Those researchers divided 192 zebrafish into shoals of four fish each, and each shoal was exposed to water only, taurine only, or a combination of taurine and alcohol at a concentration that "would induce moderate human intoxication".
|
|
General Mills added that all of its Blue Buffalo products contain taurine.
|
|
" The company added that taurine, an amino acid, has been thought to be helpful for dogs with DCM, so the company has "fortified" its grain-free recipes with taurine and L-Carnitine, another amino acid, "as prudent nutritional considerations.
|
|
Coco Loko also contains B vitamins, ginkgo biloba, and the stimulants guarana and taurine.
|
|
Taurine and raspberry ketones are both relatively common ingredients: Bottles of raspberry ketone-based supplements are available on Amazon for around the same price as Rae metabolism drops, and taurine is actually found in energy drinks like Red Bull, Monster and Rockstar.
|
|
Plus "intranasal administration" of guarana or taurine hasn't been evaluated for safety, the agency says.
|
|
Dr. Adin noted that some dogs have improved with diet change, medication and taurine supplements.
|
|
But taurine levels in other affected dogs, including mixed breeds, are normal, which puzzles researchers.
|
|
Taurine, a common amino acid, can affect the levels of water and minerals in your blood.
|
|
Investigators speculate that legumes may interfere with the dog's ability to make taurine or perhaps absorb it.
|
|
The fish that had marinated in the booze-and-taurine combo were less likely to engage with each other, but they did display more risk-seeking behavior, spending more time in what the researchers called the "predator zone" than the fish that had been exposed to taurine only or alcohol only.
|
|
The main ingredients are Vitamin C, Glutathione, and selenium, plus Methyl B12, B-complex 100, magnesium, calcium, and taurine.
|
|
Finally, in the darkest hours of morning, taurine and glucose dripping from their pores, they reached the last, dramatic step.
|
|
Specifically, an "infused raw cacao snuff" containing cacao powder along with the energy-drink staples gingko biloba, taurine, and guarana.
|
|
He ran Bentley's levels of taurine, an amino acid essential to a healthy heart that dogs can make on their own.
|
|
The Nutribody drip aims to support fat loss with a combination of l-carnitine, taurine, vitamin C, B complex, among others.
|
|
"Many of the ingredients in energy drinks, such as B vitamins and taurine, are found naturally in many foods," the statement said.
|
|
The product contains mostly raw cacao powder, along with common energy drink ingredients such as gingko biloba, taurine and guarana, Anderson said.
|
|
Richter told Insider that putting your cat on a vegetarian diet is downright dangerous since it would prevent them from getting taurine.
|
|
With "Taurine" and "L-Carnitine" pulsing through my bloodstream, I thought it prudent to start jacking my fellow matrix men with some jibes.
|
|
When they analysed these they found that the "autistic" animals were deficient in taurine and 5-aminovaleric acid, two substances that stimulate GABA's activity.
|
|
Coco Loko contains familiar energy-drink substances, guarana and taurine, and combines them with cacao powder into a "snuff" that's supposed to be snorted.
|
|
Neither taurine nor raspberry ketones have been proven to have any impact on weight loss, the stated goal of the TikTok teens ingesting it.
|
|
The F.D.A. said research has just begun on these uncharacteristic cases of D.C.M. One group, cocker spaniels and golden retrievers, do reveal low taurine levels.
|
|
According to its FDA-mandated supplement facts label, the active ingredients are raspberry ketones, taurine, and caffeine, anchored by vegetable glycerin, water, and citric acid.
|
|
Although we're still quite a ways away from anyone prescribing taurine to help with psychosis, these results do suggest the compound might be worth a deeper look.
|
|
Joshua Stern, a veterinary cardiologist at the University of California, Davis, is tracking 24 golden retrievers with low taurine levels who had been on grain-free diets.
|
|
"Taurine is an amino acid that is important for normal heart function, vision, and reproduction," he explained, adding that it is found only in animal-based proteins.
|
|
This is how your coffee dependence works, too, but when it comes to energy drinks, additional stimulants (like ephedrine, guarana, and taurine) intensify the effects of the caffeine.
|
|
The Depardieu character—taurine himself, in suspenders and plaid shirt—realizes that he and his son need to bond and decides to take him on a real vacation.
|
|
Mixed with taurine, guarara and ginseng, the question is not what snorting chocolate will do to you, but whether we should regulate snorting what is basically an energy drink.
|
|
The impacts that energy drinks may have on your heart and cardiovascular system could be due to how the caffeine interacts with other ingredients, such as the taurine, Higgins said.
|
|
Snow Blow and Blowout both mix it with taurine and vitamin B, which is almost certainly not what your mum had in mind when she told you to take more vitamins.
|
|
According to one 2013 study that looked at liquid hangover treatments, Sprite-like soft drinks are the most effective at reducing acetaldehyde in the body thanks to a common additive: taurine.
|
|
According to a new study, the ingredient taurine, which is found in many energy drinks (including Red Bull), may have some benefits for people going through their first episode of psychosis.
|
|
Coca-Cola Energy, first launched in Spain and Hungary in April, has caffeine from naturally derived sources, guarana extracts, B vitamins and no taurine - a stimulant often found in energy drinks.
|
|
The "Four" represents Four Loko's original cocktail of drugs, a dangerous, bad-boy mix of alcohol, caffeine, taurine, and guarana, that made people feel horny, impenetrable, and drunk all at once.
|
|
According to YBDA GmbH, energy drinks contain 32 milligrams of caffeine as well as taurine, while Mintanine has 15 milligrams of caffeine from natural guarana and shouldn't be considered an energy drink.
|
|
I'd already knocked back three cans of Budget, two Pro Plus and a Lucozade tab, and I was paralysed on the cusp of oblivion, staring into some kind of taurine-induced abyss.
|
|
The bulls were sacrificed in elaborate rituals by taurine priests to bestow their godly powers to the public, and the modern bullfight can be viewed as a distant, commercialized relative of these ancient sacrifices.
|
|
Gingko doesn't seem to have any benefits on based on meta-analyses of scientific research, taurine is a compound already found naturally in meat, and any rush from guarana most likely comes from its caffeine.
|
|
These drinks also contain other stimulants like guarana, taurine, and L-carnitine, and it's these combinations that researchers worry the most about (but don't fully understand), especially when mixed the beverages are mixed with alcohol.
|
|
Then, every day for 12 weeks, half of those participants got 4 grams of taurine (which is actually just an amino acid that can act as an energizing ingredient) while the other half got a placebo.
|
|
" Parker also said that his group's study was the first to show that this combination of taurine and alcohol could cause intoxicated individuals (or at least intoxicated fish) to feel less fear, while increasing the risk that they'd fight or demonstrate "risky behaviors.
|
|
The results, which will be presented this week at the annual meeting of the International Early Psychosis Association, showed that the participants getting taurine over those 12 weeks showed more significant improvements in their symptoms and overall functioning compared to those who got the placebo.
|
|
All of them failed to meet the allowance for at least one essential cat nutrient, such as taurine, iron, or vitamin E, and most failed to meet the allowance of three or more nutrients (at least one recipe provided insufficient levels of 19 nutrients).
|
|
But if you want a little taurine boost to your life now, you should know that you definitely don't have to suck down a Red Bull to get it (and there really are pretty good reasons why you might not want to do that too often, anyways).
|
|
Recipes that were clearly written by non-veterinarians or didn't include instructions to add in supplements flunked worse, while five recipes reviewed by vets had all of the needed nutrients except for choline (in two of these recipes, it was unclear how much taurine was provided).
|
|
Just for reference, here is a list of its ingredients: water, high-fructose corn syrup, apple juice concentrate, citric acid, natural flavor, d-Ribose, malic acid, ascorbic acid, inositol, maltodextrin, guarana seed extract, niacin, calcium pantotherate, taurine, pyridoxine hydrochloride, yellow #5, riboflavin, blue #1, and cyanocobalamin.
|
|
"We found that the addition of taurine, an ingredient in many 'energy' drinks, appears to exacerbate risky choices in zebrafish, as well as reducing their social cohesion," Dr. Matt Parker, a co-author of the study and a Senior Lecturer in Behavioral Pharmacology and Molecular Neuroscience at the University of Portsmouth, told ScienceDaily.
|
|
Most energy drinks typically contain large amounts of caffeine; added sugars; vitamins, such as B vitamins; and legal stimulants, such as guarana, a plant that grows in the Amazon; taurine, an amino acid that's naturally found in meat and fish; and L-carnitine, a substance in our bodies that helps turn fat into energy.
|
|
"There's been several cases described of people that have gone into cardiac arrest after consuming more than one energy beverage, and when they've done sort of further analysis on these individuals, they haven't been able to find anything abnormal other than the very high levels of caffeine and taurine in the toxicology," Higgins said.
|
|
In enzymology, a taurine-2-oxoglutarate transaminase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction :taurine + 2-oxoglutarate \rightleftharpoons sulfoacetaldehyde + L-glutamate Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are taurine and 2-oxoglutarate, whereas its two products are sulfoacetaldehyde and L-glutamate. This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically the transaminases, which transfer nitrogenous groups. The systematic name of this enzyme class is taurine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase. Other names in common use include taurine aminotransferase, taurine transaminase, taurine- alpha-ketoglutarate aminotransferase, and taurine-glutamate transaminase.
|
|
The availability of taurine is affected depending on how the food is prepared, raw diets retaining the most taurine, and baking or boiling resulting in the greatest taurine loss. Taurine levels were found to be significantly lower in vegans than in a control group on a standard American diet. Plasma taurine was 78% of control values, and urinary taurine was 29%. Prematurely born infants are believed to lack the enzymes needed to convert cystathionine to cysteine, and may, therefore, become deficient in taurine.
|
|
In diabetic rats, taurine supplementation slighly reduced abdominal body fat while improving glucose tolerance. Taurine is effective in removing fatty liver deposits in rats, preventing liver disease, and reducing cirrhosis in tested animals. Evidence indicates taurine may be beneficial for blood pressure in male rats. A single intravenous taurine supplementation resulted in measurable decreases in blood pressure.
|
|
Taurine cattle (Bos taurus taurus), also called European cattle, are a subspecies of domesticated cattle originating in the Near East. Both taurine cattle and indicine cattle (zebus) are descended from the aurochs. Taurine cattle were originally considered a distinct species, but are now typically grouped with zebus and aurochs into one species, Bos taurus. Most modern breeds of cattle are taurine cattle.
|
|
Taurine deficiency could also be due to the use of rendered, highly processed meat sources that are low in taurine. Regardless of the cause, taurine is now artificially supplemented back into the diet after processing in the production of most commercial pet food.
|
|
Taurine is necessary for normal skeletal muscle functioning. Mice with a genetic taurine deficiency had a nearly complete depletion of skeletal and cardiac muscle taurine levels and a reduction of more than 80% of exercise capacity compared to control mice. Taurine can influence (and possibly reverse) defects in nerve blood flow, motor nerve conduction velocity, and nerve sensory thresholds in experimental diabetic neuropathic rats.
|
|
Many passerines seek out taurine-rich spiders to feed their young, particularly just after hatching. Researchers compared the behaviours and development of birds fed a taurine-supplemented diet to a control diet and found the juveniles fed taurine-rich diets as neonates were much larger risk takers and more adept at spatial learning tasks. Taurine has been used in some cryopreservation mixes for animal artificial insemination.
|
|
Taurine is an amino acid, which is essential in cat diets due to their low capacity to synthesize it. Because of taurine has the ability to cross the blood–brain barrier in the brain, it has been found to have a role in many neurological functions, especially in the visual development. Without taurine, felines can have an abnormal morphology in the cerebellum and visual cortex. When cats were fed a diet deficient in taurine, this leads to a decrease in the concentration of taurine in the retina of the eye.
|
|
In enzymology, a taurine-transporting ATPase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction :ATP + H2O + taurineout \rightleftharpoons ADP + phosphate + taurinein The 3 substrates of this enzyme are ATP, H2O, and taurine, whereas its 3 products are ADP, phosphate, and taurine. This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on acid anhydrides to catalyse transmembrane movement of substances. The systematic name of this enzyme class is ATP phosphohydrolase (taurine-importing).
|
|
Studies made on dog heart slices suggested that heart tissue may be capable of converting taurine to isethionic acid, further experiments demonstrated that this tissue may synthetize taurine from cystine.
|
|
Other names in common use include 2-aminoethanesulfonate dioxygenase, and alpha- ketoglutarate-dependent taurine dioxygenase. This enzyme participates in taurine and hypotaurine metabolism. It has 3 cofactors: iron, Ascorbate, and Fe2+.
|
|
However, when rats were supplemented with taurine in their drinking water, only female rats showed an increase in blood pressure. Both genders showed significant tachycardia. Likewise, taurine administration to diabetic rabbits resulted in 30% decrease in serum glucose levels. Cats lack the enzymatic machinery to produce taurine and must therefore acquire it from their diet.
|
|
There should not be a significant difference in the bioavailability or efficacy of the taurine content in vegan foods, as most conventional food brands will also supplement their formula with synthetic taurine.
|
|
Hypotaurine is enzymatically oxidized to yield taurine by hypotaurine dehydrogenase. Taurine is also produced by the transsulfuration pathway, which converts homocysteine into cystathionine. The cystathionine is then converted to hypotaurine by the sequential action of three enzymes: cystathionine gamma-lyase, cysteine dioxygenase, and cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase. Hypotaurine is then oxidized to taurine as described above.
|
|
Terme Taurine, also known as the Taurine Baths, is a former Roman bathhouse complex located outside of the Italian city of Civitavecchia.Informational panel located at the Terme Taurine cite, produced by the Universa De Roma Departmento De Biologia and the Commune of Civitavechia. The site contains ruins dating to both Republican and Imperial era Rome, with the oldest structures at Terme Taurine having been built in the first century BC. In modern era, the baths are considered an archaeological park.
|
|
In enzymology, a taurine dehydrogenase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction :taurine + H2O + acceptor \rightleftharpoons sulfoacetaldehyde + NH3 \+ reduced acceptor The 3 substrates of this enzyme are taurine, H2O, and acceptor, whereas its 3 products are sulfoacetaldehyde, NH3, and reduced acceptor. This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-NH2 group of donors with other acceptors. The systematic name of this enzyme class is taurine:acceptor oxidoreductase (deaminating). This enzyme is also called taurine:(acceptor) oxidoreductase (deaminating).
|
|
Taurine deficiency can also lead to retinal degeneration, reproduction problems, gastrointestinal disease and decreased development and function of skeletal muscles and the central nervous system. Plant-based diets may contain enough methionine and cysteine to meet AAFCO standards, but these values do not include the endogenous conversion to taurine. Thus, dietary supplementation with taurine is advised, especially for dogs susceptible to or diagnosed with dilated cardiomyopathy. Because taurine is only synthesized in animals, vegetarian and vegan products have to rely on a synthetic form.
|
|
This protein family consists of TauD/TfdA taurine catabolism dioxygenases. The Escherichia coli tauD gene is required for the utilization of taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid) as a sulfur source and is expressed only under conditions of sulfate starvation. TauD is an alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase catalyzing the oxygenolytic release of sulfite from taurine. The 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid/alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase from Burkholderia sp.
|
|
This enzyme participates in taurine metabolism. It employs one cofactor, pyridoxal phosphate.
|
|
Taurine is excreted out of the body or used in the body.
|
|
Tiger is rich in B vitamins, taurine and caffeine (32 mg/100ml).
|
|
The taurine requirement of the adult cat. Journal of Small Animal Practice, 23(9), 533-537. Kittens deprived of taurine can experience poor growth and can result in retinal degeneration in cats.Markwell, P. J., & Earle, K. E. (1995).
|
|
Yakutian cattle belong to the East Asian Turano-Mongolian group of taurine cattle.Juha Kantanen, et al. (2009): "Maternal and paternal genealogy of Eurasian taurine cattle (Bos taurus)." Heredity (2009) 103, pp. 404–415; published online 15 July 2009. Pdf-version.
