Farmers close to Addis Ababa, Ethiopia's capital, are switching from red teff to fancier white teff because that is what city folk increasingly want.
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Ms. Prueitt was testing a gluten-free carrot cake made from teff flour ("teff holds moisture really, really well") and coconut oil, frosted with a tangy mix of butter and cream cheese.
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The flatbread is usually made with teff flour, or sometimes a mix of teff and other flours — and is flat, spongy, and also serves as an eating utensil for whatever dishes it accompanies.
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What we serve here is a mix of gluten and teff.
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We would be out of business if we just serve teff.
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Biru, now 37, has been a citizen for 20 years and recently launched his second business in Chicago, Tastes of Teff, selling products featuring the gluten-free grain teff, which is popular in his home country.
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Why, here is a recipe for teff polenta with toasted hazelnut oil!
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Ronzoni has created a pasta with amaranth, millet, quinoa, sorghum and teff.
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Teff, a staple grain, costs about four times as much as in Ethiopia.
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Here, we're growing teff from Ethiopia to use in our gluten-free bread.
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In other places millet, teff, sorghum, cassava or sweet potatoes are more important.
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But there's also kamut, teff, millet, wild rice, buckwheat, cornmeal and even pasta.
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You can also try incorporating more barley, quinoa, Ethiopian teff, orwild riceinto your meals.
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Now there's a surge of interest in teff, a staple for Ethiopia's legendary distance runners.
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White teff is harder to grow, so the farmers are using more fertiliser and improved seed.
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Romeo: The reason why we mix it with wheat flour is because teff is very expensive.
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The grocer also predicts the increased use of West African cereal grains, including sorghum, fonio, teff and millet.
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Injera is made with teff, an ancient grain indigenous to Ethiopia, hardly the size of a poppy seed.
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The injera here is made from teff flour that the restaurant imports itself and has available for purchase.
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It starts off with teff, a nutritious, gluten-free grain originally grown in the highlands of Ethiopia and Eritrea.
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Recipes: Sweet Potato Tea Cake With Meringue | Teff Carrot Cake | Shaker Lemon Pie | Cream Cheese Dough cooking cooking cooking
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According to Flanagan, favorite recipes include her Can't Beet Me Smoothie, Arugula Cashew Pesto and Double Chocolate Teff Cookies.
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Gebreyohannes serves it with dabo, a holiday bread made with flour, or injera, the daily bread made of teff.
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Through genetic modification, they hope to bring this quality to teff, an important native African grain that is high in protein.
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That's what I want to do, using rye and teff flour that I have left over from an old baking project.
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"There isn't schooling being provided, and most nights the children are walking for hours and trying to jump into lorries," Teff said.
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Expect thick stews of vegetables and meat eaten together with injera, a sour, spongy fermented bread made from teff, a native grass.
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Alternative flours — einkorn, teff and rye — appear frequently, often where you'd least expect them (flaky tart dough, carrot cake, devil's food cake).
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It's made out of teff, the smallest grain in the world, and it doubles as both a plate and silverware in many Ethiopian meals.
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Yields of wheat, teff, coffee and beans could be doubled or tripled in some parts of Ethiopia such as Amhara and Oromia, he added.
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Yellow domes of harvested teff, Ethiopia's national crop, ornamented the periphery of every village; boy herders stopped to watch as the train hammered by.
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Rice, buckwheat, sorghum, teff, millet and amaranth are some of the grains without gluten, and are therefore suitable for anyone on a gluten-free diet.
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Rich Westerners are eating less wheat and more of the cereals that people in poor countries traditionally grow, such as millet, sorghum, teff and yes, quinoa.
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Good sources of plant-based protein include lentils, beans, peas, soybeans, nuts, seeds, and whole grains like teff, wheat, quinoa, rice, oats, and buckwheat, Lopez Garcia advised.
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The fermented teff at Benyam is loosened with water and cut with a touch of wheat (a concession to the difference in climate between Ethiopia and the United States).
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The pizza chain on Monday said the new pizza crust contains sorghum, teff, amaranth and quinoa and is made in a separate facility before being shipped to stores nationwide.
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The road from Adigrat to the border town of Zalambessa heaves each day with lorries loaded with cement, building materials and Ethiopian teff, a staple grain, bound for Asmara, the Eritrean capital.
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It takes just a few minutes for a Boeing 737 MAX 8 plane taking off from Bole international airport in Addis Ababa to pass over the rolling teff and corn fields near Bishoftu.
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They house dressed trestle tables displaying a range of goods, from art, pottery, baskets, jewelry and candles, to fresh fruits, vegetables, Ethiopian wine and desserts made with teff, a super grain native to Ethiopia.
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For example, the price of a kilogram of teff - Ethiopia's staple grain - rose from 214 birr to 20193 birr ($22019 to $21), while a kilo of potatoes doubled from 22019 birr to 20 birr.
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Quinoa, amaranth, millet, farro, spelt, Kamut (a wheat grain said to be discovered in an Egyptian tomb) and teff (an Ethiopian grain about the size of a poppy seed) are some examples of ancient grains.
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Migration and tourism have broadened people's culinary horizons: Chinese visitors to France return home craving baguettes; Americans who live near Ethiopian immigrants learn to love injera (a soft teff flatbread that doubles as an edible plate).
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Longtime residents adapted with each demographic change, bringing new interpreters to the schools and watching as shops offering quinceañera dresses became Somali grocery stores selling pastries called sambusas and a spongy teff-flour bread called injera.
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Tejal worked with Ms. Prueitt to deliver four strong recipes for Thanksgiving treats: a sweet potato tea cake with meringue; a Shaker lemon pie; some gluten-free cream cheese pie dough; and a teff carrot cake.
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Political turmoil sweeps in like a dream: Yetemegnu is outside among the "pale gold domes of teff" when the Italians invade her village, in 1936; in 1974, when Selassie is deposed, she's watching the sky for portents.
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Ms. Alemayoh recalls a childhood of trips to Ethiopia to visit family, returning to Australia with suitcases packed with spices and traditional Ethiopian teff flour, brought in part to cook for a sister who has celiac disease.
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It's made with teff — an ancient grain indigenous to North Africa, so tiny that its name is often attributed to the Amharic word for "lost" — originally fermented for four days and constantly replenished, like a sourdough starter.
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Papa John's made it's "Ancient Grains Gluten-Free Crust" available at the beginning of this week, and according to the descriptions on the Papa John's website, it made with Sorghum, Teff, Amaranth, and Quinoa, hence the "Ancient Grains" name.
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You can almost see his mind buzzing as he adds mesquite powder and teff flour to malt chocolate-chip cookies, and roasts white chocolate until it caramelizes to make extra-gooey blondies with strawberry-balsamic jam (photo on cover).
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The latter is an iron-rich flatbread from the Horn of Africa, which has recently found favor with the young and the celiac, because teff—the love-grass grain that is the main ingredient in injera—doesn't contain gluten.
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It's made of fermented teff, cut with a little wheat to account for New York's troublesome changes in climate (which can make the dough too sticky), and delivered fresh every morning to the truck before it sets out for lunch service.
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So if I wanted to experiment with what bread tastes like in Ethiopia, I would get some teff flour and change the pH of the water to what it is in Ethiopia, generally speaking, and then I'd make some injera and try to get to know these different flavors.
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On weekends he sometimes hosted dinners for other Bucknell professors and their families, regaling them with stories about Abyssinian culture and history over Ethiopian food he would prepare himself; he imported the spices from Addis Ababa and made the injera, a spongy sourdough bread made of teff flour, by hand.
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"We know this has been a long-running problem for over a decade but it's got much more extreme and severe in the last year with the increase in the global refugee crisis," said Melanie Teff, senior humanitarian advocacy and policy adviser at UNICEF UK. "We heard sad stories of girls charging 22016 euros ($0.70623) to be sexually exploited in order to get into the camp, or to start paying towards their passage to the UK," she told the Thomson Reuters Foundation.
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A bag of retail teff flour. Injera became more common in the United States during a big spike in Ethiopian immigration in the 1980s and 1990s, largely because of the Refugee Act passed in 1980. Teff is now being produced in the United States by the Teff Company in Idaho, making teff more accessible to expatriate Ethiopians.
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In the lowlands, injera is often made with sorghum and in the highlands it is more commonly made with barley. Either way, because it is made with something other than teff, its symbolic value has already decreased compared to the symbolic value of injera made with teff. There are symbolic value differences with types of teff as well. White- grained teff is more expensive to buy and thus symbolizes a higher status than its cheaper counterpart, red-grained teff.
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Teff flour is gluten-free. Batter is poured rapidly in a spiral from the outside inwards. Debre Markos, Ethiopia. To make injera, teff flour is mixed with water.
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Teff is usually cultivated on pH neutral soils, but it was noticed that it could sustain acidity up to a pH below 5. Teff has a C4 photosynthesis mechanism.
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Traditional teff harvesting in Ethiopia. The cultivation of teff is labor-intensive and the small size of its seeds makes it difficult to handle and transport them without loss. In Ethiopia, teff is mostly produced during the main rain season, between July and November. It is known as an "emergency crop" because it is planted late in the season, when the temperatures are warmer, and most other crops have already been planted.Miller, Don (2009) "Teff Grass: A New Alternative", UC Davis, California Teff germination generally occurs between 3 and 12 days after sowing. Optimal germination temperatures range from 15 to 35 °C; under 10 °C, germination almost does not occur.
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Teff was one of the earliest plants domesticated. Teff is believed to have originated in Eritrea and Ethiopia between 4000 BC and 1000 BC. Genetic evidence points to E. pilosa as the most likely wild ancestor. A 19th-century identification of teff seeds from an ancient Egyptian site is now considered doubtful; the seeds in question (no longer available for study) are more likely of E. aegyptiaca, a common wild grass in Egypt. As the same true in Eritrea, teff is the most important commodity for both production and consumption in Ethiopia.
