Implantatie-metastasen : chemotherapeutische prophylaxe en groei in geïnfecteerd milieu".

Saidi was a son of Sultan Ngarolamo who was deposed by his rival Gorontalo in 1634. He stayed with his father and 200 loyal retainers in exile on Ternate Island until 1639, when Ngarolamo was killed because of his secret deliberations with the Spanish, the traditional allies of the Tidore Sultans. This murder was soon followed by another one in August 1639, when Gorontalo was killed by a Spanish officer for treacherous collusion with the Ternatans.P.A. Tiele (1890) Bouwstoffen voor de geschiedenis der Nederlanders in den Maleischen Archipel, Vol.

With parts of New Guinea is ruled administratively under Residentie Amboina. In 1922, Residentie Ternate was combined with Residentie Amboina and renamed to Residentie Molukken. In 1935 the Residentie was renamed to Gouvernement Molukken until the creation of Gouvernement Groote Oost in 1938, in which Gouvernement Molukken became residentie again. Under these administrative region, West New Guinea are separated to two afdeeling, Afdeeling Nieuw-Guinea and Afdeeling Zuid Nieuw-Guinea. In 1949 after the Round Table conference, Netherlands keep part of its colony with the West New Guinea region known as Dutch New Guinea.

The Peace of Amiens restored most of the Dutch overseas possessions to the French-dominated Batavian Republic, and the British left in May 1803. Nuku persisted in flying the Union Jack from his residence, and the Dutch governor in Ternate opened negotiations to settle the position of Tidore. Nuku demanded that the restored Jailolo kingdom should be recognized and that his status vis-à-vis the Dutch should be "brother" rather than "child". The negotiations were delayed by the Dutch who believed that the old Sultan could not live much longer.

On 6 November 1521, the Moluccas, "the cradle of all spices", were reached from the east by Magellan's fleet, sailing then under Juan Sebastián Elcano, at the service of the Spanish Crown. Before Magellan and Serrão could meet in the Moluccas, Serrão died on the island of Ternate, almost at the same time Magellan was killed in the battle of Mactan in the Philippines.Duarte Barbosa; Mansel Longworth Dames; Fernão de Magalhães. The book of Duarte Barbosa: an account of the countries bordering on the Indian Ocean and their inhabitants.

The two Iberian groups had a few skirmishes but then left each other in peace for the moment, and the Spaniards and their Tidore allies built a fortification on the island.P.A. Tiele (1877-1887), Part I:9, p. 405-7. They received a small reinforcement in 1528 when the expedition of Álvaro de Saavedra Cerón reached Tidore via the Philippines. With their support, Tidore and Jailolo expanded their territory at the cost of Ternate, but could not prevent that the Portuguese again attacked and burned the royal settlement in 1529.

However, a new and energetic Portuguese captain in Ternate, António Galvão, led a small invasion force that attacked the superior forces of the four kings, which by this time had access to firearms and other European weaponry. Dayal was mortally wounded in the struggle and the other kings were forced to sue for peace. Kaicili Rade conducted the negotiations as his brother's representative. Galvão told him that he would prefer to depose the recalcitrant Mir and appoint Rade as Sultan in his stead, but Rade indignantly refused to betray his brother.

His sister Quisaira vowed to marry any person brave enough to liberate Gapi Baguna. A kinsman called Kaicili Salama (Calama) took the challenge and set over to Ternate in the middle of the night with a group of followers, armed only with their krises. Salama managed to enter the complex where the prisoner was kept, since the guards were asleep. Waking him up, he offered the Sultan two alternatives: to dare an attempt to escape, or to be killed by his kris, since the Tidorese could not suffer to have an imprisoned ruler.

Petar Segrt also have unbeaten home record in Indonesian Premier League, which is the first time for PSM Makassar in the club's 97 years history, although he had youngest team in the Indonesian Premier League as average age of the players was 22. In December 2012, Petar Segrt lead the team winning the Walikota Cup in Ternate. That was the first trophy for PSM Makassar after almost 12 years. Although he had contract until 2017, after his team winning game in Jun 2013 Petar Segrt decided to leave PSM Makassar for private reasons.

Sunday, party, soap, table, flag, school. The census taken of the population of Ambon island in 1860, still showed 778 Dutch Europeans and 7793 mostly Mestiço and Ambonese 'Burghers'. Portuguese/Malay speaking Indo communities existed not only in the Moluccas,Creole Portuguese that was spoken by Moluccan mestizo in the islands of Ternate and West Halmahera, is now extinct. The Creole Portuguese of Ambon is also extinct, but considerable linguistic traces of Portuguese can still be found in the Malay/Ambon language still spoken on Ambon, which has about 350 words of Portuguese origin.

Before the formal colonization of the East Indies by the Dutch in the 19th century, the islands of South East Asia had already been in frequent contact with European traders. Portuguese maritime traders were present as early as the 16th century. Around its trading posts the original Portuguese Indo population, called Mestiço,Leirissa, R. Article 'Ambon and Ternate through the 19th century', in 'Authority and enterprise among the people of South Sulawesi' (Bijdragen in taal land en volkenkunde by University of Leiden, 156, 2000 no.3, 619-633, KITLV, Leiden.) p.

242 had developed. In the 17th century the Dutch started to expand its mercantile enterprise and military presence in the East Indies in an effort to establish trade monopolies to maximise profit. Even after the Portuguese competition was beaten by the Dutch maritime traders of the VOC, the Portuguese Indo (aka Mestiço) communities remained active in local and intra-island trade.Leirissa, R. Article 'Ambon and Ternate through the 19th century', in 'Authority and enterprise among the people of South Sulawesi' (Bijdragen in taal land en volkenkunde by University of Leiden, 156, 2000 no.

Farquhar rose rapidly in the company and by the late 1790s was the commercial resident in Amboyna, a former Dutch colony seized during the French Revolutionary Wars. Farquhar concluded treaties of Alliance and Commerce with the Sultans of Tidore (12 November 1801), Ternate (23 November 1801) and Batchian (30 January 1802), all of which the Madras Government dissolved. None of them are mentioned in Aitchison's "A Collection of Treaties, Engagements, and Sanads relating to India and neighbouring Countries," and can only be found at the National Archives (U.K., Ref.

Limahelu was born in Ternate, Indonesia. His family moved to the Netherlands when he was an infant, and by the time he was ten years old, he had learned to play soccer and had begun developing his kicking technique. His family then moved to the United States, where he attended South Hills High School in West Covina, California, joining their football, tennis and wrestling teams. After high school he attended Citrus College in Glendora, California before transferring to the University of Southern California (USC) where he majored in sociology.

In 1563, Datu Pagbuaya of Kedatuan of Dapitan (formerly located in present-day Panglao, Bohol), with some 1000 families, arrived in Mindanao after the Kedatuan of Dapitan in Bohol was destroyed by the Sultanate of Ternate. Datu Pagbuaya established the new Kedatuan of Dapitan in the northern part of Zamboanga peninsula of what is now known as Dapitan. Some of the followers of Datu Pagbuaya, the Eskayas moved upstream of the Dapitan river and settled in Ilaya. It has been argued that the Eskaya are a remnant of the original indigenous settlers in Bohol.

Tidore was the center of a spice-funded sultanate that arose in the 15th century It spent much of its history in the shadow of Ternate, another sultanate with which it had a dualistic relationship. Islam spread to Tidore around the late 15th century but Islamic influence in the area can be traced further back to the late 14th century. The sultans of Tidore ruled most of southern Halmahera, and, at times, controlled Buru, East Ceram and many of the islands off the coast of New Guinea.Leonard Andaya (1993) The world of Maluku.

Ambon became the new centre for Portuguese activities in Maluku. European power in the region was weak and Ternate became an expanding, fiercely Islamic and anti-Portuguese state under the rule of Sultan Baab Ullah (r. 1570–1583) and his son Sultan Saidi Berkat. In 1580, the sultan entertained the English adventurer and circumnavigator Sir Francis Drake, who much to the surprise of the Ternateans had no interest in buying cloves as his ship, the Golden Hind, was too full of gold that he had raided from Spanish treasure ships to carry cloves.

She underwent refit in Sydney over April and May 1944, before returning to escort duties in New Guinea waters. Rockhampton operated in both Australian and New Guinea waters up until the end of World War II. Following the end of the war, Rockhampton was involved in the rescue of Dutch and Indonesian prisoners-of-war and the occupation of Ambon. On 8 October 1945, the corvette carried the Sultan of Ternate on his return home. Rockhampton returned to Sydney in November 1945, where she was assigned to minesweeping duties off the east coast of Australia.

Schouten named the strait itself "Le Maire Strait". Jan Schouten died on 9 March 1616 after the expedition left Juan Fernández. He crossed the Pacific along a southern role, discovering a number of atolls in the Tuamotu Islands, including Pukapuka, Manihi, Rangiroa and Takapoto, followed by Tafahi, Niuafoʻou and Niuatoputapu in the Tonga Islands, and Alofi and Futuna in the Wallis and Futuna Islands. He then followed the north coasts of New Ireland and New Guinea and visited adjacent islands, including what became known as the Schouten Islands before reaching Ternate in September 1616.

Under the leadership of Sultan Baabullah, the power of Ternate reached its peak. His area of influence stretched from North and Central Sulawesi in the west to the Papuan Islands in the east, from the southern Philippines in the north to the Lesser Sunda Islands in the south. The Bacan sultanate, whose ruler had temporarily been converted to Christianity, was also forced to yield. However, the Portuguese held out in Ambon and established a fortress in Tidore in 1578, since the Tidorese Sultan Gapi Baguna began to fear Baabullah's ambitions.

Before he sailed for Amsterdam, Van Neck sent the remaining four ships east to the Spice Islands in order to obtain more spices. On their voyage they encountered no trouble except on the coast of Madura Island, where the king of Arissabaya, in revenge for an earlier Dutch attack, captured several sailors and extracted a ransom for them. They reached Ambon Island in March 1599, but there were not enough cloves available, so it was decided that Warwyck would sail north, to Ternate, while Heemskerck would head for the Banda Islands.Masselman, p.

By February 1858, Wallace had been convinced by his biogeographical research in the Malay Archipelago that evolution was real. He later wrote in his autobiography: According to his autobiography, it was while he was in bed with a fever that Wallace thought about Malthus's idea of positive checks on human population and had the idea of natural selection.Slotten pp. 144–45. His autobiography says that he was on the island of Ternate at the time; but historians have said that based on his journal he was on the island of Gilolo.

They set off in April 1601 arriving in Aceh, Sumatra in June 1602. Middleton was sent onwards to Priaman on the west coast where he procured substantial quantities of pepper and cloves before returning home safely in the summer of 1603. In 1604 Middleton commanded a second voyage heading for the islands of Ternate, Tidore, Ambon and Banda in the Moluccas with his brother David Middleton as second captain. They would encounter severe Dutch East India Company hostility, which saw the beginning of Anglo-Dutch competition for access to spices.

The Dutch then described the battle ensuing, and their plans to attack the fort on the next day. That evening Captain de Torres came aboard and told Middleton that they (the Portuguese) were sure of victory against the Dutch, and would trade any remaining cloves with the English. At around one in the afternoon on 7 May, the Dutch and Ternate attacked, firing all their ordnance at the fort. During particularly heavy fire, the attacking forces landed men on the island, a little north of the town, who entrenched themselves there for the night.

On the other hand, it was the Portuguese who first described Australian marsupials. António Galvão, a Portuguese administrator in Ternate (1536–40), wrote a detailed account of the northern common cuscus (Phalanger orientalis): From the start of the 17th century more accounts of marsupials arrived. For instance, a 1606 record of an animal, killed on the southern coast of New Guinea, described it as "in the shape of a dog, smaller than a greyhound", with a snakelike "bare scaly tail" and hanging testicles. The meat tasted like venison, and the stomach contained ginger leaves.

As well as patrolling around Morotai, the boats operated in the eastern NEI to raid Japanese positions and support Australian and Dutch scouting parties. In May 1945 PT boats and the Australian Z Special Unit rescued the Sultan of Ternate along with his court and harem during an operation codenamed Project Opossum after he was mistreated by the Japanese.Morison (2002), pp. 28–29. By the end of the war the PT boats had conducted nearly 1,300 patrols and destroyed 50 barges and 150 small craft off Morotai and Halmahera.

After being declared innocent of the charges against him he was sent back to reassume his throne, but died en route at Malacca in 1545. He had however, already bequeathed the island of Ambon to his Portuguese godfather Jordão de Freitas. Following the murder of Sultan Hairun at the hands of the Europeans, the Ternateans expelled the hated foreigners in 1575 after a five-year siege. The Portuguese first landed in Ambon in 1513, but it only became the new centre for their activities in Maluku following the expulsion from Ternate.

In seagrass beds, G. mucronatus may have different ecological roles. It participates in the decomposition process and also engage in grazing of sea grass epiphytes. Moreover, large decapods crustaceans, juvenile and adult fish prey on G. mucronatus, like the stripped killfish, Fundulus Majalis. The activity of those predators depends on the presence or the absence of some organisms in the habitat of G. Mucronatus. The presence of macroalgua reduces the predation of G. Mucronatos by fish, which directly has a positive effect on their population’ size and could create ternate stable states.

He is traditionally said to have been born on February 10, 1528, though it might have been much later since his father Hairun is stated by Portuguese sources to have been born in c. 1522.P.A. Tiele (1879) "De Europëers in den Maleischen Archipel", II:5, Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 27, p. 39. Kaicili (prince) Baab was the oldest, or one of the oldest, sons of Sultan Hairun (r. 1535-1570) by his consort Boki Tanjung,Naïdah (1878) "Geschiedenis van Ternate", Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, 4:1, p. 441.

With the departure of the Portuguese, Sultan Babullah converted São João Baptista into his own fortress which also served as a palace. He renovated and strengthened the site and changed its name to Gammalamo. Under the aegis of Babullah the trading fleets from Melaka continued to arrive at Ternate from year to year, so that the flow of commerce with the European and wider world continued. No more granting of privileges were issued, thus Western merchants were treated similar to traders from other countries and they were kept under strict surveillance.

There are eight world-class golf courses in the province. Natural wonders are mostly found in the upland areas such as Tagaytay Ridge, Macabag Cave in Maragondon, Balite Falls in Amadeo, Malibiclibic Falls in General Aguinaldo-Magallanes border, Mts. Palay-Palay and Mataas na Gulod National Park in Ternate and Maragondon, Sitio Buhay Unclassified Forest in Magallanes and flowers, vegetables and coffee farms. The Aguinaldo Shrine and Museum in Kawit is where the independence of the Philippines was proclaimed on June 12, 1898 by General Aguinaldo, the Philippines' first president.

He also reported to the King that the other island, Ternate was threatened by conquests and invasions from the British through Sir Francis Drake. In his dated letter of June 16, 1582, Ronquillo de Peñalosa suggested to the King of Spain of further fortifications of Spanish footholds in the country. He also said that the Spaniards must dominate the Portuguese in Moluccas, and planned for possible seizing of Macau from Portugal. In a reply letter from the King, Philip II instructed the governor on how to initiate the repartimiento (forced labor) among Indios.

