H: I think not subtitling for U.S. audiences is important.
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For example, a 20183 survey of the practice of subtitling by the British Film Institute found that, on average, a full third of a film's original dialogue would be discarded through the subtitling process.
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A lot of subtitling on streaming video follows the same principle.
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"Official subtitling was a little more assembly line," Mr. Decker said.
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That's still much easier to deploy than a battery-powered AR subtitling headset.
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Movies from other parts of the country now rival Bollywood; dubbing and subtitling are big business.
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The ins and outs of subtitling are too complex to get into in much detail here.
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Dubbing, the argument goes, can distract many people from the cinematic experience far more than subtitling.
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In one study, she looked at the automatic subtitling on YouTube, which uses Google's speech-recognition system.
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Ofcom, the regulator, has overseen a rise in subtitling to more than 80% of programming on most channels.
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Talking pictures complicated matters, and, with subtitling and dubbing not yet a workable solution, companies shot multiple-language versions.
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Tomodachi retaliated by refusing to release the show's final 20 episodes, which they had already finished subtitling, to anyone.
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As a result, these markets will likely require fewer resources like translation or subtitling to ready the service for launch.
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Netflix is subtitling the movies in 28 languages and providing new dubs for up to 20 languages, which is no small task.
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The scene has has quickly become a meme, with Twitter users subtitling the pair to turn it into furious arguments over trivial matters.
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The DOJ is supporting a National Association of the Deaf lawsuit against Harvard for not subtitling or transcribing videos and audio files posted online.
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Why it matters: It's experimenting with how its artificial intelligence features, like automatic subtitling and Google Translate, can help modernize podcasting and broaden audiences.
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In November, Tarjama acquired Captivate Arabia, an audio-visual translation and subtitling agency, to enhance the company's position in the audio-visual translation domain.
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But by the early 20193s, it transitioned to a subscription and ad-supported model of licensing and subtitling shows itself exclusively for its service.
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Following Parasite's surprise Oscar win for Best Picture earlier this month, an age-old debate has roared to life once more: Which is better, subtitling or dubbing?
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Viki still takes advantage of the crowdsourced subtitling, but they've switched to a licensing-only model, which means that tons of shows are just no longer available anywhere.
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The subtitling of this piece, "(a family album)," highlights Skipitares's interest in how the framework of the family can help us understand Pirandello's six characters in a new light.
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Unlike all the other FAANGs, which are global but unmistakably American, Netflix is becoming truly international: it makes TV shows in 21 countries, dubbing and subtitling them into multiple languages.
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Some platforms, such as the BBC's iPlayer—which started to offer live online subtitling, a world first, just in time for the Rio Olympic games—do far better than others.
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One of the big arguments in favor of dubbing is that it preserves the cinematic experience more fully than subtitling while also allowing for more film dialogue to be translated.
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"Perhaps they consider themselves a horror aficionado, but they excel at subtitling romantic comedies — theoretically, we can make this match so they're able to do their best quality work," Netflix says.
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My biggest gripe is that Viki used to do this interesting thing where it was integrated with YouTube, and it allowed its community to annotate videos — essentially offering a crowdsourced subtitling platform.
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Through a spokeswoman, Amazon declined to comment for this article, but in past exchanges on this topic I've received indications that the company is in the process of improving its subtitling practices.
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Especially if you associate subtitling with messy fan-made translations, you might prefer dubbing; waiting for a studio-produced dub of a series tends to mean that the translation is more effectively done.
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But they also have a distinct advantage in the foreign market: dubbing, rather than subtitling, is more appealing for foreign markets, and much easier to do believably with animated films than live-action ones.
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It is easy to load a script into a subtitling system and hit "go" at the start of the play, he said, but problems would then arise if actors spoke quicker or slower than expected.
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Overall, Netflix's subtitling has hewed more closely to a literal interpretation of the original Japanese — though that makes the liberties taken with a word as easy to translate as "love" seem all the stranger in comparison.
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Hoodline had been a part of Disney's accelerator in 2017, so it too has backed the company, as has Rakuten, the Japanese e-commerce behemoth that acquired Hovaghimian's previous startup, the crowdsourced online video subtitling startup Viki.
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So if you were a fan and wanted your anime however you could get it, you often were faced with the devil's choice of unofficial subtitling with dubious translations, or officially translated dubs featuring wild voice acting.
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Screenshot: GizmodoA more useful application of AI is coming soon, Google says: Automatic subtitling of episodes, similar to what's offered on YouTube, so you can keep up with what's being said even if you're in a noisy environment.
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Checking out the world of streaming video over the past year, I've accumulated some anecdotal evidence of my own, which leads me to conclude that subtitling is not a problem for contemporary viewers, particularly younger ones with interests in genre material.
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Chief content officer Ted Sarandos said Netflix has shot original content in 17 countries as it focuses more on local programming, and that many of Netflix's foreign-language shows would be considered "big hits" on American cable channels, thanks to artful subtitling.
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Digital Minister Matt Hancock, who signed a commencement order for the Act, said work would immediately begin on age verification for porn, cracking down on entertainment scalpers, better subtitling on catch up TV as well as improving internet connectivity for rural areas.
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"For example, as speech-to-text technology continues to improve, we'll be able to provide new features like automatic subtitling, which is especially helpful if you are hearing impaired or in a noisy area without headphones," said Google Podcasts project manager Zack Reneau-Wedeen in Google's announcement.
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In 1940, he established "Anis Ebeid Films", a subtitling company based in Cairo, now a major subtitling service provider and film distribution agency in the Middle East.
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In 1998, ESIST endorsed the Code of Good Subtitling Practice.Mangiron, C., 2011. Subtitling in game localisation: a descriptive study. Perspectives: Studies in Translation Theory and Practice, 21(1), pp.42-56.
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The Code is a set of guidelines developed by Jan Ivarsson and Mary Carroll,Ivarsson, J. and Carrol, M., 1998. Subtitling. Simrishamn: Transedit, pp.157-159.Díaz Cintas, J. and Remael, A., 2007. Audiovisual Translation: Subtitling.
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VSI Berlin GmbH is a German language service provider with dubbing studios and subtitling facilities,MediaLogic. "VSI Berlin Dubbing Subtitling", 1 April 2007. Retrieved on 19 February 2014 based in the historical Osthafen area in central Berlin.
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Listening to Subtitles. Subtitles for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing. Bern: Peter Lang, p.72. In 2000 it launched The Comparative Subtitling project, the first comparative analysis of subtitling practices and guidelines in all European countries.
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Translated versions including Subtitling are now possible using SMIL Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language.
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Advanced subtitling can also include additional media accessibility features such as "descriptive audio".
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Same language subtitling is used in the show to improve literacy in rural areas.
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Twitter subtitling is the process of using live or recorded tweets from the backchannel to create subtitles for video content. The use of 'twitter subtitling' has mainly been used to enhance the video archive of live events (e.g. television broadcasts, conferences etc.).
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In March 2008 Red Bee Media acquired Titelbild Subtitling and Translation GmbH, the European multilingual subtitling and translation service providers, enabling Red Bee Media to offer high quality translation services into many languages as well as expanding Red Bee Media into the German market.
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Real-time translation subtitling usually involves an interpreter and a stenographer working concurrently, whereby the former quickly translates the dialogue while the latter types; this form of subtitling is rare. The unavoidable delay, typing errors, lack of editing, and high cost mean that real-time translation subtitling is in low demand. Allowing the interpreter to directly speak to the viewers is usually both cheaper and quicker; however, the translation is not accessible to people who are deaf and hard-of-hearing.
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The European Association for Studies in Screen Translation (ESIST) is an international association in the field of audiovisual translation.Díaz Cintas, J. Subtitling: the long journey to academic acknowledgement. The Journal of Specialised Translation, 1, pp.50-70. According to ESIST, screen translation includes all forms of language transfer in the media, including subtitling, dubbing, voice-over, interpreting for the media, surtitling, subtitling for viewers who are deaf or hard of hearing, and audio description for blind and partially sighted audiences.
