Motherfucker attracts toadies like a sump full of lily pads.
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Then the power went out, causing the sump pump to fail.
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Syncrude has since taken the sump out of service, the regulator said.
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Cleanup crews on Sunday were using a sump pump to remove the liquid.
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How to test and repair my sump pump, how to change a hood filter.
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A number of them used sump pumps to try to bail out their homes.
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In a dirty sump or in a marble tower on top of a high hill?
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You can also have a sump pump and a drainage system installed around the house.
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The precious metal has been in a long sump but prices are now hitting eight-month highs.
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You might be able to kick that grenade into a sump, grab your buddy and survive the explosion.
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So when that sump pump suddenly fails, odds are, we're scrambling to pay the plumber for a new one.
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Ricardo McKenzie, 39, said he called 911 repeatedly while his family tried to remove the waste water with sump pumps.
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There's always a sump pump running in Mimi's house, and when it storms, mud comes right up to the front porch.
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You can also install a sump pump and get a water alarm that will notify you when the system is overloaded.
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Other high-profile failures included sump plug problems and a loss of gearbox oil in 1998, and a faulty sensor in 2014.
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It can also fit under and around any potentially leaky thing, including fish tanks, dishwashers, hot water heaters, and, yes, sump pumps.
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It's this latter category that's most appealing (and most practical since River isn't powerful enough to drive a sump pump in a flooding basement).
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Those pipes will carry the water to sump pits, from which it can be pumped into the city's storm sewer system when the rain subsides.
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The deck has an outdoor bathroom with a toilet and shower, the drain cut crudely into the redwood boards with a PVC pipe running to a sump hole.
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Placed near a potential trouble spot (say, behind the dishwasher, under the sink or next to the basement sump pump), basic sensors sound the alarm when they detect water.
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Christian Perez, 43, said he used towels and two sump pumps to try to clean up the mess in his basement, where the sewage had risen to three feet.
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He would proudly explain that dry sump lubrication ensures that the cylinders, lined with the proprietary friction-reducing material Nanoslide, always gets proper oil supply, even during extreme cornering forces.
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During a visit to Norfolk, Virginia, he once pivoted from talking about the danger of flooding caused by climate change to suggest that the market for sump pumps looked bright.
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The firm will also pay a lump sump of 750 pounds and an increased holiday bonus of 400 pounds in the first year followed by 410 pounds in the second year.
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Our sump pump failed one winter during a flash thaw, but I didn't find out about it until several inches of water ruined the electronics, books, and furniture in our basement.
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An "out-of-service" sump pump caused the contaminated water to overflow a containment drain and leak out of the building, eventually seeping into the groundwater at the site, NRC spokesman Sheehan said.
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After the fire, there was no electricity, and with no electricity, the sump pump did not work, said Carlotta DeFillo, who grew up in the house and whose son lived there until the fire.
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On that line, groundwater cooling, as it's known, resembles an engineered A/C: at the Green Park station, five holes were dug into the ground to carry up water from an underground supply, or sump.
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The presence of the gas can, which came from the garage and was used to fuel a generator that powers a basement sump pump, would suggest planning, as would the knives carried up from the kitchen.
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Concepts are in the works to apply this type of predictive technology to residential properties as well, in order to help home owners and property managers predict sump pump failures, for instance, before the basement floods.
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Installing just a sump pump alone runs just shy of $2,000, but structural work, like digging trenches and drains, repairing and shoring up foundations, as well as installing back-up power can range as high as $30,000.
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"We are still assessing what exactly happened but it appears a valve may have stuck allowing the potassium permanganate to get into our sump reservoir and thereby into the Town's water distribution system," he wrote in the statement.
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In 23, water damage accounted for 2000 percent of all property damage, according to the insurance institute, yet insurance policies often limit or exclude coverage for water-related damage from mold, a sump pump failure or a sewage backup.
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It is a sad story well told — although I should confess I began the book skeptical of being entertained and edified by 592 pages about a body of water that has come to be used like a sump for the wastes of industry.
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But its role as a sump for protest votes means it also provides a European stage and stipends for those who would destroy the union (including some, like Nigel Farage of the UK Independence Party, unable to secure a place in their own nations' parliaments).
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Loss of use (up to $4,000)Last, my loss of use coverage would pay for me to stay in a hotel room or find other accommodations in the event that I could not use my home due to a fire, sump pump failure, or other damages.2.
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The M.T.A.'s drainage system has the capacity to siphon off about 1.5 inches of rain per hour, according to transit officials, and is equipped with 403 sump pump rooms alongside the tracks that funnel excess water from leaks, rain or rapid snowmelt into the sewer system.
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Buildings also have critical needs aside from WIFI and phone, security including: operating rooms in hospitals, data centers within buildings, sump pumps to prevent flooding, at least one elevator shaft — and in southern and northern climates, the HVAC systems to ensure minimally-acceptable comfort is essential.
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One of the final touches of any foxhole is the grenade sump — a secondary hole dug at the bottom of either end where you would hope to kick an enemy grenade during an attack, then grab your buddy and dive to the other end of the foxhole to survive the explosion.
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Reports of the pink water started to trickle in on Monday afternoon, but the city waited until 10:00 am the next morning to finally issue a statement on its Facebook page (which is weirdly inaccessible at the moment):Yesterday, during normal line flushing and filter backwashing, a valve seems to have stuck open allowing potassium permanganate to get into the sump reservoir.
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It should have a drone that can take the laundry basket upstairs, take food to guests in the basement, and respond to the basement sump pump alarm immediately and send video to your phone with analysis of the problem as you sit there in bed at 3 AM wondering what is that really loud alarm going off in my house?
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Neither an art-world-ish "internet surf club" nor a monetized zeitgeist sump pump, dump seemed to harken back to a pre-1997 internet era, when it was possible to imagine that the users you met online were a small enough cohort to seem communitarian, but not large enough to merely replicate the social structures and hierarchies of the world at large.
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From here the water enters the sump. The sump may contain a number of compartments, each with its own filtration material. Often, heaters and thermostats are placed in the sump.
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Sump 12 has so far proved impassable. Work continues to find a way through the adjacent Sump 12b.
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Further on, three sump pools (named the Duck Ponds) lead to Sump 2 which is about deep at its lowest point and long. Air is again reached at Sheppard's Crook, which is followed by Sump 3. This sump is deep and at its bottommost point is about below sea level. Following Sump 3, a wide ascending passage continues for before reaching an impassable blockage, still below the water's surface.
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A further criterion for sump planning is accounting for the pump capacity. The relationship of pump capacity and sump size is inverse. If the pump capacity is low, the volume of the sump should be larger than average. It is critical for the volume of the sump to be able to store the expected leachate between pumping cycles.
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Illustration of a typical pedestal-type sump pump. Sump basins and sump pumps must be maintained. Typical recommendations suggest examining equipment every year. Pumps running frequently due to higher water table, water drainage, or weather conditions should be examined more frequently.
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Here the river flows into Bridge Hall, where a small inlet on the left enters, probably the water from October Passage but as yet unconfirmed. At the far side of Bridge Hall is sump 4, just 2m long, and then a short section of passage to sump 5, about 57m long, and a lake airbell with choked inlet in the roof. Sump 6, 12m long, leads from the airbell to a short passage with a roof passage leading into the Aquamole series that can be entered via Frog Pot. At the end of the short passage sump 7 is a low obstructed sump that connects with the upstream sump 2 and sump 1 of New Goyden Pot.
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The water flowing from upstream sump 1 flows along a very fine round railway tunnel sized passage to a bend, where a significant additional stream enters on the left. This is from Frog Pot and is the New Stream water from New Stream sump in Goyden pot. The combined waters flow along the huge tunnel to a short low flooded section, Middle Sump. At the far side of this sump the water flows for a short distance and then enters downstream sump 1.
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No records describing the construction of the sump have been found. Liquid industrial wastes were disposed of in this sump from 1961 until 1966. In July 1966, the City of South San Francisco discontinued the use of Sump 1 and used Sump 2 until 1967. The total volume of liquid industrial waste received by the landfill in 1965 and 1966 is estimated at , respectively.
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A warning sign and sump buster (lower left background) in Calcot, Berkshire, United Kingdom A sump buster is a device installed within a bus route to limit that thoroughfare to buses. It discourages traffic from entering a lane by promising to destroy the oil pan of any vehicle with insufficient ground clearance to get over it, making them similar in use (but not design) to rising bollards.GetReading: "'Panic' behind bugs gate closure" A sump buster can also be known as a "sump breaker" or "sump trap".
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A sump with three compartments including a protein skimmer In fishkeeping, a sump is an accessory aquarium tank in which mechanical equipment is kept.What is a Sump and Do You Need One for a Saltwater Aquarium?, by Stan & Debbie Hauter, in About.comEverything You Always Wanted to Know About Sumps by Gregory S. Taylor, a complete three-part article in Reefkeeping Magazine A remote sump allows for a clutter-free display tank.
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At the base of the shaft, downstream quickly leads to a large sump pool, and upstream terminates where a small stream descends from an aven. From the downstream sump a dive leads into Frake's Passage in Rowten Pot. The upstream sump has been explored for , with exploration continuing. A passage above the sump pool has been climbed into a stream passage with water flowing from Green Laids Pot.
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The Cosworth-tuned engine is heavily modified from the stock 2.3 litre Duratec. The cylinder head, block, crankshaft, connecting rods and pistons are upgraded by Cosworth. Cosworth also integrates an advanced dry-sump with an extra internal scavenge pump to distribute the oil. While a dry-sump system requires more oil (more weight), a dry-sump will keep the engine lubricated under hard cornering unlike a wet-sump system.
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The float controlling a backup pump is mounted in the sump pit above the normal high water mark. Under normal conditions, the main electric powered sump pump will handle all the pumping duties. When water rises higher than normal for any reason, the backup float in the sump is lifted and activates the backup sump pump. An ejector pump can also be connected to a garden hose to supply high-pressure water, with another hose to carry the water away.
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Sumps often block access to "dry" passage beyond them. Diagram B shows a "perched" sump, which could be alt=Two sectional diagrams illustrating the concept of a sump. Diagram "A" illustrates a U-shaped passage with water filling the rounded bottom section, blocking the dry passage either side. Diagram "B" shows a passage blocked similarly by a sump, but on one side the water level is being held back by a natural dam, with dry passage continuing beyond, below the water level of the sump.
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Sump pumps, being mechanical devices, will fail eventually, which could lead to a flooded basement and costly repairs. Redundancy in the system (multiple/secondary pumps) can help to avoid problems when maintenance and repairs are needed on the primary system. When examining a sump pump and cleaning it, dirt, gravel, sand, and other debris should be removed to increase efficiency and extend the life of the pump. These obstructions can also decrease the pump's ability to drain the sump, and can allow the sump to overflow.
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It was fed by a football inflation pump that was coupled to a home-made drysuit that incorporated lighting and a telephone. This was used by Sheppard to pass Sump l. Later that year the bicycle respirator became self-contained with the addition of an oxygen cylinder. In turn Balcombe dived solo through Sump 1 and found the air chambers of Sump 2.
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Basement Troubleshooting Guide: Failing Sump Pumps. Sunday, 21 July 2019 Float switches are used to automatically turn the sump pump on when water rises to a preset level. Float switches must be clear of any obstructions within the sump. A float guard can be used to prevent the float switch from accidentally resting on the pump housing, and remaining on.
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The wet-sump system was not overly common on motorcycles until the 1970s and the arrival of Japanese motorcycles. Until then, many manufacturers had used dry sump, with an external oil-tank made of sheet-metal.
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In a nuclear power plant's reactor housing, the role of the sump will be to collect any overflow of primary loop coolant; in this case, monitoring and pumping of the sump is an important part of the reactor's safety system. In mining the term sump is used to describe a hole made in the floor of a level in a working, in the direction of a lower level either for the purpose of testing the trend of an ore vein, or for the purpose of ventilation. The equivalent of a sump on a boat is the bilge. In the human eye, the vitreous humour has a minor role as a metabolic sump.
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The stream then flows out from under the boulders and over the cascades to flow along the huge Main Stream Passage, 25m high in places and typically 6m wide for more than 150m, to where it flows into sump 1, 20m long. The river flows out of sump 1 past October Passage, which steals a small amount of the river. It then flows along another huge gallery into sump 2, 6m long. From there the river flows along the largest of the stream passages in Goyden to sump 3, 27m long.
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A sump (American English and some parts of Canada: oil pan) is a low space that collects often undesirable liquids such as water or chemicals. A sump can also be an infiltration basin used to manage surface runoff water and recharge underground aquifers. Sump can also refer to an area in a cave where an underground flow of water exits the cave into the earth.
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A small submersible AC sump pump with a garden hose connector A sump pump is a pump used to remove water that has accumulated in a water-collecting sump basin, commonly found in the basements of homes. The water may enter via the perimeter drains of a basement waterproofing system, funneling into the basin or because of rain or natural ground water, if the basement is below the water table level. Sump pumps are used where basement flooding happens regularly and to solve dampness where the water table is above the foundation of a home. Sump pumps send water away from a house to any place where it is no longer problematic, such as a municipal storm drain or a dry well.
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A full-flow system will have an pump which sends pressurised oil through a filter to the engine bearings, after which the oil returns by gravity to the sump. In the case of a dry sump engine, the oil that reaches the sump is evacuated by a second pump to a remote oil tank. The function of the full-flow filter is to protect the engine from wear through abrasion.
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A sump, or siphon, is a passage in a cave that is submerged under water. A sump may be static, with no inward or outward flow, or active, with continuous through-flow. Static sumps may also be connected underwater to active stream passage. When short in length, a sump may be called a duck, however this can also refer to a section or passage with some (minimal) airspace above the water.
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The comic made a small cameo appearance in the Judge Dredd story Citizen Sump.
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All they found at the bottom was a short passage leading to a sump. In January 1970 a group from the University of Leeds Speleological Association investigated the parallel shafts, and found that one led into of passages they named the After-Noon Series. In the meanwhile, cave divers had been pushing in Arch Cave from which the water from Noon's Hole resurges. In 1972 Martyn Farr and Roger Solari passed an sump into a long canal, and then a sump into a major extension which extended into the mountain for a further to a third sump.
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The sump sits below the main tank and is used as a filter, as well as a holding place of unsightly equipment such as heaters and protein skimmers. The main advantage of having a sump plumbed into an aquarium is the increase of water in the system, making it more stable and less prone to fluctuations of pH and salinity. A diving snorkel can have a sump section located below the mouthpiece. This allows excess moisture from the breath and liquid from the ocean to settle and remain in the sump, so that it does not impair the snorkeler's breathing.
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This relationship helps maintain a healthy operation. Sump pumps can function with preset phase times. If the flow is not predictable, a predetermined leachate height level can automatically switch the system on. Other conditions for sump planning are maintenance and pump drawdown.
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Sump size should also consider dimensional requirements for conducting maintenance and inspection activities. Sump pumps may operate with preset cycling times or, if leachate flow is less predictable, the pump may be automatically switched on when the leachate reaches a predetermined level.
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The racing-derived dry sump lubrication and downdraft carburetors were also replaced with a simpler wet sump system and a more common model of Weber sidedraft carburetors. The new body and retuned engine resulted in the first production Lamborghini, the 350 GT.
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To'uri Cave is a karst cave located on Mangaia, Cook Islands in the Tava'enga district. The cave contains two running subterranean streams, one freshwater and the other salt. There is a 400 metres sump inside the cave which ends in a permanent sump.
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Note: some writers call a dry-sump system with no remote tank a "semi dry-sump". This feature simplifies manufacture, eradicates external oil lines, and gives faster oil warm-up. The shallow sump allows the engine to be sited lower, for an optimal CG position. The 360° crank of the original TDM was changed to a 270° crank in 1996, after which time the TRX and the TDM shared the same engine and transmission.
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Farquharson was a mental health activist working both with Tommie Ritchie in the Scottish Union of Mental Patients (SUMP) during 1972 and then the Mental Patients Union in 1973, shortly before his death. He was the first member of SUMP from outside Hartwood Hospital. .
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Digging has also forged a dry bypass to the sump via the aptly named Cripple Creek.
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The engine also had a dry-sump system and delivered around 47 hp at 12,000 rpm.
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Engine oil is recirculated around a four-stroke engine (rather than burning it as happens in a two-stroke engine) and much of this occurs within the crankcase. Oil is stored either at the bottom of the crankcase (in a wet sump engine) or in a separate reservoir (in a dry sump system). From here the oil is pressurized by an oil pump (and usually passes through an oil filter) before it is squirted into the crankshaft and connecting rod bearings and onto the cylinder walls, and eventually drips off into the bottom of the crankcase. Even in a wet sump system, the crankshaft has minimal contact with the sump oil.
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One common example of a sump is the lowest point in a basement, into which flows water that seeps in from outside. If this is a regular problem, a sump pump that moves the water outside of the house may be used. Another example is the oil pan of an engine. The oil is used to lubricate the engine's moving parts and it pools in a reservoir known as its sump, at the bottom of the engine.
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Use of a sump requires the engine to be mounted slightly higher to make space for it. Often though, oil in the sump can slosh during hard cornering, starving the oil pump. For these reasons, racing motorcycles and piston aircraft engines are "dry sumped" using scavenge pumps and a swirl tank to separate oil from air, which is also sucked up by the pumps. A sump can also be found in an aquarium, mainly a reef system.
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There is debate about which variety of sump pump is better. Pedestal sump pumps usually last longer (25 to 30 years) if they are installed properly and kept free of debris. They are less expensive and easier to remove. Submersible pumps will only last 5 to 15 years.
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There are generally two types of sump pumps—pedestal and submersible. In the case of the pedestal pump, the motor is mounted above the sump—where it is more easily serviced, but is also more conspicuous. The pump impeller is driven by a long, vertical extension shaft and the impeller is in a scroll housing in the base of the pump. The submersible pump, on the other hand, is entirely mounted inside the sump, and is specially sealed to prevent electrical short circuits.
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The return journey takes you back through the Hall of 30 and along the streamway towards the sump.
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Sump busters are installed on rural roads in Belgium in order to prevent unwanted traffic by private cars.
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A short pick-up pipe with a simple wire-mesh strainer reaches to the bottom of the sump.
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It is believed that the sump water reappears at Twin Falls Resurgence some 600 m below the entrance.
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Adaptor plate for KP TC1520SQ Glass fibre plate for fitting of tank sump to a square tank upstand.
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Like many other air-cooled car engines, the 2CV's oil sump was wide and shallow, being formed from extensions to the crankscase castings in the form of an inverted 'T'. The exterior of the sump was formed with cooling fins and the underside protruded below the level of the chassis rails, exposing the sump to the flow of air as the car drove along. The shape of the sump ensured that as much of the oil within as possible lay close to the cooled metal on the underside, further helping to regulate the oil temperature. As with the oil cooler, this cooling effect was unregulated and varied greatly depending on air temperature, vehicle speed and engine load.
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Above this, a long, mainly low, wet passage reaches a sump after several hundred metres. This is the first of three short sumps separated by short sections of passage. The fourth sump has been dived for to an underwater boulder choke. The cave has no inlet passages in its length.
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This volume of waste would cover a football field almost to the height of the Empire State Building. Beginning in 1961, the landfill received liquid industrial waste for disposal. The types of liquid waste included paints, thinners, and coagulated solvent sludge. The liquid wastes were placed in a sump (Sump 1).
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A connection was made a week later, after a further dive. of cave was surveyed beyond the choke. This began with a short stretch of passage leading to sump 4, which was then bypassed from above, leading to of unbroken canyon passage. The extension eventually terminated at a new terminal sump.
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Lay the machine on its side with the pump downmost and remove sump and look in pump for obstruction.
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To the left, a series of large avens have been climbed almost to the surface. The deep holes in the One-Armed Bandit Series provide a second route to the sump, and starts with a deep shaft. A steeply descending rift then leads to a pitch which drops into the sump pool chamber.
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Tail of an early single-exhaust GTS At the 1977 Frankfurt Motor Show, the targa topped 308 GTS was introduced. All GTSes used a wet sump engine and were steel-bodied. European GTB models retained the dry sump lubrication until 1981. There were 3219 GTSes and 2897 GTBs made from 1975 to 1980.
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At the duck the stream make a sharp right turn almost flowing back on itself through a hands and knees crawl with limited airspace. After a few metres of the ‘duck’ the passage once again enlarges and the stream then flows on for a few more metres to enter downstream sump 1. This sump is 15m long and enters Divers Chamber. The stream flows out of the chamber along a short passage to enter sump 2, a small constricted passage that enters the Lesser Stream area of Goyden Pot.
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Water flowing into Goyden Pot Main entrance falls into the Main Chamber from high level passages from the first and then second and eventually the third window. This water joins the river flowing from Manchester Hole over the cascades and along the Main Stream passage. The swollen river flows through to sump 7 which due to its constricted nature causes the water to back up and flood the system from there all the way back. The rising water enters the roof passage between sump 6 and sump 7 taking with it much debris.
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The sump buster uses a non-mechanical solid mass of concrete (sometimes other aggregates or metal) to demobilise a vehicle when access to a restricted area is attempted. When (for instance) a car attempts to traverse the sump buster, the device will demolish the vehicle's oil pan (literally "busting the sump"). The track (distance between wheels on either side of the vehicle) and ground clearance on permitted vehicles (usually, but not restricted to buses) is such that they may clear the device with ease. In some cases, advisory or mandatory speed limits are given.
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With this power, the 735 LM could hit on the Mulsanne Straight at Le Mans. Both engines used dry sump lubrication.
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Same as the B1B but with the fuel injector vertically mounted on bottom of the oil sump in the front position.
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A valve was provided for draining this collected condensate off from beneath the oil in the bottom of the deep sump.
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A Sustainable Urban Mobility Plan (SUMP) is a planning concept applied by local and regional authorities for strategic mobility planning. It encourages a shift towards more sustainable transport modes and supports the integration and balanced development of all modes. A SUMP is instrumental in solving urban transport problems and reaching local and higher-level environmental, social, and economic objectives.
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Four-stroke engine- oil shown in yellow at the bottom Most four-stroke engines use a crankcase that contains the engine's lubricating oil, as either a wet sump system or the less common dry sump system. Unlike a two-stroke (crankcase-compression) engine, the crankcase in a four-stroke engine is not used for the fuel/air mixture.
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The endemic problem of crankshaft failure was later attributed to flexing of the crankcase – because the E series relied upon the heavy sump/transmission unit to give additional strength to the cylinder block casting, this caused problems when a plain sump was bolted in its place. The R series was superseded in 1984 by the S series.
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The upstream terminal sump was originally dived by Dave Yeandle. Geoff Yeadon descended the sump to a depth of in 1974, and the shaft was finally bottomed in 1985 by Rob Palmer. The downstream underwater connection with Lost Johns' Cave was made by Bob Churcher in 1975, and with Pippikin Pot in 1989 by Geoff Yeadon.
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In a foxhole, a grenade sump is a deeper hole dug inside the foxhole into which live grenades can be kicked to minimize damage from the explosion. In medieval cosmology, the sump was the center of the cosmos, where the dregs and filth descended, with the celestial sphere far exalted above the world of fallen man.
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A secondary, typically battery-powered sump pump can operate if the first pump fails. A battery-powered secondary pump will have a separate battery and charger system to provide power if normal supply is interrupted. Alternative sump pump systems can be driven by municipal water pressure. Water-powered ejector pumps have a separate pump, float and check valve.
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The frequency of the tidal sump means that two trips are possible: a 'between tide trip' lasting around 6 hours will enter just after the sump drains and leave just before it fills, or the 'overtide trip' the sump is passed just before closing giving between 9 and 15 hours' caving time. Continuing past the sump, a fairly linear route leads along the active streamway, eventually reaching a pool in which many choose to remove some of the thick estuarine mud that could otherwise sully the delicate formations. Beyond a few boulder chokes are many well- decorated chambers and eventually the Hall of 30. This is the largest of the chambers, filled with many monumental stalagmites in a range of colours from pure white, through oranges and yellows, to pure black.
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While the Geological Survey of Ireland in 1859 acknowledged the presence of "caves worn by water, some of which can be traversed for some distance," cited in positive efforts at exploration were not made until 1981, when the upper part of the cave was explored to a sump, named the "Green Lake". When hydrological testing of water both in the cave's active streamway and in the sump showed that the two were chemically distinct from each other, it was postulated that the sump was only "perched" above the water table and that further dry passage might be found on the far side. The sump was dived by Martyn Farr in 1983, providing the first access to the large caverns beyond. A boulder obstruction nearby was passed, allowing a dry connection into the new chambers.
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Collection pipes typically convey the leachate by gravity to one or more sumps, depending upon the size of the area drained. Leachate collected in the sump is removed by pumping to a vehicle, to a holding facility for subsequent vehicle pickup, or to an on-site treatment facility. Sump dimensions are governed by the amount of leachate to be stored, pump capacity, and minimum pump drawdown. The volume of the sump must be sufficient to hold the maximum amount of leachate anticipated between pump cycles, plus an additional volume equal to the minimum pump drawdown volume.
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Many homeowners have inherited their sump pump configurations and do not realize that the pump discharges into the sewer. Usually hardwired into a home's electrical system, sump pumps may have a battery backup. The home's pressurized water supply powers some pumps, eliminating the need for electricity at the expense of using potable water, potentially making them more expensive to operate than electrical pumps and creating an additional water disposal problem. Since a sump basin may overflow if not constantly pumped, a backup system is important for cases when the main power is out for prolonged periods of time, as during a severe storm.
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96; Rogovin, pp. 17–18. At 4:15 am, the relief diaphragm of the pressurizer relief tank ruptured, and radioactive coolant began to leak out into the general containment building. This radioactive coolant was pumped from the containment building sump to an auxiliary building, outside the main containment, until the sump pumps were stopped at 4:39 am.Kemeny, p. 96.
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Brakes were vented and servo-assisted discs on all four wheels. The engines were Maserati's own all-aluminium, four overhead cam Tipo 107 V8 family, and were fed by four Weber 42 DCNF twin-choke carburettors; they had a wet sump, and were thus related but different from the higher output, dry sump Tipo 115 units of the flagship Ghibli.
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The Ferrari version of the engine has a flatplane crankshaft and dry sump lubrication. In order to obtain equal length pipes, the exhaust manifolds are manufactured from multiple welded cast steel pieces; the turbocharger housing uses a similar three-piece construction. The Maserati version has a crossplane crankshaft and wet sump lubrication. Turbine housings and exhaust manifolds are integrated in a single piece.
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Unlike many other examples of anti-psychiatry SUMP was based on a sense of solidarity amongst a small group of patients detained in locked wards.
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Water collected in the sump area is then chlorinated to eliminate any bacteria and then pumped to a reservoir in the nearby village of Qrendi.
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Red Quar Swallet comes from the small scale quarrying of red Triassic conglomerate. The underground stream feeding water into the sump flows into Wigmore Swallet.
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Starting is by kick start with later versions having electric start. The engine oil system is of the dry sump type, a combined pressure and scavenge oil pump is driven by the inlet camshaft gear, later versions of the T140 employed additional integral non-return valves to prevent oil draining into the sump. The frame of the T140 serves as the engine oil reservoir.
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Balderstone also claims to have explored down the gully to a depth of . It was first fully descended to the sump by a Yorkshire Ramblers' Club party in June 1897. It was not linked with Kingsdale Master Cave through the downstream sump, however, until July 1966, shortly after the discovery of the latter. In 1939 the second recorded Yorkshire Dales caving fatality occurred in Rowten Pot.
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Drainage system works by creating a sump to collect the condensed water and using a pump to dispose of it through a drainage system. It is an efficient method, but it comes at a heavy price because the cost of building the sump. Moreover, maintaining the pump to make sure it operates is very expensive. Furthermore, the pipes used for drainage would look ugly on the exterior.
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Vertical centrifugal pumps are also referred to as cantilever pumps. They utilize a unique shaft and bearing support configuration that allows the volute to hang in the sump while the bearings are outside the sump. This style of pump uses no stuffing box to seal the shaft but instead utilizes a "throttle bushing". A common application for this style of pump is in a parts washer.
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Sump 1 was finally successfully dived in 1936, and Sump 2 was passed soon afterwards. By this point a length of cave only one-fifth of the amount known today had been discovered. – which also contains a detailed description of the cave. Ever since 1936 caving groups have been seeking to extend the explored area of the cave, and thus far eleven principal sumps have been passed.
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George Pitt while he attempted to force a passage at river level. He became trapped for 10 hours, but was freed after a major rescue effort. By 1990 the explorers had passed the newly named George's Choke. The end of the cave was reached, downstream, at the terminal sump (sump 3) beneath another large boulder choke, and the extension to this point was named "The Mayfly Extension".
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Another huge blockage at the foot of Leviathan was excavated in an operation requiring the building of a railway, and eventually the dig led into the Far Sump extension of Peak Cavern. This section of cave was previously only accessible either by diving Peak Cavern's Far Sump or via Speedwell Cavern with very difficult caving. Moose and his team later went to this area of Peak Cavern via JH and arrived at the underside of an enormous boulder choke just a few metres from the upstream end of Far Sump. The group subsequently discovered a way up through the massive boulder pile and arrived at the foot of Titan.
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Conventional wet sump engines have one oil pump. It is generally located inside the lower part of the engine, usually below and/or to one side of the crankshaft. On dry sump engines, at least two oil pumps are required: one to pressurize and distribute the oil around the engine components, and at least one other 'scavenge pump' to evacuate the oil which has pooled at the bottom of the engine. This scavenge pump is sometimes (but not always) located in the 'sump' of the engine, and crucially, this scavenge pump's flow-rate capacity must exceed that of the pump which pressurizes and distributes oil throughout the engine.
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The pair returned again in 2005 to explore the sump to a depth of , setting a new British Isles depth record for cave diving. This record was broken in 2008 by Polish explorer Artur Kozłowski, then later again by Michal Marek, on dives in Pollatoomary in Ireland. During 1996–1997 water samples were collected at various points throughout the caves and showed different chemical compositions. Results showed that the location of the "Unknown Junction", from where water flows to the static sump in the 22nd chamber by a different route from the majority of the River Axe, is upstream of the sump in the 25th.
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A water pump The gallon per watt-hour or (G/Wh) is a formula used to test the efficiency of a pool pump or sump pump.
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In May 2013, Salis played the role of Sable, Sump, Clarence & Homeless Man in a BBC radio adaptation of Neil Gaiman's Neverwhere, adapted by Dirk Maggs.
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In 1939 the dry sump V4 was the first bike to lap the Ulster Grand Prix course at over . It weighed . and its top speed was .
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Similar to the IO-550-N but with the oil sump, oil suction tube and mount legs from the IO-550-B. Certified 1 March 2000.
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Tenders are invited for Maintenance Of Pumps At Purewa Top And Bottom Sump Including Minor Repair Of Pumps, Valves, Gland Packing Changing, Greasing, Nut Bolt Cheeking Etc.
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Typical UK sump access conditions The Cave Diving Group (CDG) is a United Kingdom-based diver training organisation specialising in cave diving. The CDG was founded in 1946 by Graham Balcombe, making it the world's oldest continuing diving club. Graham Balcombe and Jack Sheppard pioneered cave diving in the late 1930s, notably at Wookey Hole in Somerset. Passages through caves are often blocked by a submerged section, or sump.
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Both cars retired because, according to Lawrence, while trying to follow a left-handed corner the cars' drivers would drop their car's left wheels over the edge of the tarmac, which caused the sump bung to contact the ground and unscrew itself from the sump. Lawrence rebuilt the cars, one getting an engine from Gianini of Rome, who were supplying engines for the Stanguellinis that were then dominating Formula Junior.
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Water is sprayed down from the sprinkler; ice is formed from the water brine on the inner wall. The water tray at the bottom catches the cold water while deflecting Ice and re-circulates it back into the sump. The sump will typically use a float valve to fill as needed during production. Flake machines have a tendency to form an ice ring inside the bottom of the drum.
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The main path, to the right, leads to "Victoria Aven", a sizeable shaft and on to "Far Sump", through which lies the Far Sump Extension. This area was first explored in 1980, but difficult access limited discoveries until routes through from Speedwell Cavern and James Hall's Over Engine Mine were opened in 1996. This permitted further exploration, and in 1999 Titan Shaft was discovered, at the deepest pitch in Britain.
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The cave consists in the main of a large mainstream passage running to a terminal sump. The water flowing in the cave has been dye traced to Shannon Pot, two kilometres to the west of the terminal sump, which is the traditional source of the River Shannon. Inlets to the main passage are numerous. Some, such as the large "Mistake Passage" have been pushed only a short distance.
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Late military-spec engines had a centrifugal separator in the breather system, allowing excess oil to drain back to the sump. These engines were designated 13J.Robson, 2003, p.
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Upstream, beyond the pitches, a further of active stream passage was followed upstream to a sump. The total surveyed length of all branches in the extension came to .
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As mechanical float switches can wear out, they should be periodically tested by actuating them manually to assure that they continue to move freely and that the switch contacts are opening and closing properly. If left in standing water, pedestal pumps should be manually run from time to time, even if the water in the sump isn't high enough to trip the float switch. This is because these pumps are incapable of removing all the water in a sump and the lower bearing or bushing for the pump impeller shaft tends to remain submerged, making it prone to corrosion and eventually freezing the drive shaft in the bearing. In the alternative, a pedestal pump that is expected to remain idle for an extended time should be removed from the sump and stored out of water, or the sump should be mopped out to bring the level of the remaining water well below the lower shaft bearing.
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The inverse of a summit pound is a sump pound. In contrast to a summit pound, a sump pound is a point where every boat entering or leaving the pound causes an addition of water. The longest one is the Fenny Stratford pound on the Grand Union Canal, between Cosgrove Lock, which starts the ascent to the Braunston summit to the north, and Fenny Stratford lock, which starts the ascent to the Bulborne summit to the south. Every sump pound needs somewhere to discharge the surplus water, and in this case, a large viaduct and aqueduct immediately to the south of Cosgrove Lock carries the canal over the River Great Ouse, which serves that function.
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Both are dry sump, with a separate oil tank for the gearbox and engine. The 4.5 produces a claimed at the crank, while the 5.5 produces a claimed 70.
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Auteg Motorsport also have a range of Nürburgring specific products developed by different manufacturers. These include Nordschleife tuned suspension by Avo Suspension and dry sump systems by Pace Products.
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On the 912A, F and UL the standard reduction ratio is 2.27:1 with 2.43:1 optional. Lubrication is dry sump, and fuelling is via dual CV carburetors or fully redundant electronic fuel injection. The electronic fuel injected Rotax 912iS is a recent development. The 912's lubrication system differs from most dry-sump designs in that oil is forced into the storage tank by crankcase pressure rather than by a separate scavenge pump.
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Inside scarlet leather combined with a roof- mounted Panasonic stereo for a dramatic environment. 45 Essex Turbo Esprit cars were built, interspersed and followed by a number of non-Essex-liveried but otherwise identical specification dry sump turbo cars. By the end of 1980, Lotus was building three different models of Esprit with distinct chassis designs and body moulds - the domestic (i.e. UK) S2.2, the export S2.2, and the dry sump Turbo Esprit.
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The Series 3 (or S3) and Turbo Esprit debuted in April 1981. The two models shared a common chassis, and bodywork was based on a common set of moulds. 1985 Lotus Turbo Esprit (North America) Lotus Esprit Turbo 1985 1987 Lotus Turbo Esprit HC The S3 received the 2.2 L Type 912 engine. The Turbo Esprit had a wet sump engine with the same power and torque output as its dry sump predecessor.
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The engine is rated at and of torque. It has an 8,400 rpm redline matching that of the Carrera GT flagship. The 3.6 L dry-sump engine does not suffer from the rear main seal problems of the earlier 3.6 L/3.8 L integrated dry-sump engines. The GT3's body work includes a special front bumper which increases cooling for the front-mounted radiators as well as a split spoiler at the rear.
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Short sumps may be passed simply by holding one's breath while ducking through the submerged section (for example, Sump 1 in Swildon's Hole). This is known as "free diving" and can only be attempted if the sump is known to be short and not technically difficult (e.g. constricted or requiring navigation). Longer and more technically difficult sumps can only be passed by cave diving (as happened repeatedly in the exploration of Krubera Cave).
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Originally a sump, the lake gradually got smaller and deeper as dikes were built around it. Mud Lake covers an area of over and has an average depth of about .
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The engine was a dry-sump design with a pressurized oil system feeding from a tank. An electrical fuel pump was another high-tech novelty which would eventually be common.
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Dry sump lubrication employing two gear-type oil pump (pressure and scavenge). Separate five-gallon oil tank under riding mechanic seat. Minimum safe oil pressure 35 lb per square inch.
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Bernt "Sump-Hugo" Andersson (5 September 1933 – 6 January 2020) was a Swedish football player and manager. A midfielder, he made 91 Allsvenskan appearances for Djurgårdens IF and scored 19 goals.
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It used factory-supplied tunnel port heads, a mechanical fuel injection system mounted on a crossram intake manifold, and a revised dry sump oiling system, but met with only limited success.
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Although there are no laws in the UK stating that a sump pallet must hold 110% of the largest container upon it, it is still considered good practice to do so.
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Certified 20 December 1989. ;IO-550-F : at 2700 rpm, dry weight . Similar to the IO-550-A,B & C, with a top-mounted induction system and 12-quart oil sump.
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Also, several decayed wooden beams can be seen, remnants of the early attempts at commercialization. The cave is walkable for about 900 feet total before a sump is encountered.Steve Benning (personal observations from Tytoona Cave visits) Past this sump lie several more rooms connected by sumps, the first of which contains magnificent formations and is apparently airtight - no matter how high the stream is, the rooms will never fill with water. However, the current owners of the cave have banned cave diving since the death of diver Roberta Swicegood in the cave in June 1988; even if diving was permitted, even a skilled cave diver likely could not pass the first sump, since debris has accumulated and visibility is close to zero.
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The roof quickly rises again in Fossil Passage, where a narrow but high passage can be followed round more than one bend to a wider section. Here a small tube high up on the left leads to a permanently flooded section (static sump) 46m long that connects with Goyden Pot cave at Pillar Pot. The stream flowing through Manchester Hole does not connect with this static sump but instead flows onwards for a few metres to the ‘duck’.
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Sump syndrome occurs when the nonfunctional portion of the distal CBD (between the site of anastomosis and the ampulla of Vater) acts as a site for stones or debris to gather. The reported incidence of the sump syndrome is between 0.4% and 3.3%. Possible symptoms include pain, cholangitis, jaundice, and pancreatitis. Diagnosis and treatment can be carried out by an ERCP, where the accumulated debris identified in the blind end of the CBD is then extracted.
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The tight timing tolerances between the two balance shafts caused some reviewers to worry that a slight maladjustment would cause the eccentric weights on the shafts to run into each other. Yamaha's fix in this case was to revert to an external chain adjuster, which required a modified sump. In all 18 engineering change orders, including a deeper sump, were issued for the engine. The extensively modified 1974 TX750A model does not suffer from reliability issues.
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The CB750A uses the same engine as the CB750, but detuned with lower 7.7:1 compression and smaller carburetors producing a lower output, . The same oil is used for the engine and transmission, and the engine was changed to a wet sump instead of dry sump type. A lockout safety device prevents the transmission from moving out of neutral if the side stand is down. There is no tachometer but the instruments include a fuel gauge and gear indicator.
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It is believed that the first person to explore the cave in modern times was a Mr Marshall from Stratton-on- the-Fosse around 1905, but major exploration and measurement of this cave really started in 1947 when Sump 1 was reached. That sump was passed the same year and the decorated chambers of Stoke Two discovered. Sumps 2 to 7 were passed over the course of the 1960s. The Bailey-Ward series of chambers was discovered in 1971.
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There is a small passage that runs along the joints of the bedrock and is only 1 m in height, which terminates in a sump; beyond this is a silt- choked hole.
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In 2016, Wozniak played the role of Josh in Alice Lowe's Prevenge. Wozniak made his directorial debut with a short film entitled Sump, released in 2017 and screened at various film festivals.
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The bike was a water-cooled and supercharged. In 1939 the dry-sump V4 was the first bike to lap the Ulster Grand Prix course at over . It weighed . Its top speed was .
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Therefore, an automatic dry-sump system formed. The fuel supply was by Amac. It used a semi-automatic slide carburetor and on the steering wheel sat manettes for the gas and the choke.
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The oil pump is mounted in the centre of the engine in the oil sump and flanged onto the crankcase. It has a small oil pipe with a sieve and a funnel to pump the oil from the sump through the oil filter into the main lubrication oil pipe. The governing valve for setting the oil pressure is easily accessible. The water pump, which also holds the fan, is mounted on the cylinder head on the front of the engine.
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Sabb engines are rugged and simple; for example, some have "splash lubrication" which requires no oil pump nor filter. (Splash lubrication is an antique system whereby "spades" on the big-end caps dip into the oil sump and splash the lubricant upwards; clearly it is a system that can work only on very low-revving engines, otherwise the sump oil would become a frothy mousse). Sabb engines include Types H, G, GA, 2H, 2G, & 2J. Sabb engine details and maintenance tips are available.
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The XR 350R was introduced for the 1983 model year and discontinued after the 1985 model year. The 1983 and 1984 models were wet sump engines with a bore and stroke of and a displacement of . The 1985 engine had a dry sump, a stroke of 63.8 mm and displacement of . The wrist pin diameter was reduced from 21 mm to 19 mm and the dual progressive carburetors of the 83-84 models were replaced by a single large carburetor.
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The four-wheel-drive was permanently engaged, and drove separate propshafts to the front and rear differentials. The rear differential was mounted on the side of the engine sump with one driveshaft running through the sump to the nearside rear wheel. Much of the outer bodywork was made of GRP, with the only exception being the roof panels (which were aluminium), the steel doors and the remaining panels from the original Metro shell. The doors were, however, concealed by plastic airboxes.
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With this arrangement, water in the surrounding soil above the weeping tile flows into the weeping tile. The weeping tile then drains into a solid pipe leading to a discharge or directly into a sump, where the water can be removed by a sump pump. Weeping tiles are often used for water drainage near basement foundations as a part of basement waterproofing, where they are called a French drain. They can be used in farmers' fields for the tile drainage of waterlogged fields.
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A major purpose of the sump buster is to avoid road systems to be used as rat runs and, to a certain extent, joyriding. For this reason, devices have been vandalised (either through annoyance at their existence or to attempt to gain passage), resulting in accidents (and injuries) to legitimate road users. In January 2005, Devon County Council dismissed an application by the Stagecoach Group for the installation of a sump buster on Tan Lane (a restricted access road) in Exeter. The Exeter Highways and Traffic Orders Committee stated that "...[using a sump buster] is not an option that the County Council could support [as] it would not differentiate between high clearance vehicles and for example cars and vans that are authorised to use the link under the current Traffic Regulation Order".
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Walters' early sketches had a front suspension that looked something like an Elf-Honda racing motorcycle's hub-center steering, from which RM designed a new, patented front- and rear-swingarm suspension that allows both parallel wheels to lean together, keeping all four in contact with the ground and allowing countersteering. The Tomahawk was intended, unlike many concept vehicles, to be a "functional runner" that "had to work" as well as have a finished appearance, since the mechanical parts would be exposed to view. The V-10 engine needed several design changes. To position the engine lower to the ground, the lubrication system was changed from wet sump to a dry sump type, moving the under-engine oil sump to a tank located in front of and to the left of the engine.
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This air pump is connected to an airstone in the sump or main tank. If the probe detects a low pH level, the pump activates. The bubbles raise the pH by dissipating the CO2 gas.
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As a race engine it also used dry sump lubrication. A tubular steel chassis now received full independent suspension, front and rear. The wheelbase was long. Disc brakes all-round were standard at the time.
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Chemicals (nph) leaked into soil and also formed sludge that was dangerous to anyone exposed. It caused families to relocate due to health problems. One man had the sludge coming out of his sump pump.
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Also on the campus is a greywater sump, a SmartAsh incinerator, secondary containment areas for storage of barrels of gasoline, diesel fuel and waste oil, and a satellite dish that provides the station's internet connection.
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The condenser is a stack of interleaved circular plates, with an open core containing an impeller and a condensate sump underneath it. The exhaust vapor enters the top of the condenser from the piston block and is forced by the impeller onto the sides of the condenser and into the leaves of the circular plates. On the outside of the plates, a blower circulates air around the interleaved plates. This effectively condenses the exhaust vapor, which falls into the condensate sump at the bottom of the engine.
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It has a dry-sump engine with Multi Mode Engine Control (MMEC) technology which had been developed through Formula One challenge in the 1991 season. The second car, the Jota PO.02, was also developed in 1995 with specifications for endurance race, and competed in Suzuka 1000 km race. Although it was planned to enter 24 Hours of Le Mans, but due to unknown reasons, it did not compete. The third car, the Jota PO.03, has specifications for road use with dry-sump engine with MMMC.
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In 1955 repairs were needed to the church floor and to the roof, and in November 1956 the vestry roof and floor of the tower were resurfaced. A new concrete sump was placed under the church and an automatic electric pump to remove water from the sump was installed. A 1957 report by architects Cook and Kerrison, found the church in serious need of repair. It was agreed to allow Cook and Kerrison to proceed with preparing specifications for renewing the floor and box guttering.
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Moto Guzzi Stelvio Travel Accessories The NTX model has factory offroad accessories not found on the base model: hand guards, oil sump guard, aluminum panniers, (not including a topbox), a larger windscreen and wire spoke wheels.
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Some of the earliest Canis lupus specimen were discovered at Cripple Creek Sump, Fairbanks, Alaska, in strata dated 810,000 years old. The dental measurements of the specimens clearly match historical Canis lupus lycaon specimens from Minnesota.
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Located adjacent to the North pit shaft, it was long, wide and high. Inside was installed an electric sump pump, which connected to a surface pipe that spilled into the same pit pond as the beam engine.
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Small two-stroke engines, such as in motorcycles and lawnmowers, have total loss lubrication. Such engines use crankcase compression to feed the fuel/air mixture through the crankcase. This precludes the use of both wet sump and dry sump systems, as excess oil here would contaminate the mixture, leading to excess oil being burned in the engine and so excessive hydrocarbon emissions. These engines consume a fuel/air/oil mixe, the oil contained in a pre-mixed petroil fuel, or separately injected by a pump into the engine cylinders and bearings.
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The cave was first discovered in 1964 by the Turkish "father of caves", Temuçin Aygen. His brief foray into the cave with the Speleological Society of Turkey was halted by a sump, or flooded passage, just inside the entrance. A team of French speleologists of the Spéléo-club de Paris working with local Turkish cavers was the first to enter the cave proper. Team members J. L. Pintaux and Doniat (full names not given) passed through the sump in August 1965 and were the first to explore the cave's interior.
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The engine was essentially a lightly modified version of the E-series unit found in the Maxi and Allegro. The main differences over the older engine are to the sump and gearbox mounting flange, which were adapted to accept a traditional "end-on" transmission unit which had been bought from Volkswagen in place of the traditional BMC transmission-in-sump arrangement. It retains the 1.5-liter E-series' bore of along with a longer stroke. Like the E-series, it has a cast iron block and aluminium head.
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The Belize Tourism Board, in coordination with the Belize National Institute of Culture and History, Institute of Archaeology, has granted licenses to a small group of agents to conduct tours to this cave, in an attempt to balance its protection against tourist revenue. The cave is located in the Tapir Mountain Nature Reserve. The main cave system is about long and consists of a long river passage for approximately , which ends at an upstream sump. A series of upper prehistoric passages continues another mile past the sump through massive breakdown boulders and giant rooms.
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The main passage goes to a sump some long which has been passed to a further before becoming too tight. The right-hand passage passes a section of sharp, steeply angled rock (Bacon Slicer Rift) into a chamber where the way on is a tight, wet passage where the airspace becomes minimal. The cave was originally explored by members of the Northern Pennine Club in 1960, and extended in 1982 by Ian Broadhurst and Dave Lamont. The sump was dived by members of the Cave Diving Group in 1975.
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This is a cast aluminum unit, with the sump and front differential made as a single unit that cannot be separated. The front right axle is shorter than the left, because the differential is closer to the right wheel. The front left axle runs through the engine's sump to the left wheel.Video of ATTESA system components To control the ATTESA E-TS system, there is a 16-bit computer that monitors the cars movements 10 times per second to sense traction loss by measuring the speed of each wheel via the ABS sensors.
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In the UK, a container of oil or fuel cannot be stored outside unless it is bundled in a secondary containment item (Oil Storage Regulations 2001). This means that if the container of oil leaks, it will be contained within the bund. The secondary containment item must be able to hold 110% of the largest container above.For further information on Legislation and Regulations If a person were to store 4 x 205-litre drums on the sump pallet, the sump pallet must be able to hold of oil.
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The two blocks were joined at an 82° angle using a common cast-aluminum sump that also carried a common oil supply for the engine. At the non-drive end another aluminum casting assured the alignment of the blocks while at the drive end a steel adapter fit the ends of both crankshafts. A sprocket and Morse chain from each crankshaft were connected to a shaft running down the middle of the sump that transmitted power from the left-hand crank to the right. Each block retained its own crankshaft, distributor, and water pump.
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This was a novelty, especially for a car being made in a communist country. Issigonis's Mini of 1959 and related cars such as the Maxi, Austin 1100/1300 and Allegro had the four-cylinder inline water-cooled engine transversely mounted. The transmission was located in the sump below the crankshaft, with power transmitted by transfer gears. Other models that used the "transmission-in- sump" layout included the Datsun 100A (Cherry) and various applications of the PSA-Renault X-Type engine such as the Peugeot 104 and Renault 14.