He seemed to have an interest in Christianity, though he did not actually ask for baptism. Upon his release, however, he began to strengthen his own networks by visiting villages in the islands of Ternate, Makian and Moti. He also obtained the daughter of Sultan Mir of Tidore as consort. The Portuguese authorities found a more promising candidate to promote Christianization in his deposed predecessor Tabariji, who lived in exile in Goa and actually converted to Christianity under the name Dom Manuel. It was decided to dethrone and exile Hairun and recall Tabariji in 1544.

The two kingdoms coexisted in an ambivalent way, as Ternate rulers regularly married Sultans' daughters from Tidore in spite of numerous petty wars between the two. A rift appeared between Hairun and the Portuguese in 1557 since the latter confiscated the clove harvest from Makian and imprisoned the Sultan for security reasons. The enraged Ternatan chiefs now allied with the Sultan of Tidore and attacked the positions of the Portuguese, who could barely hold their own. Eventually they found reason to release Hairun and arrived to an agreement.

At the time of the first contact with Europeans the sultanate of Ternate held some sway over North Sulawesi, and the area was often visited by seafaring Bugis traders from South Sulawesi. The Spanish and the Portuguese, the first Europeans to arrive, landed in Minahasa via the port of Makasar, but also landed at Sulu Island (off the north coast of Borneo) and at the port of Manado. The abundance of natural resources in Minahasa made Manado a strategic port for European traders sailing to and from the spice island of Maluku.

By the early 17th century the Dutch had toppled the Ternate sultanate, and then set about eclipsing the Spanish and Portuguese. As was the usual case in the 1640s and 50s, the Dutch colluded with local powers to throw out their European competitors. In 1677 the Dutch occupied Pulau Sangir and, two years later, the Dutch governor of Maluku, Robert Padtbrugge, visited Manado. Out of this visit came a treaty with the local Minahasan chiefs, which led to domination by the Dutch for the next 300 years although indirect government only commenced in 1870.

Together, the two sultanates Ternate and Tidore exercised suzerainty over a huge area from Sulawesi to West Papua. Supposedly, the first Tidore sultan Ciri Leliatu invaded the Papuan island Gebe, a local power center, in the late 15th century and thereby gained access to valuable forest products of the Raja Ampat Islands and New Guinea. Some sources date the start of Tidore influence in these quarters to his son al-Mansur, who bonded a chief from Waigeo, Gurabesi, and created bonds with Papuan villages with his assistance.Leonard Andaya (1993), p. 105.

Leonard Andaya (1993), p. 155-6. In the 17th century Tidore became one of the most independent kingdoms in the region, resisting direct control by Dutch East India Company (VOC). Particularly under Sultan Saifuddin's rule (1657–1687), the Tidore court was skilled at using Dutch payment for spices for gifts to strengthen traditional ties with Tidore's traditional periphery. As a result, he was widely respected by many local populations, and had little need to call on the Dutch for military help in governing the kingdom, as Ternate frequently did.

The establishment of the Gorontalo region have been estimated to formed 400 years ago. Gorontalo is one of the places that are recognized for the spreading of Islam in East Indonesia besides Ternate and Bone state. By 1525, when the Portuguese arrived at North Sulawesi, Islam had already been widely spread among them during the rule of King Amay; with the Gorontaloan lands divided between the Muslim states of Gorontalo, Limboto, Suwawa, Boalemo and Atinggola. Gorontalo then developed to become the center of education and trade in North Sulawesi.

Supporting the territory of the Sultanate of Ternate, the Portuguese strongest power, Serrão served as the head of a mercenary band of Portuguese warriors under the service of the island's Sultan Bayan Sirrullah, one of two feuding powerful sultans who controlled the spice trade. They became close friends and the Sultan appointed Serrão as his personal adviser for all matters, including military (Portuguese document purport) and family issues. Having been well received by the Sultan, Francisco Serrão decided to remain there, not making any efforts to return to Malacca.

Hemiscyllium halmahera, or the Halmahera epaulette shark, is a species of bamboo shark from Indonesia. This species is described from two specimens collected near Ternate island in 2013, off the coast of larger Halmahera island. This species is most similar to Hemiscyllium galei, found in West Papua, but looks strikingly different in its pattern of spots. While H. galei has seven large, dark spots on each side of its body, H. halmahera has a brown color with clusters of brown or white spots in polygon configurations all over its body.

De Silva sent an unsuccessful expedition against the Dutch in the Moluccas in 1611, although the expedition did take Sabougo on Gilolo and establish a fort there. De Silva intended to secure Portuguese help to expel the Dutch from the area once and for all. To this end in 1612 he dispatched the former governor of Ternate, Cristobal de Azcueta to Portuguese India to make plans with the viceroy there for a joint assault. However Azcueta and the entire expedition were lost in a shipwreck between Manila and Macao.

In 1907, Ternate ceded territories including Banggai to the Dutch East Indies, and the following year the king of Banggai signed a treaty with the Dutch putting the kingdom under Dutch control. Banggai's territories were administered through two Onderafdeling – the islands and the mainland. After the independence of Indonesia, territories that comprised the Banggai kingdom was reorganized into the Central Sulawesi province, with an administrative reorganization in 1952 removing any legal powers of the kingdom. Today, the former territories of the kingdom are divided into the regencies of Banggai, Banggai Islands and Banggai Laut.

The Dutch tried to impose a monopoly on the spice trade after 1652 by forcing dependent territories to extirpate clove trees outside the Ambon Quarter. Since Tidore produced large amounts of cloves and was formally a vassal under the King of Spain the monopoly was still imperfect, and a VOC-Tidore war in 1653-1654 was inconclusive. In January 1657, however, Sultan Saidi passed away and his son Kaicili Weda prepared to succeed him. Now the Governor of Ternate, Simon Cos, and the Ternatan Sultan Mandar Syah brought forward Golofino as candidate, assisting his party with munitions and soldiers.

This would ensure VOC monopoly on the spice trade, but the treaty was insufficient as long as Tidore sold its cloves to other buyers. Since Saidi actively supported the rebels in Ternate without Spanish approval, De Vlamingh van Outshoorn declared war on Tidore, hoping to eliminate the Tidorese clove production. In order not to antagonize the Spanish, Tidore Island was not attacked; rather, an expedition under Simon Cos was dispatched to worst Tidore's vassals in Halmahera and the Papuan Islands. The expedition was not particularly successful, and in the meantime the Papuan Raja of Salawati raided in Ambon on behalf of Sultan Saidi.

Knowing of Siamese ambitions over Malacca, Albuquerque sent immediately Duarte Fernandes on a diplomatic mission to the kingdom of Siam (modern Thailand), where he was the first European to arrive, establishing amicable relations between both kingdoms. In November that year, getting to know the location of the so-called "Spice Islands" in the Moluccas, he sent an expedition led by António de Abreu to find them, arriving in early 1512. Abreu went by Ambon while deputy commander Francisco Serrão came forward to Ternate, were a Portuguese fort was allowed. That same year, in Indonesia, the Portuguese took Makassar, reaching Timor in 1514.

He was the younger brother of John and Sir Henry Middleton and in 1601 jointly commanded a voyage to the West Indies. In 1604 he went to the East Indies with his brother Henry, as second captain of the Red Dragon, and is mentioned as having conducted the negotiations with the native kings of Ternate and Tidore. He returned with Henry in May 1606, and on 12 March 1606–7 sailed from Tilbury as captain of the Consent, one of the ships of the third voyage under William Keeling. He had with him as master John Davis of Limehouse.

Nonetheless, Van Noort sailed through the Magellan Strait, and captured a number of ships (Spanish and otherwise) along the Pacific coast of South America. He lost two ships on the way due to a storm, including his largest ship, the Hendrick Frederick, which was wrecked on Ternate in the Maluku Islands. In November and December 1600, he established a berth for his two remaining sailboats, Mauritius and Eendracht, in the surroundings of Corregidor Island at Manila Bay in the Philippines. From there he engaged in what were perceived by the Spanish as pirate activities, targeting the sailing route to and from Manila.

Al-Mansur regarded the Spanish as a potential counterweight against Ternate-Portugal, and assured them that they were expected since he had dreamt of the arrival of foreign ships. In his eagerness to bond the strangers he proclaimed that Tidore was to be renamed Castile and assured his devotion to the Spanish Crown. The travelogue of Antonio Pigafetta described the Sultan as a handsome man of about 45 years and a great astrologer. His dress consisted of a white shirt with gold-embroidered sleeves, a sarong reaching almost to the ground, and a silk headdress with a garland of flowers.

This notorious act was in fact carried out due to intrigues hatched by Sultan Saidi, who now found a good opportunity to execute his uncle and rival in 1586.P.A. Tiele (1877-1887), Part V:3, p. 185-6. Ternatan tradition says that the princess, Boki Randangagalo, was denounced by the Tidore ruler who left her to drift in a boat at sea, though she was rescued and brought to the Bacan Sultanate. To this incident is attributed the origin of the long-standing rivalry between Ternate and Tidore (which in fact had started long before).

Chavacano (also Chabacano) refers to a number of Spanish-based creole language varieties spoken in the Philippines. Linguists have identified a number of different varieties including: Zamboangueño, Caviteño, Ternateño (where their variety is locally known as Bahra), and Ermitaño. The variety found in Zamboanga City has the most number of speakers and is considered to be the most stable while the other varieties are considered to be either endangered or extinct (i.e. Ermitaño). Creole varieties are spoken in Cavite City and Ternate (both on Luzon); Zamboanga, Cotabato and Davao (on Mindanao), Isabela City and other parts of province of Basilan and elsewhere.

Sultan Baab occupied the fort, renamed it as Gammalamma and converted it into his royal palace. Anticipating a Portuguese return, Sultan Baab extensively modified the defenses into a substantial fortress, and constructed an additional fort 5 km to the east, known today as Fort Kota Janji. In 1605, the newly arrived Dutch VOC captured Portuguese forts on Ambon and Tidore and established a trading base on Ternate. The Spanish (in a personal union with Portugal since 1580) dispatched a strong expedition from the Philippines and recaptured Kastella, taking hostage Sultan Saidi Berkat and exiling him to Manila in March 1606.

In this illustration from the 1734 Carta Hydrographica y Chorographica de las Yslas Filipinas, an Armenian is seen smoking from a hookah as two Indian men look on Smoking the family cigar, Northern Luzon, 1912 Tobacco was introduced in the Philippines in the late 16th century during the era of Spanish colonization when the Augustinians brought cigar tobacco seeds to the colony for cultivation. In 1686, William Dampier visited Mindanao and observed that smoking was a widespread custom. It had also become an article of foreign trade with the Dutch from Tidore and Ternate buying rice, beeswax and tobacco from the Spanish colony.

Loki and Company troops in the interior, c. 1652 Most central Moluccans consider Seram to be their original ancestral home and it is still known colloquially as Nusa Ina (Mother Island).Lonely Planet Indonesia 7th Edition, page 840 In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, Seram was generally within the sphere of influence of Ternate, although it was often ruled more directly by the Ternaten vassal state of Buru. The expedition of António de Abreu (as captain) and Francisco Serrão sighted and explored the entire southern coast of Seram in early 1512, for the first time for Europeans.

Unlike Manado, Ternate, Banda, Ambon and Kupang, it was not a trade center or regional administrative center, and Malay was never an important trade language. Unlike the other six varieties, it was never used as a lingua franca between peoples of varying linguistic backgrounds. Unlike the other varieties, there has never been any significant language shift in eastern Flores from vernacular languages to Malay. The speakers today of Larantuka Malay represent the descendants of Malay speakers (which likely included both first and second language speakers) who were transplanted to the region in the mid 17th century.

Anemone tuberosa, the desert anemone or tuber anemone, is a herbaceous plant species in the genus Anemone and family Ranunculaceae. Plants grow 10 to 30, sometimes 40 cm tall, from a woody-like tuber shaped like a caudex. Plants with 1 to 3 basal leaves that are 1 or 2 times ternate. The basal leaves few with long petioles and deeply 3-parted with leaflets lacking stems or rarely with a stalk. Plants flowering early to late spring with the flowers composed of 8 to 10 sepals normally white or pink colored, 10 to 14 mm long.

On 24 October, the Makianese allegedly attacked again deeper into Kao lands, though this is disputed by some Makianese, and in counter-attack a 5,000-strong movement of Kao burnt down all 16 of the Makianese villages in the contested Malifut subdistrict. The mixed-faith Kao stressed the non- religious nature of the two battles and took liberties to avoid desecrating any mosques or schools; only 3 people were killed in the fighting, however there was massive destruction to Makianese property and anywhere up to 16,000 Makianese, almost all of those in the subdistrict, fled to Ternate and other areas.

Cacatua alba is endemic to the islands of Halmahera, Bacan, Ternate, Tidore, Kasiruta and Mandiole in North Maluku, Indonesia. Records from Obi and Bisa are thought to reflect introductions, and an introduced population breeds locally in Taiwan. It remains locally common: in 1991–1992, the population was estimated at 42,545–183,129 birds (Lambert 1993), although this may be an underestimate as it was largely based on surveys from Bacan and not Halmahera where the species may have been commoner. Recent observations indicate that rapid declines are on-going, and are predicted to increase in the future (Vetter 2009).

The main Portuguese factories were in Goa, Malacca, Ormuz, Ternate, and Macau. They were mainly driven by the trade of gold and slaves on the coast of Guinea, spices in the Indian Ocean, and sugar cane in the New World. They were also used for local triangular trade between several territories, like Goa-Macau-Nagasaki, trading products such as sugar, pepper, coconut, timber, horses, grain, feathers from exotic Indonesian birds, precious stones, silks and porcelain from the East, among many other products. In the Indian Ocean, the trade in Portuguese factories was enforced and increased by a merchant ship licensing system: the cartazes.

The remaining cloves were unavailable as they belonged to Portuguese merchants of Malacca Town.Corney (1855), pp34-45 In April 1605, the Red Dragon prepared to return to Makian. On their arrival at seven the following evening, Middleton sent his brother along with two Ternatans to present the governor with letters from both kings permitting trade. After a public reading of the letter, the governor announced that there were no ripe cloves on the island, and Middleton, suspecting Ternatan duplicity, decided to sail for Taffasoa where the English managed to acquire more cloves just before the Ternate attacked the town.

Depiction of Ternate with São João Baptista Fort, built in 1522 In November, after having secured Malacca and learning the location of the then secret "spice islands", Afonso sent three ships to find them, led by trusted António de Abreu with deputy commander Francisco Serrão.A History of Modern Indonesia Since c.1300 Malay sailors were recruited to guide them through Java, the Lesser Sunda Islands and the Ambon Island to Banda Islands, where they arrived in early 1512.Hannard (1991), page 7; There they remained for a month, buying and filling their ships with nutmeg and cloves.

On 22 May 1609, Verhoeff was killed by the Bandanese, and Wittert succeeded him as admiral. On 22 June, the King of Ternate signed a favourable agreement with him. On 22 September, Wittert sailed to the Philippines, where he landed on the island Mortir, which he named Nassau, before he sailed for Manila to do battle with the Spanish there in order to remove the Moluccas from Spanish authority. He was able to capture 23 merchants vessels, winning a huge amount of plunder, but he was ambushed in Manila by a superior force on 23 April 1610, and killed.