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VSI has dubbing studios and subtitling offices in London, Paris, BerlinMedialogic. "Referenzen/Projekte", July 2007. Retrieved on 24 May 2013 (VSI Berlin GmbH), Rome, Amsterdam (VSI Translation & Subtitling BV), Stockholm, Brussels, Barcelona, Madrid, Budapest, Ljubljana, Zagreb, Belgrade, Bucharest, Warsaw, Moscow, Istanbul, Tel Aviv, Cairo, Dubai, New York, Los Angeles, Buenos Aires.
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In October 2008, Red Bee Media acquired Mundovisión, the largest independent subtitling and audio description company in Spain. Alongside the recent acquisition of Titelbild in Germany, the addition of Mundovisión consolidated Red Bee Media’s position as Europe’s largest supplier of subtitling, signing and audio description services to the media industry.
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Same language subtitling (SLS) is the use of synchronized captioning of musical lyrics (or any text with an audio/video source) as a repeated reading activity. The basic reading activity involves students viewing a short subtitled presentation projected onscreen, while completing a response worksheet. To be really effective, the subtitling should have high quality synchronization of audio and text, and better yet, subtitling should change color in syllabic synchronization to audio model, and the text should be at a level to challenge students' language abilities.Gannon, Jack. 1981.
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PlanetRead has been featured by The Economist, The Boston Globe, The Huffington Post, The World Bank, and Extreme Tech. Former U.S. President Bill Clinton also spoke about the importance PlanetRead and Same Language Subtitling. PlanetRead has conducted many studies demonstrating the positive impact of Same Language Subtitling. Their most recent study was in August 2015.
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The word Titling, in the performing arts (opera, drama, audiovisual productions), defines the work of linguistic mediation encompassing subtitling and surtitling.
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The current version of SSA is v4.08. There are many freeware and open source subtitling applications that support the SSA format.
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Mary Carroll is an Australian translation specialist working in audiovisual translation. In 2012, she received the Jan Ivarsson Award for services to the field of audiovisual translation. She was Managing Director of Titelbild Subtitling and Translation GmbH, Berlin from 1991 until 2011. She also works as a consultant and teacher in the field of translation and subtitling.
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Viki streams premium licensed content in a similar way that Hulu does in U.S. markets. The site then puts the content on one of its channels, and the content can be subtitled by community volunteers. Viki was the first platform for real-time subtitling and sharing of videos of all content types.. Community members can subtitle their favorite videos in their preferred languages, under a Creative Commons license using Viki's subtitling technology, enabling individuals to collaborate globally, in dozens of languages at once. The subtitling software developed for the company allows many volunteers to translate a video concurrently in up to 160 languages.
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V Fansubs refers to the subtitling service that allows users to submit their own foreign-language subtitle translations for V Live videos. These subtitles are reviewed by a team from V Fansubs before they are uploaded onto V Live. This subtitling feature has been a significant aspect of V Live’s growth, attracting a large international fanbase outside of South Korea.
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In India, Same Language Subtitling (SLS) are common for films and music videos. SLS refers to the idea of subtitling in the same language as the audio. SLS is highlighted karaoke style, that is, to speech. The idea of SLS was initiated to shore up literacy rates as SLS makes reading practice an incidental, automatic, and subconscious part of popular TV entertainment.
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The 1996 DVD-Video standard was published with support for up to 32 separate synchronised subtitling streams to be packaged with a video file.
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In some East Asian countries, especially Chinese-speaking ones, subtitling is common in all taped television programs. In these countries, written text remains mostly uniform while regional dialects in the spoken form can be mutually unintelligible. Therefore, subtitling offers a distinct advantage to aid comprehension. With subtitles, programs in Putonghua, the standard Mandarin, or any dialect can be understood by viewers unfamiliar with it.
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Brij Kothari (born 9 June 1964) is an Indian academic and a social entrepreneur. He invented Same Language Subtitling on TV for mass literacy in India.
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SDH is meant for those who have difficulty hearing the dialogue on a film or television show by helping them to "see" the sound. Although similar to subtitling, SDH adds additional information to complement the verbal dimension. Originally, these subtitles were only available for films and pre- recorded broadcasts. However, the "growing number of legislative and regulatory provisions has set minimum quota requirements" for broadcasters and subtitling companies.
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Ivarsson has translated song lyrics, drama, television programmes and books from French, German and English into Swedish. In 1992 he published Subtitling for the Media – A Handbook of an Art and in 1998 he and Mary Carroll published the influential textbook Subtitling. His 'Short Technical History of Subtitles in Europe' remains one of the few scholarly sources on the history of subtitling and has been widely cited. From 1992 to 1996 he collaborated with the Language Transfer of the European Institute for the Media working group and in 1995 he was a founding member of the European Association for Studies in Screen Translation (ESIST), of which he was for some years Vice-President.
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The most extensively studied mode of multimedia translation, subtitling is the linguistic practice showing written text on a screen that conveys "a target language version of the source speech." Consisting of many sub-types, the one most commonly used is interlinguistic subtitling, which is usually displayed in open captions. In places where several languages are spoken, bilingual subtitles are used to show two different language versions of the source text at the same time.
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In 2012, ZOO Digital launched cloud subtitling services for TV and movie content with ZOOsubs. 2014 saw ZOO announced by Apple as one of four vendors selected to provide new iTunes packaging services to its Compressor users. 2015 saw ZOO sign a deal with BBC Worldwide to provide it with a new subtitling and captioning platform. In 2016, ZOO became a Netflix Preferred Vendor; this changed to a Netflix Preferred Fulfilment Partner in 2018.
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Henri Béhar is a subtitler, film critic and journalist who is best known for his regular participation in the Cannes Film Festival and for his subtitling of many well-known films.
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For the most part, the network's schedule matches that of the main Boomerang in the United Kingdom and Ireland, with local scheduling variations and the dubbing/subtitling of programmes into Italian.
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VSI was set up in 1989 by Managing Director, Norman Dawood, and has been privately owned ever since. Norman Dawood is the son of N. J. Dawood, the first translator of the Koran and the Tales from the Thousand and One Nights into modern English. VSI offers dubbing and subtitling and works closely with N J Dawood's translation company Aradco, based under the same roof. VSI was the first Western company offering electronic subtitling in Chinese, Japanese and Korean.
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Graffitti Studio () is a Bulgarian broadcast media content localization company, providing multilingual dubbing, voice over and subtitling services to the Global market. Graffitti Studio operates since 1994 and is based in Sofia, Bulgaria.
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Finally, Presencia is a weekly bilingual program which spotlights the region's Hispanic-American community, and uses captioning, dubbing, and subtitling to allow both Spanish and English-speaking viewers to equally watch the program.
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The 20th book in the series was released in 2016, covering Central Park in New York City. Robson is also an expert in closed captioning and subtitling technologies for deaf and hard of hearing people.
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Subtitles can be used instead of dubbing, as different countries have different traditions regarding the choice between dubbing and subtitling. On DVDs with higher translation budgets, the option for both types will often be provided to account for individual preferences; purists often demand subtitles. For small markets (small language area or films for a select audience), subtitling is more suitable, because it is cheaper. In the case of films for small children who cannot yet read, or do not read fast enough, dubbing is necessary.
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During its run, VITAC representatives deemed Littleburg "educational enough" to receive free closed captioning and subtitling. In 2006, the series' soundtrack was released to Nick Jr. Radio, a webcasting station featuring songs from preschool-oriented programs.
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German subtitling by Corinna Brocher. A short-run production was mounted in August 2019 at the Episcopal Actors Guild in New York, with actor Robert Meksin as Rapley, directed by Carin Zakes, to benefit 350.org.
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That led to formal requests made by the Electronic Media Council demanding language localisation of television programmes made in Serbian language. Ultimately, that issue was resolved through subtitling using teletext service normally used for closed captioning.