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On its launch in 1972, the Peugeot 104 was offered as a compact four-door fastback. Although it had a short, sloping rear end that suggested a hatchback, there was originally a separate boot/trunk, as on a conventional saloon. Power was provided from a 954 cc Douvrin engine called the PSA X engine, an all- aluminium alloy, chain driven overhead cam, with gearbox in the sump, sharing engine oil, which was jointly developed with Renault. This transmission-in- sump arrangement was similar to that pioneered by the British Motor Corporation in the Mini.
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When practical, a sump can also be drained using buckets, pumps or siphons. Pumping the water away requires the inward flow of water into the sump to be less than the rate at which the pump empties it, as well as a suitable place to collect the emptied water. Upstream sumps have been successfully emptied using hoses to siphon water out of them, such as at the Sinkhole Dersios during exploration in 2005. The water was sent deeper into the sinkhole, and the emptied sumps revealed virgin passage behind them.
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On 19 April 2005 83,000 litres of radioactive waste was discovered to have leaked in the THORP reprocessing plant from a cracked pipe into a huge stainless steel-lined concrete sump chamber built to contain leaks. A discrepancy between the amount of material entering and exiting the THORP processing system had first been noted in August 2004. Operations staff did not discover the leak until safeguards staff reported the discrepancies. 19 tonnes of uranium and 160 kilograms of plutonium dissolved in nitric acid has been pumped from the sump vessel into a holding tank.
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A new dig began on a balcony above the terminal sump, attempting to push a route through the boulder choke, but progress was slow and the choke proved unstable. In early 2008 a team of British cave divers were invited over to dive the sump, now named "Young, Free and Desperate". After the divers emerged at the far side of the choke and made a voice connection with the dry cavers on the other side. After exploring downstream for one kilometre they returned to help dig from the other side of the choke.
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Sepro supplies horizontal slurry pumps, vertical sump pumps, vertical froth pumps, vertical tank pumps and horizontal fluid process pump models which are metal lined or rubber lined, one option being SH46® material for advanced wear resistance. They are designed to operate in the mining, aggregate, chemical and industrial sectors. Applications suitable for Sepro Pumps include mill discharge, mineral concentrate, dense media, coarse / fine tailings, process water and aggregates. Sepro engineers mobile, modular and fixed mineral processing plant designs which incorporate the complete line of slurry, sump, froth, tank and fluid Sepro Pumps.
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Although such ejector pumps waste water and are relatively inefficient, they have the advantage of having no moving parts and offer the utmost in reliability. If the backup sump system is rarely used, a component failure may not be noticed, and the system may fail when needed. Some battery control units test the system periodically and alert on failed electrical components. A simple, battery-powered water alarm can be hung a short distance below the top of the sump to sound an alarm should the water level rise too high.
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From season eight, the two double-chair newbies from the band Deine Freunde, Lukas Nimscheck & Flo Sump, are the new coaches. On April 2020, the show was renewed for a ninth season, which will begin airing in 2021.
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In speleology, a siphon or a sump is that part of a cave passage that lies under water and through which cavers have to dive to progress further into the cave system, it is not an actual siphon.
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In 1913, the 5.6 liter and 3 liter engines were further developed with camshaft timing, previously carried by shaft and bevel, now carried out by a cascade of gears, and lubrication was amended by adding a dry sump.
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KBL invests in resources on research and engineering.A thirst for knowledge: Alok Kirloskar. Livemint.com. 7 March 2013. This includes sump model studies, intake studies analysis using computational fluid dynamic techniques,Kirloskar Brothers Utilize PTC's Pro/Engineer(R). Reuters.
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The sump also had to be modified. In all, the changes added . Some disadvantages were discovered during the tests and this modification remained experimental. One survives in the GAZ plant's museum, another perhaps in private hands in Nizhny Novgorod.
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Now it could deliver at 8400 rpm. Compression was 11.5:1 and four Solex 40 PII carburettors were installed. Engine was of a quad-cam configuration and had a dry sump. The 801 design team also included Carlo Chiti.
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Marco Bulacia Wilkinson and Giovanni Bernacchini led the category, and eventually won their maiden victory in the class. Early leaders Oliver Solberg and Aaron Johnston retired from the rally when they hit a rock and smashed his Polo's sump.
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In "Dinofest International", Proceedings of a Symposium, Academy of Natural Sciences, eds Wolberg, Sump and Rosenberg, 51 – 63 (1997). The teeth are most similar to Compsognathus, but have no unique features and also share similarities with Protarchaeopteryx and dromaeosaurids.
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Dalmuir drop lock A drop lock allows a short length of canal to be lowered temporarily while a boat passes under an obstruction such as a low bridge. During canal restoration, a drop lock may be used where it is impractical or prohibitively expensive to remove or raise a structure that was built after the canal was closed (and where re-routing the canal is not possible). A drop lock can consist of two conventional lock chambers leading to a sump pound, or a single long chamber incorporating the sump – although the term properly applies only to the second case. As the pounds at either end of the structure are at the same height, the lock can only be emptied either by allowing water to run to waste from the sump to a lower stream or drain, or (less wastefully) by pumping water back up to the canal.
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At the bottom is a sump which has been dived to a depth of and distance of . The water is next seen in the deep pool at the bottom of South-East Pot below the final pitch of Flood Entrance Pot.
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On 1 June 1902, a platform collapsed in the mine, tipping nine men into 25 feet of water, which had gathered in the sump. Three managed to escape drowning by clinging onto floating debris, but the other six lost their lives.
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During scheduled upkeep in Sukumo Bay on the coast of Shikoku on 18 May 1937, she suffered an explosion in a lubricating oil sump tank that killed one man and injured 17 others. She proceeded to Kure Navy Yard for repairs.
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Jack Herris. Development of German Warplanes in WWI, Aeronaut Books, 2012, ;C.III Nag: initial production variant of the C.III engine, license production by NAG, , wet-sump lubrication system.Der NAG-Flugmotor 185 PS - C III NAG, Aircraft engine manual, 1917. ;C.
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The resulting power output was at 9000 rpm. As a race engine it also used dry sump lubrication. Top speed was 260–270 km/h. The drive train consisted of a 5-speed, non-synchro, manual transmission and twin-plate clutch.
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Old drywell A dry well or drywell is an underground structure that disposes of unwanted water, most commonly surface runoff and stormwater and in some cases greywater. It is a covered, porous-walled chamber that allows water to slowly soak into the ground (that is, percolate), dissipating into the groundwater. Such structures are often called a soakaway in the United Kingdom, a soakwell in Australia, and a soak pit in India. A sump in a basement can be built in dry well form, allowing the sump pump to cycle less frequently (handling only occasional peak demand).
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An alternative route begins from a passage entered a few metres below the west end of the entrance shaft. These passages are, in the main, tighter and more complex than the main route, but the main passage descends an alternative set of pitches to a sump which is believed to be the upstream sump of the inlet canal at the end of the main route. This set of passages, known as the Dead Dobbin Series, is about long. Rumbling Beck Cave is the source of the water that enters the entrance shaft below the surface at the east end.
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The pair returned in 1973, and after a dive they emerged into the After- Noon series of Noon's Hole. Easter 1975 a party followed a draught in the After-Noon series through a rocky crawl, to break out into a mile of new passage which included a streamway, the terminal sump of which corresponded to a sump with the main water flow in Arch II cave. This was named the High Noon Series. In 1984, a group managed to find a dry connection between High Noon and Arch II cave to create the 'finest sporting trip in County Fermanagh'.
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An oil bath air cleaner consists of a sump containing a pool of oil, and an insert which is filled with fiber, mesh, foam, or another coarse filter media. The cleaner removes particles by adhering them to the oil-soaked filter media rather than traditional filtration, the openings in the filter media are much larger than the particles that are to be filtered. When the cleaner is assembled, the media-containing body of the insert sits a short distance above the surface of the oil pool. The rim of the insert overlaps the rim of the sump.
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This system utilizes the engine lube oil to control the closure of inlet valve. The intake valve opening mechanism incorporates a valve tappet and a piston inside a chamber. There is a solenoid valve controlled by the engine control system which gets energized and supplies oil through a non-return valve during the time of cam lift and the oil gets filled in the chamber and the return channel to the sump is blocked by the valve tappet. During the downward movement of the cam, at a particular instant, the return passage opens and the oil pressure gets released to the engine sump.
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It was a dry-sump design with a huge capacity. The engine retained the bore and stroke dimensions of the 275 model for of displacement. Output was at 8000 rpm and of torque at 6000 rpm with six 40 DCN 9 Weber carburetors.
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Dolcoath was the largest and deepest mine in Cornwall, with its principal shaft, known as New Sump Shaft, eventually reaching a depth of below the surface.Morrison, T. A. (1983). Cornwall's Central Mines: The Southern District 1810–1895. Penzance: Alison Hodge. p.52. .
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First level is public, B2 level is for residents. Sump pump discharge pipe. Downtown Dadeland is an urban residential and retail development in Dadeland, Kendall, Florida, USA. Dadeland is an edge city in Kendall, which is part of unincorporated Miami-Dade County.
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They work pneumatically. After a certain fill level inside this sump is reached, the interface valve opens. The impulse to open the valve is transferred by a pneumatically mechanical controlled controller unit. No electricity is needed to open or close the valve.
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A high pressure pump then pumps the condensate out of the sump, through the regenerative heating coils around the cylinder, and back into the steam generator.Schoell, Harry. (2007). US Patent No. 7,798,204 B2: Cenrifugal Condenser. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
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Andrea Fraschetti (1928–57), Ferrari engineer All Jano engines used dry sump lubrication and almost all of them had two spark plugs per cylinder with four coils. Also most of them had DOHC configuration with chain-driven camshafts and two valves per cylinder.
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Basement waterproofing involves techniques and materials used to prevent water from penetrating the basement of a house or a building. Waterproofing a basement that is below ground level can require the application of sealant materials, the installation of drains and sump pumps, and more.
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Although based on the earlier 250 GT SWB, the Breadvan provided an opportunity for Bizzarrini to develop the ideas he had first explored with the GTO, such as lower and more aerodynamic bodywork, incorporation of a dry sump, and radical lightening of the entire car.
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On his direction, Sunbeam was among the first British manufacturers to provide front wheel brakes. Coatalen's innovations included balancing the wheels (a technique also claimed by Sig Haugdahl) and putting the oil pump in the sump, and he was an early advocate of shock absorbers.
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The Motronic system controls the electronic fuel injection and ignition systems, with a single spark plug per cylinder. Engine lubrication is via a dry sump oiling system. The engine was designed by Paolo Martinelli. The F355 addressed transmission issues that plagued the earlier models.
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The entrance in 2008 The entrance to the cave is on the banks of the Wye through a gated doorway at the foot of a bluff. This is locked as a precaution against illegal entry to the cave, to protect the rare forms inside the cave and to prevent anyone wandering into the cave and being trapped accidentally as the cave floods with the tide. After a short crawl with few squeezes the passage opens out to a 'beach' where the tidal sump blocks access. At low tide this sump drains quickly and noisily, becoming passable as a 'duck' beneath a 'figure 8' double opening.
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Automotive engineers and tuners commonly make design choices that reduce parasitic loads in order to improve efficiency and power output. These may involve the choice of major engine components or systems, such as the use of dry sump lubrication system over a wet sump system. Alternately, this can be effected through substitution of minor components available as aftermarket modifications, such as exchanging a directly engine-driven fan for one equipped with a fan clutch or an electric fan. Another modification to reduce parasitic loss, usually seen in track-only cars, is the replacement of an engine-driven water pump for an electrical water pump.
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Vermifilter reactors may have three different filter sections: an organic filter as the top layer that provides habitat for the earthworms; the inorganic or inert filter - constituting a layer of gravel and a layer of sand; and the drainage layer or equalizer (a sump where the treated effluent is discharged and/or recirculated to the top of the reactor). The filter media may be suspended above a sump in a basket. Alternatively the filter media might sit on a drainage layer of coarse gravel or pervious plastic drainage coil. Synthetic geotextile cloth is used to retain the filter media in place above the drainage layer.
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XR 650L The Honda XR650L is a street/trail bike that is more similar to the XR 600R than to the XR 650R. It has a steel tube frame as opposed to an aluminum spar frame like in the XR 650R. It also has an air-cooled SOHC dry-sump single-cylinder four-stroke engine similar except for an increased displacement to the XR 600R, unlike the totally redesigned XR 650R that has a liquid-cooled SOHC dry-sump single-cylinder four-stroke engine. The engine first appeared in the NX650 Dominator in 1988 which makes it the longest produced RFVC engine made by Honda.
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Another method of mosquito control is to spread a thin layer of oil on the surface of stagnant water, interfering with the breathing tubes of mosquito larvae. The performance of catch basins at removing sediment and other pollutants depends on the design of the catchbasin (for example, the size of the sump), and on routine maintenance to retain the storage available in the sump to capture sediment. Municipalities typically have large vacuum trucks that perform this task. Catch basins act as the first-line pretreatment for other treatment practices, such as retention basins, by capturing large sediments and street litter from urban runoff before it enters the storm drainage pipes.
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The upstream continuation of the river in Skreen Hill 2 was found to be shortly blocked by Sump 3, so in March 1967 a team of divers returned to attempt further exploration. William Frakes and John Ogden were the first to successfully pass the sump to reach Skreen Hill 3, of "magnificent stream passage" ending in boulder choke. In the ensuing months a comprehensive survey was made of all of Marble Arch Caves, including the newly discovered sections. During this time, surveyors learned of the deaths of Frakes, Ogden and Colin Vickers—another of the divers in the original team—in the Mossdale Caverns accident.
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The present-day cave is long up to the terminal sump at the rear of the third chamber / passage. The cave travels further however as an active stream of notable size resurges here at all times. Previous dye-testing has linked an underwater passage to an initial sink point in the Allt Smoo stream about upstream from the main waterfall, implying that the cave system is at least twice as long as once thought. Cave divers from the Grampian Speleological Group have dived this sump for a distance of about , although large volumes of silt and peat in the water have prevented further exploration.
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However the Mini had significant transmission problems early in its production run and the arrangement had poor refinement, high noise levels and was awkward to service. The early issues were resolved and the concept spread to larger BMC products, notably the 1100/1300 series built in Italy by Innocenti. These larger models did not require the transmission-in-sump arrangement for the purposes of space utilization (as on the Mini) but retained it for design and parts commonality. Fiat's chief designer, Dante Giacosa, recognized the potential of the concept and sought ways to improve on it - namely by removing the transmission from the sump.
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A short vertical shaft from the bevel gear on the right-hand inlet camshaft drove the axial cooling fan at 0.92x crankshaft speed. The valvetrain was designed to operate reliably at up to 10,000 rpm. The engine had a dry sump system with a separate oil tank.
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The pushrod is housed in a needle bearing, the piston journal has a plain bearing pressed into the push rod bore. The piston has two piston rings and one oil control ring. Lubrication is done by a dry sump lubrication system, the compressor valves are poppet valves.
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The very first Mazda Cosmo prototype used a L8A two-rotor Wankel. The engine and car were both shown at the 1963 Tokyo Motor Show. Hollow cast iron apex seals reduced vibration by changing their resonance frequency and thus eliminated chatter marks. It used dry-sump lubrication.
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This includes a series of "streams", one brick wide and one brick high, which provide a cooling system to three of the chambers. These drain into a sump about from the house. The area around the house are the remains of the foundations of older buildings.
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Crankshaft in three pieces carried in four large ball bearings; plain big ends. Drilled aluminum pistons – a first for Sunbeam racing car. Dry sump lubrication with two oil pumps – one for the bearings and the other for the camshafts. Mounted on sub-frame articulated with the chassis.
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Same as the IO-360-D except for oil sump and suction tube. The crankshaft has two 6th order dampers. Continental IO-360-ES fitted to a Cirrus SR20 ;IO-360-ES : at 2800 rpm, Minimum fuel grade 100 or 100LL avgas, compression ratio 8.5:1.
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Peakshole Sough A sough (pronounced /saʊ/ or /sʌf/) is an underground channel for draining water out of a mine. Ideally the bottom of the mine would be higher than the outlet, but where the mine sump is lower, water must be pumped up to the sough.
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Based on a 2.0E block with bore and stroke of , the engine displaced . Compression was 11.5:1. Power and torque outputs were at 7200 rpm and at 5000 rpm. Air and fuel were fed by twin 48DCOE Weber carburettors, and the engine received a dry sump.
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The engine was of a DOHC configuration with two valves per cylinder. Fuel feed was by three Weber 50DCN carburettors. The lubrication system was of a dry sump type. The 326 MIs tubular steel chassis was derived from the contemporary Ferrari 246 F1 race car with necessary modifications.
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The engine is an air-cooled SOHC, dry-sump, single-cylinder, four-stroke. With an electric starter, headlight, taillight, turn signals, mirrors, US EPA and California Air Resources Board (CARB) compliant exhaust system, and a metallic fuel tank, the 650L has a wet weight. The seat height is .
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If installed in the yard, the holding tank must be buried deep enough that the pump and sewage pipes are below the frost line. A grinder pump is different from a sump pump or effluent pump. There are two types of grinder pumps, semi- positive displacement (SPD) and centrifugal.
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The engine is a naturally aspirated, 7.0-liter aluminum Chevrolet LS7 V8 engine that produces at 6600 rpm and a maximum torque of at 4500 rpm. The engine has a compression ratio of 11: 1 and is equipped with dry-sump lubrication system, titanium valves and connecting rods.
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The crankshaft was made of alloy steel, with five main bearing caps. The pistons were forged aluminium alloy, while the connecting rods are machined alloy steel. The firing ignition was a CDI ignition system. The engine lubrication was a dry sump type, cooled by a single water pump.
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The dry part of the cave has a length of and a width of . Its central part serves as a canal in heavy downpours. At the end of the dry part, there is a -long sump lake continuing into a system of tunnels. The total explored tunnel length is .
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Among other alkyl groups (R) ethyl- and tert-butyl- are used, e.g., 2-ethylanthraquinone. Römpp CD 2006, Georg Thieme Verlag 2006 center The hydrogen peroxide is then extracted with water and in a second step separated by fractional distillation from the water. The hydrogen peroxide accumulates as sump product.
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Its FADEC, VSVs and a three-stage counter-rotating turbine generates 10% higher cruise power, maintaining peak efficiency at off- design conditions for better lapse rate and altitude power. The one-piece sump replaces 45 conventional parts and will be printed in just four days down from 14 initially.
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Later, Ferrari introduced a new SOHC 90° V8 engine designed by Carlo Chiti. All used dry sump lubrication and were mated to a 5-speed manual transmission. In total only six chassis were produced with various engine configurations. Many times they were modified and converted into a different specification.
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Known as "grey water". This type carries microorganisms and nutrients of micro-organisms. Examples are toilet bowls with urine (no feces), sump pump failures, seepage due to hydrostatic failure and water discharge from dishwashers or washing machines. Category 3 Water - Known as "black water" and is grossly unsanitary.
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This type of fume hood absorbs the fumes through a chamber filled with plastic shapes, which are doused with a scrubbing medium. The chemicals are washed into a sump, which is often filled with a neutralizing liquid. The fumes are then dispersed, or disposed of, in the conventional manner.
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At St Arvans, near Chepstow, the underground watercourses have carved out long cave systems, which exit at Otter Hole at the base of Piercefield cliffsthe only cave system in England or Wales which can only be reached through a tidal sump, making it a mecca for experienced cavers.
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The bridges are on spread footing with precast prestressed concrete girders. Service roads and slip roads have been provided at grade. A sump pump was installed on the Liberty-side ramp to prevent rain water from flooding the area of the underpass. Drains were made for its disposal.
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The water flows along this passage into Toad Hall and through the 30m sump into Frog Pot, where it joins the New Stream water from Goyden Pot, New Stream sump. The combined flood waters flow into New Goyden Pot via Main Stream inlet to join the increased water from upstream sumps 1 and 2 in New Goyden. This water backing up through the system is first seen to rise in Frog Pot then Guscott Pot, Limley Pot, Church Pot and then Goyden Pot. By this time the far end of Manchester Hole has already flooded by the mechanism mentioned before. The whole system floods completely with the exception of Manchester Hole from the entrance to the ‘grovel’.
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This was done by a process called tanking. After 1864 all coal miners had to have two head frames and two shafts to provide an extra way out of the workings in an emergency. The second shaft would be situated over the lowest point of the pit so that all the water would gather there in a sump. The winding engine would lower a tank into the sump, a special valve enabled the tank to fill with water, the tank was then raised and someone on the surface pulled a lever one the tank to discharge the water from the pit. There is one of these tanks lying at the side of the miner’s hovel.
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III Nag a: improved production variant, , improvements over the preceding C.III Nag include revised T-shaped intake manifolds and a dry-sump lubrication system with revised oil sump and oil pump.185 PS NAG Flugmotor Typ C III Nag a, Aircraft engine manual, 1918. ;C.III Nag b: improved production variant, , improvements over the preceding C.III Nag a include an oil pump fed valvetrain lubrication system, a revised air pump for pressurizing the fuel system and a revised central placement of the two carburettors, alongside with provisions for mounting a wireless generator on the admission side of the engine.185 PS NAG Flugmotor Typ C III Nag b, Aircraft engine manual, 1918. ;C.
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Cooper T51 won the GP World Championship in 1959. Unlike the Volkswagen alloy case used by Hewland, the Traction Avant case could not be used upside down, as the input shaft height was much higher in relation to the output shaft axis so that the oil level needed to lubricate the gears would exceed the then unreliable input shaft oil seal height if used upside down. So the engine needed to sit high above the ground with the oil sump space below, which was not needed by dry-sump racing engines. But the French transaxle was used by several racing car constructors in the late 1950s to 60s with various levels of success.
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The 6.9 L M100 used a "dry sump" engine lubrication system, which both enhanced longevity and reduced overall engine height. Originally developed for racing as a way to prevent engine oil foaming at high crankshaft RPMs, which in turn would create a serious drop in oil pressure, it allowed sustained high speeds at full engine power. The M100 system circulated a massive twelve litres of oil through the engine and a storage tank mounted inside the right front fender, as opposed to the usual four or five litres found in V8s with a standard oil pan and oil pump configuration. The dry sump system also had the benefit of extending the oil change interval to .
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The water towers will supply water, via 520 km 63-300mm diameter unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (uPVC)/medium-density polyethylene (MDPE) pipes, to Chavakachcheri, Jaffna, Kodikamam, Kopay, Navatkuli and Pallai. The ground sump at Kaddudai will pump water, via transmission mains, to Karaitivu and Velanaitivu. The ground sump at Araliturai on Velanaitivu will then pump water, via transmission mains, onto Pungudutivu, Mandativu, Nainativu, Analativu and Eluvaitivu. The whole project, including sewerage and sanitation improvement in Jaffna, is expected to cost $164.04 million (Rs 17,880 million) of which $90 million will come from an Asian Development Bank loan, $40 million from a French Development Agency loan and the remaining $34.04 million from the Sri Lankan government.
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The Honda CB550 is a standard motorcycle made by Honda from 1974 to 1978. It has a four-cylinder SOHC air-cooled wet sump engine. The first version, the CB550K, was a development of the earlier CB500, and like its predecessor, had four exhaust pipes, four silencers and wire-spoked wheels.
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There has been ice that can be walked on in this sump as late as March, attesting to the coldness of this area. The trail ascend a series of ridges to a summit. This summit is shear bedrock and devoid of trees in the southeast direction (i.e. facing into the hollow).
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Most of the above locomotive engines were available, in modified form, for stationary and marine work. Marine engines differ from railroad and stationary engines mainly in the shape and depth of the engine's oil sump, which has been altered to accommodate the rolling and pitching motions encountered in marine applications.
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Like many of the mountains of the Swabian Alps, Lemberg is a "Zeugenberg"—a "witness mountain". A stratum of limestone has generally eroded away, leaving a few more-resistant remnants, such as the Lemberg. The name is Celtic in origin. Those Celtic prefix "lem-" means something like morass or sump.
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The firing ignition is a CDI ignition system. The engine lubrication is a dry sump type, cooled by a single water pump. Engines must be built from a production model block (stock block), and often must be sealed by race or series organizers, so no private tuning can be carried out.
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In 1986 Martyn Farr connected the Terminal Sump to Elm Hole in the next valley by cave diving. After decades of work and numerous cave digging projects, a connection to the nearby cave Ogof Agen Allwedd has yet to be found, even though they are only away at their closest point.
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A wet sump lubrication system was used and the ignition system was by ignition coil. Two Dell'Orto SS 31 A carburetors were used. A dry multi-plate was driven by gears from the crankshaft. The gearbox had six or seven gears, dependent on circuit, and was of the cassette type.
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The check valve can also jam from the debris. Examine the discharge line opening, when applicable, to ensure there are no obstructions in the line. Even a partially obstructed discharge line can force a sump pump to work harder and increase its chance of overheating and failure.Author unknown (Date unknown).
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Exit Cave, Tasmania is a large multi entrance cave near Ida bay in southern Tasmania.Bridge, Russell 1995 Surveying in Exit Cave – Australia’s longest? J. Syd. Speleol. Soc., 39(2): 21-31. The cave is one of a number of caves along the D’Entrecasteaux River, and the system has a number of sump.
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If the 5000 GT inaugurated the marque's first road-going V8, the Quattroporte's Tipo 107 4.2-litre DOHC V8 was the forefather of all Maserati V8s up to 1990. The Ghia-designed Ghibli coupé was launched in 1967. It was powered by a 4.7-litre dry sump version of Maserati's quad cam V8.
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The E39 M5 is powered by the BMW S62 V8 engine, which generates a power output of at 6,600 rpm and of torque at 3,800 rpm. The S62 engine has electronically actuated individual throttle bodies, an aluminium block and heads, variable valve timing (double-VANOS), and a semi-dry sump oil system.
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The main streamway continues to the NPC Avens, where Boxhead Pot and It's a Cracker enter the system. Downstream leads through several neck-deep pools past several inlets, including one which links with Rumbling Hole, and another which links to Death's Head Hole, to a sump which, after , connects with Pippikin Pot.
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The result is a parallel twin with significantly reduced vibration compared to other parallel twin engine designs. The engine is lubricated by a dry sump system. The engine produces at 8,000 rpm, but can be specified with a reduced power output of either for European riders on restricted Category A2 licences, or .
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Sump pallets can be made in a variety of materials, but due to the nature of the oils or chemicals which will be stored upon it, they are typically made from either UV stabilised polyethylene, or steel that is galvanised for further protection from harsher chemicals. Also available in stainless and mild steels.
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The pushrods are steel and feature pressed-in ball ends. Lubricating oil is delivered under pressure from the oil sump to the drive bearings and the crankpins through the crankshaft. The cylinder walls and pistons are spray lubricated. Normal operating oil pressure is 35 psi, with minimum idle oil pressure 10 psi.
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The LZ engine uses a standard L series engine block to mount the DOHC cylinder head. Usually the bottom end is dry sumped using a Tsubakimoto dry sump pump. The crankshaft used is a Nismo chrome moly "8 bolt flywheel" type. Connecting rods are various length, Cosworth style, to suit the engine stroke.
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The engine was located ahead of the front axle. It featured an air-cooled V8 75° with dry sump design and a new featured thermostat controlled cooling fan by engine oil temperature via hydraulic clutch drive to reduce noise and fuel consumption. The engine was also used in the OT-64 APC.
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Pumps may discharge to the sanitary sewer in older installations. Once considered acceptable, this practice may now violate the plumbing code or municipal bylaws, because it can overwhelm the municipal sewage treatment system. Municipalities urge homeowners to disconnect and reroute sump pump discharge away from sanitary sewers. Fines may be imposed for noncompliance.
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It is found mainly in a reef aquarium or marine aquarium. The sump sits below, behind, or (less typically) on a support above the main tank, and is used as a filter, as well as a holding place for unsightly, miscellaneous equipment such as protein skimmers, calcium reactors, and heaters. The main advantage of having a sump plumbed into an aquarium is the increase of water volume in the system, making it more stable and less prone to fluctuations of pH and salinity, and also mitigating the effects of nutrient buildup or the unintentional introduction of foreign substances. In addition, some sumps have a compartment that can be converted into a refugium, helping to filter out excess nutrients such as nitrates.
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One featured a dry sump lubrication system while the other features a wet sump lubrication system. The power outputs of the engine varied from . The engine was installed in a strengthened chassis of a 300S. The first chassis #3501 was developed in 1955, using the chassis of a 300S, and the 3.5-litre straight-six engine under development for the future 3500 GT. It was crashed by Stirling Moss in the 1956 Mille Miglia, then factory rebuilt as the first 450S prototype fitted with a V8 engine. During the 1960s it was acquired and heavily modified by Tom Meade (he previously did the same to #3503), only to be purchased and completely restored during the 1980s by its current owner, Franco Lombardi.
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Deliveries started in March 1967. The car was powered by a front placed quad-cam dry sump V8 engine mated to a five-speed ZF manual transmission, with a three-speed automatic transmission being optional. The engine had a power output of . It had a 0- time of 6.8 seconds and a top speed of .
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Lampredi designed an Inline-4 engine for Formula Two use. This was later adopted for Formula One and sports car racing cars through the 1950s. The original 2.0 L engine of 1951 would prove to be the longest-lived, continuing through 1957 in various cars. All Lampredi inline-4 engines used dry sump lubrication.
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When the water level recedes, the 'Sand Crawl' can still remain a sump for weeks later. It lies close to another cave, Ogof Hen Ffynhonnau, which lies about further upstream in the Alyn Gorge. These two caves with Ogof Nadolig form the caves part of the Alyn Valley Woods and Alyn Gorge Caves SSSI.
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The Arno 166 GT was fitted with a new design of engine. Only the oil pump and gearbox, which came from the then current 125, were not new components. The wet-sump, OHV, parallel twin engine had a bore and stroke of 46.5 x 49 mm. The barrels and cylinder head were cast in alloy.
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Power Equipment Direct (PED) is an online retail company based in Bolingbrook, Illinois, USA. The company began in 2002our-story selling pressure washers, and now operates ten niche Web sites selling different types of outdoor power equipment, including air compressors, chainsaws, electric generators, log splitters, lawn mowers, snow blowers, sump pumps, water pumps and accessories.
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Otherwise, the high-speed rotation of the crankshaft would cause the oil to froth, making it difficult for the oil pump to move the oil, which can starve the engine of lubrication. Oil from the sump may splash onto the crankshaft due to g-forces or bumpy roads, which is referred to as windage.
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The bores were completed with breakthrough into the reception shaft on 18 November 2003 and 18 August 2004 for clay and rock, respectively. Much of the bored sections are 21–23 m below the surface, with the lowest point at Marino, towards the southern end, a point that also hosts the tunnel's drainage sump.
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There are two water capture and treatment systems. Non-drinking water:Rainfall on the fields is channeled to a sump from where it is pumped to a reservoir to the north of the buildings. This reservoir holds enough water for 250 days. The water is sand filtered and treated with chlorine before entering the homes.
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The KZ1-R uses the same mid-mounted, naturally-aspirated, dry sump BMW S62 90-degree V8, but it has been tuned for a total of at 7000 rpm. Displacement stays the same at , with torque at at 4500 rpm. This allows the KZ1-R to achieve a power to weight ratio of per tonne.
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Output was estimated to have been , high enough to flex the block and require a stiffening plate between the bottom of the block and the sump. Cunningham used a carbureted version of the engine, and had to reduce the compression ratio to 7.5:1 to accommodate the fuel available to the teams at Le Mans.
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The crankshaft is geared directly to the clutch, no counter balancer shaft is used. Starting is by electric starter only. Lubrication is wet sump using a trochoid pump; an oil radiator assists with cooling.Haynes 2.4 Both the FJ1100 and FJ1200 were fitted with an additional fuel vapour recovery system to comply with California emission regulations.
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Most featured sump guard plates and the engine mounts are raised slightly to give the engine cases better clearance from rocks etc. Even by the mid 1970s the Bushman models were sought after by collectors and they are even more so today an amazing 49 years after BSA produced the last ones in 1971.
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The bike was designed at Royal Enfield's Technology Centre at Bruntingthorpe Proving Ground in Leicestershire, England. Both models, Interceptor and Continental GT, share the same engine, frame, suspension, wheels, brakes, exhausts and silencers. The engine is a wet-sump, 648 cc, air-cooled SOHC, 8v, parallel twin. Fuelling is via Bosch injection and engine management.
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Same as E2D but with O-320-A sump and intake pipes. ;O-320-E2H : at 2700 rpm, Minimum fuel grade 80/87 avgas, compression ratio 7.00:1. Same as E2D but with S4LN-20 and -21 magnetos. ;O-320-E3D : at 2700 rpm, Minimum fuel grade 80/87 avgas, compression ratio 7.00:1.
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It also used a single spark plug per cylinder with two coils. The 250 MM had a new multi-plate clutch (the 250 S had only a single plate). A wet sump lubrication system was also inherited. A chassis type ‘’250MM53’’ was made out of a welded steel tubes and featured a short wheelbase.
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The engine used twin spark plugs per cylinder with two coils and had twin overhead camshaft design for two valves per cylinder. It also used a dry sump lubrication system. The tubular steel chassis identified as the tipo 509 was the same as on the 306 S prototype. The whole car weighed only when unladen.
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Australia's first production four-wheel-drive car-based vehicle—a utility—was introduced by Ford as an XY model in November 1972.Darwin, pp. 165, 219. All were fitted with the 250 in3 six that was mounted on a 30° slant to provide front axle suspension clearance between the front differential and the sump.
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The station also contains the Thundelarra Lignum Swamp. The wetland is a shrub dominated fresh water marsh with a sandy-clay bed. It lies in a sump that is slightly undulating interspersed with low rocky hills. The wetland receives water from a creek system that originated in a range situated about 25 km away.
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This installation of the O series was adapted for use with the Honda PG-1 end-on manual gearbox, replacing the gearbox-in-sump design traditionally used on British Leyland front-wheel-drive products. The 1.7 L O series was not used in these vehicles, which featured R- and later S-series 1.6 L units.
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A 4.2 litre dry sump V8 engine is fitted to the TZ3 which is rated at . The car has a 6-speed automated manual gearbox and is able to attain a top speed of over . It can accelerate from 0 to in 3.5 seconds. The chassis is a carbon-fibre monocoque with some tubular elements.
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During surgery, the duodenum should be repositioned in close proximity with the CBD to ensure a tension-free anastomosis. 8 incisions are made, with one in the CBD and one in the duodenum. Sutures are performed between the incisions to create a new pathway. Postoperative complications include inflammation and narrowing within the surgical site and sump syndrome.
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The Series 2 Interceptor engine was a major redesign of the Series 1A engine. It included a wet sump engine to improve oil flow to the crankshaft. The CB points were moved to the end of exhaust camshaft and the timing cover was redesigned accordingly. This engine was used on the Interceptor until the end of production in 1970.
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The engine also has a custom chip designed by Cosworth for a further increase in performance. The model uses the same Duratec block, but is not as heavily modified. The connecting rods and pistons are not upgraded significantly, though it does have the dry-sump system. The cam shafts are slightly radicalized, and the exhaust system is upgraded.
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Back at the low pool, an dry inlet passage of fine rift passage and chambers continues for over before decreasing in size, and dropping into the large New Fearnought Streamway. Downstream leads to Dementor Sump, which has been dived for to a blockage. Upstream terminates in a boulder blockage after . Oddmire Pot () is located north-west of Langcliffe Pot.
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The RW-133 was developed in 1979 as an all-new piston engine for amateur-built aircraft, including a new crankcase oil system. The helicopter version features a dry sump oil system and a turbocharger option increasing power to . All components of the engine are cast and manufactured at RotorWay Foundries, except the Mallory Ignition and Dell'Orto carburetor.
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The engine was the race-proven Tipo 168/62 Comp. V12 as used in the 250 Testa Rossa Le Mans winner. An all- alloy design utilizing a dry sump and six 38DCN Weber carburetors, it produced approximately at 7500 rpm and at 5500 rpm of torque. The gearbox was a new 5-speed unit with Porsche-type synchromesh.
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Wet sump lubrication was used, with an oil capacity of . The weight of the engine alone was , or including the transmission. Power output of series I cars was stated as 325 hp at 7,200 rpm, while Series II/III cars produced a stated 350 hp at 7,500 rpm. The Espada's transmission was mounted longitudinally, inline with the engine.
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The sump at the bottom of the Lower Cave is about 230 ft below the surface. The cave was host to Texas’ only cavern with a natural interior waterfall. Originally, seven waterfalls were in the cavern. A very bad drought in the 1950s caused all of the waterfalls to dry up, except for the one in the Cathedral Room.
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The engine displacement is 591 cc with four valves placed in a RFVC (Radial Four Valve Combustion) radial disposition with a single camshaft. It has a dry sump lubrication system. The engine has a compression of 9.0:1 with a bore/stroke of 97 × 80 mm. The engine is fed by a 39 mm piston-valve carburetor.
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The seat was a 3/4 length item, unique to the model. A black-painted bash plate was fitted to the underside of the frame stopping just short of the sump plate. The silencer was a cut-and-shut version of the standard roadster 'barrel' type. The centre stand was an optional item with only a sidestand originally supplied.
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In 1954 a second exit from the mine was created as an emergency escape route. This led through the Alma workings to the Low Horse Level, up an old sump into the High Horse Level, through the old brick dam and out through the Glencoyne Level. The shafts were fitted with climbing ladders, and the route was inspected weekly.
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The OM636 is a water-cooled inline- four-cylinder diesel engine with precombustion chamber injection, OHV valvetrain and wet sump lubrication. Both the cylinder head and the cylinder block are made of grey cast iron. Both the crankshaft, which is supported in three bearings, and the connection rods are forged. The pistons are made of a light metal alloy.
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Fuel was fed by a bank of three Weber 36DCZ/3 carburettors, or optionally a 42DCZ type. The ignition system consisted of a single spark plug per cylinder, served by two coils and horizontal mounted distributor. Lubrication employed a wet sump oil system and the clutch was a twin-plate type. The Europa GT was capable of top speed.
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The fuel feed was also updated, now with six Weber 42DCN carburettors, instead of three 36IR4s. Ignition was by twin spark plugs, served by four coils. The engine used a dry sump lubrication system. The tubular steel chassis, known as tipo 520, was the same as on the 290 MM that in turn was derived from the 860 Monza.
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The new 'long-block' engine displaced , thanks to of bore and stroke and had SOHC configuration with two valves and single spark plug per cylinder. Initially power output was at 7200 rpm with 8:1 compression ratio. Engine was fed by three Weber 40DCF carburettors and used wet sump lubrication. Top speed was 240 km/h.
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Ferrari decided to use smaller diameter carburettors on this model, compared to its predecessor. The engine used twin spark plugs per cylinder, served by two coils and had a twin overhead camshaft design to actuate two valves per cylinder. It also used a dry sump lubrication system. The compression ratio was at 8.5:1, slightly higher than before.
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The second drift does not have rail access, and provides air circulation and emergency ingress only. Privatised in 1993, by 2001 seven men including the mine owner were working the drift, producing 200 tonnes/week. However, geological problems had resulted in the development of a deep and extensive sump system to remove water ingress, and frequent problems with gas.
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In 1972, cavers using scuba diving gear were able to push past the sump for the first time. Their exploration pushed down to a depth of . Subsequent efforts have found the cave to be deep. Exploration of the cave is still ongoing, including attempts to connect the cave to Śnieżna Studnia, second-largest cave in Poland.
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The fuel feed was improved with bigger, triple Weber 36DCF carburettors. The engine had a single overhead camshaft per cylinder bank, actuating two valves per cylinder and a single spark plug ignition system. Wet sump lubrication was used. The 195 S used a 166 MM-sourced tubular steel chassis with wider track and slightly longer wheelbase, measuring .
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At the bottom of the shell, where the condensate collects, an outlet is installed. In some designs, a sump (often referred to as the hotwell) is provided. Condensate is pumped from the outlet or the hotwell for reuse as boiler feedwater. For most water-cooled surface condensers, the shell is under [partial] vacuum during normal operating conditions.
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The oil system has a wet sump which contains of SAE 70 mineral or synthetic racing oil. The pan is made of titanium or aluminum. Titanium can be used to prevent oil spills in the event of a blown rod. Oil pump pressure is somewhere around during the run, at start up, but actual figures differ between teams.
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Most aircraft use a flat firewall between the engine and pilot's feet, the Skybaby is configured with the pilot sitting with the engine close to the lap, and rudder pedals located under the oil sump toward the front of the cowling. The powerplant was a sourced from an ERCO Ercoupe, modified with water injection to produce .
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In 1812 there were three coal pits (Bure) in close proximity just outside the city gates: Bure Triquenotte, Bure de Beaujone and Bure Mamonster. The first two shafts were joined underground, but the last one was a separate colliery. The shafts were deep. Water was led to a sump (serrement) from which it could be pumped to the surface.
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Suspension was by double wishbones at the front, with double longitudinal semi-elliptic springs locating the live axle at the rear. The car had the drum brakes and worm-and-sector steering typical of the period. The dry-sump 3.0 L () engine used three Weber 36DCF carburettors and was mated directly to a five-speed manual transmission.
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The 250 MM's wheelbase was longer than the 250 S at , with the coupé heavier than the barchetta. The V12 engine's dry sump was omitted from the production car, and the transmission was reduced by one gear. Power was increased to . The four-cylinder 625 TF and 735 S replaced the V12-powered 250 MM later in 1953.
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Mechanical vents (also called cheater vents) come in two types: Air admittance valves and check vents, the latter being a vent with a check valve. Air admittance valves (AAVs, or commonly referred to in the UK as Durgo valves and in the US as Studor vents and Sure-Vent®) are negative-pressure-activated, one-way mechanical valves, used in a plumbing or drainage venting system to eliminate the need for conventional pipe venting and roof penetrations. A discharge of wastewater causes the AAV to open, releasing the vacuum and allowing air to enter the plumbing vent pipe for proper pressure equalization. Since AAVs will only operate under negative pressure situations, they are not suitable for all venting applications, such as venting a sump, where positive pressures are created when the sump fills.
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This arrangement forms a labyrinthine path through which the air must travel in a series of U-turns: up through the gap between the rims of the insert and the sump, down through the gap between the outer wall of the insert and the inner wall of the sump, and up through the filter media in the body of the insert. This U-turn takes the air at high velocity across the surface of the oil pool. Larger and heavier dust and dirt particles in the air cannot make the turn due to their inertia, so they fall into the oil and settle to the bottom of the base bowl. Lighter and smaller particles stick to the filtration media in the insert, which is wetted by oil droplets aspirated there into by normal airflow.
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The OM 138 is a naturally aspirated and water-cooled inline-four-cylinder diesel engine with precombustion chamber injection, wet sump lubrication and OHV valvetrain. Its displacement is 2.54 l. The bore and the stroke is , this gives the OM 138 a high rotational speed of 3000 rpm as a car engine and 2800 rpm as a truck engine. The rated power is .
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Solids accumulate on the surface of the organic filter media (or filter packing). The liquid fraction drains through the medium into the sump or equaliser and is either discharged from the reactor or recirculated to the top entry for further treatment. Wastewater is discharged to the surface of the filter packing by direct application or by sprinklers, drippers or tricklers.
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It has a small, wet entrance. The cave contains two shafts at 50 and 15 m respectively, which permit entry to the main stream passage which trends in a north-west direction for before turning south. The cave has been explored for to an impassable sump. An attempt to force through this route in 1981 led to the death of a diver.
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A five-person team from the University of Bristol Speleological Society entered the cave immediately following the departure of the Red Rose team. This team free-dove the sump at the end of the cave, but were unable to progress past an waterfall. By the mid-1970s, the cave had been documented as being above the entrance and approximately long.
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Displacement was 1.71 L at first, and was increased to 1.85 L later. Saab had exclusive use of the slant-four for the first several years of production. Saab designed a new transaxel which utilized the case of the transaxel as its oil sump. The Triumph engine was turned 180° so that the clutch and flywheel were in the front.
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Fuel was fed to the engine by three Weber 32DCF carburettors or alternatively three Weber 36DCF setup. The exception was the 212 MM with triple quad-barrel Webers and some early examples with only a single carburettor. Ignition system was made of a single spark plug per cylinder served by two coils. Engine lubrication was by a wet sump arrangement.
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For 2007, the WR gained an aluminum frame dropping the weight from 249 to 246 pounds. In addition to the aluminum frame, the 2007 WR450F saw a revised dry-sump engine, with a new balancer, cylinder head, and camshafts with less lift and duration than previous generations and restyled plastics. 2009 saw new graphics, and 2010 was not sold in the US.
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In 2013, the car was unveiled, and was known as Enviate v1.0. The car was originally created using first generation Honda NSX components, and had an LS- based 6-liter dry-sump-lubricated V8 with Garrett twin-turbochargers, which produced approximately . The car's body was built with NSX components and lightweight material. No other information is known about the car.
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Yamaha TDM850 Mk II with 270° engine The Yamaha TDM is an 849 cc DOHC parallel-twin motorcycle that heralded the modern "Sport touring" category. The TDM was first manufactured by the Yamaha Motor Company of Japan in 1991. The TDM has a pressed-steel frame and a dry sump engine with five valves per cylinder, (three inlet and two exhaust).
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As per the race car, the GTR road car was powered by the 4.0-litre P60 V8 engine. The engine retained the race cars' dry sump oil system and was slightly detuned from at 7,000 rpm. Top speed was . The transmission was a six-speed manual and the differential was the same variable locking unit as used in the race car.
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AUS Service Literature In the interest of both engine longevity as well as creating some extra space under the hood, a "dry sump" engine lubrication system was used. The system circulated twelve quarts of oil between the storage tank and the engine, as opposed to the usual four or five quarts found in V8s with a standard oil pan and oil pump.
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Dry sump lubrication prevented oil starvation in hard cornering. The chassis remained unaltered, but wider rear tires (in place of the 365's equally sized on all four corners) meant the rear track grew 63 mm. External differentiators included a new chin spoiler upfront, incorporated in the bumper. A NACA duct on the side provided cooling for the exhaust system.
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BMC experimented with a twin-engined Mini Moke (dubbed the "Twini Moke") in the mid-1960s, but never put it into production. This made advantage of the Mini's 'power pack' layout, with a transverse engine and the gearbox in the engine sump. Simply by fitting a second engine/gearbox unit across the rear, a rudimentary 4×4 system could be produced.
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Pumps may be necessary where gravity sewers serve areas at lower elevations than the sewage treatment plant, or distant areas at similar elevations. A lift station is a sewer sump that lifts accumulated sewage to a higher elevation. The pump may discharge to another gravity sewer at that location or may discharge through a pressurized force main to some distant location.
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Rendall 1993, p.66 In March Jules Goux took one to Brooklands where he raised the record for the flying half-mile to . Rendall 1993, p.70-1 Georgano 1971, p.566 The Peugeot engine was the first to use Dry-sump lubrication that would become standard as racing cars needed engines lowered to drop their centre of gravity. Cimarosti 1997, p.
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Sump 1 alone is almost enough to fill an Olympic-size swimming pool. Consistent with landfill practices at that time, no liner was installed at the site. Waste disposal design features such as liners, cellular division of waste, and leachate collection systems were not installed. Instead, the waste materials were placed directly onto the Bay Mud and soils overlying bedrock.
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A common arrangement of crash bar is a loop of chrome-plated steel tubing mounted each side of a motorcycle's lower frame. As well as their supposed protective function, they are valuable as a mount point for accessories like highway pegs, lights and, on police motorcycles, sirens, cameras and radar guns. One variation is the sump-guard, primarily for off-road riding.
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'When he coughed you heard the sump at the bottom of a mine shaft echoing.' His 'biological patchiness was a given'. Those who invite him to dinner must reckon with 'the spilling, splashing, crumbling, the nastiness of his napkin after he had used it, the pieces of cooked meat scattered under the table'. Like many Bellow characters, he has developed a mean streak.
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Greywater systems can halve the water use of most residential buildings; however, they require the purchase of a sump, greywater pressurization pump, and secondary plumbing. Some builders are installing waterless urinals and even composting toilets that completely eliminate water usage in sewage disposal. The classic solution with minimal life-style changes is using a well. Once drilled, a well-foot requires substantial power.
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At the bottom a descending passage chokes at a depth of , the deepest point in the Three Counties System. The main downstream has been dived past a junction at . Upstream here emerges at the downstream sump of Lost Johns' Cave after . Downstream has been dived for some , past an inlet from Pippikin Pot, to the resurgence, much of it at depth.
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Same as B1A but with straight riser in oil sump and -32 carburetor. ;O-320-B2A : at 2700 rpm, Minimum fuel grade 100/130 or 91/96 avgas, compression ratio 8.50:1. Same as B1A but with fixed- pitch propeller provisions. ;O-320-B2B : at 2700 rpm, Minimum fuel grade 100/130 or 91/96 avgas, compression ratio 8.50:1.
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The engines differed from street versions in that the boost was increased, emission control systems were removed, fuel-injection settings revised and a racing exhaust fitted, together with dry-sump lubrication.Showcasing Talent, Motor May 1988 Mondiale, based in Northern Ireland was contracted to supply the series with chassis. The first race was run at Meadowlands and was won by Brian Till.
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During a rescue from beyond a downstream sump at Sarkhos Cave in 2002, water was pumped upstream into a dam constructed a few metres above the flooded passage. Some manuals also mention the use of explosives or other forms of force to empty sumps, but the ecological damage done to the fragile cave environment usually rules out the use of such methods.