|
|
Taurine is essential for cardiovascular function and development and function of skeletal muscle, the retina, and the central nervous system. It is a biosynthetic precursor to the bile salts sodium taurochenodeoxycholate and sodium taurocholate. Taurine functions as an antioxidant, suppressing the toxicity of hypochlorite and hypobromite produced physiologically. Taurine reacts with these halogenating agents to form N-chloro- and N-bromotaurine, which are less toxic than their precursors hypohalides.
|
|
In enzymology, a tauropine dehydrogenase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction :tauropine + NAD+ \+ H2O \rightleftharpoons taurine + pyruvate + NADH + H+ The 3 products of this enzyme are tauropine, NAD+, and H2O, whereas its 4 substrates are taurine, pyruvate, NADH, and H+. This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH- NH group of donors with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N2-(D-1-carboxyethyl)taurine:NAD+ oxidoreductase (taurine- forming). This enzyme is also called 2-N-(D-1-carboxyethyl)taurine:NAD+ oxidoreductase (taurine-forming).
|
|
Turano-Mongolian cattle are a group of taurine cattle that are found in Northern and Eastern Asia. They are morphologically and genetically distinct from the Near-Eastern group of taurine cattle, from which European cattle are descended; they may have been domesticated independently.
|
|
Glutaurine is an endogenous dipeptide which is an amide formed from glutamic acid and taurine.
|
|
This enzyme participates in cysteine metabolism and taurine metabolism. It employs one cofactor, pyridoxal phosphate.
|
|
Synthetic taurine is obtained by the ammonolysis of isethionic acid (2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid), which in turn is obtained from the reaction of ethylene oxide with aqueous sodium bisulfite. A direct approach involves the reaction of aziridine with sulfurous acid. In 1993, about 5,000–6,000 tons of taurine were produced for commercial purposes: 50% for pet food and 50% in pharmaceutical applications. As of 2010, China alone has more than 40 manufacturers of taurine.
|
|
In enzymology, a taurine-pyruvate aminotransferase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction :taurine + pyruvate \rightleftharpoons L-alanine + 2-sulfoacetaldehyde Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are taurine and pyruvate, whereas its two products are L-alanine and 2-sulfoacetaldehyde. This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically the transaminases, which transfer nitrogenous groups. The systematic name of this enzyme class is taurine:pyruvate aminotransferase. This enzyme is also called Tpa.
|
|
This form of dilated cardiomyopathy is in many cases reversible if the dog receives taurine supplementation.
|
|
This enzyme participates in 3 metabolic pathways: taurine and hypotaurine metabolism, pyruvate metabolism, and propanoate metabolism.
|
|
In enzymology, a taurine dioxygenase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction :taurine + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 \rightleftharpoons sulfite + aminoacetaldehyde + succinate + CO2 The 3 substrates of this enzyme are taurine, 2-oxoglutarate, and O2, whereas its 4 products are sulfite, aminoacetaldehyde, succinate, and CO2. This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into each donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is taurine, 2-oxoglutarate:O2 oxidoreductase (sulfite-forming).
|
|
Since the 2000s cosmetic compositions containing taurine have been introduced, possibly due to its antifibrotic properties. It has been shown to prevent the damaging effects of TGFB1 to hair follicles. It also helps to maintain skin hydration. Taurine is also used in some contact lens solutions.
|
|
Taurine occurs naturally in fish and meat. The mean daily intake from omnivore diets was determined to be around 58 mg (range from 9 to 372 mg) and to be low or negligible from a strict vegan diet. In another study, taurine intake was estimated to be generally less than 200 mg/day, even in individuals eating a high-meat diet. According to a third study, taurine consumption was estimated to vary between 40 and 400 mg/day.
|
|
Unlike CRD, the condition is reversible with supplementation. Taurine is now a requirement of the Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) and any dry or wet food product labeled approved by the AAFCO should have a minimum of 0.1% taurine in dry food and 0.2% in wet food. Studies suggest the amino acid should be supplied at 10 mg/kg of bodyweight/day for domestic cats. Taurine appears essential to the development of passerine birds.
|
|
It essentially take light and converts it into electrical nerve signals that the brain interprets as vision. The retina contains rods and cones which are photo-receptors that help the animal see (rods) and see certain colours (cones). Retinal degeneration can be caused by a taurine deficiency, which is why many cat foods are supplemented with taurine. Central retinal deficiency is irreversible but its effects can be significantly hindered by a diet supplemented with adequate amounts of taurine.
|
|
For treating diet-related DCM, food changes and taurine supplementation are typically indicated, along with traditional treatments as necessary. Dilated cardiomyopathy is also a disease affecting some cat breeds, including the Oriental Shorthair, Burmese, Persian, and Abyssinian. In cats, taurine deficiency is the most common cause of dilated cardiomyopathy. As opposed to these hereditary forms, non-hereditary DCM used to be common in the overall cat population before the addition of taurine to commercial cat food.
|
|
The retina contains rods and cones, which are photo-receptors that help the animal see (rods) and visualize certain colors (cones). Retinal degeneration can be caused by a taurine deficiency, which is why many cat foods are supplemented with taurine. Central retinal deficiency is irreversible, but its effects can be significantly hindered if a diet supplemented with adequate amounts of taurine is provided. Vitamin deficiencies in A and E can also lead to retinal degeneration in cats.
|
|
Stronger formulas of the drink include Lipovitan D, which contains 1000 mg of taurine, 20 mg of nicotinic acid extract (vitamin B3), 5 mg each of vitamin B1, B2 and B6, and 50 mg of caffeine.I Want More Japan Lipovitan D Super contains 2000 mg of taurine and 300 mg of arginine. MAXIO contains 3000 mg of taurine. The warning label on all of its products say not to consume more than 100 ml per day.
|
|
Reihe 4, Bd. 16. 1983) 123.Heinz, W. (1986). Die Terme Taurine von Civitavecchia – ein römisches Heilbad.
|
|
Taurine is naturally derived from cysteine. Mammalian taurine synthesis occurs in the pancreas via the cysteine sulfinic acid pathway. In this pathway, cysteine is first oxidized to its sulfinic acid, catalyzed by the enzyme cysteine dioxygenase. Cysteine sulfinic acid, in turn, is decarboxylated by sulfinoalanine decarboxylase to form hypotaurine.
|
|
Aminoacetaldehyde is the organic compound with the formula OHCCH2NH2. Under the usual laboratory conditions, it is unstable, tending instead to undergo self-condensation. Aminoacetaldehyde diethylacetal is a stable surrogate. In nature, aminoacetaldehyde is produced by oxygenation of taurine catalyzed by taurine dioxygenase, which produces the sulfite H2NCH2CH(OH)SO3−.
|
|
Previous studies have also reported that taurine, an amino sulphonic acid, when given to myotonic patients can reduce the symptoms of the condition.Conte Camerino, D.; Bryant, S.H.; Mambrini, M.; Franconi, F.; Giotti, A. (1990). "The action of taurine on muscle fibers of normal and congenitally myotonic goats". Pharmacological Research.
|
|
A taurine deficiency in cats can lead to retinal degeneration and eventually blindness. Other effects of a diet lacking in this essential amino acid are dilated cardiomyopathy and reproductive failure in females. The absence of taurine causes a cat's retina to slowly degenerate, causing eye problems and (eventually) irreversible blindness – a condition known as central retinal degeneration (CRD), as well as hair loss and tooth decay. Decreased plasma taurine concentration has been demonstrated to be associated with feline dilated cardiomyopathy.
|
|
Sodium- and chloride-dependent taurine transporter is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC6A6 gene.
|
|
Some IAA include GABA, Glycine, β-Alanine, and Taurine. The IAA depress the activity of post-synaptic cells.
|
|
The sanga cattle (Bos taurus africanus), a zebu- like cattle breed with no back hump, is commonly believed to originate from crosses between humped zebus and taurine cattle breeds. A 1991 study of the bone morphology of domestic taurine cattle from Egypt from the third millennium theorised that sanga cattle were independently domesticated in Africa and that bloodlines of taurine and zebu cattle were introduced only within the last few hundred years. However, a 1996 study of mitochondrial genetics indicates this is highly unlikely. A number of mitochondrial DNA studies, most recently from the 2010s, suggest that all domesticated taurine cattle originated from about 80 wild female aurochs in the Near East.
|
|
Taurine has many biological roles, such as conjugation of bile acids, antioxidation, osmoregulation, membrane stabilization, and modulation of calcium signaling. It is essential for cardiovascular function, and development and function of skeletal muscle, the retina, and the central nervous system. Taurine is an unusual example of a naturally occurring sulfonic acid.
|
|
TUG1 (taurine upregulated gene 1) is a long non-coding RNA expressed in the retina and in the brain. It was first identified in a screen for genes upregulated by in developing retinal cells in response to taurine. It is required for the normal development of photoreceptors in the retina.
|
|
Cysteine sulfinic acid is then metabolized further via two divergent pathways: decarboxylated to hypotaurine by sulfinoalanine decarboxylase and oxidized to taurine by hypotaurine dehydrogenase; or transaminated to a putative 3-sulfinylpyruvate intermediate, which decomposes spontaneously into pyruvate and sulfite. Sulfite can then be oxidized to sulfate by sulfite oxidase. Thus CDO is necessary for hypotaurine/taurine and sulfite/sulfate production. The role of CDO may vary between cell types as it can either be used primarily for taurine or sulfate production or for degradation of cysteine.
|
|
Taurine has been shown to reduce the secretion of apolipoprotein B100 and lipids in HepG2 cells. High concentrations of serum lipids and apolipoprotein B100 (essential structural component of VLDL and LDL) are major risk factors of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. Hence, taurine supplementation is possibly beneficial for the prevention of these diseases.
|
|
A review published in 2008 found no documented reports of negative or positive health effects associated with the amount of taurine used in energy drinks, concluding, "The amounts of guarana, taurine, and ginseng found in popular energy drinks are far below the amounts expected to deliver either therapeutic benefits or adverse events".
|
|
Modern mitochondrial DNA variation indicates the taurine line may have arisen from as few as 80 aurochs tamed in the upper reaches of Mesopotamia near the villages of Çayönü Tepesi in what is now southeastern Turkey and Dja'de el-Mughara in what is now northern Iraq. Although European cattle are largely descended from the taurine lineage, gene flow from African cattle (partially of indicine origin) contributed substantial genomic components to both southern European cattle breeds and their New World descendants. A study on 134 breeds showed that modern taurine cattle originated from Africa, Asia, North and South America, Australia, and Europe. Some researchers have suggested that African taurine cattle are derived from a third independent domestication from North African aurochsen.
|
|
Drug treatment cannot be used to replace nutritional support (i.e. supplementary feeding). Two breeders having read the report by Sturgess et al (which was inconclusive) believe that Taurine plays a part in the condition. These breeders give the queen large doses of Taurine (1000 mg) daily until the kittens recover – apparently within a few days.
|
|
In enzymology, a hypotaurine dehydrogenase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction :hypotaurine + H2O + NAD+ \rightleftharpoons taurine + NADH + H+ The 3 substrates of this enzyme are hypotaurine, H2O, and NAD+, whereas its 3 products are taurine, NADH, and H+. This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on a sulfur group of donors with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is hypotaurine:NAD+ oxidoreductase. This enzyme participates in taurine and hypotaurine metabolism. It has 2 cofactors: heme, and Molybdenum.
|
|
Avian erythrocytes (red blood cells) have been shown to contain approximately ten times the amount of taurine (an amino acid) as mammal erythrocytes. Taurine has a fairly large list of physiological functions; but in birds, it can have an important influence on osmoregulation. It helps the movement of ions in erythrocytes by altering the permeability of the membrane and regulating osmotic pressure within the cell. The regulation of osmotic pressure is achieved by the influx or efflux of taurine relative to changes in the osmolarity of the blood.
|
|
Taurine is a non-protein sulfur amino acid that is found in high concentrations in human milk. It has been shown to have neuroprotective and neuromodulating properties. While it is an inhibitory neurotransmitter, its ability to cross the blood brain barrier is limited. There is a lot of literature that indicates that taurine acts as antagonist at GABAA and GABAB receptors which may further enhance its ability to treat patients with SSADH deficiency, but further pharmacological studies are yet to be conducted to see if taurine could serve a therapeutic purpose.
|
|
One of the main processes that occur in B. wadsworthia is hydrogen sulfide production, which is the product responsible for the bacterium's signature black dot. B. wadsworthia is able to produce hydrogen sulfide through its taurine desulfonation pathway using isethionate sulfite-lyase (IslA). The bacterium converts taurine to hydrogen sulfide when it respires taurine. The production of hydrogen sulfide is connected to the human intestinal microbiota; although there are some benefits to hydrogen sulfide production in the gut like cardioprotection, hydrogen sulfide production also contributes to disease pathology.
|
|
Semtex contains the maximum allowed amounts of caffeine and taurine, while the Semtex Forte version contains a higher concentration of glucuronolactone.
|
|
Isethionic acid is used as a starting material in the industrial production of taurine. Dehydration of isethionic acid gives vinylsulfonic acid.
|
|
Postnatal taurine deficiency in the kitten results in a persistence of the cerebellar external granule cell layer: correction by taurine feeding. Journal of Neuroscience Research, 13(4), 521-528. As it is an indispensable amino acid, it must be provided exogenously through the diet at 10 mg/kg bodyweight/day.Burger, I. H., & Barnett, K. C. (1982).
|
|
Authorities in France, Denmark, and Norway initially kept Red Bull from being sold domestically. However, , it is on sale in all 27 member states of the European Union and in more than 167 countries around the world. The French food safety agency was concerned about taurine. A Red Bull drink that did not contain taurine was introduced.
|
|
Hypotaurine is a sulfinic acid that is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of taurine. Like taurine, it also acts as an endogenous neurotransmitter via action on the glycine receptors.Kalir, Asher; Kalir, Henry H. "Biological activity of sulfinic acid derivatives" in Chemistry of Sulphinic Acids, Esters Their Derivatives Edited by Patai, Saul. Wiley, New York, 1990, pp. 665.
|
|
GAT2 is expressed in hepatocytes and is well positioned to take up GABA entering the liver from the intestine (via the portal vein), but it is not known if this is an important function. On the other hand, GAT2 is also able to transport taurine and it appears to be the major taurine transporter in the liver.
|
|
Flushing, New York:United States Patent Office. Unfortunately, the extrusion process actually denatures some of nutritional elements of the food. Taurine deficiency has been found in dogs and cats fed extruded commercial diets. Not usually considered an essential nutrient for dogs, taurine is plentiful in most whole meats, whether raw or cooked, but is reduced in extruded diets.
|
|
Molecular Biology and Evolution. "Modern Taurine Cattle descended from small number of Near-Eastern founders". March 7, 2012. Accessed April 2, 2012.
|
|
Unlike regular Squirt, Squirt Citrus Power is caffeinated, lacks concentrated grapefruit juice, and contains taurine and other ingredients similar to an energy drink.
|
|
For this reason, the eating of shellfish is often encouraged by dietitians. Shellfish are also a rich source of the amino acid taurine.
|
|
The enzyme L-cysteate sulfo- lyase catalyzes this conversion. Cysteate is not a biosynthetic precursor to taurine, which is derived from cysteine sulfinate.
|
|
A substantial increase in the plasma concentration of growth hormone was reported in some epileptic patients during taurine tolerance testing (oral dose of 50 mg per kg body mass per day), suggesting a potential to stimulate the hypothalamus and to modify neuroendocrine function. A 1966 study found an indication that taurine (2 g/day) has some function in the maintenance and possibly in the induction of psoriasis. Three later studies failed to support that finding. It may also be necessary to take into consideration that absorption of taurine from beverages may be more rapid than from foods.
|
|
The sulfur-containing amino acid, taurine, is primarily found in meat and dairy products and assists in the uptake of calcium into cardiac cells, thus associated with proper myocardial functioning. Taurine is considered conditionally essential for dogs because they are able to synthesize it themselves when adequate concentrations of the other sulphur containing amino acids, methionine and cysteine, are consumed. A low amount of sulphuric amino acids have been linked to decreased food intake, a negative nitrogen balance, and in growing dogs, stunted growth rate. Low levels of taurine increase the risk of developing cardiac conditions, namely dilated cardiomyopathy.