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He introduced Shunji Shimizu to Paramount Pictures, which whom he went on to have a long working relationship. One scholar suggests that "Shimizu’s work with Paramount marks the start of film translation proper in Japan and he is considered by many to be the first true film subtitling craftsman [...]". He was Paramount's subtitler for the Japanese market, with responsibility for preparing Paramount newsreels for distribution in Japan in the late 1930s and early 1940s, until American films were banned in Japan. He published extensively on the art and practice of subtitling.
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Also known as "real-time subtitling", it differs from regular subtitling in that the subtitles are not prerecorded and are instead inserted on the spot. This mode of multimedia of translation is used for live broadcasts for those who are hard of hearing. A "respeaker" takes the original sound and dialogue of a live program or event and "respeaks" it into a speech recognition software. This new version includes punctuation marks and specific features for this audience, which is then turned into subtitles with as little delay as possible.
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The language industry is the sector of activity dedicated to facilitating multilingual communication, both oral and written. According to the European Commission's Directorate-General of Translation, the language industry comprises the activities of translation, interpreting, subtitling and dubbing, software and website globalisation, language technology tools development, international conference organisation, language teaching and linguistic consultancy. According to the Canadian Language Industry Association, this sector comprises translation (with interpreting, subtitling and localisation), language training and language technologies. The European Language Industry Association limits the sector to translation, localisation, internationalisation and globalisation.
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Mania.com's Chris Beveridge commends the OVAs for its "good character designs". A later review by Beveridge criticizes the OVAs for having the "most unprofessional" subtitling with "at least one scene where there's five or six lines of subtitles on the screen".
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The choice was largely due to financial reasons (subtitling is more economical and quicker than dubbing), but during the 1930s it also became a political preference in Germany, Italy and Spain; an expedient form of censorship that ensured that foreign views and ideas could be stopped from reaching the local audience, as dubbing makes it possible to create a dialogue which is totally different from the original. In larger German cities a few "special cinemas" use subtitling instead of dubbing. Dubbing is still the norm and favored form in these four countries, but the proportion of subtitling is slowly growing, mainly to save cost and turnaround-time, but also due to a growing acceptance among younger generations, who are better readers and increasingly have a basic knowledge of English (the dominant language in film and TV) and thus prefer to hear the original dialogue. Nevertheless, in Spain, for example, only public TV channels show subtitled foreign films, usually at late night.
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Ardán (pronounced awrd-awn and meaning "platform") has been on the TG4 (Gaelic Public Sector Broadcaster) schedule since 2000. Formerly a live studio show, the show is now pre-recorded; thus allowing for English subtitling and possibly extending the broadcaster's target audience.
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The company was founded in 2003 by Singaporean director and producer Joyce Lee, with the aim of "bringing quality films to the audience in the South East Asia region". Its sister company Simply Fun handles video distribution, cinematic subtitling and other post- production services.
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An amendment in subtitling tells us that nine years of schooling took Laurel and Hardy to the 'First Reader' for American audiences, and the 'Infants' for the British. Today's American edition, he writes, originates from the Blackhawk Films master and combines footage from both films.
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Castilian Spanish is often not easy for local people to understand. Subtitling would not work with the audiences of the 1930s, many of whom were semi-literate. This created demand for locally produced sound films. Lumiton employed local actors experienced in radio or popular theater.
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Sing admitted that this was partially true as Odex had hired anime fans to do subtitling in 2004 who had taken "the easy way out and copied word for word the subtitles on fansubs they downloaded". Sing explained that when Odex released its anime, the company did not realise what the anime fans had done, and it has been "paying for this mistake ever since". It was reported at the same time that all of Odex's translation and subtitling was now done "in house". However, Odex's release of The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya in September 2007 was found to contain translations strongly resembling an earlier unauthorised fansub release.
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Both packages got more channels with the launch of MUX E in September 2007: SVT Europa and MTV3 Fakta was added to PlusTV and KinoTV was added to Canal Digital, while Discovery Channel, Eurosport, MTV Finland and Nickelodeon were added to both packages. September 2007 also saw the launch of the SveaTV package in Ostrobothnia which broadcasts Swedish language channels from a special multiplex. On the digital platform, subtitling isn't a part of the video stream, but is delivered as a separate data stream, which allows subtitling in multiple languages and the option to remove subtitles. Due to technical problems with the subtitles, many people cancelled their television licenses.
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Kostakidis joined SBS as part of the original management team in September 1980 and worked to set up the Subtitling Unit where she helped to develop its policy and training programme and recruited linguists. She became Director of Programme Preparation where she was involved in developing policies of censorship and classification and the children's programming policy. Kostakidis was moved from subtitling to help create and to host SBS's flagship evening news service, where her more diverse background and multilingual capabilities changed the face of the organisation. She began reading SBS's weekend news bulletins in 1986 and in 1988 became SBS Television's weeknight news presenter.
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Vestron Video capitalized by releasing Mad Max on video and subtitling it "the thrilling predecessor to The Road Warrior." Outside of the US (including Australia), the film earned rentals of $25 million, for a worldwide total of $36 million making it the highest-grossing Australian film worldwide.
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The Norwegian Association of Audiovisual Translators () is an association organizing mainly translators dealing with subtitling for the cinema, television, video, DVD and Internet markets. NAViO was established in 1997. Close to 140 translators have joined the association out of approximately 180 active translators in Norway (2007).
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He went on to subtitle more than 100 films from French and English. He worked extensively with Woody Allen, Atom Egoyan, Todd Field and Gus van Sant. He has frequently chaired events at the Cannes Film Festival. Béhar has been widely interviewed about his subtitling practice.
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The programming consists almost entirely of action movies (and programmes about movies) dating from the 1970s to more recent days. Movies are delivered by several distributors, such as Buena Vista International Television, Fox, MGM, Paramount and Universal. Subtitling is available in Norwegian, Swedish, Danish and Finnish.
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Dotsub is a global software company founded in 2007 and headquartered in New York, New York. The company's browser-based platform is used for subtitling & translating online videos. In 2018 Dave Bryant became Dotsub's President after several years as its Chief Operating Officer. Dotsub has personnel throughout the world.
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Surtitling is similar to subtitling, however it consists of one continuous line displayed with no interruption. Becoming more frequent in theatres and operahouses, the translation is displayed either above the stage or on the backs of seats. Despite being shown in real time, the translations are prepared in advance.
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SBS has been providing multilingual services since 1975. The SBS in-language units in both Sydney and Melbourne, provide a range of language services for medium to large organisations, private and government businesses, including accredited translations, typesetting, voiceovers/re-narration, subtitling and video services in over 68 languages.
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Subtitling developed starting from 1917, during the silent film era, whereas surtitling has been used in the live performing arts since 1983 (at the dawning of digital systems). With the appearance of new information systems, which opened the door to multilingual titling terminological debate started, too. In the audiovisual system, even when more than one language was used, subtitles maintained their position unchanged for many years. The newest software technologies for mobile devices, which came out as an alternative to subtitling in cinemas, or the possibilities opened up by head-mounted displays, such as subtitle glasses, have made a revision of the technical terminology necessary also in the field of those performing arts that are reproducible on electronic devices.
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Alongside his subtitling work Weinberg was also a cinema manager in New York and Baltimore in the 1930s and 1940s."Herman G. Weinberg Collection" . His short silent film Autumn Fire,"Autumn Fire imdb page". made in 1931, and starring Erna Bergman and Willy Hildebrand, is considered an example of contemporary avant-garde filmmaking.
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TTML Profiles for Internet Media Subtitles and Captions specifies two profiles, a text-only profile and an image-only profile, intended to be used across subtitle and caption delivery applications worldwide, thereby simplifying interoperability, consistent rendering and conversion to other subtitling and captioning formats. It incorporate extensions from SMPTE-TT and EBU-TT.
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Ensemble Video, a multi- focused video company, partnered and integrated their service with Amara's subtitling editor on October 27, 2015, being the first higher-education educational platform to do so. On October 17, 2014, Amara launched a new homepage design, and on April 7, 2015, Amara switched its platform to a new API.