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Vladimir Putin and Gennady Samokhin, 2016 Gennady Viktorovich Samokhin (Геннадий Викторович Самохин; born July 14, 1971 in Simferopol) is a Crimean speleologist who holds the depth world record of cave diving in a sump at −2,196 meters, attained while exploring the Krubera Cave in 2012. He was educated and works in the Tavrida National V.I. Vernadsky University (now Crimean Federal University).
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Oil bubblers are filled with mineral or silicone oil. These are both quite resistant to chemical attack. Oil bubblers are predominantly used; the oil is inexpensive and not toxic. A drawback is that due to oil's lower density, in event of underpressure in the reaction vessel, enough oil may be sucked through the sump into the inert gas system to contaminate it.
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Additional features include a lightweight 14 volt alternator, an optimized oil sump, a streamlined accessory housing, a lightweight starter and roller tappets. When announced in July 2008 Lycoming expected the engine to be available later that year, once ASTM testing for LSA use was completed. The company also contemplated certifying the engine in 2009. There is no indication that certification has been completed.
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Another rare version was the CB71 – another sports version of the dry sump bikes. It was only available in Japan, and it only in limited numbers. It was very reminiscent of the CB92 – pressed frame, flat 'ace' handlebars, fly screen, low megaphone exhaustpipes, cut down rear mudguard, cycle-style front guard, angular fueltank with the 'wrap-over' rubber kneepad of the CB92.
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Driver safety comes from a factory racing harness and built-in roll cage. For durability, Noble also added forged pistons, an oil cooler, a larger baffled oil sump, and extra cooling ducts. Its engine has a maximum power of at 6,500 rpm, with a torque figure of at 5,000 rpm.Carfolio.com technical specifications, added 2004-05-20, last modified 2008-04-03.
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The lush meadows of Meiendorf (Schleswig-Holstein), where Rust began digging in 1930. Note the channels draining the water into a sump, and wetland vegetation. After his return to Germany, Rust worked for an electricity company and pursued his vocation as an amateur archaeologist. He was encouraged by the pre-historian Gustav Schwantes, who was also self-taught in his youth.
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At 11:00 on 28 February 1812 the sump in the Beaujone mine failed and flooded the entire colliery. Of the 127 men down the mine at the time 35 escaped by the main shaft, but 74 were trapped. [These numbers are taken from the report, the 18 miner discrepancy is unexplained.] The trapped men attempted to dig a passageway into Mamonster.
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Interest in the possible existence of a cave at this location existed before 1927, and increased when St Cuthbert's Pool suddenly drained away in that year. Attempts to discover an entrance took place between 1944 and 1953, when entry was finally gained. Exploration continued to push the known limits of the cave throughout the 1950s and 1960s. Sump 1 was passed in 1969.
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The tailplane was also completely new, and a triangular fin was fitted to the rudder. Operational B.E.2c with RAF 1a engine, "V" undercarriage, streamlined cowling on sump, and cut-out in upper centre section to improve field of fire for gunner After the first few aircraft, production machines were powered by a development of the Renault engine, the RAF 1a, and the twin skid undercarriage was replaced by a plain "V" undercarriage. A streamlined cowling to the sump was also fitted to later models, while a cut-out in the rear of the centre section marginally improved the observer's field of fire, as well as giving the pilot a better view forward over the wing. On later machines, the fin was enlarged to reduce the aircraft's tendency to swing on take-off and to improve spin recovery.
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The valves are pushed by tappets, pushrods and rocker arms. The rocker arms, which are supported in bronze bearings, are lubricated by the wet sump lubrication system. They are secured with a horizontal screw each. The fuel is pumped to the injection nozzles by a Bosch size A injection pump, that is driven by the gear between the flange and camshaft gear on the camshaft.
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Reticulated polyurethane foam lines both the inner and outer sides of the fuel tanks, retaining debris and restricting fuel spillage in the event of damage. The engines are shielded from the rest of the airframe by firewalls and fire extinguishing equipment. In the event of all four main tanks being lost, two self-sealing sump tanks contain fuel for 230 miles (370 km) of flight.
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Smaller tanks often use containers made of steel or plastic. The material used depends on cost, the chemical properties of the liquid and its density. Plastic tanks cannot hold very dense liquids at high wall levels. Large, exposed bunding will need a sump pump or some other system to remove precipitation, though it may also be used to transfer spilled liquid into another container.
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The engine was a Thornycroft GB6 11.3 litre straight-six petrol engine. As was common for the period, the cylinders were cast in two blocks of three. Valves used the "IOE" or "Inlet over Exhaust" arrangement, with overhead valves (in the head) for the inlets and side-valves (in the cylinder block) for the exhaust. Dry sump lubrication was used, to avoid problems when tilted off-road.
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Clarke 2009, p.114-5: Road & Track Sep 1963 McLaren managed to get the car safely to the roadside but the long oil slick from the holed sump started a catastrophic chain reaction of accidents: Jean Kerguen's DB4 Aston Martin spun out into a ditch, wrecking its differential. Sanderson endured a series of spins in his Cobra but luckily hit nothing and carried on.Spurring 2010, p.
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"Harry"'s entrance was hidden under a stove. The entrance to "Dick" had a concealed entrance in a drainage sump. More than 600 prisoners were involved in their construction. End of "Harry" tunnel showing how close the exit was to the camp fence Tom was discovered in August 1943 when nearing completion. Bushell also organised another mass breakout, which occurred on 12 June 1943.
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The engine used twin spark plugs per cylinder, served by two coils and a dry sump lubrication system. The front suspension was independent with dual wishbones, coil springs and hydraulic shock absorbers. At the rear the 412 S had De Dion axle with twin radius arms, transverse leaf spring and hydraulic shock absorbers. Fuel tank had a capacity of 196 litres and a transmission had four-speeds.
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Using a ported two-stroke design, they have also flown a prototype engine in a pusher configuration. Velocity aircraft are claiming delivery of non-certified engines since 2005 and hope to achieve certification early in 2011. DeltaHawk engines have a dry oil sump, so they can run in any orientation: upright, inverted or vertical shaft by changing the location of the oil scavenge port.
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Grid ref: H11724670. The rocks here date from the Quaternary, Carboniferous period and are designated PASSI. This cave is approximately 1 km long in a north–south direction and is divided into two parts. The main body of water flowing through the cave is traversable, but there is a 10 m flooded sump which emerges in another section known as the Farr Out Series.
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When the substrata changes into Knockmore Limestone, the character of the cave changes to a more vertically oriented passage. After some more climbing there is a 22 m vertical drop with a further crawl at the base, which leads to a completely flooded section or sump, which itself is completely blocked up with silt. Above this is a very high roofed chamber or aven.
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Attempts made in the Mendip Hills to traverse from one cave to another through the underground rivers led to the development of cave diving; the first cave dive attempt in Britain took place at Swildon's Hole in 1934. The first successful cave dive in Britain was achieved the following year at Wookey Hole Caves, where the last sump is currently the deepest in Britain at .
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Importantly for a potential refugee camp site, Reinsehlen sported a water works and primitive sewage systems leading to a sump some two kilometres from the centre of the camp. However, the buildings had been totally stripped of all furnishings (including windows, doors and wiring) by Canadian and British troops and by German civilians. Local authorities provided a basic supply of ovens, beds and other furniture.
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2010 MV Agusta F4 In 2010, the new F4 was introduced. The engine, whilst retaining the bore and stroke and 16 radial valve layout of the previous engines, was extensively redesigned. Changes include a new crankshaft, lighter conrods, shorter inlet tracts, titanium inlet valves, twin injectors, oil pump, deeper sump, cooling system and generator. The new unit produces 186bhp (137 kW) at 12,900 rpm.
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The death toll associated with the flooding was 17. Five deaths occurred in Missouri. Others were killed in a highway wreck due to heavy rain in Kentucky, and a 65-year-old woman in Ohio appeared to have drowned while checking on a sump pump in her home. In southern Illinois, two bodies were found hours after floodwaters swept a pickup truck off a road.
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A carburettor fed the mixture into the intake of the supercharger, at the rear of the engine. The Pétrel's output could be left or right handed; a Lorraine patent planet gearset, with six satellite gears, provided an 11:17 reduction of propeller shaft speed. Engine lubrication was by forcing pressurized oil through the crankshaft, with sump scavenging. The supercharger had its own lubrication system.
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As liquid enters the landfill cell, it moves down the filter, passes through the pipe network, and rests in the sump. As collection systems are planned, the number, location, and size of the sumps are vital to an efficient operation. When designing sumps, the amount of leachate and liquid expected is the foremost concern. Areas in which rainfall is higher than average typically have larger sumps.
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The type of pump used varies. Gear pumpsHow a gear pump works trochoid pumpsTrochoid pump and vane pumps are all commonly used. Plunger pumps have been used in the past, but these are now only used rarely, for small engines. To avoid the need for priming, the pump is always mounted low-down, either submerged or around the level of the oil in the sump.
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The Honda CB650 is a standard motorcycle produced from 1979 to 1985. It featured a four-cylinder, SOHC, air-cooled, wet sump engine, with two valves per cylinder. The CB650 was a development of the CB550, itself derived from the even earlier CB500. The CB650 was the last of Honda's successful series of air-cooled SOHC fours that began in 1969 with the Honda CB750.
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Sensors around the engine constantly give feedback to the ECU regarding injection timing, engine speed, load, fuel and coolant temperature, boost pressure etc. to ensure that optimum running conditions are maintained. The basic engine is a conventional 4-cylinder with 2 valves per cylinder operated by a single overhead camshaft and hydraulic tappets. The block is made of cast iron with aluminum alloy cylinder head and sump.
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The M2B33 engine in the R32 had a displacement of 494 cc and had a cast-iron sidevalve cylinder/head unit. The engine produced , which propelled the R32 to a top speed of . The engine and gear box formed a single unit. The new engine featured a recirculating wet sump oiling system at a time when most motorcycle manufacturers used a total-loss oiling system.
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The engine lubrication is a dry sump type, cooled by a single water pump. Mecachrome came to the GP2 Series in 2005, and by 2005 was clearly the dominant engine manufacturer. Starting in 2005, they became the only engine manufacturer in the GP2 Series, and continued in that capacity through 2016. Mecachrome also has a mutually beneficial technical relationship with Teos Engineering of Montigny-le-Bretonneux.
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The B.E.2b which followed the original production standard benefitted from various improvements. It featured revised cockpit coamings, which afforded better protection from the elements, along with revised controls to both the elevator and rudder.Bruce 1966, p. 8. Some aircraft ordered as B.E.2bs were completed as B.E.2cs, and others were built with some of the B.E.2c modifications, such as sump cowlings and "V" undercarriages.
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He was responsible for the design of the second, small Double-Six 30/40 of 1930 and a 3½-litre six that same year. This new 81.5 x 114mm, 3568 cc, six-cylinder was rated at 25 hp for tax purposes, and featured a monobloc aluminium cylinder block, detachable head, and balanced sleeve valves. Dual pumps within the sump provided a novel internal lubrication system.
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The four-stroke parallel twin OHV engine was derived from the existing 250 twin cylinder, the bore being increased by 10 mm to 63 mm to give 349 cc displacement. Featuring alloy barrels and heads, the cylinders were inclined forward by 20 degrees. Two 24 mm Dell'Orto carburettor fed fuel to the engine, which had a compression ratio of 9.2:1. Lubrication employed a wet sump.
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The camshaft may press directly the stem of the valve or may act upon a rocker arm, again, either directly or through a pushrod. Engine block seen from below. The cylinders, oil spray nozzle and half of the main bearings are clearly visible. The crankcase is sealed at the bottom with a sump that collects the falling oil during normal operation to be cycled again.
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It was powered by an 1802 cc petrol inline-four engine with a dry sump, based on an industrial version of an engine used in pre-war Morris and MG cars. The gearbox had four speeds with synchromesh on second, third and top. The brakes were mechanically operated by rods and the back axle was worm gear driven. A four-door hire car version was also made.
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The Short Stroke model (1953 to 1962) had bore and stroke of . It used a dry sump 499 cc single-cylinder motor, with two valves operated by bevel drive, shaft driven twin overhead camshafts. Compression ratio was 11:1. It had an Amal GP carburettor, and a Lucas racing magneto. The 1962 500 cc Manx Nortons produced at 6,780rpm, weighed , and had a top speed of .
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The dynamo is located between the cylinder blocks on the smaller 2.5. At the rear the drive is taken from the back of the camshaft for the distributor positioned high above the unit behind the two semi-downdraught SU carburettors. There is a separate exhaust system for each bank of cylinders. Light alloy is used for the valve covers, tappet blocks, sump and inlet manifolds.
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Though marketed as an engine oil for diesel trucks, Rotella oil has found popularity with motorcyclists as well. The lack of "friction modifiers" in Rotella means they do not interfere with wet clutch operations. This is called a "shared sump" design, which is unlike automobiles which maintain separate oil reservoirs - one for the engine and one for the transmission. Used oil analysis (UOA) reports on BobIsTheOilGuy.
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The earliest Canis lupus specimen was a fossil tooth discovered at Old Crow, Yukon, Canada. The specimen was found in sediment dated 1 million YBP, however the geological attribution of this sediment is questioned. Slightly younger specimens were discovered at Cripple Creek Sump, Fairbanks, Alaska, in strata dated 810,000 YBP. Both discoveries point to an origin of these wolves in east Beringia during the Middle Pleistocene.
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The earliest Canis lupus specimen was a fossil tooth discovered at Old Crow, Yukon, Canada. The specimen was found in sediment dated 1 million YBP, however the geological attribution of this sediment is questioned. Slightly younger specimens were discovered at Cripple Creek Sump, Fairbanks, Alaska, in strata dated 810,000 YBP. Both discoveries point to an origin of these wolves in eastern Beringia during the Middle Pleistocene.
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Oil freezing in the DB 605 engines of the Bf 109G-6s made them difficult to start in the extreme cold of the Russian winter. A captured Soviet airman showed them how pouring fuel into the aircraft's oil sump would thaw the oil and enable the engine to start on the first try. Another solution, also learned from the Soviets, was to ignite fuel under the engine.
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The controllable-pitch propeller models use a different crankshaft from those intended for fixed-pitch propellers.Christy, Joe: Engines for Homebuilt Aircraft & Ultralights, pages 77-80 TAB Books, 1983. The O-320 uses a conventional wet sump system for lubrication. The main bearings, connecting rods, camshaft bearings, tappets and pushrods are all pressure lubricated, while the piston pins, cylinder walls and gears are all lubricated by spray.
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Same as B1A but with 7/16 inch propeller bolts. ;O-320-B3B : at 2700 rpm, Minimum fuel grade 100/130 or 91/96 avgas, compression ratio 8.50:1. Same as B1A but with 7/16 inch propellor bolts, a straight riser in oil sump, and -32 carburetor. ;O-320-B3C : at 2700 rpm, Minimum fuel grade 100/130 or 91/96 avgas, compression ratio 8.50:1.
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This liquid-cooled, four cylinder, boxer (horizontally opposed) engine had a belt-driven water pump. Its integrated cast iron cylinder block and crankcase had three main bearings. The two aluminum alloy crossflow cylinder heads had one or two overhead camshaft in each, driven by individual timing belts, and two valves per cylinder (four valves per cylinder in the 1700 16V version). Wet sump lubrication.
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This feature was also disconnected on the "A" models by a simple blanking plug at the metering pump. The gearbox is separated from the engine sump and has its own oil supply. Suzuki marketed its own brand of rotary oil but also approved at least two other oils for use in its rotary engine. Shell Super 10-20-50 and Castrol GTX were both endorsed lubricants.
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She had apparently lost her guideline in the second sump; with visibility near zero, she was unable to find the line again before her air supply ran. In the aftermath of this tragedy, the Western Pennsylvania Conservancy (who owned the cave at that time) banned further cave diving indefinitely. Cave diving remains forbidden at Tytoona without express written permission from the Tytoona Cave Preserve management.
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The Bridge Room is a good place to take a rest. You can hang your legs over the edge and listen to the stream that is 80 ft below. The Worm Tube leads to the Echo Room, which is the biggest room of the cave. The Volcano Room is shaped like a large funnel and it leads to the stream passage and the sump.
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In 1996 when homeowners were living at the site, a man discovered a tar like substance coming from his sump pump. It was soon discovered to be creosote, which is considered a hazardous chemical. This brought attention to the EPA of the issues left behind from the Federal Creosote Site. They started to test the surrounding areas and found creosote in 31 of the 137 homes.
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The LF39 produces and has a dry weight of .D-Motor publicity specification sheet, August 2014 The power curve is virtually linear from 50 kW @ 1920 rpm to 91.55 kW @ 3100 rpm.D-motor performance graph Just like its smaller sibling, the LF26, this direct-drive aero-engine has a side-valve (flathead) valvetrain. The engine has port injection, a dry sump lubrication system, and dual ignition.
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As some species became extinct, so too did the predators that depended on them (coextinction). Diagram of a wolf skull with key features labelled. The origin of dogs is couched in the paleobiogeography of wolf populations during the Late Pleistocene. The earliest fossils of Canis lupus were found in what was once eastern Beringia at Old Crow, Yukon, Canada and at Cripple Creek Sump, Fairbanks, Alaska.
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They are more expensive to purchase but can take up debris without clogging. Sump pump systems are also utilized in industrial and commercial applications to control water table-related problems in surface soil. An artesian aquifer or periodic high water table situation can cause the ground to become unstable due to water saturation. As long as the pump functions, the surface soil will remain stable.
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Seven main bearings and six throws. ;Crankcase :Two aluminium-alloy castings joined together on the horizontal centreline. The upper portion bears the wheelcase, supercharger and accessories; and carries the cylinder blocks, crankshaft main bearings (split mild-steel shells lined with lead bronze alloy), and part of the housing for the airscrew reduction gear. The lower half forms an oil sump and carries the oil pumps and filters.
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In 1979 he began drawing "Judge Dredd" for IPC's 2000 AD, and during the early to mid-1980s, Ron Smith was by far the most prolific artist working on the character. Along with Brian Bolland and Mike McMahon he contributed to two of the character's most popular epic-length stories, "The Day the Law Died" and "The Judge Child". Amongst the more grotesque characters created by Smith was Otto Sump, Mega-City One's ugliest man, with Smith excelling himself in "The Otto Sump Ugly Clinic" depicting the horrific length citizens of the metropolis go to in making themselves look as physically repulsive as possible. Smith was responsible for the majority of ugly-spin-off stories including "Gunge", "Who Killed Pug Ugly?" about an ugly pop star and "The League of Fatties" about over-eaters gone to extremes (although the first Fatty story was actually drawn by McMahon in a previous Annual).
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The traditional route is down three pitches (Ding, Dong, and Bell), but there is an alternative Shadow route which escapes most of the water flow in wet weather. After many metres of rift passage is Well Pitch which accesses the main lower sandy passages known as Duke Street. At the far end of Duke Street is Whirlpool chamber where a short sump (not free-diveable) gave access to cave divers into further passages known as Ireby II. Helictites in Ireby Fell Cavern In early 2007, a system involving a primitive hand pump and a mud dam to temporarily retain the water in an artificial lake in Duke Street allowed non-divers to enter this part of the cave. This facilitated the digging out of a passage in the roof of Whirlpool Chamber previously blocked by sand, to be dug out from both ends hence creating a bypass to the sump.
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Aquamole Pot is a limestone cave in West Kingsdale, North Yorkshire, England. It was originally discovered by cave divers who negotiated of sump passage from Rowten Pot in 1974, to enter a high aven above the river passage. All subsequent major explorations were undertaken from below before an entrance was opened up from the surface. It is part of a long cave system that drains both flanks of Kingsdale.
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One common drawback to pit blinds is their propensity to accumulate water. Especially in marsh or wetland areas, the soil can hold a large amount of moisture. Pit blinds are sometimes fitted with sump pumps or even hand- operated pumps to assist the hunters in draining any water that has invaded the blind. Layout blinds allow a hunter to have a low profile in a field without digging a hole.
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Oknuev, drawing on his experience in motorcycles, saw he could eliminate pushrods and raise the top rev limit, to 5,800 from the earlier engine's 4750. The cam was chain-driven, and the block, head, sump, rocker cover, intake manifold, and other parts were aluminum. It weighed only , just more than the previous , but produced . It had removable cylinder liners, with both the aluminum oil pump and distributor driven off the crankshaft.
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After the old- growth cypress timber had been harvested, the pond and adjacent surviving wetlands were re-used as the drainage sump for the surrounding farmers of Sussex County. In the 1930s, the federal Civilian Conservation Corps listed the pond as a place of recreation development. The Delaware legislature took over the land and named it as a state park on June 22, 1951, becoming the first state park in Delaware.
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1934 Nine Le Mans The Le Mans had a higher tuned version of the 972 cc inline-four, with higher camshafts, bigger and better cooled oil sump, and a counterbalanced crankshaft. Power climbed to and a close-ratio gearbox was fitted. The frame was dropped behind the front wheels and thus underslung at the rear. No running boards, a external fuel tank and twin spare tyres finished the competition appearance.
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The four-stroke parallel twin OHV engine was derived from the stillborn Arno 166 GT, the bore being increased to 53 mm and stroke to 56 mm, giving a 247 cc displacement. Featuring alloy barrels and heads, the cylinders were inclined forward by 20 degrees. Two 22 mm Dell'Orto carburettors fed fuel to the engine, which had a compression ratio of 9:1. Lubrication employed a wet sump.
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The vacuum thus created was used to suck water from the sump at the bottom of the mine. The "fire engine" was not very effective and could not work beyond a limited depth of around thirty feet. Newcomen replaced the receiving vessel (where the steam was condensed) with a cylinder containing a piston based on Papin's design. Instead of the vacuum drawing in water, it drew down the piston.
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The powertrain was a wet clutch that powered a 5-speed gearbox. The bike featured a dry-sump engine in which the frame carries the oil supply. The non- adjustable fork had 41mm tubes and supplied 8.5 inches of travel; rake was 28.5 degrees, trail, 4.5 inches. A fork brace was built into the underside of the fender. Front wheel was a spoked 21-incher, carrying the standard 90/90 tire.
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In July 2020 Van's introduced a new version of the Lycoming IO-390, designated as the IO-390-EXP119 and optimized for the RV-14. The engine has new exhaust and induction systems and puts out . It has a revised oil sump, aluminum induction pipes, oil pump and accessory case that saves of weight. With this powerplant the RV-14 is faster in cruise speed and climbs faster.
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This rotary engine is most famous for its application in the Mazda RX-7 and RX-8. Splash lubrication is a rudimentary form of oil cooling. Some slow- turning early engines would have a "splashing spoon" beneath the big end of the connecting rod. This spoon would dip into sump oil and would hurl oil about, in the hope of cooling and lubricating the underside of the piston.
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Leachate processing / equalization tanks used in leachate treatment before releasing to a river. The most common method of handling collected leachate is on-site treatment. When treating leachate on-site, the leachate is pumped from the sump into the treatment tanks. The leachate may then be mixed with chemical reagents to modify the pH and to coagulate and settle solids and to reduce the concentration of hazardous matter.
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Additional separate belts are sometimes used where dry sump pumps have been added to engines during tuning. Electric oil pumps are not used, again for reliability. Some 'turbo timer' electric auxiliary oil pumps are sometimes fitted to turbocharged engines. These are a second oil pump that continues to run after the engine has stopped, providing cooling oil to the hot bearings of a turbocharger for some minutes, whilst it cools down.
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The main development efforts that led to the 3500 GT were carried out in 1956–57, despite the frantic activity required by Maserati's participation in the Formula 1 world championship. Alfieri modified the 350S's engine to suit a touring car, e.g. by switching to a wet sump oil system and changing the engine accessories. He also made several business trips to the United Kingdom in order to contact components suppliers.
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The last sign of the campground's existence was its boardwalk, which eventually rotted away. The area where the Mountain Grove Campground used to be currently contains sump holes and scrub. The Mountain Grove Campground was stated in the 1950s by Charles A. Johnson to be a "new-fashioned camp meeting". The newspaper editor James C. Brown stated that it was "one of the most delightful resorts in Pennsylvania".
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The cars were delivered to the workshop of the Frank Gardner racing team for final preparation. A bolt-in FIA-approved roll cage was a factory option. Suspension upgrades consisted of new springs, adjustable struts and rear perches. Engine upgrades consisted of AC Schnitzer camshafts, dual pickup sump, an oil restrictor in the head and a cold air snorkel into the air filter box replacing the left hand foglight.
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18, BOOKS FOR LIBRARIES PRESS, 1922 (reprinted 1969), Retrieved August 14, 2013 Another version of the origin states that the a hydro powered sump pump or sawmill made a thumping sound when in operation.Priestley, M. and Allen, G., Go Take a Hike, A guide to hiking on the domain of the University of the South, pp. 30-31, Second Edition, 2004, Printed by the University of the South.
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After loosening twelve nuts, the units mounted on the rack could be lifted out. Particularly striking was the fine ribbing of the cooling fins on the sump and the oversized cylinder head housing the double camshaft drive. The transversely mounted cassette transmission was driven by the engine through helical gears. It was connected to the shaft drive to the rear wheel via a spiral bevel gear angle drive.
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The powerplant is a horizontally opposed Lycoming six-cylinder design. It is a direct-drive or geared, air-cooled, and normally aspirated engine. The cylinders have steel barrels with aluminum heads, and the valves are operated by hydraulic lifters. The crankshaft is supported in an aluminum- alloy split case by four main bearings and one ball-thrust bearing, and lubricating oil is supplied from a 12 quart wet sump.
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Jensen used their own powerful version of the Austin DS5 4-litre straight-six engine (featuring triple H4 type SU carburettors, a high compression Weslake head with custom-made twin exhaust manifolds and an alloy baffled sump/oil cooler) in the 541S. Initially the Jensen brothers tested Chrysler Hemi V8s in the 541S, also trialled in Alan Jensen's Jensen 541delux, but none were used because of supply difficulties.
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Fortunately this happened one Sunday, when no one was in the mine. In 1870 the new Lucy Tongue Level was connected to the south end of the 48 Fathom Level, by sinking a sump from above and working a rise from below. Already the new level had discovered some rich ore at the south end of the vein, and in the following years it was steadily driven north.
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Later systems collect oil in a sump, from where it can be collected and pumped around the engine again, usually after rudimentary filtering. This system has long been the norm for larger internal combustion engines. A pumped oil system can use higher oil pressures and so makes the use of hydrostatic bearings easier. These gave a greater load capacity and soon became essential for small, lightweight engines such as in cars.
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It discharges into a collection sump that might collect sewage from 2-6 houses and is located in a public area. Vacuum technology is based on differential air pressure. Rotary vane vacuum pumps generate an operation pressure of -0.4 to -0.6 bar at the vacuum station, which is also the only element of the vacuum sewerage system that must be supplied with electricity. Interface valves are installed inside the collection chambers.
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Maize grown by Native Americans Chippewa baby waits on a cradleboard while parents tend rice crops (Minnesota, 1940). The traditional diet of Native Americans derived from a mixture of agriculture, hunting, and the gathering of wild foods. By 800 CE the Native Americans had established three main crops — beans, squash, and maize (or corn);— called the three sisters. Other early crops included cotton, sunflower, pumpkins, tobacco, goosefoot, knotgrass, and sump weed.
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Perhaps his most notable achievement was the exploration of over of underwater passage in the notoriously unforgiving cave passages of the Gort region, including the discovery and exploration of Pollindre, 1 km in length and the third deepest sump in Great Britain and Ireland at . In March 2011 Kozłowski received the Kolosy award for cave exploration at the annual Polish travelling and outdoor sports conference, held in Gdynia.
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Early models of the M42 experienced failures of a profile gasket sealing the lower cam chain case to the underside of the cylinder head. This gasket seals the primary coolant passage within the timing chain case. A significant failure would thus discharge pressurized steam and hot coolant into the timing chain case. In many cases this coolant rapidly contaminates the motor oil in the sump, causing main bearing failure.
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The GR650 was powered by a four-stroke air-cooled DOHC parallel twin with two valves per cylinder (four valves total). This engine had a 180° crankshaft with a gear-driven counter-balancer and a wet sump. The carburetors were two Mikuni CV BS36SS. To induce swirl in the air-fuel mixture Suzuki added a sub- intake port connecting the carburetor throat to the intake port just above the valve head.
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The block design incorporates turbocharger pressure feed lines in the front of the valley and oil dump ports in the side of the block to return oil to the sump. In addition to the solid block, a waterjacketed version was also designed to provide better cooling options for street or endurance purposes. Noonan also has developed intake manifolds for the LS; specifically for turbocharging or twin turbo charging or supercharging.
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The optical path starts at a heliostat on top of a tower and continues 193 feet (58.8 m) more underground to the primary mirror. The lowest excavated point (the bottom of the sump) is 228 feet (69.5 m) below ground. It then returns to one of six quartz optical windows in the floor of an optical laboratory at ground level. The whole building from top to bottom is a single instrument.
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At the rear was a De Dion tube with two pairs of trailing arms and coil over shocks. The engine in the Corvette SS was a production Chevrolet small block V8 that displaced . It was fitted with Rochester Ramjet fuel injection. 9.0:1 compression aluminum cylinder heads and a deep-sump oil pan made of magnesium were used. The camshaft was a special “Duntov” profile solid-lifter piece.
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Oil consumption was also very high. Due to primitive carburetion and absence of a true sump, the lubricating oil was added to the fuel/air mixture. This made engine fumes heavy with smoke from partially burnt oil. Castor oil was the lubricant of choice, as its lubrication properties were unaffected by the presence of the fuel, and its gum-forming tendency was irrelevant in a total-loss lubrication system.
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Internally the rotor is cooled and lubricated by engine sump oil and the aforementioned trochoid pump. Engine oil is filtered by an easily accessible car-type oil filter on the lower right side of the cases. The filter includes an internal bypass valve in case of blockage. Further lubrication specifically for the tip, corner and side seals is provided by oil from a tank located under the seat.
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A dry sump lubrication system was standard on all Jano V12s. The tubular steel spaceframe chassis was based on an older Formula One Ferrari 375, modified to accommodate new engine. The front suspension was independent with double wishbones, coil springs instead of a leaf springs and hydraulic shock absorbers. The rear suspension had a De Dion axle with twin radius arms, transverse leaf spring and hydraulic shock absorbers.
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Jaskinia Śnieżna was discovered in 1959 by cavers from Zakopane. In 1960, it was explored to a depth of , which made it, at that time, the fourth-deepest cave in the world. In the subsequent years, the cave was intensively explored and connected with other caves. Exploration in the 1960s bottomed out at a sump or siphon, a U-shaped tunnel filled with water, at a depth of .
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Introduced in 1996, the Rotax 914 is a turbocharged development of the Rotax 912. The Rotax 914 has a turbocharger with an automatic wastegate controller and dual carburettors. It features dual capacitor discharge ignition, liquid-cooled cylinder heads and air-cooled cylinder barrels, an electric starter, a built in propeller reduction gearbox, dry sump forced oil lubrication and has a separate oil tank. It has hydraulic valves that include automatic adjustment.
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The oil pump simply pumps constantly, and any excess pumped oil continuously escapes through a relief valve back into the sump. Many bearings in high-cycle industrial operations need periodic lubrication and cleaning, and many require occasional adjustment, such as pre- load adjustment, to minimize the effects of wear. Bearing life is often much better when the bearing is kept clean and well lubricated. However, many applications make good maintenance difficult.
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Like the Sport, the Style 107 had an engine block, with an engine and gearbox, a common sump and lubrication system. It was a head / side valve engine. Normally, such an engine was used in the overhead valve as inlet valve, and the side door as an outlet. But the outlet had the greatest need for cooling wind, so he fitted his lying to OHV engine this cover.
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On December 17, 1987 an incident (INES 1) occurred: Operators overlooked a stop valve that had not been closed. In order to close the armature a valve was opened. The radioactive primary cooling water discharged for a short time into the annular space. Because the discharge of the reactor cooling water took place outside of the reactor containment, there was potentially no feedback from the sump over the safety cooling pumps.
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Citroën C-Buggy conceptThe Citroën C-Buggy is a concept car presented by Citroën in May 2006 at the Madrid Motor Show. It is a two-seater city car, with Dune buggy and SUV styling influences. It is made with some protection against off-road grievances, such as slightly raised suspension and a sump guard. It has tinted glass inserts in the lower body side panels, and no doors.
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Fabio Taglioni was to develop a bike that conformed to US police specifications, and was bigger than any current model Harley- Davidson. Taglioni decided on an air-cooled 1257 cc 90° two-valve head V4 using a 180-degree crankshaft with roller bearing big ends. That crankshaft fitted into a horizontally split wet sump crankcase with a center main bearing support. The bore was 84.5 mm, and the stroke 56 mm.
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Ducati's single overhead-cam 98 cc Gran Sport, designed by Taglioni, became the blueprint for all future Ducati singles. It had an air-cooled cylinder inclined forward 10 degrees from vertical, gear primary drive, wet-sump lubrication, battery ignition and camshaft drive by vertical shaft and bevel gears. This bike came to dominate its class in Italian racing. In 1956 there was a DOHC 125 cc version of the Gran Sport.
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General Electric started its Morrison plant in 1949, as a branch of the Schenectady, New York department. It became the Appliance Control Department in 1952 and was one of the first units to be established in a decentralization program. Early production included relays, switchettes, and sump pump switches, followed by cold and heat controls. In 1952, the manufacture of range timers was transferred to the Morrison factory from Somersworth, New Hampshire.
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The engine and gear box formed a bolt-up single unit. At a time when many motorcycle manufacturers used a total-loss oiling systems, the new BMW engine featured a recirculating wet-sump oiling system. However, it was not a "high- pressure oil" system based on shell bearings and tight clearances that we are familiar with, but a drip feed to roller bearings. This system was used by BMW until 1969.
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32 pitches and climbs are required to reach the terminal sump. Most other explorations begin at entrance E, which leads through an awkward crawl to a pitch that has a deposit of snow at the bottom most years. From here extensive horizontal levels of Swings and Roundabouts, Treeumphant and Rhino Rift can be reached. Descending of the Gaffered series of pitches leads to another horizontal development called The Underworld.
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A metal fence was erected to block off the fountain again in 2018 and replaced with a white plastic fence by April 2019; that was replaced with a high plywood fence in August in preparation for a project to convert part of the fountain's sump into a storage tank for treated non-potable water that will be used to wash streets in Civic Center and the Tenderloin. A branch of the subterranean Hayes Creek had been discovered to run underneath UN Plaza during the construction of the fountain's sump; seepage had been pumped for use in street-cleaning trucks, but that source was abandoned in the 1980s. Three proposals were advanced in 2018 to redesign the entire Civic Center area, including UN Plaza; of those three, only Civic Sanctuary calls for the restoration of the fountain at UN Plaza. Public Platform would install a new "iconic, interactive fountain" near the present site.
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Designed by Fiat's technical director, Dante Giacosa, it was launched under the Autobianchi brand to test market reaction to the new concept. The Primula's particular configuration of front wheel drive with a transverse engine, but with a gearbox on the end of the engine and unequal length drive shafts, rather than a gearbox in the sump like the Mini, became universal; as did its use of conventional steel suspension in almost all other cars with the exception of Citroen- usually MacPherson struts at the front and a "dead" rear axle. Indeed, Peugeot in facelifting their 305 range on the early 1980s switched from their former adherence to the Mini in- sump gearbox to the Primula's end-on gearbox configuration. The Primula is thus a car design of far greater significance than is often realised, as its design influence spread far beyond even the mainstream high volume Fiats such as the 127 and the 128 of the late 1960s.
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After the Second World War, Saab used the configuration in their first model, the Saab 92, in 1947. The arrangement was also used for Borgward's Goliath and Hansa brand cars. However, it was with Alec Issigonis's Mini, introduced by the British Motor Corporation in 1959, that the design gained acclaim. Issigonis incorporated the car's transmission into the engine's sump, producing a drivetrain unit narrow enough to install transversely in a car only wide.
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As that happens, the piston moves forward, allowing the pilot valve to open and oil to flow from the oil sump into the hub. This increase in oil pressure will increase the pitch of the propeller angle causing it to slow back down to the desired RPM setting. When an underspeed condition occurs, as in a climb with loss of airspeed, just the opposite takes place. The airspeed decreases, causing the propeller to slow down.
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The engine used Fiat valve gear, cylinder heads (two 508C heads per engine), and connecting rods. The engine was high-tech for the time, with a single camshaft in block, two valves per cylinder, and a semi-dry sump lubrication system. Four Weber 30DR2 carburettors were specified for a total output of at 5500 rpm. The 815 used a Fiat four-speed transmission with the Fiat gears replaced by gears made in-house by AAC.
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Similar to the E1BD except without provision for controllable- pitch propeller. ;O-360-F1A6 : at 2700 rpm, Minimum fuel grade 91/96 avgas, compression ratio 8.50:1. Same as the A1G6 except that it has two Slick 4191 magnetos, a propeller governor drive on the crankcase left front and oil sump designed for retracted nose wheel clearance. ;O-360-G1A6 : at 2700 rpm, Minimum fuel grade 91/96 avgas, compression ratio 8.50:1.
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Divers have explored beyond sump 1 through another seven sumps. The water from this farthest point of exploration travels just over a kilometre to the furthest explored point of Nidd Head Resurgence. The Nidd actually resurges from three locations, the North West Rising, Main Rising and South East Rising. As the name suggests most of the water rises from the Main Rising and this has been explored by divers for over 850m.
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The Shirley wound drain or sump drain is a suction drain with an intake tube that provides air to the bottom of the main tube. This allows a continuous flow of suction so that the tube doesn't get blocked. The Shirley drain is a double-lumen drainage tube intended to aspirate efficiently the contents of a fresh surgical wound. It removes the blood oozing from the walls of the wound cavity before it clots.
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The 420M/58 engine was derived from the Maserati 450S sports car. The twin cam 90° V8 was modified with a shorter stroke to reduce the displacement to so it could also meet the Indy 500 technical regulations. The fuel was fed by four twin-choke Weber carburetors to produce at 8,000 rpm with 12:1 compression ratio. The engine was lubricated via dry sump system and was equipped with twin spark plugs per cylinder.
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The pistons are forged aluminum alloy, while the connecting rods are machined alloy steel. The electronic engine management system is supplied by Motorola, firing a CDI digital inductive ignition system. The engine lubrication is a dry-sump type, cooled by a single water pump. In 2009, Honda froze the Indy V8 engine development for the 2009-2011 seasons due to Honda focusing on a new third-generation V6 turbo engine for the 2012 season.
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It was transversely mounted in unit with the transaxle transmission assembly, which was below and to the rear of the engine's sump. All models used a fully synchromesh 5-speed "dog-leg" manual gearbox and a clutch-type limited slip differential. Suspension was all-independent, comprising double wishbones, coaxial coil springs and hydraulic dampers, and anti-roll bars on both axles; four wheel vented disc brakes were also fitted. Steering was unassisted rack and pinion.
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This was intended to provide better low-end performance while still allowing a large carburetor to be used. The 1982 XR 500RC was very similar to the 1981 RB apart from decal and trim changes. 1982 Honda XR 500RC 1984 Honda XR 500RE (with hand protectors removed) The 1983 XR500R was thoroughly revised with a new dry-sump RFVC 5-speed engine which was lighter and more powerful than the older engine.
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Many do not have on-site standby generators which requires the telephone company to bring out a portable generator before the batteries run out. This may not happen in time if there are flooded streets, snow filled roads, or downed trees causing outages for anyone served by that unit. Often, the air conditioning units, sump pumps, and even lights are not backed up in those units, which can cause equipment overheating and flooding issues.
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In geotechnical engineering, an interceptor ditch is a small ditch or channel constructed to intercept and drain water to an area where it can be safely discharged. These are used for excavation purposes of limited depth made in a coarse-grained soils. These are constructed around an area to be dewatered. Sump pits are also placed at suitable intervals for installation of centrifugal pumps to remove the water collected in an efficient manner.
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The engine received dry sump lubrication and further tweaks considerably increased the power output to 60-70 bhp. With a spaceframe chassis and weighing under the available power was more than enough for competitive performance. Dusio's dream of a one model series came to nothing, but instead his D46s started to dominate the voiturette series. Highly talented drivers like Tazio Nuvolari piloted the D46 to multiple successes against more advanced but older racing cars.
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Individual light alloy cylinders (a block was used on the 1100 Grand Prix model) with cast liners were used with Borgo pistons. The two valves of each cylinder were actuated by bucket tappets from two overhead gear-driven camshafts. Particularly striking was the fine ribbing of the cooling fins on the sump as well as the oversized cylinder head acting by the double camshaft drive. The gearbox was transversely mounted in a cassette.
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Mangroves in Bohol, Philippines In some areas, mangrove reforestation and mangrove restoration is also underway. Red mangroves are the most common choice for cultivation, used particularly in marine aquariums in a sump to reduce nitrates and other nutrients in the water. Mangroves also appear in home aquariums, and as ornamental plants, such as in Japan. In Senegal, Haïdar El Ali has started the project, which (amongst others) focuses on reforesting several areas with mangroves.
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Residents have expressed concerns about wet basements and frequent operation of their sump pumps.Cf. Town of Whitchurch-Stouffville, Ballantrae High Water Table Investigation . In 1993, the Whitchurch Historical Committee said "Whitchurch- Stouffville residents" should be "vigilant to treat trees and forests with respect.... In the 1990s care must be taken so that urbanization and concrete road-building do not repeat the destruction to our forest heritage."Barkey et al, Whitchurch Township, 33; 30f.
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It was then replaced by the F140 engine family. All those engines featured dry sump lubrication and 48 valves driven by dual overhead camshafts per bank. The block and cylinder heads were constructed from light alloy, featuring Nikasil treated alloy cylinder liners. A Bosch Motronic 2.7 combined fuel injection/ignition engine management system was initially fitted, superseded by a Motronic 5.2 unit in 1996 and by a Motronic ME7 system for the 5.7 L versions.
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This enabled it to collect pit water in the shaft 'sump'. As mining progressed the shaft was sunk deeper. The packing (gangue material used for filling) from the upper main gangways was placed in the exhausted cavities (the so-called 'old man' or Alter Mann). This required the erection of a wooden ceiling over the active workings so that packing material did not fall into it and onto the face workers there.
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All steelwork within the battery compartments is lined with rubber to protect the metal from attack by acid, and also all conducting material is insulated to prevent risks of electric shock. Waxed timber is used to make framing and crawlways to access the batteries and support them because of its resistance to acid. The battery compartment has a sump to collect any spilled liquids. Each cell weighs and contains 18.5 gallons of electrolyte.
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The Greenside Vein may have been discovered among the rocks at the top of Glencoyne, where it outcrops and is visible. One branch of the vein was partly cut away at the outcrop, and a bell pit known as Duke's Sump was sunk on another branch "at some early date." Whether lead was found is not known. The vein may also have been discovered high up on the south side of Green Side.
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The bored tunnel segments are precast concrete, with a internal diameter and thick. The segments are expanded directly against the ground, which is London Clay. The bored section of the cargo tunnel is notable among tunnelling engineers, for having been constructed with a remarkably thin cover of solid clay above it (minimum cover clay beneath the Terrace gravels). There is one sump in the tunnel, at a low point about north of the south portal.
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Large systems with numerous collection chambers benefit from the provision of a monitoring system for remote monitoring of the vacuum valves and sump pits. Such systems allow much faster troubleshooting and easier preventive maintenance of collection chambers and valves. However, monitoring systems are optional systems and not required for operation of vacuum sewer systems. Vacuum sewer systems are considered to be free of ex- and infiltration which allows their use even in water protection areas.
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Robin Hamilton again released a sponsorship brochure for 1977, but again failed to get any large sponsorship backing. But Hamilton did gain a small sponsorship deal from SAS in London, a company who specialised in riot and security equipment. Hamilton received £25,000, which covered most of his costs for Le Mans. The V8 engine of the car, had now been fitted with Nimonic steel valves, special forged Cosworth pistons and a redesigned sump.
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Rudge bikes finished first, second and third at the 1930 Junior TT using prototype radial 350 cc 4-valve engines. They also took first and second in the Senior TT. The road bike engines were changed to dry sump lubrication. The JAP 250 and the parallel four-valve 350 cc ended production in this year. In 1931 Rudge released its first 250 cc and 350 cc road machines with the radial-valve layout.
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The engine may use either diesel fuel (DERV) or Jet-A1 kerosene (AVTUR). Jet-A1 is more readily available at airfields, but its reduced lubricity (compared to diesel fuel) could mean that additional cylinder lubrication may be required. Fuel is directly injected into each cylinder, pressure being supplied by a hydraulically-governed mechanical fuel pump. Dry sump lubrication is by high pressure pump delivering oil to plain main bearings and con-rod bearings.
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A front spoiler was added and the headlights were replaced with fixed, faired-in units. Wallace substituted two smaller, sill-mounted fuel tanks for the single larger original unit. The suspension was reworked and widened (9" in the front, 12" in the rear), and lightweight wheels were fitted. The engine was modified to produce at 8800 rpm, with an increased compression ratio, altered cams, electronic ignition, dry-sump lubrication and a less restrictive exhaust system.
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Recycling of pre-consumer waste toner is practiced by most manufacturers. Classifying toner to the desired size distribution produces off-size rejects, but these become valuable feedstocks for the compounding operation, and are recycled this way. Post-consumer waste toner appears primarily in the cleaning operation of the photo-printing machine. In early printers, as much as 20 to 25% of feed toner would wind up in the cleaner sump and be discarded as waste.
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Eventually, they would be used for gasoline pumps, commercial air conditioning units, crude oil recovery, and deep-sea use. Another early Franklin success was the Submatic sump pump. The Submatic was sealed in a unique stainless-steel casing designed to automatically sense when water was rising and turn on the motor. With the Submatic, an external float switch was no longer needed, and the motor could be mounted out of sight beneath the floor level.
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Liquid wastes being sluiced into the pond include fly ash, bottom ash, boiler slag, FGD belt filter wash down and water sump wastes, pyrites, material removed from the coal pile run-off pond, plant floor drain wash downs, boiler chemical leaning wastes, reverse osmosis system rejects, and rainfall/runoff from the surrounding area. According to Vectren, no discernible amount of material has been removed from the pond since it first began operation in 1978.
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This helps prevent plants and animals from being harmed by the waste contaminated water, leachate. Using gravity and pumps the leachate is able to be pushed to a sump where it is removed by a pump. When developing composite liners it is extremely important to take in risk factors such as earthquakes and other slope failure problems that could occur. Composite liners are used in municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills to reduce water pollution.
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The oil tank of the dry sump system was initially in the conventional location under the tank, but was moved to the front part of the petrol tank in the mid-1950s. The ignition was provided by a magneto until 1954, but from 1955 double ignition coils were used, with a rocker switch to switch from one to the other. The power increased from around 12 hp in 1950 to around 20 hp in 1960.
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At first the SP-series used Vittorio Jano-designed, V6 Dino engines in both SOHC 60° and DOHC 65° forms. Later, Ferrari introduced a new SOHC 90° V8 engine designed by Carlo Chiti. All used dry sump lubrication and were mated to a 5-speed manual transmission. After 1963, these Ferrari SP models were no longer used by Scuderia Ferrari and passed into the ownership of private individuals or independent racing teams.
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Ta’ Kandja Underground Galleries are around 100m below ground level and are an important source of ground water for Malta. This was the last pumping station built, and was completed in 1963. Ta' Kandja consists of 6 galleries (around 6.2 km of galleries out of a network of 42 km), which are beneath the Maltese island. These spread out from a sump like the spokes of a wheel, spreading out under villages in the area.
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Manual power train equipped G/S coupe models receive a tweaked LS3 with a forged crank, are built in Z06 fashion by hand, and utilize a dry-sump oil system. The first three gears were also made shorter for better throttle response and faster acceleration. A new launch control system was introduced for all models that allows for sub-4-second 0–60. EPA is estimated 26 MPG highway, 1.0 G on skid pad.
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The head is located just aft of the bow cabin, on the port side and includes a shower with a teak grating over the sump. Ventilation is provided by six opening ports, with opening hatches over the bow cabin and the main cabin. For sailing there is a mainsheet traveler on the coach house roof. There are two winches for the jib in the cockpit and winches for the mainsail and jib halyards.
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TSIOF-550-D ;TSIOF-550-D : at 2600 rpm, dry weight plus two turbochargers of each. Similar to the TSIOF-550-J except the exhaust system and low voltage harness. ;TSIOF-550-J : at 2600 rpm, dry weight plus two turbochargers of each. Similar to the TSIO-550-E except for FADEC fuel injection and ignition control, turbochargers, tapered cylinder barrel fins, oil sump and capacity, maximum continuous speed and manifold pressure rating.
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However, this firing order required both pistons to move up and down at the same time. To counter the significant inertia produced by the pistons reciprocating, BMW devised a third vestigial connecting rod to a balance weight. The result was a parallel twin with significantly reduced vibration compared with other parallel twin engine designs. The engine was oiled by a dry sump system, and a soft ignition-cut rev limiter engaged at 9,000 rpm.
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Buck shoots a hole in their water bag and then turns back to the depot. The fugitives come within sight of the railroad’s water tank, only to see Buck’s posse station a guard. Doubling back to Terrapin Tanks, a granite sump at the edge of the desert, the robbers lose their horses in a sandstorm. Desperate for water, they find the tanks dynamited by a tenderfoot, who disappeared chasing his thirsting horses.
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The M194 is based on the M186 engine from the then-new W189 300. It is a four- stroke engine with three Solex carburetors and two valves per cylinder. The engine is titled 50 degrees to the left and uses a dry sump system instead of an oil pan and reservoir, in order to reduce the height of the hood. It is also mounted behind the front axle for better weight distribution.