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Injera is usually made from tiny, iron-rich teff seeds, which are ground into flour. Teff production is limited to certain middle elevations with adequate rainfall, and, as it is a low-yield crop, it is relatively expensive for the average household. As many farmers in the Ethiopian highlands grow their own subsistence grains, barley, corn, millet, rice, sorghum, or wheat flour are sometimes used to replace some or all of the teff content. Teff seeds are graded according to color, used to make different kinds of injera: nech (white), key or quey (red), and sergegna (mixed).
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Teff is traditionally sown or broadcast by hand, on firm, humid soil.Mottaleb, K.A. & Rahut, D.B. (2018).
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The Amuru woreda is known for its production of teff, barely, maize and other cereal crops.
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Eragrostis tef, also known as teff, Williams lovegrass or annual bunch grass, is an annual grass, a species of lovegrass native to the Horn of Africa, notably what is today modern-day Ethiopia and Eritrea. It is cultivated for its edible seeds, also known as teff.
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Teff threshed by using animals walking on the harvest Teff is harvested 2 to 6 months after sowing, when the vegetative parts start to turn yellow. If teff is harvested past its maturation, seeds will fall off, especially in windy or rainy weather conditions. In Ethiopia, harvest lasts from November to January; harvest is usually done manually, with sickles. Farmers cut the plants at soil surface, pile them up in the field and transport them to the threshing area.
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New Phytol., 186, 696–707. To avoid this, farmers can decrease nitrogen input, cultivate teff after a legume crop or adjust sowing time so that the rains have stopped when the crop reaches heading stage. In Ethiopia, teff is commonly used in crop rotations with other cereals and legumes.
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Teff and sorghum, Tella grains Tella or talla (, , ) is a traditional beer from Ethiopia. It is brewed from various grains, typically teff and sorghum. Depending on region, barley, wheat, or maize may be used; spices can also be added. Dried and ground shiny-leaf buckthorn leaves are used for fermentation.
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Traditionally, injera is made with just two ingredients – Eragrostis tef, also known as teff, an ancient grain from the highlands of Ethiopia, and water. There is little written or known about teff's origin and while there is no scholarly consensus, some believe that the production of teff dates back as far as 4000 BC. When teff is not available, usually because of location or financial limitations, injera is made by fermenting a variety of different grains including, barley, corn, millet, rice, sorghum, and wheat. Teff is, however, the preferred grain for making injera, primarily because of its sensory attributes (color, smell, taste). A variant of injera known as canjeelo is prepared from a dough of plain flour, self-raising flour, warm water, yeast, and salt.
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The flat pancakes injera provide livelihood for around 6.5 million small farmers in the country. In 2006, the Ethiopian government outlawed the export of raw teff, from fear of suffering the same fate as South American countries after the explosion of quinoa consumption in Europe and the US. The Ethiopian government feared that, if exports were allowed, farmers would not be able to provide enough teff to supply the domestic demand anymore. Processed teff, namely the pancake injera, could still be exported and was mainly bought by the Ethiopian and Eritrean diaspora living in northern Europe, the Middle East and North America. After a few years, fears of a domestic shortage of teff in the scenario of an international market opening decreased.
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Teff harvest in northern Ethiopia (2007)Grains are the most important field crops and the chief element in the diet of most Ethiopians. The principal grains are teff, wheat, barley, corn, sorghum, and millet. The first three are primarily cool-weather crops cultivated at altitudes generally above 1,500 meters. Teff, indigenous to Ethiopia, furnishes the flour for enjera, an sourdough pancake-like bread that is the principal form in which grain is consumed in the highlands and in urban centers throughout the country. Barley is grown mostly between 2,000 and 3,500 meters.
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Finote Selam and the neighbouring woredas are well known for production of teff, maize, peppers, bean and "shimbira", fruit and vegetables.
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Diversifying crops for food and nutrition security - a case of teff. Biol. Rev., 92, 188–198. Despite its superficial root system, teff is quite drought-resistant thanks to its ability to regenerate rapidly after a moderate water stress and to produce fruits in a short time span. It is daylight-sensitive and flowers best with 12 hours of daylight.
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Amaranth, quinoa, buckwheat, millet, and teff are gluten-free, but oats and the ancient kinds of wheat (including spelt, einkorn, and Khorasan wheat) are not.
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Because of its very small seeds, a handful is enough to sow a large area. This property makes teff particularly suited to a seminomadic lifestyle.
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In 2003, a Dutch company, Health and Performance Food International (HPFI), paired with the Ethiopian Institute of Biodiversity Conservation to introduce teff to European markets. The original agreement was for Ethiopia to provide HPFI with a dozen strains of teff to market globally, and the two entities would split the proceeds. HPFI's CEO, Jan Roosjen, had taken out two patents on teff in 2003 and 2007, claiming that his way of milling and storing the flour was unique. HPFI went bankrupt in 2009, allowing Roosjen to continue to utilize those patents and the marketing rights for the grain while being freed from the original agreement with Ethiopia.
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Teff is mainly cultivated in Ethiopia and Eritrea, where it originates. It is one of the most important staple crops in these two countries, where it is used to make injera or Tayta. In 2016, Ethiopia grew more than 90 percent of the world's teff. It is now also marginally cultivated in India, Australia, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain, and the US, particularly in Idaho, California, Texas, and Nevada.
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Teff yields had been increasing by 40 to 50% over the five previous years while prices had remained stable in Ethiopia. This led the government to partially lift the export ban in 2015. To ensure that the domestic production would not be minimized, the export licenses have only been granted to 48 commercial farmers which had not cultivated the plant before. Lack of mechanization is a barrier to potential increases in teff exports.
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Sowing can also be done mechanically; row planting reduces lodging. Recommended fertilization doses are the followed: 25–60 kg/ha for N, and 10–18 kg/ha for P. Teff responds more to nitrogen than to phosphorus; thus, high nitrogen inputs increase the biomass production and size of the plants, thereby increasing lodging.Van Delden, S.H., Vos, J., Ennos, A.R. & Stomph, T.J. (2010). Analysing lodging of the panicle bearing cereal teff (Eragrostis tef).
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The major challenges in teff production are its low yield and high susceptibility to lodging. Efforts to conventionally breed teff towards higher yields started in the 1950s and led to an average annual increase in yield of 0.8%. However, no considerable improvements concerning the susceptibility of lodging have been made, due mainly to low demand outside of Ethiopia and Eritrea. High-yielding varieties, such as Quencho, were widely adopted by farmers in Ethiopia.
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Ethiopia only received 4,000 euros over 5 years of collaboration. Roosjen ended up suing a Dutch bakery company, Bakers, for patent infringement because they were selling teff baked goods. The Dutch patent office declared that the patent was void, citing that the methods used to bake and mix flours were 'general professional knowledge.' The deadline for Roosjen to appeal the decision expired in 2019, officially allowing Ethiopia access to Dutch teff markets.
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The wheat and teff is mostly traded in Mekelle. From January to August, barley and wheat are imported from Mekelle. Disaster Prevention and Preparedness Commission (DPPC), 2006. Tigray Livelihood Zone Reports.
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In addition to methodological issues presented by the selection of a basket of goods, PPP estimates can also vary based on the statistical capacity of participating countries. The International Comparison Program, which PPP estimates are based on, require the disaggregation of national accounts into production, expenditure or (in some cases) income, and not all participating countries routinely disaggregate their data into such categories. Some aspects of PPP comparison are theoretically impossible or unclear. For example, there is no basis for comparison between the Ethiopian laborer who lives on teff with the Thai laborer who lives on rice, because teff is not commercially available in Thailand and rice is not in Ethiopia, so the price of rice in Ethiopia or teff in Thailand cannot be determined.
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Teff is adaptable and it can grow in various environments, at altitudes ranging from sea level to .Tefera, M. (2011). Land-use/land-cover dynamics in Nonno District, Central Ethiopia. J. Sustain. Dev.
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Dawo is well known for its quality teff, which is marketed in Addis Ababa. However the woreda is located 96 kilometers from the capital (80 kilometers paved with asphalt and 16 kilometers gravel).
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N is the number of meteors observed, and Teff is the effective observation time of the observer. Example: If the observer detected 12 meteors in 15 minutes, their hourly rate was 48. (12 divided by 0.25 hours).
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The findings of the Earliest Stone Tipped Projectiles from the Ethiopian Rift dated to more than 279,000 years ago in combination with the existing archaeological, fossil and genetic evidence, isolate this region as a source of modern cultures and biology, and it is considered the place of origin for humankind. Ethiopian and Eritrean agriculture established the earliest known use of the seed grass teff (Poa abyssinica) between 4000–1000 BCE. Teff is used to make the flatbread injera/taita. Coffee also originated in Ethiopia and has since spread to become a worldwide beverage.
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For instance, the 1984/85 official procurement price for 100 kilograms of teff was 42 birr at the farm level and 60 birr when the AMC purchased it from wholesalers. But the same quantity of teff retailed at 81 birr at food stores belonging to the urban dwellers' associations (kebeles) in Addis Ababa and sold for as much as 181 birr in the open market. Such wide price variations created food shortages because farmers as well as private merchants withheld crops to sell on the black market at higher prices.
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Amuru is a town in the Amuru woreda of the Horo Guduru Welega Zone, in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia. The Amuru woreda (district) that is known for its production of teff, barely, maize and other cereal crops.
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It was not only consumed but also used to make toys and clothes. Beside the ensete all the Gonga people grew various potato species, black yams and teff. Pumpkins are recorded to have been introduced by the Oromo.
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The area gets relatively larger quantities of precipitation, due to its location on the eastern edge of the Ethiopian Highlands. The economy is based on agro-pastoral agriculture. The main crops are barley and wheat. Secondary crops are teff and lentils.
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Wat is traditionally eaten with injera, a spongy flat bread made from the millet-like grain known as teff. There are many types of wats. The popular ones are doro wat and siga wat, (Ge'ez: ሥጋ śigā) made with beef.
