The mental is distinct from the physical but nomologically supervenes on it.
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The principle by which meaning so supervenes is the principle of charity.
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Complications can occur if infection supervenes leading to an inflammation of the gall bladder.
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As hypoxemia supervenes, the patient becomes comatose and death may result from ventricular fibrillation or asystole.
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Talk of God supervenes on the commitment to the practice rather than being a justification for it.
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Likewise, any version of functionalism or physicalism implies that the mental supervenes on, respectively, functional organization and physical makeup.
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We can find supervenience wherever a message is conveyed by a representational medium. When we see a letter "a" in a page of print, for example, the meaning Latin lowercase "a" supervenes on the geometry of the boundary of the printed glyph, which in turn supervenes on the ink deposition on the paper.
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The party which has appointed the arbitrator may not challenge him unless one of the grounds of challenge mentioned in the previous paragraph supervenes.
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Therapy with lovastatin should be temporarily stopped a few days prior to elective major surgery and when any major medical or surgical condition supervenes.
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However, should inhalation continue, light anæsthesia supervenes and mask drops away as the patient relaxes, or is removed if administration has been by attending personnel.
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At first blush, it seems as if her sexual initiation supervenes in a brutal flash, in her vision of her father committing a most reprehended sexual act.
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Cancerous > humor, which would lie dormant in the system their lifetime, is inflamed, > and commences its eating, destructive work. The mind is often utterly > ruined, and insanity supervenes.
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This second assumption amounts to a sense in which being supervenes on truth: circumstances cannot differ with respect to what there is without differing with respect to what is true.
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There are several examples of supervenience to be found in computer networking. For example, in a dial-up internet connection, the audio signal on a phone line transports IP packets between the user's computer and the Internet service provider's computer. In this case, the arrangement of bytes in that packet supervenes on the physical properties of the phone signal. More generally, each layer of the OSI Model of computer networking supervenes on the layers below it.
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For it is clearly not in general true that to know whether an object x has a property P one has to know how things stand with respect to the facts on which P supervenes.
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Eyes are expensive, and in lightless cave pools there is little reason for fish to have eyes. Yet, despite the remarkably consistent convergent evolution producing sightless cave fish, the genetics that produce the loss of sight phenotype is different nearly every time. This is because phenotype supervenes on genotype.
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In this view, a soul is the hylomorphic form of a viable organism, wherein each level of the hierarchy formally supervenes upon the substance of the preceding level. For Aristotle, the first two souls, based on the body, perish when the living organism dies,Aristotle. [c. mid 4th century BC] 1924. Metaphysics (Metaphysica), edited by W. D. Ross.
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There are two types of representationalism, strong and weak. Strong representationalism attempts to reduce phenomenal character to intentional content. On the other hand, weak representationalism claims only that phenomenal character supervenes on intentional content. Strong representationalism aims to provide a theory about the nature of phenomenal character, and offers a solution to the hard problem of consciousness.
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Two common approaches to defining "physicalism" are the theory-based and object-based approaches. The theory-based conception of physicalism proposes that "a property is physical if and only if it either is the sort of property that physical theory tells us about or else is a property which metaphysically (or logically) supervenes on the sort of property that physical theory tells us about". Likewise, the object-based conception claims that "a property is physical if and only if: it either is the sort of property required by a complete account of the intrinsic nature of paradigmatic physical objects and their constituents or else is a property which metaphysically (or logically) supervenes on the sort of property required by a complete account of the intrinsic nature of paradigmatic physical objects and their constituents".
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Patricia and Paul Churchland have criticised Chalmers claim that everything but consciousness logically supervenes on the physical, and that such failures of supervenience mean that materialism must be false. Heat and luminescence, for instance, are both physical properties that logically supervene on the physical., pp. 30-1 Others have questioned the premise that a priori entailment is required for logical supervenience. pp.
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Lastly, physicalism is the hypothesis that the mind is the same as the brain and/or the mental supervenes on the physical, yet it is not fact. Therefore, to use the hypothesis of causal exclusion as evidence to counter mental causation is no different than using "the popper's three world formulation" or "psychological nativism" (as shown in this section) to support mental causation.
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During the > second five minutes this belief evaporates, but the poultice is buckled at > the back and you can't get it off. This is the period the onlookers most > enjoy. During the last five minutes, I noted a sort of numbness supervenes. > As a non-paying patient, in the uniform nightshirt, you were primarily a > specimen, a thing I did not resent but could never quite get used to.
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This is an uncommon, benign condition which was originally described in the glans penis of older men but has a counterpart in women under a variety of terms (Zoon vulvitis, vulvitis circumscripta plasmacellularis, plasmacytosis mucosae). Most patients are adult, in reproductive age or postmenopausal (age range 26–70 years). Lesions on the vulva are usually asymptomatic, composed of solitary or multiple, sharply defined, red-brown,shiny patches which frequently exhibit a speckled and hemorrhagic surface. Ulceration commonly supervenes.
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In philosophy, physicalism is the metaphysical thesis that "everything is physical", that there is "nothing over and above" the physical,See Smart, 1959 or that everything supervenes on the physical. Physicalism is a form of ontological monism—a "one substance" view of the nature of reality as opposed to a "two-substance" (dualism) or "many-substance" (pluralism) view. Both the definition of "physical" and the meaning of physicalism have been debated. Physicalism is closely related to materialism.