|
|
Terme Taurine was first established on a hill overlooking Civitavecchia during the Roman Republican era in the 86 B.C. The bathhouse was known as the Taurine Baths in reference to the nearby village of Aquae Tauri, which is no longer in existence. Local legend holds that the hot spring that the baths were fed by was created when a bull stamped his hoof on ground, causing hot water to spring forth. The republic era ruins at Terme Taurine featured beauty parlors, changing rooms, and hot and cold pools. Several of these pools and the mosaics adorning them can still be visited.
|
|
The republic era baths also once held a shrine to water nymphs, who were believed by the Romans to be the guardian spirits of underground springs. The complex at Terme Taurine was greatly expanded by Roman emperor Hadrian (117 - 138 AD) from 123 to 136 AD. The Imperial era baths at Terme Taurine were open to all social classes, with some people being granted free admission. In addition to baths, the Imperial section of Terme Taurine also contained a library and housing for vendors. During the imperial era, the baths became a popular stop-over site for visitors to the nearby port.
|
|
Taurine is an ingredient in energy drinks. Many contain 1000 mg per serving,rockstar69.com Original Rockstar Ingredients and some as much as 2000 mg. The addition of taurine could be an attempt to add a nervous system depressant in order to reduce the negative symptoms of higher doses of caffeine, but there is no clear evidence to support that view.
|
|
Taurine has an observed safe level of supplemental intake in normal healthy adults at up to 3 g/day. Even so, a study by the European Food Safety Authority found no adverse effects for up to 1,000 mg of taurine per kilogram of body weight per day."EFSA adopts opinion on two ingredients commonly used in some energy drinks". 12 February 2009. efsa.europa.eu.
|
|
Genetic research suggests the entire modern stock of taurine cattle may have arisen from as few as 80 aurochs tamed in the upper reaches of Mesopotamia about 10,500 years ago near the villages of Çayönü in southeastern Turkey and Dja'de el Mughara in northern Iraq.Bollongino, Ruth, at al. Molecular Biology and Evolution. "Modern Taurine Cattle descended from small number of Near-Eastern founders".
|
|
The scientific name of zebu cattle was originally Bos indicus, but they are now more commonly classified within the species Bos taurus as B. t. indicus, together with taurine cattle (B. t. taurus) and the extinct ancestor of both of them, the aurochs (B. t. primigenius). Taurine ("European") cattle are descended from the Eurasian aurochs, while zebu are descended from the Indian aurochs.
|
|
It has been used in the creation of numerous taurine-indicine hybrids, some of which – such as the Brahmousin – are established as separate breeds.
|
|
Other names in common use include persulfurase, cysteamine oxygenase, and cysteamine:oxygen oxidoreductase. This enzyme participates in taurine and hypotaurine metabolism. It employs one cofactor, iron.
|
|
In a hypotonic environment, cells will swell and eventually shrink; this shrinkage is due to efflux of taurine. This process also works in the opposite way in hypertonic environments. In hypertonic environments cells tend to shrink and then enlarge; this enlargement is due to an influx in taurine, effectively changing the osmotic pressure. This adaptation allows the flamingo to regulate between differences in salinity.
|
|
Taurine is a teacher in Life and Earth Sciences at a Secondary School, she also carries out union duties at the National Union of Secondary Education.
|
|
He is credited with the discoveries of acrolein and acrylic acid.Discovery of Acrolein and Acrylic acid He also performed important research involving the composition of taurine.
|
|
SeHCAT (23-seleno-25-homotaurocholic acid, selenium homocholic acid taurine, or tauroselcholic acid) is a drug used in a clinical test to diagnose bile acid malabsorption.
|
|
Taurine is an organic acid found in animal tissues. It is a major constituent of bile and can be found in the large intestine. Taurine has many biological roles, such as conjugation of bile acids, antioxidation, membrane stabilization, and modulation of calcium signaling. It is essential for cardiovascular function in cats, as well as the development and function of skeletal muscle, the retinas, and the central nervous system.
|
|
Taurine: an essential nutrient for the cat. A brief review of the biochemistry of its requirement and the clinical consequences of deficiency. Nutrition research, 15(1), 53-58.
|
|
Taurine has been successfully used in a single case open study in a child with SSADH deficiency; with resolving of brain lesions, and improvement in coordination and gait.
|
|
Taurine, a popular dietary supplement ingredient with claims made for sports performance, is technically not an amino acid. It is synthesized in the body from the amino acid cysteine.
|
|
7 March 2012. Accessed 8 May 2015. The genome sequence of the Hereford breed of taurine cattle was published by the Bovine Genome Sequencing and Analysis Consortium in 2009.
|
|
Systematic relationships in the Bovini (Artiodactyla, Bovidae). Zeitschrift für Zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung, 4:264–278., quoted in The hybrid origin of some types may not be obvious – for example, genetic testing of the Dwarf Lulu breed, the only taurine-type cattle in Nepal, found them to be a mix of taurine cattle, zebu, and yak. However, cattle cannot be successfully hybridized with more distantly related bovines such as water buffalo or African buffalo.
|
|
The Hanwoo was listed by the FAO as "not at risk" in 2007. In 2003, the total population was reported to be about ; in 2014, it was reported as . In 2001, the Hanwoo was suggested to be a hybrid between taurine and indicine cattle. A mitochondrial DNA study in 2010 found it to be closely related to two taurine breeds, the Holstein and the Japanese Black, and distinctly different from the indicine Nellore and .
|
|
Officials Say New Alcoholic Soda Targets Teens, foxnews.com In order to cooperate with FDA regulations, Blast by Colt does not contain caffeine, taurine, or guarana. 160,000 cans are produced monthly.
|
|
In 2014, single- nucleotide polymorphism analysis found Korean cattle to form a distinct group with the Yanbian breed of China, separate from European taurine breeds and distant from the indicine group.
|
|
Rhythm was a citrus flavoured liqueur infused with caffeine, ginseng, damiana, taurine, Vitamin B6, Vitamin B12, guarana, and electrolytes made by RJS Spirits LLC, an American company based in Louisville, Kentucky.
|
|
Bénédicte Taurine (born 18 June 1976) is a French politician representing la France Insoumise. She was elected to the French National Assembly on 18 June 2017, representing the department of Ariège.
|
|
Due to the expected dissociation of magnesium taurate in the body before absorption, safety data on magnesium and taurine can be used to evaluate the safety of magnesium taurate. Taurine has an observed safe level of supplemental intake in normal healthy adults at up to 3 g/day. Using the same level as an approximation for taurate yields a limit of 3.3 g/day for magnesium taurate, or alternatively 300 mg/day for elemental magnesium as taurate.
|
|
In enzymology, a chenodeoxycholoyltaurine hydrolase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction :chenodeoxycholoyltaurine + H2O \rightleftharpoons chenodeoxycholate + taurine Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are chenodeoxycholoyltaurine and H2O, whereas its two products are chenodeoxycholate and taurine. This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, those acting on carbon-nitrogen bonds other than peptide bonds, specifically in linear amides. The systematic name of this enzyme class is chenodeoxycholoyltaurine amidohydrolase. This enzyme participates in bile acid biosynthesis.
|
|
Most of these enterprises employ the ethanolamine method to produce a total annual production of about 3,000 tons. In the laboratory taurine can be produced by alkylation of ammonia with bromoethanesulfonate salts.
|
|
It is unstable under normal laboratory conditions, but the hydrochloride [CH3C(O)CH2NH3]Cl is readily isolable. Aminoacetone is derived from decarboxylation of alanine. Aminoacetaldehyde is produced by the hydroxylation of taurine.
|
|
Deletion of the GAT2 gene in mice does not appear to have any dramatic effects on brain function in a normal situation. The only difference noted so far is a slight elevation of brain Taurine levels. This was an unexpected finding, but is in agreement with the notion that GAT2 permits efflux of GABA and taurine from the brain to circulating blood through the blood brain barrier. GAT1 and GAT3 have higher concentrations in the brain and have higher affinity to GABA.
|
|
The Indian aurochs is sometimes regarded as a distinct species.MacHugh et al., 1997: "Microsatellite DNA Variation and the Evolution, Domestication and Phylogeography of Taurine and Zebu Cattle (Bos taurus and Bos indicus)". Genetics, Vol.
|
|
Hybrid individuals and even breeds exist, not only between taurine cattle and zebu (such as the sanga cattle, Bos taurus africanus), but also between one or both of these and some other members of the genus Bosyaks (the dzo or yattle"Yattle What?" , The Washington Post, 11 August 2007), banteng, and gaur. Hybrids such as the beefalo breed can even occur between taurine cattle and either species of bison, leading some authors to consider them part of the genus Bos, as well.Groves, C. P., 1981.
|
|
This results in deterioration of the photoreceptors, followed by complete blindness. Based on AAFCO Dog and Cat Food Nutrient Profiles (2014), the minimum amount of taurine for the growth and reproduction in cat food is 0.10% (extruded) and 0.20% (canned) on a dry matter basis and 0.25g (extruded) and 0.50g (canned) per 1000 kcal ME per day. For minimum adult maintenance, taurine is recommended at 0.10% (extruded) and 0.20% (canned) on a dry matter basis and 0.25g (extruded) and 0.50g (canned) per 1000 kcal ME per day.
|
|
Nandipada. Indian coin of Apollodotus I, with a Nandipada taurine symbol on the hump of the zebu bull. The Nandipada ("foot of Nandi") is an ancient Indian symbol, also called a taurine symbol, representing a bull's hoof or the mark left by the foot of a bull in the ground. The nandipada and the zebu bull are generally associated with Nandi, Shiva 's humped bull in Hinduism.Many Heads, Arms, and Eyes: Origin, Meaning, and Form of Multiplicity in Indian Art, Doris Srinivasan, BRILL, 1997, p.
|
|
By volume, Krating Daeng has 33% less caffeine than Red Bull; Krating Daeng contains 32mg caffeine per 150ml bottle, while Red Bull contains 80mg per 250ml bottle. Krating Daeng also contains taurine, glucose and B vitamins.
|
|
Magnesium taurate, also known as magnesium ditaurate, is the magnesium salt of taurine, and a mineral supplement. It contains 8.9% elemental magnesium by mass. Accordingly, 100 mg of magnesium is contained in 1121 mg of magnesium taurate.
|
|
Taurine exists as a zwitterion H3N+CH2CH2SO3−, as verified by X-ray crystallography. The sulfonic acid has a low pKa ensuring that it is fully ionized to the sulfonate at the pH's found in the intestinal tract.
|
|
Taurine (), or 2-aminoethanesulfonic acid, is an organic compound that is widely distributed in animal tissues. It is a major constituent of bile and can be found in the large intestine, and accounts for up to 0.1% of total human body weight. Taurine is named after the Latin taurus (a cognate of the Greek ταῦρος) which means bull or ox, as it was first isolated from ox bile in 1827 by German scientists Friedrich Tiedemann and Leopold Gmelin. It was discovered in human bile in 1846 by Edmund Ronalds.
|
|
VRACs are crucial for transport of not only chloride, but also taurine, glutamate, and aspartate. These organic osmolytes are important for more than cellular volume regulation as they are also very crucial for extracellular signaling. To set the stage for VRACs role in extracellular signaling, we must discuss some consequences that the release of glutamate and taurine from VRACs has on surrounding neurons respectively. For glutamate, when excitatory neurotransmitters are released and activates channels on surrounding neurons, it results in overactive depolarization, and increase in calcium ions, and eventually cellular apoptosis.
|
|
Ingredients are carbonated water, citric acid, taurine, natural and artificial flavors, sodium citrate, sodium benzoate, ginseng extract, caffeine, vegetable juice, acesulfame potassium, sucralose, carnitine fumarate, niacinamide (Vitamin B3), pyridoxine hydrochloride (Vitamin B6), Guarana extract, and cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B12).
|
|
The retinal toxicity of vigabatrin can be attributed to a taurine depletion. Due to safety issues, the Vigabatrin REMS Program is required by the FDA to ensure informed decisions before initiating and to ensure appropriate use of this drug.
|
|
Zebu have humps on the shoulders, large dewlaps, and droopy ears. Compared to taurine cattle, zebus are well adapted to the hot, dry environment of the tropics. Adaptations include resistance to drought and tolerance of intense heat and sunlight.
|
|
Ingredients are water, high-fructose corn syrup and/or sucrose, apple juice concentrate, citric acid, natural flavor, d-Ribose, malic acid, ascorbic acid, inositol, maltodextrin, guarana seed extract, niacin, calcium pantotherate, taurine, pyridoxine hydrochloride, yellow #5, riboflavin, blue #1, cyanocobalamin.
|
|
The Apaf1/caspase-9 apoptosome formation is a crucial event in the apoptotic cascade. The identification of new potential drugs that prevent or stabilize the formation of active apoptosome complex is the ideal strategy for the treatment of disease characterized by excessive or insufficient apoptosis. Recently taurine has been found to prevent ischemia-induced apoptosis in cardiomyocytes through its ability to inhibit Apaf1/caspase-9 apoptosome formation without preventing mitochondrial dysfunction. The possible mechanism by which taurine inhibits the apoptosome formation was identified as being capable of reducing the expression of caspase-9, a fundamental component of apoptosome.
|
|
The bovine tribe (Bovini) split about 5 to 10 million years ago into the buffalos (Bubalus and Syncerus) and a group leading to bison and taurine cattle. Thereafter, the family lineage of bison and taurine cattle does not appear to be a straightforward "tree" structure as is often depicted in much evolution, because evidence of interbreeding and crossbreeding is seen between different species and members within this family, even many millions of years after their ancestors separated into different species. This crossbreeding was not sufficient to conflate the different species back together, but it has resulted in unexpected relationships between many members of this group, such as yak being related to American bison, when such relationships would otherwise not be apparent. A 2003 study of mitochondrial DNA indicated four distinct maternal lineages in tribe Bovini: # Taurine cattle and zebu # Wisent # American bison and yak and # Banteng, gaur, and gayal However, Y chromosome analysis associated wisent and American bison.
|
|
It also contains taurine, caffeine, inositol, and guarana seed extract. Sugar-free versions contain sucralose and acesulfame potassium. Rip It drinks average about 80 mg of caffeine from all sources per 8 oz. serving according to product packaging (purchase date: 2019-11-26).
|
|
1990 phosphorus (dicalcium phosphate) and in some cases taurine, especially suitable when there cardiocirculatory impairment. Patient-guided nutrition is suggested. In patients with Wernicke- Korsakoff syndrome, even higher doses of parenteral thiamine are recommended. Concurrent toxic effects of alcohol should also be considered.
|
|
Pathological changes occurring in individuals with a genetic disease that results in a sulfite oxidase (a molybdoenzyme) deficiency include increased plasma and urine sulfite, sulfate, thiosulfate, S-sulfocysteine and taurine; seizures, and brain atrophy/lesions; dislocated lenses; and death at an early age..
|
|
The SLC6 family of proteins, which includes SLC6A18, acts as specific transporters for neurotransmitters, amino acids, and osmolytes like betaine, taurine, and creatine. SLC6 proteins are sodium cotransporters that derive the energy for solute transport from the electrochemical gradient for sodium ions.
|
|
Heinz, W. (1986). Die Terme Taurine von Civitavecchia – ein römisches Heilbad. Antike Welt, 17(4), 22-43. The baths at Terme remained in use until the mid 6th century, when a war between the Goths and Byzantine Empire resulted in them being looted.
|
|
Vitamin deficiencies in A and E can also lead to retinal degeneration in cats. Since photo-receptors develop early in life, it is critical that kittens are provided a diet which are supplemented with an appropriate amount of taurine and vitamins to promote proper development.
|
|
High cysteine levels inhibit ubiquitinylation, which lowers the rate of proteasomal degradation. CDO is also regulated in adipose tissue, where high cysteine levels cause increased hypotaurine/taurine production. Regulation of CDO is also thought to involve both the crosslinked and immature forms of the protein.