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Partly reforestation was carried out on not cultivable altitudes with secondary coniferous forests. The cultivated crops are (endemic) teff, maize, sorghum, beans and vegetables. Pastures hardly exist where agriculture is possible. The cattle graze on field edges and waysides and on steep escarpments.
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Its builder, Richard Townley Haines Halsey, was a partner in Teff, Halsey and Company, brokers, and W. J. Sloane Company. It has been used since the 1970s as a children's day camp. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.
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High points in Yem include Mount Bor Ama, Mount Azulu and Mount Toba. The administrative center of Yem is Fofa. The form of subsistence agriculture practiced in this woreda is based on cereal and enset. Important cash crops include teff, wheat, barley and pulses.
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The Oromia Regional government considers Sigmo a "surplus crop-producing district". Teff, corn, sheep and goats are important cash crops.Socio-economic profile of the Djimma (sic) Zone Government of Oromia Region (last accessed 1 August 2006). Industry in the woreda includes 25 grain mills and 2 sawmills.
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Other cereals such as corn, millet, sorghum, teff, rice, and wild rice are safe for people with coeliac to consume, as well as noncereals such as amaranth, quinoa, and buckwheat. Noncereal carbohydrate-rich foods such as potatoes and bananas do not contain gluten and do not trigger symptoms.
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Puffy's production work includes remixes for Caribbean soca artiste, Machel Montano, including Waves (2017) and Showtime (2018). In August 2017, he released “Bangalang”, a reggaeton featuring Barbadian rapper Teff Hinkson, which reached international airwaves and was featured on BBC Music. DJ Puffy also appeared in the “Bangalang” music video.
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Although it was not his intention, Enschedé invited him to design this new typeface. Trinité was developed from 1979 to 1982. It is currently available as a PostScript Type 1 font from The Enschedé Font Foundry (TEFF). In 1991 De Does won the H.N. Werkmanprize for the design.
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Accessed July 2011. (flatbread made from teff, wheat, or sorghum) and hilbet (paste made from legumes, mainly lentils and fava beans). Eritrean and Ethiopian cuisine (especially in the northern half) are very similar, given the shared history of the two countries. Eritrean and Ethiopian food habits vary regionally.
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American Journal of Botany 90(1) 116-22. The majority of Eragrostis species are polyploid, with more than two sets of chromosomes; E. pilosa is an allotetraploid, containing the genes of other species, suggesting it is of hybrid origin. Teff is also allotetraploid. Fertile hybrids between the two have been bred.
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In addition, khat, ensete, noog, teff and finger millet were also domesticated in the Ethiopian highlands. Crops domesticated in the Sahel region include sorghum and pearl millet. The kola nut was first domesticated in West Africa. Other crops domesticated in West Africa include African rice, yams and the oil palm.
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Tefera, H.; Belay, G., 2006. Eragrostis tef (Zuccagni) Trotter. In: Brink, M.; Belay, G. (eds), PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa/Ressources végétales de l'Afrique tropicale), Wageningen, Netherlands Teff is traditionally threshed by using animals walking on the harvest. Alternatively, some farmers can rent threshing machines used for other cereals.
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De Does worked together with Peter Matthias Noordzij, who used Ikarus to digitize the drawings that De Does made. The first version of 1992 was optimized for legibility at the point sizes that were used in the dictionary. The version that is published by The Enschedé Font Foundry (TEFF) was released in 1995.
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Accessed July 2011. (flatbread made from teff, wheat, or sorghum), and hilbet (paste made from legumes, mainly lentil, faba beans). Eritrean and Ethiopian cuisine (especially in the northern half) are very similar, given the shared history of the two countries. The related Somali cuisine consists of an exotic fusion of diverse culinary influences.
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Injera (Amharic: , , ) is a sour fermented flatbread with a slightly spongy texture, traditionally made out of teff flour in Ethiopian and Eritrean cuisine. It is the national dish for both countries, and East African countries. It is central to the dining process in those cultures as bread is the most fundamental component.
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The only way to eat ensete is to make into a paste. In addition to ensete, a few cash crops are maintained (notably coffee and khat) and livestock is raised (mainly for milk and fertilizer). Some Gurage also plant teff and eat injera (which the Gurage also call injera). The Gurage raise zebu.
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However, it does not tolerate frost. Highest yields are obtained when teff is grown between , with an annual rainfall of , and daily temperatures range from . Yields decrease when annual rainfall falls below 250 mm and when the average temperature during pollination exceeds 22 °C.Cheng, A., Mayes, S., Dalle, G., Demissew, S. & Massawe, F. (2017).
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The region is a gene centre for indigenous agricultural crops such as noug (Guizotia abyssinica), teff (Eragrostis tef). Wild coffee (Coffea arabica) occurs naturally in the area, especially in the Zegie Peninsula. Four major wetland ecosystem types have been identified: Riverine freshwater wetlands, lacustrine freshwater wetlands, palustrine freshwater wetlands and agricultural flooded freshwater wetlands.
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Ethiopian and Eritrean cuisine. Pancakes in the Horn of Africa (Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia and Somalia) are known as injera (sometimes transliterated as enjera, budenaa (Oromo), or canjeero (Somali)). Injera is a yeast-risen flatbread with a unique, slightly spongy texture. Traditionally, it is made out of teff flour and is a national dish in Ethiopia and Eritrea.
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Many of the residents are farmers and cattle herders, with a few shopkeepers. The main income is from agriculture. Villagers grow a variety of grains, including teff, maize, sorghum, and wheat, as well as onions, papaya, oranges, lemons, tomatoes, potatoes, and carrots. Families also keep livestock in the form of goats, sheep, cows, camels, and donkeys.
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They are under the jurisdiction of the Governor of Michigan through the office of the Michigan Adjutant General unless they are federalized by order of the President of the United States. The Michigan Air National Guard is headquartered at the Joint Forces Headquarters compound, located in Lansing, Michigan and its commander is Brigadier General Bryan J. Teff.
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Teff heads do not shatter, making the plant easier to manage as an agricultural crop. E. pilosa has been occasionally harvested as a grain in Ethiopia, but only in times of desperation.Ingram, A. L. and J. J. Doyle. (2003). The origin and evolution of Eragrostis tef (Poaceae) and related polyploids: evidence from nuclear waxy and plastid rps16.
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The main economic source of the town is agriculture. For the land surveyed in this town and its surroundings, it is planted in cereals like teff, sorghum and maize, root crops, and vegetables. Permanent crops included lands planted in khat, and fruit trees. Farmers both raise crops and livestock, while some either grow crops or raise livestock.
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2MASS J21265040−8140293, also known as 2MASS J2126−8140, is an exoplanet orbiting the red dwarf TYC 9486-927-1, away from earth. It has both the longest (~900 thousand years) and the widest orbit (>) of any known planetary mass object. Its estimated mass, age, spectral type, and Teff are similar to the well-studied planet β Pictoris b.
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The majority of the Sigmo-Geba State Forest, about in size, is located in Setema. Teff, corn, and sheep are important cash crops.Socio- economic profile of the Djimma (sic) Zone Government of Oromia Region (last accessed 1 August 2006). Although coffee is also an important cash crop in this woreda, less than are planted with this crop.
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The seeds are easy to store, as they are resistant to most pests during storage. Teff seeds can stay viable several years if direct contact with humidity and sun is avoided. Average yields in Ethiopia reach around two tonnes per ha. One single inflorescence can produce up to 1000 seeds, and one plant up to 10 000.
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However, Roosjen's company Ancientgrains BV still maintains patent rights in Belgium, Germany, Britain, Austria and Italy. Teff is inherent to Ethiopia's national culture and identity, and the government of Ethiopia has expressed intent to hold Roosjen accountable to the fullest extent of international patent law, as well as to regain ownership over international markets of its most important food.
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Teff and wheat are important cash crops.Socio-economic profile of the Djimma (sic) Zone Government of Oromia Region (last accessed 1 August 2006). Coffee is also an important cash crop; between 20 and 50 square kilometers are planted with this crop."Coffee Production" Oromia Coffee Cooperative Union website Industry in this district includes 26 grain mills.
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Teff, corn and vegetables are important cash crops.Socio-economic profile of the Djimma (sic) Zone Government of Oromia Region (last accessed 1 August 2006). Coffee is also an important cash crop for this woreda; over 50 square kilometers are planted with this crop."Coffee Production" Oromia Coffee Cooperative Union website Industry in the woreda includes 35 grain mills.
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Lovegrass is commonly used as livestock fodder. The seeds appear to be of high nutritional value for some animals, but they are also very tiny and collecting them for human food is cumbersome and hence uncommon. A notable exception is teff (E. tef), which is used to make traditional breads on the Horn of Africa, such as Ethiopian injera and Somalian laxoox.
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Yet the increasing demand, rising by 7-10% per year, and the subsequent increase in exports is encouraging the country to speed up the modernization of agriculture and is also boosting research. Because of its potential as an economic success, a few other countries, including the US and some European countries, are already cultivating teff and selling it on domestic markets.
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Teff is one important cash crop.Socio-economic profile of the Djimma (sic) Zone Government of Oromia Region (last accessed 1 August 2006). Although coffee is another important cash crop of this woreda, less than 20 square kilometers are planted with this crop."Coffee Production" Oromia Coffee Cooperative Union website Industry in the woreda includes 21 grain mills and 2 furniture factories.
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About 90% of the Amhara are rural and make their living through farming, mostly in the Ethiopian highlands. Barley, corn, millet, wheat, sorghum, and teff, along with beans, peppers, chickpeas, and other vegetables, are the most important crops. In the highlands one crop per year is normal, while in the lowlands two are possible. Cattle, sheep, and goats are also raised.
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Barley, Wheat, Maize, teff, Beans, Peas, Lentils, and Niger seed are the major crops produced. Dello Sebro is known in the region for its wheat production. In the autumn markets are full of the sweet sorghum called Tinkish, which has a sweet stem. Moreover, the cattle market of Dello Sebro is the most known in its quality and size in the Bale zone.