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A tunnel called a Ramp typically connects the bottom of the shaft with the rest of the mine, this Ramp often contains the mine's water handling facility, called the Sump, as water will naturally flow to the lowest point in the mine. Shafts may be sunk by conventional drill and blast or mechanised means. The industry is gradually attempting to shift further towards shaft boring but a reliable method to do so has yet to be developed.
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This consisted of a bank of air-cooled gas pipes over a water- filled sump. Its purpose was to remove tar from the gas by condensing it out as the gas was cooled. Occasionally the condenser pipes were contained in a water tank similar to a boiler but operated in the same manner as the air- cooled variant. The tar produced was then held in a tar well/tank which was also used to store liquor.
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Vincent special Gunga Din at the Pebble Beach Concours d'Elegance The motorcycle that would come to be known as Gunga Din was manufactured on 3 April 1947. It was described as a "rattler". This may have been due to the engine having been run at some point with the sump filled with kerosene rather than oil. The bike was transferred to the Experimental Section headed by factory tester and racer George Brown, where it joined Brown's "Cadwell Special" single.
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The plant was originally going to be located on an island and be named the Kyowa-Tomari NPP, but there was a change in plans, and the location and name was changed. On 17 August 2000, a worker fell into a sump tank in a radioactive waste treatment building of the plant. The worker died in the hospital later.JCO related events In July 2007, there were three separate fires related to the new unit that was under construction.
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Vacuum trucks are used in the petroleum industry, for cleaning of storage tanks and spills. They are also an important part of drilling oil and natural gas wells, as they are located at the drilling site. Vacuum trucks are used to remove drilling mud, drilling cuttings, cement, spills, and for removal of brine water from production tanks. They dispose of this in sump pits, treatment plants or if within safe levels may be spread in farm fields.
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OFD was discovered in 1946 through digging by Peter Harvey and Ian Nixon, members of the newly formed South Wales Caving Club.Cave discovery anniversary marked BBC Wales - 16 September 2007 Exploration beyond the Boulder Chamber in 1957 revealed passages as far as the Dip Sump. Major extensions were discovered in 1967 through to Cwm Dŵr, which is now known as OFD2. The system is famous for its intricate maze-like structure and its impressive main stream passage.
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A dry-sump oil system was supplied from a steel tank at the base of the front-down tube, bolted to the engine's crankcase. The engine was flexible, however, and could be started by hand and run in top gear most of the time. This was an important factor for the hand-operated gear change. In the sales literature Matchless described the Silver Hawk as unquestionably the most fascinating machine to ride that has ever been built.
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This also had the side effect of making the doors very wide. The 348 was equipped with a dry-sump oil system to prevent oil starvation at high speeds and during hard cornering. The oil level could only be accurately checked on the dipstick when the engine was running due to this setup. The 348 was fitted with adjustable ride-height suspension and a removable rear sub-frame to speed up the removal of the engine for maintenance.
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The L1700 is a four-cylinder four-stroke, horizontally-opposed air-cooled, gasoline direct-dive engine design, based upon the Volkswagen air-cooled engine. It employs a single magneto ignition, one carburettor, is lubricated by a wet sump and produces at 3600 rpm. The L1700 was type certified by the European Aviation Safety Agency on 4 August 2006. The first engines in the series had originally been certified by the German Luftfahrt-Bundesamt (LBA) on 6 December 1971.
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Armed with the signed search warrant, police and evidence technicians drove to Gacy's home. On their arrival, officers found Gacy had unplugged his sump pump, flooding the crawl space with water; to clear it, they simply replaced the plug and waited for the water to drain. After it had done so, evidence technician Daniel Genty entered the crawl space, crawled to the southwest area and began digging. Within minutes, he had uncovered putrefied flesh and a human arm bone.
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Wilson's work is characterised by architectural concerns with volume, illusionary spaces and auditory perception. His most famous work 20:50, a room of specific proportions, part-filled with highly reflective used sump oil creating an illusion of the room turned upside down was first exhibited at Matt's Gallery, London in 1987, became one of the signature pieces of the Saatchi Gallery. It is considered to be a defining work in the genre of site-specific installation art.
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The TRX engine was derived from that in the Yamaha TDM850, but the TRX is lighter, lower and sportier than its TDM stablemate. The parallel twin engine produces some 85 Nm of torque and 79 bhp. The engine has five valves per cylinder, three inlet and two exhaust; all five valves being a similar size. Unusually for a dry sump design, the oil tank is not remote, but is integral to the engine, sitting atop the gearbox.
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The 408 4RM is powered by a 90 ° rear and longitudinal mounted 4.0 L V8 that produces at 6,250 rpm and of torque. The engine has a compression ratio of 9.8: 1 and a bore and stroke of 93 mm and 73.6 mm respectively, bringing total displacement to 3 999.66 cm³ (4.0 L). The engine also features double overhead camshafts with four valves per cylinder, as well as Weber-Marelli fuel injection and dry sump lubrication.
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Then up ahead, Gouge marks in the tarmac show clearly over the years, many a sump have clattered into the road and you brace for an impact that never comes. The LFA may be lower than a worm's navel, but so successful is the suspension, it never bottoms out". Clarkson sums up his experience in the LFA by saying "I have to say I absolutely love it. It is an intelligent car built by intelligent people.
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The Kawasaki Z650 (known as KZ650 in North America) was a standard motorcycle made by Kawasaki from 1976 till 1983. It had a four-cylinder four-stroke, DOHC, air-cooled, wet sump engine with two valves per cylinder and a five- speed gearbox. Designed as a middleweight version of the Kawasaki Z900, the similar-styling had "an attenuated version of the traditional Kawasaki tail fairing". It competed in the market against the smaller SOHC Honda CB650.
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It is impassable to tourists, 60 metres in length, with a total height of 50 metres, 30 metres at the highest point of the arch. A third, small and inaccessible, formation follows, the entrance to a pothole where the river's waters disappear underground, reaching a sump after 3 km. The adjacent area is wooded, with century-old conifers, mainly spruces. Many karst caves are known nearby, but most of them are undeveloped and unsuitable for tourist visits.
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For the 2015 model year, the Tiger 800 used a second generation 800 cc engine with drive-by-wire throttle which Triumph claimed improved fuel economy by 17%. Traction control was also added. Optional versions of the Tiger 800 included various combinations of cruise control, auto-cancel indicators, an advanced trip computer, multiple driving modes. Hardware in some versions included engine-protection bars, an aluminum sump guard, a center stand, and WP suspension, which included adjustable front forks.
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In most instances of this alternative to the lump sump critical illness insurance, policyholders may decide where they will receive treatment among a pre-selected group of hospitals. Some forms of critical illness insurance also offer policyholders the option to travel to highly specialised hospitals in other countries to receive treatment. These policies usually include travel and accommodation expenses for the policyholder and a companion, as well as other concierge services such as translators or personal nurses.
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In 2004, for the first time in the history of speleology, the Ukrainian Speleological Association expedition reached a depth greater than , and explored the cave to . Ukrainian diver Gennadiy Samokhin extended the cave by diving in the terminal sump to 46 metres' depth in 2007 and then to 52 m in 2012, setting successive world records of 2,191 m and 2,197 m, respectively. Krubera is one of the two known caves on Earth deeper than 2,000 metres.
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The air/fuel mixture was delivered by two Amal 1 1/16" carburettors. Lubrication was by a dry sump system that used an external gear-type oil pump running at one-quarter engine speed to supply oil to the big ends and outer camshaft bushes. Four external 5" long pipes delivered oil to the rocker bushes and rear of each cylinder. With a 6.8:1 compression ratio, the Series A engine produced @ 5500 rpm, and was capable of .
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The cave system consists of over a kilometre of passages leading into the heart of the mountain. Its features include an underground river and a waterfall as well as some large stalactites and stalagmites. The remains of bears can also be seen inside the caves and allusions have been made to it being the last bear den in Ireland. The cave is typical of the Clare caves, consisting in the main of stream passage and ending in a sump.
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A danger with off-roading is damage to the vehicle from hitting rocks or other hard surfaces on very uneven terrain. A typical solution would be to install skid plates (sometimes also called bash plates), which are thick metal plates protecting vulnerable parts (such as the transfer/gear box or engine oil sump). Some manufacturers install skid plates as standard equipment on some of their vehicles. For many others this additional protection is available as an after-market accessory.
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The balance of the 2-into-2 exhaust system were dual up-swept pipes with megaphone ends. The engine used automotive-style plain bearings for the major rotating components. Three bearings were used for the crankshaft and two for the camshaft. The choice of bearings necessitated the use of a high-pressure lubrication system, which in the TX750 was a dry- sump system with two Eaton-type trochoidal pumps; one for pressure and one for scavenge.
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Launched in 1957 the Model Twenty One was the first of the Triumph unit construction twin cylinder motorcycles from the Meriden factory. With a capacity of 349 cc, the engine was a classic Edward Turner design with a 360 degree crankshaft, twin gear driven camshafts and twin plunger oil pump. The cylinder block was cast iron with an alloy head and separate rocker boxes. The engine was dry sump lubrication and there was a single Amal Monobloc carburettor.
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This led to the creation of the iconic triple opening portholes in the front of the car that were so characteristic for the production GTO. They were used to divert air to the sides of the engine compartment to minimise pressure. Willy Mairesse was able to test the car at Monza within two months of the beginning of the project. Further tests by Stirling Moss proved very successful even though the car used a wet sump lubrication system.
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It is powered by the same 4,244 cc, dry sump, 90° V8 engine used on the standard Coupé and Spyder. However, the engine is rated at at 7,000 rpm due primarily to a different exhaust system and improvements on the intake manifolds and valve seats. Only the six-speed Cambiocorsa paddle shift transmission was offered, and was recalibrated for quicker shifts. The exhaust, equipped with bypass valves, was also specially tuned to "growl" on start-up and full throttle.
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The cavity created between the cylinder block and the sump houses a crankshaft that converts the reciprocating motion of the pistons to rotational motion. The crankshaft is held in place relative to the engine block by main bearings, which allow it to rotate. Bulkheads in the crankcase form a half of every main bearing; the other half is a detachable cap. In some cases a single main bearing deck is used rather than several smaller caps.
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A rainwater harvesting system sponsored by KPMG has been installed near the Telecommunication Engineering block, and a similar system is in place near the administrative block, the construction of which was supervised by the department of Civil engineering. Both the harvesting systems make use of a sump, and the stored water is typically used for gardening purposes. A large percentage of the electricity is generated by solar arrays placed atop the different departments, across the college campus.
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Trial excavations took place in September 1982; and over subsequent excavations between 1985 and 1990 a total of 44 trenches were cut across the lines of the ditch, the interior of the enclosure and notable surrounding features. Excavation showed the site's enclosing ditch to be V-shaped, with a well-defined sump or cleaning slot along the base. Clear evidence of a turf revetment was found on the inner edge of the ditch. which was up to wide.
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An effluent sump pump, for instance, pumps waste from toilets installed below a main sewage line. In the context of waste water treatment plants, effluent that has been treated is sometimes called secondary effluent, or treated effluent. This cleaner effluent is then used to feed the bacteria in biofilters. In the context of a thermal power station, the output of the cooling system may be referred to as the effluent cooling water, which is noticeably warmer than the environment.
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An ancient well, and the city drainage canals The uniform organisation of the town and its institutions give evidence that the Harappans were very disciplined people. Commerce and administrative duties were performed according to standards laid out. Municipal administration was strict – the width of most streets remained the same over a long time, and no encroached structures were built. Householders possessed a sump, or collection chamber to deposit solid waste in order to prevent the clogging of city drains.
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Same as E1A but with Slick 4050 and 4051 magnetos. ;IO-320-E2A : at 2700 rpm, Minimum fuel grade 80/87 avgas, compression ratio 7.00:1. Same as A2A but with Scintilla S4LN-20 and S4LN-21 magnetos, straight conical mounts, and the fuel injector mounted under the oil sump. ;IO-320-E2B : at 2700 rpm, Minimum fuel grade 80/87 avgas, compression ratio 7.00:1. Same as E2A but with Slick 4050 and 4051 magnetos.
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The engine retained the Bosch K-Jetronic fuel injection system of its predecessor, but was fitted with a Marelli MED 806 A electronic ignition system. It produces and of torque. Its top speed is and reaches in 5.5 seconds and in 13.0 seconds. As with the preceding 308 models the engine was mounted in unit with the all synchromesh five speed manual transmission assembly, which was below and to the rear of the engine's wet sump.
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The fuel tank could accommodate 195 litres of fuel. All cars used dry sump lubrication, triple-plate clutch and a 5-speed manual gearbox mounted in the rear of a transaxle type. Front and rear track was at , which was considerably wider compared to a preceding 375 MM or Plus and a succeeding 290 MM cars that had between of track. One of the race cars had a different, slightly shorter type 514 chassis with of wheelbase.
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The engine was based on that of the standard 1600 cc car with a new, twin-plug head and Weber 45DCOE carburettors. The sump, camshaft cover, timing cover and clutch housing were in lightweight magnesium alloy instead of the standard aluminium alloy. Many other measures were also taken to lighten the car, and tune it for racing. All GTA's had the lower rear wheelarches as fitted to the Giulia Sprint GT's and GTV's, and very early GT 1300 Juniors.
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By 1876 this reclaimed land was in agricultural use, made possible by the use of water control systems. A large gate valve was installed at the Williamstown outlet to the sea, which was lowered on the flow tide and raised on the ebb tide. The Williamstown lagoon acted as a sump, collecting the water draining from the agricultural land. Some landfill soil raised the level of the marsh and it was irrigated with fresh water from local streams.
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Turboprops now have to be certificated for high-altitude ice crystal icing: a compressor blisk has to survive an impact from an ice ball. This would require a 2 lb (1.13kg) heavier first stage and would hamper the engine aerodynamics. GE proposed channelling to the engine inlet hot oil from an accessory gearbox sump to avoid growing ice and will test this in a Canadian cold weather facility in summer 2018. Cooled turbines allow over higher operating temperatures.
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The engine was fed by three Weber 42DCN carburettors and used two 14mm Marchal spark plugs per cylinder with two coils and Magnetti Marelli distributors. A dry sump lubrication system was used, with pumps for oil pressure/scavenging driven off the cams. The oil cooler and reservoir were located in the front of the vehicle. Two engine short blocks were manufactured for each 246 SP chassis, with a single set of cylinder heads swapped between them as needed.
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A Canis etruscus skull in the Montevarchi Paleontological Museum The phylogenetic descent of the extant wolf C. lupus from C. etruscus through C. mosbachensis is widely accepted. The earliest fossils of C. lupus were found in what was once eastern Beringia at Old Crow, Yukon, Canada, and at Cripple Creek Sump, Fairbanks, Alaska. The age is not agreed upon but could date to one million years ago. Considerable morphological diversity existed among wolves by the Late Pleistocene.
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The performance build center allows engine aficionados to build their own specialty engines. With the relocation of the performance build center from Michigan to Bowling Green, it allows customers to be able to build and watch the production of their car now all in one location. The opening of this center in Bowling Green is adding 20 new or relocated jobs to the community as well. The center is the source of all the hand assembled dry sump engines.
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There are six staircases, three elevators, two ATM counters, two ticket counters, and an information office in the terminus. It additionally has provisions for eight shops, a restaurant, an infant-feeding room, a family waiting hall, crew rest room, health clinic, pharmacy and a dormitory. The terminus is served by a 40,000-litre overhead tank, a 500,000-litre underground sump for water, and a 200,000-litre sewage treatment plant. The premises is lit by five high-mast lights.
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Under the code ADO11, the twin cylinder was build with the intention to be used in ADO15(Mini). The it was based in 948cc unit, already in use by BMC. It has 474cc, with single H2 SU carburetor, and already has sump gearbox, FWD layout, that will be used in the Mini. In May 1957, the engine was tested in one Austin A35, along side another "prototype", 500cc, two-stroke, this one was tested in one Austin A30.
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The cave is located in the Partry Mountains in the townland of Bellaburke near Killavally, Westport, County Mayo, where the Aille River reemerges, having gone underground at Aille caves some away. The cave entrance is on privately owned farmland. The explored limit of Pollatoomary is also deeper underwater than that of the terminal sump in Wookey Hole Caves in Somerset, England, which had previously held the record for the deepest underwater cave in Britain and Ireland.
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The front end features a stacked array of lights. Running lamps and indicators are mounted atop the front wings, their lenses visible from inside the cabin as an aid to manoeuvring. Below them, under the lower edges of an expansive, curved grille, the main headlamps are intended to be reminiscent of those fitted to rally cars during the 1960s and 1970s. Where fitted, fog lamps are situated on a third level within the sump guard at the bottom.
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The main cave contains typical karst features such as stalactites, stalagmites, cave curtains and flowstone. The water flowing through the Boho Caves originates from Aghanaglack River. After dry weather, the river sinks in the streambed well upstream of the caves and does not emerge until far downstream past the ravine. In wetter conditions, water flows into the cave system via several routes including the Main Sink entrance, which can sump and overflow into the nearby field shakeholes.
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Early production R.E.8 with the small vertical fin. There is no fairing over the sump. As early as March 1916, the design appears to have mostly been settled; features included the selection of a Royal Aircraft Factory 4a air-cooled V12 engine (capable of 140 hp) to power the type along with a sizable fin and rudder. During the early design process, a smaller tail fin was substituted for the original, a step which later caused some controversy.
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In contrast to raw engine power, a car's power-to-weight ratio is a better method of quantifying acceleration performance than the peak output of the vehicle's powerplant. The standard F1 achieves 550 hp/ton (403 kW/tonne), or just 4.0 lb/hp. The cam carriers, covers, oil sump, dry sump, and housings for the camshaft control are made of magnesium castings. The intake control features twelve individual butterfly valves and the exhaust system has four Inconel catalysts with individual Lambda-Sondion controls. The camshafts are continuously variable for increased performance, using a system very closely based on BMW's VANOS variable timing system for the BMW M3; it is a hydraulically actuated phasing mechanism which retards the inlet cam relative to the exhaust cam at low revs, which reduces the valve overlap and provides for increased idle stability and increased low-speed torque. At higher rpm the valve overlap is increased by computer control to 42 degrees (compare 25 degrees on the M3) for increased airflow into the cylinders and thus increased performance.
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This will cause the flyweights to move inward due to a lack in centrifugal force, and tension will be released from the speeder spring. As this happens, the piston will move in the opposite direction causing the pilot valve to allow oil to flow from the hub back to the oil sump. The propeller blade angle will now decrease to a lower pitch allowing the propeller to speed back up to the desired RPM setting. This process usually takes place frequently throughout flight.
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Although the S model is a sport bike with clip-ons and rear-set footrests, the bike is nevertheless comfortable and capable of touring with a pillion passenger. Its engine is a liquid-cooled 999 cc DOHC 8-valve 4-stroke 40° inclined parallel twin with a 180° crankshaft, and a balance shaft.MZ 1000S Spares Catalogue It has electronic fuel injection, and wet-sump lubrication. It has Nissin brakes, Marzocchi male-slider forks, and an alloy cantilever swingarm rear suspension.
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This is the Nipmuck Trail. It enters the hollow from the southeast after passing over the glacier scoured ridges and plateau of Turkey Hill. The trail crosses Boston Hollow road at the middle northern end of the Hollow and swiftly ascends the west ridge. On the west side of the trail for the first part of its passage on the west ridge there is a little valley or sump that is often filled with water during the winter and other wet periods.
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In a conventional water impounded hopper (WIH) system, the clinker lumps get crushed to small sizes by clinker grinders mounted under water and fall down into a trough from where a water ejector takes them out to a sump. From there it is pumped out by suitable rotary pumps. In another arrangement a continuous link chain scrapes out the clinkers from under water and feeds them to clinker grinders outside the bottom ash hopper. More modern systems adopt a continuous removal philosophy.
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The bottom of the cave, Aquamole Aven was discovered by Geoff Yeadon and 'Bear' Statham in 1974 after diving the upstream sump at the bottom of Rowten Pot. They started to bolt up the aven which now leads into the One- armed Bandit Series, but retired after reaching a height of . A team returned in 1980, and they used bolting equipment to complete the climb. They then climbed up the rift at the top to reach the bottom of the aven.
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Sentinel steam waggon engine of 1905. This early Sentinel engine shows the same main principles that the engines would use over the next half-century All steam motors had the following characteristics: :; Small size Motors were of a standard size, according to the manufacturer's product line. Where greater power was required, multiple motors were used, one per axle or bogie. :; Enclosed crankshaft lubrication The crankshaft and often the valve gear, was enclosed within a crankcase that contained an oil sump.
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Entrance of the Guiers Vif cave An important Speleological network is located under the lances of Malissard and not in the centre of the syncline of the Aulp du Seuil. The Malissard River develops on a north-south axis and exits the karst spring of the Guiers Vif. Its development is for depth. In 1992 the British pass the sump of Guiers Vif cave and make the junction with the Trou of the Flammes discovered in 1973 and located at the top.
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De Dion-Bouton engine (circa 1905) with a crankcase formed from separate castings of the upper and lower halves A crankcase is the housing for the crankshaft in a reciprocating internal combustion engine. In most modern engines, the crankcase is integrated into the engine block. Two-stroke engines typically use a crankcase-compression design, resulting in the fuel/air mixture passing through the crankcase before entering the cylinder(s). This design of the engine does not include an oil sump in the crankcase.
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In all models, the 198 cc overhead valve four-stroke engine was mounted in a pressed-steel frame. It featured both sump oil and forced-feed lubrication provided by a geared oil pump, was coupled through a single-plate dry clutch to a three-speed gearbox, giving a top speed of . It also used drum brakes, like the larger twin of the BMW range. Power output was rated at , until the introduction of the British Amal carburetor, boosting the power output to .
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The flooding closed a number of roads in Missouri around the Meramec River, and threatened to force the closure of Interstate 44 at Valley Park. Unlike the Great Flood of 1993, which affected this same region, the majority of homes and businesses in Valley Park were protected from the flooding by a new levee built in 2005. In Kentucky, the flooding resulted in scattered road closures and flooded basements. In Covington, city crews used sump pumps to keep high water off the streets.
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There was also a GT160 which never got beyond production of three prototypes. It used a BMW dry sump engine of 2 litre capacity with bodywork styled by Englishman Trevor Frost (also known as Trevor Fiore, and who also designed the Trident) and made by Carrozzeria Fissore of Turin. It weighed and had so would have had very impressive performance but was deemed too costly to put into series production. The car was shown at the London Motor Show in 1964.
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Particularly striking was the fine ribbing of the cooling fins of the sump as well as the oversized cylinder head caused by the double camshaft drive. The transversely mounted cassette transmission was driven from the engine by helical gears. It was connected to the shaft drive to the rear wheel via a spiral bevel gear angle drive. The gear change was on the right side, the first gear was up, all other gears were engaged by a downwards push of the lever.
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The former junior high was located directly west, across the street. Also downtown are the Old A.W. Clarke banking house, Sump Memorial Library, Portal One-Room School House, Papillion Municipal Building (Sarpy County Courthouse until 1970), and the John Sautter House. Other areas of interest in Papillion include the Sarpy County Court House and Jail, Shadow Lake Towne Center, and Midlands Hospital, all along Nebraska Highway 370 in the southern portion of the city. Papillion has a Triple-A minor league baseball team.
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The oil pump in the crankshaft bearing housing creates oil pressure and pumps the oil from the oil sump through the engine. In the main oil flow a sieve filter cleans the oil, the secondary oil flow has a centrifugal oil filter. Some engine variants don't have a sieve filter but a paper filter instead. The lubrication of the injection pump and the air compressor may either be attached to the main oil flow or be attached to a separate oil lubrication system.
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Water entering sanitary sewers from inappropriate connections is called inflow. Typical sources include sump pumps, roof drains, cellar drains, and yard drains where urban features prevent surface runoff, and storm drains are not conveniently accessible or identifiable. Inflow tends to peak during precipitation events, and causes greater flow variation than infiltration. Peak flows caused by inflow may generate a foul flush of accumulated biofilm and sanitary solids scoured from the dry weather wetted perimeter of oversized sewers during peak flow turbulence.
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The SLR McLaren sports a hand-built 5.4-litre, supercharged all-aluminium V8 engine The SLR has a hand-built supercharged all-aluminium alloy, SOHC 3 valves per cylinder 90° V8 engine, with a bore and stroke of and with a compression ratio of 8.8:1. The engine is lubricated via a dry sump system. The Lysholm-type twin-screw supercharger rotates at a maximum of 23,000 rpm and produces of boost. The compressed air is then cooled via two intercoolers.
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Arctomys Cave is formed in the steeply-dipping Mural Formation limestone of the Early Cambrian Gog Group. The top half of the cave (The Endless Climb) descends relatively steeply, but at a depth of about 400 metres the cave becomes more horizontal with several pools, and ends at a sump. Despite its great depth, the cave includes only five pitches up to 15m deep. Although most of the cave is undecorated, the Straw Gallery has flowstone and relatively long soda straws.
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Before this time plain bearings were lubricated by drip- feed oil cups or manually by an engine tender with an oil can. As speeds or bearing loads later increased, forced pressure lubrication became more prevalent and the ring oiler fell from use. A ring oiler is a simple device, consisting of a large metal ring placed around a horizontal shaft, adjacent to a bearing. An oil sump is underneath this shaft and the ring is large enough to dip into the oil.
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This car was known as the Bizzarrini Ugly Duck. (He said, "We dubbed the car Il Mostro." 'The Monster') Experiments with the SWB chassis indicated considerable speed loss due to aerodynamic drag, so Bizzarrini reduced the frontal area and increased the bonnet length, to reduce both drag and tendency to front lift at high speeds. Bizzarrini moved the engine well back into the chassis and lowered it (by using a dry sump lubrication system) to improve weight distribution and handling.
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The main principle of protection was based on curved and straight galvanised corrugated steel panels. Six curved panels were bolted together at the top, so forming the main body of the shelter, three straight sheets on either side, and two more straight panels were fixed to each end, one containing the door—a total of fourteen panels. A small drainage sump was often incorporated in the floor to collect rainwater seeping into the shelter. The shelters were high, wide, and long.
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According to JLR Special Vehicle Operations chief John Edwards, the cars are "constructed around a spaceframe built to World Rally Championship spec" and powered by a dry sump V8 engine. Although this new appearance of the C-X75 led to speculation that production plans for the car were being revived, Edwards was quoted as saying "the film was an opportunity to showcase C-X75, but it doesn’t mean a change in strategy." The car was built in collaboration with Williams F1.
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When the cut is complete, a switch is tripped and the saw automatically turns off. More sophisticated versions of this type of saw are partially or entirely automated (via PLC or CNC) for high-volume cutting of machining blanks. Such machines provide a stream of cutting fluid recirculated from a sump, in the same manner that a CNC machining center does. A vertical bandsaw, also called a contour saw, keeps the blade's path stationary while the workpiece is moved across it.
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The latest version of ultra-high- performance Audi RS6 was launched in September 2008 and produced until the third quarter of 2010. Based upon the V10 engine powering the S6, the RS6 features an all-aluminium alloy V10 twin-turbocharged, Fuel Stratified Injection engine with a dry sump lubrication system. It produces a power output of , and of torque, making it the most powerful vehicle ever produced by Audi at the time. This has now been surpassed by the Audi R8.
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The measured height was to the floor of the top chamber. Somewhat to the disappointment of the explorers the chamber narrows to an impassable crack; however, in caving first impressions are not always authoritative and there is still some hope of further penetration in that area. A Canadian-supported team from the UK dived the sump at Boon's Blunder in 2009 and 2010, reaching substantial dry phreatic passage after a dive of . Exploration of these passages is expected in the future.
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Aerial view looking east at Arlington Memorial Bridge. Bascule span of Arlington Memorial Bridge. The bridge was damaged during floods in March 1936 when water infiltrated and caused shorts in the bridge's electrical equipment. Repairs were made in late 1938 and early 1939. The Electrical Underground Construction Co. of New York City received $9,245 to replace damaged electrical equipment and wiring, install new electrical conduits, and install two sump pumps. In October 1936, a gear and a crankshaft in the drawbridge broke.
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With a one piece cast crankshaft and aluminium jackets on iron cylinder barrels and alloy cylinder heads, the V1000 had four valves per cylinder and an overhead camshaft. The V1000 had electronic ignition and a Lucas alternator and starter motor. Lubrication was semi wet-sump and the gearbox was a five-speed constant mesh to a sealed roller chain final drive. Front suspension includes custom yokes machined from solid alloy billets, and conventional rear suspension is provided by twin Marzocchi shocks.
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Robert Robson descended number 2 pit and went to the bottom of the number 3 shaft to supervise the recovery of the bodies from a flooded sump. Meanwhile, several men descended number 3 pit in a "kettle" to examine the shaft for damage. The shaft being undamaged the bodies were recovered that way. The engine keeper, Arthur Cleland, stated that "something had gone wrong" with the indicator to the colliery engineer, James Patterson, was in the vicinity at the time of the accident.
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The TZ2 was only built as racing version; it was equipped with an Autodelta-prepared twin plug, dry sump lubrication DOHC straight-4 engine producing around at 7000 rpm. With this engine the car reached top speed of . The rear window was also changed, now single unit rather than three part window in TZ. Development of TZ cars was stopped in the end of 1965, to make room for the new Alfa Romeo GTA racing program. Only 12 TZ2s were built.
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There are also the Outer and the Inner Circles, which include Turkey Streamway; with some formations including gour pools. Each round trip takes upwards of six hours and some parts of the cave are prone to flooding. The sump at the 3rd Boulder Choke soon becomes water-filled, and in worse flood conditions it becomes impossible to negotiate the 2nd Boulder Choke and the narrow section of Turkey Streamway above Northwest Junction. Maytime and the Lower Main Stream become inaccessible under flood conditions.
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The water from Short Drop soon enters from the right, and a large collapse from Ash Tree Hole on the surface is passed on the left. The passage develops into a canyon, and drops down two well-watered shafts of and . The final one lands in a chamber with a sump pool, which is a window into the underwater passages carrying water from Notts Pot to the resurgence at Leck Beck Head. Upstream has been dived for to a shaft deep.
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Darke, p.1689. Another (driven by Boillot's brother, André) placed in 1915; similar models won in 1916 (Dario Resta) and 1919 (Howdy Wilcox). For the 1913 French Grand Prix, an improved L5 (with engine) was produced with a pioneering ballbearing crankshaft, gear-driven camshafts, and dry sump lubrication, all of which soon became standard on racing cars; Zuccarelli was killed during testing on public roads, but Boillot easily won the event, making him (and Peugeot) the race's first double winner.
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The Codice della Strada (Italian Highway Code) was amended in 1959 to prohibit motorcycles of under 150 cc from using the autostradas (motorways). MV Agusta responded by producing a 150.1 cc machine based on the 125 Centomila. Initially sold for 230,000 lire, the RS was in the market for 10 years selling 6515 units. The Centomila (one hundred thousand) engine was reputed to last for 100,000 km, thanks to a modified lubrication system, including a larger capacity sump and centrifugal filtering system.
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Ignition was CDI, with two sets of ignition points actuated via vacuum and rpm sensors, to light a solitary NGK spark plug. Three oil reservoirs served the sump, gearbox and total loss tank. Separate oil pumps fed (respectively) the main bearings and the inlet tracts (to lubricate tip seals). The throttle controlled both the primary carburetor butterfly and a second valve in the inlet manifold of the secondary throat (the "port" valve), as well as governing oil supply to the combustion chamber.
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In 1895 the Windsor Colliery Company started to sink two shafts to a depth of around 2018 feet (615 m). The first coal was raised in 1902, The workings were connected underground to the Universal Colliery in Senghenydd for ventilation purposes. On 1 June 1902, a platform collapsed in the mine, tipping nine men into 25 feet (8 m) of water, which had gathered in the sump. Three escaped drowning by clinging onto floating debris, but the other six died.
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Options included Delaney Galley air conditioning, a luggage rack, uprated Koni shock absorbers, floor mats, and Lucas Square Eight fog lamps. A range of aftermarket products, most of which were dealer-installed as optional accessories could also be fitted. Leather upholstery was also a listed option, but its actual existence is problematic as no surviving car is known to have original factory leather. Rather unusually for a 4-seat touring car, the accessory list included a sump protector plate that was never produced.
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The engine red-lines at 6,800 rpm, and Ford claims it is capable of reaching , though the car is reportedly electronically limited to only . The double overhead cam cylinder heads and cylinders are fed by port fuel injection and racing-derived velocity stacks that are just visible within the hood scoop. For a low hood line, the throttles are a slide-plate design. The lubrication system is the dry-sump type, which relocates oil from underneath the engine to a remote tank.
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The oil system is a dry-sump type, with all oil stored in a tank located on the front side of the firewall in the upper section of the fuselage. The wing flaps are mechanically operated from a lever located on the left side of each cockpit. Adjustable elevator trim is provided via an elevator trim tab controllable from a handwheel mounted on the left side of each cockpit. In its original configuration, the aircraft was not equipped with an electrical system.
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Pre-1963 CA77s were considered as well-equipped touring/commuter bikes — not particularly sporting, but reliable and comfortable, with a turn of speed much better than many larger-capacity bikes. Like the earlier dry-sump bikes, there were high- exhaust sports version, the CS72 and CS77, and the corresponding American market CSA72 and CSA77. The C72/C77 was exported to Europe, Britain, Australia and other markets, and sold in some numbers, although as it was comparatively expensive, not as well as hoped.
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Aft of the nav station on the port side at the base of the companionway is the head. A louvered teak bi-fold door provides access to the space. Built as a complete molded head unit with full headroom and good ventilation, it includes a vanity sink, marine head, an abundance of mirrored storage cabinets, and a separate stall shower with a Plexiglas door and dividing partition. Hot and cold pressurized water system and electric shower sump pump complete the systems.
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By 2005 Shannon Cave had been re-entered via a very tight section of passage named the "Rebirth Canal". The cavers had regained JCP Passage, and access to the rest of the cave as far as George's Choke, which had collapsed again as reported by cavers on the last trip into Shannon Cave. In 2007, after two years' work digging and stabilising, George's Choke was passed. The explorers reached the terminal sump, the first people to do so in twelve years.
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There was also a water treatment plant, a water settling tank and an ash sump. The power station initially received coal from the nearby Huncoat Colliery via a half- mile railway line and sidings. These were on the north side of the railway line and transported coal to the station by an overhead conveyor enclosed in a concrete duct. The colliery was closed in 1968 as uneconomic, after which the power station received coal by railway from the wider area.
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Pierre's Pot is a karst cave in Burrington Combe on the Mendip Hills in Somerset, England. The cave was discovered in 1983 and has two main levels, the lower level being reached through an extremely tight rift. There is an active streamway and sump which, following a dive, leads to another streamway and a number of passages. The derivation of the cave's name is from one of the nicknames of Mike "Fish" Jeanmaire of the Axbridge Caving Group in the early 1960s.
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Honda Racing Team JAS and Zengő Motorsport entered the 2013 WTCC tournament.2013 Honda Civic WTCC is ready for racing Gabriele Tarquini won the overall second place in the 2013 WTCC drivers' championship and Honda won the Manufacturers' World Championship. The cars used a 1.6-litre inline-4 direct injection turbocharged engine with an intercooler and a dry oil sump. Changes to the race cars for 2014 included wheel arch extensions, larger diameter wheels, sleeker aero package, extended rear spoiler and increased engine power.
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New step-up gears in the transaxle allowed Maddock to lower the engine (now including Climax's stretched FPF in the works Formula One car), reducing the centre of gravity of the new Cooper T45 (Mark III) by mounting the dry-sump engine much lower. Maddock credited this particular innovation to Jack Brabham, who received the suggestion from his Australian friend, Ron Tauranac.See ERSA KnightNye (2003), p. 154. Brabham and Cooper contributed other detail improvements, but Maddock left the fundamental chassis frame virtually unaltered from the T43.
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A Twin-turbocharged version of this engine is used in the Noble M400, a British sports car. The engine is rebuilt and tuned to a max power of at 6500 rpm, with a torque figure of at 5000 rpm. Noble has used forged pistons, an oil cooler, a larger baffled oil sump and extra cooling ducts to maintain its durability. . The 2015 Rossion Q1 is also powered by the Duratec V6, developing a maximum power of at 4700 rpm, with a torque figure of at 4700 rpm.
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It is believed that this was caused by mistaken fitment of a 7R fork link instead of the stronger V4 part during servicing. In 1939 the . dry sump V4 was the first bike to lap the Ulster Grand Prix course at over . Then World War II intervened. In June 1946, the AJS V4 finally won, at Chimay in Belgium, ridden by the same Jock M West who had defeated the AJS on a BMW in the TT before the War, and was now AJS Sales Manager.
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Sump Indices are available for each cave diving region (Somerset, Wales, Derbyshire & Northern) of Great Britain which summarise diving activities from Group members and non-members over many years. The newsletter is free to members and on sale to the public as are all the other publications. Members of the CDG are sometimes called upon to assist in cave rescue, particularly of cavers trapped by flood waters, such as the Alpazat cave rescue in Mexico in 2004 and the Tham Luang cave rescue in Thailand in 2019.
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This engine produced a claimed . In a departure from previous Ferrari designs, the valve angle was reduced three degrees to 54° for a more-compact head. The dual camshafts also allowed the valves to be aligned perpendicular to the camshaft instead of offset as in SOHC engines. The engine used a dry-sump lubrication system with a large 17 qt (16 L) capacity. Improvements from the series II 275 GTB were carried over to the 275 GTB/4, including the torque tube connecting the engine and transmission.
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The Pininfarina-styled Ferrari 308 GTB was introduced at the Paris Motor Show in 1975 as a supplement to the Bertone-shaped 2+2 Dino 308 GT4 and a direct replacement for the 2-seater Dino 246. Its F106 AB V8 engine was equipped with four twin-choke Weber 40DCNF carburettors and single coil ignition. European versions produced at 6600 rpm (7700 rpm redline), but American versions were down to at 6,600 rpm due to emissions control devices. European specification cars used dry sump lubrication.
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38 Tom began in a darkened corner next to a stove chimney in hut 123 and extended west into the forest. It was found by the Germans and dynamited. Dick's entrance was hidden in a drain sump in the washroom of hut 122 and had the most secure trap door. It was to go in the same direction as Tom and the prisoners decided that the hut would not be a suspected tunnel site as it was further from the wire than the others.
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List of Volkswagen Group diesel engines. The compression-ignition diesel engines listed below are currently used by various marques of automobiles and commercial vehicles of the German automotive concern, Volkswagen Group,ETKA official factory data and also in Volkswagen Marine and Volkswagen Industrial Motor applications. All listed engines operate on the four-stroke cycle, and unless stated otherwise, use a wet sump lubrication system, and are water- cooled. Previous Volkswagen Group Diesel engines are in the list of discontinued Volkswagen Group diesel engines article.
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Eduardo Molina is at grade; the station is named after Eduardo Molina Arévalo (es), a Mexican engineer who helped to solve the problem of water scarcity in the Valley of Mexico in the mid-20th century through the Lerma River system, and the station's pictogram features two hands holding water, a reference to a fragment of the mural El agua, origen de la vida (), painted by Diego Rivera inside the main building of the Cárcamo de Dolores, a hydraulic sump structure in Chapultepec, Mexico City.
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The oil sump held . Although its storage medium is tape, the 2321 is classified as a direct access storage device which can directly access a record rather than scan all the tape to find a record as would a conventional tape drive. IBM's System/360 channels addressed the 2321 as a direct access storage devices, i.e., a disk drive, with a 6-byte seek address of the form ØBBSCH (hexadecimal) where the first byte is zero and the remaining bytes address the Bin (i.e.
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Four-wheel disc brakes and four-wheel independent suspension were standard on these top-of-the-line models. The M100 engine is a cast iron V8 with single overhead camshafts which was a bigger version of the engine also used in the Mercedes-Benz 600 and the Mercedes-Benz 300SEL 6.3. Notable is the Bosch K-Jetronic electromechanical fuel injection, forged crankshaft, connecting rods and pistons, and a "dry sump" engine lubrication system. As a result, the engine itself had no dipstick for checking the oil level.
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The gearbox was mounted behind and below the engine in a separate casing, rather than sharing the engine's sump oil. This reduced noise levels caused by the Mini's transmission transfer gears and allowed better control of drivetrain shunt and vibration. The Hydrolastic suspension system developed by Alex Moulton was rejected in favour of a more conventional system with MacPherson struts at the front and a torsion beam axle at the back. This reduced production costs, potentially reduced warranty claim rates and allowed a more comfortable ride.
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This allowed for the oil sump heat shield to be removed, saving a small amount of weight. The optional DTC (Dynamic Traction Control) was also updated, smoothing the butterfly valve action when a wheelie was detected, providing a less violent intervention to the bikes front wheel lifting off the ground. The chassis was also updated, with the front suspension being lifted by and the rear being dropped by . The wheelbase was also reduced by nearly through a tooth addition in the rear sprocket (45).
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This engine had a compression ratio of 9.5:1 and relatively aggressive valve timing compared to later versions of the Lamborghini V12. The higher redline, compression ratio and timing made the 350 GTV's engine more suitable for competition use rather than as a comfortable road car. The 350 GTV engine was also equipped with six downdraft Weber carburetors and a dry sump lubrication system. The transmission was a 5 speed manual made by ZF. Power was directed to the rear wheels via a Salisbury self-locking differential.
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In a common oiling system, oil is drawn out of the oil sump (oil pan, in US English) through a wire mesh strainer that removes some of the larger pieces of debris from the oil. The flow made by the oil pump allows the oil to be distributed around the engine. In this system, oil flows through an oil filter and sometimes an oil cooler, before going through the engine's oil passages and being dispersed to lubricate pistons, rings, springs, valve stems, and more.
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A winze is a minor connection between different levels in a mine. When worked upwards from a lower level it is usually called a raise; when sunk downward from a higher level it may be called a sump. The top of a winze is located underground and it is not equipped with winding gear, in contrast to a shaft, which is a deeper connection between levels and does have winding gear, whether the top of the excavation is located on the surface or underground.
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The Audi R8 two-seat mid-engined sports car was exclusively designed and developed and is produced by quattro GmbH. An old factory on the Audi Neckarsulm site was redeveloped, and €28millon was invested in the new R8 production line. Around 250 employees work on this car. The longitudinally orientated 4.2 litre Fuel Stratified Injection (FSI) V8 engine used in the R8, rated at and of torque, is shared from the B7 RS4 quattro, but modified to use a dry sump lubrication system and induction system.
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Cosworth founders Keith Duckworth and Mike Costin were both former employees of Lotus. Their new company developed the Twin Cam for competition use under Cosworth Project Code TA, with specific versions designated with an 'Mk.' prefix. One of the initial batch became the experimental Cosworth Mk.X in 1962. This was followed in 1963 by the dry-sump Mk.XII with racing camshafts designated the 'CPL2' (26/66/66/26) and high compression Cosworth pistons, used actively by Team Lotus in Lotus 20B, 22, 23 and 23B.
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In 1993 Michael Jones was drowned on a through trip between Simpson Pot and Valley Entrance, when the waters rose and he was swept into the Kingsdale Master Cave sump. There have been at least three cases when cavers have had to be rescued after abseiling into The Pit by mistake, and stranding themselves by pulling their rope down. The first was a party of two in 2006, the second was a party of five in 2009, and the third was a solo caver in 2012.
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This paint must be removed from the air. To accomplish this, the contaminated air is pulled through the paint spray booth by exhaust fans. A curtain of circulating water is maintained across the path of the air in such a way that the air must pass through the water curtain to reach the exhaust fans. As the air passes through the water curtain, the paint mist is “scrubbed” from the air and carried to a sump basin (sludge pit), usually located below the paint spray booth.
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Only one was ever made featuring a dry-sump V10 engine producing , fifty more than the then outgoing model, and of torque. The body is a single moulded carbon-fiber shell, with some subtle changes compared with the then outgoing model. An inch and a half has been taken out between the sill and the roof, which together with a chassis sitting two inches lower, gives the car a lower profile. Three inches have been added to the wheelbase and two inches to the track.
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The TX500 was powered by a transverse air- cooled parallel twin engine which had a 180° crankshaft. In contrast to the dry-sumped TX750, the TX500 had a wet sump. The valvetrain used double overhead camshafts (DOHC) and four valves per cylinder, which were operated by rocker arms for each pair of valves. Yamaha claimed this was the world's first mass-produced four-valve motorcycle engine. The TX500 was also claimed to be the first motorcycle to use an integrated circuit-based voltage regulator.
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The cave requires ladder and line or single rope technique (SRT) kits — a single rope and 6 maillons/krabs is recommended. A wide variety of trips are possible, this is a good cave to visit in lieu of nearby Otter Hole when the sump is closed. The entrance is vertical, but fixed ladders are installed. After the ladders a short crawl through a precarious boulder choke (take care not to touch the scaffolding) leads to a concreted climb down with a scaffold bar sticking out of it.
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It has an undulating circuit through open forest and offers shifting views of the city. It is a renowned tourist drive, providing access to many picnic areas and vantage points in Mount Coot-tha Forest. Gold mining related remnants include a wooden trolley line, well, wooden shaft structure, battery site, concrete plinth, iron cover, dam, sump and ore dump. Second World War remnants include concrete slabs and a number of creek crossings, concrete drains and footbridges at the J.C. Slaughter Falls and Hoop Pine Picnic Grounds.
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This also avoided the need to re-design the engine sump to clear the axle. The new dashboard and ventilation system necessitated the removal of the distinctive air vent flaps underneath the windscreen which had been a feature of previous Land Rover utility models since the 1950s. While the flaps were deleted, the bulkhead pressing remained the same, so the outlines of where the flaps would be are still present. Passenger and Rear Loading doors were re-engineered to reduce corrosion and galvanic reaction.
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The Defender Silver was available in three distinct versions – TD5, 90 and 110 Station Wagon and 110 Double Cab Pickup. Every Defender Silver was fitted with an A-frame protection bar which offered additional protection to the front of the vehicle. Lamp guards were fitted front and rear, and a tow pack incorporating an electrics kit not only to power trailer lights, but also additional equipment. The underside was further shielded from harm by the sump guard and air-con and ABS/TC were available as options.
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The two-jet carburettor incorporates a silencer on its air intake. The first jet is used only at starting or at idle.The 12hp Knight-Rover, The Autocar 12 August 1911 A supplementary air supply controlled by a foot pedal operated at will by the driver provides an oil mist from inside the engine's crankcase to lubricate the tops of the valve sleeves. A three-plunger pump driven by the valve shaft forces oil from the sump to troughs under and in the path of the big ends.
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Engine compartment showing the EcoBoost V6 The car is powered by a twin- turbocharged Ford EcoBoost V6 engine rated at and of torque. For the 2020 model year and beyond, this power output rating was increased to . The engine shares many components with the F-150's 3.5 L V6 engine including the cylinder heads, block and dual fuel system. Notable differences include larger turbochargers, an aluminum intake manifold, a custom dry sump lubrication system, unique camshafts and higher strength rotating and timing drive components.
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Underpinning the new GT is a carbon fiber monocoque bolted to aluminum front and rear subframes covered in carbon fiber body panels. The windshield of the vehicle is made of Gorilla Glass manufactured by Corning, which is also used for manufacturing smartphone screens. The Gorilla Glass is used to reduce the weight of the vehicle by allowing for a thinner windscreen with the same strength as a normal glass windscreen. The GT employs a four-stage external dry sump oil pump and has an oil capacity of .
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Rear view. The Kyalami was launched at the 1976 Geneva Motor Show and was initially powered by a 4.2 litre V8 engine which had a redline of 6,000 rpm. Starting in 1978, an enlarged version of the engine, displacing 4.9-litres and rated at at 5,600 rpm, was also available. Both engines were coupled with a ZF five-speed manual transmission or upon request a three-speed Borg Warner automatic transmission and were equipped with Weber downdraft carburettors and a dry sump lubrication system.
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Infiltration Basin An infiltration basin (also known as a recharge basin or in some areas, a sump or percolation pond), is a type of device that is used to manage stormwater runoff, prevent flooding and downstream erosion, and improve water quality in an adjacent river, stream, lake or bay. It is essentially a shallow artificial pond that is designed to infiltrate stormwater through permeable soils into the groundwater aquifer. Infiltration basins do not release water except by infiltration, evaporation or emergency overflow during flood conditions. Extension Circular.
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The club returned to New Chamber in 1936 to explore and survey the ongoing Skreen Hill passage, named after the hill on the surface above. After of walking passage, the cavers stopped at a deep lake. This section of deep water is where the path of the current show cave ends. When club members returned again in 1938 they brought an inflatable dinghy, allowing them to progress across the lake, only to discover that the way on was blocked by Sump 1, just from the shore.
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Victory engines debuted with five-speed transmissions (later six), single overhead cams, dual connecting rods, hydraulic lifters, and fuel injection; most fuel-injection components are standard GM parts. The V92C engine was designed to be easily tuned by the owner. The Victory engine carries of oil in the sump, about the same as most automobiles. This is intended to minimize risk of low-oil damage, but also makes it dimensionally larger than other motorcycle engines, such as Harley-Davidson, which carry the oil in an external tank.
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A single camshaft per cylinder bank was standard for the Lampredi V12s, unlike dry sump lubrication adopted for the last of the 'long- block' powered models: the 375 Plus and the 410 S. Although the wheelbase on the 375 Plus and its predecessor, the 375 MM, was the same at , the chassis was of a new type 505. Also created of a steel tubes, elliptical in section. The front suspension was the same as on the previous models, independent with unequal-length wishbones and transverse leaf springs.