|
|
Astrocytes were again studied in relation to this discovery, and they found that the cells readily respond to a hypertonic environment by releasing taurine through VRAC-like channels. In turn, the taurine activates glycine receptor chloride channels on neighboring SON neurons, which causes them to hyperpolarize. Since the SON neurons shrink and depolarize in a hypertonic environment, this interaction between the astrocytes acts as an inhibitor of the secretion of vasopressin by SON. Based on these studies conducted on VRACs role in both excitotoxicity conditions and the regulation of the osmosensing supraoptical nucleus (SON), there are large implications for the actual influence this channel has on everyday neuronal activity.
|
|
Battery is a Finnish energy drink. Its stimulating effects are based on coffee and guarana extracts, as well as taurine. The drink is yellow, sparkly and sweetish. Battery’s owner and manufacturer is Oy Sinebrychoff Ab, which is part of the international brewery group Carlsberg Breweries A/S.
|
|
Taurine is present in breast milk, and has been added to many infant formulas, as a measure of prudence, since the early 1980s. However, this practice has never been rigorously studied, and as such it has yet to be proven to be necessary, or even beneficial.
|
|
Hype Energy MFP contains ingredients including taurine, carbonated water, sugar, caffeine and five B vitamins: Vit B2, Vit B3 (niacin), Vit B5, Vit B6 and Vit B12. Hype Energy MFP is free from artificial colours and preservatives. Other variations contain a mixture of vitamins and natural flavorings.
|
|
Although Legal Lean does not disclose the ingredients to Coco Loko other than cocoa powder, it has been reported that its other ingredients include those commonly found in energy drinks. Anderson has said that the other ingredients in the product include gingko biloba, taurine, and guarana.
|
|
Wee Beastie is owned and distributed by Inver House Distillers. The drink is described as a carbonated, premixed blend of vodka, taurine and caffeine, flavoured raspberry and blackcurrant. The taste is similar to Red Bull. In March 2006 the company was told to change their packaging.
|
|
Genetically modified ingredients may be present in soy-based infant formula. It may also be of lower nutritional value. Soy-based infant formula can have aluminum, phytates, and phytoestrogens (isoflavones) that might cause unanticipated effects. Other constituents are amino acids: such as taurine, methionine, and carnitine.
|
|
Bile acids are steroid acids found predominantly in the bile of mammals and other vertebrates. Diverse bile acids are synthesized in the liver. Bile acids are conjugated with taurine or glycine residues to give anions called bile salts. Primary bile acids are those synthesized by the liver.
|
|
In molecular biology, TauD refers to a protein domain that in many enteric bacteria is used to break down taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid) as a source of sulfur under stress conditions. In essence, they are domains found in enzymes that provide bacteria with an important nutrient.
|
|
Essentiality of amino acids for the growing kitten. The Journal of nutrition, 109(4), 718-723. Taurine is an essential amino acid found only in animal tissues and cannot be produced in sufficient amounts by the cat.Sturman, J. A., Moretz, R. C., French, J. H., & Wisniewski, H. M. (1985).
|
|
In front of the Potala Palace, Tibet: a Red Bull-branded can of Krating Daeng is displayed. Krating Daeng was first devised in 1975. It contains water, cane sugar, caffeine, taurine, inositol and B-vitamins. It was introduced in Thailand in 1976 as a refreshment for rural Thai labourers.
|
|
N-Acetyltaurine (NAcT) is an endogenous metabolite. Biochemically, N-acetyltaurine is formed as a result of an acetylation of taurine. The main substrate for this reaction is acetate. An increase of endogenous N-acetyltaurine concentrations was observed after the consumption of alcohol and after extended physical activity (ketoacidosis).
|
|
Cats with this condition should be fed a diet with high quality protein sources that have adequate amounts of the amino acids taurine and arginine. In low protein diets, unless the protein source is a high quality protein such as an animal-based protein, cats (and especially kittens) have been shown to develop retinal degeneration due to a deficiency in taurine, an essential amino acid for cats that is derived from animal protein. Low protein diets have been linked to health defects such as lack of growth, decreased food intake, muscle atrophy, hypoalbuminemia, skin alterations, and more. Cats on lower protein diets are more likely to lose weight, and to lose lean body mass.
|
|
Diet-related DCM is associated with grain-free and/or legume-rich diets, as well as "boutique" dog foods containing exotic ingredients (such as bison or kangaroo meat). In the treatment of dietary DCM, food change and taurine supplementation is typically indicated, in addition to traditional medical treatments as needed.
|
|
Zebu crossbred with Charolais cattle, a European taurine breed. The resulting breed, 63% Charolais and 37% zebu, is called the Canchim. It has a better meat quality than the zebu and better heat resistance than European cattle. The zebu breeds used were primarily Indo-Brazilian with some Nelore and Guzerat.
|
|
Methionine is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of cysteine, carnitine, taurine, lecithin, phosphatidylcholine, and other phospholipids. Improper conversion of methionine can lead to atherosclerosis due to accumulation of homocysteine. Methionine might also be essential to reversing damaging methylation of glucocorticoid receptors caused by repeated stress exposures, with implications for depression.
|
|
Sulfoacetaldehyde dehydrogenase (, SafD) is an enzyme with systematic name 2-sulfoacetaldehyde:NAD+ oxidoreductase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction : 2-sulfoacetaldehyde + H2O + NAD+ \rightleftharpoons sulfoacetate + NADH + 2 H+ This reaction is part of a bacterial pathway that can make use the amino group of taurine as a sole source of nitrogen for growth.
|
|
Mexico has produced master composers of pasodoble, especially taurine pasodobles. Agustín Lara or Silverio Pérez. Some of the best known Mexican pasodobles are El Piti, El Charro Cárdenas, El abuelito, El banderillero, María Caballé, El Berrendito de San Juan, Tarde de toros, Toros en San Miguel, Joselito Huerta and Toros de Llaguno.
|
|
The ingredients are carbonated water, dextrose, citric acid, taurine, caffeine, natural flavors, sodium citrate, D-ribose, salt, sodium benzoate, inositol, ascorbic acid (vitamin C), sucralose, L-carnitine, potassium sorbate, guarana seed extract, pyridoxine hydrochloride (vitamin B6), cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12), and Red 40. According to Kirby, the drink contains 280 milligrams of caffeine.
|
|
The minimum lethal doses by intravenous injection are 20 mg/kg for mice and rats, 22 mg/kg in guinea pigs, and 17 mg/kg in rabbits. Dendrobine is a strongly selective competitive antagonist of β-alanine, taurine, and glycine. While structurally related to picrotoxinin, dendrobine is not an antagonist of GABA.
|
|
Cystamine in the body is reduced into cysteamine and RS-cysteamine mixed disulfide by thiol-disulfide exchange. This is done by consumption of intracellular glutathione. Cysteamine is then oxidized to hypotaurine, this is done by the enzyme dioxygenase. The now formed hypotaurine is finally oxidized to taurine by hypotaurine dehydrogenase and the reduction of NAD+.
|
|
Cephalopod ink contains a number of chemicals in a variety of different concentrations, depending on the species. However, its main constituents are melanin and mucus. It can also contain, among other things, tyrosinase, dopamine and L-DOPA, as well as small amounts of free amino acids, including taurine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, alanine and lysine.
|
|
Turano-Mongolian cattle are morphologically distinct from the European taurine cattle especially in the shape of their skull and their horns. The skull is wedge-shaped and has a narrow crown and a depression on the frontal bone. The horns grow upwards instead of forwards. Genetically the difference can be seen in the mtDNA haplogroups.
|
|
Taurolidine is an antimicrobial that is used to try to prevent infections in catheters. Side effects and the induction of bacterial resistance is uncommon. It is also being studied as a treatment for cancer. It is derived from the endogenous amino acid taurine. Taurolidine’s putative mechanism of action is based on a chemical reaction.
|
|
TEHO is an energy drink manufactured by Olvi company of Finland. "Teho" is Finnish and means "efficiency" or "power" in English. It contains caffeine, taurine, guarana, maltodextrose and a small amount of B vitamins. TEHO was first brought to the market in 2005 and was the third most sold energy drink in Finland in 2007.
|
|
Conditionally essential nutrients are certain organic molecules that can normally be synthesized by an organism, but under certain conditions in insufficient quantities. In humans, such conditions include premature birth, limited nutrient intake, rapid growth, and certain disease states. Choline, inositol, taurine, arginine, glutamine and nucleotides are classified as conditionally essential and are particularly important in neonatal diet and metabolism.
|
|
In France, the word was often used to refer to a series of bullfights. In the southwestern and southeastern parts of France, people quickly confounded taurine feria and festival. Gascon towns have organized this movement over the past forty years. Thus, the Fêtes de Dax, officially became the Feria de Dax, thus breaking with the Spanish meaning and tradition.
|
|
Indian coin of Apollodotus I, with a nandipada taurine symbol on the hump of the zebu bull. The first Indian coins of Apollodotus left room for symbols and depicted smaller animals. These coins associated the elephant with the Buddhist Chaitya or arched-hill symbol, sun symbols, six-armed symbol, and a river. The bull had a Nandipada in front.
|
|
After Marcelle's suicide, the two flee to Spain, where they meet Sir Edmund. They witness a Madrid bullfight, which involves the prowess of handsome twenty-year-old matador, El Granero. Initially, El Granero kills the first bull that he encounters and the animal is consequently castrated. Simone then pleasures herself by vaginally inserting these taurine testicles.
|
|
Sparks is an alcoholic beverage that debuted in the market in the United States in 2002. The original formulation contained caffeine, one of the first alcoholic beverages to do so. Its other original active ingredients included taurine, ginseng and guarana, common to energy drinks. Packaged in a can, its labeling states a 6% alcoholic content by volume.
|
|
Tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) is an ambiphilic bile acid. It is the taurine conjugate form of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA). Humans are found to have trace amounts of TUDCA. However, bears contain large amounts of TUDCA in their bile; UDCA and conjugates comprise about 47% of the bile in American black bears and up to 76% in Asiatic bears.
|
|
Cyclosporine inhibits TOR and is used as an effective immunosuppressant. Mycophenolic acid inhibits of IMPDH and pyrimidine biosynthesis and is clinically used as immunosuppressant. Both agents also display anti-tumor effects in animal studies. Metabolites such as Alanine, Saturated lipids, Glycine, Lactate, Myo-Inositol, Nucleotides, Polyunsaturated fatty acids and Taurine are considered as the potential biomarkers in various studies.
|
|
Cocaine, also known as No Name, is a highly caffeinated energy drink distributed by Redux Beverages. It contains more caffeine than rival energy drinks Red Bull and Rockstar, symbolized by three and a half steer heads on the label. Aside from caffeine, the label claims 750 milligrams of taurine, another common ingredient found in many energy drinks.
|
|
The drinks are not recommended for pregnant women or people sensitive to caffeine. The ingredients include carbonated water, sucrose, glucose, citric acid, natural flavors, taurine, sodium citrate, color added, panax ginseng root extract, L-carnitine, L-tartarate, caffeine, sorbic acid, benzoic acid, niacinamide, sodium chloride, Glycine max glucuronolactone, inositol, guarana seed extract, pyridoxine hydrochloride, sucralose, riboflavin, maltodextrin, and cyanocobalamin.
|
|
Natural osmolytes that can act as osmoprotectants include trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), dimethylsulfoniopropionate, sarcosine, betaine, glycerophosphorylcholine, myo- inositol, taurine, glycine, and others. Remarkably, TMAO has the capacity to restore glucocorticoid binding to mutant receptors. Bacteria accumulate osmolytes for protection against a high osmotic environment. The osmolytes will be neutral non-electrolytes, except in bacteria that can tolerate salts.
|
|
The product also increases the endogenous production of taurine. Ethanol and benzodiazepines act on the central nervous system by binding to the GABAA receptor, increasing the effects of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA (i.e., they act as positive allosteric modulators at these receptors). In chronic alcohol abuse, one of the main mechanisms of tolerance is attributed to GABAA receptors becoming downregulated (i.e.
|
|
Structurally it is a member of the octopine family. ;Succinamopine Succinamopine (also named asparaginopine) (N-(3-amino-1-carboxy-3-oxopropyl)glutamic acid) is a member of the nopaline family isolated from crown gall tumors. Its structure is analogous to that of nopaline, with asparagine replacing arginine. ;Tauropine Tauropine (N-(D-1-carboxyethyl)-taurine) was found in some marine invertebrates.
|
|
Cholesterol is oxidized by the liver into a variety of bile acids. These, in turn, are conjugated with glycine, taurine, glucuronic acid, or sulfate. A mixture of conjugated and nonconjugated bile acids, along with cholesterol itself, is excreted from the liver into the bile. Approximately 95% of the bile acids are reabsorbed from the intestines, and the remainder are lost in the feces.
|
|
The Putative Sulfate Exporter (PSE) Family (TC# 2.A.98) is composed of several putative 10 or 11 transmembrane segment (TMS) proteins. This family is part of the CPA superfamily and its members are found in diverse bacteria and archaea. The genes encoding some of these homologues may be induced by growth in the presence of cysteate (suyZ) or taurine (tauZ).
|
|
Similar to energy drinks, energy shots contain caffeine, vitamins, and herbs such as guarana, ginseng or ginkgo biloba, taurine, maltodextrin, inositol, carnitine, creatine or glucuronolactone. Some energy shots contain sugar ; however, many brands also offer artificially-sweetened 'diet' versions. Some decaf varieties are also offered. The central ingredient in most energy shots is caffeine, the same stimulant found in coffee or tea.
|
|
N-Methyltaurine (2-methylaminoethanesulfonic acid) is an aminosulfonic acid which is present as a zwitterion in the crystalline state and in polar solvents (just like amino acids). In contrast to the widespread taurine, N-methyltaurine has been found in nature only in red algae,B. Lindberg, Methylated Taurines and Choline Sulfate in Red Algae, Acta Chem. Scand., 9, 1955, pp 1323 – 1326.
|
|
A Bonsmara bull in Namibia The Bonsmara is a breed of cattle known for its high quality beef and resistance to local diseases. Originating in South Africa as a scientific experiment of professor Jan Bonsma, the Bonsmara was created after many cross matings and back-crosses consisting of five-eighths Afrikaner (Sanga-type), three-sixteenths Hereford, and three-sixteenths Shorthorn (both taurine types).
|
|
Direct sulfonation also converts methanesulfonic acid to methanedisulfonic acid. Many alkane sulfonic acids are obtained from bisulfite, which adds to terminal alkenes or is alkylated by alkyl halides: :HSO3− \+ RCH=CH2 \+ H+ → RCH2CH2SO3H :HSO3− \+ RBr → RSO3H + Br− Sulfonic acids can be prepared by oxidation of thiols: :RSH + O2 → RSO3H Such a pathway is the basis of the biosynthesis of taurine.
|
|
Ingredients: Carbonated Water, Sugar, Citric Acid, Taurine (0.4%), Glucuronolactone (0.24%), Acidity Regulator (E331), Colour (Caramel E150d and E104), Flavourings, Preservative (E202, E211), Caffeine, Inositol, Vitamins (Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, B3, B6, B12), Guarana. Relentless contains 32 mg of Caffeine per 100 mL, in a standard can size of 500 mL (16.9 US fl oz), or about 160 mg of Caffeine in total.
|
|
Oral calomel was actually the safest form of the drug to take, especially in low doses. Most of the calomel ingested will be excreted through urine and stool. Powdered forms of calomel were much more toxic, as their vapors damaged the brain. Once inhaled, the calomel enters the bloodstream and the mercury binds with the amino acids methionine, cysteine, homocysteine and taurine.
|
|
Experiments have found that VRAC inhibitors were able to decrease the stroke-related release of excitatory neurotransmitters in the brain; which means that VRACs are likely activated by the increase of cellular ATP and other molecules in astrocytes, and the release of glutamate by these cells causes the neurons around them to become depolarized, increase their calcium ion concentration, and undergo apoptosis. The other organic osmolyte associated with VRACs, taurine, also has many extracellular signaling functions. Specifically, it is thought that the release of taurine from glia by VRACs is linked to systemic volume regulation in the osmosensing supraoptical nucleus (SON). At first, researchers thought that neurons found in SON were not able to undergo RVD, but it was later found that they do eventually develop a chloride ion current after a certain amount of time.