The appointment was confirmed in the Netherlands on 22 January 1798. When the High Government of the Indies was dissolved in 1799, he resigned as Commissioner of Police, but remained as Governor-General serving the Batavian Republic, which the Netherlands had become under Napoleon Bonaparte. He remained in post until his death in Batavia in 1801. During Van Overstraten's term of office, the Dutch East India Company (VOC) was dissolved, Ternate went into British hands, Batavia was blockaded by a British fleet, and the fortifications on the island of Onrust, and on a few other islands, destroyed.

The spice trade soon revived but the Portuguese would not be able to fully monopolize nor disrupt this trade. Allying himself with Ternate's ruler, Serrão constructed a fortress on that tiny island and served as the head of a mercenary band of Portuguese seamen under the service of one of the two local feuding sultans who controlled most of the spice trade. Both Serrão and Ferdinand Magellan, however, perished before they could meet one another. The Portuguese first landed in Ambon in 1513, but it only became the new centre for their activities in Maluku following the expulsion from Ternate.

This included the genocidal conquest of the nutmeg-producing Banda Islands in 1621, the elimination of the English in Ambon in 1623, and the subordination of Ternate and Tidore in the 1650s. An anticolonial resistance movement led by a Tidore prince, the Nuku Rebellion, engulfed large parts of Maluku and Papua in 1780-1810 and co-opted the British. During the French Revolutionary Wars and again in the Napoleonic Wars, British forces captured the islands in 1796-1801 and 1810, respectively, and held them until 1817. In that time they uprooted many of the spice trees for transplantation throughout the British Empire.

It formed part of the Netherlands East Indies and was ruled by the Dutch through the Sultanate of Ternate. The Japanese occupied Morotai in early 1942 during the Netherlands East Indies campaign but did not garrison or develop it.Smith (1953), pp. 456–457. In early 1944, Morotai became an area of importance to the Japanese military when it started developing the neighbouring larger island of Halmahera as a focal point for the defence of the southern approaches to the Philippines.Smith (1953), p. 460. In May 1944, the Imperial Japanese Army's 32nd Division arrived at Halmahera to defend the island and its nine airstrips.

When the court moved to establish the Johor Sultanate, it continued using the classical language; it has become so associated with Dutch Riau and British Johor that it is often assumed that the Malay of Riau is close to the classical language. However, there is no closer connection between Malaccan Malay as used on Riau and the Riau vernacular. Among the oldest surviving letters written in Malay are the letters from Sultan Abu Hayat of Ternate, Maluku Islands in present-day Indonesia, dated around 1521–1522. The text is addressed to the king of Portugal, following contact with Portuguese explorer Francisco Serrão.

Baharuddin Lopa was born in Polewali Mandar, West Sulawesi, Indonesia on August 27, 1935. He attended Hasanuddin University, majored in law, and graduated in 1962. Lopa then had a lengthy career as an attorney, including services as a district attorney at the State District Attorney Office in Ujung Pandang (1958–1960) and head of the State District Attorney Office in Ternate (1964–1966). From 1966 to 1976, Lopa led several High District Attorney Offices, first in Southeast Sulawesi (1966–1970), then Aceh (1970–1974), and of Justice and Human Rights and later in West Kalimantan (1974–1976).

Founded in 1975, the School of Nursing offers bachelor's and master's degrees in nursing. Students at the School of Nursing learn the principles and practice of Nursing as they are seconded to tertiary hospitals and communities around the metropolis during their practicum. Since the establishment of the School of Nursing, community outreach programs have been part of the College activities in collaboration with the University activities. The community immersion program started in 1998 on a partnership with the adopted municipality of Naic, Cavite and presently it has expanded to the municipalities of Ternate in Cavite, Sto.

Chavacano or Chabacano is a Spanish-based creole language and known in linguistics as Philippine Creole Spanish. Chabacano is originally spoken by majority of the Caviteños that lived in Cavite City and Ternate after the arrival of the Spaniards three centuries ago. The various dialects of Chabacano were formed out of necessity like all languages, though scholars and laypersons disagree about exactly when and where it all began. The various language groups working at the Cavite naval base needed a way to communicate with each other, and to the soldiers who were barking the orders in less-than- genteel Spanish.

Between 21 and 24 April 1616 they were the first Westerners to visit the (Northern) Tonga islands: "Cocos Island" (Tafahi), "Traitors Island" (Niuatoputapu), and "Island of Good Hope" (Niuafo'ou). On 28 April they discovered the Hoorn Islands (Futuna and Alofi), where they were very well received and stayed until 12 May. They then followed the north coasts of New Ireland and New Guinea and visited adjacent islands, including, on 24 July, what became known as the Schouten Islands. They reached the Northern Moluccas in August and finally Ternate, the headquarters of the VOC, on 12 September 1616.

Francisco Serrão's letters about the Spice islands to his kinsman and friend Ferdinand Magellan, forwarded via Melaka, helped inspire Magellan's plans for the first circumnavigation of the globe. Ironically, Magellan was killed in the Philippines around the same time as Serrão passed away in Ternate, allegedly poisoned. When the remnants of his expedition arrived to Maluku in late 1521, Bayan Sirrullah had died as well, supposedly poisoned by his own daughter whose husband, the Sultan of Bacan, had been ill-treated by his father-in-law.Antonio Pigafetta (1874) The first voyage round the world, by Magellan.

In the vast area of the Dutch East Indies the Dutch had a surprisingly limited number of ships. On 1 January 1842 these were: The guard ship Van Speijk (later Medusa), The medium frigates Bellona (44) and Rotterdam (28), the corvettes Triton (28). Argo (32), and Boreas (28), the brigs Koerier (18), Panter (18), Meermin (18), Vliegende Visch (14), Postillon (14) and two other brigs, 10 schooners, 5 row-gunboats, the paddle-steamer Phoenix (7), and the iron paddle-steamers Banda (ex-Hekla) and Etna (ex-Ternate). On 1 June 1842 RA J.G. Rijk started as director for the navy.

The first mention of Manado comes from a world map by French cartographer Nicolas Desliens, which shows the island of Manarow (today's Manado Tua). Before Europeans arrived in North Sulawesi, the area was under the rule of the Sultan of Ternate, who exacted tribute, and introduced the Muslim religion among some of its inhabitants. The Portuguese made the Sultan their vassal, taking possession of the Minahasa, and establishing a factory in Wenang. Meanwhile, the Spanish had already set themselves up in the Philippines and Minahasa was used to plant coffee that came from South America because of its rich soil.

The morning of 9 May, the attack began before sunrise, and catching the Portuguese unaware, the Dutch and Ternate scaled the walls and raised their colours in the fort. During the ensuing battle, the Portuguese and Tidorean forces got the upper hand and drove their enemies from the fort, forcing them to drop their weapons and retreat into the sea. Just as the battle seemed won, the fort exploded, and the combined Dutch and Ternatan forces rallied. The Portuguese retreated once more, sacking the town as they did so, burning the factory with the cloves and leaving nothing of worth.

Eltio Alegondas Forsten (12 July 1811, Middelburg - 1843, Ambon Island) was a Dutch naturalist.Levensberichten van Zeeuwen, Volume 1 by Frederik Nagtglas, Pieter de la Rue He studied medicine at Leiden, obtaining his degree in 1836 with a thesis on Cedrela febrifuga, titled "Dissertatio botanico- pharmaceutico-medica inauguralis de cedrela febrifuga".Google Books Dissertatio botanico-pharmaceutico-medica inauguralis de cedrela febrifuga In 1838 he became a member of the Natuurkundige Commissie for the Dutch East Indies, where he would spend the next several years collecting zoological and botanical specimens (Java, Sulawesi, Ternate, Ambon).Nationaal Herbarium Nederland Sources: Flora Malesiana ser.

This alerted the Dutch of the United East India Company (VOC), who had just taken over Ambon and strove to control the lucrative trade in spices. Spain and the Dutch Republic were at war in Europe, and their rivalry had global implications. The VOC allied with the new Ternatan sultan and launched their own expedition in 1607.Margaret Makepeace, ‘Middleton, Sir Henry (d. 1613)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2008 As a result Ternate became heavily dependent on the Dutch, who also made incursions in Tidore over the next years and secured some coastal forts.

During the Malam Qunut, the Sultan performed a ceremony known as Kolano Uci Sabea. In this ceremony, the Sultan and his family arrived at the mosque in a palanquin, performed the tarawih prayer, helped by the Bobato Akhirat (the Sultanate council of religious matter), and then returned to his kedaton ("palace") in a palanquin. In the kedaton, the Sultan and his queen (Boki) will perform a special prayer for the ancestor inside a special room located above the shrine of the ancestor. After this prayer, the Sultan and his queen will meet the people of Ternate.

The first recorded sighting and landing by Europeans of the Ampat Islands was by the Portuguese navigator Jorge de Menezes and his crew in 1526, en route from Biak, the Bird's Head Peninsula, and Waigeo, to Halmahera (Ternate). The English explorer William Dampier gave his name to Dampier Strait, which separates Batanta island from Waigeo island. To the east, there is a strait that separates Batanta from Salawati. In 1759 Captain William Wilson sailing in the East Indiaman Pitt navigated these waters and named a strait the 'Pitt strait', after his vessel; this was probably the channel between Batanta and Salawati.

Leonard Andaya (1993), p. 185-6. The Dutch proceeded to delineate the borders of the Ternate Sultanate with more rigour than before. The gains made in the Bungaya Treat of 1667 were mostly confirmed, but the gold-rich Gorontalo and Limboto, the Christian settlements at the Gulf of Tomini, and the Sangihe Islands were lost for the Sultan. The political reshuffling meant that the Dutch no longer saw it necessary to pay annual "money of recognition" for the extirpation of clove trees in Ternatan territory. However, the Sultan received a subsidy of 6,400 rijksdaalders to maintain his court.

Carmona was just a part of the big town of Silang. This is not surprising because in the early part of the Spanish regime Silang included what today are known as the municipalities of Indang: San Francisco de Malabon (now General Trias), and Maragondon. Moreover, Alfonso, Amadeo, and Mendez were mere sitios of Indang; Santa Cruz de Malabon (now Tanza) was a part of San Francisco de Malabon or Malabon Grande; and Magallanes and Ternate were barrios of Maragondon. Furthermore, Maragondon itself had been a part of the Corregimiento of Mariveles on the opposite side of Manila Bay.

At this time the Sultanate was vacant since the demise of the last incumbent in 1905, and the affairs of the zelfbesturende landschap (self- ruling territory) were handled by a regency council. After being educated in Batavia and Makassar, Zainal Abidin served as official in the Dutch colonial bureaucracy in Ternate, Manokwari and Sorong. When Japan invaded and occupied the Dutch East Indies in 1942, Zainal Abidin was made chief of the local government in Tidore for a while. Towards the end of the war he evoked the displeasure of the Japanese and was exiled to Halmahera.

De Mafra was born in the town of Mafra, north of Lisbon, Portugal, or, according to other sources, in the town of Jérez de la Frontera, in Cadiz, Andalusia. In 1519, he became a crew member of the Magalhães expedition. De Mafra started as a seaman in the galleon Trinidad, the armada's flagship, and was on board when the Portuguese captured the Spanish vessel at Benaconora, today Jailolo, in the Moluccas. He was imprisoned for 5 months at Ternate (20 km south of Benaconora), transferred to a jail at Banda Islands where he remained for 4 months.

According to one theory, the term "Maluku" comes from the Arabic word, Al-Mluk (الملوك), which means land or island of kings. This is true because the Moluccas still consist of small kingdoms which are quite large with their own kings. According to another theory, the term comes from the Ternatean word Moloku or Moloko, the two words are Moloku or Moloko which both mean as homeland. This is reflected in the words of the people of Ternate in the past that mention the northern hemisphere Maluku earth as Moloku Kie Raha which means the homeland with four mountains.

500px Governor Sabiniano Manrique de Lara signed a decree on May 6, 1662, ordering the military evacuation of the fort in Zamboanga, and of other Spanish colonies, including that of Ternate in the spice islands of the Moluccas. Upon receipt of these orders on June 17, 1662, the Spanish garrisons, along with a number of priests and their chosen local people started preparations for the eventual evacuation. The garrison were given orders to abandon the fort to the Christian Samas (progenitors of modern-day Chavacanos). Such a move was vigorously opposed by the Jesuits, though, particularly by Rev.

Between 1536 and 1539, Portuguese administrator António Galvão recorded contemporary oral tales of the kings of Banggai, along with Bacan, Papua, and Butung, being descended from hatchlings of four serpent eggs found by an elder in Bacan. The myth associated the states with the Maluku Islands – centered around Ternate and Tidore – placing them in the peripheries. A Dutch report from 1682 noted the Banggai Kingdom as having control over the relatively large islands of Banggai and Peleng, "a hundred" little islands – mostly uninhabited – in addition to parts of Southeast Sulawesi such as Balantak. Inhabitants of Peleng were subjected to slavery.

Spanish sources state that he was left ashore, recovered his health, and eventually embarked on a successful four-year journey by walking to Mexico, where he reported to authorities. The counting discrepancy, a difference of at least 20 men, concerns the number of crew Drake commanded before his stay in Northern California as compared to crew tallies when he reached the Moluccas, an archipelago in the Banda Sea, Indonesia. Released Spanish prisoners stated that, off the coast of Central America, the ship's company was about 80 men. Sir Francis Drake's cousin and crew member, John Drake, claimed the number totaled 60 when the ship was at Ternate in the Moluccas.

Drake proclaimed himself no friend of the Portuguese and the Sultan controlled a number of other islands other than Ternate and traded the best part in Cloves which Drake learned of its high value and importance. It was around this time that Diego died from the wounds he had sustained from Mocha island. Drake was saddened as Diego had been invaluable to him not just as a servant but for his skill, diplomacy and knowledge around South America. After the first round of negotiations, Babullah sent a sumptuous meal to Drake and his men: rice, chicken, sugar canes, liquid sugar, fruit, coconuts and sago.

Completed too late in the war to take part in the fighting, Murchison began her career by visiting Morotai, Ternate, and the Celebes for surveillance duties and War Graves Commission tasks, before sailing to Japan and joining the British Commonwealth Occupation Force. The frigate returned to Australia in May 1946. Murchison later saw extensive operational service during the Korean War and was involved in the Naval Battle of Han River on 28–30 September 1951, during which she was heavily engaged by Chinese shore installations while conducting riverine operations. Four sailors were wounded in the encounter, while Murchison destroyed a number of Chinese gun positions.

After the Dutch victories, Javanese-smithed cannons of Makassar, Ternate, and the surrounding islands were taken as reparations, considered by the Dutch as made of bronze superior to their own, and subsequently melted down and recast in Dutch standard calibres and bores.John Pemberton, On the subject of "Java", Cornell University Press: 1994, , 333 pages Culturally, Javanese bronze cannons and their regional derivatives were traditionally part of a dowry, and offering a poor-quality cast bronze cannon was a supreme insult. Brunei and Malaysia retain the tradition of a token cannon as a dowry for weddings, and many celebrations are opened with a celebratory shot.