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On the same day, meteorologist Nicole Mitchell became Paul Goodloe's permanent co- host on the 10 p.m. Eastern hour of Weather Center. The 7–10 p.m. ET block at this time was called Weather Center with Cantore and Steele, similar to Your Weather Todays new subtitling as Your Weather Today with Abrams & Bettes.
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Traditional shorthand systems are written on paper with a stenographic pencil or a stenographic pen. Some consider that strictly speaking only handwritten systems can be called shorthand. Machine shorthand is also a common term for writing produced by a stenotype, a specialized keyboard. These are often used for court room transcripts and in live subtitling.
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Ida has been released to DVD in both region 1 and region 2 with English subtitles. It has also been released with subtitles in several other languages. In December 2014 the film was awarded the Lux Prize by the European Parliament; this prize supports subtitling of films into all of the 23 official languages of the European Union.
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The anchors speak entirely in English. English dubbing or occasional English subtitling if needed (previously just English subtitles until after 2011) are used in video footage when the spoken language is other than English. All measurements, including temperatures, are given in metric. Monetary figures are measured in Japanese yen, and figures in United States dollars are often also included.
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In 2005, the British language service provider, Voice & Script International Ltd, opened up a branch in Germany, offering subtitling and voice-over facilities in the centre of Berlin. In 2007, it expanded its services by adding a German dubbing division,openPR.de. "VSI Berlin bringt digitale Untertitel zur Berlinale", 11 February 2010. Retrieved on 19 February 2014.
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In 2011, both companies merged to form VSI Berlin GmbH. Under the leadership of Ulrike Schubert and Norman Dawood,, the company offers dubbing, voice-over and subtitling of multilingual projects, as well as preparation of broadcast material, video editing and access services for television. VSI Berlin GmbH is part of the VSI Group,Imperial College. "sponsors", 1 July 2011.
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Natsuko Toda was born in Tokyo on July 3, 1936. She graduated from Tsuda College in 1958 and started working as a secretary in a life insurance company, but left after about a year. She learned the craft of subtitling under the eminent Japanese subtitler Shunji Shimizu. She found a part-time job at the Japanese arm of United Artists through Shimizu.
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Between 2013 and 2017,she worked as Executive Director at MiKK, a non- governmental organization specializing in mediation in cases of international abductions and detention of children. Today, Carroll mainly researches audiovisual translation as well as bilingual mediation and interpretation. In 2013 she was involved in launching the international conference series InDialog. She published Subtitling (Transedit, 1998)r with Jan Ivarsson.
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ZOO Digital Group PLC is a provider of cloud software based subtitling, dubbing and media localization services to the TV and movie industry. Its production facilities are located in El Segundo, Los Angeles; London and Sheffield, UK and Dubai, U.A.E. The company employs more than 200 employees worldwide and utilizes a global network of over 5,000 freelance translators and dubbing artists.
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SDI Media Group, Inc. is a major provider of subtitling, translation, and language dubbing services to the entertainment industry. The headquarters are located in the Westchester district of Los Angeles, California with other offices and facilities located in 37 countries around the world. The company employs more than 1,000 employees worldwide and utilizes a network of more than 4,000 freelance translators.
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Amara announced an official name transition from Universal Subtitles on April 5, 2012. The announcement cited the growth of the platform and increased potential to branch out of subtitling by using a less specific name. The name was chosen for several unspecified associations, but the announcement mentions the Spanish verb amar (to love) and that the word in Sanskrit means eternal.
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She is renowned for her participation in very important movie translation projects, like the Spanish dubbing of Don Matteo, starring Terence Hill, or the Spanish dubbing of Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures, a Namco Bandai production. She also worked on the Spanish subtitling of The Client List, starring Jennifer Love Hewitt and the Spanish dubbing of Silent House, starring Elizabeth Olsen.
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Subtitles are written in both English, Chinese and Malay. They are generally priced below those of United States or Japanese counterparts. During promotional period, a 13-episode VCD boxed set was sold for SGD$10 while a DVD boxed set went for SGD$20. Other than licensing and distributing, Odex also does English dubbing, translation and/or subtitling for other companies.
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The late Pierre Rissient was instrumental in the selection of these two films for Cannes. In 2019, Keith Sanborn was invited by Viénet to refresh his earlier American subtitling of Can Dialectics Break Bricks? Ever since, Sanborn’s American version has been the basis for other subtitled versions, notably, the Spanish version by Carlos Prieto, screened at Ficunam in Mexico, Madrid, and elsewhere.
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The school provides a four-year course leading to the degree Bachelor of Translation. All students study Dutch, English, and one other European language (French, German or Spanish). A foundation year is followed by a three-year main programme during which students specialise in such fields as technical translation, legal translation, professional communication, subtitling, and interpreting.Official accreditation report, 2014, pp. 14-15.
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Beam.tv was launched in 2002 as an online digital delivery and content management platform. Beam was originally established as an in-house FTP process to allow clients to review and approve visual-effects work being completed by The Mill in London. AdText.tv launched in 2008 for commercial subtitling. Mill+ launched in 2013 as a creative studio focusing on motion graphics, design and animation.
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Kanal D is a television channel operated by Doğan Media International which showcases the Turkish popular series. Kanal D was launched in Turkey in September 1993, before launching in Germany on 1996. The channel now operates in a number of territories across Europe, Asia. Each of the individual channels broadcasts with a local schedule, advertising, dubbing and subtitling unique to each territory.
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Typical applications of timed text are the real-time subtitling of foreign-language movies on the Web, captioning for people lacking audio devices or having hearing impairments, karaoke, scrolling news items or teleprompter applications. Timed text for MPEG-4 movies and cellphone media is specified in MPEG-4 Part 17 Timed Text, and its MIME type is specified by RFC 3839.
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Such programming is subtitled in English (such subtitling is typically applied by SBS itself via their inhouse subtitling department), but very little such content is now shown on the station; it has been replaced by largely English-language programming. The remainder of SBS's schedule consists of English-language lifestyle, music, game and talk shows. These include Iron Chef, RocKwiz, The Movie Show, MythBusters, Top Gear (2005–2009), Global Village, Top Gear Australia, The Food Lovers' Guide to Australia, Food Safari, Remote Area Nurse, Mum's the Word, HELP, Vasili's Garden, Lonely Planet: Six Degrees, Salam Cafe, Inside Australia, Storyline Australia, First Australians, The Nest, My Voice, Oz Concert, the Eurovision Song Contest. In addition to foreign language film show SBS Film which include the best of international films is also available from The World Movies Channel as aired.
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Odex's subtitling has been criticized by the Singapore anime community for having font with lower quality and sometimes inaccurate translations, as compared to fansubs or imports (an example would be its release of "Sword Art Online: Ordinal Scale" which suffers from some glaring mistakes such as misnaming the character Eiji by his voice actor's name). Allegations were made by the online community that Odex had passed off fansubs as its own work. Sing admitted that this was partially true as Odex had hired anime fans to do subtitling in 2004 who had taken "the easy way out and copied word for word the subtitles on fansubs they downloaded". Sing explained that when Odex released its anime, the company did not realise what the anime fans had done, and it has been "paying for this mistake ever since".
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As Abrams serves as a fill-in for Al Roker on NBC's Today, which broadcasts from New York City, Jen Carfagno and Eric Fisher both frequently serve as substitutes for Abrams. Your Weather Today implemented a new graphics and music package on April 5, 2010. This revamp removed the "with Abrams & Bettes" subtitling on-air; however, interactive programming guides and program listings on weather.
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Lekganyane's method of animation neglects other animation steps such as story-boarding and animatics. On completion of voice-over recording, Jonas animates the final product and lip syncs it with the voice-overs. The last stages of development include sound production, editing and subtitling. To avoid paying for copyrighted music and getting slammed with lawsuits, Lekganyane also produces the music and sound effects for the series.
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Shunji Shimizu is said to have inaugurated film subtitling proper in Japan. The first subtitled film in Japan was Josef von Sternberg's 1930 film Morocco. It came out in Japan in 1931 and was subtitled by Yukihiko Tamura. The film's success was so great that Paramount decided greatly to expand its distribution of films to Japan, but Tamura was not able to leave Japan.