|
|
Anatolian Blacks are a taurine, short-horned variety of cattle. Conformation between animals tends to vary, and individuals can exhibit a beef or dairy build. They are small-bodied, with a long trunk and slim bones. Short ribs give a medium chest depth. Females grow 100–110 cm at the shoulder, have a body length of 110–120 cm, and weigh 200–300 kg.
|
|
Thus, festivities without taurine activities cannot be termed ferias. The word continues to be used in Spain with exactly the same meaning as the English "fair." Just a look at the calendarios de ferias of all the Spanish regions to note that the majority of them have no bullfights. One of Spain's most famous ferias is the Feria de abril (April Fair) of Seville.
|
|
An energy mint is a mint candy that is designed to give the consumer a burst of energy through a combination of energy enhancing ingredients. Energy mints commonly contain caffeine, taurine, various forms of ginseng, B vitamins, or other herbal ingredients. Some contain high levels of sugar, while a few are sugar-free. These mints are popular among young people, computer programmers, gamers, and students.
|
|
Bile acid-CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the BAAT gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a liver enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of the bile acid moiety from the acyl-CoA thioester to either glycine or taurine, the second step in the formation of bile acid-amino acid conjugates which serve as detergents in the gastrointestinal tract.
|
|
During the metabolism of taurolidine to taurinamide and ultimately taurine and water, methylol groups are liberated that chemically react with the mureins in the bacterial cell wall and with the amino and hydroxyl groups of endotoxins and exotoxins. This results in denaturing of the complex polysaccharide and lipopolysaccharide components of the bacterial cell wall and of the endotoxin and in the inactivation of susceptible exotoxins.
|
|
However, the dog is not merely an omnivore. More like the cat and less like other omnivores, the dog can only produce bile acid with taurine, and it cannot produce vitamin D, which it obtains from animal flesh. Also, more like the cat, the dog requires arginine to maintain its nitrogen balance. These nutritional requirements place the dog part-way between carnivores and omnivores.
|
|
Beaver Buzz is an energy drink line produced in Canada by Good4U Drinks co. (formerly DD Beverage Company) of British Columbia, under the brand of Canadian Beaver Buzz Energy. The beverages include taurine, caffeine, Siberian Ginseng, Guarana seed extract and various vitamins, and use cane sugar instead of commonly used high fructose corn syrup.Beaver Buzz: Ingredients Sizes include and the Big Buzz brand of .
|
|
Alanine dehydrogenase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction :L-alanine + H2O + NAD+ \rightleftharpoons pyruvate + NH3 \+ NADH + H+ The 2 substrates of this enzyme are L-alanine, water, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide+ because water is 55M and does not change, whereas its 4 products are pyruvate, ammonia, NADH, and hydrogen ion. This enzyme participates in taurine and hypotaurine metabolism and reductive carboxylate cycle ( fixation).
|
|
Rather than maintaining homeostatic (stable ideal) conditions, enantiostasis involves maintaining only functionality in spite of external fluctuations. However, it can be considered a type of homeostasis in a broader context because functions are kept relatively consistent. Organic compounds such as Taurine have been shown to still properly function within environments that have been disrupted from an ideal state. The term enantiostasis was proposed by Mangum and Towle.
|
|
Chenodeoxycholic acid is synthesized in the liver from cholesterol via several enzymatic steps. Like other bile acids, it can be conjugated with taurine or glycine, forming taurochenodeoxycholate or glycochenodeoxycholate. Conjugation results in a lower pKa. This results in the conjugated bile acids being ionized at the usual pH in the intestine, and staying in the gastrointestinal tract until reaching the ileum to be reabsorbed.
|
|
Coin of Apollodotus I, with a nandipada taurine symbol on the hump of the zebu bull. Obv: Elephant and Greek legend ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΑΠΟΛΛΟΔΟΤΟΥ ΣΩΤΗΡΟΣ, "of Saviour King Apollodotus". The Indo-Greek kings introduced Greek types, and among them the portrait head, into the Indian coinage, and their example was followed for eight centuries.Brown C.J (1992) Every coin has some mark of authority in it, this is what known as "types".
|
|
When they are injected together in a ratio of , the effect was longer lasting. GABA activates ligand-gated chloride channels by binding to GABA receptors. Taurine and beta-alanine likely extend the duration of the paralytic effect by slowing the uptake of GABA by the synaptic cleft. Combined, this cocktail of compounds prevents the cockroach from moving and defending itself while the wasp administers the second sting/series of stings.
|
|
The shape of a stone is variable and depends on how it was formed, becoming spherical, oval, triangular, tubular or irregular. Since natural calculus bovis are scarce they can be very expensive. There are artificial calculus bovis or bovis calculus artifactus used as substitutes. In China these are manufactured from cholic acid derived from bovine bile combined with dry bovine bile powder, porcine ursodeoxycholic acid, taurine, bilirubin, cholesterol, etc.
|
|
This synthesis pathway for taurates is therefore complicated and expensive. An advantage of the Schotten- Baumann method, however, is the very low content of free fatty acids in the end product. Taurates are also accessible by direct amidation of N-methyltaurine or its sodium salt with the corresponding fatty acid for 10 hours at 220 °C under nitrogen.L.W. Burnette, M.E. Chiddix, Reaction of Fatty Acids with N-Methyl Taurine, J. Amer.
|
|
Methionine (symbol Met or M) () is an essential amino acid in humans. As the substrate for other amino acids such as cysteine and taurine, versatile compounds such as SAM-e, and the important antioxidant glutathione, methionine plays a critical role in the metabolism and health of many species, including humans. It is encoded by the codon AUG. Methionine is also an important part of angiogenesis, the growth of new blood vessels.
|
|
Cystathionine is an intermediate in the synthesis of cysteine. Cystathionine is produced by the transsulfuration pathway which converts homocysteine into cystathionine. Cystathionine is then used by the enzymes cystathionine gamma- lyase (CTH), cysteine dioxygenase (CDO), and sulfinoalanine decarboxylase to produce hypotaurine and then taurine. Alternately, the cysteine from the cystathionine gamma-lyase can be used by the enzymes glutamate–cysteine ligase (GCL) and glutathione synthetase (GSS) to produce glutathione.
|
|
Taurochenodeoxycholic acid is a bile acid formed in the liver of most species, including humans, by conjugation of chenodeoxycholic acid with taurine. It is secreted into bile and then into intestine. It is usually ionized at physiologic pH, although it can be crystallized as the sodium salt. It acts as detergent to solubilize fats in the small intestine and is itself absorbed by active transport in the terminal ileum.
|
|
Feral Charolais bull in Sierra Nevada de Mérida, Venezuela Angus and Hereford recipient mothers The Charolais () or is a French breed of taurine beef cattle. It originates in, and is named for, the Charolais area surrounding Charolles, in the département of Saône-et-Loire, in the Bourgogne-Franche- Comté region of eastern France. Charolais are raised for meat; they may be crossed with other breeds, including Angus and Hereford cattle.
|
|
The bovine family (taurids and bisonids) diverged from the common ancestral line with water buffalo and African buffalo about 5 to 10 million years ago. Thereafter, the family lineage of bison and taurine cattle does not appear to be a straightforward "tree" structure as is often depicted in much evolution, because evidence exists of interbreeding and crossbreeding between different species and members within this family, even many millions of years after their ancestors separated into different species. This cross breeding was not sufficient to conflate the different species back together, but it has resulted in unexpected relationships between many members of this group, such as yak being related to American bison, when such relationships would otherwise not be apparent. A 2003 study of mitochondrial DNA indicated four distinct maternal lineages in subtribe Bovina: # Taurine cattle and zebu # European bison (wisent) # American bison and yak # Banteng, gaur, and gayal However, Y chromosome analysis associated wisent and American bison.
|
|
Folding enhancers assist protein to assume the native structure as soon as possible when the concentration of detergent is drastically decreased at once as in the dilution process. On the other hand, aggregation suppressors prevent protein folding intermediates from aggregating even after a long exposure to intermediate level of detergent as seen in dialysis. For example, it has been reported that Taurine significantly increases the yield of in vitro refolding for Fab fragment antibodies.
|
|
The Yanbian is a taurine breed of cattle that originated in northeast China. They belong to the "yellow" class of Chinese cattle, and are closely related to the Korean Hanwoo breed, having diverged from a common ancestor in the late 19th/early 20th century. Unlike the majority of Chinese cattle breeds, Yanbian have had no ancestral breeding with indicine cattle. They are mainly distributed in northeastern China, in the Jilin, Heilongjiang and Liaoning Provinces.
|
|
No systemic side effects have been identified. The safety of taurolidine has also been confirmed in clinical studies with long-term intravenous administration of high doses (up to 20 grams daily). In the body, taurolidine is metabolized rapidly via the metabolites taurultam and methylol taurinamide, which also have a bactericidal action, to taurine, an endogenous aminosulphonic acid, carbon dioxide and water. Therefore, no toxic effects are known or expected in the event of accidental injection.
|
|
Jembrana disease is an acute viral disease of cattle. While it produces relatively mild symptoms in taurine cattle, the Jembrana virus is particularly severe in Bali cattle where it has a fatality rate of approximately 17 percent. Its first documented outbreak occurred in 1964 in the Jembrana district of Bali, Indonesia. Within two years of its appearance the disease had killed an estimated 26,000 of the approximately 300,000 cattle on Bali Island.
|
|
Some nutrients that require special consideration include protein, calcium, vitamin D, vitamin B12, taurine, L-carnitine, and omega-3 fatty acids, particularly DHA and EPA. Although their sources are more limited without animal products, it is possible to formulate a diet adequate in these nutrients through plant and synthetic sources. Potential risks in feeding a plant-based diet include alkaline urine and nutrient inadequacy, especially in homemade diets.Kienzle, E.; Engelhard, R. (2001).
|
|
DHA is the most abundant omega-3 fatty acid in the brain and retina. DHA comprises 40% of the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in the brain and 60% of the PUFAs in the retina. Fifty percent of a neuronal plasma membrane is composed of DHA. DHA modulates the carrier-mediated transport of choline, glycine, and taurine, the function of delayed rectifier potassium channels, and the response of rhodopsin contained in the synaptic vesicles.
|
|
Ronalds’ doctoral research was in the field of agricultural and physiological chemistry. Analysing wax by oxidation he created succinic acid, and published the results in Liebig's journal. He discovered taurine in human bile, which was announced in the Chemical Gazette (1846). That same year his important paper on urine was read to the Royal Society: he found that urine contained sulphur and phosphorus in both unoxidised and oxidised states and quantified the amounts.
|
|
Isethionic acid is an organosulfur compound containing an alkylsulfonic acid located beta to a hydroxy group. Its discovery is generally attributed to Heinrich Gustav Magnus, who prepared it by the action of solid sulfur trioxide on ethanol in 1833. It is a white water-soluble solid used in the manufacture of certain surfactants and in the industrial production of taurine. It is most commonly available in the form of its sodium salt (sodium isethionate).
|
|
NOS Energy Drink is an energy drink sold in 16 and 24oz cans. The drink was also distributed in a bottle designed to look like a NOS (Nitrous Oxide Systems) tank but this bottle has been discontinued. Formerly a property of The Coca-Cola Company, it is currently produced by Monster Beverage and licensed by Holley Performance, which owns the trademark. NOS contains high levels of taurine and caffeine, and it also contains guarana.
|
|
According to its packaging, Joose previously contained caffeine, taurine, ginseng, and certified colors. Now, the reformulated Joose products are flavored malt beverages. Joose is available in 23.5 and 12 oz cans and the flavors are Green Apple, Dragon, Kiwi Strawberry, Classic Margarita, Strawberry Margarita, Peach Margarita, Spicy Mango Margarita, Screwdriver, Hurricane, Mango, Orange N Cream, Lemon Lime, Fruit Punch, Kiwi Strawberry, Blue Lemonade, and Blackberry. The drink is available in a variety of 6 - 14% ABV contents.
|
|
Central sleep apnea or obstructive sleep apnea may cause excessive daytime sleepiness, and these individuals should undergo a sleep study. Non-invasive ventilation may be offered if there is an abnormality. Otherwise, there is evidence for the use of modafinil as a central nervous system stimulant, although a Cochrane review has described the evidence thus far as inconclusive. Some small studies have suggested that imipramine, clomipramine and taurine may be useful in the treatment of myotonia.
|
|
Depending on the country, Red Bull contains different amounts of caffeine, taurine, B vitamins (B3, B5, B6, B12) and simple sugars (sucrose and glucose) in a buffer solution of carbonated water, baking soda and magnesium carbonate. To produce Red Bull Sugarfree, sugars sucrose and glucose have been replaced by the sweeteners acesulfame K and aspartame/sucralose. Previous formulations of Red Bull contained 0.24% glucuronolactone (600 mg of glucuronolactone in a 250 ml can), but this ingredient was removed.
|
|
Lipid peroxidation resulting in "TBARS," an artifact of heart attack produces dialdehydes that cross-react with the pyridine-barbiturate assay. Meanwhile, the taurine-fluorescence-HPLC assay used for cyanide detection is identical to the assay used to detect glutathione in spinal fluid. Cyanide and thiocyanate assays have been run with mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS), which are considered specific tests. Since cyanide has a short half-life, the main metabolite, thiocyanate is typically measured to determine exposure.
|
|
The first sting is delivered to the prothoracic ganglion (mass of nerve tissue) which causes a 2- to 3-minute paralysis of the front legs. This sting injects significant quantities of γ amino-butyric acid (GABA) and complementary agonists taurine and β alanine. The concoction temporarily blocks the motor action potentials in the prothoracic ganglion by depressing cholinergic transmission through the increased chloride conductance across nerve synapses. Individually, all of these substances induce short-term paralysis of the cockroach.
|
|
Its flavor is similar to other energy drinks such as Red Bull, Monster Energy, and Rockstar, with a tart, sugary taste. Sparks' current formulation does not contain caffeine or taurine. It is packaged in 16 oz (475 mL) silver cans with bright orange tops, with a "+" printed near the top and a "–" printed near the bottom, intended to be reminiscent of a battery. Other varieties include a sugar free "Sparks Light" version with a bright blue top.
|
|
Of the five mtDNA haplogroups (T, T1, T2, T3, T4) found in existing taurine cattle breeds, T2, T3 and T4 appear in the Turano-Mongolian group. T4 is unique to the breeds of this group. T is found in both Near Eastern and European breeds, while T1 appears only in African and (at lower frequencies) in Near Eastern breeds. T2 is found in all three Eurasian regions, though only at low frequencies in European and Turano-Mongolian breeds.
|
|
André Barbeau, (27 May 1931 - 9 March 1986) was a French Canadian neurologist. He was known for his research into Parkinson's disease and Friedreich's ataxia and taurine research. Born in Montreal, Quebec, he received a Bachelor of Arts degree from Collège Stanislas and his medical degree from the Université de Montréal. He was the director of the neurobiology department at the Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (Montreal Clinical Research Institute), affiliated with the Université de Montréal.
|
|
The three major bile acids in germ-free mice are cholic acid, α-muricholic, and β-muricholic acids. In conventional mice with a normal microbiome, ω-muricholic acid, and various sulfated forms are also found. Conjugation with taurine (to give tauromuricholic acids which are the main forms), or with glycine (to give glycomuricholic acids) takes place in the liver before secretion. The enzyme responsible for the 6-hydroxylation reactions forming muricholates in rodents is the cytochrome P450 Cyp2c70.
|
|
The Maurya coins also have five symbols – the sun-mark, the six-armed symbol, three-arched hill with a crescent at the top, a branch of a tree at the corner of a four-squared railing and a bull with taurine in front. Punch-marked copper coins were first issued during the rule of Chandragupta Maurya or Bindusara. The Bhīr find includes Maurya coins and a coin of Diodotus I (255-239 BC) issued in 248 BC.
|
|
While there is anecdotal evidence that cats do well on vegetarian food,Is a vegetarian diet right for your cat or dog Vegetarian Times studies on homemade vegetarian cat foods have found nutritional inadequacies. As obligate carnivores, cats require nutrients (including arginine, taurine, arachidonic acid, vitamin A, vitamin B12 and niacin) found in meat sources. Plant sources do not contain enough of these. Vegetarian pet food companies try to correct these deficiencies by adding synthetically produced nutrients.