The peak of its power came near the end of the sixteenth century, under Sultan Baabullah, when it had influence over most of the eastern part of Sulawesi, the Ambon and Seram area, and parts of Papua. It engaged in fierce competition for control of its periphery with the nearby sultanate of Tidore. According to historian Leonard Andaya, Ternate's "dualistic" rivalry with Tidore is a dominant theme in the early history of the Maluku Islands. In part as a result of its trade- dependent culture, Ternate was one of the earliest places in the region to which Islam spread, coming from Java in the late 15th century.

After Hermite's death, 2 June, 1624, Schapenham took the command-in-chief, and, in opposition to Verschoor's advice, refused to attack Callao again, which could have been easily carried, and a new expedition against Pisco was decided upon; but the Dutch were driven back on August 26. When the fleet reached the coast of New Spain, Verschoor secured several rich prizes and was ordered to sail for the East Indies, Schapenham returning by way of Cape Horn to the Atlantic. Verschoor arrived on March 2 at Ternate, in the Moluccas, and, the vessels being assigned to other services, he returned to Holland to report to the States General.

Bastion of Fort Victoria In 1513, the Portuguese were the first Europeans to land on Ambon Island, and it became the new centre for Portuguese activities in Maluku following their expulsion from Ternate. The Portuguese, however, were regularly attacked by native Muslims on the island's northern coast, in particular Hitu, which had trading and religious links with major port cities on Java's north coast. They established a factory in 1521, but did not obtain peaceable possession of it until 1580. Indeed, the Portuguese never managed to control the local trade in spices, and failed in attempts to establish their authority over the Banda Islands, the nearby centre of nutmeg production.

The population of North Maluku in mid 2019 was 1,235,700 people spread across 10 regencies and cities. South Halmahera Regency is the regency that has the largest population of 227,280 people in 2017 or 18.79% of the province's total population, followed by Ternate with 223,111 people in 2017, or 18.45%, while the regency that has the smallest population is Taliabu Island Regency with 51,928 people or just 4.29%. The population growth rate in North Maluku is 1.98% per year. Central Halmahera Regency is the region with the highest population growth rate of 2.92% per year, while the area with the lowest population growth rate is Tidore of 1.15% per year.

Maritime tourism in North Maluku is based on the area's islands and beaches with marine parks and various types of ornamental fish. There are also tourist forests as well as national parks with endemic species ranked 10th in the world. The nature reserve area consists of several types, both on land and in marine waters such as the Sibela Mountain Reserve on Bacan Island, Nature Reserve on Obi Island, Taliabu Nature Reserve on Taliabu Island and Nature Reserve on Seho Island. Cultural Heritage Areas that have archaeological historical values scattered in the North Maluku Province include cultural reserves in Ternate City, Tidore City, West Halmahera.

North Maluku () is a province of Indonesia. It covers the northern part of the Maluku Islands, bordering the Pacific Ocean to the north, the Halmahera Sea to the east, the Molucca Sea to the west, and the Seram Sea to the south. The provincial capital is Sofifi on the largest island of Halmahera, while the largest city is the island city of Ternate. The population of North Maluku was 1,038,087 in the 2010 census,Central Bureau of Statistics: Census 2010 , retrieved 17 January 2011 making it one of the least-populous provinces in Indonesia; at the latest estimate (July 2019) the population number had risen to 1,235,700.

The Legacy of the Malay Letter, Annabel Teh Gallop, The British Library and Arkib Negara Malaysia, Royal correspondences for example are written, embellished and ceremoniously delivered. Examples of royal correspondences still in the good condition are the letter between Sultan Hayat of Ternate and King John III of Portugal (1521), the letter from Sultan Iskandar Muda of Acèh Darussalam to King James I of England (1615), and the letter from Sultan Abdul Jalil IV of Johor to King Louis XV of France (1719). Many literary works such as epics, poetry and prose use the Jawi script. It is the pinnacle of the classic Malay civilisation.

Dutch expeditions in Netherlands New Guinea 1907–1915. Prior to the arrival of the Dutch, two Indonesian principalities known as the Sultanate of Tidore and the Sultanate of Ternate claimed suzerainty over Western New Guinea. The island territory was viewed by these sultanates as a source of spices, bird of paradise feathers, resins, and Papuan slaves. In 1828, the Netherlands established a settlement in Western New Guinea and also proclaimed sovereignty over the part of the island lying west of 141 degrees longitude. Dutch activity in New Guinea was minimal until 1898 when the Dutch established an administrative centre, which was subsequently followed by missionaries and traders.

The Dutch-held islands of Amboyna, Harouka, Saparua, Nasso-Laut, Buru, Manipa, Manado, Copang, Amenang, Kemar, Twangwoo and Ternate had surrendered to a force led by Captain Edward Tucker in 1810, while Captain Christopher Cole captured the Banda Islands, completing the conquest of Dutch possessions in the Maluku Islands. Java became the last major colonial possession in the East not under British control, and its fall marked the effective end of the war in these waters. Stamford Raffles was appointed Lieutenant Governor of Java.Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor By Keat Gin Ooi Contributor Keat Gin Ooi Published by ABC-CLIO, 2004; , ; p.

The shift contributed to greater bureaucratic and political representation of Muslims in Maluku district affairs, with two successive Muslim governors selected in 1992 and 1997 who began to fill vacancies in the civil service with Muslim appointees, and has been cited as creating anxiety within the Christian community about a potential Islamisation of Maluku, contributing to sectarian tensions. During the early stages of the conflict the large-scale internal displacement of Ambonese to Northern Maluku, Ternate in particular, and the rumors and crimes the internally displaced people described to local residents are cited as a factor in the increased sectarian tension and initial violence in North Maluku during August 1999.

Met ethnologische aanteekeningen, op de woorden, die daartoe aanleiding gaven Martinus Nijhoff, `s-Gravenhage, 1895. From Tidore it was adopted and used by Malay traders and the Portuguese, Spanish and Dutch adventurers and colonists who came to the Spice Islands. The term referred to certain lands and their inhabitants that were considered "wild", "untamed" or "pagan", particularly in regions that fell under the influence of Tidore and neighboring Ternate. The term was thus especially used of peoples in the Maluku Islands (Halmahera,"The true indigenes of Gilolo, 'Alfuros' as they are here called" were noted by the naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace in 1858: The Malay Archipelago (1869), chap. 22.

The leaf blade is usually dissected, ternate or pinnatifid, but simple and entire in some genera, e.g. Bupleurum. Commonly, their leaves emit a marked smell when crushed, aromatic to foetid, but absent in some species. The defining characteristic of this family is the inflorescence, the flowers nearly always aggregated in terminal umbels, that may be simple or more commonly compound, often umbelliform cymes. The flowers are usually perfect (hermaphroditic) and actinomorphic, but there may be zygomorphic flowers at the edge of the umbel, as in carrot (Daucus carota) and coriander, with petals of unequal size, the ones pointing outward from the umbel larger than the ones pointing inward.

The attack continued the next morning, and the landed men were now within a mile of the fort and set up a large piece of ordnance to further bombard the fort. The morning of 9 May, the attack began before sunrise, and catching the Portuguese unaware, the Dutch and Ternate scaled the walls and raised their colours in the fort. During the ensuing battle, the Portuguese and Tidorean forces got the upper hand and drove their enemies from the fort, forcing them to drop their weapons and retreat into the sea. Just as the battle seemed won, the fort exploded, and the combined Dutch and Ternatan forces rallied.

Evidence for these stories include an inheritance and a harbor named 'Bal Sorbay' (Bali Surabaya) on Kai Kecil which is, presumably, the harbor at which the royals arrived. It is recognized by Kai islanders that some of their ancestors came from other places such as Sumbawa island (Sumbau), Buton (Vutun) in Sulawesi, Seram (Seran) and Gorom (Ngoran) islands in the Central Moluccas, and the sultanates of Jailolo (Dalo) and Ternate (Ternat) as well. The tiny island of Tanimbarkei is not part of Tanimbar, as the name might suggest, but is one of the Kai Islands. It is inhabited by fewer than 1000 very traditional people.

Drawing of Ternate by a presumably Dutch artist. Inset shows Saint John Baptist Portuguese-built fort on the island An orembai, a common traditional sailing vessel of the Maluku Islands The most significant lasting effects of the Portuguese presence were the disruption and reorganization of the Southeast Asian trade, and in eastern Indonesia—including Maluku—the introduction of Christianity. The Portuguese had conquered the city-state of Malacca in the early sixteenth century and their influence was most strongly felt in Maluku and other parts of eastern Indonesia. After the Portuguese annexed Malacca in August 1511, one Portuguese diary noted 'it is thirty years since they became Moors'.

European power in the region was weak and Ternate became an expanding, fiercely Islamic and anti-European state under the rule of Sultan Baab Ullah (r. 1570 – 1583) and his son Sultan Said. The Portuguese in Ambon, however, were regularly attacked by native Muslims on the island's northern coast, in particular Hitu which had trading and religious links with major port cities on Java's north coast. Altogether, the Portuguese never had the resources or manpower to control the local trade in spices, and failed in attempts to establish their authority over the crucial Banda Islands, the nearby centre of most nutmeg and mace production.

Persons from the Ottoman Empire stayed at the court, and the Portuguese anxiously wrote about intimate contacts with Muslim figures from Aceh, the Malay World, and even Mecca. Javanese from Japara and other port kingdoms also assisted Ternate via Ambon. These far- flung contacts were signs of lively trade routes that had developed between different parts of Asia since the 15th century, which carried with them religious-cultural bonds. While the presence of Islam in Maluku had been patchy up to the mid-16th century, the age of Babullah and his successors saw a dissemination and deepening of religious observances, partly as a response to aggressive Catholic advances.

This includes Mount Pico De Loro which is within the towns of Ternate and Maragondon (and some parts of it are already part of Batangas), which is a part of the Palay-Palay and Mataas na Gulod protected landscape. Mt. Pico De Loro is the highest part of Cavite at 664 meters above sea level and is noted for its 360-degree view at its summit and a cliff known as Parrot's Beak or Monolith that mountaineers would also like to climb. Mt. Marami, within the same mountain range, located at Magallanes town is also a mountaineering location due to its "silyang bato" (en. Chair of rocks) at its summit.

The humanist views of Miklouho-Maclay led him to campaign actively against the slave trade and against blackbirding – carried on between the islands of Melanesia and plantations in Queensland, Fiji, Samoa and New Caledonia. In November 1878 the Dutch government informed him that on his recommendations it was checking the slave traffic at Ternate and Tidore. From 1879 onwards he wrote a number of letters to Australian papers, and corresponded with Sir Arthur Gordon, High Commissioner for the Western Pacific, on protecting the land rights of his friends on the Maclay Coast of north-eastern New Guinea, and on ending the traffic in arms and intoxicants in the South Pacific.

That evening Captain de Torres came aboard and told Middleton that they (the Portuguese) were sure of victory against the Dutch, and would trade any remaining cloves with the English. At around one in the afternoon on 7 May, the Dutch and Ternate attacked, firing all their ordnance at the fort. During particularly heavy fire, the attacking forces landed men on the island, a little north of the town, who entrenched themselves there for the night. The attack continued the next morning, and the landed men were now within a mile of the fort and set up a large piece of ordnance to further bombard the fort.

Through the zeal of the first missionaries of spreading the Catholic faith, they also helped in founding most of the towns of Cavite province. Among the religious orders that Christianized the Caviteños were the Franciscans, the Recollects, the Dominicans and the Jesuits. They established their first center of faith in Cavite Puerto (now Cavite City). The Catholic faith first came to Imus in 1571, then in Silang in 1581, in Cavite Viejo (now Kawit) in 1587, in Maragondon in 1611, Indang in 1655, Ternate in 1700 and in San Francisco de Malabon (now General Trias City) in 1758. As early as 1614, Cavite became a politico-military province.

Coen's plans had included making Batavia the centre of intra-Asian trade spanning from Japan to China, Burma, Indonesian archipelago, and Ceylon as far as Persia, by employing Ambonese mercenary and Chinese labour to develop the spice trade. Although this plan was never realised, Coen managed to establish a Dutch monopoly of the spice trade through an alliance with Ternate Sultanate in 1607 to control the production of cloves, and the occupation of the Banda Islands gave control of the nutmeg trade. The Dutch captured Melaka from the Portuguese in 1641 giving them control of the region's seas. By the mid-17th century, Batavia had become an important trade centre.

The Islamic teachings were thought to have first spread to the region of Central Sulawesi in Buol dan Banggai, where both regions accepted Islam in the mid-16th century due to influences from Ternate. A king of Buol was noted to have an Islamic name, namely Eato Muhammad Tahir who ruled between 1540-1595. At the beginning of the 17th century, Islam began to spread in the land of the Kailis propagated by Dato Karama (his real name Abdullah Raqie), who was believed to have come from Minangkabau. Dato Karama preached in Palu area and its surroundings, and because of him the Kaili king named Pue Njidi converted to Islam.

Shrubs that reach 0.5-2.5 meters in height, terrestrial or occasionally epiphytic. Leaves 3.5-13 × 0.8–4 cm, opposite or rarely ternate, ovate to chordate, base rounded to chordate, apex acute to acuminate; Petiole 1.2–8 cm. Bisexual flowers, axillary, pendulous armpits in the distal armpits; Pedicels 35–75 mm; Ovary narrowly cylindrical; Floral tube 20-64 × 4–9 mm, cylindrical, laterally compressed in the base around the nectar; Sepals 8-20 × 5–8 mm, lanceolate; Tube and sepals pink to red; Petals 6-12 × 4–8 mm, green with reddish base, ovate, subacuminate apex; Filaments 10–20 mm and 6–14 mm, greenish. Berries 20-40 × 5–8 mm, elongated, purplish dark when ripe.

337 Although seemingly unrelated with the "league", the larger conflict in mainland Asia left the Portuguese incapable of sending sufficient reinforcements to the Moluccas in each sailing season, between the monsoons. In a prolonged conflict that extended to Portuguese positions in Gilolo, Ambon, and Banda, the critically isolated Portuguese could count on little aid to defend not just themselves, but also the nascent communities of local Christians. Eventually, in 1575, with dwindling supplies and no hope of reinforcement, the less than 100 remaining defenders of the fortress of Ternate surrendered, at the end of a five-year long siege, to Sultan Babu. The Sultan then occupied the fort as his royal palace.

Probably fearing retaliation from the Portuguese, he nonetheless allowed a few (about 18 married men) to remain on the island to maintain trade which, given the circumstances, the next Portuguese captain, Lionel de Brito, accepted upon arriving, just three days after the surrender, and was allowed to trade as usual.Saturnino Monteiro (2011), Portuguese Sea Battles Volume III - From Brazil to Japan, 1539-1579 p.414 In March 1576, the Portuguese began construction of a new fortress on Ambon, that henceforth became the center of Portuguese activity in the Moluccas. In 1578, as per request of its Sultan, the Portuguese built a new fort on Tidore, to where those still in Ternate relocated.