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One of the novel features of the engine was its use of dry-sump lubrication whereby engine oil was drawn from a tank positioned beside the engine. In 1929 a supercharger was added, increasing the power output to 135bhp. The cylinder bores translated into a fiscal horse- power rating of 20.9 hp which under the system operating in the 1920s attracted an annual Road Fund Tax of £21. The big four-cylinder engines of the competitor vehicles from Bentley incurred an annual Road Fund Tax of £16.
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This unique design was adapted from Issigonis's home-built racer and built for the Mini by Alex Moulton. The Mini was a genuine four seater. This was possible within such a small bodyshell because the engine was mounted transversely, driving the front wheels via a gearbox which was uniquely incorporated into the sump of the engine. Engine and gearbox thus shared the same oil, which was a significant piece of design in response to the 1956 Suez crisis and the fears of future oil shortages.
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The Unipower GT made extensive use of mechanical components from the BMC Mini. The engine was the BMC A-Series engine, with a cast iron block and head. As in the Mini, this four-cylinder overhead valve engine was mounted transversely and had its gearbox unit in the engine's sump, sharing lubricating oil with the engine. In the Unipower GT the powertrain was mounted behind the driver and passenger and just ahead of the rear axle in a rear mid-engine, rear-wheel- drive layout.
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Opinion hardened against the use of the short-duration aqualung in favour of longer-duration closed-circuit equipment. Likewise, the traditional approach of walking along the bottom was preferred over swimming. Employing semi-closed circuit nitrogen-oxygen rebreathers, between 1957 and 1960 John Buxton and Oliver Wells went on to reach the elbow of the sump upstream from the ninth chamber at a depth of . This was at a point known as "The Slot", the way on being too deep for the gas mixture they were breathing.
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The chassis s/n 0804 was the only original Ferrari 196 SP. In 1962, it was entered at the Targa Florio race. Lorenzo Bandini and Giancarlo Baghetti finished second overall, winning the 2,000cc class. Later in May 1962, the same duo contested the 1000 km Nürburgring but did not finish the race after the engine sump plate cracked. Ferrari decided to compete in 1962 European Hill Climb Championship with a 196 SP. Chassis 0804 was loaned to Scuderia Sant'Ambroeus along with driver Ludovico Scarfiotti.
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These engines used a trunk piston, as used for internal combustion engines today, where there is no separate crosshead and the gudgeon pin of the connecting rod is moved up within the piston itself. This provides a very compact layout, but obviously requires a single-acting piston. The main crankshaft bearings of this engine were provided with separate oilers that drained into the crankcase sump. It was recognised that the crankcase oil would become contaminated with water from condensed steam and blow-by from the pistons.
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The engine cylinders and the fuel charging cylinders were set in a triangular configuration with the fuel charging cylinder being located centrally and receiving gravity fed fuel from the bulkhead mounted fuel tank. This method of mixture input to the engine cylinders allowed for the engine wet oil sump. The chassis again had all independent suspension but now by coil springs fitted in oil tight cylinders with the oil acting as damper. The springs were horizontal at the front and vertical at the rear.
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However fast it occurs, water damage is a major contributor to loss of property. An insurance policy may or may not cover the costs associated with water damage and the process of water damage restoration. While a common cause of residential water damage is often the failure of a sump pump, many homeowner's insurance policies do not cover the associated costs without an addendum which adds to the monthly premium of the policy. Often the verbiage of this addendum is similar to "Sewer and Drain Coverage".
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The rooms that were featured in the episode were the main rooms for the power plant that The X-Files design team redecorated; the crew later called the set the "war room". Most of the decoration and interior scene was done by the visual effect crew; the only visible part seen in real life was a large sump pump. Bill Roe, the cinematographer for the episode, spent "four or five days lighting [the] set" for filming. Kim Manners called his work "a great job".
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There are two separate double sinks in the kitchen. Grey water disposal can usually be dealt with directly down the sinks, which drain into a ground sump, but if the system backs up, guests will have to dig a snow-pit to dispose of it. Non-burnable garbage must be flown out at the end of the camp, but food scraps, biodegradables, bones, and paper waste can be burned in the wood stove. There is a large 10-person wood-burning sauna near the main hut.
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It had two valves per cylinder and twin overhead camshafts per bank, although these were now belt driven, instead of by chain as on earlier Ferrari 12-cylinder engines. It was fitted with two banks of two triple-choke Weber 40IF3C carburettors and an electronic ignition system. The block and cylinder heads were constructed from light alloy and featured wet sump lubrication. In 1976 Ferrari launched a revised version of the BB, the 512 BB, with a flat-12 engine enlarged to 4943cc. Named F102B, it featured a dry sump lubrication system to help the car scavenge oil. In 1981 the 512 BBi replaced the outgoing model's four triple-choke carburettors with a Bosch K-Jetronic mechanical fuel injection. The new engine got factory type reference F110A but otherwise it was mechanically identical to its predecessor. The F113 A engine in a late Testarossa With the debut of Testarossa in 1984, the evolution of the flat-12 engine saw it equipped with four valves per cylinder: with it was the most powerful engine mounted on a production sports car at the time of its launch.
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Inside Gough's Cave The Yeo rises from a spring near Charterhouse and then disappears under the Limestone of the Mendip Hills before reappearing in Gough's Cave before emerging into Cheddar Gorge. Within Gough's Cave the river forms the largest underground river system in Britain. From a point relatively close to the areas of the cave open to the public, the cave-divers' descent into Sump 1a begins through a tight passage known as Dire Straits. The bottom of that passage opens into the river passage, which is several meters across.
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1959 250 TR59/60 Spider Fantuzzi, showing the tall windshield used on 1960 cars Dry sump lubrication systems became standard equipment for all 250 TRs in 1960. This allowed the engine to sit lower in the chassis, lowering the car's center of mass for improved handling and enabling a lower, more aerodynamic front profile. Rear independent suspension was introduced to the 250 TR in 1960. The car equipped with independent suspension was designated the 250 TRI60 (chassis 0780TR) and throughout the season raced alongside the 250 TR60 equipped with a conventional de Dion rear axle.
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Every conceivable method of applying cutting fluid (e.g., flooding, spraying, dripping, misting, brushing) can be used, with the best choice depending on the application and the equipment available. For many metal cutting applications the ideal has long been high-pressure, high-volume pumping to force a stream of liquid (usually an oil-water emulsion) directly into the tool-chip interface, with walls around the machine to contain the splatter and a sump to catch, filter, and recirculate the fluid. This type of system is commonly employed, especially in manufacturing.
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Aquamole Pot is a karst cave formed within the Great Scar Limestone Group of the Visean Stage of the Carboniferous Period, laid down about 335 Ma. It is basically a window into the West Kingsdale drainage phreas, with water from Yordas Cave and Bull Pot flowing through the sump at the bottom to eventually resurge at Keld Head - some away. It is likely that water from the nearby Jingling Pot originally flowed through the One-armed Bandit Series, and was the major feeder of Aquamole Aven. This water has since been captured by Jingling Caves.
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Scaling poles were taken through the sumps by a large team, and its ascent was completed in two trips. The passage towards Jingling Pot was explored, and a series of avens climbed which reached near the surface. The upstream junction in the One-armed Bandit Series was radio-located and was found to be found to be from Jingling Pot. Work restarted in 2000 when cave diver Rupe Skorupka who was keen to find easier access when pushing the upstream sump, scaled Aquamole Aven to a height of with Martin Holroyd.
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Street elbows are available with bend angles of 90°, 45°, and 22.5°. They can be used in many plumbing applications, including water supply, drainage, sewers, vents, central vacuum systems, compressed air and gas lines, HVAC, sump pump drains, and other locations where plumbing fittings would be used to join sections of pipe. Plumbing codes regulate the use of street elbows. For example, Canada's national plumbing code prohibits them in natural gas and propane installations: > Street elbows and tees are not permitted because these fittings have both > male and female threaded ends.
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The Porsche Carrera GT's carbon-ceramic (silicon carbide) disc brake Notable technology includes a pure carbon fibre monocoque and subframe produced by ATR Composites Group of Italy, dry sump lubrication and inboard suspension. At speeds above , the electronically operated rear wing raises into the airstream to reduce lift. The radiator of the Carrera GT is about five times the size of that of a 911 Turbo of its time. The car's front and rear suspension system consists of pushrod actuated shock absorbers and dampers with anti-roll bars.
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This problem—discovered too late in the development process to correct—caused oil to pool in the engine's sump, slightly reducing power. Gurney described the effect as "taking the edge" off the engine after three or four laps of a race. That year Beatrice Shilling was brought in to help solve the oil problem.Matthew Freudenberg, "Negative Gravity: A Life of Beatrice Shilling", Negative Gravity: A Life of Beatrice Shilling Three Mk1 chassis were produced with the original aluminium construction, but the fourth incorporated advanced and exotic metal alloys.
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Due to an apparent clerical error, Ferrari did not report to the FIA that the production 275 GTB had a six carburetor option, so only a three carburetor engine could be homologated. In order to make up the loss of power from using only 3 carburetors, Weber constructed the 40 DF13 carburetor. These replaced the six Weber 38 DCN carburetors used on the 250 LM and were unique to the 275 GTB/C. A dry sump lubrication system was also added, allowing the engine to sit lower in the chassis.
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The piston of this engine is "top-hat"-shaped; the upper section forms the regular cylinder, and the lower section performs a scavenging function. The units run in pairs, with the lower half of one piston charging an adjacent combustion chamber. This system is still partially dependent on total-loss lubrication (for the upper part of the piston), the other parts being sump lubricated with cleanliness and reliability benefits. The piston weight is only about 20% heavier than a loop-scavenged piston because skirt thicknesses can be less.
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16, Walker, pp. 76–77. With the pilot-operated relief valve still open, the pressurizer relief tank that collected the discharge from the pilot-operated relief valve overfilled, causing the containment building sump to fill and sound an alarm at 4:11 am. This alarm, along with higher than normal temperatures on the pilot-operated relief valve discharge line and unusually high containment building temperatures and pressures, were clear indications that there was an ongoing loss-of-coolant accident, but these indications were initially ignored by operators.Kemeny, p.
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The Carrera and Carrera 4 underwent revisions for 2002 model year, receiving clear lens front and rear indicator lights which were first seen on the Turbo version two years earlier. This allowed the 911 to be more distinguishable from the Boxster. A mildly revised front fascia was also introduced, though the basic architecture remained. Engine displacement was 3.4 L and power output was featuring a change to an "integrated dry sump" design and variable valve timing. The displacement was increased in 2002 to 3.6 L and power received an increase to 320 PS (235 kW).
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The fuel was fed by two double-barrel Weber carburettors. The engine had a DOHC configuration and two spark plugs per cylinder. A new wet sump lubrication system was used for easier road use with an oil pump from the 150S. The chassis was believed to be a modified version sourced from the Maserati 200S race car. After an extensive research by the marque historian Adolfo Orsi, it was determined that the chassis originally belonged to the 1954 Maserati A6GCS and was numbered 2043. That particular A6GCS/53 was entered in the 1954 Mille Miglia.
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To support this, the pipes can either be flexible or rigid, but the joints to connect the pipes yield better results if the connections are flexible. An alternative to placing the collection system underneath the waste is to position the conduits in trenches or above grade. The collection pipe network of a leachate collection system drains, collects, and transports leachate through the drainage layer to a collection sump where it is removed for treatment or disposal. The pipes also serve as drains within the drainage layer to minimize the mounding of leachate in the layer.
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This harmful debris along with normal engine wear in high mileage engines causes an increase in clearances between bearings and other moving parts. Low oil pressure may be simply because there is not enough oil in the sump, due to burning oil (normally caused by piston ring wear or worn valve seals) or leakage. The piston rings serve to seal the combustion chamber, as well as remove oil from the internal walls of the cylinder. However, when they wear, their effectiveness drops, which leaves oil on the cylinder walls during combustion.
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Catch basins are commonly designed with a sump area below the outlet pipe level—a reservoir for water and debris that helps prevent the pipe from clogging. Unless constructed with permeable bottoms to let water infiltrate into underlying soil, this subterranean basin can become a mosquito breeding area, because it is cool, dark, and retains stagnant water for a long time. Combined with standard grates, which have holes large enough for mosquitoes to enter and leave the basin, this is a major problem in mosquito control.Clinical Medicine & Research February 1, 2005 vol.
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The engine is in "hot inside V" configuration—with exhaust manifolds and turbochargers inside the cylinder banks to reduce turbo lag—and uses dry-sump lubrication. Power is sent to the rear wheels through a seven-speed AMG SPEEDSHIFT dual-clutch transmission; the GT S variant employs an electronically controlled mechanical limited-slip differential. In a road test executed by Car and Driver, the GT S accelerated from 0–97 km/h (60 mph) in 3.0 seconds, completed the quarter mile in 11.2 seconds and attained a top speed of .
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The band had several residencies at the Studio Club, a newer venue popular in Dallas's teen scene, and opened for nationally successful acts. Sonny and Cher, the Rolling Stones, the Beach Boys, and the Buckinghams among others, shared the bill with Kenny and the Kasuals. In addition, the band became a favorite on Sump N' Else, a regional version of the American Bandstand television show hosted by Ron Chapman. All the while, the group continued to rehearse their material until they felt competent enough to enter the recording studio for the first time.
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The internal combustion engine is a new turbocharged petrol engine based on the Audi 1.8-litre 20 valve block and head, as used in Formula Palmer Audi. Whereas the engine in the FPA car primarily uses standard road car components, the Audi F2 engine has been developed as a pure race engine. Prepared and built by Mountune Racing, the crankshaft, connecting rods, pistons, valves and camshafts are all-new components designed for high strength and light weight. The dry sump system has been re-designed so the engine sits lower than in the FPA car.
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The KTM 990 Super Duke has a naked body style and was designed by Gerald Kiska at the Kiska design studio in September 2003. It is built around a chromium-molybdenum trellis frame with powder-coated aluminum sub-frame and KTM LC8 engine used in several other KTM motorcycles. The engine in the KTM 990 Super Duke is a DOHC 999.8cc 75° V-twin with four valves per cylinder. The liquid cooled engine has an 11.5:1 compression ratio and uses dry sump lubrication with two rotor pumps.
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Lack of time limited its development and Moffat had to essentially use the practice sessions at Bathurst to test the car. Recurring oil problems with the dry-sump system could not be eliminated during practice and on race day the vehicle was a DNF after only 2 laps due to the failure of the oil system. This was the last time Ford racing legend Allan Moffat would race a Falcon for many years and the yellow XD is also part of the David Bowden collection along with many of his other racing Falcons.
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This pump pressurizes Normal ATF (0-288 psi) into the transfer case to engage the clutch pack. This fluid only engages the clutch pack and does not mix with the NS-ATF lubricating the transfer case. The higher the fluid pressure the transfer case is supplied with from the pump, the more the clutch pack engages, enabling the torque to the front wheels to be varied. Exiting the transfer case, the front drive shaft runs along the right side of the transmission, into a differential located on the right of the engines sump.
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The British and Europeans could also install a front bumper bull bar and an thick steel sump guard that extended from the bottom edge of the front bumper to the front suspension. The Europeans could not get an in- dash cupholder located in the small space below the HVAC controls and above the stereo, found in the Australian, United States and Japanese models. In that location instead is a clock, and a button to deploy an electric radio antenna, if so equipped. Clocks are integrated with the OEM stereo internationally.
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The other most common claim was that the Omni-Phase balancer's weighted shafts were whipping oil in the sump into a froth at high rpms, aerating the oil and starving the crank of lubrication which then resulted in bearing failure. Yamaha described the cause as "a problem with heat build-up that prevented stable engine performance and insufficient machine durability". One ready solution was to add an external oil cooler. Coolers from a variety of sources were retrofitted to the bikes, often mounted high and out of sight.
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The cave has a vertical range of with its lowest point ending in a sump. The cave has long been used by the native Shuar people who descend into the cave each spring using vine ladders and bamboo torches to collect fledgeling tayos (the nocturnal Steatornis caripensis). Written references to the cave go back as far as 1860 and it is known to have been visited by gold-seekers and military personnel in the 1960s. Actually, the cave is located inside the Sindical Center Coangos (formed by native people).
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It is thought that the cave was first entered by locals in 1934, and at least some of the upstream passages were further explored by members of the Yorkshire Ramblers' Club in 1935. By 1947 the cave had been fully explored to the first sump. The sumps were explored in 1965 and 1966 by members of the Happy Wanderers Cave and Pothole Club. The cave was opened as a show cave in 1964; it was always a smaller commercial operation than the nearby showcaves Ingleborough and White Scar, and more difficult of access for visitors.
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In the case of liquids this is by the use of high integrity tanks or containers, usually with a sump system so that leakage can be detected by radiometric or conventional instrumentation. Where material is likely to become airborne, then extensive use is made of the glovebox, which is a common technique in hazardous laboratory and process operations in many industries. The gloveboxes are kept under a slight negative pressure and the vent gas is filtered in high efficiency filters, which are monitored by radiological instrumentation to ensure they are functioning correctly.
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The prominent depression of Ireby Fell was marked as "The Cavern" on the first (1847) issue of the Ordnance Survey maps, though the early explorers could see little justification for the name. Various digs were undertaken from 1932 onwards until in 1949 a small scar on the NW side of the shakehole gave access to a passage that reached the first pitch. Much of the cave was explored and surveyed down to the sump at the end of Duke Street. The cave entrance then became blocked in 1953 until it was reopened in 1963.
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1980 Lotus Essex Turbo Esprit In 1980 the Essex Turbo Esprit was launched. This special edition model wore the blue, red and chrome livery of the Essex Overseas Petroleum Corporation, the sponsor of Team Lotus from 1979 to 1981. While Lotus dealer Bell and Colvill had been offering turbo conversions for the S2 Esprit from as early as 1978, the Essex Turbo Esprit was the first factory turbocharged Esprit. The Essex Turbo Esprit received the dry sump type 910 engine which has a power output of at 6,250 rpm and of torque at 4,500 rpm.
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According to contract maintenance personnel who recovered the airplane, while attempting to drain the left fuel tank from the sump drain, blockage of the opening by ice was noted. On December 19, 2013, at approximately 23:51 EST, a single-engine Cessna 210N, N5307A, operated by Flight Express, experienced a loss of engine power and crashed near the northwest corner of the Tampa International Airport (KTPA). The cause of the crash was determined to be engine failure when the No. 4 connecting rod failed and breached the engine crankcase. The commercial pilot was seriously injured.
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High-pressure drain cleaning will not only eradicate the feeding source of the larvae, it also cleans the entire length of pipe reducing the likelihood of drain flies from returning. Alternatively, injected foams containing bacteria or enzymes may be useful to break down gelatinous scum deposits. Besides sink drains, floor drains and shower drains are common sources, as well as leaky shower pans, but any location with moist decaying organic matter can be a breeding site. In commercial buildings, sump pump pits, sewers, and elevator pits may trap moisture where drain flies can breed.
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This applies 220 V across each armature. Third, both batteries are applied in parallel across all four armatures applying 440 V to each ('group up'). Finally, the batteries can be arranged in series so as to apply 880 V across all four armatures in parallel ('batteries in series'). Each armature also has an associated field winding which is separately supplied with current which may be varied resistively, providing further speed control (maximum 35 A). The motors are designed with a sealed oil sump from which oil is pumped continuously to lubricate the bearings.
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The High Horse Level had been started before the mine was abandoned in the 1810s, from the lowest possible point on the floor of the upper valley beneath Green Side. It was made wide enough and straight enough to allow horses to pull wagons of ore along it on narrow-gauge wooden rails. The new company drove this level forward, and in 1828 it broke through to a sump (a vertical working) which had been made below Gilgower's Level. This created natural ventilation in the mine, and enabled the work to be expanded.
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A dam was built across the High Horse Level, and pipes ran down to the hydraulic engines. The shaft was extended to the 48 Fathom Level in 1865-66, though that level had been started in 1858 from a sump, sunk on the vein from the 36 Fathom Level. Eventually, in 1880, the shaft was sunk a further to connect with the Lucy Level. Another even lower access level was driven between 1854 and 1868 from a point just above the Smelt Mill, near the bottom of the Swart Beck, lower than the Low Level.
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The first recirculating systems used a collection sump, but no pumped circulation, merely 'splash' lubrication where the connecting rod dipped into the oil surface and splashed it around. These first appeared on high-speed steam engines. Later, splash lubrication engines added a 'dipper', a metal rod whose only function was to dip into the oil and spread it around. As engines became faster and more powerful, the amount of oil required became so great that a total loss system would have been impractical, both technically and for cost.
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The eighth season of The Voice Kids in Germany premiered on February 23, 2020 on Sat.1. Lena Meyer-Landrut was joined by Max Giesinger, who last coached in the sixth season, after 2 seasons Sasha Schmitz returned and with the new duo coach Lukas Nimscheck & Flo Sump (Deine Freunde). Thore Schölermann returned for his eighth season and Melissa Khalaj returned for her second season as hosts. However, the backstage moderators are new: Last year's winners, the sibling duo Mimi & Josefin, return to the music show in this function.
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The 4.2-litre Quattroporte featured single-rate damping comfort-tuned suspension and 18 inch wheels. Debuting alongside was the Quattroporte S, powered by a wet-sump 4.7-litre V8 engine, the same engine utilised in the Maserati GranTurismo S, with a maximum power output of and maximum torque of . In conjunction with the engine, the braking system was upgraded to cross-drilled discs on both axles and dual-cast 360 mm rotors with six piston callipers at the front. Skyhook active damping suspension and 19 inch V-spoke wheels were standard.
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The cylinder bore diameter is and piston stroke length is . The engine shares many of the design features of modern racing engines, including dry sump lubrication, a pump assembly located outside the crankcase, and four valves per cylinder. The 32-valve DOHC utilises chain-driven, twin-overhead camshafts that provide valve actuation in less than 0.15 seconds, with the intake cams being controlled by variable valve timing. The crankcase and cylinder heads are made from an aluminum and silicon alloy, giving the engine a relatively light weight of .
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The Maserati Tipo 26B was a racing car built by Italian manufacturer Maserati between 1927 and 1930, in a total of six examples and one additional engine. It was closely derived from the Tipo 26 with the same steel ladder-type frame and a similar aluminum two-seater bodywork. The main difference was in the inline-eight engine being enlarged to 2 litres, otherwise it still featured a crankshaft-driven Roots supercharger, twin gear-driven overhead camshafts and dry sump lubrication. Two engines were rebored to 2.1 litres.
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The OHC engine was used from start of PC50 production until April 1970 when the OHC engine gave way to the OHV (pushrod) engine in the same cycle frame. The new model was re-designated PC50K1. Simplicity is an important feature of the PC50 with an automatic clutch driving a fixed ratio, splash lubrication to the engine parts except for the use of a small pump to the parallel valves. The sump has an oil capacity of 0.8 - 0.9 litre for the OHC model and 0.75 litre for the OHV.
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Note twin Vickers K and cans of fuel on the jeep. When the column of vehicles stopped suddenly during this exchange, T1 Patrol's Breda- carrying truck collided with the back of the wireless truck, wrecking its radiator; the truck had to be stripped and abandoned and the crew joined other trucks. While the wireless truck was able to continue the loss of the Breda's firepower was a setback to the unit. In addition a G1 Patrol vehicle wrecked its sump after hitting a rock and this too was stripped and abandoned.
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The Studebaker block was bored an additional to while the stock stroke of was retained on early engines, resulting in a displacement of . With a compression ratio of 12.8:1 suitable for methanol fuel and the addition of a dry-sump and Hilborn fuel injection, maximum power output was estimated to have been at 7200 rpm. For the 1955 Indianapolis 500 businessman and racing team owner Howard Keck hired Travers and Coon to develop an all new streamlined Indy car. Goossen was hired to designed the engine, which was to have been a V8.
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An optional Country Pack suspension offered increased ride height compared to the standard suspension and typically came with enhanced underbody protection including a sump guard. Brakes were the same across the range using a hub integrated (i.e. not a hat rotor) front ventilated disc design of 287 mm and single piston callipers sliding on the hub carrier. The rear used solid discs also at 287 mm and the rear callipers carried over the Ford handbrake system using a threaded piston applying the handbrake cable forces to the rear disc pads.
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Regera engine and exhaust system on display at Geneva International Motor Show The Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) is a mid-rear mounted, in-house developed, twin- turbocharged V8 engine with a 5.0-litre displacement. It has four valves per cylinder, each with a bore and stroke of and a compression ratio of 9.3:1. The engine utilizes dry sump lubrication and dual overhead camshafts, and has a cylinder bank angle of 90º. It is rated at at 7,800 rpm and of torque at 4,100 rpm on 95 octane RON gasoline.
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British Leyland used a saloon design for the Allegro rather than a hatchback. It was decided that the Austin Maxi should have a hatchback as its unique selling point. Rear of an exported Allegro The Allegro used front-wheel drive, using the familiar A-Series engine with a sump-mounted transmission. The higher-specification models used the SOHC E-Series engine (from the Maxi), in 1500 cc and 1750 cc displacements. The two-box saloon bodyshell was suspended using the new Hydragas system (derived from the previous Hydrolastic system used on the 1100/1300).
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Following BMW's typical construction techniques at the time, the motor incorporates a cast-iron block and aluminium head. Weight-saving measures include aluminium chain cases, oil sump, motor mount arms, accessory mounts and a cartridge-style oil filter housing. Other features included a forged steel crankshaft and tubular stainless steel exhaust manifold instead of the more typical cast-iron items. BMW also fitted hydraulic motor mounts to decrease the inline four's inherent noise, vibration, and harshness compared to the smoother straight-six engines in production at that time.
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When installed in the BMW E30, a two-piece oil pan with a removable front sump was fitted to the M42. In this two-piece arrangement, the upper oil pan casting incorporates the oil pump's supply passage, and is sealed to the crankcase oil filter housing with a paper gasket. This can cause problems, because thermal cycles and engine vibration tend to loosen the upper pan mounting bolts inside the motor. All versions featured a low-maintenance timing chain with a self-adjusting hydraulic chain tensioner and hydraulic valve tappets.
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The racing version of the M42 engine is called the S42 and was used in BMW's 320 4-door touring car, participating in the German Super Tourenwagen Cup. Compared with the M42, the S42 has individual throttle bodies, the displacement increased to , two fuel injectors per cylinder, an increased compression ratio and a different cylinder head. The valve cover and airbox were made from carbon fiber and the lubrication system used a dry sump. In 1995, the initial version of the S42 engine produced , increasing to for the final version in 1997.
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Two-stroke engines which use crankcase compression do not require a crankcase ventilation system, since all of the gases within the crankcase are then fed into the combustion chamber. Many small four-stroke engines such as lawn mower engines and electricity generators simply use a draught tube connected to the intake system. The draught tube routes all blow-by gases back into the intake mixture and is usually located between the air filter and carburetor. Dry sump engines in some drag racing cars use scavenging pumps to extract oil and gases from the crankcase.
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The engine was tuned by AVJ Developments of Pershore, featuring dry sump lubrication and Cosworth DFV style fuel injection, producing around 480 bhp. The initial chassis, DP/801/H, was completed in early 1980 and entered in the World Championship 6 Hours of Silverstone in May of that year. Partnered alongside the returning RHAM/1 under the control of Simon Phillips Racing, the two Aston Martins ran under the title of sponsor Ault & Wiborg. The Gipfast struggled for speed in its debut, qualifying 29th out of 30 entries and was slower than the RHAM/1.
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The cavers removed one of the boulders to reveal a way on, which led via a dry route to the far side of Sump 1. The new section of river passage beyond was named Skreen Hill 2, and a further inlet passage was named Legnabrocky Way. A notable feature of the Legnabrocky Way is the Giant's Hall, a large chamber 60 m long, 30 m high and 15 m wide (200×98×49 ft). Despite only carrying a small stream, the Legnabrocky Way is the largest section of passage in Marble Arch Cave.
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Aurora Cave is a limestone cave, part of the Te Ana-au Caves in Fiordland, in the South Island of New Zealand on the western side of a deep glacial trough containing Lake Te Anau. Aurora Cave is separated by a sump from Te Ana-au Cave (a tourist cave). The cave has been formed by the Tunnel Burn, which drains from Lake Orbell in the Takahe valley.Paul W. Williams, "A 230 ka record of glacial and interglacial events from Aurora Cave, Fiordland, New Zealand", New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 1996, Vol.
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The rotary engine places severe thermal stresses on its cases, as two sides of rotor are constantly exposed to high ignition and exhaust temperatures, while the third side inducts cool fuel/air mixture. To cope with this, and probably capitalizing on their previous experience with water cooling, Suzuki opted for a liquid-cooled engine using two separate systems. Oil is used to lubricate and cool the internals of the rotor and water-cooled the external jacketing. Oil is fed from an engine sump by a trochoid pump at around .
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The lower half forms an oil sump and carries the main pressure oil pump, supercharger change-speed operating pump and two scavenge pumps. It also houses the main coolant pump which is driven through the same gear-train as the oil pumps. ;Wheelcase :Aluminium-alloy casting fitted to rear of crankcase. Carries the supercharger; and houses drives to the supercharger, auxiliary gearbox coupling, engine speed indicator, airscrew constant-speed unit, intercooler pump and fuel pump, as well as the oil and coolant pumps in the lower half crankcase.
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Oil filters can be a full flow or bypass type. In the crankcase of a vehicle engine, motor oil lubricates rotating or sliding surfaces between the crankshaft journal bearings (main bearings and big-end bearings) and rods connecting the pistons to the crankshaft. The oil collects in an oil pan, or sump, at the bottom of the crankcase. In some small engines such as lawn mower engines, dippers on the bottoms of connecting rods dip into the oil at the bottom and splash it around the crankcase as needed to lubricate parts inside.
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Robert Wisden, who had played Modell in the original episode, was re-hired for this episode, and Diana Scarwid was chosen to play Modell's sister. The scenes taking place at the Lorton Penitentiary cafeteria were actually filmed at a former hospital storage facility. In order to dress the set, the structure had to be cleared of aged detritus and garbage; this required the destruction of several large sump pumps, which were "jackhammered into smithereens". The body of Nathan Bowman, Linda's husband, was created by drenching an in-house dummy with the correct shade of paint.
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At AirVenture 2011, the company announced that the engine was commencing volume production and was flying in both fuel-injected and carbureted versions. Renegade Light Sport's Falcon LS was the first airplane to fly with Lycoming's new IO-233-LSA engine on 6 Oct 2010. Renegade Light Sport is working with Lycoming to produce an aerobatic version of the IO-233-LSA engine to be designated as the AEIO-233. The design goals include fuel injection, an inverted sump and that it be capable of +9/-3 Gs.
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Latrines were generally simple commodes made by burying an old storage pot into the ground. They would have to be cleaned out periodically, but some had a small drain leading outside to a second sump pot. The latrines and bathing platforms were located in a room attached to the outer wall. Kitchen were open air situated in a courtyard as well as closed rooms, hearths oval, circular and rectangular in shape were also used in the house, keyhole ovens with central pillars were used for roasting meat or baking breads.
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The LT2 V8 engine The Stingray uses a new version of the LS based GM small-block engine derived from the C7 Stingray's LT1, now called the LT2. The new naturally aspirated V8 is rated at at 6,450 rpm and of torque at 5,150 rpm, an improvement of and over the outgoing C7 Corvette Stingray. The engine uses dry sump lubrication system. Like the C7, the C8 features Active Fuel Management, or cylinder deactivation, which is used when the car is subjected to low load scenarios such as highway cruising.
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This is of what is described in the guide book as "magnificent" river passage, high and wide, which finishes at a cascade falling from a long lake. There are also more than of high level passages above the river. The way on continues underwater for some reaching a depth of before surfacing in the 25th chamber – called the Lake of Gloom because of its thick mud deposits. The sump at the end of this has been dived for to a maximum depth of before gravel chokes prevented further progress.
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The GB500's engine was derived from the Honda XL600 engine, a dry-sump four-stroke dirt bike. The four-valve single cylinder engine featured a radial four-valve combustion chamber, along with a tubular frame, wire-spoked wheels with alloy rims, clip-on handlebars, solo seat, seat hump, and pin-striped fuel tank. The styling resembled TT single-cylinder racing bikes (such as the Manx Norton, the BSA Gold Star and the AJS 7R) that were prominent in the TT until the 1960s. The GB500 was a fine-handling machine with a wheelbase of .
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The Barra 195 is the last version of the naturally aspirated I6 engine and is found in the FG/FG-X Falcon and SZ/SZ II Territory. Changes from its predecessor include a new plastic inlet manifold & throttle body (replacing the broadband manifold intake which originated in the naturally aspirated EF Falcon) and a redesigned cylinder head with 'Fast Burn' swirl changes to the inlet port. These changes achieved power and economy improvements over the Barra 190. The engine also moved to a rear sump design to suit the new FG Falcon front sub-frame.
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The stream that flows into the entrance can be followed through the cave, bypassing three sumps, to the East Canal, Giant's Hole's terminal sump. There are several major tributary passages and a high-level fossil series that provides an alternative route through the cave and makes up part of the classic "round trip". East Canal has been dived to a depth of in drought (but water levels are normally much higher). The connection to Oxlow Cavern is a "serious undertaking" and many cavers have underestimated the difficulty of the passage.
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The V8 Vantage after the 2008 updates In May 2008, Aston Martin announced new technological updates for the Vantage, which included changes to the engine, transmission, suspension and appearance. New cylinder liners that were now pressed into the aluminium block instead of the original cast-in variants allow a thinner liner, which in turn allows a larger capacity of 4.7-litre. The cylinder bore and stroke has been increased from to and to respectively, giving a total displacement of 4,735 cc. The dry sump lubrication system was also modified.
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Prior to the Primula, all Fiat Group passenger cars were rear-wheel drive; the larger models followed the classic FR layout (front engine powering the rear axle), and small cars were rear-engined. Meanwhile, a practical concept emerged, namely the front-wheel drive layout with the engine mounted transversely, which allowed for very efficient space utilization. This arrangement had been popularised by the British Motor Corporation's Mini, launched in 1959. That car had its transmission integrated into the engine's oil sump, producing a very compact drivetrain for use on a small car.
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San Carlos Cave is one of the toughest caves in the country to conquer as spelunkers require a lot of cave crawling. A chamber called Ice Cream Parlor contains cluster of white stalagmites that resemble scooped ice cream. The John the Baptist chamber has a sump where one must take a deep breath and swim to the other side of the chamber, avoiding sharp and rough stones that could scratch skin and tear clothing. San Carlos requires a lot of swimming because more than half the cave is covered by a cold running subterranean river.
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This has been explored for downstream, whilst upstream a dive of brings the diver out in a long chamber named Lloyd Hall (which can now also be reached by an alternative, dry, route). which contains a first- hand account of the exploration of the river passage by Richard Stevenson – which also contains a detailed description of the cave. Another dive of through Sump 1b, finishing with an ascent through a rising passage, leads to another chamber, long and wide at its widest point, and full of large boulders, called Bishop's Palace. This chamber is the largest chamber currently found in the Cheddar caves.
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Oil-in-frame (Oif) chassis, where the lubricating oil is stored in the frame of the motorcycle, was used for Vincent Motorcycles of the 1950s, and for a while during the 1970s on some NVT British motorcycles. It was widely unpopular and generally regarded as a bad idea at the time. Today it is a used on some "thumpers" (single-cylinder four-strokes) that usually have dry-sump lubrication requiring an external oil tank. It has since gained some cachet in the modern custom bike world too because of the space savings it can afford and the reference to an earlier era.
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The half shafts from the differential to the wheels therefore differed in length, which would have made the car's steering asymmetrical were it not for their torsional stiffness being made the same. Giacosa's layout was first used in the Autobianchi Primula in 1964 and later in the popular Fiat 128. With the gearbox mounted separately to the engine, these cars were by necessity larger than the Mini, but this proved to be no disadvantage. This layout, still in use today, also provided superior refinement, easier repair and was better-suited to adopting five-speed transmissions than the original Issigonis in-sump design.
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Pagani Zonda Monza The Zonda Monza was first shown at the 2004 Paris Motor Show and is a track-day version of the Zonda built for an American customer. Borrowing design cues from the Zonda GR racecar, the Monza featured a dry sump version of the Zonda S 7.3 engine tuned to and had improved cooling. Modified aerodynamics, including a large rear wing and front diffuser, allows for greater speed and a straight cut gearbox provides optimised gearing. The car was lighter and fitted with Lexan side windows along with an unmuffled racing exhaust system along with centre lock speedline wheels.
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The cars were designed in the corner of a garage and built by his brother Aurelio with a small trusted team, but it was Bandini himself who personally oversaw every aspect, from design to assembly to testing, whether on the bench, on the street, or on the track. From 1953, the bodywork was produced in-house, Meanwhile, the Crosley-sourced engines underwent a radical transformation: a new gear-driven DOHC head was fitted and a single Weber carburetor replaced the Dell'Orto. Rods, pistons, crankshaft, and sump were all replaced: all that remained of the original Crosley engine was the aluminium block.
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It was welded using butt fusion welding machines on the shore before being floated out to the sea and being sunk along the required alignment. The pipeline empties the water into a sea water intake sump on the shore where 3 vertical turbine pumps of variable discharge up to a maximum of 4,000 cum/hr each are used to pump water into the plant. The average intake flow is 9,000 to 10,000 cum/hr, and the average product water output of the plant is about 4,000 cum/hr. The system is designed to work as a self-priming suction for sea water intake.
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The four-cylinder E series was effectively discontinued when the Allegro went out of production in 1982. However it was substantially redesigned into the R series, and later the S series in the mid-1980s. The R series was effectively a stop-gap solution for the Austin Maestro, and is all but identical to the E-Series, the main difference being modifications to take an end-on transmission, in place of the BMC 'transmission-in-sump' arrangement. The S-Series was a more thorough redesign, featuring a belt-drive camshaft in place of the E-series chain and a completely new cylinder head.
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Preliminary design work for LC10 began in 1977, with production scheduled to begin around 1980 – which would have seen it go on sale around the same time as the Ford Escort MK3 and the original Vauxhall Astra. LC10 was styled by Ian Beech under the direction of BL designer David Bache. Two main body variations were provided: a five-door hatchback and a four-door notchback. It was a departure from previous front- wheel drive cars from the company in dispensing with the famous Issigonis transmission-in-sump powertrain that had been pioneered in the Mini.
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Keeler's stepdaughter, Jennie Cass, dropped the "go devil" charge, causing the explosive to detonate on impact, in front of fifty spectators. The ensuing gusher produced between 50 and 75 barrels a day, and had to be capped for two years until means could be found to move the oil to a more distant market. According to Kenny Franks' article in the Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History & Culture, the Nellie Johnstone well had not been properly sealed before it was capped. Oil continued seeping into the sump while the well was blocked, eventually overflowing into the nearby Caney River.
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With direct fuel injection and a sump-based lubrication system, a two-stroke engine produces air pollution no worse than a four-stroke, and it can achieve higher thermodynamic efficiency. Therefore, the cycle has historically also been used in large diesel engines, mostly large industrial and marine engines, as well as some trucks and heavy machinery. Several experimental designs are intended for automobile use; for instance, Lotus of Norfolk, UK, had in 2008 a prototype direct-injection, two- stroke engine intended for alcohol fuels called the Omnivore, which it is demonstrating in a version of the Exige.
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The highest part of the car is about three feet (900 mm) from the road and it has a cloth top and side curtains with plastic back and side windows. The supports for the top and the windshield frame are aluminium. The lower chassis tubes are five inches (127 mm) from the road, while the wet-sump, bell housing, and one chassis tube are lower, meaning the centre of gravity is very low. The front/rear weight distribution is nearly equal and the lack of a boot and small petrol tank assure that it remains fairly constant.
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Twenty miners were drowned when the flooded workings of the disused Wheal Drea were breached. This occurred because of former errors in "dialling" (the only means of underground surveying available at that time): according to the records, the level in which the breach occurred was being driven away from the old workings. The Wheal Owles mine was said to have filled from the 120-fathom sump to the 30-fathom sea level in only 20 minutes.A fathom is six feet, and depths are measured from "grass" or the ground level at the top of the mine shaft.
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Uprated engine mounts and suspension bushes are all included, as is a front strut brace. Aluminium sump and fuel tank guards, OZ Rally wheels and a Safety Devices bolt-in roll cage are all either fitted by the Boreham works or supplied to individual teams. Performance-enhancing modifications are limited to the addition of a Rally spec engine control unit, camshaft and 4-into-2-into-1 extractor set attached to a free-flowing exhaust. This combination lifts power to , and to cope with it competitors are encouraged to fit the optional uprated drive shafts with larger CV joints.
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Santoprene TPV enjoyed early application successes in the automotive sector, including rack and pinion boots, due to its flex life, fluid resistance and sealability. In the appliance sector, a dishwasher sump boot made with Santoprene TPV provided good sealing and resistance to heat and fluids. Due to its sealing properties, Santoprene TPV was also successful in the domestic and high-rise construction sectors in applications such as window seals, caster wheels, tubing and small hose parts, electrical connectors and coatings for wire and cables. It was also used in the medical industry as a gasket on syringe plungers.
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The water can be followed upstream through passages under Trow Gill, to where it emerges from a sump at Terminal Lake which has been connected by divers to Gaping Gill, and followed downstream into Lake Pluto which has been connected by divers to Beck Head Stream Cave. A connection has also been made with Fox Holes, a cave near Trow Gill. A small stream in the show cave drops into a rift called the Abyss. An underwater connection has been made between the passage at the bottom and Beck Head Cave, the resurgence for the Gaping Gill water.
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Henderson 1917 The old splash lubrication was superseded by wet sump lubrication. A three-speed gearbox was now attached to the engine and incorporated a heavy-duty clutch. Sales soared and new dealerships were established. Alan Bedell averaged 48 mph for 1154 miles at Ascot Park in California setting a new 24‑hour record, and then, on June 13, 1917, broke the transcontinental long distance record of 1915 (set by "Cannonball" Baker on an Indian Twin,) when he rode his 1917 Henderson from Los Angeles to the city of New York (3,296 miles) in seven days, sixteen hours, and fifteen minutes.
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In August 1968, Claude Chabert, and Michel Bakalowicz of the Spéléo-club de Paris, accompanied by Michael Clarke of the British Speleological Association, were the second group to venture past the entry sump. They explored the interior further, documenting the first waterfall inside the cave, before handing off to an English team from the Chelsea Speleological Society which explored approximately of galleries until forced to stop by another flooded passage at above the entrance. The English team returned in August 1969 and pushed forward to about before stopping. Their exploration brought them to above the entrance.
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In August 1970, the French Alpine Club, along with Clarke, managed to follow the subterranean river into the cave, reaching above the entrance, where they were stopped by a waterfall. Clarke returned with the French Alpine Club again in August 1971, this time joined by members of the Speleological Society of Turkey. This group followed the river through fossil-bearing galleries before stopping at a well, at a depth of . By this point of passages had been documented within Pınargözü Cave. In September 1975, the Red Rose Cave & Pothole Club discovered and explored a tributary passage which they called the Affluent sump.
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Four- stroke engines typically have an oil sump at the bottom of the crankcase and the majority of the engine's oil is held within the crankcase. The fuel/air mixture does not pass through the crankcase in a four-stroke engine, however a small amount of exhaust gasses often enter as "blow-by" from the combustion chamber. The crankcase often forms the lower half of the main bearing journals (with the bearing caps forming the other half), although in some engines the crankcase completely surrounds the main bearing journals. An open-crank engine has no crankcase.
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In 2000, the German motorcycle magazine Motorrad reported about a defeat device delivered within the BMW F 650 GS. BMW responded in issuing an improved injection as of 2001 and calling back the models from the previous year. Amongst the changes from the original F650, the engine was upgraded to a 43 mm throttle body. The fuel is stored in an under seat fuel tank, and the false tank (where a conventional fuel tank would be) housed the remote oil reservoir (for the dry sump), airbox and battery. This contributed to a lower centre of gravity for improved handling.
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Parsonage's two shafts were sunk to the Arley mine at and the depth including the sump was yards. They were in diameter and lined with brick. Sinking began in 1913 but was halted for two years in early 1914 because of the war. The colliery's winding houses were made of reinforced concrete and its headgear was tall with diameter pulley wheels. Markhams of Chesterfield supplied a winding engine with 40 inch diameter cylinders for the downcast shaft and W & J Galloway & Sons supplied the engine for the upcast shaft. Steam power was supplied by 12 Lancashire boilers.
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On August 7, 1978, United States President Jimmy Carter announced a federal health emergency, called for the allocation of federal funds, and ordered the Federal Disaster Assistance Agency to assist the City of Niagara Falls to remedy the Love Canal site. This was the first time in American history that emergency funds were used for a situation other than a natural disaster. Carter had trenches built that would transport the wastes to sewers and had home sump pumps sealed off. Congress passed the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA), better known as the Superfund Act.
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Several other people helped to explore the main cave along with other caves in the area, including Bernard Cartwright and his brother Dan. Bernard was married to Mary Rose (nee Kronkosky), who said that Edith Gray and she and their children would worry and wait for the cave explorers to come back out into the light of day. The exploration in 1931 required getting past the Lake Room which was a sump. According to a newspaper article from November 1931 in the San Antonio Express News, they had some waterproof molasses buckets that they put their lights in.
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Ferrari 250GT Drogo #2819GT "Breadvan" Bizzarrini applied all the ideas from the GTO and developed with Piero Drogo of Carrozzeria Sports Cars in the Modena works an aerodynamically advanced body, even lower than the GTO, with the roof line dramatically extended to the rear end, then abruptly truncated following the Kamm aerodynamic theory. The car was completed in just 14 days. The mechanicals were extensively reformed and the engine set well back into the chassis and lowered, using dry-sump lubrication. This car, chassis number #2819GT was called the Ferrari Breadvan, and is currently raced in vintage Sport Car events.
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In 1972, following the success of the ground-breaking CB750 superbike, the company assembled an R&D; design team to explore concepts for a new flagship motorcycle. The project leader was Shoichiro Irimajiri, who in the 1960s had designed Honda's multi-cylinder MotoGP engines and their Formula One V12 engine. The 1974 Gold Wing with its flat-four shaft-drive powertrain used technologies both from earlier motorcycleThe traditional BMW Motorrad layout, a wet-sump unit construction boxer-twin using shaft final drive, goes back to the R32 model that began production in 1923. and automotive designs.
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Chevé Cave ( ; ) is a deep cave located in the Sierra Juárez mountain range in the southern Mexico state of Oaxaca. As of 2003, its deepest point has been measured at deep, making it the second deepest known cavern in Mexico and the Western Hemisphere, as well as the world’s 12th deepest cave. The cave's deepest known point is nearly one vertical mile and seven horizontal miles from the entrance, ending in a terminal sump. The present limit of exploration in Chevé, at 9.3 kilometers from the nearest entrance, represents one of the most remote locations ever attained inside any cave on Earth.
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The entrance to Simpson Pot was noted by Eli Simpson in about 1910, but it wasn't until 1940 that he showed it to a group from the British Speleological Association, including Bob Leakey. On the first trip Bob Leakey, having left his companion near the entrance, free-climbed Five Steps Pot and traversed across The Pit before being stopped by a pitch. The following day the cave was explored as far as the Blasted Hole where the passage appeared to sump. Leakey visited the site on a solo trip, and found a crack above water emitting a strong draught.
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Although ore was at first very patchy in that level, stopes had been opened above it in both headings by 1858, and also a sump had gone down to 48 fathoms, where a new level was being driven. A major rock fall occurred in 1862 (or 1865), known as "The Big Crush." Miners had cut away two parallel strings of lead ore above the High Horse Level, leaving an unsupported pendant of rock between them. This rock, in length and depth, and thick, fell, crushing its way down the stope to the level below, and removing the floor of Gilgower's Level above.
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The same architecture would later underpin the GranTurismo and GranCabrio coupés and convertibles. Initially, the Quattroporte was powered by an evolution of the naturally aspirated dry sump 4.2-litre V8 engine, as used in the Maserati Coupé, with an improved power output of and new black plastic inlet manifold instead of an aluminium cast one. Due to its greater weight compared to the Coupé and Spyder, the 0–100 km/h (0–62 mph) acceleration time for the Quattroporte is 5.2 seconds and the top speed is measured at . Over 5,000 cars were built in 2006.
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The 4.2-litre dry-sump V8 engine in a DuoSelect car The unique wheel of the Quattroporte The Quattroporte's body is a steel unibody, with an aluminium boot lid and engine bonnet; the coefficient of drag is . Front and rear aluminium subframes support the whole suspension and drivetrain. A 47%/53% front/rear weight distribution was achieved by setting the engine behind the front axle, inside the wheelbase (front-mid-engine layout) and the adoption of a transaxle layout. With the later automatic transmission - fitted in the conventional position en bloc with the engine - weight distribution changed to 49%/51% front/rear.
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The top were again repuddled, the water level was lowered, and all of the water flowing along it was fed into Wilstone reservoir. This put an extra load on the pumps at Tringford, as the Wilstone reservoir is at a lower level than the Tringford one. A pipeline was therefore laid from a sump at Drayton Beauchamp to the Tring pumping station, along the bed of the disused canal, so that water arrived at the pumps at a higher level. The new system was still not satisfactory, due to the large variations in flow along the feeder, and it was redesigned in 1912.