|
|
Ramón T. Berenguer, pasodoble composer. The different types of pasodoble- popular, taurino, militar- can vary in rhythm, with the taurine pasodobles being the slowest and the popular being faster and often incorporating voice. Pasodoble as we know it started in Spain but is now played in a wide variety of Hispanic nations. Each region has developed their own subgenre and personal style of pasodoble, adjusting some formal aspects of the structure to fit their local musical tradition.
|
|
Glutaurine is an antiepileptic with antiamnesia properties. Glutaurine was discovered in the parathyroid in 1980, and later in the mammalian brain. This led to studies on intrinsic and synthetic taurine peptides, and the suggestion that γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT; γ-glutamyl-transpeptidase) in the brain is responsible for its in vivo formation. The versatile molecule mimics the anxiolytic drug diazepam, and is implicated in phenomena from feline aggression to amphibian metamorphosis, radiation protection, and the glutamatergic system in schizophrenic disorders.
|
|
Derivatives are made from cholyl-CoA, which exchanges its CoA with either glycine, or taurine, yielding glycocholic and taurocholic acid, respectively. Cholic acid downregulates cholesterol-7-α-hydroxylase (rate- limiting step in bile acid synthesis), and cholesterol does the opposite. This is why chenodeoxycholic acid, and not cholic acid, can be used to treat gallstones (because decreasing bile acid synthesis would supersaturate the stones even more). Cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid are the most important human bile acids.
|
|
Venom Energy contains large doses of taurine, glucuronolactone, and guarana, with L-carnitine, inositol and maltodextrin as additional ingredients. The caffeine content of Venom energy drinks is roughly 162 mg per bottle, or approximately equal to that found in sixteen ounces of plain Starbucks coffee. Venom was historically bottled in half-liter aluminum bottles (16.9 fluid ounces). In 2012, Venom downsized the bottles to 16 fluid ounces, the standard size of most other energy drink single-serve cans.
|
|
South Beach needed a point of differentiation in the marketplace, so Bello added trace elements of various herbs and nutrientsBusiness Week, October 8, 2003—such as ginseng, ginkgo biloba, guarana, carnitine, Echinacea, yohimbe, taurine and praline—and promoted their benefits beyond hydration. He launched a "3G" line of drinks, which included supposed energy boosters like ginseng, ginkgo biloba and guarana. He also expanded the brand's iced tea portfolio to include more exotic offerings such as Black Tea, Oolong Tea (with bee pollen), Green Tea (with Echinacea) and Red Tea (with selenium). Under Bello's direction, SoBe launched a line of "3C" Elixirs (containing calcium, carnitine and chromium) in varieties such as Orange-Carrot, Orange-Tomato (including lycopene), Energy (with guarana, yohimbe and arginina), Power (taurine, creatine and praline), Zen Blend (triple ginseng tea with schizandra), Wisdom (with ginkgo biloba, St. John's wort and gotu kola) and Eros (with dong quai, damiana, foti and zink).Beverage Industry, July 1998 He created the "dueling lizards" designEvans, Judith, and Cullen, Cheryl Dangle, Challenging the Big Brands, Rockport Publishers Inc.
|
|
The French refusal of market approval was challenged by the European Commission, and partially upheld by the European Court of Justice in 2004. The French food safety agency relented in 2008, because it was unable to prove a definite health risk, taurine-related or not. In 2012, the Kuwaiti Ministry of Commerce banned Red Bull for people under 16 after it had allegedly caused heart attacks for a 16-year-old and a 21-year-old national squash team player.
|
|
Canine dilated cardiomyopathy is an adult onset condition which occurs when the heart muscle is weak and does not contract properly. It can lead to congestive heart failure, which is where fluid accumulates in the lungs, chest, abdominal cavities, or under the skin. Dilated cardiomyopathy is often accompanied by abnormal heart rhythms, or arrhythmias which can complicate treatment. Cocker Spaniels can present with a nutritional form of dilated cardiomyopathy that is associated with low blood concentrations of the amino acid taurine.
|
|
Conpoy or dried scallop is a type of Cantonese dried seafood product made from the adductor muscle of scallops. The smell of conpoy is marine, pungent, and reminiscent of certain salt-cured meats. Its taste is rich in umami due to its high content of various free amino acids, such as glycine, alanine, and glutamic acid. It is also rich in nucleic acids such as inosinic acid, amino acid byproducts such as taurine, and minerals, such as calcium and zinc.
|
|
The Guzerá or Guzerat is a Brazilian breed of domestic cattle. It derives from cross-breeding of Indian Kankrej cattle, imported to Brazil from 1870 onwards, with local taurine Crioulo cattle of European origin. The name is a Portuguese spelling of that of the western Indian state of Gujarat. The herd-book for the breed was started in 1938; in it, a dual-purpose (meat and dairy) line is distinguished from the beef type, and a polled variant is also distinguished.
|
|
A Nutrition facts label for an energy drink. Energy drinks generally contain methylxanthines (including caffeine), B vitamins, carbonated water, and high-fructose corn syrup or sugar (for non- diet versions). Other common ingredients are guarana, yerba mate, açaí, and taurine, plus various forms of ginseng, maltodextrin, inositol, carnitine, creatine, glucuronolactone, sucralose or ginkgo biloba. The sugar in non-diet energy drinks is food energy, while there is no scientific evidence that addition of other ingredients has any effect on human health.
|
|
Jones expanded its carbonated candy line further in 2006 to include "Jones Soda Energy Boosters", which contain Niacin, Vitamin B12, Taurine, and Vitamin B6. Marketing literature says, "1 tin of Jones Boosters = 3 Jones Energy Drinks". In 2007, Big Sky Brands announced a contest to incorporate 24 user-submitted photos of crazy, distorted sour face "cringes" onto new labeling of "Jones Soda Carbonated Sours". They entered the market in 2008, initially in three flavors: Electric Lemonade, Limes with Orange and Spiked Punch.
|
|
Thus conjugated bile acids are almost always in their deprotonated (A-) form in the duodenum, which makes them much more water-soluble and much more able to fulfil their physiologic function of emulsifying fats.'Essentials of Medical Biochemistry, Lieberman, Marks and Smith, eds, p432, 2007' Once secreted into the lumen of the intestine, bile salts are modified by gut bacteria. They are partial dehydroxylated. Their glycine and taurine groups are removed to give the secondary bile acids, deoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid.
|
|
The Andalusian Black (Spanish: Negra Andaluza), known locally as the Negra de las Campiñas, is a taurine breed of cattle that originated in west Andalusia, Spain. They are similar to the Avileña-Black Iberian breed, however the two are distinguished geographically. Andalusian Blacks are found in two main areas of west Andalusia: from Cordova to the foothills of the Sierra Morena; and in the provinces of Seville, Cádiz and Huelva. The first breed association was formed in Spain in 1996.
|
|
Texas Longhorns are a US breed. Cattle occupy a unique role in human history, having been domesticated since at least the early neolithic age. Archeozoological and genetic data indicate that cattle were first domesticated from wild aurochs (Bos primigenius) approximately 10,500 years ago. There were two major areas of domestication: one in the Near East (specifically central Anatolia, the Levant and Western Iran), giving rise to the taurine line, and a second in the area that is now Pakistan, resulting in the indicine line.
|
|
According to the American Jersey Cattle Association, Jerseys are found on 20 percent of all US dairy farms and are the primary breed in about 4 percent of dairies. Amongst the Bos indicus, the most popular dairy breed in the world is Sahiwal of the Indian subcontinent. It does not give as much milk as the Taurine breeds, but it is by far the most suitable breed for warmer climates. Australian Friesian Sahiwal and Australian Milking Zebu have been developed in Australia using Sahiwal genetics.
|
|
Veterinarians commonly recommend commercial cat foods that are formulated to address the specific nutritional requirements of cats, although an increasing number of owners are opting for home-prepared cooked or raw diets. Although cats are obligate carnivores, vegetarian and vegan cat food are preferred by owners uncomfortable with feeding animal products to their pets. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration Center for Veterinary Medicine has come out against vegetarian cat and dog food for health reasons. Cats require high levels of taurine in their diet.
|
|
Glucogenic amino acids can also be converted into glucose, through gluconeogenesis. Of the 20 standard amino acids, nine (His, Ile, Leu, Lys, Met, Phe, Thr, Trp and Val) are called essential amino acids because the human body cannot synthesize them from other compounds at the level needed for normal growth, so they must be obtained from food. In addition, cysteine, tyrosine, and arginine are considered semiessential amino acids, and taurine a semiessential aminosulfonic acid in children. The metabolic pathways that synthesize these monomers are not fully developed.
|
|
Excessive consumption of energy drinks can have serious health effects resulting from high caffeine and sugar intakes, particularly in children, teens, and young adults. Excessive energy drink consumption may disrupt teens' sleep patterns and may be associated with increased risk-taking behavior. Excessive or repeated consumption of energy drinks can lead to cardiac problems, such as arrhythmias and heart attacks, and psychiatric conditions such as anxiety and phobias. In Europe, energy drinks containing taurine and caffeine have been associated with the deaths of athletes.
|
|
A Texas Longhorn in Alvin, Texas. A Texas Longhorn in Fort Worth, Texas. Genetic analyses show that the Texas Longhorn originated from an Iberian taurine lineage that descended from the domestication of the wild aurochs in the Middle East, with some admixture of the European aurochs, and was later (while in America) crossed with "indicine" cattle that descended from the domestication of aurochs in India, 85% and 15%, respectively, by proportion. The Texas Longhorns are direct descendants of the first cattle introduced to the New World.
|
|
Archaeological evidence shows that domestication occurred independently in the Near East and the Indian subcontinent between 10,000 and 8,000 years ago, giving rise to the two major domestic subspecies observed today: the humpless taurine cattle (European cattle, Bos taurus taurus) and the humped indicine cattle (Zebu, Bos taurus indicus), respectively. This is confirmed by genetic analyses of matrilineal mitochondrial DNA sequences, which reveal a marked differentiation between modern B. t. taurus and B. t. indicus haplotypes, demonstrating their derivation from two genetically divergent wild populations.
|
|
EJ-10 was an energy drink marketed by the Jordan Formula One team. The energy drink was heavily advertised as free of caffeine and taurine to avoid a sugar crash, and as having a fruity flavour and providing energy for up to 90 minutes. It was sold in bright yellow 250 mL and 380 mL bottles, decorated to evoke the image of Jordan's Formula One cars.Mattoni Drink Website Jordan Grand Prix used the Sutherland Hawes design agency to create and market the energy drink.
|
|
In contrast, carp (Cyprinus carpio') have shown significantly higher protein synthesis rates after acclimating to higher water temperatures (25 °C) than after acclimating to lower water temperatures (10 °C). This type of experiment is common throughout fish. A similar example is given by the Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis), which, when acclimated to temperatures of 26 °C, produced a significantly higher amount of taurine, glutamate, GABA and glycine compared to acclimation to 12 °C. This may mean that the aforementioned compounds aid in antioxidant defense, osmoregulatory processes, or energetic purposes at these temperatures.
|
|
There are many required amino acids for kittens. Histidine is required at no greater than 30% in kitten diets, since consuming histidine- free diets causes weight loss.Tryptophan is required at 0.15%, seeing as it maximized performance at this level. Kittens also need the following amino acids supplemented in their diet: arginine to avoid an excess of ammonia in the blood, otherwise known as hyperammonemia, isoleucine, leucine, valine, lysine, methionine as a sulfur-containing amino acid, asparagine for maximal growth in the early post-weaning kitten, threonine and taurine to prevent central retinal degeneration.
|
|
Activation of the polyol pathway results in a decrease of reduced NADPH and oxidized NAD+; these are necessary co-factors in redox reactions throughout the body, and under normal conditions they are not interchangeable. The decreased concentration of these NADPH leads to decreased synthesis of reduced glutathione, nitric oxide, myo- inositol, and taurine. Myo-inositol is particularly required for the normal function of nerves. Sorbitol may also glycate nitrogens on proteins, such as collagen, and the products of these glycations are referred-to as AGEs - advanced glycation end-products.
|
|
For example, the compounds found in energy drinks such as caffeine and taurine have also been shown to improve cognitive functioning, and in turn, improve memory. 2\. Brain stimulation: transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) can be used to stimulate certain brain regions associated with memory in a non-invasive way. This causes those areas to be more activated than other areas of the brain when an individual is trying to remember something. This, however, requires special equipment only accessible in a laboratory and therefore cannot be used at home. 3\.
|
|
One such notable event was the attempted extermination of the house of the Quinctilii. Condianus and Maximus were executed on the pretext that, while they were not implicated in any plots, their wealth and talent would make them unhappy with the current state of affairs.Dio Cassius 73.5.3, Loeb edition translated E. Cary Another event—as recorded by the historian Aelius Lampridius—took place at the Roman baths at Terme Taurine, where the emperor had an attendant thrown into an oven after he found his bathwater to be lukewarm.
|
|
In Navas de San Juan two local festivals are held: its patron saint's, Saint John Baptist, which is held from 23 to 29 June, and the Virgen de la Estrella's Pilgrimage, from 1 to 3 May. The patron saint's day celebrations have a pronounced taurine nature, given the love for bulls in the village. Encierros, corridas, and novilladas (enclosures and bullfighting) are carried out, and in the evening, the famous, crowded popular verbenas (night festivals) may be enjoyed. For naveros, the pilgrimage of Our Lady of La Estrella becomes a milestone every year.
|
|
Palpitation can be intermittent and of variable frequency and duration, or continuous. Associated symptoms include dizziness, shortness of breath, sweating, headaches and chest pain. Palpitation may be associated with coronary heart disease, hyperthyroidism, diseases affecting cardiac muscle such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, diseases causing low blood oxygen such as asthma and emphysema; previous chest surgery; kidney disease; blood loss and pain; drugs such as antidepressants, statins, alcohol, nicotine, caffeine, cocaine and amphetamines; electrolyte imbalances of magnesium, potassium and calcium; and deficiencies of nutrients such as taurine, arginine and iron.
|
|
Retrieved 30 June 2013. This group of cattle may represent a fourth Aurochs domestication event (and a third event among Bos taurus–type aurochs) and may have diverged from the Near East group some 35,000 years ago. Yakutian cattle are the last remaining native Turano-Mongolian cattle breed in Siberia, and one of only a few pure Turano-Mongolian breeds remaining worldwide. Of the five mtDNA haplogroups (T, T1, T2, T3, T4) found in existing taurine cattle breeds, T2, T3 and T4 appear in Yakutian cattle, as in the Turano-Mongolian group in general.
|
|
Various brands of energy drinks An energy drink is a type of drink containing stimulant compounds, usually caffeine, which is marketed as providing mental and physical stimulation (marketed as "energy", but distinct from food energy). They may or may not be carbonated and may also contain sugar, other sweeteners, herbal extracts, taurine, and amino acids. They are a subset of the larger group of energy products, which includes bars and gels, and distinct from sports drinks, which are advertised to enhance sports performance. There are many brands and varieties in this drink category.
|
|
In November 2014, Lithuania became the first country in the EU to ban the selling of energy drinks to anyone under the age of 18. The Baltic state placed the ban in reaction to research showing how popular energy drinks were among minors. According to the AFP reports roughly 10% of school-aged Lithuanians say they consume energy drinks at least once a week. In June 2016, Latvia banned the sale of energy drinks containing caffeine or stimulants like taurine and guarana to people under the age of 18.
|
|
During the Neolithic Revolution, which occurred during the early Holocene, at least two aurochs domestication events occurred: one related to the Indian subspecies, leading to zebu cattle, and the other related to the Eurasian subspecies, leading to taurine cattle. Other species of wild bovines were also domesticated, namely the wild water buffalo, gaur, wild yak and banteng. In modern cattle, many breeds share characteristics of the aurochs, such as a dark colour in the bulls with a light eel stripe along the back (the cows being lighter), or a typical aurochs-like horn shape.