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Gobineau claimed the Aryans had founded the ten great civilizations of the world, writing: "In the ten civilizations no Negro race is seen an initiator. Only when it is mixed with some other, can it even be initiated into a civilization. Similarly, no spontaneous civilization is to be found among the yellow races; and when the Aryan blood is exhausted stagnation supervenes". Gobineau, mindful of his own supposed noble and Frankish descent classified the Germanic peoples as being the Aryans in Europe.
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It is extinguished by the death of the mandator or mandatary; however, if the mandator's death is unknown to the mandatary he can still bring the actio mandati. A mandate once accepted must be executed, unless some just cause supervenes to release the mandatary. A mandate may be made conditionally, or so as to take effect from a future time. Though the services were performed gratuitously under the contract, it was open to the benefited party to present the other with an honorarium for his services.
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Chalmers characterizes his view as "naturalistic dualism": naturalistic because he believes mental states supervenes "naturally" on physical systems (such as brains); dualist because he believes mental states are ontologically distinct from and not reducible to physical systems. He has also characterized his view by more traditional formulations such as property dualism. In support of this, Chalmers is famous for his commitment to the logical (though, importantly, not natural) possibility of philosophical zombies. These zombies, unlike the zombie of popular fiction, are complete physical duplicates of human beings, lacking only qualitative experience.
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Another way to put this is to say that moral facts are a function of, depend upon, or are constrained or constituted by, some non-moral facts, and that the latter are a sufficient condition for making the moral facts true. Yet another common way of putting this is that any change in moral facts must be accompanied by a change in the non-moral facts (i.e., those on which it supervenes), but that the reverse is not the case.McPherson, 2015 A moral fact can be constituted by more than one set of non-moral facts-i.e.
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There must be some causal connection between the circumstances which give rise to the claim for rescission and the judgment. If a judgment is obtained in respect of a disposition not for value, no ground exists for setting aside such judgment merely because the disposition was not made for value and it is proved that, immediately after such disposition, the judgment debtor's liabilities exceeded his assets. It is only if insolvency or liquidation supervenes that such a disposition acquires legal significance by reason of the provisions of section 26 of the Insolvency Act,Act 24 of 1936. read with, in the case of a company, section 181 of the Companies ActAct 46 of 1926.
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CARS often leads to suppression of the immune system, which leaves patients vulnerable to secondary infection. It was once thought that SIRS or CARS could predominate in a septic individual, and it was proposed that CARS follows SIRS in a two- wave process. It is now believed that the systemic inflammatory response and the compensatory anti-inflammatory response occur simultaneously. At high levels of LPS, the syndrome of septic shock supervenes; the same cytokine and secondary mediators, now at high levels, result in systemic vasodilation (hypotension), diminished myocardial contractility, widespread endothelial injury, activation causing systemic leukocyte adhesion and diffuse alveolar capillary damage in the lung, and activation of the coagulation system culminating in disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).
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Throughout the century the Bible and the Psalter were in favor; and naturally the same subjects and the same scenes ran through the period and were repeated by artist after artist; and the very character of those sacred books would tend to restrain innovation. But towards the close of the period such secular works as the romances were growing in popularity, and afforded a wider field for the invention of the illustrating artist. Therefore, with the opening of the 14th century a palpable change of style supervenes. We pass to more flowing lines; not to the bold sweeping strokes and curves of the 12th century, but to a graceful, delicate, yielding style which produced the beautiful swaying figures of the period.
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Unlike his rival, who crams into his plays "quantité d'incidents qui ne se pourraient passer qu'en un mois",First Preface of Britannicus. Racine describes fluctuating states of mind which, in the rapidly mounting tension, are brought abruptly to a crisis from which there is no retreat. The so-called Aristotelian rules happen to suit this type of drama perfectly since they lead the playwright to concentrate the tragic action on those few hours when, after months or years of emotional tension, a new event supervenes and precipitates the catastrophe. The most striking evidence of Racine's success in fitting his tragedies into this very stringent framework is that, when watching them, the audience ceases to be aware that the unities exist.
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There are limits both of heat and cold that an endothermic animal can bear and other far wider limits that an ectothermic animal may endure and yet live. The effect of too extreme a cold is to decrease metabolism, and hence to lessen the production of heat. Both catabolic and anabolic pathways share in this metabolic depression, and, though less energy is used up, still less energy is generated. The effects of this diminished metabolism become telling on the central nervous system first, especially the brain and those parts concerning consciousness; both heart rate and respiration rate decrease; judgment becomes impaired as drowsiness supervenes, becoming steadily deeper until the individual loses consciousness; without medical intervention, death by hypothermia quickly follows.
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In addition to already discussed theories of dualism (particularly the Christian and Cartesian models) there are new theories in the defense of dualism. Naturalistic dualism comes from Australian philosopher, David Chalmers (born 1966) who argues there is an explanatory gap between objective and subjective experience that cannot be bridged by reductionism because consciousness is, at least, logically autonomous of the physical properties upon which it supervenes. According to Chalmers, a naturalistic account of property dualism requires a new fundamental category of properties described by new laws of supervenience; the challenge being analogous to that of understanding electricity based on the mechanistic and Newtonian models of materialism prior to Maxwell's equations. A similar defense comes from Australian philosopher Frank Jackson (born 1943) who revived the theory of epiphenomenalism which argues that mental states do not play a role in physical states.
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