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Ogof Dydd Byraf is a cave which extends under Esclusham Mountain in north-east Wales from its entrance in the south face of the Minera Limeworks quarry. It was originally discovered and explored in 1964 by the Wrexham Caving Club, before they were merged into the North Wales Caving Club. After a short series of mined passages there is a narrow 10 metre pitch into the main levels consisting of a series of well-decorated galleries. Some of the passages come very close to the cave Ogof Llyn Du whose access is blocked by a deep and difficult sump.
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Alterations were made to these in the course of the eighteenth century. One of the basins had become redundant by 1770 and it was proposed to use this as a sump into which all the water from the other facilities could drain. The water was pumped out by a series of horse-operated chain pumps. In 1795, Brigadier- General Sir Samuel Bentham was appointed by the Admiralty, the first (and only) Inspector General of Naval Works with the task of continuing this modernisation, and in particular the introduction of steam power and mechanising the production processes in the dockyard.
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The electrical system was another matter -- it had a separate redundant set of wiring on each side of the car. The high-revving character and dry-sump oil system both meant that the 1300's engine should be a natural for racing, and soon the RSC (Racing Service Club, Honda's competition department) built the mid-engined, tubular framed Honda R·1300. Next, in the 1969 Japan GP the similar Can-Am style Carman-Apache made its racing debut, with a Honda 1300 engine tuned to at 7,000 rpm, mounted transversally in the middle. Weight was a mere .
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The pound below Burgedin Bottom Lock is the sump pound of the canal, the Eastern Branch of the Montgomeryshire being filled by lockings from the Ellesmere, the Tanat feeder at Carreghofa and a feeder from the River Rhiw at Berriew. The canal through Welshpool was one of the first sections to be restored in 1969 when it was proposed that the route of the canal be used for a bypass. Welshpool Town Lock had gates made of cast iron when the canal was closed. These were removed, taken to Stoke Bruerne Canal Museum and replaced by gates of a standard design.
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For starting, a hand air pump was used to pressurise the fuel tank and encourage fuel flow, together with pre-heating of the burner coil by lighting a little of the fuel in a tray below it. There was no throttle valve or regulator to control the engine speed. As was commonly used on single-pass spiral monotube boilers, the burner output was regulated instead with the fuel valve and the boiler responded quickly enough for this to be sufficient. ; Engine Lubrication of the engine was performed by the fuel itself, collected in a sealed wet sump arrangement beneath the crankcase.
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Horsepower increased from 112 to 123. Ducati 998 The 998R and non US 998S models had different crankcases with a deep oil sump. The standard 998 had crankcases which were very similar to the previous Desmoquattro. The non US 998S as well as the 998R had revised cam profiles which provided more power than the standard 998. The 998R model used a mm bore and stroke which actually displaced 999 cc, and was very similar to the engine used in the subsequent 999R model. Ducati 998 Matrix In 2001, Ducati introduced the 996R (see Ducati 996) with the 998 cc Testastretta engine.
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In order for the M3 GTR race car to compete in the American Le Mans Series, BMW produced 10 examples of the "M3 GTR Straßen Version" (street version) in 2001. As per the race M3 GTR, the roadgoing Version was powered by the BMW P60B40 4.0 L V8 engine which was slightly detuned and generated a maximum power output of at 7,000 rpm. Power was delivered to the rear wheels via a race type 6-speed dual clutch sequential transmission with M locking differential. The engine featured dry sump lubrication as its racing counterpart and bigger radiators.
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Initial version of the M50 (prior to 1992 Technical Update) A significant advance over its M20 predecessor, the M50 features dual overhead camshaft (DOHC) with four valves per cylinder (the M20 has a single overhead camshaft with 2 valves per cylinder), coil-on-plug ignition, a knock sensor and a lightweight plastic intake manifold. Both engines use an iron block with an aluminum alloy head. The redline is 6,500 rpm (except for S50 models), the same as the final version of the M20. The location of the oil pan (sump) varies according to the model the M50 is installed in.
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Most of the world's lead–acid batteries are automobile starting, lighting, and ignition (SLI) batteries, with an estimated 320 million units shipped in 1999. In 1992 about 3 million tons of lead were used in the manufacture of batteries. Wet cell stand-by (stationary) batteries designed for deep discharge are commonly used in large backup power supplies for telephone and computer centres, grid energy storage, and off-grid household electric power systems.Introduction to Deep-Cycle Batteries in RE Systems Lead–acid batteries are used in emergency lighting and to power sump pumps in case of power failure.
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Alfa Romeo TZ3 rear end The Alfa Romeo TZ3 Corsa is the track version of the TZ3 (hence the name TZ3 Corsa, Corsa meaning race in Italian) built to celebrate 100 years (a century) of Alfa Romeo in racing. The Corsa is a one-off car that was first presented at and won, the 2010 Concorso d'Eleganza Villa d'Este in Italy. It is based on the Alfa Romeo 8C Competizione and was made for German collector Martin Kapp. The car weighs thanks to its carbon fibre frame and hand beaten aluminium body panels and has a dry sump 4.2 litre V8 engine.
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In 1995, a notorious line-crossing ceremony took place on the Royal Australian Navy submarine HMAS Onslow. Sailors undergoing the ceremony were physically and verbally abused before being subjected to an act called "sump on the rump", where a dark liquid was daubed over each sailor's anus and genitalia. One sailor was then sexually assaulted with a long stick before all sailors undergoing the ceremony were forced to jump overboard and tread water until permitted to climb back aboard the submarine. A videotape of the ceremony was obtained by the Nine Network and aired on Australian television.
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Short Drop Cave and Gavel Pot are different entrances into the same cave system on Leck Fell, in Lancashire, England. The main top entrance, Short Drop Cave, is a small hole in a fenced off shakehole near the main stream sink; Gavel Pot, a window into the system, is a large fenced shakehole some deep requiring tackle to descend. There are two other smaller entrances into Short Drop Cave. At its base the system links via a sump with Lost Johns' Cave, and is part of the Three Counties System, an cave system which spans the borders of Cumbria, Lancashire, and North Yorkshire.
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Same as A1A but with fixed-pitch propeller. ;O-320-A2B : at 2700 rpm, Minimum fuel grade 80/87 avgas, compression ratio 7.00:1. Same as A2A but with straight riser in oil sump and -32 carburetor. ;O-320-A2C : at 2700 rpm, Minimum fuel grade 80/87 avgas, compression ratio 7.00:1. Same as A2B but with retard breaker magnetos. ;O-320-A2D : at 2700 rpm, Minimum fuel grade 80/87 avgas, compression ratio 7.00:1. Same as E3D but with conical mounts. ;O-320-A3A : at 2700 rpm, Minimum fuel grade 80/87 avgas, compression ratio 7.00:1.
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This direct-drive aero-engine is unusual in two respects: it is very oversquare with a bore:stroke ratio of 1.295:1, and it has a side-valve (flathead) valvetrain. The designer determined that since maximum continuous power output (65.3 kW) was to be developed at only 2800 rpm, the extra weight and complexity of overhead valves (OHV) would be superfluous. The resulting engine is compact and lightweight, with a dry weight of , and a maximum power-to-weight ratio of 1.09 kW/kg (wet; coolant fluids weigh ). The engine has port injection, a dry sump lubrication system, and dual ignition.
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Partway through the cave the waters of Allt Smoo also drop in as a high waterfall. This is mainly due to the nearby dolomite - quartzite geological boundary where the Allt Smoo stream crosses the impermeable quartzites and sinks on meeting the permeable dolomites. The cave can be thought of as two caves formed by different mechanisms which have joined together over time. The cave is composed of three main sections: a large sea cave entrance chamber, a waterfall chamber and a short freshwater passage which leads to a terminal sump chamber with some flowstone formations at the rear.
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Both the GT3 and GT2 were available only with a 6-speed manual transmission. The Turbo, GT2 and GT3 models use the Aluminum crankcase of the air-cooled 911 with its true dry sump oiling system. The six separate individual Nikasil lined cylinders in this engine are covered with two separately installed water jackets each covering a bank of 3 cylinders on each side of the engine, thus adding water cooling to a crankcase originally designed for air-cooled cylinders (the standard 996 Carrera engine has the cylinders and water jackets cast together with the crankcase).
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In the past, the power source was sometimes a steam engine, but in modern features it is almost always powered by electricity. There is an increasing range of innovative designs as the market becomes more established and people become more aware of alternate installation methods, such as solar power. The advantages of using solar power include environmental benefits, no electrical lines in the garden, and free energy. Modern water features are typically self-contained, meaning that they do not require water to be plumbed in; rather water is recycled from either a pond or a hidden reservoir, also known as a sump.
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Targa Florio, W F Bradley p. 82 The steep gradient of the course caused oil to collect at the back of the Sunbeam engine sump, which resulted in oiled up plugs, the change of which caused delays. Segrave was further delayed during the race helping extricate Meregalli and his riding mechanic who were pinned underneath their overturned Diatto; the driving mechanic died of his injuries – the first fatal accident to occur on the Sicilian circuit. Notwithstanding this and other delays, Segrave finished in second after 8hr 15min and 07 sec (32.351 mph) to Boillot winning Peugeot.
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The first limitation of the Humphrey pump is that it has no suction capacity, in fact it must be installed in a dry sump several metres below the supply level. Given the pump's physical size and the need to protect the equipment against flood events, this is no small engineering exercise, requiring (in the Cobdogla example) several thousand tonnes of concrete. Also, it has a maximum lift of only around 10 metres. Its usual fuel, producer gas, contains very high levels of carbon monoxide, from which staff and visitors need to be protected in the event of accidental leakage.
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The compact engine, designed to take as little space as possible, was mounted in a RMR layout with a dry sump instead of an oil pan. The vehicle featured rack and pinion steering, a feature that was rare in Japanese cars at the time and mostly found on advanced American and European performance cars; post-1967 models also had a four-speed manual transmission, a rarity in kei cars of the time. Despite technological advantages, the 360's performance was low even for its class. It struggled to achieve a top speed of 80 km per hour.
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Lotus 15 Series 3. Note the air scoop in the middle of bonnet. By the time the Series 3 was born in 1959, the Lotus transaxle had become more reliable thanks to the Duckworth redesign on its own dry sump lubrication system, but the young engineer pointed out the inherent limitation of the box in the amount of torque it can safely handle. So the Series 3 was offered with the Lotus 'Queer Box' transaxle for 1.5L FPF only, and BMC 4-speed or ZF 5-speed gearbox with a conventional differential for cars with a larger FPF.
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"The ABC Motor Cycle. A New Development", Motor Cycle magazine, 19 December 1918, p541 In December 1918 it was announcedFull page announcement, Motor Cycle magazine, 26 December 1918 that ABC had transferred the rights for manufacturing and selling motor cycles to Sopwith Aviation Co Ltd, allowing Granville Bradshaw of ABC Motors to focus on design. In 1919 they jointly exhibited the Sopwith 390 cc horizontally opposed twin-cylinder overhead valve (OHV) machine at the annual Motor Cycle show. It aroused a lot of interest with innovative front and rear leaf springs and "expanding" brakes, wet sump lubrication, and a four-speed gearbox.
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His research interests were in the development of improved separation processes and controlling the dynamics of biological systems. In later life, Lightfoot turned his attention to ways of developing scientifically informed intuition in bioengineers (in particular quantum biology). Lightfoot was an inventor, holding US patents US2996430A for synthetic ion exchange resin recovery of vitamin b12 (Pfizer), US3094936A for fuel cell for sump pumps (A. O. Smith), US7141171 for membrane cascade-based separation (2006), and an additional patent with Michael Cochrem for membrane cascade-based separation, a counter flow cascade system that features a novel separation technique.
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The Ferrari F136 Y V8 engine used in the 8C The car uses a unique platform that shares several components with the Maserati GranTurismo. The powertrain features a Ferrari/Maserati derived cross-plane, wet sump lubricated 90° V8 engine assembled by Ferrari. The top engine performance figures may be summarized as a maximum power output of at 7,000 rpm and a peak torque of at 4,750 rpm (80% at 2,500 rpm) with an engine redline of 7,500 rpm and rev limiter of 7,600 rpm. The V8 engine has variable timing, intake valves and a compression ratio of 11.3:1.
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The diesel injection pump is an electronically controlled rotary distributor type most typically made by Bosch. It has a number of improvements over the previous generation of Ford diesel engines, including the electronically controlled fuel injection pump otherwise known as "fly-by-wire" In addition, the traditional oil sump is replaced with a cast aluminium lower crankcase and a shallow oil pan; there is an oil-to-water cooler, and a great many detail improvements to parts throughout. The engine has been a noted good performer and is a smoother, more powerful unit than the one it replaced.
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A single-make racing series for the Ghibli, the Open Cup, was run two seasons—1995 and 1996. Twenty-five Ghibli Open Cup racing cars were prepared. They were based on the two-litre model, with their engines tuned to by using roller-bearing turbochargers, a freer-flowing exhaust, and remapped fuel computers; a roll cage, Sparco racing seats, a Momo racing steering wheel, aluminium shifter knob and pedals, 5-point belts, automatic fire extinguishing system, an aluminium sump guard, carbon fibre air-intakes, a modified fuel system and 17-inch 5-spoke Speedline wheels completed the outfitting. In 1995 eight races were held, two in Italy and six across Europe.
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Daimler also offered a purpose-built own-make engine for this model. This engine was called the D650H and was derived from the D650 engine used in the rare post-war CD650 double-decker. Swept volume was 10.6 litres, and the major difference from the vertical version of the engine was the sump casting. Parts commonality was such that CD650 operators could, and did, use the 'top end' of the horizontal engine when they could not get spares for the vertical version. Output was originally 125 bhp @ 1,650 rpm but this was soon raised to 150 bhp @ 2,000 rpm, which was class-leading power in 1953.
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Early automobile engines did not have oil filters, having only a rudimentary mesh sieve placed at the oil pump intake. Consequently, along with the generally low quality of oil available, very frequent oil changes were required. The "Purolator" oil filter was the first oil filter for the automobile; it revolutionized the filtration industry, and is still in production today. The Purolator was a bypass filter, whereby most of the oil was pumped from the oil sump directly to the engine's working parts, while a smaller proportion of the oil was sent through the filter via a second flow path, filtering the oil over time.
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Spring and damper settings were revised accordingly to suit the altered weight distribution. The engine sump had to be redesigned to fit between the Mark 2's front suspension units and around one of its crossmembers, new exhaust manifolds were designed to fit in the engine bay, the water pump and cooling fan were relocated, and different air filters were used. The cylinder head fasteners were changed from studs to set bolts to allow the heads to be removed while the engine was still in the car. The radiator fan was driven through a viscous coupling unit that slipped progressively with increased engine speed, which reduced noise from the fan.
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The engine employs an electronic fuel injection system using a vane-type air flow meter and an electronic ignition system with a camshaft angle sensor instead of a distributor. This engine, codenamed B6ZE(RS), was specifically designed for the MX-5 and featured a lightened crankshaft, flywheel, and aluminum sump with cooling fins. The standard transmission was a five-speed manual, derived from the one used in the Mazda 929/Luce (also rear-wheel drive). The gear shift was the subject of close attention during development, with engineers told to make it shift in as small a gear pattern as possible and with minimal effort.
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Storm surge entered the main floor and grounds of the facility, especially one of two sump systems, but damage was otherwise minimal, especially compared to other areas hit by the hurricane and the laboratory reopened the following week. Total damage has been estimated at $200,000 and repairs are ongoing.Diaz de Villegas, R. Gulf Specimen Marine Lab Recovers After Hurricane Michael FSU Ecology Blog, October 14, 2018 accessed October 26, 2018Bedi, B Gulf Specimen Marine Lab recovering after Michael WCTV Eyewitness News October 24, 2018, Accessed October 29, 2018 The lab was hard hit by the COVID-19 pandemic with revenues dropping to 10% of normal.
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The water flowing down the valley is typically greater than the capacity of the fissures taking water into Manchester Hole. So most of the water flows past the Manchester Hole and onwards to Goyden Pot Main entrance. At various times old abandoned inlets are re-opened and re-closed by the flood waters allowing water to enter the far reaches of Manchester Hole and Lesser Stream passage of Goyden Pot. The increased flow into Manchester Hole and a pooling effect by the constricted sump 2, with possibly reopened inlets, causes the far end (between the ‘grovel’ and the ‘duck’) of Manchester cave to flood, at times very quickly.
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Cutting fluids degrade over time due to contaminants entering the lubrication system. A common type of degradation is the formation of tramp oil, also known as sump oil, which is unwanted oil that has mixed with cutting fluid.. It originates as lubrication oil that seeps out from the slideways and washes into the coolant mixture, as the protective film with which a steel supplier coats bar stock to prevent rusting, or as hydraulic oil leaks. In extreme cases it can be seen as a film or skin on the surface of the coolant or as floating drops of oil. Skimmers are used to separate the tramp oil from the coolant.
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Volkswagen TSI engine The spark-ignition petrol engines listed below are currently used by 2010 and also in Volkswagen Industrial Motor applications. All listed engines operate on the four-stroke cycle, and unless stated otherwise, use a wet sump lubrication system, and are water-cooled.ETKA official factory data Since the Volkswagen Group is German, official internal combustion engine performance ratings are published using the International System of Units (commonly abbreviated "SI"), a modern form of the metric system of figures. Motor vehicle engines will have been tested by a Deutsches Institut für Normung (DIN) accredited testing facility, to either the original 80/1269/EEC, or the later 1999/99/EC standards.
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The VFR750F models all used 16-valve gear driven DOHC liquid-cooled 90° V4 engines with carburettor-based air/fuel induction; the bore × stroke remained the same for all 750 models at . The engine was made of cast aluminium alloy with the crankcase being divided horizontally, VFR750P and VFR750K models use slightly different crankcases with the lower casing being modified to allow for the gear position indicator in place of the neutral switch. On all the VFR750 models the gear drive for the cams was between the cylinders. Lubrication was via a wet sump with a chain-driven, dual-rotor oil pump; an oil (air) cooler was also fitted.
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The engine has been designed at the request of Pagani to reduce turbo lag and improve response, achieved with smaller turbochargers, a different intercooler configuration and re-programmed ECU settings. Like many high-performance cars, the Huayra uses dry sump lubrication. This has several key benefits including guaranteeing oil flow even when the car is subjected to extreme lateral acceleration, preventing "oil surge" which allows the engine to operate more efficiently while the lack of an oil pan allows mounting the engine lower, lowering the car's center of gravity and improving handling. The fuel consumption of the Huayra is in city and in highway (EPA testing).
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Cave diving equipment from 1935 in the museum at Wookey Hole Caves Cave diving equipment in the museum at Wookey Hole Caves Two Post Office engineers, (Francis) Graham Balcombe and (John Arthur) "Jack" Sheppard, who were among the leading climbers and cavers of their era, combined their energies into solving the problem of passing the Swildon's sump. Their pioneering dive on 17 February 1934 used a home-made respirator, designed by Balcombe, that incorporated part of a ladies' bicycle frame. The attempt was unsuccessful but the foundation of cave diving in the U.K. had been laid. In 1935, Balcombe made enquiries with Siebe Gorman, the leading diving engineers of the time.
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Fiat 128 Special Front-wheel drive had previously been introduced to small, inexpensive cars by BMC, firstly with the Mini in 1959 and then with the larger 1100/1300 series in 1962. During the mid-1960s, Fiat set about designing a new car to compete with the latter. The BMC design of Alec Issigonis had the transmission and engine sharing a single oil sump -- despite disparate lubricating requirements -- and located the engine's radiator at the side of the engine, away from the flow of fresh air and drawing heated rather than cool air over the engine. The layout often required the engine to be removed to service the clutch.
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Cars destined to the Australian, Japanese and US market were fitted with a conventional wet sump engine from the GT4. A notable aspect of the early 308 GTB was that, although still built by Carrozzeria Scaglietti, its bodywork was entirely made of glass-reinforced plastic (or GRP), allowing a very light weight of . This lasted until June 1977, when the 308 was switched to steel bodies, resulting in an overall weight increase of approximately . Five-spoke 14-inch alloy wheels were standard, while 16-inch wheels were made available later as an option on the 328, together with sports exhaust system, high compression pistons, and high lift camshaft.
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While power is normally directed from infrastructure built for the nearby Midland Main Line, provisions to use the ECML's power supply have been made. For safety reason, emergency service radio systems has been installed along with a walkway and automated LED lighting at four meter intervals to provide an escape route in the event of an passenger evacuation within the tunnel. On account of the Regent Canel's close proximity, flood management measures were also built, including a drainage system with a sizable sump beneath the tunnel, which is pumped into the ECML's existing drainage network. The infrastructure has been designed to facilitate bi-directional working for greater operational flexibility.
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Most small petrol two-stroke engines cannot be lubricated by oil contained in the crankcase and sump, as the crankcase is being used to pump fuel-air mixture into the cylinder. Over a short period, the constant stream of fuel-air mixture would carry the lubricating oil to the combustion chamber, while thinning the remainder with condensing petrol. Traditionally, the moving parts (both rotating crankshaft and sliding piston) were lubricated by a fuel-oil mixture (at a ratio between 16:1 and 100:1). Two-stroke oils, which became available in the 1970s, are specifically designed to mix with petrol and be burnt with minimal unburnt oil or ash.
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The ADO15 used a conventional BMC A-Series four-cylinder, water-cooled engine, but departed from tradition by mounting it transversely, with the engine-oil lubricated, four-speed transmission in the sump, and by employing front-wheel drive. Almost all small front-wheel drive cars developed since have used a similar configuration, except with the transmission usually separately enclosed rather than using the engine oil. The radiator was mounted at the left side of the car so that the engine-mounted fan could be retained, but with reversed pitch so that it blew air into the natural low pressure area under the front wing.
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In the UK, owners left with cars with seized engines were provided with a solution by the Hurley Engineering Company. They supplied a torque converter adapter plate and other fittings so that a Ford Essex V4 engine could be fitted in the space left by a removed rotary engine. It was the only engine short enough to fit in the vacated space without modification to the body work. Depending on which Ford model it came from, the engine was available with front or rear sump wells, crank pulley or timing case mounted cooling fan, two capacities and a low compression version for using low grade fuel.
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It was the only artist-owned recording studio in existence at the time. John Storyk and Eddie Kramer outside the studio in 2009 Construction of the studio took nearly double the amount of time and money planned: permits were delayed numerous times, the site flooded due to heavy rains during demolition, and sump pumps had to be installed (then soundproofed) after it was determined that the building sat on the tributary of an underground river, Minetta Creek.Chris Potash, The Jimi Hendrix Companion: Three Decades of Commentary (New York: Schirmer Books, 1996), p. 94. A six-figure loan from Warner Brothers was required to save the project.
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Biological oxidizer capture module Micro-organisms are utilized in biological remediation to control industrial and commercial vapor effluents. When utilizing biological oxidation systems for the remediation emissions, the off gases or vapors are passed through a packed bed having a thin biological film at the surface. The micro-organisms are immobilized into the thin biological film, as the vapor passes over the film they become attached and are oxidized or stabilized. The biological film accomplishes the degradation process, as the biological sump water is reprocessed over the biomedia it creates additional biological growth and as the film increases so does the biological oxidizers efficiency.
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The first concern of the firefighters was to ensure that the gasoline running down the drainage system did not pose an explosion hazard to their firefighting efforts. Unfortunately the valves that should have been used to divert the drainage outfall to a hazardous materials sump were corroded and non-functional, and the gasoline went into a nearby lake. Firefighting at the site in the tunnel began at 1:30 am once the potentially explosive atmosphere at the lake was under control. However, the heat of the fire had seriously affected the integrity of the tunnel firemain, and the water pressure was insufficient to support a hose stream.
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Mini 9X at the Heritage Motor Centre From 1967 to 1979, Alec Issigonis worked on designing a replacement for the Mini in the form of an experimental model called the 9X. Due to politicking inside British Leyland (which had now been formed by the merger of BMC's parent company British Motor Holdings and the Leyland Motor Corporation), the car never reached production. The 9X addressed many of the engineering flaws in Issigonis' original design- namely its complexity, its harsh ride and its poor mechanical refinement caused by the gearbox-in-sump layout. The final fully engineered prototype had a shorter wheelbase than the Mini but was three inches shorter overall.
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The engine was the pinnacle of Pontiac engine development and was a very strong performer that included a few race-specific features, such as provisions for dry-sump oiling. This engine and its legacy drive the SD Trans Ams and Formulas as one of the more, if not the most, desirable Pontiacs ever produced. The only non-traditional Pontiac V8 engines were the 301 cubic inch and the smaller displacement 265 cubic inch V8s. Produced from 1977 through 1981, these engines had the distinction of being the last V8s produced by Pontiac; GM merged its various brands' engines into one collectively shared group in 1980, entitled General Motors Powertrain.
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Storm drain in Küstrin (now Kostrzyn nad Odrą in Poland) Some of the heavier sediment and small objects may settle in a catch basin, or sump, which lies immediately below the outlet, where water from the top of the catch basin reservoir overflows into the sewer proper. The catchbasin serves much the same function as the "trap" in household wastewater plumbing in trapping objects. In the United States, unlike the plumbing trap, the catch basin does not necessarily prevent sewer gases such as hydrogen sulfide and methane from escaping. However, in the United Kingdom, where they are called gully pots,Field, Richard and Daniel Sullivan.
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Most oil lubricated compressors will have a wet sump at the bottom of the crankcase, and require the oil level to be within limits indicated by a sight glass or dipstick for proper lubrication. The compressor should also be level within the manufacturer's specification while operating. These constraints ensure that the lubricant is in the right place for either the moving parts to contact it for splash lubrication, or for reliable suction to the oil pump. Failure to comply with these specifications can lead to damage to the compressor due to excessive friction and overheating, and contamination of the breathing air by toxic breakdown products of the lubricants.
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The FMX6 at FS Czech Republic 2016 After taking a break for Season 2015, and having won many laurels at the Formula Design Challenge 2015, Formula Manipal's next car, the FMX6 participated in Formula Student Czech Republic 2016 and Formula Student Germany 2016. The FMX6 design wise was far superior to its predecessors, having switched to 10-inch rims and successfully implemented a self-designed, Aluminum Honeycomb Impact Attenuator and dry sump lubrication system. The competition in Czech started out very well with Formula Manipal clearing the technical inspection and completing all static events successfully. In the Autocross event, there was an unfortunate complication with an engine causing it to fail.
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Small pumps have tanks that range from 2 to 4 liters (0.5 to 1 gallon) and are usually supported using the flanges on their tanks or simply placed upon the floor. A plastic impeller in a molded volute at the bottom of the pump provides the pumping action; this impeller is connected to the motor via a metal shaft that extends downwards from the motor mounted above the tank's top. Large pumps are usually pad-mounted drawing liquid from a tank (sump) below the floor. The smallest pumps may have no tank at all and are simply placed within a container such as the drip pan of a dehumidifier appliance.
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As a result, the engine itself had no dipstick for checking the oil level. Rather, the dipstick was attached to the inside of the tank's filler cap (accessible from the engine compartment) and the oil level was checked with the engine running and at operating temperature. The dry sump system also had the benefit of extending the oil change interval to 12,500 miles (20,000 km). This, along with hydraulic valve lifters which required no adjusting and special cylinder head gaskets which eliminated the need for periodic retorquing of the head bolts, made the 6.9 nearly maintenance-free for its first 50,000 miles (80,500 km).
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The fenced entrance shaft descends some onto a loose boulder slope which leads to a second pitch of into the Main Chamber, a large chamber with a waterfall entering at the east end. An excavated deep scaffolded shaft in the bottom corner of the chamber soon leads into a stream passage some long which ends at a waterfall into the main Lost Johns' Master Cave about from its terminal sump. A climb up the waterfall in the Main Chamber enters East Passage, a well decorated phreatic passage with a misfit stream. It passes under an aven, and eventually lowers to a silted crawl after .
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The creation of the lock made it obvious the untidy surrounding area needed a facelift, and Ericson was therefore given the task of embellishing it. A paved space was added south of the lock, Karl Johans Torg, and the sculptor Bengt Erland Fogelberg (1786–1854) created an equestrian statue of Charles XIV John (1763–1844), carried out in Rome and cast in Munich in 1852. Ericson was raised to peerage at the unveiling ceremony November 4, 1854, which made him skipped the second s in his surname. The old canal was rebuilt into a fish sump with a bazaar added on top of it.
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The key design features were an all aluminium alloy block and head, with cast iron cylinder liners, double overhead camshafts, finger follower 24-valve actuation, one throttle and injector per cylinder (throttle-body fuel injection), equal length tubular exhaust manifolds dual 3-way catalytic converters and a dry sump lubrication system allowing the engine to be mounted lower in the vehicle chassis. These features enabled the engine to provide lightweight, compact dimensions, extremely fast throttle response and high peak horsepower. Worthy of note is that the high performance BMW S54 engine is also of a very similar configuration. Straight-6, throttle body EFI, DOHC 24-valve finger follower valve actuation.
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Section through a bearing, showing the oil sump beneath (green) and the ring oiler (orange) in place around the shaft Section though a long Babbitt metal sleeve bearing, with two ring oilers fitted through grooves in the upper part of the bearing. A ring oiler or oil ring is a form of oil-lubrication system for bearings. Ring oilers were used for medium-speed applications with moderate loads, during the first half of the 20th century. These represented the later years of the stationary steam engine, and the beginnings of the high-speed steam engine, the internal combustion oil engine and electrical generating equipment.
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28 Oct. 2017. was worse than Irene, destroying mechanicals in basements that had been replaced a year before after Irene and reaching units that had not been affected by Irene. Approximately 140 units benefited from the installation of new electrical panels raised to the first level, sump pumps and other work to help make their units more resilient in future storms thanks to grants from the Robin Hood Relief Fund,“Seaside Village Residents Benefit from Robin Hood Relief Fund Grant.” Bridgeport News, 12 Oct. 2013. United Way,“Seaside Village Gets Much Needed Storm Recovery Funds.” United Way of Coastal Fairfield County, . Website. Retrieved July 20, 2018.
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The 488 GTB is powered by a (488 cc per cylinder, thus the name) all-aluminum dry sump unit of the Ferrari F154 V8 engine family. Turbocharged with two parallel ball-bearing twin-scroll turbochargers supplied by IHI/Honeywell and two air-to-air intercoolers, the turbine wheels are made of low-density TiAl alloy often used in jet engines to reduce inertia and resist high temperatures within the turbocharger. The engine generates a power output of at 8,000 rpm and of torque at 3,000 rpm. This results in a specific power output of per litre and specific torque output of per litre, records for a Ferrari.
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The HKS 700E has dual capacitor discharge ignition, dual carburetors and electric start. The engine is mainly air- cooled, but with oil-cooled cylinder heads. The OHV pushrod engine has four valves per cylinder, and nickel-ceramic coated cylinder bores. Lubrication is dry sump, with a trochoid pump. The reduction drive is a choice of two integral gearboxes: the A-type gearbox has a 2.58:1 ratio and can accommodate propellers of up to 4,000 kg/cm2 inertial load; the B-type gearbox has a 3.47:1 ratio and can accommodate propellers of up to 6,000 kg/cm2. The 700E burns per hour in cruise flight at 4,750 rpm.
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Another strategy is to reduce impervious surfaces in streets, parking lots and buildings through natural drainage channels, porous paving, and wetlands (collectively known as green infrastructure or sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS)). Areas identified as flood-prone can be converted into parks and playgrounds that can tolerate occasional flooding. Ordinances can be adopted to require developers to retain stormwater on site and require buildings to be elevated, protected by floodwalls and levees, or designed to withstand temporary inundation. Property owners can also invest in solutions themselves, such as re-landscaping their property to take the flow of water away from their building and installing rain barrels, sump pumps, and check valves.
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The last 96 SV engines had a split sump. The gearbox now had its lubrication system separate from the engine, which allowed the use of the appropriate types of oil for the gearbox and the engine. This also alleviated concerns that metal shavings from the gearbox could travel into the engine with disastrous and expensive results, and made the application of an optional limited-slip differential far easier. The SV can be distinguished from its predecessors by its lack of "eyelashes" around the headlamps, wider rear fenders to accommodate the new rear wheels and Pirelli Cinturato tires 215/70R15 CN12 & 255/60R15 CN12, and different taillights.
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Due to Finnish legislation, which at that time limited new drivers to a top speed of on open roads, Toivonen was unable to compete in rallying until he was 19 years old. With Antero Lindqvist as his co-driver, he made his World Rally Championship debut at the 1975 1000 Lakes Rally (now the Neste Oil Rally Finland), driving a privately entered Simca Rallye 2. He retired from the rally during the 36th special stage due to a broken sump. While still focusing on his circuit racing career, he competed in his second world rally two years later and finished fifth in the 1977 1000 Lakes in a Chrysler Avenger.
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Both suffered electrical faults, one retiring and the other (driven by David Leslie, François Migault, and Jem Marsh's son Chris) finishing second to last, having completed 114 laps fewer than the winning McLaren F1 GTR as its electrical problem stranded it on the Mulsanne Straight for two hours soon after the start. LM600, 2011 Dutch Supercar Challenge Nineteen ninety-eight saw the launch of the Dunlop- sponsored Mantis Challenge, a one-make race series for the coupé version of the Mantis road car with a dry-sump version of its 4.6-litre quad-cam Ford Modular V8 engine. Complete with FIA roll-cage the cars weighed 950 kg.
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The oversquare 95.50 x 80.25 mm bore and stroke dimensions ensured that the car could easily rev up to the 7,000 rpm redline. Acceleration from 0–100 km/h (62 mph) was in less than eight seconds, and the top speed was 230 km/h (143 mph). US-Specification cars had a slightly reduced compression ratio (9.7:1 instead of 10.5:1), and were rated at at 5,800 rpm and at 4,750 rpm. The road-going version of the engine was reconfigured with reduced inlet and exhaust port sizes, different camshaft profiles, no dry sump configuration and Bosch K-jetronic replacing the specialised Kugelfischer fuel injection.
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In 2017 Ramsey entered his own Nissan Leaf in the Mongol Rally, becoming the first driver of an electric vehicle to compete in the 10,000-mile competition. That year’s rally began at Goodwood Circuit in England and ended in the Siberian city of Ulan-Ude, miles north of the Mongolian capital Ulaanbaatar. The 30kWh Nissan Leaf had a 155-mile range on a single charge and featured light modifications to cope with the terrain on the rally. These modifications included Speedline SL2 Marmora wheels and Maxsport RB3 tyres, as well as welded plates beneath the wishbones, an aluminium sump guard and a roof- mounted light bar.
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The 120 also suffered with lubrication problems from the large sump cast into the front of the engine. Oil was pumped to the top of the sloper engine but return was erratic and oil consumption very heavy. The main shaft was redesigned with larger ball journal main bearings, A smaller exhaust valve combined with a larger Amal monobloc carburettor gave the Model 120 28 bhp at 4500 rpm, an increase of 4 bhp over the Model 100. Motorcycle sidecars were popular at the end of the 1950s, so the Model 120 was provided with a purpose built sidecar chassis, connected by a three point mounting which provided minimal alignment problems.
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On the evening of 7 October 2017, the tunnels along the North South MRT line (NSL) were flooded as a result of a malfunctioned pump. The flood caused train services on the NSL to be disrupted for 20 hours. Khaw addressed the media 9 days later, holding the SMRT maintenance team responsible for failing Singaporeans. He revealed that the rainwater sump pit at the Bishan station can hold up to 5000 cubic metres of rain, at least seven times more than the amount of rain that had fallen in the catchment on that day, implying that the pit had not been maintained for quite some time.
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The new engine was radically different from the previously-used Weslake unit in that it featured twin overhead camshaft aluminium alloy cylinder heads, 4 valves per cylinder, a Lucas mechanical fuel injection system, dry sump oiling system, a steel crankshaft, and enlarged displacement of 3412cc, compared with the 2.9 litres of the previously used Cologne V6 based Weslake V6. Ford expected a minimum of 400 Hp from the new Cosworth engine; that figure was exceeded, with the engine producing 420 Hp in the first test run. In race tune they finally produced around 462 bhp (345 kW; 468 PS) at 9000 rpm and 300 ft-lb of torque (407 Nm).
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It was a chain- driven double overhead camshaft, 12-valve unit featuring an unusual 90° angle between the cylinder banks. The lubrication system used a wet sump and an oil cooler. This V6 did not end its days on the Merak: it was later modified and made into the first ever production twin-turbocharged engine in the Biturbo, ending its application in the 1990s Ghibli after reaching the highest specific output of any production engine at the time. The powerplant was mounted longitudinally behind the passenger compartment, and joined through a single- plate dry clutch to a 5-speed, all syncromesh Citroën transaxle gearbox and a limited-slip differential.
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List of discontinued Volkswagen Group diesel engines. The compression-ignition diesel engines listed below were formerly used by various marques of automobiles and commercial vehicles of the German automotive concern, Volkswagen Group,ETKA official factory data and also in Volkswagen Marine and Volkswagen Industrial Motor applications, but are now discontinued. All listed engines operate on the four-stroke cycle, and unless stated otherwise, use a wet sump lubrication system, and are water-cooled. Since the Volkswagen Group is European, official internal combustion engine performance ratings are published using the International System of Units (commonly abbreviated "SI"), a modern form of the metric system of figures.
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The 20m wide entrance to Close to the Edge is located in a cliff near the summit of an unnamed mountain, but is hidden by a natural rampart and thus only visible from the air. The entrance shaft is 255 m deep, by far the deepest in Canada, and often sports a 20-metre-long overhanging icicle. This is followed by shafts of 32 m, 17 m, 7 m, 10 m, 10 m, 8 m, 9 m, 68 m, and 9 m, ending at a sump. The surveyed length of all passages only totals 967 metres, while its overall depth of 472 metres makes it the fourth- deepest cave in Canada.
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The first recorded entrance sighting was in 1985 by cavers in a helicopter supporting a nearby expedition. The following year the cave was explored to a frozen mud and stone blockage at the base of the second pitch at a depth of 263 meters. The blockage was removed in 1994 by a team led by the team of Neeld Messler, Jim Hewett and Stephen Alvarez. A final exploration in 2001 by a team led by Canadians John Donovan, Jason Morgan, Dan Patch and Australian Warwick M Green (Formally known as Warwick Baggs) pushed the cave from the blockage and discovered the sump at -472 m.
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Gordon Murray then approached BMW, which took an interest, and the motorsport division BMW M headed by engine expert Paul Rosche designed and built Murray a 60º V12 engine called the BMW S70/2. At and the BMW engine ended up 14% more powerful and heavier than Gordon Murray's original specifications, with the same block length. It has an aluminium alloy block and heads, with bore x stroke of DOHC with variable valve timing (a relatively new and unproven technology for the time) for maximum flexibility of control over the 4 valves per cylinder, and a chain drive for the camshafts. The engine uses a dry sump oil lubrication system.
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One of the traditional entrances to the underground Cladagh River: now an entrance to the show cave by boat. By the mid-1960s a number of advancements had been made in cave diving, by which method speleologists had extended their explorations into caves beyond the sumps that would normally have halted progress. In December 1966 divers Dave Cobley and Mike Boon made preparations to dive Sump 1 in Skreen Hill passage. Before making the dive however, they investigated a small dry passage leading off on the left bank of the lake, finding it to be blocked at the end by unstable boulders in the roof.
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The cave has three large chambers, Midsummer Chamber, The Citadel, and Times Square; The Citadel is almost as large as the chambers in GB Cave and Lamb Leer.Hendry, P., Charterhouse Cave goes on and on, Mendip Times magazine, September 2009 There are a number of long, fairly straight passages which are approximately across and the same high. Various parts of the cave contain delicate formations, including Forbidden Passage, Midsummer Chamber, The Citadel, The Grotto of the Singing Stal, and the First and Second Inlets. When Portal Pool Sump was passed in May 2009, about of new passage was discovered, as well as a number of side-passages.
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The Lotus 22 was a racing car built by Lotus cars in 1962, and a total of 77 cars were built. It was developed from the 1962 Lotus 20, with the major differences that it had disc brakes all round, a top link and the 'rubber donut' to the rear suspension and a dry sump engine that was canted over to lower the centre of gravity. Also notable is the smoother bodywork covering the engine, compared to the boxy design of the 20. The 22 is a single-seat race car primarily for the Formula Junior series and most had a Cosworth Mk.IV or Mk.XI engine with about .
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While its an integral part of the AAMS, it also features two air intakes at the front of each door which directs air to the car's dual intercoolers mounted in front of each rear wheel. The 4.0-litre twin-turbocharged V8 rated at and of torque is shared with the Senna and the Speedtail and is the most powerful variant of McLaren's V8 engine. The engine is fitted with a flat-plane crankshaft, low- mass reciprocating components and a dry-sump lubrication system. The exhaust system is made from titanium and inconel while the exhaust tips are of a quad type and are 3D-printed.
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Methodical exploration of high-level leads in St. Patrick's Extension in 2009 led to the discovery of a tight cross-rift intercepting a section of "Paddy's Parade" at right-angles. The dry, tightly meandering rift, the "Snake Escape", was followed for to a upward pitch, from the top of which led of crawling passage to a number of deep pitch heads. The last of these pitches was found to take a small stream, which was followed at the base of the pitch to a sump. Although it has not been traced, it is likely that this stream joins the main Shannon Cave watercourse further downstream of the Snake Escape.
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Black Butte Swamp and Glaze Meadow were likely formerly shallow lakes, though they now serve as sumps for streams and drainages from the Cascades, which are located to the southwest. Black Butte Swamp is a particularly important sump for extensive drainage from the southwest, its basin water lapping against Black Butte's southern base. Because it is elevated about above the Metolius Springs, the swamp acts as a hydraulic head for the spring water keeping the flow of the springs constant, and ensuring that there is a net influx of water into the swamp. Any excess water exits through Indian Ford Creek to flow east then south past the city of Sisters.
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A new set of air scoops with a honeycomb grille do dual duty; directing airflow over the engine block and also neatly covering the gap between the engine and the fuel tank. The Libero G5's frame continues to be the tubular dual-cradle type. Yamaha has introduced a compulsive pressure wet sump lubrication system in the 106 cc engine of the Libero G5. This new system works on a constant pressure build-up that is generated by the engine itself thus enables the engine oil/ lubricant to flow evenly over all the engine components, unlike conventional lubrication that works more on gravitational forces thus may not perform as effectively.
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In addition to further changes of detail, the BMW engineers enlarged the sump for installation in the car and cooled the engine by means of a radial fan and shrouded ducting. The power train from the four-speed gearbox to the two rear wheels was also unusual: fixed to the gearbox output drive was something called a Hardy disc, which was a cardan joint made of rubber. On the other side of it was a cardan shaft, and finally a second Hardy disc, which in turn was located at the entrance to a chain case. A duplex chain running in an oil bath led finally to a rigid shaft, at each end of which were the two rear wheels.
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This was especially true in later designs of transverse-engined BMC and BL cars, when the side-mounted radiator was moved to fit across the nose of the car reducing overall width of the engine considerably. The lack of water jacketing caused considerable development problems when the 1.5 L in the Austin Maxi needed an optional larger engine size. The 1.5 L four-cylinder E series could not be readily bored out, the placing of the gearbox directly underneath the sump made stroking the engine more difficult, and the Maxi was too narrow to accommodate a large-capacity six-cylinder. Overcoming these problems meant that even a modestly increased displacement, to , did not appear until 1971.
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The AE440 presented by Mecachrome in 2017 Within the Green Rotorcraft European Clean Sky Joint Technology Initiative environmental research program started in 2011, an Airbus Helicopters H120 Colibri technology demonstrator equipped with a HIPE AE440 high-compression diesel engine, running on jet fuel, first flew on 6 November 2015. The powerplant is a liquid-cooled, dry sump lubricated 4.6-liter 90° V8 engine with 1800 bar common rail direct injection, fully machined aluminum blocks, titanium connecting rods, steel pistons and liners, one turbocharger per cylinder bank. With an air/air intercooler, it weighs 197 kg (dry) without gearbox and the installed powerpack weighs 249 kg. Its brake specific fuel consumption is 200 g/kW.h.
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XSV Exploit was originally ordered for the now defunct Royal Naval Auxiliary Service (RNXS) and had a distinctive black hull like other RNXS vessels. On 19 March 1994, a serious machinery space fire occurred on Exploit approximately 30 miles of Lundy island as she was being transferred to Portsmouth from Greenock as part of the managed run down of the service by RNXS crew. The Padstow lifeboat and the RAF SAR Helicopter from Chivenor, were scrambled, and a tanker on route to Milford Haven was diverted to help, but were not needed. The fire was later attributed to a major mechanical failure of the starboard main engine, resulting in a large hole in the sump casing.
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The most obvious changes to the propeller are about special conducted of carburetors, changes to Head, a new oil sump, and tuned that carried the maximum power up to at 6900 rpm. For a better weight distribution, and the passage of piantone steering, the engine was placed at the center of body and tilted 15 degree along the longitudinal axis. The box steering could well be in a perfect position to avoid bump and roll steer. A Bandini driving a recent race in the speedway Texan The formula junior were prepared in the new headquarters of Via Bertini and most of them were exported to America through the importer Biener of New York City.
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In some aircraft, the shut-off function is a different valve located after the fuel selector valve. Typically, after the selector valve—situated at a low point in the fuel run—there is a gascolator — a fuel filter that can be opened on the ground and drained of fuel impurities denser than petroleum, mainly water and sediment. Other drainage points are in each tank (often more than one contaminant collection sump per tank) and at the injection pump. Each tank is vented (or pressurised) to allow air into the tank to take the place of burned fuel; otherwise, the tank would be in negative pressure which would result in engine fuel starvation.
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An even more productive area, Fair Acres, came online in March 1934 south of Cliff Drive, extending south across the Mesa all the way to the bluffs overlooking the beach. Sixty-five wells were drilled in the Fair Acres area by 1940. The most prolific producer was well "Cole No. 1" which flowed at an uncontrolled into an open sump for two weeks, before being placed on production at around one-tenth of that rate. As the Fair Acres and Vista del Oceano areas are adjacent and not geologically distinct, the California Department of Conservation lumps them together into a single area dubbed the "Main Area".DOGGR, 280 The Mesa field was entirely developed by small operators.
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So ground level at Wheal Owles was 180 feet (30 fathoms) above sea-level, at which depth there would have been a drainage adit, to keep the mine free of water to as great a depth as possible. A pumping engine was necessary to drain the workings that extended another 540 feet (90 fathoms) below sea-level to the sump, the deepest part of the mine. The breach occurred at the 65-fathom level (390 feet below the surface). After the accident, the only pumping engine on the site was not powerful enough to drain the mine and attempts at fund-raising to install a better one were unsuccessful, so the bodies of those who drowned were never recovered.
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Red label Speed high compression twin SU Engine PH1468 delivered March 1926 in a tourer with licence plate KM 2321 The 3.0 L () straight-4 engine was designed by ex-Royal Flying Corps engineer Clive Gallop and was technically very advanced for its time. It was one of the first production car engines with 4 valves per cylinder, dry-sump lubrication and an overhead camshaft. The four valve SOHC Hemi design, with a bevel-geared shaft drive for the camshaft, was based on the pre-war 1914 Mercedes Daimler M93654 racing engine. Just before the outbreak of the war Mercedes had placed one of the winning Grand Prix cars in their London showroom in Long Acre.
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Originally, the boilers used to provide steam to the sewage pumping engines were heated by the burning of waste collected around the city in destructor furnaces, these are the only near complete examples surviving. It represents a typical early design and layout of a good medium-sized municipal destructor, buildings, and its equipment and chimney. Hathorn Davey 1894 Pumping Engine The museum's main attraction are two Hathorn Davey steam engines, one of which is fully operational and often runs on steam weekends. The purpose of these engines were to lift foul water (sewage and rain water) from the sump immediately below it to the sewage farm at Milton, the total lift being about 43 ft.
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The Italian engineer Dante Giacosa had long been Issigonis' main rival when it came to mastery of small car design and his transverse (but no gearbox-in-sump) engine layout and the addition of a hatchback (both ideas that Issigonis had himself seen as a way of improving the Mini on the 9X) provided the template for the new generation of superminis. British Leyland now had to catch up with the market. The ADO74 project considered various proposed car sizes, from a direct Mini replacement, a more conventional supermini and a compact saloon. Unsurprisingly the mid-sized option was chosen and styling proposals were drawn up by Harris Mann and Giovanni Michelotti, with Mann's design going forward.
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He was formally trained as a mechanical engineer at Cornell University, and he used his training and skills to build engines.No. 8: Bill Jenkins ; National Hot Rod Association, Retrieved December 26, 2007 He has been inducted in numerous motorsports halls of fame for his engine building skills in the National Hot Rod Association (NHRA) Pro Stock class. His innovations include drag racing's first kickout oil pans, Pro Stock strut- style front suspension, and dry sump oiling system, and cool cans, electric water pump fan, gas port pistons, and slick-shift manual transmissions. Considered the "Father of Pro Stock", Jenkins-built engines were used to win five NHRA Pro Stock championships and three American Hot Rod Association (AHRA) championships.
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Honda XBR 500 (1985) with Comstar wheels Honda XBR 500 (1988) with wire-spoked wheels The Honda XBR 500 is a 500cc Japanese sports motorcycle launched by Honda in 1985 in response to the Yamaha SR500. It is powered by a single- cylinder four-valve engine with the valves arranged radially (the Radial Four Valve Combustion Chamber, or RFVC). Displacing and producing 44 hp, the engine, which originated from the Honda XR series off-road models, features a dry sump, the oil being stored in a separate tank below the seat. The steel- braided hoses connecting the oil tank to the engine (clearly visible at the right-hand side of the motorcycle) became a strong visual element.