One of this council is the Magdiwang Council, which was headed by Mariano Álvarez encompassing the municipalities of Alfonso, Bailen (now called General Emilio Aguinaldo), Indang, Magallanes, Maragondon, Naic, Rosario, San Francisco de Malabon (now General Trias, Cavite), San Roque (now part of Cavite City), Tanza, and Ternate. The other council, Magdalo, is headed by Baldomero Aguinaldo and presides the towns of Amadeo, Bacoor, Carmona, Perez-Dasmariñas (now Dasmariñas), Cavite el Viejo, Mendez Núñez (now Mendez), and Silang. Magdalo's name originated from Aguinaldo's nom-de-plume for Katipunan which was rooted from Santa Magdalena (Saint Mary Magdalene), Cavite Viejos's patron saint. Magdalo held its capital in Imus, while Magdiwang was based in the town of Noveleta.

In 2007, from 1,077 active students of Unika De La Salle Manado, approximately 20% came from outside the region such as Pontianak, Balikpapan, Samarinda, Jogjakarta, Jakarta, Papua,In August 2010, DLSU-Manado admitted the first group of 17 students from Timika, Papua through the program LPMAK and as part of a partnership with Freeport Ambon and Ternate. In 2009, only a decade after its foundation, the number of students in the university reached 1,183 distributed among the five faculties (Engineering, Nursing, Agriculture, Economics, and Law). This year saw the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences (MIPA) merging with the Faculty of Engineering. Likewise, human resources along with infrastructure and facilities constantly improved both qualitatively and quantitatively.

Franciscans visited from Manila, as did a Jesuit mission. Jesuit missionaries were also active in Minahasa and neighbouring areas in the first half of the 17th century, but attacks from Muslims from Ternate as well as local animist peoples meant that priests had a short life expectancy. From 1655 to 1676 the Dutch established firm control of northern Sulawesi, and Catholicism was prohibited by the ruling VOC. With Catholicism harshly suppressed, as in Ambon in Maluku, the people of Minahasa, the Sangihe and Talaud islands are to this day almost entirely Protestant (the Dutch replacing the Catholic infrastructure with the schools of Dutch Protestantism), although in the 20th century fresh Catholic mission activity commenced.

The upper Mamberamo River photographed during the Central-North New Guinea Expedition led by Le Roux In 1545, the Spanish navigator Iñigo Ortiz de Retes sailed along the northern coast of the island as far as the mouth of this river that he charted as San Agustín. At this spot, on 20 June 1545, he claimed the territory for the Spanish Crown, and in the process bestowing the name to the island (Nueva Guinea) by which it is known today. The first European to enter the mouth of the Mamberamo was Dutchman Dr D. F. van Braam Morris in 1883. The resident from the northern Moluccas (Ternate) rowed up the river to ascertain that it was navigable by steamer.

The Moluccans speak over a hundred different languages, with a majority of them belonging to the Central Malayo-Polynesian branch of the Austronesian language family. An important exception is the North Moluccan island of Halmahera and its vicinity, where the majority of the population speak West Papuan languages (North Halmahera branch), possibly brought through historical migration from the Bird's Head Peninsula of New Guinea. Another exception are the Malay-based creoles such as the Ambonese language (also known as Ambonese Malay), spoken mainly on Ambon and the nearby Ceram; and North Moluccan Malay used on the islands of Ternate, Tidore, Halmahera and Sula Islands in North Maluku. Moluccans living in the Netherlands mostly speak Ambonese and Buru.

Mandarine is not , which the British also captured during the same campaign. On 1 March Cornwallis chased a Dutch man-of-war brig all day until she took refuge in a small bay on the north side of the island of Amblaw. The wind being light and variable, and night approaching, Montagu sent in Cornwalliss boats, under the command of Lieutenant Henry John Peachy. After rowing all night, they captured the Dutch brig Margaritta Louisa, under Captain De Ruyter on 2 March. Margaritta Louisa was pierced for 14 guns but carried only eight, and a crew of 40 men. Margaritta Louisa had left Surabaya nine days earlier with 20 to 30,000 dollars for Ambonya, and supplies for Ternate.

Outside Somba Opu fort were two major markets each to the north and south, and houses of the commoners. The quarters of the Portuguese, the Indians, and some European factories were located along the north coast. remnants of the western wall. Destruction of Somba Opu began with the signing of the Bungaya Treaty in 1667 between the Sultanate and the Dutch, and the subsequent war in 1669. Attack of the fort began with Cornelis Speelman, admiral of the VOC, gathering forces which consisted of 2,000 Bugis soldier, the archrival of Gowa, plus additional 572 men from Ternate, Tidore, Bacan, Butung, and Pampanga (from northern Luzon in the Philippines), 83 Dutch soldiers and 11 Dutch sailors.

In North Maluku the population was 85% Muslim prior to the start of conflict. There had been a steady exodus of Makianese from the island of Makian to Ternate and the northern regions of Halmahera. Dozens of villages had been established and populated by Makianese transmigrants who had moved there from the neighbouring island during the 1970s, following fears of a volcanic eruption. Some of the migrant Makianese had been shifted to live and cultivate on or near land traditionally claimed by the Jailolo and Kao ethno-linguistic groups, and claims to the land became more forceful with the discovery of gold deposits in the 1990s and the announcement of an Australian owned mine to open in mid-1999.

The surrounding park was designed in the 60s by the landscape gardener Russell Page, who was enraptured by the beauty of the area. It boasts rare plant specimens from all over the world: sugar maples (acer saccharum), Japanese cherry trees (Prunus serrulata), camellias, rhododendrons (Rhododendron) and sweetly fragranced Choisya ternate, as well as the finest of ancient rose gardens. The grounds take the shape of a traditional English country garden interspersed with evergreen hedges, the latter adding a typical Italian individuality to the whole. A number of themed cultivated areas are also showcased, some evoking the past, such as the herb garden opposite the mediaeval church, inspired by the Orto dei Semplici motifs.

Kabungsuwan is generally regarded as the one who introduced Islam in the Lanao and Maguindanao areas in Mindanao arriving in the area in the early 16th century. There are several tarsilas or written genealogy on Kabungsuwan though most of these state that he brought in men when he landed in Mindanao, his group are composed of seafarers, there was initial force with his group's interaction with the locals and that there were already Muslims in Mindanao when his Kangungsuwan and his men landed near the mouth of the Pulangi River. Kabungsuwan formed alliances with influential royal families of Sulu, Borneo, and Ternate. This led to Islam becoming the dominant religion around Lake Lanao by the 19th century.

Traders and the royalty of major kingdoms were usually the first to convert to Islam. Dominant kingdoms included Mataram in Central Java, and the sultanates of Ternate and Tidore in the Maluku Islands to the east. By the end of the 13th century, Islam had been established in North Sumatra; by the 14th in northeast Malaya, Brunei, the southern Philippines and among some courtiers of East Java; and the 15th in Malacca and other areas of the Malay Peninsula. Although it is known that the spread of Islam began in the west of the archipelago, the fragmentary evidence does not suggest a rolling wave of conversion through adjacent areas; rather, it suggests the process was complicated and slow.

Halmahera, formerly known as Jilolo, Gilolo, or Jailolo, is the largest island in the Maluku Islands. It is part of the North Maluku province of Indonesia and Sofifi, the capital of the province, is located on the west coast of the island. Halmahera has a land area of ; it is the largest island of Indonesia outside the five main islands. It had a population of 162,728 in 1995; by 2010, it had increased to 449,938 for the island itself (excluding the tip which is considered part of the Joronga Islands, but including Gebe and Ju islands) and 667,161 for the island group (including all of South Halmahera and Tidore, but not Ternate).

Togutil man of Halmahera island Sparsely-populated Halmahera's fortunes have long been closely tied to those of the smaller islands of Ternate and Tidore, both off its west coast. These islands were both the sites of major kingdoms in the era before Dutch East India Company colonized the entire archipelago. During World War II, Halmahera was the site of a Japanese naval base at Kao Bay. In 1999 and 2000 Halmahera was the site of violence that began as a purely ethnic dispute between residents of (mainly Christian) Kao and (entirely Muslim) Malifut sub- districts and then took on a religious nature as it spread through much of the North Moluccas, called the Maluku sectarian conflict.

One of the first mentions of Buru occurred in the Nagarakretagama – an Old Javanese eulogy to Hayam Wuruk, the ruler of the Majapahit Kingdom, dating back to 1365. The island appears in the third line of 15th song in the list of lands subordinate to Majapahit under the name Hutan Kadali. In the 16th–17th centuries Buru was claimed by the rulers of Ternate island and by the Portuguese; both claims were, however, symbolic, as neither party controlled the island, but only visited it on trade matters. More active were Makassar people from Sulawesi island, who had built fortifications on Buru and forced the natives to grow valuable spices, such as clove.

The Gerrhopilidae (Indo-Malayan blindsnakes) are a family of blindsnakes that contains at least 16 species in the genus Gerrhopilus, and possibly others (the genus Cathetorhinus and the species known as either Malayotyphlops manilae, Gerrhopilus manilae, or Typhlops manilae) as well. These blindsnakes are found in India (including the Andaman Islands), Sri Lanka, Nepal, Thailand, the Philippines, Indonesia (including Java, Ternate, Sulawesi, Halmahera, Waigeu, Salawati, Irian Jaya, and Bali), and Papua New Guinea. These blindsnakes were considered to be part of the family Typhlopidae and were formerly known as the Typhlops ater species group. In 2010, they were discovered to be distantly related to other typhlopids and separated into their own family.

On 15 August 2019, the anniversary of the 1962 New York Agreement and coinciding with a discussion on Papua in the Pacific Islands Forum in Tuvalu, protests by Papuans were held across several cities in Indonesia, including Jayapura, Sentani, Ternate, Ambon, Bandung, Yogyakarta, Jakarta, and Malang. Various Papuan student groups joined the protests, which proceeded peacefully in Yogyakarta and Jakarta but saw dispersal by authorities and several protesters arrested in other cities, though they were released soon afterwards. In Bandung, civil militias forced the protesters to change the rally's location. In the city of Malang, Papuan protesters clashed with counter-protesters and later fans of the football club Arema Malang, with racist slurs from the counter-protesters.

It was from this situation that Cavite Chabacano began as a simplified form of Spanish – a pidgin language that later developed into a mixed, or creole language. The fact that the first Chabacanos learned their Spanish from the coarse language of soldiers is probably why they were called Chabacanos in the first place. However, some historians disagree with parts of this story and say that Chabacano did not emerge until almost a century later when Catholic Malays settled in Cavite after the Spaniards had abandoned the Spice Islands to the Dutch in 1662. These Malays, known as the Mardicas (likely from the Malay word merdeka meaning "free" or "independent"), settled in Ternate, the town named after their original homeland.

Darwin was hard at work on the manuscript for his "big book" on Natural Selection, when on 18 June 1858 he received a parcel from Wallace, who stayed on the Maluku Islands (Ternate and Gilolo). It enclosed twenty pages describing an evolutionary mechanism, a response to Darwin's recent encouragement, with a request to send it on to Lyell if Darwin thought it worthwhile. The mechanism was similar to Darwin's own theory. Darwin wrote to Lyell that "your words have come true with a vengeance, ... forestalled" and he would "of course, at once write and offer to send [it] to any journal" that Wallace chose, adding that "all my originality, whatever it may amount to, will be smashed".

The eclipse of March 8–9, 2016 had a magnitude of 1.0450 visible across an area of Pacific Ocean, which started in the Indian Ocean, and ended in the northern Pacific Ocean. It was the 52nd eclipse of the 130th Saros cycle, which began with a partial eclipse on August 20, 1059 and will conclude with a partial eclipse on October 25, 2394. The eclipse was clearly visible in many parts of Indonesia, including Central Sulawesi and Ternate, but obscured by clouds and smokes in Palembang, the largest city on the path of totality. The eclipse coincided with Nyepi, a public holiday in Indonesia and the end of the Balinese saka calendar.

Their inadvertent rescuers were then forced to take them to Ambon, where they disembarked in Hitu. Serrão's armour, muskets and marksmanship impressed the powerful chiefs of Hitu who were warring against Luhu, the principal settlement on Seram's Hoamal Peninsula near Hitu.Hannard (1991), page 7; Muller (1997), page 43 The Portuguese were also welcomed in the area as buyers of food and spices during a lull in the spice trade due to a temporary disruption to Javanese and Malay sailings to the area following the 1511 conflicts in Malacca. The visitors were recruited as military allies and their subsequent exploits were heard in the rival neighbours of Ternate and Tidore who both rushed emissaries to induce the visitors to assist.

Again he reached the Cape of Good Hope with his men in good health, and after a stay of only eight days went on to Bantam, where he arrived on 7 December. A month later he came to Button, where he entertained the king at a banquet on board; but no trade was to be done, owing to the recent destruction of the storehouses by fire, and he passed on to Bangay. The drunken and dissolute Dutchman domineered over the natives, collected the duties for the king of Ternate, and, keeping for himself as much as he wanted, sent on to the king what he could spare. Middleton, being unable to trade at Bangay, endeavoured to go to the Moluccas.

Sama-Bajau houses in Cawa Cawa, Zamboanga City, Philippines, 1923 The epic poem Darangen of the Maranao people record that among the ancestors of the hero Bantugan is a Maranao prince who married a Sama-Bajau princess. Estimated to have happened in 840 AD, it is the oldest account of the Sama-Bajau. It further corroborates the fact that they predate the arrival of the Tausūg settlers and are indigenous to the Sulu archipelago and parts of Mindanao. Residents of a Bajau kampung in Afdeeling Ternate, Groote Oost, Dutch East Indies (present-day North Maluku, Indonesia) Sama- Bajau were first recorded by European explorers in 1521 by Antonio Pigafetta of the Magellan-Elcano expedition in what is now the Zamboanga Peninsula.

Malacca actively encouraged the conversion to Islam in the region, while Ming fleet actively established Chinese-Malay Muslim community in northern coastal Java, thus created a permanent opposition to the Hindus of Java. By 1430, the expeditions had established Muslim Chinese, Arab and Malay communities in northern ports of Java such as Semarang, Demak, Tuban, and Ampel; thus Islam began to gain a foothold on the northern coast of Java. Malacca prospered under Chinese Ming protection, while the Majapahit were steadily pushed back. Dominant Muslim kingdoms during this time included Samudera Pasai in northern Sumatra, Malacca Sultanate in eastern Sumatra, Demak Sultanate in central Java, Gowa Sultanate in southern Sulawesi, and the sultanates of Ternate and Tidore in the Maluku Islands to the east.

Later, disaffected smiths and noble entourages emigrating from Java brought these cannon-founding skill to Philippines, Brunei, Malaysia and Myanmar.Jean Gelman Taylor, Indonesia: Peoples and Histories: Yale University Press, 2004, , 420 pagesWillem G. J. Remmelink, The Chinese war and the collapse of the Javanese state, 1725–1743, KITLV Press, 1994, , 297 pages When Ternate was captured by the Spanish, they were astounded to find over 3,000 very finely cast bell metal cannons in the walled compound, although humorously to the Spaniards these were tied upright to veranda poles, used as phallic-lingam household decorations rather than weapons. The Spanish and Portuguese were equally astounded to find their European bronze cannon offerings to the Javanese rejected as inferior in quality, as they rightly were.