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Every Saturday, there is a market in the middle of town, where one can buy and sell fruits and vegetables, teff and other grains, and animals. Quatit does not have electricity, nor internet. There is no foreign investment in Quatit, and there are no factories or industries in the village. Sunday is the official day of rest, and no shops operate on this day.
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Karen Teff is a biologist and geneticist. She is most notable for a paper on the effects of fructose on triglycerides in women. She is also known for a paper concerning the effects of carbohydrate-heavy breakfasts on satiety. She currently works as Program Director, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolic Diseases at National Institutes of Health, and worked formerly at the Monell Chemical Senses Center.
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In the highlands, injera is the staple diet and is eaten daily among the Tigrinya. Injera is made out of teff, wheat, barley, sorghum or corn, and resembles a spongy, slightly sour pancake. When eating, diners generally share food from a large tray placed in the center of a low dining table. Numerous injera is layered on this tray and topped with various spicy stews.
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Mesfin, D.J. Exotic Ethiopian Cooking, Falls Church, Virginia: Ethiopian Cookbooks Enterprises, 2006, pp.124, 129. Kitfo is often served alongside-- sometimes mixed with--a mild cheese called ayibe or cooked greens known as gomen. In many parts of Ethiopia, kitfo is served with injera, a flatbread made from teff, although in traditional Gurage cuisine, one would use kocho, a thick flatbread made from the ensete plant.
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The Koore are people of enset culture. Enset, which is cultivated in all the three agro-ecological zones(Dega,Weina-dega, and qola), is the main staple food of Koore. Pea, wheat, barley, cabbage, lentil, bean, and onion in dega; maize, teff and sorghum in weina-dega and qolla are largely grown for sale and for consumption. Livestock is also an important economic activity in Amaro.
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Yejube (also transliterated Ejube) is a town in west-central Ethiopia. Located in the Misraq Gojjam Zone of the Amhara Region, it has a latitude and longitude of and an elevation of 2211 meters above sea level. It is the largest town and the capital of Baso Liben woreda. Economy Yejube and the surrounding Baso Liben wereda is the main source of wheat and teff.
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Ethiopians, particularly the Oromo people, were the first to have discovered and recognized the energizing effect of the coffee bean plant. Ox-drawn plows seems to have been used in Ethiopia for two millennia, and possibly much longer. Linguistic evidences suggests that the Ethiopian plow might be the oldest plow in Africa. Teff is believed to have originated in Ethiopia between 4000 and 1000 BCE.
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Rivers in this woreda include the Zage. Dita Dermalo is part of a region known for hilly and undulating midland and upper lowland terrain; due to terrain and weather patterns, less than one in five households is food secure. Food crops include maize, enset, sweet potatoes, taro, teff, and yams; income sources include butter and selling firewood."Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region, Ethiopia Livelihood Profiles: January 2006" , USAID/FEWSNET, p.
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Teff, wheat, corn, haricot bean, sorghum and barley are important crops.Socio-economic profile of the Borena Zone Government of Oromia Region (last accessed 1 August 2006) Industry in the woreda includes 19 grain mills and one metal works. Deposits of nickel are known to exist but have not been commercially developed. There were 15 Farmers Associations and 6 Farmers Service Cooperatives; about 70% of the farmers are pastoralists.
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The minting of coins began around 270 CE, beginning with the reign of Endubis. Around the 5th–8th century, the coffee plant was introduced into the Arab world from Ethiopia. Coffea arabica, the most highly regarded species, is native to the southwestern highlands of Ethiopia. Long before the cultivation of coffee, however, other food crops like finger millet, teff, sorghum, lablab bean and castor bean were domesticated and cultivated in Ethiopia.
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Local tradition suggests that the Zay people comprise three streams of people that populated the islands of Lake Ziway between the early 9th and the mid-17th centuries. It is believed that the Zay people spoke the ancient Harla language. The Zay economy is mainly based on subsistence agriculture and traditional fishing. The Zay people cultivate maize, sorghum, finger millet, teff, pepper and barley, and raise cattle, goats, sheep, donkeys and chicken.
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Teff field at the base of a small hill in the Eritrean Highlands. The Eritrean Highlands are drained by four major rivers towards Sudan, and by several smaller rivers into the Red Sea coast of Eritrea. Flowing towards Sudan and the Nile are the Gash and Setit rivers, while towards Sudan without reaching the Nile are the Barka and Anseba rivers. The eastern escarpment of Eritrea is drained by numerous small streams.
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Points of interest include the Tis Issat falls of the Abbay, and the old Portuguese bridge over the same river at Alata. A survey of the land in this woreda shows that 46% is arable or cultivable, 6% pasture, 1% forest or shrubland, 25% covered with water and the remaining 25.9% is considered degraded or other. Teff, corn, sorghum, cotton and sesame are important cash crops.Ethiopia-Sudan Power Systems Interconnection Project, ESIA Final Report , p.
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Barley, wheat, corn, teff, and horse bean are important crops. False banana, " Weesii" is widely planted and used in every day consumption. Coffee is also an important cash crop; between 20 and 50 square km are planted with it."Coffee Production" Oromia Coffee Cooperative Union website Industry in the woreda includes 16 grain mills, 4 wood working shops and one ceramic material factory, as well as traditional gold mining around Melka Dimtu.
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Fred Smeijers, whose TEFF Renard typeface is based on his work, felt that basing a typeface on his work produced a "solid and sturdy variant of the Garamond style" and that he was "one of the first to make roman display types that were explicitly conceived as such." DTL's founder Frank E. Blokland received a doctorate on the spacing and proportions of early metal type, including van den Keere's, from Leiden University in 2016.
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In 1989, she appeared in one episode of the French television Series, "Le bonheur d'en face", in which she played Irène Lecoin, in an episode directed by Teff Erhat. She also starred in the play "Mademoiselle Plume", in the leading role. In 1990, she returned to cinema after a seven year break with the movie "Impasse de la vignette". In this film hhe played alongside; Paul Crauchet, Jean-Paul Comart, and Jean-Yves Berteloot.
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Teff and corn are important cash crops.Socio-economic profile of the Djimma (sic) Zone Government of Oromia Region (last accessed 1 August 2006). Although coffee is another important cash crop of this woreda, less than 20 square kilometers are planted with this crop."Coffee Production" Oromia Coffee Cooperative Union website Industry in the woreda includes 52 grain mills. There were 25 Farmers Associations with 11,010 members and 7 Farmers Service Cooperatives with 7,283 members.
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An Ethiopian woman preparing Ethiopian coffee at a traditional ceremony. She roasts, crushes and brews the coffee on the spot. The Ethiopian cuisine consists of various vegetable or meat side dishes and entrees, often prepared as a wat or thick stew. One or more servings of wat are placed upon a piece of injera, a large sourdough flatbread, which is 50 cm (20 inches) in diameter and made out of fermented teff flour.
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This grass is also of interest in agriculture because it is the main wild ancestor of teff (Eragrostis tef), a staple cereal in some regions and of particular importance in Ethiopia. The close connection between the two grasses is supported by genetic evidence. They are also very similar in morphology, sometimes indistinguishable. The most consistent difference is that E. pilosa undergoes spikelet shattering, the disintegration of the seedhead that is the first step in seed dispersal.
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Other crops have a likely African origin, such as cowpea, bambara groundnut, oil palm, and tamarind. Some crops like teff, sorghum, common millet and plantain may have been present before colonisation, but it is possible that humans brought new cultivars. Arab traders presumably brought fruits such as mango, pomegranate, and grapes. Later European traders and colonists introduced crops like litchi and avocado and promoted the cultivation of exports like cloves, coconut, coffee and vanilla in plantations.
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Porter, pp. 22–25 However, these terms are relative; "yangness" or "yinness" is only discussed in relation to other foods.Porter, pp. 44–49 Brown rice and other whole grains such as barley, millet, oats, quinoa, spelt, rye, and teff are considered by macrobiotics to be the foods in which yin and yang are closest to being in balance. Therefore, lists of macrobiotic foods that determine a food as yin or yang generally compare them to whole grains.Porter, pp.
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The subsistence agriculture in Cheha is primarily based on enset, together with corn, sorghum and chickpea, as well as some annual root crops like yams and taro. Important cash crops include teff and Niger seed.FEWS NET, "Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region (SNNPR) Livelihood Profiles: Regional Overview" , pp. 20f (accessed 19 May 2009) Cheha has 87 kilometers of all- weather roads and 49 kilometers of dry-weather roads, for an average road density of 237 kilometers per 1000 square kilometers.
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211 Other points of interest include the Tis Issat falls, and Dilde, better known as the Portuguese Bridge, over the Abay at Alata, about half a mile below the falls. A survey of the land in this woreda shows that 21% is arable or cultivable, 9% pasture, 8% forest or shrubland, 36% covered with water, and the remaining 26% is considered degraded or other. Teff, corn, sorghum, cotton and sesame are important cash crops.Ethiopia-Sudan Power Systems Interconnection Project, ESIA Final Report , p.
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Plough tool According to Ethiopia farming, this ploughing the land to prepare the soil for sow requires around two quarter of a year. ploughing the land to soften the land takes three months and from sowing and seedling to the harvesting of the crops requires three to four months. Ethiopian farmers plough their land by combining the above tools for such three months to get yearly consumed food. The major product in are teff, wheat, maize, sesame, Niger, linseed etc.
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The fermentation process is triggered by adding ersho, a clear, yellow liquid that accumulates on the surface of fermenting teff flour batter and is collected from previous fermentations. Ersho contains (aerobic) Bacillus species and several yeasts (in order of abundance): Candida milleri, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, Kluyveromyces marxianus, Pichia naganishii and Debaromyces hansenii. The mixture is then allowed to ferment for an average of two to three days, giving it a mildly sour taste. The injera is baked into large, flat pancakes.