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VSI Amsterdam was set up in 2001 by Managing Director of the VSI Group, Norman Dawood, and Ron van Broekhoven. The company has developed into one of Holland's leading subtitling and translation companies. In 2015 VSI joined forces with Wim Pel Productions, a leading audio post-production company. A year later VSI took over the editing and dubbing activities of Hoek & Sonépouse and introduced VSI Creative Services.
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Filming for the series started on 8 March 2012 and ended on 2 July 2012. Subsequent review by SARFT however, claimed the series of falsifying historical accounts. Extensive changes were thus required, resetting the entire premise to take place in a fictional era in a fictional country. Character names from the novel which were based on Chinese historical figures were changed, and dialogues and subtitling were revised.
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20 Issue 2, p379. She has lectured and written about the evaluation of translations and about translation of subtitling, audio description and written interpretation of visual works.Research overview Heidrun Gerzymisch at Google Scholar A collection of articles, edited by Juliane House, Werner Koller and Klaus Schubert, were published in German as Neue Perspektiven in der Übersetzungs- und Dolmetschwissenschaft in 2004, in honor of her 60th birthday.
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One of Hellas Sat's strategic partners is Satellite Telecommunications Network (STN), which offers comprehensive television and/or radio channel distribution services. STN offers standard-definition television (STDV) and/or high-definition television (HDTV) play-out services, SDTV and/or HDTV turnaround services as well as encryption, subtitling, and other services. STN was also behind the transmission of Euro1080-HD1 on Hellas-Sat-2, Europe's first HDTV channel.
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Crest Digital was a privately owned company specializing in post production and DVD/CD replication. Crest Digital provided editing, DVD and Blu-ray authoring, digital asset management, audio mixing, language dubbing and subtitling, and DVD/CD optical media replication services. Clients included major film and television studios, software companies, record labels, airlines and industrial clients from around the world. The company closed in September 2012.
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Veinberg, Jewish by birth, adopted Christianity in his youth. Pyotr Veinberg's literary career started in 1851 when the Panteon magazine published his translation of George Sand’s Claudie drama. In 1854 in Odessa a small compilation of his translations from Horace, André Chénier, Victor Hugo and Lord Byron came out. In 1856 The Russian Messenger published several of Veinberg’s own poems, subtitling it, mistakenly, "From Heine".
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Various cuts of the film have appeared over the years. IMDb lists the total runtime as 140 minutes, and a 'complete' version on YouTube runs closest to that at 138 minutes, 35 seconds.YouTube, Africa Addio This is an Italian language version, with a clear soundtrack and legible English subtitling. IMDb lists the different runtimes for previously released versions: USA- 122'; Norway- 124'; and Sweden- 116'.
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In 1933 Pavla fell on the craggy peak of Mojstrovka. During her long recovery during the Second World War, she opened a successful chain of cinemas in the Drava Banovina and Yugoslavia, she owned the cinema hall Metropol and the Union cinema in Celje, then in Ptuj, and finally the Matica cinema in Ljubljana. Among other things, she was also an innovator in subtitling techniques.
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From 1970 to 1978 he was General Secretary of the Swedish cultural centre in Paris. He returned to Sweden in 1978 and worked as a subtitler in Stockholm in film and television, particularly for the Swedish broadcaster Sveriges Television (SVT). He became head of programming with a specialty in drama. He worked with ScanTitling/Cavena on a new computerized time-coded subtitling system at SVT.
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Interoperability for timed text came up during the development of the SMIL 2.0 specification. Today, incompatible formats for captioning, subtitling and other forms of timed text are used on the Web. This means that when creating a SMIL presentation, the text portion often needs to be targeted to a particular playback environment. Moreover, the accessibility community relies heavily on captioning to make audiovisual content accessible.
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Accessed on February 10, 2009Biswas, Ranjita (2005). Hindi film songs can boost literacy rates in India This method of subtitling is used by national television broadcasters in China and in India such as Doordarshan. This idea was invented by Brij Kothari, who believed that SLS makes reading practice an incidental, automatic, and subconscious part of popular TV entertainment, at a low per-person cost to shore up literacy rates in India.
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Producer Sandip Ssingh offered the duo three films; they chose Ram-Leela over the other two. They were impressed by its outline and felt that it was similar to Australian writer Baz Luhrmann's films. In addition to writing, they collaborated with Bhansali for the costumes, recces, shoot days, editing, subtitling, and post production. After writing the initial screenplay draft, Siddarth-Garima were sent to Gujarat for researching dialect, slang and accent.
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Liebig was acclaimed in The Lancet for revealing "the true principles of cookery", and physicians promoted "rational diets" based on his ideas. Well- known British cookery writer Eliza Acton responded to Liebig by modifying the cookery techniques in the third edition of her Modern Cookery for Private Families, and subtitling the edition accordingly. Liebig's idea that "searing meat seals in the juices", though still widely believed, is not true.
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Established in 2008, Live Point Art produces news, socio-political, current events programs with a focus on the Arab region. They supply the programs to both foreign and Arabic channels. The programs include news reports, various broadcasts, studio and live window services along with entertainment programs like drama and film production, TV shows, dubbing, subtitling and distribution. Headquartered in Dubai - United Arab Emirates, it has branches in both Jordan and Istanbul.
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Ciné+ is a set of thematic pay television channels broadcasting movies. They are published by MultiThématiques (Canal+ Group) and are distributed by the CanalSat satellite TV as well as cable and ADSL via Numericable CANALSATDSL. Channels broadcast all foreign films in their original language on a secondary audio channel with two subtitling tracks in French, one for translation from a foreign language and the other for the hearing impaired.
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She has also been a teacher of creative writing. Between 1976 and 1980 she lived in London and Paris, and wrote fiction while supporting herself by doing film-editing, writing, and secretarial jobs. In 1980 she went to the University of Colorado at Boulder to do a master's degree in creative writing. She returned to Australia in 1983 and became a sub-editor at SBS Television in the subtitling department.
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PlanetRead is a non-profit founded by Ashoka Fellow, Brij Kothari, to provide Same Language Subtitling on Bollywood music videos in the same language that they are sung in to promote functional literacy. There are an estimated 650 million literate people in India. In reality, half the so-called ‘literates,’ more than 300 million people, can best be called ‘early-literate.’ They cannot read, for example, newspaper headlines.
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This includes minor improvements to the backend and user interface. Plumi 4.5 Final was released in January 2013. 4.5-final is a big stable production-ready release, including big improvements in both the user-interface and the back-end. Major changes in 4.5 centered around the creation of a new Plumi skin using Diazo, replacing Gunicorn with uWSGI, implementation of Amara subtitling engine and a video upload progress bar.
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In most English-speaking countries, dubbing is comparatively rare. In Israel, some programs need to be comprehensible to speakers of both Russian and Hebrew. This cannot be accomplished with dubbing, so subtitling is much more commonplace—sometimes even with subtitles in multiple languages, with the soundtrack remaining in the original language, usually English. The same applies to certain television shows in Finland, where Swedish and Finnish are both official languages.
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In 1990 the Swedish media company Modern Times Group acquired the majority shareholding in Svensk Text (SDI Media). SDI Media was sold by MTG to Warburg Pincus for US$60 million in 2004. In 2007 it was acquired by Elevation Partners, a private equity firm, mainly investing in media and entertainment companies. In 2008, SDI Media Group acquired Visiontext, a competitor in the subtitling industry, from Ascent Media.
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Al-Qaeda established a Media Committee early in its inception to handle traditional Western and Arab media as well as create an online media presence, which was established through the multi-media company as-Sahab in 2001. The company, which produces documentary-like films and operational videos for Afghanistan is known for its technological sophistication, cinematic effects, and their efforts to reach the west with translations and subtitling.