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The tools were held in a state of readiness, to be shipped nationwide to manufacturers in the event of a national emergency. In 1952, the facility was renamed the United States Storage Facility- Atchison Caves. The Army converted two of the largest mines (more than of underground space) into storage areas with the installation of concrete block walls, concrete floors, electrical lighting, sump pumps, air handling equipment and an extensive dehumidification system. To facilitate moving the large machine tools in and out of the storage facility a truck receiving dock was built near the entrance, a railroad spur and dock were constructed and dock facilities for barges were established on the Missouri River.
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In the early days of Adelaide, the Torrens was used for bathing, stock watering, rubbish disposal, water supply and as a de facto sewer and drainage sump. This led to a range of health issues until finally, in 1839, when a dysentery outbreak killed five children in one day, Governor Gawler forbid bathing, clothes washing and the disposal of animal carcases in the Torrens within of town. The quality of the river's water was not helped by water supply methods. Carters used to drive water carts into the Torrens to refill. To prevent this the State Government built a facility with steam powered pumps and water storage in 1852, from which the carters then filled.
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The canal passage continues to meet a major junction at Hammerdale Dub, where over a of upstream passages also lead back towards Oddmire Pot. Downstream, of boulder-strewn streamway finishes where the water disappears under a wall, but a small passage leads into Boireau Falls Chamber, at the base of which it is possible to regain the stream. This finishes at Nemesis, a shaft below which a route through a tight and complex boulder choke leads into Gasson's Series. This is initially a high streamway which degenerates into a low wet section, beyond which the passage continues for before arriving at Poseiden Sump, which has been dived for some to where it became small.
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The race- bred engine bore no relation to the mass-produced units in Alfa's more mainstream vehicles. The engine is closely related to the V8 of the Alfa Montreal, albeit with smaller capacity and in a much higher state of tune. Both engines were derived from the 33 racers' but differed in many details. Both engines had chain driven camshafts as opposed to the racers' gear driven ones, but the Stradale kept the racing engine's flat plane crankshaft, whereas the Montreal engine had a crossplane crank. Race engineer Carlo Chiti designed an oversquare bore x stroke of dry-sump lubricated all-aluminum V8 engine that featured SPICA fuel injection, four ignition coils and twin spark plugs per cylinder.
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As the 250 GTO was heavily derived from the earlier 250 GT Berlinetta SWB, Ferrari engineers constructed two 250 GTO prototypes in 1961 by converting existing chassis of this type. The first prototype, designated in official photos as the 1961 Ferrari 250 GT Le Mans Berlinetta Sperimentale, was constructed from chassis 2643GT, originally a 1961 250 GT SWB. It was built to competition specification, which included a reinforced chassis, a competition gearbox and a Tipo 168/61 3.0 L engine tuned to 300 bhp, equipped with dry sump lubrication and six Weber 38 DCN carburetors. Pininfarina constructed a new lightweight aluminum alloy body for this prototype, which resembled that of the 400 Super America coupe.
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Based on the Audi B5 S4 2.7 V6 biturbo, this engine was tuned by Cosworth Technology (now MAHLE Powertrain), and featured enlarged intake and exhaust ports on the cylinder heads, two uprated parallel turbochargers, and two side-mounted intercoolers (SMICs), together with new induction and exhaust systems, and a re-calibrated engine management system. Due to the high performance nature of the vehicle, it was also fitted with a multi-baffled two-section oil sump to help prevent oil starvation during high g-force manoeuvres. , this engine generates the highest specific power output of all (even current) Volkswagen Group engines. With its output, that gives this engine a specific power output of per litre displacement.
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The SACS system uses high volumes of engine oil aimed at strategic points of the engine, like the top of the combustion chamber, which are not typically well served by air cooling alone. In order to provide enough oil for both cooling and lubrication, the system uses a double- chamber oil pump, using the high-pressure side for lubrication of the parts (crankshaft, connecting rods, valvetrain), while the low-pressure, high-volume side provides oil to the cooling and filtering circuit. The oil removes heat from hot engine parts through direct contact, is pumped away and subsequently routed through the oil filter, followed by routing through an oil cooler before being returned to the main sump.
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In conjunction with London Transport from 1937 Leyland developed the Tiger FEC, the initials stood for flat-engined coach. The Leyland 8.6-litre engine (with revised sump) was mounted horizontally in mid wheel-base driving through a Wilson fluid-flywheel and an air-actuated AEC mechanical pre-selector gearbox. The gearbox was basically the same as used in the STL but it was fitted with an externally mounted air cylinder which actuated the bus bar to engage and disengage the gears. It worked in the opposite way from that in the slightly later RT type double decker in that air pressure was used to disengage the gears instead of being used to keep them engaged.
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The engine lubrication still remain dry sump type, cooled by a single mechanical water pump feeding a single-sided cooling system. The fuel feed injector of current second-generation DTM engines are gasoline direct injection that produces roughly of rail pressure supplied by Bosch. The specific fuel consumption of current second-generation of DTM engines are extremely low due to weight and lightweight design – especially in the context of avoiding CO2 emissions, environmental impact and air pollution. The fuel- mass flow restrictor rate of current second-generation DTM engines are limited to + push-to-pass and now more limited to and also the increase of extra fuel- mass flow restrictor rate of push-to-pass to .
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Same as the A3A6 except that the propeller governor is located on left front of the crankcase. Certified 5 April 2012. ;IO-390-C1A6 :Certified version: four-cylinder, fuel-injected, horizontally opposed, air-cooled direct drive, , at 2700 rpm. This model is similar to the IO-390-A1A6, except with a lightweight oil sump, cold air induction housing, tuned intake pipes and an RSA-10 fuel injector. Certified 25 January 2016. ;IO-390-C1B6 :Certified version: four-cylinder, fuel-injected, horizontally opposed, air-cooled direct drive, , at 2700 rpm. This model is the same as the C1A6, except that the propeller governor is located on left front of the crankcase. Certified 25 January 2016.
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If the water temperature differentials between inlet and outlet are high, then a large external water tank would be used to store the cold water. In this case the chilled water is not going directly from the chiller to the application, but goes to the external water tank which acts as a sort of "temperature buffer." The cold water tank is much larger than the internal water goes from the external tank to the application and the return hot water from the application goes back to the external tank, not to the chiller. The less common open loop industrial chillers control the temperature of a liquid in an open tank or sump by constantly recirculating it.
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1987–1988 Porsche 944S, with the 16-valve DOHC engine (this example is equipped with 5-spoke wheels used on the 964) For the 1987 model year, the 944 S (the S being the abbreviation of Super) was introduced. The 944 S featured a high performance naturally aspirated, dual-overhead-cam 16-valve version of the 2.5 L engine (M44/40) featuring a self-adjusting timing belt tensioner. This marked the first use of four-valves-per-cylinder heads and DOHC in the 944, derived from the 928 S4 featuring a redesigned camshaft drive, a magnesium intake tract/passages, magnesium valve cover, larger capacity oil sump, and revised exhaust system. The alternator capacity was 115 amps.
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It is suggested that his defeat was due to his association to Oakeshott, whose support kept the federal Labor government in office after the 2010 federal election. Port Macquarie had always been considered National heartland, and had been a comfortably safe National seat in "traditional" two-party matchups with Labor even when Oakeshott held it without serious difficulty as an independent. "Besseling's re-election campaign struck controversy when oil from his campaign bus caused an accident on the Oxley Highway that resulted in three people being seriously injured." Whilst police investigations were inconclusive, it was believed that sabotage was the most likely cause for the missing sump plug that caused the leak.
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However, without the gull wing doors the fastback's were awkward to get in and out of. Drivers included Jackie Oliver, Terry Sanger, and Derek Bell, and Jem Marsh of course. The sales brochure for the Fastback included options for 5 speed gearbox (Hewland), dry sump, 997cc (84 to 88 bhp) and 1148cc (102 to 104 bhp) full race engines, light alloy bellhousing, 72-litre fuel tank (for endurance racing), light weight alloy oil cooler, perspex windscreen (saving 15 lbs). The successor Marcos coupé road cars were popular track/day cars, and several were raced in the BARC and BRSCC Modsports championships, including Jonathan Palmer taking the 1977 Modsport championship in a V6.
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After Keith catches an engineering error in the contract between Hirzhorn's company and Ferris's that might have cost a couple of million dollars, Hirzhorn arranges for a large consultancy fee to be paid by Ferris's company and has his own company pay Stewart's airfare home. The consultancy fee enables Keith's wife to stop working and take care of their niece. The diamonds are "discovered" by Keith in the oil in the engine's sump soon after it arrives, and proceeds from their sale enable them to take care of their niece's education and other needs. The other characters proceed on their lives happily, we are told at the end of what is probably Shute's most villain-free novel.
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It was used in military 2-ton trucks with the Hydramatic transmission; however, the engine was a sealed engine for snorkel/submersion use, had an electric fuel pump, and other features such as a deep sump oil pan. From 1952 to 1959, GMC manufactured the civilian 302 engine, which was not sealed, had a mechanical fuel pump, and used a "standard" oil pan. Power listed in 1959-160 HP @ 3600 rpm; torque 268 lbs ft @ 1600 rpm. This engine was popular with hotrod enthusiasts because it delivered tremendous power for an inline six engine at the time (although now obsolete), is built with a heavy cast block, and can take quite a bit of abuse.
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A GM EMD 12-567ATLP diesel engine as installed in LST 393 (Landing Ship Tank), located in Muskegon, Michigan, July 2017 Engine ID tag from the LST393 port engine, showing the power rating of 900 hp at 744 rpm Like most EMD engines, the 567 was also sold for stationary and marine applications. Stationary and marine installations were available with either a left or right-hand rotating engine. Marine engines differ from railroad and stationary engines mainly in the shape and depth of the engine's oil sump, which was altered to accommodate the rolling and pitching motions encountered in marine applications. A pair of 12-567 engines powered one version of the Allies' LST vessels.
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Salinity: Saltwater pH: 7.6-8.2 Temperature: 74-80 °F (23-26 °C) Maximum Size: 12 inches (31 cm) Minimum Tank: 100 Gallons (US) Activity: Hunter/seeker Lifespan: 10 years Breeding: Unknown Gender: No sexual dimorphism These puffers are also sensitive to nitrites and ammonia and should only be introduced into a fully cycled aquarium. High quality water is needed for these puffers to thrive, a sump or refugium is a good idea on a tank for this puffer. Diet - They feed on live and frozen foods, snails, freeze dried krill, frozen shrimp, bloodworms - live or frozen, crab legs, shell-on shrimp, crabs. Breathing of Arothron manilensis The narrow lined puffer is a beautiful saltwater puffer.
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The SR400 has an air-cooled 4-stroke single cylinder SOHC 2-valve engine with a dry-sump, with the downtubes of the motorcycle's frame serving as the engine's oil reservoir and cooling system, thereby eliminating the need for an external oil cooler, reducing engine pumping losses, and allowing increased ground clearance as well as reduced overall width. The bike's semi-double cradle frame uses high-strength steel. The SR400 had a kick-starter and no electric start. To aid with starting, the bike had a sight glass on the right side of the cylinder head indicating the optimal cylinder position for starting, as well as a decompressor lever on the left handlebar.
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The capsule sank out of sight, but the pickup pole tangled as the attached cable went taut, indicating to the helicopter pilots that they had made the catch. Reinhard immediately prepared to pass the floating astronaut the personnel hoist, but at that moment Lewis called a warning that a detector light had flashed on the instrument panel, indicating that metal chips were in the oil sump because of engine strain. Considering the implication of impending engine failure, Lewis told Reinhard to retract the personnel hoist while he called the second helicopter to retrieve Grissom. Meanwhile, Grissom, having made certain that he was not snared by any lines, noticed that the primary helicopter was having trouble raising the submerged spacecraft.
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The unusual engine layout was the S7's notable feature with an engine and drive similar to that of a car. The engine was a longitudinally mounted inline vertical OHC 500 cc twin with coil ignition and wet sump lubrication which, through a dry clutch, drove a shaft drive to the rear wheel. The inline engine made this technologically feasible (flat-twin "boxer" engines on BMW motorcycles had already used shaft drives). Unlike BMW, who sensibly specified a bevel gear crown-&-pinion drive to the rear wheel, Sunbeam used worm gearing with a bronze spiral gear; by reputation the soft bronze gave rapid wear of drive components. The original S7 was produced from 1946 to 1948.
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Unfortunately, in the 2007 pre-season test held at Paul Ricard, other two engines broke down, this time because of internal lubrication problem. It took the whole season to realize that the problem was due to the wrong design of the dry sump. The Scuderia Lavaggi took part at the Monza event where Marcelo Puglisi was selected as second driver. Puglisi was replaced by Cristian Corsini for the 1000 km of Nürburgring and the car's last appearance of the 2007 season came at the 1000 km of Spa, where Wolfgang Kaufmann was selected to partner Lavaggi. Troubled from engine failures Scuderia Lavaggi couldn’t finish any of those races; just in Spa, two engines had to be replaced.
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Within the twin-belt continuous casting machine, molten metal progressively solidifies on the mold surfaces as it moves through the mold region, with a sump of molten metal present between the solidifying outer surfaces. Belt coatings, texture, and gas layer modifications are used to fine tune the heat transfer rate from the cast metal to the belt. Full thickness solidification can occur as early as 30% of the way through the mold for thin strip, or up to 2 m beyond the mold exit for large bar where exit water spray cooling and roller support are required. Closed pool feeding: When casting certain metals such as aluminum, a fully closed pool “injection” metal feeding system can be employed.
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Much of this complexity is due to the differential rates of expansion of steel and aluminum, which precluded screwing the cylinders into the crankcase, and the alloys of the era meant that an aluminum cylinder was not possible. Both engines also used a scavenger pump to pump oil out of the crankcase to a separate cylinder, where a second high-pressure pump supplied oil to the engine. This arrangement allowed for a much smaller "sump" on the bottom of the crankcase, reducing the overall size of the engine, although in the case of the D.II it was not nearly as much as the Austro-Daimler. Where the D.II differed from the Austro-Daimler was largely in mechanical arrangement.
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While previous DKW and Saab cars used small, unrefined air-cooled two-stroke engines with poor performance, the gearbox-in-sump arrangement meant that an 848 cc four-cylinder water-cooled engine could be fitted to the Mini, providing strong performance for a car of its size. Coupled to the much greater amount of interior space afforded by the layout (the entire drivetrain only took up 20% of the car's length), this made the Mini a genuine alternative to the conventional small family car. This design reached its peak starting with Dante Giacosa's elaboration of it for Fiat. He connected the engine to its gearbox by a shaft and set the differential off-center so that it could be connected to the gearbox more easily.
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Front-wheel drive layout had been highly impacted by the success of small, inexpensive cars, especially the British Mini. As engineered by Alec Issigonis, the compact arrangement located the transmission and engine sharing a single oil sump — despite disparate lubricating requirements — and had the engine's radiator mounted to the side of the engine, away from the flow of fresh air and drawing heated rather than cool air over the engine. The layout often required the engine be removed to service the clutch. As engineered by Dante Giacosa, the Fiat 128 featured a transverse-mounted engine with unequal length drive shafts and an innovative clutch release mechanism — an arrangement which Fiat had strategically tested on a previous production model, the Primula, from its less market-critical subsidiary, Autobianchi.
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The Chevrolet Cobalt, a front-wheel-drive car made from 2004 to 2010 The vast majority of front-wheel-drive vehicles today use a transversely mounted engine with "end-on" mounted transmission, driving the front wheels via driveshafts linked via constant velocity (CV) joints, and a flexibly located electronically controlled cooling fan. This configuration was pioneered by Dante Giacosa in the 1964 Autobianchi Primula and popularized with the Fiat 128. Fiat promoted in its advertising that mechanical features consumed only 20% of the vehicle's volume and that Enzo Ferrari drove a 128 as his personal vehicle. The 1959 Mini used a substantially different arrangement with the transmission in the sump, and the cooling fan drawing hot air from its side- facing location.
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One of the primary differences between the N360 and the Honda Life that followed was the N360/600 had an air- cooled engine, and the Life had a water-cooled engine. The water-cooled engine was better able to comply with newly enacted emission standards in Japan, and reflected an industry wide move away from air-cooled as well as two-stroke engines. As does the original Mini, but unlike the succeeding Life, the N360/600 had its gearbox mounted in the sump rather than bolted on as a separate unit. An upgraded 36 PS (27 kW) engine was added in October 1968 for the N360 TS, which was sold as the N360 Touring following a minor update in January 1969.
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Ogof Hesp Alyn (Welsh for: Dry Alyn Cave) was discovered by North Wales Caving Club in 1973 in the Alyn Gorge near Cilcain, Flintshire, Wales. Reaching the end of the cave is a serious commitment involving 24 pitches and the draining of two sumps. The proliferation of short, awkward and muddy pitches appear best suited to be tackled by wire ladders, but in the 1980s a team of divers from the Wessex Caving Club who passed the sumps, concluded that single rope technique was preferable, avoiding the need for excessive numbers of people to carry the equipment. A perpetual siphon has since been used at the first sump which does a good job of keeping the water level relatively low, when working properly.
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It was restored for the Apollo-Soyuz mission to communicate through the ATS-6 satellite in geostationary orbit, an experimental precursor to the current TDRSS system. On the Skylab and Apollo- Soyuz missions, some additional dry weight was saved by removing the otherwise empty fuel and oxidizer storage tanks (leaving the partially filled sump tanks), along with one of the two helium pressurant tanks. This permitted the addition of some extra RCS propellant to allow for use as a backup for the deorbit burn in case of possible SPS failure. Since the spacecraft for the Skylab missions would not be occupied for most of the mission, there was lower demand on the power system, so one of the three fuel cells was deleted from these SMs.
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As with other competition-spec SWBs, this car had a lightweight body and chassis, minimal trim, and a more powerful 286 bhp Tipo 168 engine with Testarossa-type heads. Bizzarrini applied all the ideas he had developed working on the GTO and together with the car body specialist Piero Drogo developed an aerodynamically advanced body, even lower than the GTO's, with the roof line dramatically extended to the rear end following Kamm aerodynamic theory. The resulting shooting-brake appearance led to the French press nicknaming it "La Camionnette" (little truck), while the English- speaking journalists called it the "Breadvan." Bizzarrini moved the engine and radiator further back to the center of the chassis than the GTO, and lowered it by fitting a dry sump system.
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This 72-degree angle allows for even firing from the pistons without the use of a split- journal crankshaft, thus improving engine efficiency as well as lowering the overall weight. Dry sump lubrication prevents engine oil starvation through high-speed corners and lowers the engine's center of mass. Air is fed directly from beneath the hood through a visible slit passing into a dual-stage variable intake manifold and then into ten individual throttle bodies before finally exiting from a dual-stage titanium muffler. LFA Deputy Chief Engineer Chiharu Tamura explains LFA engine The LFA's engineers selected a V10 engine over an equivalent displacement V8 engine for its ability to rev higher,, and over a V12 for its lower reciprocating mass, allowing for more rapid engine response.
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In Up Your Arsenal, he returns to ask Ratchet to search for Sewer Crystals, which he will trade bolts for. The Plumber does not appear in Ratchet: Deadlocked; although the credits state that he had been called away to deal with a "sump pump emergency in the Rygylian Nebula". He appears with a non-speaking role as a memory in part of a dream-state world level in Ratchet & Clank: Size Matters, and also appears in Secret Agent Clank to fix the showers at the prison in which Ratchet is incarcerated, returning them to their typical freezing cold temperature. The Plumber returns in Ratchet & Clank Future: Tools of Destruction, with a new updated design, wearing glasses and having a more detailed outfit.
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The spark-ignition petrol engines listed below were formerly used by various marques of automobiles and commercial vehicles of the German automotive concern, Volkswagen Group,ETKA official factory data and also in Volkswagen Industrial Motor applications, but are now discontinued. All listed engines operate on the four-stroke cycle, and unless stated otherwise, use a wet sump lubrication system, and are water-cooled. Since the Volkswagen Group is European, official internal combustion engine performance ratings are published using the International System of Units (commonly abbreviated "SI"), a modern form of the metric system of figures. Motor vehicle engines will have been tested by a Deutsches Institut für Normung (DIN) accredited testing facility, to either the original 80/1269/ EEC, or the later 1999/99/EC standards.
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In fact, while conducting a weapons certification inspection prior to a scheduled westpac, the Officer of the Deck (OOD), directed the Chief of the Watch (COW) to silence the induction sump tank alarm due to constant cycling. The OOD then directed the COW to pin open the diesel head valve in order to stop the constant cycling of the pneumatic actuator (due to state 3 seas). Upon securing the antennas (the boat was ventilating while near the surface to pick up routing radio traffic), the OOD directed the boat to return to its regular patrol depth. However, because no Fan Room watch was set when the alarm was cut-out, nobody immediately noticed that water was dumping into the Fan Room when the boat started to dive.
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Replacement filters are difficult to find, and adapters that allow the use of more commonly available filters have appeared in the aftermarket. To counteract the vibration that occurs naturally in a parallel twin, Yamaha introduced a system they called the "Omni-Phase balancer". The Omni-Phase system used one chain-driven weighted shaft in the engine sump rotating in the direction opposite that of the crankshaft to counteract forces created by the pistons moving up and down the inclined axis of the piston bores. A second shaft with weights rotating in the same direction as the crankshaft counteracted the force couple created by the difference in the vertical height of the fore-and-aft forces created by the crankshaft and the first balance shaft.
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When the Hinckley factory began making modern triples such as the Trident and Daytona 675, even though the inspiration was perhaps the Meriden Trident, no attempt was made to link the new bikes with their Meriden forebears. By contrast, when the Hinckley factory started to design new parallel twins, it was deemed vital to make the new bikes adopt similar "retro" styling to their Meriden predecessors. For instance, the new twins have a "timing chest" on the right, a "primary chaincase" is on the left This required the rear final drive chain to move to the right., twin "rocker boxes", a R/H side panel resembling a dry-sump oil tank, and throttle bodies which resemble carburettors, even though the engines are fuel-injected.
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The AE440 presented by Mecachrome in 2017 Within the Green Rotorcraft European Clean Sky Joint Technology Initiative environmental research program started in 2011, a H120 Technology demonstrator equipped with a HIPE AE440 high-compression aircraft diesel engine, running on jet fuel, first flew on 6 November 2015. It aims to reduce pollutant emissions and increase fuel efficiency, nearly double the range and enhanced operations in hot and high conditions. The powerplant is a liquid-cooled, dry sump lubricated 4.6-liter 90° V8 engine with an common rail direct injection, fully machined aluminum blocks, titanium connecting rods, steel pistons and liners, one turbocharger per cylinder bank. With an air-to-air intercooler, it weighs without gearbox and the installed powerpack weighs .
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This arrangement continued also on the second-generation Tercel, until 1987, the third generation received a new, transversely mounted engine. Other front-wheel-drive Toyota models, such as Camry, and Corolla, had transversely mounted engines from the beginning on. The 1966 Oldsmobile Toronado (along with its sister models the Cadillac Eldorado used a novel arrangement which had the engine and transmission in a 'side-by-side' arrangement with power being transmitted between the two via a heavy-duty chain, and a specially designed intermediate driveshaft that passed under the engine sump. This family has the distinction of being the highest engine capacity (8.2 L) front-wheel-drive vehicles ever built. The Saab 99 and “classic” Saab 900 also used a similar arrangement.
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Other technical highlights at the time of introduction were the dry sump lubrication system (with the main frame acting as an oil tank, helping to lower engine temperatures), the three valves per cylinder (two inlet valves / one exhaust valve), the two spark plugs per cylinder, and the crankshaft with off-set pins. Honda XLV750R(D) The distinctive air scoops mounted below the fuel tank on either side of the motorbike provide additional cooling for the rear cylinder. They were only installed after tests of prototype models revealed thermal problems of the engine. Initially the XLV was offered in the aggressive colours of the Honda Racing Corporation (HRC), namely blue, white, and red, with a red engine, red fork rods and red hubs.
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As part of the system reviews following the accident, significant safety issues were identified with other critical plant components, including the following: # the containment sump that allows the reactor coolant to be reclaimed and reinjected into the reactor; # the high pressure injection pumps that would reinject such reclaimed reactor coolant; # the emergency diesel generator system; # the containment air coolers that would remove heat from the containment building; # reactor coolant isolation valves; and # the plant's electrical distribution system.Cleveland Plain Dealer, Problems and solutions, July 16, 2003 The resulting corrective operational and system reviews and engineering changes took two years. Repairs and upgrades cost $600 million, and the Davis–Besse reactor was restarted in March 2004.NRC. EA-05-071 – Davis–Besse.
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Still, it was the strongest American engine offered that year. Its power was achieved through bending of EPA emissions-testing procedures, which led engineers to de-tune the engine to via a camshaft change to the same profile used in the early RA III 400 engines for mid-1973 and 1974, after which point it was discontinued. While an evolution of the RA IV and H.O. engine designs, the 455 SD was a much improved engine. In addition to the more refined cylinder heads, block casting reinforcements in the lifter galley and main bearing oil pan rail area, along with the addition of forged connecting rods with larger bolts, the SD was made with a provision for dry sump oiling from the factory.
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Downstream continues as a canyon passage which steadily enlarges, passing an inlet passage on the left where the main water enters which can be followed up to where it becomes choked with boulders underneath the stream sink. The main passage continues for about up to high and wide, under a boulder bridge wedged across the passage, to finish in a choke in a roof chamber. The water then follows a narrow meandering canyon to the first waterfall pitch of , and continues to a second pitch of at the base of which the water disappears into a choked sump pool. A traverse can be followed over the top of the pitch round to where a pitch enters from the Gavel Pot doline.
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" On 31 December 2018, Syncrude was fined $2.75 million after pleading guilty under the federal Migratory Birds Convention Act (MBCA) and Alberta's Environmental Protection and Enhancement Act in relation to the deaths of 31 great blue herons in August 2015 at the MLSB. At the time the MLSB inactive sump "was not covered by Syncrude's waterfowl protection plan to deter birds from landing at tailings areas". Doreen Cole, who has been Managing Director of Syncrude Canada since December 2017, "We immediately took steps to bring all these areas on our Mildred Lake and Aurora sites into our waterfowl protection plan. We're committed to being a responsible operator and this has strengthened our resolve to reduce the impact of our operations on wildlife.
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The nature of these 'dives' in cramped sumps did not prioritize the need for buoyancy control or underwater propulsion – so the bare minimum needed was a mask, a cylinder, a regulator, a method of attachment to the body and, only on rare occasions, a set of fins. Many of these early sump explorers adopted an approach based upon a sturdy belt, with attached cam-band, that allowed a cylinder to be dropped in and carried alongside the outer thigh. This allowed them to crawl, or wriggle, through the dry cave sections, whilst presenting a secure method of attachment for passing through submerged areas. Swimming efficiency, reduced water resistance, trim and buoyancy control were not generally required due to the nature of those caves.
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In the latter case, an oil bubbler is usually installed at the end of the inert gas manifold on a Schlenk line to prevent contamination by atmospheric oxygen and water. A gas bubbler acts as a one-way valve -- gases (hot air, evolved gases, solvent vapors) from the inlet will bubble through the fluid before being vented to the atmosphere. If there were an underpressure in the reaction vessel (such as when heat is removed, and the gases within contract), some fluid is sucked into a sump to equalize the pressure, instead of air. Wherever possible, such "suck back" should be avoided by filling the reaction apparatus with inert gas because an excessively low pressure will cause oil to be sucked into the reaction vessel, contaminating it.
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Rotax can provide a purpose-designed air intake, exhaust system and engine mount. The 914 oil system differs from most dry-sump designs in that lubricating oil is forced into the storage tank by crankcase pressure rather than by a separate scavenge pump. This requires a novel preflight inspection procedure: before checking the oil level with the dipstick, the engine is "burped" by removing the oil filler cap and turning the propeller until a gurgling sound is heard, which indicates that all oil has been forced into the tank and the oil level can now be checked accurately. The 914 is more fuel efficient and lighter than similarly sized traditional engines, but originally had a shorter time between overhaul (TBO), restricting its market potential.
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Despite meeting clay and being inundated with water underground which necessitated the digging of a sump, they managed to complete a gallery stretching almost half a mile from the shaft in just two months, and a further charge of of ammonal was placed. This tunnel was the longest of any of the Messines mines. In February 1917, German countermeasures necessitated some repair to one of the chambers and the opportunity was taken to place a further charge of marking a total of four mines, all of which were ready by 9 May 1917. Plan of the deep mine at Ontario Farm At the end of January 1917, the 171st Tunnelling Company began work on the deep mine at Ontario Farm.
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The front grille had a small hole to insert a handcrank to manually start the engine should the starter or battery fail. In the prototype development stage, it was originally an air-cooled single-cylinder, borrowing from their current motorcycle products, but a V-twin engine proved more practical. To aid in cooling, a forced air cooling system used a propeller fan to further direct airflow across the cylinders without an encased cooling shroud, and it used a dry sump oil lubrication design. The carburetor was copied from a Wheeler-Schebler Carburetor Company design in a single barrel carburetor that was placed in the center behind the V-bank, distributing to the left and right cylinder bank, through a cross-flow cylinder head.
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However, models produced after 2008 had a 4.7-litre V8 with and of torque. Though based loosely on Jaguar's AJ-V8 engine architecture, this engine was unique to Aston Martin and featured race- style dry-sump lubrication, which enabled it to be mounted low in the chassis for an improved centre of gravity. The cylinder block and heads, crankshaft, connecting rods, pistons, camshafts, inlet and exhaust manifolds, lubrication system and engine management were all designed in house by Aston Martin and the engine was assembled by hand at the AM facility in Cologne, Germany, which also built the V12 engine for the DB9 and Vanquish. The engine was front mid- mounted with a rear-mounted transaxle, giving a 49/51 front/rear weight distribution.
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The engine was of conventional construction with a one-piece crankcase and cylinder block in cast iron with the crankcase extending down to the lowest level of the main bearing caps; with a cylinder head, also usually in cast iron, and a sump made from pressed steel for rear-wheel drive vehicles. Early engines used a three- bearing crankshaft, but later engines used five bearings. On all except the rare twin overhead camshaft variant, the camshaft — which was chain driven and mounted low in the block — operated the overhead valves via pushrods and rocker arms. The two inlet ports in the non-crossflow cylinder head were shared between cylinders 1 + 2 and 3 + 4 and the three exhaust ports between cylinder 1, 2 + 3 and 4.
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The Primula's particular configuration of front wheel drive and transverse engine, but with a gearbox on the end of the engine, ingenious Fiat-designed clutch release mechanism and unequal length drive shafts, rather than a gearbox in the sump like the Mini, has become universal among front-wheel-drive cars. Suspension was a single wishbone and upper transverse leaf spring in the front and a "dead" rear axle. The Primula is thus a car design of far greater significance than is often realised, as its design influence spread, far beyond even the mainstream high volume Fiats such as the 128 and the 127 of the late 1960s which used its driveline layout combined with MacPherson struts; to every front wheel drive transverse engined car in production today.
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Mitchel, pp. 94–95 Valvetrain problems in early Knucklehead engines required a redesign halfway through its first year of production and retrofitting of the new valvetrain on earlier engines. By 1937, all Harley-Davidson flathead engines were equipped with dry-sump oil recirculation systems similar to the one introduced in the "Knucklehead" OHV engine. The revised V and VL models were renamed U and UL, the VH and VLH to be renamed UH and ULH, and the R to be renamed W. In 1941, the 74 cubic-inch "Knucklehead" was introduced as the F and the FL. The flathead UH and ULH models were discontinued after 1941, while the 74 cubic inch U & UL flathead models were produced up to 1948.
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The Sunbeam S7 and S8 are British motorcycles designed by Erling Poppe with styling loosely based on the BMW R75 designs that were acquired as war reparations by BSA (full rights to the Sunbeam brand had been acquired from AMC in 1943). Built in Redditch, the unusual engine layout was similar to that of a car. The engine was a longitudinally mounted inline vertical OHC 500 cc twin based on an experimental 1932 BSA design (the Line-Ahead-Twin - LAT) with coil ignition and wet sump lubrication which, through a dry clutch, drove a shaft drive to the rear wheel. The inline engine made this technologically feasible—horizontally-opposed ("flat") twin engines on BMW motorcycles had already used shaft drives following the system employed by the four cylinder Nimbus since 1918.
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The same engine base was used for the Audi R8 when Audi wanted to build their first supercar. However, the camshaft drive system was moved to the front of the block for the mid-engine R8. The engine has increased crankcase breathing, a low-pressure fuel return system and a baffled oil sump, to prevent engine lubricant cavitation at high engine speeds and high-G cornering. It has four valves per cylinder (instead of five on the earlier variant) and two overhead camshafts on each cylinder bank (making it "quad cam"), which are driven by roller chains with variable valve timingBosch Automotive Technology Variable valve timing for both inlet and exhaust camshafts, along with a cast magnesium alloy fixed tract length intake manifold with adjustable tumble flaps (to improve low engine speed combustion).
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Many home washing machines use a plastic, rather than metal, outer shell to contain the wash water; residue can build up on the plastic tub over time. Some manufacturers advise users to perform a regular maintenance or "freshening" wash to clean the inside of the washing machine of any mold, bacteria, encrusted detergent, and unspecified dirt more effectively than with a normal wash. A maintenance wash is performed without any laundry, on the hottest wash program if there is a heater, adding substances such as white vinegar, 100 grams of citric acid, a detergent with bleaching properties, or a proprietary washing machine cleaner. The first injection of water goes into the sump so the machine can be allowed to fill for about 30 seconds before adding cleaning substances.
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Mondial 3.2 Coupe interior In the Mondial 8, QV and 3.2 models, the transmission housing is integral with the engine sump casting, albeit with its own oil supply, sitting below and slightly to one side of the main block. Drive to the gearbox is via a single-plate, diaphragm-spring clutch and a set of drop-gears located outboard of the left-hand end of the crankshaft, with output torque feeding into a friction-plate limited-slip final drive unit offset to the rear of the gearbox. A five-speed, all-indirect manual transmission using a "dog-leg" selector pattern was the only transmission offered. Instead of the conventional "H" shift pattern, this arrangement (also known as a "reverse h-gate") has 1st gear situated to the far left and back, behind reverse.
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This pattern has been popular with racing gearboxes, as it allows quicker, more direct shifts between 2nd and 3rd, and 4th and 5th, gears. The output from the final drive to the rear wheels is via a pair of short, solid drive shafts fitted with constant-velocity joints at each end to allow for suspension articulation. For these models, clutch actuation is hydraulic, unlike their two-seater cousins' cable systems, and transmission selection is via a rod which extends through the centre chassis tunnel and passes through the engine sump into the transmission housing. For the Mondial t, the engine and transmission were substantially reconfigured and their orientations rotated by ninety degrees to place the axes of both the engine crankshaft and the transmission input shafts parallel to the vehicle's longitudinal axis.
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Two-stroke cars (such as those that were popular in Eastern Europe in the mid-20th century) were in particular danger and were usually fitted with freewheel mechanisms in the powertrain, allowing the engine to idle when the throttle was closed, requiring the use of the brakes in all slowing situations. Large two-stroke engines, including diesels, normally use a sump lubrication system similar to four-stroke engines. The cylinder must be pressurized, but this is not done from the crankcase, but by an ancillary Roots-type blower or a specialized turbocharger (usually a turbo- compressor system) which has a "locked" compressor for starting (and during which it is powered by the engine's crankshaft), but which is "unlocked" for running (and during which it is powered by the engine's exhaust gases flowing through the turbine).
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The hills consist of anticlines of Carboniferous Limestone lying over Devonian Old Red Sandstone, with the sandstone exposed on the summits. When a surface stream running off the sandstone reaches the limestone it sinks below ground through a "swallet", (also known locally as a "slocker"), continuing on its way down towards sea level by enlarging existing cracks in the rock to form caves, and reappearing at the base of the limestone outcrop. As the water changes route within the hill some caves (or parts of caves) are left dry. Stalagmites and stalactites in Gough's Cave There is a characteristic type of Mendip cave, in which there is an initially steep descent, and then a more level stretch ending in a "sump" as the cave reaches and descends below the prevailing water table.
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First, the B-engine, that was installed "backwards", with power delivered from the crank at the front of the car. Second, the transmission, technically a transaxle, bolted directly to the bottom of the engine to form the oil pan (albeit with separate oil lubrication). Thus, power from the crank would be delivered out of the engine at the front, then transferred down and back to the transmission below, via a set of chain-driven primary gears. In similar fashion, Mini's also had their gearbox mounted directly below the engine; however, the Mini gearbox and engine shared the same oil, whereas the Saab 900 (and 99) gearboxes contained a separate sump for engine oil. Refined over several decades of two-digit Saab models, the 900's double wishbone suspension design provided excellent handling and road feel.
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Tlaloc Fountain and Cárcamo de Dolores. The Cárcamo de Dolores (Sump of Dolores) is a hydraulic structure located on the Second Section of Chapultepec Park, in Mexico City, comprising the building designed by architect Ricardo Rivas, inside the originally underwater mural Agua, el origen de la vida ("Water, source of life") of Mexican muralist Diego Rivera, the art installation Cámara Lambdoma by Ariel Guzik, and in outside, the Tlaloc Fountain, also of Rivera. The building was constructed in 1951 to commemorate the end of the works in 1943 of the Lerma System, which still supply water to Mexico City and still flows in the place, but diverted from own building. It is part of the Museo de Historia Natural y Cultura Ambiental (Museum of Natural History and Environmental Culture).
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FCC chairman Julius Genachowski said the broadband plan was a prerequisite for smart grid technology, which he expected to reduce power plants' greenhouse gas consumption by 12 percent, the same as if 55 million cars were no longer driven. Goal 6 of the plan stated that Americans should have the right to redirect live usage data securely to any energy demand management service provider they chose, for assistance in managing demand of all kinds (including potentially fossil fuel use, water and other utilities). Goal 6 implies access to demand-side opportunities such as turning on devices (such as sump or cistern pumps or battery chargers) that can use intermittent or off-peak power when it is available (more cheaply than at peak). In October 2009, General Electric and Whirlpool announced a Smart Green Grid Initiative.
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The Scott designer William Cull had been experimenting with three-cylinder two-strokes throughout the 1930s and had developed a prototype 747 cc engine. The Scott Model 3S which was unveiled at the 1934 Olympia Motorcycle Show was a further development of this work, with the capacity enlarged to 986 cc and a four-speed gearchange. A notable feature of the Model 3S was the lubrication system, which had a throttle-operated pump drawing oil from the sump and delivering it to a geared pump, while a separate geared pump dealt with the return. Another unusual feature was that fuel was held in 'pannier' containers each side of the rear wheel so the apparent fuel tank was actually a dummy housing the instrumentation and control box (a feature later copied by the Honda Gold Wing).
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Modifications to the British Mark I design included raised suspension trim height, the provision of a large, heavy sump guard, and better sealing against dust. The Australian Mark II was notable in retaining the lower final drive ratio of the Mark I's manual transmission (but not the lower second gear), and, with the exception of the initial production run, was fitted with a dual-circuit hydraulic braking system manufactured locally by Paton's Brake Replacements (PBR) Pty. Ltd. Despite offering the safety of a dual-circuit system, it was generally held to be inferior in performance to the earlier Girling equipment. The Australian Mark II was also originally fitted with an alternator manufactured locally by Electricity Meter & Allied Industries Limited (EMAIL), a company better known for its kilowatt-hour meters and household appliances.
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This was a 'clean sheet' design using all the knowledge gained from the cancelled ADO74 proposal, with Charles 'Spen' King in overall charge. The new car was sized to be smaller than the established superminis but larger than a Mini to allow useful improvements in refinement, practicality and safety that the market demanded. With the Mini's superb interior space for its size still one of the ageing model's key selling points the brief for ADO88 was that the car had to offer the same usable cabin volume as the competition but in a car with smaller external dimensions. Budget restrictions meant that there would be no new power units for the ADO88, which would instead use the familiar A-Series units from the Mini, along with the old car's gearbox-in-sump transmission.
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A protest by Love Canal residents, ca. 1978. In 1976, two reporters for the Niagara Falls Gazette, David Pollak and David Russell, tested several sump pumps near Love Canal and found toxic chemicals in them. The Gazette published reports, once in October 1976 and once in November 1976, of chemical analyses of residues near the old Love Canal dumpsite indicated presence of 15 organic chemicals, including three toxic chlorinated hydrocarbons. The matter became quiet for more than a year and was then revived by reporter Michael Brown, who then investigated potential health effects by performing an informal door-to- door survey during early 1978, writing a hundred news items on toxic wastes in the area and finding birth defects and many anomalies such as enlarged feet, heads, hands, and legs.
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The Gepard is based on a slightly modified chassis of the Leopard 1 main battle tank, including the complete drive unit with a 37.4-liter 10-cylinder multi-fuel engine (type: MB 838 CaM 500) with two mechanical superchargers built by MTU. The V-engine with a cylinder angle of 90 degrees has 610 kW at 2200 RPM (830 PS) and consumes, depending on the surface and driving style, around 150 liters per 100 kilometers. To ensure a steady supply of oil, even in difficult terrain and under extreme skew, the engine is provided with a dry sump forced lubrication. Even the gearbox (type: 4 HP-250) from ZF Friedrichshafen and the exhaust system with fresh air admixture to reduce the infrared signature were taken from the Leopard 1 MBT.
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Vehicles on RTV trials are usually best described as "modified from standard"—they use the standard chassis, drive-train and body that the vehicle was built with. Whilst modification is not necessarily required for an RTV trial, at the very least the vehicle would be expected to have some under- body protection such as a sump guard, differential guard and solid sills. RTV courses are intended to be non-damaging and driven at little more than a walking pace and a course properly laid out would be drivable without damage. However, the terrain usually includes steep slopes, water, side-slopes, deep ruts and other obstacles that could potentially damage a vehicle if mistakes are made or poor driving technique is used, and vehicle modifications increase the chance of success.
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Cadomin Cave has been known since the early 1900s when prospectors opened up the Coal Branch district, but it was almost certainly known to native peoples before then. The first cave survey was conducted in 1959 prior to the formation of Canada's caving clubs, and produced an accurate map of the passages of the upper series as far as the Mess Hall, the cave's principal chamber. In 1977 and 1978 a long-rumored lower series of passages was discovered and surveyed by members of the Alberta Speleological Society, significantly increasing the cave's measured length to 1704m and its depth to 171m. Subsequent explorations including the discovery of the decorated Crystal Crawls in 1982 and unsuccessful dives of the sump have resulted in a measured length of 2791m and a depth of 220m.
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Originally the three QRs were on a one-year lease, but were later sold. The modifications made to the units were changing the drawgear back to the originally Queensland Railways standard height, increasing the fuel tank capacity, relocate the battery boxes, installation of a sludge tank and engine room sump pan, fitting of the "Kaitiaki" vigilance, fitting of ZTR electronic anti-wheelslip technology and upgrading dynamic brakes. The locos were also were renumbered in the 2000 series, and tested between Wellington and Palmerston North. The ex-1460s were fitted with EMD 567C prime movers, that were originally fitted into the ex-1502 class locomotives. The first two DQs, 2001 and 2002, were loaded on the MV Polar Queen on 28 August 1998, and arrived in Bell Bay on 2 September 1998.
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The 421SD was available in 1961 as a dealer option or over the counter then in 62 and 63 from the factory, and was fitted with a list of internal modifications designed solely to withstand the abuse of drag racing. Cam was a #541596 McKellar No. 10 with 308/320 degrees of duration and with 1.65:1-ratio rocker arms and solid lifters, special #529238 forged-steel connecting rods, forged aluminum bore Mickey Thompson pistons, #542990 forged- steel crankshaft with a stroke and diameter main journals. Dual Carter Carburetor #3433S (front) and #3435S (rear) carburetors with manual chokes and mechanical linkage. Factory heavy-duty high-pressure oil pump and eight-quart sump, four-bolt main bearing caps with Moraine aluminum bearings, and #1110976 dual-point distributor without vacuum advance.
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The Czechoslovakian Tatra 77 (T77) is by many considered to be the first serial-produced, truly aerodynamically-designed automobile. It was developed by Hans Ledwinka and Paul Jaray, the Zeppelin aerodynamic engineer. Launched in 1934, the Tatra 77 is a coach-built automobile, constructed on a platform chassis with a pressed box-section steel backbone rather than Tatra's trademark tubular chassis, and is powered by a rear-mounted 2.97-litre air- cooled V8 engine, in later series increased to a 3.4-litre engine. It possessed advanced engineering features, such as overhead valves, hemispherical combustion chambers, a dry sump, fully independent suspension, rear swing axles and extensive use of lightweight magnesium alloy for the engine, transmission, suspension and body. The average drag coefficient of a 1:5 model of Tatra 77 was recorded as 0.2455.
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Same as B2A but with straight riser in oil sump and -32 carburetor. An O-320-B2C mounted in a Robinson R22 helicopter ;O-320-B2C : at 2700 rpm, Minimum fuel grade 100/130 or 91/96 avgas, compression ratio 8.50:1. Same as B2B but with retard breaker magnetos. ;O-320-B2D : at 2700 rpm, Minimum fuel grade 91/96 avgas, compression ratio 8.50:1. Same as D1D but with conical engine mounts and no propeller governor. ;O-320-B2E : at 2700 rpm, Minimum fuel grade 91/96 avgas, compression ratio 8.50:1. Same as B2B except the carburetor is in the same location as the O-320-D models. ;O-320-B3A : at 2700 rpm, Minimum fuel grade 100/130 or 91/96 avgas, compression ratio 8.50:1.
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The moped is very common in Scandinavia where its leading competitor was the Honda MT50 and can be ridden on a CBT at 16 in the UK. An "LC" (liquid-cooled) model was released to the US and Europe, featuring a liquid-cooled 49cc engine, a taller fuel tank and a different headlight nacelle with a rectangular air vent beneath the headlamp. Intake was by means of either a Mikuni vm18 smoothbore flatslide or a TK carburettor and the exhaust was expansion chamber type with interchangeable addons (BigOne and DEP manufactured an improved system), There was also a Paris Dakar style bodykit available which featured a wraparound fairing incorporating a stationary headlamp nacelle, different side panels, sump guard and a tank cover, these were originally only available in white with red decals.
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Production of the basic fixed-pitch Gipsy Six unit began in 1935, with the engines rated at at 2,400 rpm for takeoff. This was quickly followed by production of the Gipsy Six Series II for use with the hydraulically actuated airscrews that de Havilland were by then producing under a licence acquired from Hamilton Standard in 1934. This was effectively the engine that the company did not have time to develop for the 1934 MacRobertson race, but without the significant increase in compression-ratio needed for the Comet. The Series II unit, while superficially similar to its predecessor, utilised a hollow, splined crankshaft to permit the fitting of the VP airscrew utilising boosted pressurised oil from the engine's dry-sump lubrication system via a pilot-operated control valve.
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The sump can either be contained within the water feature, or buried underground (in the case of an outdoor water feature). A water feature may be indoor or outdoor and can range in size from a desk top water fountain to a large indoor waterfall that covers an entire wall in a large building, and can be made from any number of materials, including stone, stainless steel, resin, iron and glass. Most water features are electronically controlled, ranging from simple timer actuators to sophisticated computerized controls for synchronizing music to water and light animation. Water features often offer additional benefits to homeowners, such as increased curb appeal, home value, reduced noise pollution (due to the sound of water overpowering outside noise), increased humidity in dry regions and improved air quality.
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A further three short dives and they surfaced in the 24th chamber to be confronted by what Statham described as "a magnificent sight—the whole of the River Axe pouring down a passage high by wide" terminating in a blue lake after . This lake was dived by Farr a few days later for at a maximum depth of to emerge in the 25th chamber, a desolate, muddy place named "The Lake of Gloom". The 25th chamber represents the furthest upstream air surface in Wookey Hole Cave. From here the River Axe rises up from a deep sump where progressive depth records for cave diving in the British Isles have been set: firstly by Farr () in 1977, then Rob Parker () in 1985, and finally by John Volanthen and Rick Stanton () in 2004.
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These bikes saw a completely redesigned engine: a wet-sump design with many internal differences, essentially a new motor, with electric start and 12v system. The C72 and C77 had pressed steel handlebars, while the CA72 and CA77 had high tubular bars. Beyond that there were only minor differences, different indicators were fitted to the non-US bikes to suit the countries laws. Bikes built up to 1963 had a different fuel tank shape to later bikes, and the pressed steel bars were discontinued at about the same time (all models using conventional tubular bars) but otherwise the bike stayed much the same for the rest of its run. There was also a version of the bike called the C78/CA78, but visually there were no substantial differences to the C77/CA77.
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From its launch in September 1978, the front-wheel drive Visa was available in "Spécial" and "Club" models with a mapped electronic ignition (652 cc, 2-cylinder), and a "Super E" model (the 11RE after 1984), with the advanced Peugeot 1124 cc Douvrin engine / PSA X engine, a four-cylinder "Suitcase engine" -- all aluminium alloy, chain driven overhead cam, with gearbox in the sump, sharing engine oil, mounted almost on its side. The 1124 cc was as economical as the Citroën 2CV-derived twin, but with much better performance. The flat-twin engine was mounted longitudinally; the four-cylinder engines were installed transversally. Later on it had 1219 cc (Super X) and then 954 cc (10E after 1984) and 1360 cc (1983 Visa GT and 14TRS after 1985) versions of the same engine.