Om Prakash, The Dutch East India Company and the Economy of Bengal, 1630–1720 (Princeton University Press, 1985)William De Lange, Pars Japonica: the first Dutch expedition to reach the shores of Japan, (2006) A location in the west of the archipelago was thus sought. The Straits of Malacca were strategic but became dangerous following the Portuguese conquest, and the first permanent VOC settlement in Banten was controlled by a powerful local ruler and subject to stiff competition from Chinese and English traders. In 1604, a second English East India Company voyage commanded by Sir Henry Middleton reached the islands of Ternate, Tidore, Ambon and Banda. In Banda, they encountered severe VOC hostility, sparking Anglo-Dutch competition for access to spices.

He reported the Bandanese as being part of an Indonesia-wide trading network and the only native Malukan long-range traders taking cargo to Malacca, although shipments from Banda were also being made by Javanese traders. In addition to the production of nutmeg and mace, Banda maintained significant entrepôt trade; goods that moved through Banda included cloves from Ternate and Tidore in the north, bird-of- paradise feathers from the Aru Islands and Western New Guinea, massoi bark for traditional medicines and salves. In exchange, Banda predominantly received rice and cloth; namely light cotton batik from Java, calicoes from India and ikat from the Lesser Sundas. In 1603, an average quality sarong-sized cloth traded for eighteen kilograms of nutmeg.

Two years after the party was established, the party already had twenty seven branches in the provinces of Indonesia, ranging from Medan to Ternate. The party had already enlisted tens of thousands members, and different Chinese organizations joined the party, such as C.H.T.H., Tionghoa Siang Hwee, Sin Ming Hui, and C.H.T.N.H, making it the largest political party for the Chinese Indonesians at that time. In February 1950, Liem Koen Hian, founder of the colonial-era Partai Tionghoa Indonesia – CHH's old adversary – criticised the new Thio-led party as naive and incompetent, unable to deal with the indigenous Indonesian majority. Liem founded Persatuan Tenaga Indonesia (the 'Union of Indonesian Labour'), thus reviving the old colonial- era rivalry between CHH and PTI, but in a new post-revolutionary guise.

Under the leadership of several generations of rulers, Ternate developed from a kingdom which only covered a small island, to becoming the largest and most influential realm in eastern Indonesia, especially the Moluccas. It was organized in settlement units called soa which stood under headmen or bobato. At the top, the kolano was assisted by four chief officials, dopolo ngaruha, led by a first minister or jogugu.Muridan Widjojo 2009 The revolt of Prince Nuku: Cross-cultural alliance-making in Maluku, c. 1780-1810. Leiden: Brill, p. 47-8. Starting in the mid-15th century, Islam was adopted by the leading families in the kingdom, due to the influence of Muslim merchants from Java, India and the Malay World.C.F. van Fraassen 1987, Vol. I, p. 32.

The use of Jawi script was a key factor driving the emergence of Malay as the lingua franca of the region, alongside the spread of Islam. It was widely used in the Sultanate of Malacca, Sultanate of Johor, Sultanate of Brunei, Sultanate of Sulu, Sultanate of Pattani, the Sultanate of Aceh to the Sultanate of Ternate in the east as early as the 15th century. The Jawi script was used in royal correspondences, decrees, poems and was widely understood by the merchants in the port of Malacca as the main means of communication. Early legal digests such as the Undang-Undang Melaka Code and its derivatives including the Codes of Johor, Perak, Brunei, Kedah, Pattani and Aceh were written in this script.

The first Indonesians to adopt Islam are thought to have done so as early as the eleventh century, although Muslims had visited Indonesia early in the Muslim era. The spread of Islam was driven by increasing trade links outside of the archipelago; in general, traders and the royalty of major kingdoms were the first to adopt the new religion. Dominant kingdoms included Majapahit Kingdom in Central Java, and the sultanates of Ternate and Tidore in the Maluku Islands to the east. By the end of the thirteenth century, Islam had been established in North Sumatra; by the fourteenth in northeast Malaya, Brunei, the southern Philippines and among some courtiers of East Java; and the fifteenth in Malacca and other areas of the Malay Peninsula.

A group of men after the institute of the M.P. in a church in Ambon, pre-1943. Ambon belonged to the so-called colonial ethnic group. They were formed in the 16th to 18th century as a result of the mixing of the indigenous population of Ambon Island and West Seram Regency, the human trade of the Hitu people, and with the immigrants from both other parts of Indonesia and Europeans. In the 15th to 16th century, the largest center of spice trade was established under the rule of the Sultanate of Ternate, and its capture then became the goal of the foreign colonialists, who at the beginning of the 16th century were the Portuguese colonials, and at the beginning of the 17th century the Dutch colonials.

On his first voyage as a captain, De With already showed he was the strict disciplinarian of later legend: on 13 April, six of his men deserted his ship and the constant beatings and floggings to flee to the uninhabited island of Juan Fernández. Until October, the fleet attacked Spanish shipping and settlements; during one of the actions, De With was wounded by a musket bullet. Then, it crossed the Pacific, sailing via the Mariana Islands to the Indies. Reaching Ternate in the Spice Islands on 5 March 1625, De With, himself on request of the governor of Ambon in a punitive action, laid waste to the island, destroying by his own count 90,000 clove trees of the inhabitants, to increase the price of this commodity.

On board were the "kings of Ternate and Tidore, and the princes of the respective families". The Dutch had long held them on "Isle Robin", but then had moved them to Saldanha Bay.The New Annual Register, Or General Repository of History ..., (October 1781), Vol. 2, p.90. In 1806 the Scottish whaler John Murray opened a whaling station at a sheltered bay on the north- eastern shore of the island, which became known as Murray's Bay. It was adjacent to the site of the present-day harbour named Murray's Bay Harbour, which was constructed in 1939–40. After a failed uprising at Grahamstown in 1819, the fifth of the Xhosa Wars, the British colonial government sentenced African leader Makanda Nxele to life imprisonment on the island.

Furthermore, Walisongo descendants who have verified their lineage up to Ahmad al-Muhajir, through Sayyid Jumadil Kubra (Walisongo's ancestor), will still be included. This list also includes descendants of Jafar Sadek, an Arab who spread Islam in the Maluku Islands in the 13th century, who became sultans in several kingdoms in Maluku such as Ternate and Tidore. And descendants of Abdullah ibn Shaykh al- Aydarus, great-grandfather of Tun Habib Abdul Majid, who was the ancestor of Bendahara dynasty and sultans in Johor and Lingga. The figures who can be verified their Arabic identity with their last name (surname or Arab clans, see ) and first name (honorific title name, such as Sayyid or Sayid, Syarif or Syarifah, Sidi, and ) will not be given a footnote.

The very next day on 13 January, before the concrete emplacement was fully dry and the gun had been bore-sighted or checked for assurance level, it became the first American battery of seacoast artillery to open fire on the enemy in World War II when it drove off a Japanese-commandeered inter-island steamer, apparently bent on a close inspection of Fort Drum's vulnerable rear approach. Until that time, the cage mast control tower masked the fire of the rear main turret, while the height of the gun above water created a dead space even had the field of fire been clear. The first week of February 1942 saw the fort come under sustained fire from Japanese 150mm howitzer batteries positioned on the mainland near Ternate.

The remaining four are cartographic depictions of cities and islands. The ethnic groups and individuals depicted include Chinese Filipinos ("Sangley") or Chinese, Cafres or East Africans brought to Manila slave market by Portuguese, a Canarin (a native of India on the Konkani coast, most likely a Goan or Mangalorean), a Lascar from India, mestizos, a Mardica (natives of Ternate and Tidore), a Japanese ("Japon"), Spaniards, Criollos, Filipino natives ("Indios"), Aetas, an Armenian, a Mughal, a native of the Malabar region and a Visayan. Maps of "Samboagan" (known today as Zamboanga City, a city in Mindanao), the port of Cavite, the island of "Guajan" (Guam) and Manila, and illustrations of endemic plants and animals occupy the remaining sections. The Murillo Velarde map was widely reprinted.

In the beginning of May 1569, a privately owned carrack, escorted by a heavily armed galleon, departed from Goa, bound for south-east Asia. The captain and owner of the carrack was a wealthy man called Mem Lopes Carrasco, while the captain of the galleon was João Gago de Andrade, tasked with resupplying and reinforcing the Portuguese garrison in the fortress of Ternate in the Moluccas. Carrasco intended to sail his ship to the Sunda Strait, possibly to buy high-quality pepper and sandalwood, among other highly valuable products made in the region. After passing by the Cape Comorin in the southernmost tip of India and the threat of pirates lessened, the carrack left the galleon's protection and sailed at full speed away from its sight.

Already in possession of a letter from the Ternate king, the Tidore king also wrote a letter asking the town's governor to trade with the English. With a Dutch fleet closing in on the island of Tidore, intending to take the island from the Portuguese, Red Dragon departed two days later, needing to sound her trumpets as she passed the Dutch fleet at around midnight to identify herself, in case the Dutch thought she was an escaping Portuguese galleon. Safely past the Dutch, the ship and her crew arrived at Maquian at seven the following evening. On their arrival, Middleton sent his brother along with two Ternatans that had remained with the ship to present the governor with the king's letters.

After a public reading of the letter, the governor announced that the cloves on the island were not ripe yet, but that those that were the English could have the next day. When the next day came however, they were told that there were no ripe cloves on the island, and Middleton, suspecting Ternatan duplicity, decided to sail for Taffasoa. They were more forthcoming, and the English managed to acquire an amount of cloves for them before the Ternate attacked the town. With the town's governor informing them that there were no more cloves to be had, and receiving word from the fort on Tidore that the Dutch had burnt two galleons, Red Dragon returned to Tidore on 3 May.

There were also about 800 Australian former prisoners of war at Ambon who needed repatriation, and parade details undertook ceremonial duties as war cemeteries were established. Beyond the main areas where units of Australian troops were established, small surveillance parties were dispatched to areas in western New Guinea, as well as the Talaud Islands, Halmahera and Ternate. These parties were tasked with collecting information regarding war crimes and monitoring the Japanese efforts to maintain law and order, which led to several clashes between local civilians and the remaining Japanese. Established as an interim measure to occupy the Indies until the Dutch could return, as the Dutch forces began arriving in December 1945, the Australians began winding up their operations although they would continue for several more months.

Are these yet arranged and exhibited? They must form a most interesting collection. At various times Bernstein is mentioned in Wallace’s Malay Archipelago (for example in the chapter on Gilolo—now Halmahera—in Volume II and in chapter 38 about the birds of paradise), but as far as is known the two never met. Trip 1: 22 December 1860–end March 1861 Trip 2: 25 June 1861–10 October 1861 Trip 3: October 1861–February 1862 Trip 4: 1–26 April 1862 Trip 5: mid-July–26 September 1862 Trip 6: 7 November 1862–18 July 1863 Trip 7: September–November 1863 Trip 8: January 1864–end April 1864 Trip 9: 18 October 1864–19 April 1865 Berstein died on Batanta at 19 April 1865 of a liver abscess, and was buried on Ternate.

Boano is mentioned by Dutch naturalist and author François Valentijn, in his book Beschryvinge van Amboina in 1724 as Bunoa, Boan, Boano, and Bonnoa, along with a listing of the names of various villages and their leaders. At that time, he estimated to have been inhabited by 1,200 people most of whom were subsistence farmers. Valentijn also mentioned the peace talks between Herman van Speult of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and a local ruler named Sengadji in 1619. The Hoamoal Peninsula region in western Seram was a center of the spice trade since before the 17th century's and Buano Island had the advantage of being a safe harbor during the west monsoon season. In the 17th century, Buano Island and the Hoamoal Peninsula were subject to the Sultanate of Ternate.

In 1512, the Portuguese were the first Europeans to land in Ambon, and it became the new centre for Portuguese activities in Maluku following their expulsion from Ternate. The Portuguese, however, were regularly attacked by native Muslims on the island's northern coast, in particular Hitu, which had trading and religious links with major port cities on Java's north coast. They established a factory in 1521 but did not obtain peaceable possession of it until 1580. Indeed, the Portuguese never managed to control the local trade in spices and failed in attempts to establish their authority over the Banda Islands, the nearby centre of nutmeg production. The creole trade language Portugis, however, was spoken well into the 19th century, and many families still have Portuguese names and claim Portuguese ancestry, for example Muskita and De Fretes.

Indonesian Navy Commando Corps on Morotai Beach during the Permesta insurgency During the administration of President B. J. Habibie, the idea emerged to accelerate development in several potential regions by forming new provinces. Maluku is one of the potential areas for accelerating development through the expansion of the province, mainly because of the pace of development between the northern and southern regions and or between the middle and southeast regions that are not harmonious. On that basis, the government established North Maluku Province (with the temporary capital in Ternate) which was confirmed by Law Number 46 of 1999 concerning the division of North Maluku Province, Buru Regency and Tanimbar Islands Regency.Lembaran Negara Tahun 1999 Nomor 174, Tambahan Lembaran Negera Nomor 3895 North Maluku was also the site of the Maluku sectarian conflict.

Thus, the undisputed dominance of the Iberians (Portuguese and Spanish) in the spice trade to Europe was ended. The fleet received a warm welcome in Bantam, repairs were carried out to damage caused in the battle, and a survey of Jakarta Bay was undertaken, where the Dutch would later build Batavia, their capital in the Indies. Then, sailing by way of Tuban, East Java to the Spice Island of Ternate, cloves were loaded on board and the ship returned to Banda for a cargo of nutmeg. A 19th-century illustration depicting Duyfken in the Gulf of Carpentaria Duyfken was then sent on a voyage of exploration to the east when the newly formed Dutch East India Company (, commonly abbreviated to VOC) was granted a monopoly on trade to the Spice Islands by the Dutch government.

In this novel Matara and her new friends are trying to help save the great legacies of Ternate Island, with Okky mixing the crucial place of the island in the world history, including it as a center of global trade and describing it as the place where British great naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace once lived and corresponded with Charles Darwin, and the imaginary world and miracles on the island. Again, the novel has been greatly welcome. In early 2019 Okky published the third novel of the series titled Mata dan Manusia Laut (Mata and the Sea People) based on their trip to Wakatobi Island in Southeast Sulawesi. In this novel, Matara hangs out with her friends from Bajo (Bajau) community, who live on the sea in several places in Southeast Asia.

The Portuguese presence in the East Indies was reduced to Solor, Flores and Timor (see Portuguese Timor) following defeat in 1575 at Ternate at the hands of indigenous Ternateans, Dutch conquests in Ambon, north Maluku and Banda, and a general failure for sustained control of trade in the region. In comparison with the original Portuguese ambition to dominate Asian trade, their influences on modern Indonesian culture are minor : the romantic keroncong guitar ballads; a number of Indonesian words; and some family names in eastern Indonesia such as da Costa, Dias, de Fretes, Gonsalves, etc. The most significant impacts of the Portuguese arrival were the disruption and disorganisation of the trade network mostly as a result of their conquest of Portuguese Malacca, and the first significant plantings of Christianity in Indonesia (cf. the Kristang people.