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In addition to playout, media management, content discovery platform and electronic program guide services, Red Bee Media provides "creative services" such as creation of advertisements, promotions and trailers for radio, television and interactive television and "access services" such as subtitling, signing and audio description for the BBC, Channel 4 and Channel 5 programming. The company also provides compliance, media management, design and support services, like encoding and editing video for mobile phone operators and VOD and IPTV operators such as the BBC iPlayer, Orange and UK cable company Virgin Media. Red Bee Media operates interactive television for the BBC, UKTV and others and provides webmaster services for BBC Online and other websites. It markets complex design systems for television such as its sports analysis tool called Piero, which is a 3D sport graphic system designed to analyse sports on TV. Red Bee Media also opened a subtitling division in Paris, France in January 2007, which subtitles for the French TV channel M6.
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Same language subtitling (SLS) refers to the practice of subtitling programs on TV in the same language as the audio. Initially introduced in the early 1970s as a means to make services available to the hard of hearing, Closed captioning as it became known was standardized for Latin alphabets in the 1976 World System Teletext agreement. Non-Latin character set services have subsequently been introduced, and are used in India, and in China to also aid literacy. In the mid 1980s Pioneer introduced a range of Laserdisc based Karaoke machines, with subtitled Music video playback combined with a Karaoke PA system, the concept was subsequently adapted for the 1986 multi-format Disney Sing-Along Songs series, and later transferred to the PlayStation 2, and subsequent games consoles, and has in parallel been adapted to classroom use of synchronized captioning of musical lyrics (or any text with an Audio and/or Video source) as a Repeated Reading activity.
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It also aired on other Japanese networks such as TV Aichi and TV Osaka, though it aired first on TV Tokyo. It contains a total of twenty-six episodes. On August 19, 2008 Funimation, on the behalf of d-rights, sent cease and desist orders to the fansub groups who were subtitling the series, to prevent copyright infringement. On December 25, 2008, Funimation announced they licensed the series for an English language release.
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A draw that said "Etiquetem en català" (Let's tag in Catalan) was made with all the collected tins. Since then, some more campaigns took place in tagging area, cinema and in the Catalan recognition. Between 1995 and 2000 some protestation acts took place in cinemas to ask for dubbing and Catalan subtitling. Also, there were campaigns to pressure the government and the multinationals with massive messages, certificates and public reports to media.
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Il Trasloco is an independent documentary from 1991, which tells the story of the Autonomia (or ‘refusal of work’) movement that began in Italy in the 1960s. Documenting the emptying of the unofficial headquarters of the movement, and narrated by one of its key proponents, Franco Berardi. The translation and subtitling of this film is by Federico Campagna (Through Europe) and Richard John Jones and was commissioned by Auto Italia South East.
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Depending on the feature that each scholar considers the most important, different terms have been used to label non-professional translation. O'Hagan has used user- generated translation, fan translation and community translation. Fernández- Costales and Jiménez-Crespo prefer collaborative translation, while Pérez- González labels it amateur subtitling. Pym proposes that the fundamental difference between this type of translation and professional translation relies on monetary reward, and he suggests it should be called volunteer translation.
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In August 2007, prior to the movie's release to theaters, a preliminary cut of the film was leaked and made available for download on the Internet. The cut, which included English title cards but no subtitles, was leaked from the company responsible for subtitling the film, resulting in one person being fired and a criminal investigation. It was estimated that about 11.5 million people had seen the leaked version of the movie in 2007.
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Release prints are generally expensive. For example, in the United States, it is not unusual for each one to cost around $1,500 to print and ship to theaters around the country. The cost of a release print is determined primarily by its length, the type of print stock used and the number of prints being struck in a given run. Laser subtitling release prints of foreign language films adds significantly to the cost per print.
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Live Point Foundation is a service supplying foreign and Arabic channels with economic, social and political news and current events in the Arab region. Services include producing and broadcasting news reports, various news and studio and live windows services, as well as drama and film production, different TV shows, dubbing, subtitling and distribution. The headquarters of the foundation is in Dubai - United Arab Emirates and has affiliates in both Jordan and Istanbul.
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In 2008, Funimation, on behalf of Japan's d-rights production company, exercised a power of attorney to remove fansubbed episodes of the Reborn! anime from the internet. Thus, to prevent copyright infringement, cease and desist notices were sent to fansub groups who were subtitling the series. On March 21, 2009, d-rights collaborated with the anime-streaming website Crunchyroll in order to begin streaming subbed episodes of the Japanese-dubbed series in North America.
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"We're the Superhumans" premiered on 15 July 2016. Versions of the advert were also available with audio descriptions, subtitling, and BSL interpretation for the visually and hearing impaired. Within four days of its premiere, "We're the Superhumans" was viewed at least 23 million times online. The introduction of the advert and its associated campaign had a higher percentage of user engagement on Twitter than the release of the BBC's 2016 Summer Olympics trailer.
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A company called Cinematic Captioning Systems has a similar reflective system called Bounce Back. A major problem for distributors has been that these systems are each proprietary, and require separate distributions to the theater to enable them to work. Proprietary systems also incur license fees. For film projection systems, Digital Theater Systems, the company behind the DTS surround sound standard, has created a digital captioning device called the DTS-CSS (Cinema Subtitling System).
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The winner, chosen by a professional jury, receives a free subtitling for his or her next film. The Nippon Digital Award was renamed in 2011 into the Nippon Visions Award. 2010 was the last year that parts of the Nippon Visions section, which focuses on independent productions, were distributed worldwide to cities including New York, Barcelona, and Berlin under the designation Nippon Connection Film Festival on Tour. In 2012 the children’s program Nippon Kids was established.
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To view a live production, a Second Life avatar stands on the floor or sits in a gallery seat. Similar to a non-virtual production, it is possible to talk with other audience members or to make public comments. This is in keeping with the goal to allow audience interaction with the players similar to that of Shakespeare's time. Audio dialog is augmented by subtitling, which has been available in French, German, Spanish, Italian and Portuguese.
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Voice-over translation is an audiovisual translation technique in which, unlike in dubbing, actor voices are recorded over the original audio track which can be heard in the background. This method of translation is most often used in documentaries and news reports to translate words of foreign-language interviewees in countries where subtitling is not the norm. In some countries, most notably in Eastern Europe, Mongolia, Vietnam and Cambodia, it is commonly used to translate all kinds of movies.
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He was then given the job of subtitling Soviet films for Chinese, Korean, and Japanese markets. While there, he was able to pull other Japanese refugees into the company and get them work, including Oshiro Noboru. Mochinaga soon found himself in another war zone as the Chinese National and Communist armies battled for dominance over Manchuria. After he and his staff were captured trying to flee to Hao Gang, he had to confess to being Japanese.
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Taiwan dubs some foreign films and TV series in Mandarin Chinese. Until the mid-1990s, the major national terrestrial channels both dubbed and subtitled all foreign programs and films and, for some popular programs, the original voices were offered in second audio program. Gradually, however, both terrestrial and cable channels stopped dubbing for prime time U.S. shows and films, while subtitling continued. In the 2000s, the dubbing practice has differed depending on the nature and origin of the program.
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The Jan Ivarsson Award is conferred by the European Association for Studies in Screen Translation for an outstanding contribution to the field of audiovisual translation. The first award was given to Ivarsson himself in Berlin at the biennial Language and the Media conference in 2010, for his lifetime pioneering contribution in the field of subtitling. Later winners of the Jan Ivarsson Award include the subtitler Mary Carroll (2012) and the audiovisual translation studies scholar Jorge Díaz Cintas (2014).
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V Live is a medium in which Korean celebrities can reach a global audience and has allowed non-Korean speaking fans worldwide to intimately interact with their favorite Hallyu idols. There is an online community on V Live for fan translators who create foreign subtitles so that more people can enjoy the content worldwide. Translators are ranked by the number of lines that they have translated. The subtitling process is made user-friendly so that fans do not need any specific technical skills.
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On-screen subtitles as seen in Japanese variety television shows are more for decorative purpose, something that is not seen in television in Europe and the Americas. Some shows even place sound effects over those subtitles. This practice of subtitling has been spread to neighbouring countries including South Korea and Taiwan. ATV in Hong Kong once practiced this style of decorative subtitles on its variety shows when it was owned by Want Want Holdings in Taiwan (which also owns CTV and CTI).