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The altitude of this woreda ranges from 1150 to 1350 meters above sea level; Mount Juldessa is the highest point. A survey of the land in this woreda shows that 9% is arable, 60% pasture, 21% forest, and the remaining 10% is considered swampy, degraded or otherwise unusable. Cereals cultivated include corn, wheat, teff, barley and sorghum; sugar cane, banana and papaya are other important crops.Socio-economic profile of the Borena Zone Government of Oromia Region (last accessed 1 August 2006).
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Household production and consumption patterns of Teff in Ethiopia. Agribusiness, 34, 668–684. Usual sowing density ranges from 15 to 20 kg/ha, though farmers can sow up to 50 kg/ha, because the seeds are hard to spread equally and a higher sowing density helps to reduce weed competition at the early stage. Seeds are either left at the soil surface or slightly covered by a thin layer of soil, but must not be planted at a depth greater than 1 cm.
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Isara Tocha is part of a region characterized by hills, and is not suitable for grazing or cultivation, but farmers cultivate the sloping land, leading to erosion and reduced soil fertility."SNNPR Livelihood Profile: Dawro-Konta Maize and Root Crop Zone: June 2005" , USAID/FEWSNET, p. 1 (accessed 11 January 2011) Important food crops in this woreda include enset, sweet potatoes, taro and beans, while important cash crops are maize, teff and pulses."Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region, Ethiopia Livelihood Profiles: January 2006" , USAID/FEWSNET, p.
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SANBI One of Burtt Davy's great interests was the subject of plant introduction, a matter to which he devoted much attention, importing plants and seeds from all over the world. He was responsible for introducing the forage crop, teff, as well as the lawn grass Kikuyu. He helped establish a maize-breeding centre at Vereeniging and resigned shortly before the publication of his comprehensive work on maize in 1914. He moved to his own farm 'Burttholm' near Vereeniging, where he set up a partnership with the Hon.
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"Metema Pilot Learning Site Diagnosis and Program Design" IPMS Information Resources Portal - Ethiopia (July 2005), pp. 7-25 (accessed 12 March 2009) A survey of the land in this woreda shows that 23.6% is arable or cultivable, 4.13% pasture, 71% forest or shrubland, and the remaining 1.3% is considered degraded or other. Teff, corn, sorghum, cotton and sesame are important cash crops; the town of Metemma serves as an important trade gateway between Sudan and the Amhara Region.Ethiopia-Sudan Power Systems Interconnection Project, ESIA Final Report , p.
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The altitude of this woreda ranges from 1390 to 2980 meters above sea level; mountains include Waka, Kimbibit and Timba. Perennial rivers include the Naso. A survey of the land in this woreda shows that 26.5% is arable or cultivable (23.4% was under annual crops), 7.0% pasture, 56.6% forest, and the remaining 9.9% is considered degraded, built-up or otherwise unusable. Spices, corn and teff are important cash crops.Socio-economic profile of the Djimma (sic) Zone Government of Oromia Region (last accessed 1 August 2006).
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The Amharas' cuisine consists of various vegetable or meat side dishes and entrées, usually a wat, or thick stew, served atop injera, a large sourdough flatbread made of teff flour. Kitfo being originated from Gurage is one of the widely accepted and favorite food in Amhara. They do not eat pork or shellfish of any kind for religious reasons. It is also a common cultural practice of Amhara to eat from the same dish in the center of the table with a group of people.
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Here is the cotton country, the country where the Ethiopian mantles are prepared, where this plant grows, which together, with the coffee is the source of the present Ethiopian wealth and which will become the great product of the exportation in the near future. “Maize, wheat, durra, barley, and teff are cultivated all over the area...for many of them can reap two harvests per year” (gaslini 1940:986). All Mediterranean trees grow and bear fruit: grapes, apples, pears, peaches, apricots, oranges, tangerines, bananas, papayas, avocados, etc.
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Millions of people in this country already cope with the constant risk of drought or flooding, The desert locust infestation in Ethiopia has deteriorated, despite ongoing ground and aerial control operations. Hoppers have fledged, and an increasing number of small immature and mature swarms have continued to devour crop and pasture fields in Tigray, Amhara, Oromia, and Somali regional states. In Amhara, some farms have registered nearly 100 percent loss of teff, a staple crop in Ethiopia. Moreover, eggs are hatching profusely and forming hopper bands in the Somali region, due to the heavy rainfall.
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Black crowned cranes are generalist feeders, with a diet consisting of insects like grasshoppers, locust, and flies; other invertebrates, like molluscs, millipedes, and crustaceans; fish, amphibians, and small reptiles. They will be mostly resident to wetlands except during the dry season and will sometimes forage in short and dry grasses or in upland areas by livestock where insect numbers are high. Black crowned cranes may also forage in croplands and feed on rice, corn, teff, millet, chickpea, and lentil. They will seldom dig for food but rather will peck at it off surfaces.
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Cash crops in Lanfro include pepper, which accounts for up to 60% of the cash income for many households, and teff. Butter is also an important income source, which can account for as much as 10% of the income for poor households."Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region, Ethiopia Livelihood Profiles: January 2006" , USAID/FEWSNET, p. 20 (accessed 11 January 2011) This woreda has 7 kilometers of all-weather roads and 3 kilometers of dry-weather roads, for an average road density of 19 kilometers per 1000 square kilometers.
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Gofa Zone is part of a region known for hilly and undulating midland and upper lowland terrain; due to terrain and weather patterns, less than one in five households is food secure. Food crops include maize, enset, sweet potatoes, taro, teff, and yams; income sources include butter and selling firewood."Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region, Ethiopia Livelihood Profiles: January 2006" , USAID/FEWSNET, p. 27 (accessed 11 January 2011) According to a 2004 report, Gofa Zuria had 75 kilometers of all-weather roads for an average road density of 44 kilometers per 1000 square kilometers.
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Bench Maji has 142 kilometers of dry-weather roads, for an average road density of 22 kilometers per 1000 square kilometers."Detailed statistics on roads" , SNNPR Bureau of Finance and Economic Development website (accessed 3 September 2009) The highest point in this Zone is Mount Guraferda (2494 meters). The Omo National Park is located on the western bank of the Omo River. The main food crops in this Zone include maize, godere (taro root), and enset, while sorghum, teff, wheat and barley are cultivated to a significant extent.
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The area around Alaba Kulito is famous for its production of red pepper (Berbere); hundreds of quintals of this crop are transported every week to Addis Ababa, Dessie, and other urban centers. The other cash crops include maize and teff, which are also transported to other towns including Awassa, Dilla and Shashamane. According to a report by the local health center, Alaba Kulito had a high incidence of water related diseases, usually caused by stagnant water, especially in Summer. The most common disease in the town is malaria.
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Cheesman continues his description: : Three-quarters of the island is given up to plough, the chief crops being dagusa and teff, both dwarf millets. Plough-land is divided into plots of about an acre, separated from each other by narrow hedges of scrub forest and big trees. The base of the island is scoriaceous lava in cubes, which are exposed all around the shore and washed by the waves, and identified as vesicular olivine basalt. On the top is a thin layer of red soil derived from the decay of the basalts.
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A sample enumeration performed by the CSA in 2001 interviewed 2139 farmers in this woreda, who held an average of 0.17 hectares of land. Of the 359 hectares of private land surveyed, 64.9% was under cultivation, 19.22% pasture, 5.57% fallow, and 10.31% was devoted to other uses; the percentage in woodland was missing. For the land under cultivation in this woreda, 63.79% is planted in cereals like teff and sorghum, and none in pulses; the percentage for vegetables and root crops is missing. Permanent crops included 2.12 hectares planted in fruit trees.
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Kepler data have also been used to search for flares on stars of later spectral types than G. A sample of 23,253 stars with effective temperature Teff less than 5150K and surface gravity log g > 4.2, corresponding to main sequence stars later than K0V, was examined for flares over a time period of 33.5 days. 373 stars were identified as having obvious flares. Some stars had only one flare, while others showed as many as fifteen. The strongest events increased the brightness of the star by 7-8%.
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Regional staples include the plants rye, soybeans, barley, oats, and teff. Just 15 plant crops provide 90 percent of the world's food energy intake (exclusive of meat), with rice, maize, and wheat comprising 2/3 of human food consumption. These three are the staples of about 80 percent of the world population, and rice feeds almost half of humanity. Roots and tubers, meanwhile, are important staples for over one billion people in the developing world, accounting for roughly 40 percent of the food eaten by half the population of sub-Saharan Africa.
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Eritrean cuisine shares similarities with surrounding countries' cuisines; however, the cuisine has its unique characteristics. The main traditional food in Eritrean cuisine is tsebhi (stew), served with injera (flatbread made from teff, wheat, or sorghum and hilbet (paste made from legumes; mainly lentil and faba beans). A typical traditional Eritrean dish consists of injera accompanied by a spicy stew, which frequently includes beef, goat, lamb or fish. Overall, Eritrean cuisine strongly resembles that of neighboring Ethiopia, although Eritrean cooking tends to feature more seafood than Ethiopian cuisine on account of its coastal location.
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Other bodies of water include the five crater lakes around Debre Zeyit: Lake Bishoftu, Lake Hora, Lake Bishoftu Guda, Lake Koriftu and the seasonal Lake Cheleklaka. Important forests include the government- protected Dirre-Garbicha and the Tedecha and Oude community forests. A survey of the land in this woreda shows that 51% is arable or cultivable, 6.4% pasture, 7.4% in community, regional and natural forests, and the remaining 34.8% is considered degraded or otherwise unusable. Legumes and sugar cane are important cash crops; Ada'a produces the most teff, wheat and legumes in Misraq Shewa.
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Dora Gabena, Chalte and Ato Kelala are amongst the highest points in this woreda. A survey of the land in Limmu Sakka shows that 57.3% is arable or cultivable (7.7% was under annual crops), 22.8% pasture, 4.9% forest, and the remaining 15% is considered swampy, degraded or otherwise unusable. Teff, oranges and bananas are important cash crops.Socio-economic profile of the DJimma (sic) Zone Government of Oromia Region (last accessed 1 August 2006) Coffee is also an important cash crop for this woreda; over 5,000 hectares are planted with this crop.