There he established ties with the local ruler who was impressed with his martial skills. The rulers of the competing island states of Ternate and Tidore also sought Portuguese assistance and the newcomers were welcomed in the area as buyers of supplies and spices during a lull in the regional trade due to the temporary disruption of Javanese and Malay sailings to the area following the 1511 conflict in Malacca. The spice trade soon revived but the Portuguese would not be able to fully monopolize nor disrupt this trade. Allying himself with Ternate's ruler, Serrão constructed a fortress on that tiny island and served as the head of a mercenary band of Portuguese seamen under the service of one of the two local feuding sultans who controlled most of the spice trade.

This project decreased the traffic congestion in Aguinaldo Highway in Bacoor, so travel time from Imus to Baclaran/Pasay is lessened to only one hour. In 2013, the Kaybiang Tunnel, the country's longest underground highway tunnel at was opened along the Ternate–Nasugbu Road piercing through Mt. Pico De Loro's north ridge, and shortens the travel time from Manila to the western coves of Cavite and Nasugbu, Batangas. Last July 24, 2015, the Muntinlupa–Cavite Expressway (MCX), a long access-controlled toll expressway linking the southern province of Cavite to Muntinlupa in the Philippines, was opened to the public. The road is expected to reduce travel time by an average of 45 minutes from Daang Hari to Alabang Interchange as well as decongest traffic in Cavite, Las Piñas and Muntinlupa.

The same local styles are also used in the main altar like fruits and flowers including decorative motifs of foliage, angel heads, acanthus crenelations, cartouches and empty rectangle. The six relieves on the altar mayor are: # Ang Pagbisita (Visitation of the Angel Gabriel to Mary) # Ang Panunulúyan (Re-enactment of the journey of St. Joseph and Mary in search for lodging in Bethlehem) # Ang mga Mago (The Three Kings) # Ang Presentasyon sa Templo (The Presentation of Jesus at the Temple) # Ang Koronasyon (The Coronation of Mary) The seventh relief on the topmost level is a relief of the Santo Niño de Ternate. The image of the Nuestra Señora de Candelaria¸ patroness of Silang is currently located at the central niche of the first level of the altar mayor.

Portuguese explorers arrived in the Maluku Islands in 1534, with the goal of converting the natives to Catholicism and to obtain valuable spices endemic to the region. The Spaniard Francis Xavier, a co-founder of the Jesuit Order, worked in the islands from 1546 to 1547 and baptised several thousand locals of the islands of Ambon, Ternate and Morotai (or Moro), laying the foundations for a permanent mission there. Following his departure from Maluku, others carried on his work and by the 1560s there were 10,000 Catholics in the area, mostly on Ambon; by the 1590s there were 50,000 to 60,000. Portuguese Dominican priests also had some success in missionary activities on Solor whereby the 1590s the Portuguese and local Catholic population is thought to have numbered 25,000.

Portuguese influence was reduced to the areas of Solor, Flores and Timor in East Nusa Tenggara now, following the defeat in 1575 at the hands of residents of Ternate, Dutch conquests in Ambon, North Maluku and Banda, and a general failure to sustain control of trade in this region. Compared with the initial ambition of dominating Asian trade, their influence on the culture of Indonesia is very small : keroncong guitar ballads ; number of words in the Indonesian language absorbed from the Portuguese who had been a lingua franca in addition to Malay. The most important impact of the arrival of the Portuguese is disorder and chaos trading network that mostly occurs due to the conquest of Malacca, and the spread of early Christianity in Indonesia. Until now, the Christian population mostly found in eastern Indonesia .

The conflict with the Portuguese already established in nearby Ternate was inevitable, starting nearly a decade of skirmishes. An agreement was reached only with the Treaty of Zaragoza (1529), attributing the Moluccas to Portugal and the Philippines to Spain. In 1530, John III organized the colonization of Brazil around 15 capitanias hereditárias ("hereditary captainships"), that were given to anyone who wanted to administer and explore them, to overcome the need to defend the territory, since an expedition under the command of Gonçalo Coelho in 1503, found the French making incursions on the land. That same year, there was a new expedition from Martim Afonso de Sousa with orders to patrol the whole Brazilian coast, banish the French, and create the first colonial towns: São Vicente on the coast, and São Paulo on the border of the altiplane.

The board met several times, at Badajoz and Elvas, without reaching an agreement. Geographic knowledge at that time was inadequate for an accurate assignment of longitude, and each group chose maps or globes that showed the islands to be in their own hemisphere.As an example of this partiality, the chief advisor to Charles V, Jean Carondelet, possessed a globe by Franciscus Monachus which showed the islands in the Spanish hemisphere. John III and Charles V agreed to not send anyone else to the Moluccas until it was established in whose hemisphere they were situated. Between 1525 and 1528 Portugal sent several expeditions to the area around the Moluccas. Gomes de Sequeira and Diogo da Rocha were sent by the governor of Ternate Jorge de Meneses to the Celebes (also already visited by Simão de Abreu in 1523) and to the north.

Inspired by her daughter's nightly before- sleep request for story telling, she embarked on writing novels for children in early 2018, and finished her first children's novel, Mata di Tanah Melus (Mata in the Land of Melus) in the middle of the same year. The novel tells a story about adventure of 12-year-old Matara and her mother in a fantasy world in Belu, East Nusa Tenggara. The novel becomes the first of children adventure series, called Mata Series, and has been well received either by the public and literary critics, with one analyst praising it as a progressive work important to Indonesia's children literature. Encouraged by the good reception, Okky quickly wrote the second of the series, titled Mata dan Rahasia Pulau Gapi (Mata and the Secret of Gapi Island), which is based on Okky's trip to Ternate Island.

It is said that the Mandar people were brave sailors who used their prowess on the sea to travel between Ternate and Singapore, safely shuttling spices and other rare commodities from destination to destination. Majene's strategic location as a remote “middle-ground” between the Spice Islands of Maluku and the Asian mainland made it an attractive target for Dutch intervention, which sought to intercept and monopolise the Maritime Southeast Asia trade routes. Sunset over Majene In 1667, the Gowa Kingdom of South Sulawesi and the Dutch signed the Bungaya Treaty, which not only promised cooperation between the local South Sulawesi people and Dutch forces, but also stated that every kingdom that has an existing treaty with Gowa must also acknowledge the Bungaya Treaty. As regular traders with the Gowa Kingdom, the Mandar people would thus be submitting to the Dutch by default.

In the run-up to Indonesia’s June 1999 general election – the first free, multi-party general election after the 32-year Suharto regime – Baramuli in late January 1999 began traveling throughout regions, especially in Sulawesi, to distribute money and gifts, as Golkar sought to remain in power. Tempo magazine described Baramuli as “Santa Claus” for handing out money and vehicles on a "Golkar cadre coordination visit" to Eastern Indonesia that included Biak (Irian Jaya), Ambon and Ternate (Maluku), East Kalimantan and South Kalimantan. He denied it was part of the election campaign, saying Golkar only fought for the state ideology Pancasila and defended religion. Baramuli donated Rp100,000 ($11.10) each to village heads in Minahasa district, North Sulawesi, and in Gowa district in South Sulawesi. The head of Pasaman Baru village admitted he and his colleagues had each received Rp100,000 from Golkar.

Thus, Catholicism began to slowly spread across the island with the spirited drive of the militant Jesuits. With no spices or gold to enrich the Spanish king's coffers, except for local taxes, the Jesuits refocused the Spanish government's agenda and made religion the object of their expansion and conquest here. In anticipation of an invasion from the Chinese pirate-warlord Koxinga, that was expected to devastate Manila, the Spanish authorities withdrew all stations in the south of the country to augment their forces holed up in Intramuros, temporarily freeing Jambangan/ Zamboanga and Isabela from direct Spanish administration in 1663. Basilan Island 1630–1663 Governor Sabiniano Manrique de Lara signed a decree on May 6, 1662 ordering the military evacuation of the fort in Zamboanga, and of other Spanish colonies, including that of Ternate in the spice islands of the Moluccas.

Lach, DF. (1994) Asia in the Making of Europe: The Century of Discovery (Vol 1), Chicago University Press Afonso de Albuquerque learned of the route to the Banda Islands and other 'Spice Islands', and sent an exploratory expedition of three vessels under the command of António de Abreu, Simão Afonso Bisigudo and Francisco Serrão. On the return trip, Serrão was shipwrecked at Hitu island (northern Ambon) in 1512. There he established ties with the local ruler who was impressed with his martial skills. The rulers of the competing island states of Ternate and Tidore also sought Portuguese assistance and the newcomers were welcomed in the area as buyers of supplies and spices during a lull in the regional trade due to the temporary disruption of Javanese and Malay sailings to the area following the 1511 conflict in Malacca.

Depiction of the Dutch East India Company's conquest of Makassar by Speelman in 1666 to 1669. The Dutch East India Company (VOC) was the first multinational corporation in the world VOC at the National Library of the Netherlands (in Dutch) It was a powerful company, possessing quasi-governmental powers, including the ability to form military units or militias, wage war, imprison and execute convicts, negotiate treaties, strike its own coins, and establish colonies. The Company in particular, was extremely successful on conquering local Indonesian polities, mostly contributed from European superiority on weaponry and military technology. Start by subjugated Ternate Sultanate in Maluku, wrestled former Portuguese ports by conquering Amboina and Banda islands, acquired port of Jayakarta from Banten Sultanate as they were establishing their headquarter in Batavia (now Jakarta), and the conquest of Makassar in 1669.

This program, intended to strengthen the Dutch spice monopoly by limiting production to a few places, impoverished Tidore as well as its Ternate neighbour and weakened its control over its periphery. A treaty in 1768 forced Sultan Jamaluddin to cede his rights to East Seram which had been granted Tidore in 1700, which created great anger among the elite. The unrest caused the VOC authorities to depose Jamaluddin in 1779 and to force his successor Patra Alam to conclude a new contract that abrogated the old one from 1667. With this document (1780), Tidore was turned from an ally to a vassal and thus lost its independence.Muridan Widjojo (2009), p. 52-6. One of the exiled Jamaluddin's sons, Nuku, reacted on this by starting a rebellion in 1780, seeking support in the marginal areas of the Tidore realm.

In 1667, Father Francisco Combes, in his Historia de Mindanao, mentioned that at one time in their history, the people of the island of Panglao invaded mainland Bohol and subsequently imposing their economic and political dominance in the area. They considered the previous inhabitants of the islands as their slaves by reason of war, as witnessed for example by how Datu Pagbuaya, one of the rulers of Panglao, considered Datu Sikatuna as his vassal and relative. The invasion of mainland Bohol by the people of Panglao ushered the birth of the so-called Bohol "kingdom", also known as the "Dapitan Kingdom of Bohol". The Bohol "kingdom" prospered under the reign of the two brother rulers of Panglao - Datu Dailisan and Datu Pagbuaya, with trade links established with neighbouring Southeast Asian countries, particularly with the Sultanate of Ternate.

On 29 December the La Florida sighted the Utirik-Toke atoll complexes, and on 1 January 1528 the Rongelap-Ailinginae atolls, both in the Marshall Islands, which were jointly charted as "Islas de los Reyes" (Islands of the Three Wise Kings due to the proximity to the festivity of Epiphany). On 2 February 1528 the "La Florida" sighted the Philippines and the following day anchored at a small island off the north coast of Mindanao, after 95 days since its departure and having sailed 1923 leagues. This makes Saavedra the first navigator to cross the Pacific Ocean from the Americas. On 30 March 1528 the "La Florida" arrived to Tidore, the Spanish stronghold in the Moluccas where the men remaining from the Loaisa expedition were found, and they joined them to fight the Portuguese in the neighbouring Ternate.

In 1494 Castile and Portugal signed the Treaty of Tordesillas, dividing the world into two areas of exploration and colonisation: the Castilian and the Portuguese. It established a meridian in the Atlantic Ocean, with areas west of the line exclusive to Spain, and east of the line to Portugal. In 1511, Malacca, then the centre of Asian trade, was conquered for Portugal by Afonso de Albuquerque. Getting to know the secret location of the so-called "spice islands" – the Banda Islands, Ternate and Tidore in the Moluccas (modern Indonesia), then the single world source of nutmeg and cloves, and the main purpose for the European explorations in the Indian Ocean – Albuquerque sent an expedition led by António de Abreu in search of the Moluccas, particularly the Banda Islands. The expedition arrived in early 1512, passing en route through the Lesser Sunda Islands, being the first Europeans to get there.

Stephanus Versluijs or Versluys (20 August 1694, in Middelburg – 27 February 1736, in Batavia, Dutch East Indies) was the 21st Governor of Dutch Ceylon. Versluijs was the son of Adriana de Muncq and Cornelis Versluijs, mayor of Middelburg and the director of the Dutch East India company's Zeeland Chamber. At the age of 19 he started to serve the company, arriving in the East Indies on the ship De herstelde Leeuw in 1713. He started as under-merchant in Paliacatte and moved in 1717 to Batavia, where by 1722 he had become upper- merchant. In June 1724 he was appointed Governor of Amboina in Ternate, in 1727 Extraordinary Council of the East Indies in Batavia, and in 1729 as Governor of Ceylon in Colombo to replace Pieter Vuyst, who had been summoned to Batavia for his tyrannical rule (Vuyst was executed in 1732 for his cruelties).

Through the Dutch East India Company (VOC), the Dutch exerted influence on the Palembang Sultanate. In 1811, during the Napoleonic Wars, the last Sultan of Palembang, Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II attacked the Dutch in Palembang, but he refused to cooperate with the British, so Thomas Stamford Raffles sent troops to attack Palembang and Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II was forced to flee the royal palace, then Raffles appointed the Sultan Ahmad Najamuddin II, brother of Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II as king. In 1813 Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II again took over the kingdom, but one month later he was brought down again by Raffles and reappointed Sultan Ahmad Najamuddin II, causing a split in the Sultanate of Palembang. After the Dutch returned to the region, the Dutch attacked and annexed the sultanate to the Dutch East Indies, and exiled the sultan and his family to Ternate.

Initial Portuguese attempts to establish a coalition and peace treaty in 1522 with the West Javan Sunda Kingdom,; failed due hostilities among indigenous kingdoms on Java. The Portuguese turned east to Moluccas, which comprised a varied collection of principalities and kingdoms that were occasionally at war with each other but maintained significant inter-island and international trade. Through both military conquest and alliance with local rulers, they established trading posts, forts, and missions in the Spice Islands, including Ternate, Ambon, and Solor. The height of Portuguese missionary activities, however, came at the latter half of the 16th century, after the pace of their military conquest in the archipelago had stopped and their east Asian interest was shifting to Portuguese India, Portuguese Ceylon, Japan, Macau and China; and sugar in Brazil and the Atlantic slave trade in turn further distracted their efforts in the East Indies.