|
|
Rhyton in the shape of a bull's head, Heraklion Archaeological Museum Androgeus, son of Minos, had been killed by the Athenians, who were jealous of the victories he had won at the Panathenaic festival. Others say he was killed at Marathon by the Cretan Bull, his mother's former taurine lover, who Aegeus, king of Athens, had commanded him to slay. The common tradition holds that Minos waged and won a war to avenge the death of his son. Catullus, in his account of the Minotaur's birth,Carmen 64.
|
|
Cells can alternatively synthesize enzymes and transporters that increase intracellular concentration of organic osmolytes, which are less toxic than excess ions but which also aid in water retention. Under conditions of hyperosmolarity, NFAT5 is synthesized and accumulates in the nucleus. NFAT5 stimulates the transcription of genes for aldose reductase (AR), the sodium chloride-betaine cotransporter (SLC6A12) the sodium/myo-inositol cotransporter (SLC5A3), the taurine transporter (SLC6A6) and neuropathy target esterase which are involved in the production and uptake of organic osmolytes. Additionally, NFAT5 induces heat shock proteins, Hsp70, and osmotic stress proteins.
|
|
The ileum is very efficient at absorbing the glyco- and taurine-conjugated forms of the bile salts. The apical sodium-dependent bile salt transporter (ASBT, IBAT, gene symbol SLC10A2) is the first step in absorption at the brush-border membrane. The cytoplasmic ileal bile acid binding protein (IBABP, ILBP, gene symbol FABP6) and the basolateral heterodimer of OSTα and OSTβ transfer bile acids through and out of the cell where they eventually enter the portal vein. These bile acid transporters are all highly expressed in the ileum but not in the liver, jejunum or colon.
|
|
The official website lists the active ingredients of 5-hour Energy as: vitamin B6, folic acid, vitamin B12, sodium, taurine, glucuronolactone, malic acid and N-Acetyl L-tyrosine, L-phenylalanine, caffeine, and citicoline. The product is not U.S Food and Drug Administration approved. It contains no sugar, instead providing the stimulant caffeine and the psychoactive dopamine precursor amino acids tyrosine and phenylalanine. According to an article in Consumer Reports, 5-hour Energy should be avoided by children under the age of 12 and as well as nursing or pregnant women.
|
|
3.3oz Bacchus-F glass bottle Bacchus () is a non-carbonated South Korean energy drink, first launched in 1963. It is known by the brand names Bacchus-D and Bacchus-F, while the amount of Taurine in the latter product (2000mg) is higher. Both formulas are manufactured by Dong-A Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., part of the Dong-A Socio Group; and is also distributed in the United States under the Dong-A America Corporation in a 3.3 oz glass bottle (approximately 1/3 the size of a Red Bull).
|
|
Long-term use of high doses of Taurine should be monitored by a veterinarian. Kittens have a much higher metabolism than adults, so drugs cannot simply be calibrated based on adult protocols but adjusted for weight. Antibiotics administered 2x daily in adults need to be given 3x daily in kittens, and doses given at 24-hour intervals in adults need to be given at 18- to 20-hour intervals in kittens. In addition, because the liver does not metabolise drugs as efficiently as in adults, a higher dose relative to body weight may need to be given.
|
|
Spanish-style bullfighting is called corrida de toros (literally "coursing of bulls") or la fiesta ("the festival"). In the traditional corrida, three matadores each fight two bulls, each of which is between four and six years old and weighs no less than 460 kg (1,014 lb).Royal Decree 145/1996, of , to modify and reword the Regulations of Taurine Spectacles Each matador has six assistants: two picadores (lancers on horseback) mounted on horseback, three banderilleros – who along with the matadors are collectively known as toreros (bullfighters) – and a mozo de espadas (sword page). Collectively they comprise a cuadrilla (entourage).
|
|
Rock engravings at the top of Mount Bracco and Mount Medìa attest to the area having been populated in prehistoric times, but little is known about their creators. Barge is situated in an area which, in the pre-Roman age, belonged to the Celtic-Ligurian culture of the Taurini. In Roman times it was a pagus (small village) belonging to the main settlement located by the Rocca di Cavour, a huge isolated mass of granite rising from the nearby town of Cavour. This settlement is mentioned by Pliny as the second most important in the Taurine lands, after Segusia (Susa).
|
|
224 The Nandipada symbol also happens to be similar to the Brahmi letter "ma". The Nandipada appears on numerous ancient Indian coins, such as coins from Taxila dating to the 2nd century BCE. The symbol also appears on the zebu bull on the reverse if often shown with a Nandipada taurine mark on its hump on the less worn coins, which reinforces the role of the animal as a symbol, religious or geographic, rather than just the depiction of an animal for decorative purposes. The same association was made later on coins of Zeionises or Vima Kadphises.
|
|
Many pet owners feed cats homemade diets. These diets generally consist of some form of cooked or raw meat, bone, vegetables, and supplements, such as taurine and Multivitamins. Homemade diets either follow a recipe, such as the BARF diet which provides a series of options for the pet owner to make, or rely on the constant rotation of ingredients to meet nutrient requirements. A study was conducted that analyzed 95 homemade BARF diets and found that 60% of these were nutritionally imbalanced in either one or a combination of calcium, phosphorus, vitamin D, iodine, zinc, copper, or vitamin A content.
|
|
Glycine The glycine receptor (abbreviated as GlyR or GLR) is the receptor of the amino acid neurotransmitter glycine. GlyR is an ionotropic receptor that produces its effects through chloride current. It is one of the most widely distributed inhibitory receptors in the central nervous system and has important roles in a variety of physiological processes, especially in mediating inhibitory neurotransmission in the spinal cord and brainstem. The receptor can be activated by a range of simple amino acids including glycine, β-alanine and taurine, and can be selectively blocked by the high-affinity competitive antagonist strychnine.
|
|
This is generally called excitotoxicity, and it normally results in neuronal swelling. VRACs' release of organic osmolytes as a response to this swelling and influx of ions most likely aids in the prevention of the neuron from bursting, as the release of inorganic compounds from a cell has only been associated with a cellular volume decrease of about 20-30%. Yet, in addition to the prevention of lysis for the neuron, the release of taurine and glutamate will also continue to propagate the excitotoxicity effect on neighboring neurons. The most relevant cells to study regarding VRACs role and reaction to excitotoxicity are astrocytes.
|
|
The family has a common structure of 12 presumed transmembrane helices and includes carriers for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), noradrenaline/adrenaline, dopamine, serotonin, proline, glycine, choline, betaine, taurine and other small molecules. NSS carriers are structurally distinct from the second more-restricted family of plasma membrane transporters, which are responsible for excitatory amino acid transport (see TC# 2.A.23). The latter couple glutamate and aspartate uptake to the cotransport of Na+ and the counter-transport of K+, with no apparent dependence on Cl−. In addition, both of these transporter families are distinct from the vesicular neurotransmitter transporters.
|
|
The Caracu is considered the most suitable Taurine breed for the tropical conditions found in Brazil. Since 1980 the Caracu has been upgraded via the most modern selection techniques for genetic improvement, led by the Brazilian Association of Caracu Breeders (ABCC). Major industry initiatives such as the Animal Science Institute of Sertaozinho (IZ), Embrapa - Beef Cattle (Campo Grande / MS) and the Agronomic Institute of Paraná (IAPAR), carry out studies and research related to the breed. In less than 30 years Caracu presented an accelerated evolution of performance in many ways, always keeping intact its rustic features.
|
|
The drink contains 100% of the recommended daily intake of vitamin C, B2, B3, B5, B6, and B12 as well as 7mg of taurine. The drink is intended to taste like apples and berries, and is commonly used as mixer in alcoholic drinks such as vodka and rum. Two follow-up drinks have been released, PJ Tight (a low-carb variant) and PJ Purple Label (flavoured with grape and prickly pear). When released, Pimp Juice was a source of controversy after a number of community groups called for a national boycott of the product for glorifying and promoting a negative stereotype of African-American lifestyle.
|
|
In fact, some obligate carnivorous mammals will only ingest vegetation to use as an emetic, to self-induce vomiting of the vegetation along with the other food it had ingested that upset its stomach. Obligate carnivores include the axolotl, which consumes mainly worms and larvae in its environment, but if necessary will consume algae, as well as all felids (including the domestic cat) which require a diet of primarily animal flesh and organs. Specifically, cats have high protein requirements and their metabolisms appear unable to synthesize essential nutrients such as retinol, arginine, taurine, and arachidonic acid; thus, in nature, they must consume flesh to supply these nutrients.
|
|
The Younger Dryas that occurred 12,900 years ago was a period of intense cold and aridity that put pressure on humans to intensify their foraging strategies. By the beginning of the Holocene from 11,700 years ago, favorable climatic conditions and increasing human populations led to small-scale animal and plant domestication, which allowed humans to augment the food that they were obtaining through hunter-gathering. The Neolithic transition led to agricultural societies emerging in locations across Eurasia, North Africa, and South and Central America. In the Fertile Crescent 10,000-11,000 years ago, zooarchaeology indicates that goats, pigs, sheep, and taurine cattle were the first livestock to be domesticated.
|
|
Then it was decided to celebrate these fairs so that they coincided with the carnivals already known as Feria del Sol; thus in 1969 the first bullfighting carnival took place with three run of bulls, on 15–17 February. The first poster consisted of bulls of "Valparaíso" for Alfredo Leal, Daniel "Matatoba" Santiago, Manuel Benítez "El Cordobés" and the Venezuelan Lucio Requena. The first ear of the fair was for Alfredo Leal. The Reina or Novia del Sol (Queen of the Sun) 2009 Since then, the fair has developed into one of the most important fairs of Venezuela, as well as the taurine world.
|
|
Lactate concentrations above 10 mmol per liter are an indicator of cyanide poisoning, as defined by the presence of a blood cyanide concentration above 40 µmol per liter. Lactate levels greater than 6 mmol/L after reported or strongly suspected pure cyanide poisoning, such as cyanide-containing smoke exposure, suggests significant cyanide exposure. Methods of detection include colorimetric assays such as the Prussian blue test, the pyridine-barbiturate assay, also known as the "Conway diffusion method"Forensic Toxicology: Principles and Concepts By Nicholas T Lappas, Courtney M Lappas, Chapter 10. and the taurine fluorescence-HPLC but like all colorimetric assays these are prone to false positives.
|
|
In the wake of modernization and specialization in animal husbandry, many Turano-Mongolian breeds have been replaced either outright or through extensive crossbreeding by modern international breeds and become extinct. Thus, for example, of the Siberian breeds only the Yakutian cattle remain, and at that only in very small numbers. Others, like Japanese Black and the Kazakh Whiteheaded, have been diluted by crossbreeding with international breeds to varying degrees and often are threatened by further crossbreeding. Many southern Turano-Mongolian breeds, especially the Central plain and Southern varieties of Chinese Yellow cattle, while showing pure taurine phenotypes, have in prehistorical and historical times been influenced by an admixture of zebu cattle.
|
|
A zebu (; Bos primigenius indicus or Bos indicus or Bos taurus indicus), sometimes known as indicine cattle or humped cattle, is a species or subspecies of domestic cattle originating in South Asia. Zebu are characterised by a fatty hump on their shoulders, a large dewlap, and sometimes drooping ears. They are well adapted to withstanding high temperatures, and are farmed throughout the tropical countries, both as pure zebu and as hybrids with taurine cattle, the other main type of domestic cattle. Zebu are used as draught and riding animals, dairy cattle, and beef cattle, as well as for byproducts such as hides and dung for fuel and manure.
|
|
The decision to remove caffeine from the beverage came from a review by the FDA, which gave the companies a window to either remove the caffeine and other stimulants in the drinks or face possible penalties under federal law. Experts have said the caffeine used in the beverages can mask the effects of alcohol, leaving drinkers unaware of how intoxicated they are. One of the companies that received letters of warning was Phusion Projects in Chicago which makes Four Loko. Phusion Projects announced in November 2010 that it was dropping caffeine and two other ingredients, guarana and taurine, from Four Loko because of a politically angered environment.
|
|
In 2004, a study published in the Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association evaluated two commercial vegetarian pet foods for nutritional adequacy, which included Vegecat KibbleMix supplement. The study concluded that both Vegecat KibbleMix and the other vegetarian pet food had multiple nutritional inadequacies, particularly taurine, when compared against the AAFCO minimal nutrient profile for cat diets. Vitamin A level leaned high but was still within the AAFCO maximum safe intake. In an apologetic reply, the manufacturer of Vegecat attributed the test results to a manufacturing error during the mixing process and an inaccurate nutrient profile of a food yeast, and asserted they were taking steps to correct the problems.
|
|
Research has also shown that variations in the composition of the subunits leads to variations in the ability of VRACs to transport certain metabolites. For instance, the subunit LRRC8D being involved in the composition of VRAC has been highly associated with the transport of taurine along with specific anti- cancer drugs. Because of experiments like this, we know that it is likely that LRRC8 proteins create the VRAC pore as well. As for a mechanism for VRACs, recent research has suggested that they are activated when there is a reduction of intracellular ionic strength, which implies that VRACs may also act as sensors as well as affecters of cell volume regulation.
|
|
Prior to secreting any of the bile acids (primary or secondary, see below), liver cells conjugate them with either glycine or taurine, to form a total of 8 possible conjugated bile acids. These conjugated bile acids are often referred to as bile salts. The pKa of the unconjugated bile acids are between 5 and 6.5, and the pH of the duodenum ranges between 3 and 5, so when unconjugated bile acids are in the duodenum, they are almost always protonated (HA form), which makes them relatively insoluble in water. Conjugating bile acids with amino acids lowers the pKa of the bile-acid/amino-acid conjugate to between 1 and 4.
|
|
The Younger Dryas that occurred 12,900 years ago was a period of intense cold and aridity that put pressure on humans to intensify their foraging strategies. By the beginning of the Holocene from 11,700 years ago, favorable climatic conditions and increasing human populations led to small-scale animal and plant domestication, which allowed humans to augment the food that they were obtaining through hunter-gathering. The Neolithic transition led to agricultural societies emerging in locations across Eurasia, North Africa, and South and Central America. In the Fertile Crescent 10,000-11,000 years ago, zooarchaeology indicates that goats, pigs, sheep, and taurine cattle were the first livestock to be domesticated.
|
|
The Indian aurochs (Bos primigenius namadicus) () was a subspecies of the extinct aurochs. It is considered the wild ancestor of the domestic zebu cattle, which is mainly found in the Indian subcontinent and has been introduced in many other parts of the world, like Africa and South America. In contrast, the domesticated taurine cattle breeds, which are native to Europe, the Near East, and other parts of the world, are descendants of the Eurasian aurochs (Bos primigenius primigenius). According to IUCN, the Indian aurochs disappeared before the 13th century AD, leaving only the Bos primigenius primigenius, whose range was by then restricted to Europe.
|
|
Over 1000 breeds of cattle are recognized worldwide, some of which adapted to the local climate, others which were bred by humans for specialized uses. Cattle breeds fall into two main types, which are regarded as either two closely related species, or two subspecies of one species. Bos indicus (or Bos taurus indicus) cattle, commonly called zebu, are adapted to hot climates and originated in the tropical parts of the world such as India, Sub-saharan Africa, China, and Southeast Asia. Bos taurus (or Bos taurus taurus), typically referred to as "taurine" cattle, are generally adapted to cooler climates and include almost all cattle breeds originating from Europe, the Mediterranean region, and northern Asia.
|
|
Leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 8A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LRRC8A gene. Researchers have found out that this protein, along with the other LRRC8 proteins LRRC8B, LRRC8C, LRRC8D, and LRRC8E, is a subunit of the heteromer protein volume-regulated anion channel (VRAC). (VRACs) are crucial to the regulation of cell size by transporting chloride ions and various organic osmolytes, such as taurine or glutamate, across the plasma membrane, and that is not the only function these channels have been linked to. While LRRC8A is one of many proteins that can be part of VRAC, it is the most important subunit for the channel’s ability to function.
|
|
RESQ is a cold packaged, non- alcoholic, sports drink (producing company however calls it "powerdrink") with natural ingredients used. According to the manufacturer, the composition of ingredients is supposed to stimulate the metabolism, blood circulation and the central nervous system. The chosen ingredients can assist the human body in breaking down toxins and giving it an adequate supply of energy while performing exhaustive body activity like sports for example. RESQ also bonds two known natural fat metabolizers (L-Carnitine and Taurine), with two energy stimulants (Guarana and Ginseng) and other B-vitamins. The manufacturer does not make any medical claims but refers to publications of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for products’ and ingredients’ benefits.