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For live usage, real-time text transcription services are available for captioning purposes, including Remote CART, Captioned Telephone, and live closed captioning for live broadcasts. Live transcripts are less accurate than offline transcripts, as there is no time for corrections and refinements. However, in a multistage subtitling process with a broadcast delay and access to a live audio feed it is possible to have several correction stages and for the text to be displayed at the same time as the "live" transmission.
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In 1955, he left teaching to devote himself to writing. From 1963 to 1972, he was a member of the Advance Revenue Commission at the National Film Center. In 1972, he received the Grand prix de littérature de l'Académie française for all of his work. As a specialist in Shakespeare, he was responsible for the French subtitling of television adaptations of plays by the English playwright, produced by the BBC between 1978 and 1985, and broadcast in France in the mid-1980s.
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ETSI EN 303 560 v1.1.1 (May 2018) is the DVB TTML Subtitling Systems specification. It defines a default conformance point that is the common intersection of conformance between EBU-TT-D and IMSC 1 Text Profile, and allows for subtitle and caption documents conformant to EBU-TT-D, IMSC1 Text Profile or other profiles of TTML to be sent and signalled within DVB MPEG-2 transport streams, and includes the ability to embed fonts for subtitle presentation, also within the transport stream.
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Ayre began his professional career as a reporter in Northern Ireland. In 1988, the then Home Secretary Douglas Hurd banned Sinn Féin from the airwaves in response to Irish Republican Army bombing campaigns. It was seen by many as extremely damaging to freedom of speech and the press in Britain. When Ayre became Controller of Editorial Policy he took legal advice and was satisfied that the prohibition could not stop the use of actors' voices to replace the more cumbersome use of subtitling.
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Kothari is the president of PlanetRead, a non-profit involved in furthering Same Language Subtitling throughout the world. He is also the founder of BookBox,BookBox is a social enterprise that uses Same Language Subtitles in animated books to help children learn to read. bookbox.com a social venture funded by First Light Ventures that produces animated, read- along stories for children in languages such as English, Spanish, Mandarin, Hindi, and over 21 others. His work was also selected by the Google.
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Amara has been utilized by educational web start-ups Khan Academy and Coursera in order to allow for subtitles on public educational videos, with Coursera CEO stating that it was important to making accessible content to learners who did not have English as a first language. In 2013, Amara released a feature that allowed users to connect their YouTube accounts to Amara and create subtitles for free that would show on both platforms. The website released an improved subtitling platform with this feature.
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Tanner found work at the British Film Institute in 1955, subtitling, translating, and organizing the archive. His first film, Nice Time (1957), a short documentary film about Piccadilly Circus during weekend evenings, was made with Claude Goretta. Produced by the British Film Institute Experimental Film Fund, it was first shown as part of the third Free Cinema programme at the National Film Theatre in May 1957. The debut film won a prize at the film festival in Venice and much critical praise.
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It was reported at the same time that all of Odex's translation and subtitling was now done "in house". However, Odex's release of The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya in September 2007 was found to contain translations strongly resembling an earlier unauthorised fansub release. Odex stated that because of the censorship laws in Singapore, they had to tweak subtitles to conform to the Board of Film Censors' (BFC) requirements. However, a BFC spokesperson denied this, saying the board preferred that subtitles be accurate.
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The Disappearance of Dorothy Lawrence written by McNamara and directed by Paulette Randall opened on 11 September 2015 at Arena Theatre, Wolverhampton. The play was based on the life of historical character Dorothy Lawrence. Her extraordinary story highlights the silencing of women's voices throughout history and the connection with the mental health system as a tool of censorship and repression. Paulette Randall directs the play which involves a cast of four and includes integrated subtitling, British Sign Language interpretation and Audio description.
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The law does, however, require that the images be recorded somehow: a live television broadcast is not an audiovisual workElst p. 406. (but is covered by the broadcaster's neighbouring rights). For movies, the law exhaustively enumerates all the initial copyright holders: the director, the author of the script, and the composer of the film music, if any. The law stipulates a transfer of the economic rights relating to publishing the film (including the rights to subtitling and redubbing) to the producer, unless the contract specifies otherwise.
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Perhaps Franckenberg's most famous work - and certainly his most unusual - is Raphael, Oder Arzt-Engel, first published posthumously in Amsterdam 1676. The Hebrew name 'Raphael' means 'God has healed'. The archangel Raphael has traditionally been linked with healing and restoration, and it is clear that Franckenberg, in subtitling his manuscript Arzt-Engel ('doctor-angel', a play on Erzengel, 'archangel'), is aware of this fact and wishes to make it clear to his readers. The work, ostensibly a medical tract, draws on both Paracelsian alchemy and Böhmian mysticism.
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Jan Ivarsson and Mary Carroll, Subtitling, Simrishamn, 1998, pp. 33-37. Due to the fear of piracy, distributors try to ensure that prints are returned and destroyed after the movie's theatrical run is complete.Kerry Segrave, Piracy in the Motion Picture Industry, Jefferson, NC, McFarland (2003), p. 178. However, small numbers of release prints do end up in the hands of private collectors, usually entering this market via projectionists, who simply retain their prints at the end of the run and do not return them.
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Many original features are released on DVD with a new soundtrack, which in some cases proves to be extremely unpopular, thus forcing DVD producers to include the original soundtrack. In some rare cases, the Hungarian soundtrack is left out altogether. This happens notably with Warner Home Video Hungary, which ignored the existence of Hungarian soundtracks completely, as they did not want to pay the licenses for the soundtracks to be included on their new DVD releases, which appear with improved picture quality, but very poor subtitling.
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There were technical errors in the Chinese subtitling on Channel 8 where it stopped showing for a brief period, beginning from this drama whenever the derogatory term for being a wretch, "死八婆", as well as similar terms, is uttered. This is already evident in episode 12, where Yao Wenlong calls Kym Ng the derogatory term twice, before correcting himself to mean that she is a "黄脸婆" (an old hag). The old hag term is also used on her in a later episode.
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TED Translators started as the TED Open Translation Project in May 2009. It intends to "[reach] out to the 4.5 billion people on the planet who don't speak English", according to TED Curator Chris Anderson. The OTP used crowd-based subtitling platforms to translate the text of TED and TED-Ed videos, as well as to caption and translate videos created in the TEDx program. (Until May 2012 it worked with its technology partner dotSUB, and then with the open source translation tool Amara).
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The show was presented in the United States and Canada on the Food Network, dubbed and/or subtitled into English. It is also actively broadcast on SBS TV in Australia. In the case of SBS, this is unusual as the network has a policy favouring in-house subtitling. It may be felt that the tone given to the show by its American dub is essential to its charms, heightened perhaps by the fact that in most episodes, the flamboyant Chairman is subtitled instead of dubbed.
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National legislation requires that all television programmes broadcasts in Croatia are made in Croatian language or with appropriate translations either using dubbing or subtitling. In general, all foreign programming is subtitled, except for cartoons and narrated parts of documentaries and similar programmes. An attempt to change this was made by Nova TV in 2006, when a soap opera was dubbed, but the move provoked negative response from viewers and critics, causing the experiment to be abandoned. The legislation does not provide for mutually intelligible languages.
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In fact, the expense of sound conversion was a major obstacle to many overseas producers, relatively undercapitalized by Hollywood standards. The production of multiple versions of export-bound talkies in different languages (known as "Foreign Language Version"), as well as the production of the cheaper "International Sound Version", a common approach at first, largely ceased by mid-1931, replaced by post-dubbing and subtitling. Despite trade restrictions imposed in most foreign markets, by 1937, American films commanded about 70 percent of screen time around the globe.Eckes and Zeiler (2003), p. 102.