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The main cash crops include pepper, maize, teff, sorghum, haricot beans and wheat. Alaba has 16 kilometers of asphalt roads, 15 kilometers of all-weather roads and 96 kilometers of dry-weather roads, for an average road density of 130 kilometers per 1000 square kilometers."Detailed statistics on roads", SNNPR Bureau of Finance and Economic Development website (accessed 15 September 2009) One micro-finance institution operates in Alaba, the Omo Microfinance Institution SC (OMFI), established in 1997. OMFI, with three branch offices in Durame and a sub-branch in Alaba Kulito, has 945 clients in this woreda.
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Clarke's portrayal of the Overlords as devils was influenced by John W. Campbell's depiction of the devilish Teff- Hellani species in The Mightiest Machine, first serialized in Astounding Stories in 1934. After finishing "Guardian Angel", Clarke enrolled at King's College London and served as the chairman of the British Interplanetary Society from 1946 to 1947, and later from 1951 to 1953. He earned a first- class degree in mathematics and physics from King's in 1948, after which he worked as an assistant editor for Science Abstracts. "Guardian Angel" was submitted for publication but was rejected by several editors, including Campbell.
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Kucha is part of a region known for hilly and undulating midland and upper lowland terrain; due to terrain and weather patterns, less than one in five households is food secure. Food crops include maize, enset, sweet potatoes, taro, teff, and yams; income sources include butter, peanut, beans and selling firewood."Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region, Ethiopia Livelihood Profiles: January 2006" , USAID/FEWSNET, p. 27 (accessed 11 January 2011) According to a 2004 report, Kucha had 58 kilometers of all-weather roads and 8 kilometers of dry-weather roads, for an average road density of 48 kilometers per 1000 square kilometers.
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Foxp3+ Treg generation in the thymus is delayed by several days compared to Teff cells and does not reach adult levels in either the thymus or periphery until around three weeks post-partum. Treg cells require CD28 co-stimulation and B7.2 expression is largely restricted to the medulla, the development of which seems to parallel the development of Foxp3+ cells. It has been suggested that the two are linked, but no definitive link between the processes has yet been shown. TGF-β is not required for Treg functionality, in the thymus, as thymic Tregs from TGF-β insensitive TGFβRII-DN mice are functional.
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A sample enumeration performed by the CSA in 2001 interviewed 24,909 farmers in this woreda, who held an average of 1.33 hectares of land. Of the 18.778 square kilometers of private land surveyed, 94% was under cultivation, 0.6% pasture, 3.5% was fallow, and the remaining 1.9% was devoted to other uses. For the land under cultivation in this woreda, 75.4% was planted in cereals like teff, 7% in pulses, 11.1% in oilseeds, 0.2% in perennial crops like gesho, and 6.3% all other crops. 80.8% of the farmers both raised crops and livestock, while 17% only grew crops and 2.2% only raised livestock.
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A sample enumeration performed by the CSA in 2001 interviewed 17,209 farmers in this woreda, who held an average of 1.15 hectares of land. Of the 19.8 square kilometers of private land surveyed, 75.11% was under cultivation, 11.21% pasture, 12.4% fallow, and 1.29% was devoted to other uses; the area in woodland is missing. For the land surveyed in this woreda, 61.29% was planted in cereals like teff, sorghum and maize, and 0.53% in pulses; the area planted in root crops and vegetables is missing. Permanent crops included 2539 hectares planted in khat, and 41.84 in fruit trees.
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A sample enumeration performed by the CSA in 2001 interviewed 37,413 farmers in this woreda, who held an average of 1.05 hectares of land. Of the 39.37 square kilometers of private land surveyed, 81.21% was under cultivation, 10.6% pasture, 3.72% fallow, and 1.8% was devoted to other uses; the percentage in woodland is missing. For the land under cultivation in Jijiga, 66.08% is planted in cereals like teff, sorghum and maize, 1.61% in pulses, 1.61% in root crops, and 0.07% in vegetables. Permanent crops included 4108 hectares planted in khat, 1 in enset, and 14.55 in fruit trees.
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A sample enumeration performed by the CSA in 2001 interviewed 21,963 farmers in this woreda, who held an average of 0.99 hectares of land. Of the 21.7 square kilometers of private land surveyed, 83.16% was under cultivation, 6.38% pasture, 8.64% fallow, and 1.82% was devoted to other uses; the percentage in woodland is missing. For the land surveyed in this woreda, 75.77% is planted in cereals like teff, sorghum and maize, 1.66% in root crops, and 1.14% in vegetables; the number for pulses is missing. Permanent crops included 908 hectares planted in khat, and 4.08 in fruit trees.
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A sample enumeration performed by the CSA in 2001 interviewed 18,422 farmers in this woreda, who held an average of 0.84 hectares of land. Of the 15,533 hectares of private land surveyed, 98.16% was in cultivation, 0.03% pasture, 0.5% fallow, 0.27% woodland, and 1.04% was devoted to other uses. For the land under cultivation in this woreda, 91.67% was planted in cereals like teff and sorghum—although barley is the dominant crop in higher elevations—5.54% was in pulses, 31 hectares in oilseeds, and 33 planted in vegetables. The area planted in fruit trees was 43 hectares, while none were planted in gesho.
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Ethiopian and Eritrean cuisine: Injera (pancake-like bread) and several kinds of wat (stew) The best known Ethio-Eritrean cuisine consists of various vegetable or meat side dishes and entrées, usually a wat, or thick stew, served atop injera, a large sourdough flatbread made of teff flour. One does not eat with utensils, but instead uses injera to scoop up the entrées and side dishes. Tihlo, prepared from roasted barley flour, is very popular in Amhara, Agame, and Awlaelo (Tigray). Traditional Ethiopian cuisine employs no pork or shellfish of any kind, as they are forbidden in the Jewish and Ethiopian Orthodox Christian faiths.
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In 2004, agriculture employed nearly 80 percent of the population but accounted for only 12.4 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) in Eritrea. The agricultural sector has improved with the use of modern farming equipment and techniques, and dams. Nevertheless, it is compromised by a lack of financial services and investment. Major agricultural products are barley, beans, dairy products, lentils, meat, millet, leather, sorghum, teff, and wheat. The displacement of 1 million Eritreans as a result of the war with Ethiopia, and the widespread presence of land mines all have played a role in the declining productivity of the agricultural sector.
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The altitude of this woreda ranges from 1580 to 2560 meters above sea level; perennial rivers include the Abono, Anja, Gulufa and Meti. A survey of the land in this woreda shows that 45.3% is arable or cultivable (44.9% was under annual crops), 6.1% pasture, 25.8% forest, and the remaining 22.8% is considered swampy, degraded or otherwise unusable. Khat, peppers, fruits and teff are important cash crops.Socio-economic profile of the Djimma (sic) Zone Government of Oromia Region (last accessed 1 August 2006). Coffee is another important cash crop for this woreda; over 50 square kilometers are planted with this crop.
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Trinité was originally published as an Autologic typeface in 1982. However, at the end of that decade, when De Does had already left the firm, Enschedé once again switched typesetting machines (this time the digital Linotronic system) and only kept the old one because of Trinité. Being an important business asset for the firm, they commissioned De Does and Peter Matthias Noordzij (the designer of PMN Caecilia) to produce digital PostScript fonts of Trinité, using Ikarus M. To distribute the typeface, Noordzij proposed starting a small-scale digital type foundry, The Enschedé Font Foundry (TEFF), on which they released Trinité in 1992.
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The altitude of this woreda ranges from 650 to 2320 meters above sea level; Tullu Sire and Salen are the two most prominent peaks. Rivers within the woreda include the Wajja, Keraru, Kuni, Abeyi, Lugo and Weddessa. A survey of the land in this woreda shows that 36% is arable or cultivable (15.2% was under annual crops), 27.4% pasture, 16.4% forest, and the remaining 20.2% is considered swampy, marshy or otherwise unusable. Annual crops are grown on 23,664 hectares of land (mostly teff and corn), yielding a harvest of about 188,953 quintals. Socio-economic profile of the East Wellega Zone Government of Oromia Region (last accessed 1 August 2006).
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The major crops grown in Amaro are teff, corn, wheat, barley, navy beans, and coffee."Operational Areas" (Agri-Service Ethiopia) Amaro has 39 kilometers of all-weather roads and 16 kilometers of dry-weather roads, for an average road density of 36 kilometers per 1000 square kilometers."Detailed statistics on roads" , SNNPR Bureau of Finance and Economic Development website (accessed 15 September 2009) The Central Statistical Agency (CSA) reported that 1,082 tons of coffee were produced in the year ending in 2005, based on inspection records from the Ethiopian Coffee and Tea authority. This represents 0.48% of the SNNPR's output and 1.08% of Ethiopia's total output.
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The altitude of Momina in 1927, which embraces a syncretism of Christian and Moslem beliefs and rituals, is an important local landmark.Gemechu Jemal Geda, "The Faraqasa indigenous pilgrimage center. History and ritual practices", Master's thesis in indigenous studies, University of Tromsø (2007) A lesser one is the Arbagugu state forest. Linseed and teff are important cash crops.Socio-economic profile of Arsi Zone Government of Oromia Region (last accessed 1 August 2006) Industry in the woreda includes quarrying and pottery making, 61 small scale industries (including grain mills) that employ 178 people, as well as 727 registered traders 17.6% of whom were wholesalers, 42.4% retailers and 40% service providers.
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The gluten-free diet includes naturally gluten-free food, such as meat, fish, seafood, eggs, milk and dairy products, nuts, legumes, fruit, vegetables, potatoes, pseudocereals (in particular amaranth, buckwheat, chia seed, quinoa), only certain cereal grains (corn, rice, sorghum), minor cereals (including fonio, Job's tears, millet, teff, called "minor" cereals as they are "less common and are only grown in a few small regions of the world"),. See Table 2 and page 21. some other plant products (arrowroot, mesquite flour,O'Brian T, Ford R, Kupper C, Celiac Disease and Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity: The evolving spectrum, pp. 305–330. In: sago, tapioca) and products made from these gluten-free foods.