Areas of Alaska and British Columbia Explored by Spain Statue of Miguel López de Legazpi, Cebu City, Philippines Spanish possessions in Asia and Oceania In 1525 Charles I of Spain ordered an expedition led by friar García Jofre de Loaísa to go to Asia by the western route to colonize the Maluku Islands (known as Spice Islands, now part of Indonesia), thus crossing first the Atlantic and then the Pacific oceans. Ruy López de Villalobos sailed to the Philippines in 1542–43. From 1546 to 1547 Francis Xavier worked in Maluku among the peoples of Ambon Island, Ternate, and Morotai, and laid the foundations for the Christian religion there. In 1564, Miguel López de Legazpi was commissioned by the viceroy of New Spain, Luís de Velasco, to explore the Maluku Islands where Magellan and Ruy López de Villalobos had landed in 1521 and 1543, respectively.

The Portuguese turned east to Maluku and through both military conquest and alliance with local rulers, they established trading posts, forts, and missions on the islands of Ternate, Ambon, and Solor among others. The height of Portuguese missionary activities, however, came in the latter half of the 16th century. Ultimately, the Portuguese presence in Indonesia was reduced to Solor, Flores and Timor in modern-day Nusa Tenggara, following defeat at the hands of indigenous Ternateans and the Dutch in Maluku, and a general failure to maintain control of trade in the region. In comparison with the original Portuguese ambition to dominate Asian trade, their influence on Indonesian culture was small: the romantic keroncong guitar ballads; a number of Indonesian words which reflect Portuguese's role as the lingua franca of the archipelago alongside Malay; and many family names in eastern Indonesia such as da Costa, Dias, de Fretes, Gonsalves, etc.

View of Taal Lake in the far distance and Canyon Woods from the eastern side of Mount Batulao in Caylaway Mount Batulao and its environs have been a playground for Metro Manila residents since at least the 1970s. In 1975, the area of Mount Batulao in Nasugbu as well as parts of the adjacent municipalities of Maragondon and Ternate were declared as tourist zones. One of its earliest developments was the sprawling Batulao Village Club developed by the family of senator Gil Puyat and designed by architect Benjamin Bautista with landscape design by Ildefonso P. Santos Jr.. It was the destination of choice for affluent Manilans in the area of Tagaytay with its Gary Player-designed golf course, clubhouse, halfway house, village inn, cottages and sports complex with jai alai courts. In 1998, the leisure and resort development called Evercrest Golf Club & Resort (now KC Hillcrest Hotel & Golf Club) was built on of property within the Nasugbu Highlands of the Puyat-owned Group Developers Inc.

He appealed for support to save souls in Maluku, which arrived in 1547 in the shape of Nuno Ribeiro, a Jesuit who is said to have converted five hundred people before being murdered in 1549. Sultan Hairun of Ternate had refused to convert to Christianity, regarding himself as defender of the Islamic faith, and when he was murdered by a Portuguese Captain in 1570, his son, Baabullah, the new Sultan, reacted angrily, expelling the Portuguese from Maluku, waging war against both the Portuguese and their local Christian allies. As a result, the Jesuit mission was abandoned almost entirely in 1573, and Christians were killed or converted at the point of a sword. The faith survived only around the Jesuit fort in Ambon; even there, there was a shortage of priests due to dangerous conditions, and many local people did not have knowledge of Christian creeds, and were easily apostatised to Islam or traditional beliefs.

A large number of displaced Makianese had also fled to Tidore, an island with a significant Muslim majority. In the following weeks a fake letter detailing plans for the forced removal of Makianese from Halmahera with alleged input from the local Protestant institutions was distributed in the Muslim communities of Ternate and Tidore, inflaming tensions and pressuring local officials to seek an explanation from Christian leaders. In hindsight the document was an act of blatant provocation likely forged by Makianese bureaucrats, however on 3 November the Reverend Riskotta was viciously murdered by a Muslim mob in Tidore while attending a meeting to discuss concerns with the officials, having been escorted there by police. No other Christian leaders had attended out of fear for their safety, and immediately after the Reverend's murder the gathered crowd turned on local Christian people and property, killing 8 more people, and burning 3 churches and some 260 houses in an island wide riot.

The Spanish also invaded Northern Taiwan and Ternate in Indonesia, using Filipino warriors, before they were driven out by the Dutch. The Spanish and the Moros of the sultanates of Maguindanao, Lanao and Sulu also waged many wars over hundreds of years in the Spanish-Moro conflict, not until the 19th century did Spain succeed in defeating the Sulu Sultanate and taking Mindanao under nominal suzerainty. The Spanish considered their war with the Muslims in Southeast Asia an extension of the Reconquista, a centuries-long campaign to retake and rechristianize the Spanish homeland which was invaded by the Muslims of the Umayyad Caliphate. The Spanish expeditions into the Philippines were also part of a larger Ibero-Islamic world conflict that included a war against the Ottoman Caliphate which had just invaded former Christian lands in the Eastern Mediterranean and which had a center of operations in Southeast Asia at its nearby vassal, the Sultanate of Aceh.

Fais was therefore charted as Matelotes. Having known about this story, António Galvão governor of Ternate at the time, in his Tratado dos Descubrimientos of 1563 says that this was because he had sent one Francisco de Castro as commander of a ship on a proselytizing mission to the islands discovered in the area of Fais by the Portuguese Diego da Rocha (Ulithi in 1526).Sharp, Andrew, The discovery of the Pacific Islands Oxford 1960, pp.15,27Galvão, António Tratado que compôs o nobre & notauel capitão Antonio Galuão, dos diuersos & desuayrados caminhos, por onde nos tempos passados a pimenta & especearia veyo da India às nossas partes, & assi de todos os descobrimentos antigos & modernos, que são feitos até a era de mil & quinhentos & cincoenta, Lisboa 1563 However, while this could be a natural explanation of the incident, it doesn't explain why, according to Villalobos' records the local people greeted them in "perfect" Spanish and not in Portuguese.

Kulintang is a modern term for an ancient instrumental form of music composed on a row of small, horizontally laid gongs that function melodically, accompanied by larger, suspended gongs and drums. As part of the larger gong- chime culture of Southeast Asia, kulintang music ensembles have been playing for many centuries in regions of the Eastern Indonesia, Southern Philippines, Eastern Malaysia, Brunei and Timor, Kulintang evolved from a simple native signaling tradition, and developed into its present form with the incorporation of knobbed gongs from Sundanese people in Java Island, Indonesia. Its importance stems from its association with the indigenous cultures that inhabited these islands prior to the influences of Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam, Christianity or the West, making Kulintang the most developed tradition of Southeast Asian archaic gong-chime ensembles. Technically, kulintang is the Ternate, Mollucas, Maguindanao, Lumad and Timor term for the idiophone of metal gong kettles which are laid horizontally upon a rack to create an entire kulintang set.

The script was based on a real-life commando rescue raid, Operation Opossum, where a team of commandos rescued the local sultan on the Japanese-held island of Ternate near Borneo.Sue Johnson, 'After 37 years and 10 beheadings, Operation Rimau Explodes Again', Sydney Morning Herald, 27 March 1982 p 41"Exploits of the men of Z Force relived", Sydney Morning Herald 6 March 1981 p 8 The film was originally entitled The Z Men and was to be directed by Phillip Noyce. Pre production commenced in Taiwan where for six weeks Noyce worked on the script with writer Michael Cove. However, Noyce clashed with the producers - McCallum later claimed in particular that Noyce refused to use one of the Chinese actors who had been cast in a small roleJohn McCallum interview with Brian McFarlane, The Oxford Companion to Australian Film, Oxford Uni Press, 1999 p 300 \- and was fired the night before shooting was meant to start.

Before 1815, Mount Tambora was dormant for several centuries as hydrous magma cooled gradually in a closed magma chamber. Inside the chamber, at depths of , cooling and partial crystallization of the magma exsolved high-pressure magmatic fluid. Overpressure of the chamber of about was generated as temperatures ranged from . In 1812, the crater began to rumble and generated a dark cloud. A moderate-sized eruption on 5 April 1815 was followed by thunderous detonation sounds that could be heard in Makassar on Sulawesi, at a distance of , Batavia (now Jakarta) on Java, away, and Ternate on the Molucca Islands at from Mount Tambora. What was first thought to be the sound of firing guns was heard on 10 and 11 April on Sumatra island (more than away). Cited by Oppenheimer (2003) On the morning of 6 April 1815, volcanic ash began to fall in East Java, with faint detonation sounds lasting until 10 April. The eruptions intensified at about 7:00 p.m.

Thousands of years ago, Naic was a part of the towering Mt. Taal. Naic was the western slope of the volcano until its internal eruption which led to the sinking of its apex in its present condition. When the Jesuits discovered Maragondon in 1627, its total land area covers the whole of Naic, Ternate, and Magallanes (Vance; Saulo and De Ocampo, 1990; Medina, 1992). In 1758, the Jesuits founded a community in the western bank of the river (present Barangay Muzon) and made it into a "sitio" with a visita still under Maragondon. In 1791, the community was finally made into a town with its population still in the western bank. The town was named Naic after the old archaic word "can(ia)ayic" meaning "town near one another" or "the other side" (Medina, 1992), while Alfredo B. Saulo contends that Naic is a highly cultured Tagalog word meaning "suburbs" or "countryside".

These are found in the Ermita district of Manila known as Ermitense dialect (Spanish Criollo), Cavite City known as Caviteñ dialect (Spanish and Tagalog) and Ternate known as Bahra dialect (Spanish-Portuguese, Tagalog and Malay). These Chavacano speakers, were decimated during the Japanese occupation, easy targets because of their lighter skin and obviously Western tongue. The Chavacanos de Zamboanga o Zamboangueño, however, are rooted in the Spanish-Jesuit settlement that grew around Fuerte de San Jose established in 1635. The Zamboangueño Chavacano of today is the result of centuries of cultural interaction and intermarriage between and among three (3) main racial/ethnic groups: (1) Visayan, specifically the original 1,000 Cebuanos brought in from Cebu to build the Spanish fortress (as well as the many Cebuanos and Ilongos who followed soon after), (2) the Christianized natives, mostly Subanen, Tau Laut (Samal) and Yakan converted and tended to by the enterprising Jesuits; and (3) Castilians (Spaniards, Mexicans and Peruvians).

Prior to the arrival of the Dutch, two Indonesian principalities known as the Sultanate of Tidore and the Sultanate of Ternate claimed dominion over Western New Guinea. In 1660, the Dutch recognized the Sultan of Tidore's sovereignty over New Guinea. It thus became notionally Dutch as the Dutch held power over Tidore. A century later, in 1793, Britain attempted a failed settlement near Manokwari. After almost 30 years, in 1824 Britain and the Netherlands agreed to divide the land; rendering the eastern half of the island as being under British control and the western half would become part of the Dutch East Indies. In 1828, the Dutch established a settlement in Lobo (near Kaimana) which also failed. Almost 30 years later, the Germans established the first missionary settlement on an island near Manokwari. While in 1828 the Dutch claimed the south coast west of the 141st meridian and the north coast west of Humboldt Bay in 1848, Dutch activity in New Guinea was minimal until 1898 when the Dutch established an administrative center, which was subsequently followed by missionaries and traders.

The Dutch first headed for Jolo, intending to attack the Spanish garrison in that place, but upon seeing that it was already abandoned (as ordered by Governor Fajardo to consolidate the Spanish force against the Dutch), the Dutch fleet then proceeded to another Spanish stronghold in Zamboanga, snatching two of the five ships that would carry the relief to Ternate in Moluccas. The other three managed to escape. The Dutch then attacked the stronghold of Zamboanga, but given its strong resistance, the corsairs landed their troops in Caldera to directly assault the fort, but they were driven back to their ships by Captain Pedro Duran de Monforte with 30 Spanish and two indigenous companies, causing more than a hundred casualties on the part of the Dutch. News of the Dutch presence in Zamboanga reached the Spanish fleet, which had already docked at the Port of San Jacinto in Ticao Island (a long and narrow strip of land, lying between San Bernardino Strait and Ticao Passage, northeast of Masbate Island) on June 1.

Monarchs of the Larantuka Kingdom claim descent from a union between a man from the Kingdom of Manuaman Lakaan Fialaran or Wehale Waiwuku in South Timor and a mythical woman from a nearby extinct volcano of Ile Mandiri. Traditional belief systems and rituals of the Lamaholot people who were their subjects place the rajas in a central role, especially for those who adhered to traditional beliefs. In the Javanese Negarakertagama, the locations Galiyao and Solot were mentioned to be "east of Bali" and are believed to correspond to the approximate region, indicating some form of contact from tributary relations or trading between the region and the Majapahit Empire, due to its location in the trade routes carrying sandalwood from nearby Timor. Influences from the powerful Ternate Sultanate were also believed to be present. Crown Prince Lorenzo II of Larantuka, aged 12. Drawing of a photograph taken 1871 in Surabaya. Western presence in the region started with the Portuguese, who captured Malacca in 1511. As they began trading for the sandalwood at Timor, their presence in the region increased.

In Africa, it has been reported in Egypt, Kenya, Senegal, Benin, Togo, Ivory Coast, Cameroon, Zimbabwe, Somalia, Zanzibar, Tanzania, Mozambique, South Africa (an isolated colony in Cape Town, also about eight have been found in Lephalale, Limpopo Province at the Medupi Power Station during construction), Madagascar, the Comoro Islands, Mauritius, the Mascarene Islands and the Seychelles. In Asia, it occurs on Arabian Peninsula, Iran, Pakistan, Nepal, mainland India, the Maldives, the Lakshadweep Islands, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, the Andaman Islands, the Nicobar Islands, Myanmar, Singapore, the Malay Peninsula, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Laos, Hainan, southern China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and the Ryukyu Islands of Okinawashima and Miyakoshima. In Maritime Southeast Asia, it occurs on Sumatra and nearby islands (the Riao Archipelago, Bangka, Billiton and Nias), Borneo, Sulawesi, the Philippines, Butung, Salajar, Ternate, Halmahera, Buru, Ceram, Ambon, Saparua, Java, Bali, Lombok, Sumbawa, Madura, Flores, Lomblen, Sumba, Timor, East Timor, Kai Island, the Aru Islands,Aru Islands: requires confirmation according to McDowell, 1974:25 New Guinea (Western Papua and Papua New Guinea), New Britain, and Bougainville Island. It occurs in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, and on Christmas Island.

A painting depicting British Expeditionary Force of 1809 landing troops at Ras Al Khaimah A painting depicting the sacking of the coastal town and port of Ras Al Khaimah. In the aftermath of the raid on Sind and following the 1809 monsoon season, the British authorities in India decided to make a significant show of force against the Al Qasimi, in an effort not only to destroy their larger bases and as many ships as could be found, but also to counteract French encouragement of them from their embassies in Persia and Oman. Forces were gathered at Bombay during the summer: the small HEIC warships, Mornington, , Ternate, Mercury, Nautilus, Prince of Wales, , Fury and the bomb ketch , and the Royal Navy frigates under Charles Gordon and Chiffone under John Wainwright, who was placed in command of the entire expeditionary force with the temporary rank of commodore. The force was complemented with troops seconded from the Bombay garrison, including a battalion of the 65th Foot, soldiers from the 47th Foot and an assortment of HEIC marines, engineers, artillery men and sepoys from the 2nd Bombay Native Infantry under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Lionel Smith of the 65th.