|
|
The Pantaneiro derives from Spanish cattle brought to the Americas by the conquistadores at the time of the colonisation of the Río de la Plata basin, and has been raised there for more than three hundred years. From the eighteenth century it was influenced by breeds of Portuguese origin such as the Curraleiro and Franqueiro. DNA studies have shown that there has been contamination of the breed through the use of bulls of the zebuine cattle breeds introduced to the Pantanal region during the twentieth century; influence of zebuine cows was excluded, as the mitochondrial DNA was found to be entirely taurine. The Pantaneiro was the principal breed of the Pantanal for several centuries.
|
|
Malnutrition in cats is currently uncommon due to complete and balanced diets being formulated and fed. Yet it can still occur if the cat's food intake decreases beyond what the food can provide, if interactions occur between ingredients or nutrients, if mistakes are made during formulation or manufacturing, and if the food is stored for a lengthy amount of time. If a cat becomes malnourished, a deficiency of energy, protein, taurine, essential fatty acids, minerals (calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium), vitamins (A, D, E, thiamine, niacin, biotin), and trace elements (iron, copper, zinc, iodine, selenium) can occur, causing a multitude of deficiency symptoms. For information about a correct cat diet, see Cat food.
|
|
Zebu market in Madagascar Zebu were imported to Africa over many hundreds of years, and interbred with taurine cattle there. Genetic analysis of African cattle has found higher concentrations of zebu genes all along the east coast of Africa, with especially pure cattle on the island of Madagascar, either implying that the method of dispersal was cattle transported by ship or alternatively, the zebu may have reached East Africa via the coastal route (Pakistan, Iran, Southern Arabian coast) much earlier and crossed over to Madagascar. Partial resistance to rinderpest led to another increase in the frequency of zebu in Africa. Zebu, which can tolerate extreme heat, were imported into Brazil in the early 20th century.
|
|
This shown process is for RVD, but VRAC is also active in the observed cell shrinkage that occurs before apoptosis through the same release of anions and organic osmolytes. Volume- regulated anion channels (VRACs) are crucial to the regulation of cell size by transporting chloride ions and various organic osmolytes, such as taurine or glutamate, across the plasma membrane, and that is not the only function these channels have been linked to. Some research has also suggested that VRACs may be water-permeable as well. The regulation of cell volume is necessary not only as a prevention against swelling or shrinkage caused by a change in the cell's environment, but also throughout all stages of a cell's life.
|
|
Leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 8E is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LRRC8E gene. Researchers have found out that this protein, along with the other LRRC8 proteins LRRC8A, LRRC8B, LRRC8C, and LRRC8D, is sometimes a subunit of the heteromer protein volume-regulated anion channel. Volume-Regulated Anion Channels (VRACs) are crucial to the regulation of cell size by transporting chloride ions and various organic osmolytes, such as taurine or glutamate, across the plasma membrane, and that is not the only function these channels have been linked to. While LRRC8E is one of many proteins that can be part of VRAC, research has found that it is not as crucial to the activity of the channel in comparison to LRRC8A and LRRC8D.
|
|
Leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 8D is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LRRC8D gene. Researchers have found out that this protein, along with the other LRRC8 proteins LRRC8A, LRRC8B, LRRC8C, and LRRC8E, is a subunit of the heteromer protein Volume-Regulated Anion Channel. Volume- Regulated Anion Channels (VRACs) are crucial to the regulation of cell size by transporting chloride ions and various organic osmolytes, such as taurine or glutamate, across the plasma membrane, and that is not the only function these channels have been linked to. While LRRC8D is one of many proteins that can be part of VRAC, it is in fact one of the most important subunits for the channel’s ability to function; the other protein of importance is LRRC8A.
|
|
Leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 8B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LRRC8B gene. Researchers have found out that this protein, along with the other LRRC8 proteins LRRC8A, LRRC8C, LRRC8D, and LRRC8E, is sometimes a subunit of the heteromer protein volume-regulated anion channel (VRAC). VRACs are crucial to the regulation of cell size by transporting chloride ions and various organic osmolytes, such as taurine or glutamate, across the plasma membrane, and that is not the only function these channels have been linked to. While LRRC8B is one of many proteins that can be part of VRAC, research has found that it is not as crucial to the activity of the channel in comparison to LRRC8A and LRRC8D.
|
|
Leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 8C is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LRRC8C gene. Researchers have found out that this protein, along with the other LRRC8 proteins LRRC8A, LRRC8B, LRRC8D, and LRRC8E, is sometimes a subunit of the heteromer protein Volume-Regulated Anion Channel. Volume-Regulated Anion Channels (VRACs) are crucial to the regulation of cell size by transporting chloride ions and various organic osmolytes, such as taurine or glutamate, across the plasma membrane, and that is not the only function these channels have been linked to. While LRRC8C is one of many proteins that can be part of VRAC, research has found that it is not as crucial to the activity of the channel in comparison to LRRC8A and LRRC8D.
|
|
The effect has been shown to be linked to increases in the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). It has been shown that chronotype is related to the effect of sleep deprivation on mood in normal people: those with morningness preference become more depressed following sleep deprivation while those with eveningness preference show an improvement in mood. A comprehensive evaluation of the human metabolome in sleep deprivation in 2014 found that 27 metabolites are increased after 24 waking hours and suggested serotonin, tryptophan, and taurine may contribute to the antidepressive effect. The incidence of relapse can be decreased by combining sleep deprivation with medication or a combination of light therapy and phase advance (going to bed substantially earlier than ones normal time).
|
|
SeHCAT is a taurine-conjugated bile acid analog which was synthesized for use as a radiopharmaceutical to investigate in vivo the enterohepatic circulation of bile salts. By incorporating the gamma-emitter 75Se into the SeHCAT molecule, the retention in the body or the loss of this compound into the feces could be studied easily using a standard gamma camera, available in most clinical nuclear medicine departments. SeHCAT has been shown to be absorbed from the gut and excreted into the bile at the same rate as cholic acid, one of the major natural bile acids in humans. It undergoes secretion into the biliary tree, gallbladder and intestine in response to food, and is reabsorbed efficiently in the ileum, with kinetics similar to natural bile acids.
|
|
Both species were likely present since ancient times in northern Africa and the Middle East, where both natural and human-caused hybridization likely occurred. Today, Taurus/indicus hybrids are widely bred in many warmer regions, combining characteristics of both the ancestral types (such as the Sanga cattle of Africa, or Brangus [a portmanteau of Brahma and Angus] in warmer regions of the United States). In some parts of the world further species of cattle are found (both as wild and domesticated animals), and some of these are related so closely to taurine and indicus cattle that interspecies hybrids have been bred. Examples include the Dwarf Lulu cattle of the mountains of Nepal with yak blood, the Beefalo of North America with bison genes, the Selembu breed of India and Bhutan with gayal genes.
|
|
Chillout Sessions 6 is a two-disc compilation of songs by various artists that was released in December 2004. The red B&B; Italia UP series "Big Momma" chair & footstool featured on the album cover was courtesy of the Space Furniture site. Disc One # Missy Higgins – "Nightminds (Dave Higgins Remix)" # Zero 7 – "Somersault" # Shapeshifters – "Lola's Theme (Lola's Lounging Mix)" # Bent – "Sunday 29th" # Ben Harper & The Blind Boys of Alabama – "There Will Be A Light" # Mark Farina – "Dream Machine" # The 411 – "On My Knees" # Kaskade – "Steppin' Out (Late Night Alumni Slow Dance Remix)" # Taurine – "Dreams of Hope" # Dynamoe – "In Your Own Time" # Hi Fi Mike – "I'll Carry You" # Sia – "Don't Bring Me Down" # The Dissociatives – "Forever and a Day" # Jet – "Look What You've Done" # Gomez – "Sweet Virginia" # Coldplay – "Don't Panic" # Dave Seaman pres. Group Therapy feat.
|
|
In particular, when bound to β-alanine, the pKa value is 6.83, making this a very efficient intramuscular buffer. Furthermore, because of the position of the beta amino group, β-alanine dipeptides are not incorporated into proteins, and thus can be stored at relatively high concentrations (millimolar). Occurring at 17–25 mmol/kg (dry muscle), carnosine (β-alanyl-L-histidine) is an important intramuscular buffer, constituting 10-20% of the total buffering capacity in type I and II muscle fibres. Even though much weaker than glycine (and, thus, with a debated role as a physiological transmitter), β-alanine is an agonist next in activity to the cognate ligand glycine itself, for strychnine-sensitive inhibitory glycine receptors (GlyRs) (the agonist order: glycine ≫ β-alanine > taurine ≫ alanine, L-serine > proline).
|
|
The enactment and implementation of the new directive will work to restrict the capacity of e-cigarette refill tanks to no more than 2ml and a maximum volume of e-liquids containing nicotine for sale for one refill container to 10ml. The nicotine strength of e-liquids to no more than 20 mg/ml and require products containing nicotine and their packaging to be tamper proof and resistant to child tampering. The new regulation prohibited the use of certain ingredients that included taurine, colourings, and caffeine, the mandatory use of new labelling and health warning signs on the packaging. The new regulations require that the sale of all e-liquids and e-cigarettes should be done after notifying the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) for the case of the United Kingdom (UK).
|
|
Hyocholic acid or 3α,6α,7α-trihydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oic acid is a bile acid found as one of the main forms in pig, and at low concentrations in other species including humans. Hyocholic acid differs from the primary bile acids found in humans by having a third hydroxyl group in the α-conformation at the 6-position, unlike cholic acid, which has a 12-hydroxyl, and chenodeoxycholic acid which has neither a 6- or 12-hydroxyl. It also differs from the muricholic acids found in rodents, as they are 6β-hydroxylated, and can have the 7-hydroxyl in either the α- or β positions, forming α- or β-muricholic acids. Hyocholic acid is conjugated in the liver before secretion with taurine or with glycine to give taurohyocholate or glycohyocholates.
|
|
Cats are obligate carnivores—meaning, they are true carnivores and depend upon the nutrients present in animal flesh for their dietary needs. Even domesticated cats will relish freshly killed meat from rodents, rabbits, amphibians, birds, reptiles and fish, but cats are also opportunistic feeders and will readily take cooked food as well as dried cat food when offered, if that food is palatable. The natural diet of cats therefore does not include any vegetable matter, although cats have been known to eat certain plants and grasses occasionally, usually as an emetic.What Food Can Cat Eat ThePets - Recommendations from veterinarians for Pet's Health and Care Cats cannot synthesize some essential nutrients required for survival, including the amino acids taurine and arginine, so these nutrients must be sourced from fresh meat in the natural diet.
|
|
The city of Mérida or City of the Knights had celebrated its historic past in Venezuela, but it did not have fairs similar to the cities of San Cristóbal, Barquisimeto, Maracaibo, or Táriba. Therefore, a group of amateurs got the idea to build a Plaza de Toros (Plaza of Bulls), so that Mérida had a taurine calendar and a fair counted among the most important of the country. The fair was set for 9 and 10 December, as the feast of Immaculate Conception coincided with the beginning of the month. For the bullfighting, César Faraco, Manuel Benítez "El Cordobés", Francisco Rivera "Paquirri", Julio Aparicio, Curro Girón, Paco Camino and the mounted bullfighter, Juan Cañedo, who is of Mexican origin, fought the bulls of Félix Rodríguez, "Achury Vejo" and "Ambaló", who all originated in the country of Colombia.
|
|
The symbol at the top of the bull is only a mint mark. Before their design was eventually simplified, some of the earlier coins of king Apollodotus directly associate the elephant with Buddhist symbolism, such as the stupa hill (arched-hill symbol) surmounted by a crescent or a star (the Chaitya symbol), also seen, for example on the coins of the Mauryan Empire, many local coins of Taxila or those of the later Kuninda kingdom. Also the zebu bull on the reverse is often shown with a nandipada taurine mark on its hump on the less- worn coins, which reinforces the role of the animal as a symbol, religious or geographic, rather than just the depiction of an animal for decorative purposes. The nandipada and the zebu bull are generally associated with Nandi, Shiva's humped bull in Hinduism.
|
|
In Greek mythology, the people of Athens were at one point compelled by King Minos of Crete to choose 14 young noble citizens (seven young men and seven maidens) to be offered as sacrificial victims to the half-human, half-taurine monster Minotaur to be killed in retribution for the death of Minos' son Androgeos. The victims were drawn by lots, were required to go unarmed, and would end up either being consumed by the Minotaur or getting lost and perishing in the Labyrinth, the maze-like structure where the Minotaur was kept. The offerings were to take place every one, seven or nine years and lasted until Theseus volunteered to join the third group of the would-be victims, killed the monster and led his companions safely out of the Labyrinth.Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca, 3. 15.
|
|
The cans are resealable aluminum bottles; the body of the bottle was similar to that of a standard aluminum can, but the top had a twist-off aluminum cap with a plastic gasket liner, and in smaller "Quick Fix" cans ( single-use pull-tab aluminum cans, similar to those used for Red Bull) and "battery" cans ( resealable aluminum cans with the same twist-off top as the battery bottles). The Jolt Cola website claimed that the "Quick Fix" sizes were available at establishments that serve "adult beverages," for use as a mixer. The flavors of Jolt offered were also changed. Flavors offered were Cola, Blue Raspberry, Cherry Bomb (cherry cola), Silver (lemon-lime), Wild Grape, Orange Blast, Passionfruit (featuring a yellow can) and Ultra (a diet drink with Splenda as its artificial sweetener alongside guarana, ginseng, taurine, and vitamin B complex).
|
|
Hepatocytes metabolize cholesterol to cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid. These lipid-soluble bile acids are conjugated (reversibly attached) mainly to glycine or taurine molecules to form water soluble primary conjugated bile acids, sometimes called "bile salts". These bile acids travel to the gall bladder during the interdigestive phase for storage and to the descending part of the duodenum via the common bile duct through the major duodenal papilla during digestion. 95% of the bile acids which are delivered to the duodenum will be recycled by the enterohepatic circulation. Due to the pH of the small intestine, most of the bile acids are ionized and mostly occur as their sodium salts which are then called “primary conjugated bile salts.” In the lower small intestine and colon, bacteria dehydroxylate some of the primary bile salts to form secondary conjugated bile salts (which are still water-soluble).
|
|
Edwin H. Colbert in 1935 first suggested that from this species the modern species of Bos arose, with the aurochs, B. primigenius, the ancestors of modern taurine cattle, evolving from the Indian Subcontinent via B. namadicus, a smallish prehistoric species of cattle described by Hugh Falconer in 1837 from a fossil recovered in the early 19th century from Narbada (known at the time as Narmada by the British Raj) in central India. B. namadicus and B. primigenius are thought to have split 0.61 and 0.85 million years ago based on a study of the accumulation of differences in mitochondrial DNA by MacHugh et al. in 1997, with Badam and Sankhyan in 2009 dating the existence of B. namadicus to the middle to late Pleistocene. Colbert's theory was expanded by Pilgrim in 1947 and followed by subsequent authors, until 2007 when Bienvenido Martínez-Navarro et al.
|
|
Use of money was known to Vedic people much before 700 BC. The words, Nishka and Krishnala, denoted money, and Kārshāpaṇas, as standard coins, were regularly stored in the royal treasuries. The local silver punch-marked coins, included in the Bhabhuā and Golakpur finds, were issued by the Janapadas and were in circulation during the rule of the Brihadratha dynasty which was succeeded by the Haryanka dynasty in 684 BC; these coins show four punch-marks - the sun-mark, the six- armed symbol, arrows (three) and taurine (three) which were current even during the rule of Bimbisara (604-552 BC). Ajatashatru (552-520 BC) issued the first Imperial coins of six punch-marks with the addition of the bull and the lion. The successors of Ajatashatru who ruled between 520 and 440 BC and the later Shishunaga dynasty and the Nanda dynasty issued coins of five symbols – the sun-mark, the six-armed symbol and any three of the 450 symbols.
|
|