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The high accuracy, the large number of stars observed and the long period of observation make Kepler ideal for detecting superflares. Studies published in 2012 and 2013 involved 83,000 stars over a period of 500 days (much of the data analysis was carried out with the help of five first-year undergraduates). The stars were selected from the Kepler Input Catalog to have Teff, the effective temperature, between 5100 and 6000K (the solar value is 5750K) to find stars of similar spectral class to the Sun, and the surface gravity log g > 4.0 to eliminate sub-giants and giants. The spectral classes range from F8 to G8.
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After the 1975 land reform, peasants began withholding grain from the market to drive up prices because government price-control measures had created shortages of consumer items. In addition, increased peasant consumption caused shortages of food items such as teff, wheat, corn, and other grains in urban areas. The problem became so serious that Mengistu lashed out against the peasantry on the occasion of the fourth anniversary of military rule in September 1978. Mengistu and his advisers believed that state farms would produce grain for urban areas, raw materials for domestic industry, and also increase production of cash crops such as coffee to generate badly needed foreign exchange.
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According to the Nordic Africa Institute website, other major businesses in Bishoftu include the Ada Flour and Pasta Factory, the Pasqua Giuseppe PLC, the Salmida Leather Products Manufacturing, Ratson (Women Youth Children Development Programme), and Winrock International Ethiopia. The Debre Zeyt Research Center, founded in 1953, is run by the Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, specializing in agricultural research, which includes acting as the national center for research to improve the yield of teff, lentils, chickpeas, and poultry.EARI list of research centers (accessed 30 April 2009) In 2007 Bishoftu became the new home of Meserete Kristos College, a Christian college owned by the Meserete Kristos Church.
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According to a 2004 report, Konta had 51 kilometers of all-weather roads and 98 kilometers of dry-weather roads, for an average road density of 66 kilometers per 1000 square kilometers."Detailed statistics on roads" , SNNPR Bureau of Finance and Economic Development website (accessed 15 September 2009) This woreda is part of a region characterized by hills, and is not suitable for grazing or cultivation, but farmers cultivate the sloping land, leading to erosion and reduced soil fertility."SNNPR Livelihood Profile: Dawro-Konta Maize and Root Crop Zone: June 2005" , USAID/FEWSNET, p. 1 (accessed 11 January 2011) Important food crops include enset, sweet potatoes, taro and beans, while important cash crops are maize, teff and pulses.
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It was introduced in the 1950s by American astronomers Harold Lester Johnson and William Wilson Morgan. A telescope and the telescope at McDonald Observatory were used to define the system. The filters are selected so that the mean wavelengths of response functions (at which magnitudes are measured to mean precision) are 364 nm for U, 442 nm for B, 540 nm for V. Zero points were calibrated in the B−V (B minus V) and U−B (U minus B) color indices selecting such A0 main sequence stars which are not affected by interstellar reddening. These stars correspond with a mean effective temperature (Teff (K)) of between 9727 and 9790 Kelvin, the latter being stars with class A0V.
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1 Centre for the Study of African Economies website (accessed 10 September 2009) Nine of the 16 peasant associations in Atsbi Wenberta have an elevation of 2600 meters or higher, and are planted in barley, wheat, pulses like faba beans, and small ruminants like sheep are raised. The other seven peasant associations have an elevation below 2600 meters and are planted in teff, wheat, and barley, and both livestock and apiculture are cultivated; 6729 bee colonies are reported in this woreda. A major cash crop are faba beans, and Atsi Wenbarta is an important supplier of sheep and goats for meat to the nearby towns of Wukro, Adigrat, and the city of Mekelle.
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Teplizumab (also known as PRV-031; formerly also known as MGA031 and hOKT3γ1(Ala-Ala)) is a humanized anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody that is being evaluated for treatment and prevention of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) by the biopharmaceutical company Provention Bio. Teplizumab has also been evaluated for treatment of renal allograft rejection, for induction therapy in islet transplant recipients, and for psoriatic arthritis. The Fc region of this antibody has been engineered to have Fc receptor non-binding (FNB) properties. The mechanisms of action of teplizumab appear to involve weak agonistic activity on signaling via the T cell receptor-CD3 complex associated with the development of anergy, unresponsiveness, and/or apoptosis, particularly of unwanted activated Teff cells.
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Major rivers include the Beko and Shiy. Two varieties of subsistence agriculture are practiced in this woreda: one, in the northwestern corner, is based on growing cereals and enset; the other, in the rest of the woreda, is based on coffee and spices. Important cash crops in the first part include corn, teff, wheat, pulses, and enset; while in the second they are corn, sorghum, coffee, ginger and turmeric. Other important non-agricultural sources of income include selling milk."SNNPR Livelihood Woreda Reports - Kokir Gedbano Gutazer: Key Parameters for Monitoring Livelihoods at Woreda Level" (accessed 18 May 2009) According to a 2004 report, Yeki had 76 kilometers of all-weather roads, for an average road density of 126 kilometers per 1000 square kilometers.
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A sample enumeration performed by the CSA in 2001 interviewed 46,683 farmers in this woreda, who held an average of 0.73 hectares of land. Of the 63.72 square kilometers of private land surveyed, 94.92% was under cultivation, 3.46% was pasture, none was fallow, and the remaining 1.62% is devoted to other uses; the amount of woodland held is missing. For the land under cultivation in Alefa, 75.38% was planted in cereals like teff, sorghum and maize, 0.5% in pulses like horse beans, 0.24% in perennial crops like coffee, and 6.3% all other crops; the figures for the total area in oilseeds, root crops and vegetables are missing. Permanent crops included 112.86 hectares planted in coffee, 103.85 in gesho or hops, and 2.56 in fruit trees.
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The four major crops grown in this woreda are maize, wheat, barley and haricot beans in that order, with some long cycle sorghum and teff as well; in some parts ensete or the false banana is also grown, which offers a degree of security during famines.The Agricultural Weredas of Borena Zone, Oromiya Region, UNDP Emergencies Unit for Ethiopia report (accessed 24 December 2008) Coffee is an important cash crop; over 5,000 hectares are planted with it."Coffee Production" Oromia Coffee Cooperative Union website Industry in the woreda includes 2 coffee pulpers, and a number of traders; deposits of ignimbrite and basalt are known but have not been commercially developed. There were 32 Farmers Associations with 5,643 members and 4 Farmers Service Cooperatives.
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The altitude of this woreda ranges from 750 to 1700 meters above sea level. A survey of the land in this woreda shows that 20% is arable (1.7% was under cultivation), 40.3% pasture, 1.6% forest, and the remaining 38.1% is considered swampy, mountainous or otherwise unusable.Socio-economic profile of the Borena Zone Government of Oromia Region (last accessed 1 August 2006) The forested area includes Arero State Forest, which covers about 10.65 square kilometers and is the most southerly of the high forests of Ethiopia, one of the few places in the Borena Zone with well-grown trees of Juniperus procera."Important Bird Area factsheet: Arero forest, Ethiopia" , BirdLife International website (accessed 31 August 2009) Teff, corn, haricot bean and wheat are important crops in this woreda.
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The modern forms of the major staple foods, such as hemp, teff, maize, rice, wheat and other cereal grasses, pulses, bananas and plantains, as well as hemp, flax and cotton grown for their fibres, are the outcome of prehistoric selection over thousands of years from among wild ancestral plants with the most desirable characteristics. Botanists study how plants produce food and how to increase yields, for example through plant breeding, making their work important to humanity's ability to feed the world and provide food security for future generations. Botanists also study weeds, which are a considerable problem in agriculture, and the biology and control of plant pathogens in agriculture and natural ecosystems. Ethnobotany is the study of the relationships between plants and people.
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LSI+61°303 is a periodic, radio-emitting binary system that is also the gamma- ray source, CG135+01. LSI+61°303 is a variable radio source characterized by periodic, non-thermal radio outbursts with a period of 26.5 d, attributed to the eccentric orbital motion of a compact object, probably a neutron star, around a rapidly rotating B0 Ve star, with a Teff ~26,000 K and luminosity of ~1038 erg s−1. Photometric observations at optical and infrared wavelengths also show a 26.5 d modulation. Of the 20 or so members of the Be X-ray binary systems, as of 1996, only X Per and LSI+61°303 have X-ray outbursts of much higher luminosity and harder spectrum (kT ~ 10–20 keV) vs.
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The primary motive for the expansion of state farms was the desire to reverse the drop in food production that has continued since the revolution. After the 1975 land reform, peasants began withholding grain from the market to drive up prices because government price-control measures had created shortages of consumer items such as coffee, cooking oil, salt, and sugar. Additionally, increased peasant consumption caused shortages of food items such as teff, wheat, corn, and other grains in urban areas. The problem became so serious that Mengistu Haile Mariam, the chairman of the Derg, lashed out against the peasantry on the occasion of the fourth anniversary of military rule in September 1978, criticizing them for their capitalist mentality and their petit bourgeois tendencies.
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Red-billed queleas feed mainly on seeds from a wide range of species, including annual grasses of the genera Echinochloa, Panicum, Setaria, Sorghum, Tetrapogon and Urochloa. One survey at Lake Chad showed that two thirds of the seeds eaten belonged to only three species: African wild rice (Oryza barthii), Sorghum purpureosericeum and jungle rice (Echinochloa colona). When the supply of these seeds runs out, seeds of cereals such as barley (Hordeum disticum), teff (Eragrostis tef), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), manna (Setaria italica), millet (Panicum miliaceum), rice (Oryza sativa), wheat (Triticum), oats (Avena aestiva), as well as buckwheat (Phagopyrum esculentum) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus) are eaten on a large scale. Red-billed queleas have also been observed feeding on crushed corn from cattle feedlots, but entire maize kernels are too big for them to swallow.