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Renault Sport Mégane Trophy The Renault Sport Mégane Trophy is a racing version of the Mégane RS, which includes a tube frame chassis with glass fibre body keeping just visual resemblance to the road legal Mégane. The RS Trophy uses the considerably modified Renault Vel Satis V4Y 3.5-litre V6 engine (which is a rebadged VQ35DE of the Nissan VQ engine family) featurijg a dry sump lubrication system rated at at 7,000 rpm and at 4,500 rpm. The engine together with Sadev 6-speed sequential gearbox is placed longitudinally behind the cockpit. The Renault Sport Mégane Trophy is not road legal and was intended to be used for competition only in the Renault Eurocup, but cars also race in events like the Belgian Touring Car Series and the Dubai 24 Hour.
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The AP automatic transmission is a 4-speed automatic transmission unit developed by Automotive Products and the British Motor Corporation specifically for use in the Mini. It was unique in that not only was it one of the first transverse mounted automatic transmission units tailored for front wheel drive, it was one of the smallest in order to be used in the transmission-in-sump installation beneath the A-series engine used in the Mini, and later the 1100/1300 ranges. Another novel feature was that the transmission was designed to use the engine's lubricating oil, rather than conventional automatic transmission fluid (ATF). The units were manufactured in a BMC plant in Kings Norton, Birmingham which supplied complete powertrain packages (the unit required a unique engine variant) to the Longbridge and Cowley assembly plants.
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Leck Beck is a watercourse in Lancashire with its source on Crag Hill in Cumbria between Leck Fell and Casterton Fell. For several kilometres near the start of its course, the water flows into the Ease Gill Cave System, part of The Three Counties System, the longest cave system in Britain (and 26th longest in the world) via 14 major sink holes, to resurge at a major spring at Leck Beck Head. The rising of Leck Beck Head was dived extensively in the 1980s and required underwater digging and the use of an air chisel to make progress. The overflow for this rising, Witches Cave (Yorkshire), has been dived through a 300m sump into Witches II. A dry entrance was dug into Witches II from the surface in 2010.
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1960's Renault 4 rolling chassis with gearbox ahead of engine Front-wheel-drive FF layout as used by Audi and Subaru The transversely mounted engine combined with front-wheel drive was popularized by the 1959 Mini; there the transmission was built into the sump of the engine, and drive was transferred to it via a set of primary gears. Another variant transmission concept was used by Simca in the 1960s keeping the engine and transmission in line, but transverse mounted and with unequal length driveshafts. This has proven itself to be the model on which almost all modern FWD vehicles are now based. Peugeot and Renault on their jointly developed small car engine of the 1970s where the 4-cylinder block was canted over to reduce the overall height of the engine with the transmission underneath (PSA X engine).
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And, when you have finished driving it – cocooned in that exquisite cockpit – you can get out and feast your eyes on one of the loveliest cars ever designed.”Green, Gavin. “All Together Now.” Car Magazine, October 1990 LA Times staff writer Paul Dean described the car in July 1990: “Ferrari builds motor cars in much the same way Claude Monet painted landscapes—not to please the populace, but more to satisfy self, a technique and a coterie,” with the 348 as a “better looking, stronger, faster” successor to the “enormously successful” 308/328 series, and “thoroughly irresistible.” Revising the longitudinal V8 layout in the way of the 288 GTO and F40, with a dry sump and transversely mounted “new gearbox and transmission (actually a carry-over from a Ferrari Formula 1 racing car),” the center of gravity is lower “by about 2 inches.
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Rather, the dipstick was attached to the inside of the tank's filler cap (accessible from the engine compartment) and the oil level was checked with the engine running and at operating temperature. The non- American market trim version of the 6.9 l (6,834 cc or 417 in³) power plant was rated at and 405 lb·ft (549 N·m) of torque, helping to compensate for the 2.65 to 1 final drive ratio necessary for sustained high-speed cruising. The dry sump system also had the benefit of extending the oil change interval to 12,500 miles (20,000 km). This, along with hydraulic valve lifters which required no adjusting and special cylinder head gaskets which eliminated the need for periodic retorquing of the head bolts, made the 6.9 relatively easy to maintain and service for its first 50,000 miles (80,500 km).
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The VF1000R had three major model revisions. The first model which ran from the beginning of production in 1984 to April 1985 was coded the RE model (internal Honda factory code) The second model, denoted with the RF suffix, was produced from 1985 to the end of the worldwide production in 1988. The RG model was the final model and was produced from 1986 through 1987 Differences between the models were mainly cosmetic, but a number of important mechanical changes were made to increase reliability when Honda transitioned from the RE to the RF model designations. The RF model saw improved cooling through fairing redesigns in relation to the RE, as well as the addition of a double oil sump system, complete with anti-slosh plate mounted in the oil pan (compared to the single pump system in use on the RE model.
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In a test when diving with an open-circuit aqualung that had that sort of strapped- in mouthpiece, the diver went limp as if unconscious, to test the mouthpiece, and as a result he rolled belly-up, and his cheeks inflated, and the mouthpiece tried to float out, but its strap and outer flap kept it in and watertight.) The breathing bag makes the diver very stern-heavy, but that can be cured by putting 6 pounds of diver's weights (e.g. a pair of lead-shot- filled anklets) inside the wetsuit chest. The Salvus has no provision to connect to a buoyancy device; but the Salvus can be worn with a separate diver's lifejacket (not a stab jacket) which has its own small inflation cylinder. There is a small water catchment sump and drain on the underside of the canister.
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Replacing the 2.7-litre 'biturbo' V6 engine of the previous generation B5 S4, the new B6 S4 powertrain gained an all- aluminium alloy 4.2-litre, 40 valve (five valves per cylinder) V8 engine (parts code prefix: 079.C, identification code: BBK), with chain-driven double overhead camshafts, roller-finger rocker arm cam followers, and included variable inlet camshaft timing. It also used a strengthened alloy crankshaft bedplate for the five main bearings, and a two-part baffled oil sump, and a light-alloy variable intake manifold (VIM), containing the fractionally sequentially actuated fuel injectors. This petrol engine, based on the unit from the Audi A8, displaces , and it produces a motive power output of at 7,000 rpm, and generates torque of at 3,500 rpm, making it more powerful than the RS2 Avant, and nearly as powerful as the B5 RS4.
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It worked well, but there was no way to get horses down to the lower levels, so tramming had to be done by hand. So in 1916 a new cage shaft, later to be known as Murray's Shaft, was begun by extending a sump from the 90 Fathom Level, at a point south of the cross-cut from Smith's Shaft. This was another inclined shaft, but it was designed for winding cages so wagons, men and horses could all travel up and down it. However work ceased in 1918 while it was still short of the 120 Fathom Level and no further work was done on it before the company went into liquidation in 1920. Once the new company had been formed in 1923, Murray's Shaft was connected to the 120 Fathom Level, and then the Skip Shaft was abandoned.
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North American-market cars had bigger bumpers and the front bumper had a larger rubber portion, replacing the auxiliary lights as required by the North American laws. Porsche 944 (USA), showing the different front bumper In mid-1985, the 944 underwent its first significant changes, these included: new dashboard and door panels, embedded radio antenna, upgraded alternator (from 90 amp to 115 amp), increased oil sump capacity, new front and rear cast alloy control arms and semi-trailing arms, larger fuel tank, optional heated and powered seats, Porsche HiFi sound system, and revisions in the mounting of the transaxle to reduce noise and vibration. The front windshield was now a flush- mounted unit. The "cookie cutter" style wheels used in the early 944s were upgraded to new "phone dial" style wheels (Fuchs wheels remained an option).
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The Maserati Tipo 26 was a model of Grand Prix racing car and was the first car built by Italian manufacturer Maserati, for a total of 11 examples, between 1926 and 1932. The Tipo 26 originated from a Grand Prix car that Alfieri Maserati had designed for Diatto: when the collaboration between Maserati and Diatto ended, Alfieri took his design to the Bologna workshop that he had set up with his brothers in 1914. The design of the Tipo 26 consisted of a steel ladder-type frame supporting a supercharged inline-8 engine with a three-speed manual transmission and an aluminum two-seater bodywork made by Medardo Fantuzzi. The engine featured a crankshaft-driven Roots supercharger, twin gear-driven overhead camshafts and dry sump lubrication; to comply with the 1926 Grand Prix regulations the displacement was fixed to 1.5-litres.
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The DU142 headlight was replaced with a smaller 6 in Lucas DU42, with a hooded, slotted black-out shield, and a universal L-WD-MCT1A tail light was fitted. From 1942 there was a shortage of rubber so handlebar grips and foot pegs were replaced by canvas covered metal items and production was standardised, with only minor modifications until the end of World War II. By early 1942 a new large rear carrier was fitted to hold universal WD steel pannier-frames and bags. This meant repositioning the long prop stand to forward of the nearside rear wheel spindle nut. In 1943 further modifications were made including redesign of the crankcase sump shield and fitting of the Vokes high capacity air cleaner, which was a box shaped canister on top of the fuel tank and was intended to assist operations in dusty environments.
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Pelon constitutes a transition zone of settlement and palace, between civil and political, between the profane and the religious areas. Originally, the whole West Court was created as Kalderim, moreover, it is traversed by 1.05 m wide limestone plates This way, the "raised walks" are often used as processional paths, dubbed, but generally seem to lead to the main points of the building. The West Court is bounded on the north and south of interesting complexes: in the north by the much discussed ensemble, "Hypostyle Crypt" an escape to space, which is connected underground with a number of magazine spaces whose floors are stuccoed, provided with gutter and sump. The excavator Henri van Effenterre supposed therein a gathering of 2 councils, the elderly and the young, who reigned over the city at the time of the first palaces.
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Arnold von Winkelried memorial in Stans; by Ferdinand Schlöth Stans is one of the oldest settlements in the entire Nidwalden valley. The first traces of human settlement date to the 2nd Century BC.Stans Online- History accessed 21 May 2009 During the Roman era there is little evidence of a settlement except for some Gallo-Roman Ustrinum or funeral pyres and the Latin root (stagnum meaning a pool or sump) of the name Stans. During the 7th or 8th Century the Alamanni settled in the region. The Christian Alamanni built the first church in Stans around 750 AD. This pre-Carolingian church served as the parish church for the entire Engelberg Valley. The church was expanded numerous times until it was finally replaced in 1647 by the new church of St. Peter and Paul. Stans was first mentioned in 1124.
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The GTA automobiles were also manufactured in either street (Stradale) or pure race (Corsa) trim. The GTA had aluminium outer body panels instead of steel, (the inner steel panels were also of thinner gauge, the inner and outer panels were bonded and pop-riveted together), magnesium alloy wheels, clear plastic side windows, an aluminium rear upper control arm, different door handles and quarter window mechanisms, and lightweight interior trim. The engine had a new double ignition cylinder head (called twin plug, later in the eighties the system was called twin spark) cylinder head with a Marelli distributor from a Ferrari Dino, 2-barrel 45 mm Weber carburetors instead of 40 mm and magnesium camshaft cover, sump, timing cover and bell housing. The transmission gear ratios were closer than standard and the gears were machined for lightness and quicker shifting.
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Frame redesigned. Terry de luxe saddle. 1934 - Burman 4-speed foot-change gearbox introduced 1935 Panther M100 Motorcycle 1935 - Deeply finned sump and improved lubrication. This new bottom end remained almost unchanged for the next thirty years. This machine had a 6.5:1 compression ratio, , ohv sloper engine. The 1935 Model 100 was the machine on which Miss Florence Blenkiron and Miss Teresa Wallach undertook the epic journey from London to Cape Town, crossing the Sahara: the first such journey on a motorcycle combination."The Rugged Road", Theresa Wallach; Introduction and biography by Barry M Jones, September 2001, Panther Publishing Ltd. 1937 - New fully chromed fuel tank with red and black lined cream panels and snarling Panther logo. This was the last year of the "Redwing" Model 100 1938 - Kidney-shaped rocker cover introduced. Redwing designation dropped 1939 - Miller Dynamag replaces BTH magneto.
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An early example of pre-heating piston engines prior to start-up was in the 1930s in Northern Canada, where aviators flew with flight engineers who were responsible for preparing the radial engines for shutdown and startup to reduce the effects of subzero temperatures. The flight engineer was responsible for draining the oil into buckets at night, and preheating the engine and buckets of oil using a blanket wrapped around the engine and a device known as a blow pot – essentially a kerosene jet-heater used for several hours prior to flight. During World War II, German pilots could not stop the oil freezing in the engines of their Messerschmitt Bf 109 planes because of the extreme cold first experienced in the 1941 winter campaign in the Soviet Union. A captured Soviet airman showed them how pouring aviation fuel into the aircraft's oil sump would thaw the oil.
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It develops , with an extra available from a driver operated 'push-to-pass' turbo boost button. Based entirely on road-car production engines and prepared and built by Mountune Racing, it only differs by utilising a Pi Research Pectel electronic fuel injection and a water-cooled Garrett T34 turbocharger with closed-loop boost control. Furthermore, an even higher 'step up' version of this engine is used in the later European-based FIA Formula Two Championship. Developed as a pure race engine and again built by Mountune Racing, this variant includes many all-new lightweight components, and has been converted to a dry sump lubrication system. For its initial 2009 season, it produced a continuous maximum power of at 8,250 revolutions per minute (rpm), and includes a limited duration 'overboost' to , aided by an all-new Garrett GT35 turbocharger and a Pi Research Pectel MQ12 ECU.
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He obtained a patent for the design in 1898, the year in which he introduced the drills to the quarry. The drills were still noisy, and discharged the spent water into the quarry, typically in the 90 seconds it took to drill a hole. Kellow later collaborated with Gilbert Gilkes on improved designs for his drills, and Gilkes later became a director of the Kellow Rock Drill Syndicate Ltd, set up in 1908, but they parted company because Gilkes thought that Kellow was too much of a perfectionist, unwilling to listen to advice from an expert in the field of turbines. Kellow's next patent, obtained in 1906, included recycling of the water, which was fed through a inner flexible pipe, running through the middle of a outer pipe, through which the spent water was returned to the sump from which the drill was supplied.
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The engine comes from the same lineage as the BMC- developed E-series family introduced in the 1969 Austin Maxi, but with important modifications in order to facilitate compatibility with a conventional "end-on" transmission unit, in place of BMC/BL's traditional "gearbox-in-sump" configuration for its front wheel drive vehicles. The gearbox flange was redesigned to accept either a Volkswagen manual gearbox (for the Maestro/Montego), or the PG-1 transmission (for the Rover 200). The S-Series was produced in a single capacity of 1.6 litres (1,598cc) as the smaller and larger capacity requirements were already served by the 1.3-litre A-series/Honda EV engines and the 2.0-litre O-series engines respectively. Fuelling was by means of a single carburettor in most applications, and electronic fuel injection for the higher-specification variants of the Rover 216 producing peak power of .
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Made on the same base as the Piaggio Porter, from which it takes up the mechanical layout and part of the bodywork like the doors, the Quargo is equipped with a diesel engine 686 twin cm³ Lombardini from 13 kW (about 18 hp). It consists of a light quadricycle that requires the driving license B1 to be driven (it could also be driven by those who have the previous A1 and category A sub-licenses, if obtained by January 18, 2013) available in versions pick-up, tipper pick-up, van and curtainseat, with payload up to 750 kg depending on version .In 2007, the updated version was presented, with disc brakes on the front wheels and oversized oil sump. Production ended at the end of 2016 as, with the entry into force of the anti- pollution regulations Euro 4 for quadricycles, the Quargo was not adjusted.
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When used an ISR platform, a modular pod containing multiple sensors, such as a Wescam-supplied surveillance/camera, can be installed; this pod may be furnished with a retraction mechanism so that the sensors can be concealed, making the pod appear as an ordinary cargo pod instead. Various mission workstations can be installed in the cabin, which are designed to be secured upon the standard seat mounts, for ISR operators; in a standard ISR configuration, a crew of five - two pilots and three operators - is used. Both the airframe and onboard systems are designed to be durable and straightforward. The nose undercarriage uses an oil-free spring-based suspension system, while the fuel system has its wing tanks, holding a combined 92.2 gallon, feeding into a single sump tank under the cabin floor without any fuel selector, removing the need for pilots to manage tank switching.
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It retained the block, crankshaft, main bearings, cambelt system, and other ancillaries as the Diesel Turbo. The breather system included an oil separator filter to remove oil from the air in the system, thus finally solving the Diesel Turbo's main weakness of re-breathing its own sump oil. The 200Tdi, produced and of torque, which was nearly a 25% improvement on the engine it replaced (although as installed in the Defender the engine was de-tuned slightly from its original Discovery specification due to changes associated with the turbo position and exhaust routing). This engine finally allowed the Defender to cruise comfortably at high speeds, as well as tow heavy loads speedily on hills while still being economical. In theory it only replaced the older Diesel Turbo engine in the range, with the other four-cylinder engines (and the V8 petrol engine) still being available.
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The intermediate shaft and front (ball) bearing are submerged in engine oil in normal operation, including at idle and when the engine is shut off, while the rear (plain) bearing is separated by an oil seal and has its own grease lubricant. When the car is at speed or under significant G forces, the sump level drops and the shaft operates with partial submersion with oil mist/splash lubrication. Some engine failures appear to be due to failure of the rear IMS bearing seal, allowing dirty engine oil, especially in engines run on long oil change intervals (OCI) inside the bearing, washing out the grease contained within it. Any contamination in the engine oil or lack of exchange of fresh engine oil that occurs when open ball or roller bearings without seals are employed, can result in increasing wear of the bearing, and ultimately lead to failure.
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The 15 is a two-seater, front- engine, rear wheel drive sports racer with an aluminium body over a space frame configuration. As opposed to the six cylinder Bristol 2L engine in its predecessor Lotus Mk.X, the Mk.15 was designed with a dry-sump, all aluminium, DOHC four cylinder Coventry Climax FPF engine of 1.5 to 2.5 Litre displacement built for Formula Two and Grand Prix racing, mated to Lotus' own 5 speed sequential transaxle nicknamed 'Queerbox'. It was designed in 1957, and the production began in the late 1957. The spaceframe was similar to Lotus Eleven except for the Chapman strut rear suspension with inboard brakes and the accommodations for a larger engine, which included a slightly (7.5 degrees) tilted engine mounting space on the plan view, shifted to the right of the centerline in the front and left at the rear of the engine.
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Modern bypass oil filter systems are secondary systems whereby a bleed from the main oil pump supplies oil to the bypass filter, the oil then passing not to the engine but returning to the sump or oil tank. The purpose of the bypass is to have a secondary filtration system to keep the oil in good condition, free of dirt, soot and water, thereby keeping the full-flow filter less liable to become blocked. Originally used on commercial and industrial diesel applications (to reduce maintenance costs), bypass oil filters are becoming more common in private consumer applications.Oil Bypass Filter Technology Performance Evaluation - 1st Qtr 2003 - DoE FreedomCAROil Bypass Filter Technology Performance Evaluation - 4th Qtr 2003 - DoE FreedomCAREvaluation of HE Oil Filters in the State Fleet - California EPA (It is essential that the bypass does not compromise the pressurised oilfeed within the full-flow system; one way to avoid such compromise is to have the bypass system as completely independent).
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If the timing is too early, the spark plug fires before the intake valves close, causing the combustion to propagate into the intake manifold, further igniting the air-fuel mixture there; the resulting explosion then travels out of the carburetor and air filter. On many small marine engines, a screen is placed over the intake of the carburetor as a flame arrestor, to prevent these flames from escaping the intake and potentially igniting fuel or fuel vapors in the enclosed sump or bilge of the boat, causing a fire or explosion. Alternatively, the ignition timing may be late, in which case the combustion is not completed by the time the exhaust valves open, allowing the combustion to propagate into the exhaust system. Additionally, improperly adjusted carburetors that create a lean condition during acceleration can cause the air–fuel mixture to burn so slowly that combustion is still taking place during the exhaust stroke, and even when the intake valve opens.
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Apollo CSM in white for a Skylab mission, docked to the Skylab space station The payload capability of the Saturn IB launch vehicle used to launch the Low Earth Orbit missions (Apollo 1 (planned), Apollo 7, Skylab 2, Skylab 3, Skylab 4, and Apollo-Soyuz) could not handle the mass of the fully fueled CSM. This was not a problem, because the spacecraft delta-v requirement of these missions was much smaller than that of the lunar mission; therefore they could be launched with less than half of the full SPS propellant load, by filling only the SPS sump tanks and leaving the storage tanks empty. The CSMs launched in orbit on Saturn IB ranged from (Apollo-Soyuz), to (Skylab 4). The omnidirectional antennas sufficed for ground communications during the Earth orbital missions, so the high-gain S-band antenna on the SM was omitted from Apollo 1, Apollo 7, and the three Skylab flights.
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A rear spoiler reduced drag coefficient to increase the Metro's already good fuel economy, and the hydraulic clutch (often berated as the cause of the Metro's particularly harsh gearchange) was replaced by a cable-operated mechanism. The lack of a five-speed gearbox would become a major handicap as time went on; the BMC sump-mounted gearbox was never developed to accommodate an extra gear ratio, which was a severe handicap against the opposition – by the mid-1980s the Ford Fiesta, Peugeot 205, Fiat Uno and Opel Corsa/Vauxhall Nova were all available with a five-speed gearbox on larger-engine models. The Austin Metro was a huge seller in Britain, with more than 1 million being sold over a 10-year production run. The MK3 Ford Escort (1980–1986) was the only single model to outsell it in Britain throughout the 1980s, and by December 1989 only the MK3 Ford Escort was a more common model on British roads.
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An updated C-Spec version of the OX11 was used by Arrows in . Featuring a new bottom end, with changes consisting of a revised sump, crankshaft, oil pump and water pump; the OX11C had an extremely low centre of gravity (and a dry weight of 105 kg vs the Renault RS09's 121 kg) but was underpowered (708 bhp vs the RS09's 755 bhp) and most of all unreliable. Consequently, a D-Spec was introduced for the fourth race, at Imola, with significant improvements in the airflow management of the combustion chamber area, which permitted the OX11D to gain 20 hp, which along with superior Bridgestone tyres propelled Damon Hill to a second place at the Hungaroring, the 11th race of a year that otherwise was pretty lacklustre with Pedro Diniz's 5th place at the Nürburgring as a last high point before Yamaha consequently pulled the plug on the failing project.
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If not for the coolness, professionalism, and bravery of the RNXS skipper Area Officer K Warner (Thorne unit), Charge Engineer Area Officer G Swan (Hartlepool unit), and Mate, J Smith (Rosyth unit), who entered the compartment 3 times in breathing masks when the Halon drenching system failed, to fight the fire with fire extinguishers, the ship, and quite possibly lives, would have been lost. The fire was later attributed to a major mechanical failure of the starboard main engine, resulting in a large hole in the sump casing. The fire spread quickly to the air ducts, igniting various rubber coolant pipes causing thick acrid, toxic smoke. The mood in the service was further compounded with the loss of Loyal Volunteer, in Ipswich harbour later that year, and was seen as a sad end to a faithful vessel, and Aux Lt Cdr R.A Hare noted, "That this should be the fate of Loyal Volunteer, was not without its significance".
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To reduce the XK engine's height, Chief Engineer William Heynes, responsible for the C and D type overall design, developed dry sump lubrication, and it has been said that the car's frontal area was also a consideration in canting the engine at 8½° from the vertical (which necessitated the offset bonnet bulge). Philip Porter, in his book Jaguar Sports Racing Cars, says that "[a] more likely reason was to provide extra space for the ram pipes feeding the three twin-choke Weber carburettors." Reducing underbody drag contributed to the car's high top speed; for the long Mulsanne Straight at Le Mans, a fin was mounted behind the driver for aerodynamic stability. For the 1955 season, factory cars were fitted with a longer nose, which lengthened the car by 7½ inches and further increased maximum speed; and the headrest fairing and aerodynamic fin were combined as a single unit that smoothed the aerodynamics and saved weight.
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The engine (parts code: 07L, identification code: BUH) of the RS6 was what Audi claimed to be the first all-aluminium alloy even firing 5.0-litre () 90° V10 twin-turbocharged ("biturbo"), Fuel Stratified Injection (FSI), with a dry sump lubrication system. This engine is related to the naturally-aspirated V10 found in the Audi R8, S6 and S8, but the RS 6's engine has around 400 unique parts. The engine has four valves per cylinder, with chain-driven double overhead camshafts, and variable valve timingBosch Automotive Technology Variable valve timing direct gasoline injection for both inlet and exhaust camshafts. Charged intake air is cooled by two side-mounted intercoolers (SMIC)s. The engine is controlled by two Bosch DI-MotronicBosch Automotive Technology DI-Motronic for direct gasoline injection MED 9.1.2 engine control units, which act as 'master' and 'slave': two ECUs are required due to the high revs the engine can achieve.
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1963 Mini Cooper S With the threat to fuel supplies resulting from the 1956 Suez Crisis, Lord asked Alec Issigonis, who had been with Morris from 1936 to 1952, to design a small car; the result was the revolutionary Mini, launched in 1959. The Austin version was initially called the Austin Seven, but Morris' Mini Minor name caught the public imagination and the Morris version outsold its Austin twin, so the Austin's name was changed to Mini to follow suit. In 1970, British Leyland dropped the separate Austin and Morris branding of the Mini, and it was subsequently simply "Mini", under the Austin Morris division of BLMC. The principle of a transverse engine with gearbox in the sump and driving the front wheels was applied to larger cars, beginning with the 1100 of 1963, (although the Morris-badged version was launched 13 months earlier than the Austin, in August 1962), the 1800 of 1964 and the Maxi of 1969.
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During the nineteenth century natural ventilation was adequate in the many interconnected levels of the mine. In blind headings a fan blast, worked by a boy, was used, or in very long drives a more powerful waterblast drove air down cast iron pipes to within a few yards of the miners at the forehead. At the same time work continued in other parts of the mine. The old Top Level was cleared out in 1842, and then driven forward. Some work was done in the old Middle Level in 1845. From 1842 to 1844 the Glencoyne Level was driven from the head of Glencoyne to explore the vein much further north, beneath the old workings known as Duke's Sump. When the vein was reached, headings were driven both north and south, and further cross-cuts made to look for other branches of the vein, but no ore was found in this area.
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The T77/77A cars were quite probably the last production use of the "walking-beam" valvetrain principle, their dry-sump air/oil-cooled V8 engines having overhead valves in hemispherical heads, but no pushrods. Instead the valves are opened by enormous drilled rockers operated by a single high camshaft between the two cylinder banks' heads, and pivoted inboard of their centres to extend the lift applied by the cams. The principle had been used much earlier in the Duesenberg 16-valve straight-4 low-twin-cam racing engine, later adopted by Rochester for use in passenger cars, but Tatra's use of a single camshaft to open the valves of a V8, rather than two low shafts on a straight engine, must be unique. A consequence is that the mechanical layout is much less obvious to the observer, with the big box-shaped engine giving few immediate clues to its V configuration, unlike its T87 successor.
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Originally designed by Edward Turner in 1928, the dry-sump Ariel Square Four was the only British motorcycle engine with four cylinders arranged to form a square. The front two cylinders powered one crankshaft while the rear two drove a second. Unlike contemporary British parallel twins, each crankshaft had a 180° configuration, the two crankshafts being linked by a helical gear so that diagonally opposed pistons moved in unison. The engine had even ignition intervals, and was said to be smooth, with little vibration. Brothers George and Tim Healey were Ariel Square Four enthusiasts who upgraded the big 1000 cc engines for racing throughout the 1960s, tuning the performance and building a supercharged sprint motorcycle which doubled the power output. When Ariel ended production of the Square Four the Healey brothers obtained a large assortment of spare parts, and in 1971 began production of the Healey 1000/4 at a small workshop in Bartlett Road, Redditch, close to the old Royal Enfield factory.
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The facelifted version of the 997 Turbo was unveiled at the 2009 Frankfurt Motor Show. It received a completely new 6-cylinder, 3.8 litre boxer engine generating a maximum power output of and of torque ( of torque at overboost) with revised BorgWarner variable turbine geometry (VTG) turbochargers. The new engine used the same construction as other 997 Gen II DFI engines. The previous engine's Nikasil cylinder liners were replaced with an Alusil block that combined the cylinders and crankcase into an integrated casting for each bank, thus reducing weight (in contrast to a separate cylinder block and crankcase for each bank). The dry sump lubrication system in the Turbo is different from other 911 models in that it uses integrated oil reservoirs at the bottom of the engine, separate from the crank case and utilises six oil pumps due to the forced induction nature of the engine. The engine gets the direct fuel injection and a compression ratio of 9.8:1.
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Alfa Romeo Montreal C pillar The first production car, Tipo 105.64, was shown at the 1970 Geneva Motor Show and was quite different from the original, using a 2593 cc 90° dry-sump lubricated, cross-plane V8 engine with a bore of 80.0 mm and a stroke of only 64.5 mm and using SPICA (Società Pompe Iniezione Cassani & Affini) fuel injection that produced around , coupled to a five-speed ZF manual gearbox and a limited-slip differential. This engine was derived from the 2-litre V8 used in the 33 Stradale and in the Tipo 33 sports prototype racer. The chassis and running gear of the production Montreal were taken from the Giulia GTV coupé and comprised double wishbone suspension with coil springs and dampers at the front and a live axle with limited slip differential at the rear. Since the concept car was already unofficially known as The Montreal, Alfa Romeo kept the model name in production.
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When Fiat began marketing the Fiat 128 in 1969 -- with its engine and gearbox situated in an in-line, transverse front-drive layout, combined unequal drive shafts, MacPherson strut suspension and an electrically controlled radiator fan -- it became the layout adopted by virtually every other manufacturer in the world for front-wheel drive. The approach of unequal drive shafts was crafted by Dante Giacosa. Transverse engine and gearbox front-wheel drive had been introduced to small inexpensive cars with the German DKW F1 in 1931, and made more widely popular with the British Mini. As engineered by Alec Issigonis in the Mini cars, the compact arrangement located the transmission and engine sharing a single oil sump -- despite disparate lubricating requirements -- and had the engine's radiator mounted to the side of the engine, but with fan blades shaped to expel heated air into the left wheel arch, and thus drawing cool rather than heated air over the engine.
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IceMat rolls out like a carpet and connects to a refrigeration unit for quick installation at both temporary and permanent ice rinks. This flexible design has since become the industry standard for ice rinks. MacCracken also invented the SunMat roll-out solar collectors, comfort controls for space suits used by the Apollo program, the JetHeet furnace, the AquaJet water powered sump pump, the KPad for burn victims, the HI-V high velocity furnace with flexible duct system for adding central heating and air conditioning to homes and the Roll-A-Grill hot dog cooker. Another of MacCracken's inventions was the Alumazorb low-emissivity ceiling that dramatically reduces radiant heat loads from the warm ceiling to the cold ice below, reducing energy consumption for freezing ice by up to 30 percent. MacCracken was so far head of his time, that on a “futuristic” 1953 T.V show entitled 2000 A.D., he correctly predicted, in detail, the coming of the Solar Age.
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Side vents into the engine bay were added after the first few cars experienced problems with engine bay temperature. The engine, gearbox and rear suspension were completely different from the standard Europa and were taken in their entirety from the Lotus 23/Lotus 22 Formula Junior cars with a Lotus-Ford Twin Cam based 165 hp (123 kW) 1,594 cc Cosworth Mk.XIII dry sump engine, and a Hewland FT 200 5-speed gearbox and suspension with reversed bottom wishbone, top link and dual radius arms. The front upright was specially cast in common with the F2 version of Lotus 41X to accommodate larger Girling brakes for the later 47A model (which had the Alfa Romeo tail lamp shared with the Europa S2) with reinforced front frame. The Type 47 exact production numbers are unknown, the last car was 47GT-85 but it is unlikely that 85 47GT's were produced, estimates vary from 55 to 68 during the years 1966–70.
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Initially, the Primula was fitted with the 1221 cc engine from the Fiat 1100 D (for the coupé it was uprated to ), but in 1968 it was replaced with Fiat 124 engines—the berlinas received the 1197 cc engine from the standard versions, while the coupé was fitted with the more powerful 1438 cc unit. All engines used in the Primula had overhead valves (OHV)—the later twin cam derivative of the 1438 cc unit was not used in any Autobianchi (Fiat did use it later in the Lancia Beta- the issue at the time in a transverse installation of a twin-cam head being the arrangement of the exhaust manifold of the necessarily cross- flow head). Unlike contemporaneous BMC and Peugeot models, which had the transmission in the oil sump, the Primula had its manual transmission placed end-on, above the differential. The Primula also featured disc brakes on all four wheels, uncommon in small cars of the time.
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Then they prayed Lord Narasimha Swamy as per advice of their Guru ji Shri Kodandarama Swamy and decided to build a small water sump on the deva moola of the temple premises, but for surprise they found water gushing at 7 feet level and till today the water has been utilized by the entire villagers as there was no water there. Swayambu of Sudarshana Chakra There were many instances of miracles happening including a big serpent guarding the temple premises every day where it will not allow any ladies entering the temple during their mensuration periods . Also, 32 elephants came to the temple and destroyed an illegal compound of the neighbor who produced disturbances to the temple trustees where you can see the compound wall now is also a miracle as they have never seen elephants in that area. Currently a portion of the land where swamy is situated has been donated to Ahobila Mutt and still it is under the control of the mutt where they decided to build the temple shortly .
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All three of these models were available in the Monte Carlo Gift Set (GS38) also issued in April 1965; a highly prized set for today's collector. Another Mini Cooper S in Monte Carlo Rally finish was issued the January of following year complete with two jewelled rally lamps in the grille and the signatures of the driver Timo Mäkinen and his co-driver Paul Easter printed on the roof. The model number 321 was carried over from the 1965 car. A Hillman Imp was also issued as a Monte Carlo Rally car (328), finished in blue with a white flash along the sides and two jewelled rally lamps, and was driven by an all-female team of Rosemary Smith and Valerie Domleo in the 1966 event. 1967 was the final year that Corgi issued Monte Carlo Rally cars, and the famous Mini Cooper S (339) appeared yet again in March, this time with four jewelled rally lamps in the grill, a sump guard and two spare wheels on a roof rack borrowed from the 'Surfing' Mini Traveller (485) from 1965.
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Pursuant to evidence from this most recent excavation, Dr. Franklin further asserts that Jezreel likely contained both a vineyard and a winery near an installation made to house any visiting Israelite king, which is all consistent with several claims regarding the story of the vineyard's alleged owner—a man named Naboth—made in the Biblical Book of 1 Kings. While vineyards do not leave direct archaeological remains, an independently conducted soil analysis found a plot of land in Jezreel properly suited for growing grapes, while the soils in the fields further west from the location were found to be the right quality for growing olives. Furthermore, numerous indicators of an ancient winery were discovered at a "particularly impressive installation...carved into the limestone bedrock at the foot of the hill of Jezreel", such indicators including rock-cut treading floors; two adjacent rock-cut vats, each more than one meter in depth; another treading floor connected to a vat by a rock-cut channel; a deep circular basin that possibly functioned as additional vat; and a sump for collecting liquids.
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The coating, marketed as Suzuki Composite Electro-chemical Material or SCEM, is nickel-phosphorus- silicon-carbide based, reducing weight (by eliminating a steel liner) and improving heat transfer, allowing for tighter and more efficient piston-to- cylinder clearance. Valves are adjustable via 'screw and locknut' type clearance adjusters. The engine features an oil sump sight glass, enabling visual oil checks, and uses 87 octane fuel. Specifications include a five speed transmission with cable-actuated clutch, electric starting (with kickstarter in the JDM), clutch and side stand interlocks (cut-outs), electronic ignition system, maintenance free battery, tubular steel frame with load bearing (stressed member) engine, rear drum brake and front 275mm dual- piston caliper disk brake by Tokico, chrome-plated locking gas cap, passenger pillion separate from the driver's seat, plastic front and rear fenders, factory equipped tool kit (under the right side panel), helmet lock, tapered chrome muffler, and chrome wired wheels. Cheng Shin tube-type tires are fitted as standard equipment: 90/90-18 front and 110/90-18 rear.
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The cars were capable of and were tuned to production specification, with only Saab sports parts permitted for any adjustments. The wheels were shod with Pirelli racing slick tyres. Key specifications for race cars were: no chassis modification; front and rear spoilers as standard, with removal of material permitted for engine cooling; ground clearance front , rear ; sump guard prohibited; engines conforming to Saab-Scania standard H-series Turbo specification, as from model year 1986; oil and water cooler matrices standard; control of wastgate was 'free'; air filter box, element and throttle housing standard; exhaust manifold standard; exhaust system after the manifold was 'free'; the APC system could be deleted; fuel injection equipment standard, with permitted modifications; Saab roadholding kit fitted; Saab anti-roll bar kit fitted; permitted to alter front and rear wheel geometry; clutch uprated to an AP Racing unit; gearbox standard for 1986 model year; Saab-supplied wheels only; specified brake modifications permitted; handbrake could be removed; fuel tank standard; standard power-steering to be retained.
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Mariotte at anchor, Calais, 1912–14 Mariotte, named after the physicist Edme Mariotte, was ordered from the Arsenal de Cherbourg on 31 December 1906. The boat was laid down on 30 March 1908 and launched on 2 February 1911 with only the starboard electric motor in place. The port electric motor was under repair at the time and was installed from 3 May to 21 June and a brief series of trials were conducted. The boat was refitted and further repairs were made to the port-side motor, although continuing problems with her propulsion system often immobilized Mariotte into 1912. She was able, however, to conduct diving, torpedo and underwater speed trials in August and September 1911. The boat was lightly damaged when the air heater of a Modèle 1909R torpedo exploded in its tube on 27 December. Her diesel engines, three years delayed by problems during factory testing, were installed from 1 March to 28 July 1912. They were judged satisfactory after the oil sump and the compressors were changed.
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A 1 of 20 prototype Umnumzaan folding knife, with CPM S30V blade and titanium handles The Umnumzaan is a folding pocket knife manufactured by Chris Reeve Knives of Boise, Idaho, and designed by Chris Reeve. The name "Umnumzaan" is derived from the Zulu language, meaning "Head of the family," or "Boss" (colloq.), a tribute to Mr. Reeve's South Africa origins. The Umnumzaan was designed to meet the needs of operators seeking a heavy-duty folder capable of handling heavy use and even abuse. Building upon the Sebenza’s success, the Umnumzaan features: a stronger pivot joint, a thicker blade, a different blade grind with a reinforced tip, improved ergonomics, thicker titanium handles, a thicker titanium lock bar, a stronger ceramic ball detent system, a larger titanium spacer (sometimes called a “stand off”), a phosphor-bronze washer system designed to act as a ‘dry-sump’ to retain lubrication and keep dirt out, an oversized ambidextrous-thumb studs & extended lock bar to aid operation when wearing gloves, a lanyard pivot joint that uses pivoting lanyard tie bars, and a deeply textured grip.
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Although defences had been set up, all of them proved woefully inadequate. As early as 1915, a number of B.E.2c aircraft (the infamous "Fokker Fodder") were modified into the first night fighters. After lack of success while using darts and small incendiary bombs to attack Zeppelins from above, ultimately a Lewis gun loaded with novel incendiary ammunition, was mounted at an angle of 45° to fire upwards, to attack the enemy from below. This technique proved to be very effective.Gunston 1976, p. 27. Operational B.E.2c with RAF 1a engine, "V" undercarriage, streamlined cowling on sump, and cut-out in upper centre section to improve field of fire for gunner After over a year of night Zeppelin raids, on the night of 2–3 September 1916, a BE2c flown by Captain William Leefe Robinson downed the SL 11, the first German airship to be shot down over Britain.Knell 2003, pp. 109–111. This action won the pilot a Victoria Cross and cash prizes totaling £3,500 put up by a number of individuals.
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The Khamsin used an all-steel monocoque construction, with a rear Silentbloc- bushing insulated tubular subframe supporting the rear suspension and differential. Suspension was double wishbones all around - a major improvement over the Ghibli's leaf-sprung solid axle - with coaxial springs and shock absorbers (single upfront, double at the rear) and anti-roll bars. Khamsin's engine bay. The green components are part of the hydraulic system. The front- mid mounted engine gave the car a 50/50 weight distribution; it was pushed so far back towards the firewall that the full size spare tyre could be stored beneath the radiator in front of it, thus freeing up space in the boot. Apart from the adoption of Bosch electronic ignition, Maserati's DOHC, 16-valve V8 engine was carried over from the Ghibli SS and delivered at 5,500 rpm and of torque at 4,000 rpm. It was fed through four double barrel 42 DCNF 41 Weber carburetors and used dry-sump lubrication. The dual fuel tanks were retained from the Ghibli, but not of similar size.
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The only one open to the public is "Lumbago Walk", named as traversing it requires most adults to stoop. The route continues through two main caverns, "The Great Cave" and "Roger Rain's House", and into a passage, "Pluto's Dining Room" – This is now the furthest point currently open to the public, but before 1990 the show cave extended almost twice its current length; down "The Devil's Staircase" to "Halfway House" along a raised bank path which crossed an underground stream known as "Inner Styx" via a series of four wooden bridges, under "Five Arches" to the junction of Buxton Water Sump. This section often floods in winter, and occasionally summer, which required regular clearing of debris and mending of the safety fences at the start of the tourist season in April (cave tours were not an all-year event until 1997). In the mid-1980s there was a worldwide scare over the possible dangers of radon, a gas found to be present in this lower part of the cave and a potential issue for tour guides frequently exposed to it.
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Moffat hills from Bodesbeck Ridge ----- 1 Black Craig -- 2 Swatte Fell -- 3 Hartfell -- 4 Saddle Yoke -- 5 Raven Craig -- 6 Firthhope Rig -- 7 Carrifran Gans -- 8 White Coomb -- 9 Carrifran Glen -- 10 Moffatdale There is parking associated with Carrifran Wildwood project at OS Ref NT163117 which can be used for this route. It is a steep climb from there to the top of Carrifran Gans (nearly 670 metres in 2 kilometres). From there it is possible to either take in White Coomb and Firthhope Rig in the next stage or, descend to the more interesting waterfalls around Firthhope Burn - White Coomb can be saved for the Grey Mare's Tail routes. Around the waterfalls offers the best views and also some quite interesting terrain to scramble over - not only around the waterfalls themselves but also while crossing the face of the steep lower slopes of Firthhope Rig on the way up to Games Castle (a natural feature resembling a castle) and Rotten Bottom (the sump area for all the peat hags round about).
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B6ZE(RS) B6ZE(RS) - (78x83.6 mm) - Developed for the Mazda MX-5/Miata (1989–05) and Mazda Familia sedan GS/LS Full Time 4WD(JP Only,1994-1998). The engine uses a DOHC 16-valve alloy head with a lightened crankshaft and flywheel to allow a 7,200 rpm redline. An aluminium sump with cooling fins is an unusual feature of this engine. The US and European version (1990-1993) had a 9.4:1 compression ratio and produced 86 kW (115 hp) at 6,500 rpm, and 136 N⋅m (100 lbf⋅ft) of torque at 5,500 rpm. The later European version (1994-1997) produced 66 kW (90 hp) at 6,500 rpm, and 129 N·m (95 lb·ft) at 5,500 rpm. It was then updated to 82 kW (110 hp) at 6,500 rpm and 134 N·m (99 lb·ft) at 5,000 rpm for the models from 1998-2005. The Japanese version of the engine also had a 9.4:1 compression ratio and produced 120 hp (90 kW) at 6,500 and 100 lb·ft (136 N·m) at 5,500. After 1998 the power was increased to 125 hp (93 kW) at 6,500 and 105 lb·ft (143 N·m) at 5,000.
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In the mid-1980s Land Rover was part of the Land Rover Group, responsible for production of the Freight Rover van. The 2.5-litre diesel was fitted to the Freight Rover 300series and the FX4 taxi (the engines for these applications had slight design changes, such as higher-mounted injector pumps and non-waterproof cambelt cases. They received the designations 14J and 15J respectively. Being fitted with a timing belt rather than a chain the 15J engine suffered none of the reliability problems in the FX4 that its 10J predecessor had encountered (see above)). The engine became a special-order only option after the introduction of turbodiesel engines (see below) but remained in production (and popular with military and some commercial buyers) until 1994.Robson, 2003, p. 98-99 The British Army used this engine in the vast majority of the 20,000 Land Rovers it bought between 1985 and 1994.Dymock. 2006, p.198 A manufacturing flaw with pistons combined with Army maintenance practises (such as a tendency to over-fill the sump with oil) caused the engines to over-breathe and ingest their oil, leading to piston failure.
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Class 111 DMU with twin C6NFLH in each power car Horizontal versions, such as the C6NFLH (H for horizontal), were also produced for railcars and mounted beneath the floor. This engine was not completely horizontal, with the cylinders inclined slightly upwards at 17½°. Wet sump lubrication was used. Many of the ancillaries and servicing points were relocated to what were now the sides of the engine, so that they could be serviced from the sides of the railcar, rather than having to lift out floor panels. The C6NFLH produced 180 bhp at 1,800 rpm. It was used by Metropolitan-Cammell in the Class 111 DMUs of the late 1950s and 1960s, rather than the 150 bhp BUT engines used in earlier classes. Two engines were used for each power car, marshalled into two or three car sets with a power car at each end, giving 720 bhp overall. This extra power was also used for the BRC&WC; 'Calder Valley' sets. An eight- cylinder version, C8NFLH, of 238 bhp at 1,880 rpm was also used. A single unit was used in each power car of the 112 and 113 classes.
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Ferrari had dominated sports-car racing since 1958, with three World Sportscar Championships and three 24 Hours of Le Mans victories in four attempts. In 1962, the CSI (Commission Sportive Internationale) and ACO (Automobile Club de l'Ouest) restructured their rules and classifications to emphasize GT cars and make the three-litre sports-racing class (dominated by cars like the 250 TR) obsolete. The displacement limit for GT cars and the new experimental class was raised to four litres. At this time, Ferrari replaced its sports racers with mid-engine designs and V6s or V8s and decided to rebuild chassis 0780TR as the 330 TRI/LM for the experimental class. This chassis was to be the only 330 TRI/LM ever built. The transformation of 250 TRI60 0780TR to the 330 TRI/LM involved significant changes to the engine, body and chassis. The 3 liter 250 series engine was replaced by a Tipo 163 4-litre Colombo V12 with free-breathing cylinder heads, larger valves, six twin-barrel Weber 42DCN carburetors and dry sump lubrication. This engine provided at 7500 rpm, 50 bhp more than the 250 TR and with a power/displacement ratio of almost 100 hp/liter.
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After the designing was finished on the 5.3 L V12 and the Jaguar XJ, Jaguar wanted a modern engine for a smaller version of XJ. Although Jaguar had gained access to the 2.5 Litre iron block Daimler V8 with the take over of Daimler in 1960, it was a pushrod engine designed in the 1950s, and was not particularly small or light as it was based on, and had many common components with, the 4.5 Litre version. In response, Coventry Climax designed an aluminium crossflow chain-driven SOHC cylinder head somewhat similar to the 5.3L V12 head, on FWMV Mk.4 block with a stroked crank and wet sump. Tecalemit-Jackson fuel injection was used for the development on this 2,496 cc CFA V8, and the engine was installed on Leonard Pelham Lee's personal Triumph 2000 Estate. The testing was promising, and a 1,812 cc CFF version was prototyped, however, this 1.8 - 2.5 Litre baby XJ project was killed along with the V8 engines when British Motor Holdings merged with Leyland Motor Corporation in 1968 for the strategy to eliminate internal competition against what came out to be the Rover SD1.
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AJD-V6 engine in a 2006 Jaguar XJ To improve the engine's low-speed torque range for off-roading and towing applications, the Land Rover variant utilised a large capacity single-turbocharger, rather than use the twin-turbo design; in addition the engine is fitted with a large engine driven cooling fan to support low speed, high load driving as may be encountered in desert conditions. Furthermore, the Land Rover variant of the Lion V6 includes a deeper, high capacity sump with improved baffles to maintain oil pressure at off-roading extreme angles and multi-layered seals to keep dust, mud and water at bay and different transmission bell housing bolt pattern. The Lion V6 – constructed from compacted graphite iron – is a member of the Ford Duratorq family and is produced at Ford's Dagenham engine plant; 35,000 engines were produced from April to December 2004. The 3.0-litre design, known as the Gen III, superseded the 2.7-litre, and uses turbochargers on a series-sequential system and has an uprated common rail injection system incorporating fuel injectors with piezo crystals fitted nearer to the tip to reduce engine noise and a metering mode to reduce oversupplying fuel, decreasing fuel consumption and unused fuel temperature over the 2.7-litre model.
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The new generation Corvette resurrected the "Stingray" name (originally spelled "Sting Ray" on 1963 to 1967 models and "Stingray" from 1969 to 1976), last used in 1976. For the 2015 model, Chevrolet began offering a transaxle version of the 8L90 8-speed automatic to replace the previous 6-speed 6L80. 2017 Corvette Grand Sport Collector Edition #43 For the 2017 model year Chevrolet once again introduced the Grand Sport (GS) model. This model includes Z06 wide body styling features and suspension tuning along with the Z51 dry sump LT1 engine configuration. Grand Sport models were available in 10 exterior colors and could have the optional Heritage Package which included hash-mark fender graphics (available in six colors. As part of the introduction of the Grand Sport in Geneva, Switzerland, Chevrolet also announced a Grand Sport Collector Edition, which was to be limited to 1,000 vehicles in total and only 850 for the US Market. Final production numbers show 784 Coupes and 151 Convertibles were built; 935 total. The $4,995 Z25 Option Package was a cosmetic upgrade that contained the following: blue fender hash-marks, two-tone blue leather seating surfaces with a logo on the seat headrest, blue leather stitching, serialized edition numbered dash plaque and carpeted floor mats with logo, For the 2019 model year the ZR1 variant returned.
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