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At CFTRI, he worked on metabolic engineering to produce DAG-anti- obesity oil He also introduced crop cultivation of non-native plants such as Salvia hispanica (chia), Chenopodium quinoa (quinoa), Eragrostis tef (teff), Portulaca oleracea (common purslane), Talinum fruticosum (Philippine spinach) and Buglossoides arvensis (corn gromwell) in India as a part of the program. It was under his leadership, CFTRI helped in the formation of a farmers' Co- operative society "Raita Mitra" to help farmers sell their produce at reasonable price. CFTRI also entered into a cooperation with Grassroots Research and Advocacy Movement (GRAAM), a non governmental organization, for supporting tribal women entrepreneurs through transfer of modern technology. Rajasekharan holds 11 patents for the processes he has developed of which nine has been licensed to companies including Dow Chemicals, Nagarjuna Group.
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The major competing hypothesis is the multiregional origin of modern humans, which envisions a wave of Homo sapiens migrating earlier from Africa and interbreeding with local Homo erectus populations in multiple regions of the globe. Most multiregionalists still view Africa as a major wellspring of human genetic diversity, but allow a much greater role for hybridization. Some of the earliest hominin skeletal remains have been found in the wider region, including fossils discovered in the Awash Valley of Ethiopia, as well as in the Koobi Fora in Kenya and Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania. The southern part of East Africa was occupied until recent times by Khoisan hunter-gatherers, whereas in the Ethiopian Highlands the donkey and such crop plants as teff allowed the beginning of agriculture around 7,000 B.C.Diamond, Jared; Guns, Germs and Steel: The Fate of Human Societies; p.
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Moyale is one of the woredas in the Somali Region of Ethiopia. Located at the extreme southwest corner of the Dhawa Zone, Moyale is bounded on the south by Kenya, on the west by the Oromia Region, on the north by Udet, and on the northeast by the Dawa, which separates Moyale from Filtu. The southernmost point of this woreda is the southernmost point of Ethiopia. Towns in this woreda include Chelago. The elevations of this woreda range from about 500 meters along the Dawa to 1500 meters above sea level. According to the woreda administrator in 1994, Ibrahim Abdi, the ecological classification of the woreda is 10% mid-highland and 90% lowland. The total farming area in Moyale is 6,649 hectares, and the average land holding capacity is 2 hectares. The major crops planted are maize, teff and navy beans.
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The altitude woreda ranges from 1120 to 1600 meters above sea level. Rivers include the Awata. State forests include the Genale, Dawa and Hara Kalo. A 2004 survey of the land in this woreda shows that 9.68% is arable or cultivable, 88.5% pasture, 0.93% forest, and the remaining 0.87% is considered swampy, degraded or otherwise unusable.Woreda administration sources, as quoted in Final Report for Aposto-Wendo-Negele (World Bank Report E1546, vol. 1) , p. 64 Cereals include corn, wheat, teff, barley and sorghum; sugar cane, banana and papaya are other important crops.Socio-economic profile of the Guji Zone Government of the Oromia Region (last accessed 4 December 2006) Industry in the woreda includes 20 grain mills, 5 metal or wood works, and 2 brick or tube factories. There were 34 Farmers Associations and 8 Farmers Service Cooperatives.
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Menelik II, king of Shewa The Amharas have historically inhabited the north, central and western parts of Ethiopia, and are mainly agriculturalists, perhaps constituting the earliest farming group in Ethiopia (along with other groups such as Agews, Gurages, Gafats, Argobas, and Hararis) as they mainly produce and use domesticated grains native to their region such as Teff and Nug. Some suggest their origin to be modern-day Yemen (Sheba and Himyar), the Kingdom of Aksum and relocated to (Amhara) Sayint, now known Wollo (named after an oromo clan that migrated to the area in the 16-17th century), a place that was known as the Amhara region in the past. The Amhara are currently one of the two largest ethnic groups in Ethiopia, along with the Oromo.Amhara people, Encyclopædia Britannica (2015) They are sometimes referred to as "Abyssinians" by Western sources.
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IRRI started the Green Revolution raising grain production through rice genetics. Governments in China, India, Indonesia, Vietnam and Cambodia, where two-thirds of the world's rice is produced, are now promoting SRI methods to raise paddy yields. CIIFAD's work on SRI was made possible by the support, provided anonymously, by Charles F. Feeney's Atlantic Philanthropies in 1990. Cornell was given $15 million to work toward sustainable agricultural and rural development with colleagues in developing countries It was in connection with his duties as CIIFAD director that Dr. Uphoff learned about SRI in Madagascar in 1993 and was able to travel to many other countries to encourage other to learn about and evaluate SRI's agroecological methods, which have now been extended or extrapolated to other crops: wheat, finger millet, sugarcane, teff, green, red and black grams, and several vegetables.
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Wild cereals and other wild grasses in northern Israel Ancient grains is a marketing term used to describe a category of grains and pseudocereals that are purported to have been minimally changed by selective breeding over recent millennia, as opposed to more widespread cereals such as corn, rice and modern varieties of wheat, which are the product of thousands of years of selective breeding. Ancient grains are often marketed as being more nutritious than modern grains, though their health benefits have been disputed by some nutritionists. Ancient grains include varieties of wheat: spelt, Khorasan wheat (Kamut), farro, einkorn, and emmer; the grains millet, barley, teff, oats, and sorghum; and the pseudocereals quinoa, amaranth, buckwheat, and chia. Some authors even consider bulgur and freekeh to be ancient grains,Charlie Fox, Freekeh Recipes: A Guide to Cooking with this Ancient Grain, 2020 even though they are usually made from ordinary wheat.
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A wet climatic phase in Africa turned the Ethiopian Highlands into a mountain forest. Omotic speakers domesticated enset around 6500–5500 BC. Around 7000 BC, the settlers of the Ethiopian highlands domesticated donkeys, and by 4000 BC domesticated donkeys had spread to Southwest Asia. Cushitic speakers, partially turning away from cattle herding, domesticated teff and finger millet between 5500 and 3500 BC.Diamond, Jared (1997), Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies, pp. 126–127.Ehret (2002), pp. 64–75, 80–81, 87–88. During the 10th millennium BP, pottery was independently invented in Africa, with the earliest pottery there dating to about 9,400 BC from central Mali. Simon Bradley, A Swiss-led team of archaeologists has discovered pieces of the oldest African pottery in central Mali, dating back to at least 9,400BC , SWI swissinfo.ch – the international service of the Swiss Broadcasting Corporation (SBC), 18 January 2007.
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The great majority are Ethiopian Orthodox Christian, but there are minorities of Muslims, and since the 19th century, Protestants and Catholics mainly in Akele Guzay and Agame. Most Tigrayans are traditionally agriculturalists, practicing plough agriculture (cultivating teff, sorghum, millet, wheat, maize, etc.) and also keeping cattle, sheep and goats (but usually without stock-breeding), and in many areas bees Some Tigrayans groups have a strong local identity and used to have their own traditional, quite autonomous self-organization, sometimes dominated by egalitarian assemblies of elders, sometimes by leading families or local feudal dynasties. In some areas the meritorious complex played a considerable role in achieving a social status, which led to the creation of local honorary titles and social institutions, and, historically, to an active involvement in the warfare of Christian Ethiopia; through this, even the sons of simple peasants could rise considerably in the state of hierarchy. The daily life of Tigrayans are highly influenced by religious concepts.
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The economy of Chilga is predominantly agricultural. According to the Atlas of the Ethiopian Rural Economy published by the CSA, there are no agricultural cooperatives in this woreda. Estimated all-weather road density is reported to be between 10.1 and 20 kilometers per 1000 square kilometers.Atlas of the Ethiopian Rural Economy , pp. 30f Coal-bearing clay seams near Chilga, north-west of Lake Tana and 35 km from Gondar, were explored in 1937, 1952, and 1960. A sample enumeration performed by the CSA in 2001 interviewed 33,624 farmers in this woreda, who held an average of 0.61 hectares of land. The earlier survey found that of the land under cultivation in Chilga, 64.53% was planted in cereals like teff, maize and finger millet, 2.81% in pulses like horse beans, 8.3% in oilseeds like , 0.72% in perennial crops like coffee, 0.62% in root crops, 0.45% in vegetables, and 12.57% all other crops. Permanent crops included 47.13 hectares planted in coffee, 337.01 in gesho or hops, and 8.02 in fruit trees.
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In order to determine whether superflares can occur on the Sun, it is important to narrow the definition of Sun-like stars. When the temperature range is divided into stars with Teff above and below 5600K (early and late G-type stars), stars of lower temperature are about twice as likely to show superflare activity as those in the solar range and those that do so have more flares: the occurrence frequency of flares (number per star per year) is about five times as great in the late-type stars. It is well known that both the rotation rate and the magnetic activity of a star decrease with age in G-type stars. When flare stars are divided into fast and slow rotators, using the rotation period estimated from brightness variations, there is a general tendency for the fastest-rotating (and presumably youngest) stars to show a greater probability of activity: in particular, stars rotating in less than 10 days are 20-30 times more likely to have activity.
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To obtain a good estimate of the primordial abundance of lithium, astronomers François and Monique Spite measured the abundance of lithium in old, population II stars (or old halo stars). Such stars were formed early in the universe out of material that had not been significantly modified by other processes. Their results showed that the curve on a graph of the abundance of lithium versus effective surface temperature formed a plateau among old halo stars for effective temperatures below about: : log Teff ~ 3.75 or roughly 5,600 K. This suggested that the plateau represented the primordial abundance level of lithium in the Milky Way, and thus they were able to estimate that the abundance of lithium at the beginning of the galaxy was: : NLi = (11.2 ± 3.8) × 10−11 NH where NH is the abundance of hydrogen. The current estimates for the primordial abundance of lithium, as measured by this technique, are in tension with the predictions of the standard model of Big Bang nucleosynthesis, a discrepancy known as the lithium problem.
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