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He was a musical guest during the first season of Saturday Night Live. More recently he and Roger Bellon wrote Highlander – A Celtic Opera. He is the author/composer of half a dozen other musicals, as well. In addition to these activities, Collins has worked extensively in language localization (subtitling and dubbing) and content creation for the entertainment business, serving as VP at Global Media Transfer, Media Concepts, VITAC Corporation, The Movie Treasury, Shadowbox Interactive and Hot Hits and as Creative Director for VoxWorks Technologies, SDI and Western Bell Communications.
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The Omnia II has a 5-Megapixel (2560×1920) camera with dual-LED flash that can also operate during video recording, 480p "DVD-like" D1 video recording with 720 × 480 pixels at 30 frames per second, and slow motion video recording with QVGA (320 × 240 pixels) at 120 frames per second. Camera modes include "Sports mode" for shorter exposure times and "Night mode" for prolonged exposure times. Other imaging assets include geotagging, face detection, and smile detection. The phone has built-in video editing abilities, including trimming, audio dubbing, live dubbing, and subtitling.
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She studied film making at the London School of Film Technique and was awarded a Diploma in Film Direction and Production (1957–1959). She was the only woman studying this subject there at that time. After passing out, she began working at Mai Harris, a subtitling firm for a short period and later returned home to Sri Lanka. It was briefly before she left that she happened to meet her to-be- husband at the residence of Mr. Vernon Mendis, who was a mutual friend of Lester and Sumitra.
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Within a few years the practice had peaked, largely due to the additional production complications and expenses incurred, along with improvements in dubbing and subtitling techniques. Many multiple-language version films were US-European co-productions and the Nazis' rise to power in the early 1930s effectively sealed their fate. European co-productions continued on a reduced scale through until the end of the 1950s before dying out almost completely. In India however, multiple-language versions are still produced on a semi-regular basis, particularly in the case of big budget epics.
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Playing Goldie, a South Indian IT Engineer living in the United Kingdom, who has come to regard London as a second home. His character Goldie meets and befriends 25-year-old Jai, an illegal immigrant in London hoping to improve his family's situation back in India. drew inspiration for the character from his travels as a child to South India. In the year 2013, The Labor Film Database remarked Campwala’s Documentary - The Invisible Subtitler -is the first documentary to provide a clear insight into the world of subtitling in the film industry.
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The response of anime fans was that the fall in sales was because Odex's products were inferior, inaccurately translated, and released later than the online versions. Odex subsequently attributed the inaccurate subtitling on censorship laws against mature themes (such as yaoi) and on fansubbers—anime fans who had translated the Japanese dialogue—whom they had hired. In response, the Board of Film Censors said that it did not ask for subtitles to be changed, that it merely classified content, and that the onus was on distributors to ensure accurate subtitles.
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The origin of this style is unclear but it has been proposed that magazines targeted at teenage girls first made it popular, and the phenomenon started to gain wider attention in media around 2002. The style has been met with increasing criticism, as its use continues to expand. Reported instances of girls using the writing in school work, OLs (Office Ladies) adopting the style in the workplace, and gyaru-moji being used in karaoke subtitling, are examples of this. Anthropologist Laura Miller has analyzed gyaru moji as an example of gender resistance.
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Weigand felt it was "lame", and Smith said the game contained "some of the worst voice acting ever produced by human lungs". Herranz had difficulty understanding crucial dialogue since the audio was only recorded in English, although she admitted that the voice guidance system was an innovative element. Williamson praised Sega's decision to produce full voiced dialogue as opposed to subtitling original Japanese dialogue, and also praised its "good-to-excellent" English voice acting, though it was "no Shakespeare". Reviewers had mixed opinions on the control scheme and use of the Saturn 3D controller.
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The emergence of the Internet has led some animators to distribute works online in a format called "original net anime" (ONA). The home distribution of anime releases were popularized in the 1980s with the VHS and LaserDisc formats. The VHS NTSC video format used in both Japan and the United States is credited as aiding the rising popularity of anime in the 1990s. The LaserDisc and VHS formats were transcended by the DVD format which offered the unique advantages; including multiple subtitling and dubbing tracks on the same disc.
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In the early 1990s, as cinemas tried to keep up with showing newly released films, subtitling became dominant in the cinema. This, in turn, forced TV channels to make their own cheap versions of dubbed soundtracks for the movies they presented, resulting in a constant degrading of dubbing quality. Once this became customary, cinema distributors resumed the habit of dubbing for popular productions, presenting them in a below-average quality. However, every feature is presented with the original soundtrack in at least one cinema in large towns and cities.
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In Croatia, foreign films and TV series are always subtitled, while most children's programs and animated movies are dubbed into Croatian. The practice of dubbing began in the 1980s in some animated shows and continued in 90's, 00's and forward in other shows and films, the latter ones being released in home media. Recently, more efforts have been made to introduce dubbing, but public reception has been poor in some exceptions. Regardless of language, Croatian audiences prefer subtitling to dubbing, however it is still popular in animated films.
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Serbian language dubs are made mainly for Serbia, but they broadcast in Montenegro and Bosnia & Herzegovina, too. Children's animated and some live-action movies and TV series are dubbed into Serbian, while live- action films and TV series for adults are always airing subtitled, because in this region people prefer subtitling for live-action formats. Turkish soap opera Lale Devri started airing dubbed in 2011, on RTV Pink, but because of bad reception, dub failed and rest of TV series was aired subtitled. Married... with Children was dubbed, too.
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The BBC announced in May 2008 that it had achieved its aim for all programming to have subtitles for viewers with hearing difficulties.BBC Vision celebrates 100% subtitling BBC Press Office, 7 May 2008.About the BBC – Policy on subtitles BBC These are available on the BBC Red Button, and until 23 October 2012, via the Ceefax teletext service. The BBC also offers audio description on some popular programmes for visually impaired-viewers as well as sign language interpretation on some of its programmes for deaf and hard-of-hearing viewers.
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Moreover, the company's video services include editing, graphics in 2D or 3D, visual effects, color correction, film-to-video transfer (telecine), and vaulting/storage. Finally, its distribution and studio services for home video, pay television, cable, and domestic and international television companies include foreign language dubbing, subtitling, restoration, satellite downlink, Digital TV, Digital Versatile Disc (DVD) services, transmission of television channels, and format conversions. By the time Todd-AO became a public company on the Nasdaq stock exchange in 1987, United Artists Communications, Inc. (UACI) ownership in Todd-AO had reached 85 percent.
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Kantana is a hub for film post-production services in Asia. Kantana's film lab provides overlay subtitling, negative cutting, color analysis, digital intermediate processing, optical effects, sound transfer, film cleaning and film print copying. The facility has provided lab work on such films as Memoirs of a Geisha, Superman Returns, Casino Royale, Echo Planet and dozens of Thai feature films. The company's sound studio provides audio dubbing and mixing services for feature films, television shows and commercials, including recording, sound effects, foley, sound design and voice dubbing/ADR.
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The first known fansub documented at the Rising Sun chapter of the C/FO was in 1986 of a Lupin III episode produced on the Commodore Amiga, marking the introduction of the formula for the process of fansubbing. However fansubbing was extremely expensive at this time (on the order of $4000 in 1986 and over one hundred hours). There were a few ventures into subtitling in the late 1980s; Leonard labels the fansub of the first two episodes of Ranma 1/2 in May 1989 as the earliest, widely distributed fansub.
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There are two full translations into English in print, Marcela Sulak (2012), A Bouquet of Czech Folktales, Prague, Twisted Spoon Press, and Susan Reynolds (2012), Kytice, London, Jantar Publishing. Marcela Sulak's translation has been used for subtitling performances of Dvořák's adaptations in Prague and the film version at the Warsaw Film Festival. The edition is illustrated with artwork by Alén Diviš. Susan Reynolds' translations were years in the making; she had read some of her translations at a symposium at the Antonin Dvořák Museum in Prague in 2004, which were lauded as "brilliant".
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Caroline Croskery was born in the United States and moved to Iran at the age of twenty- one. She holds a bachelor's degree from the University of California at Los Angeles in Iranian Studies. For many years she has been active in three fields of specialization: Language Teaching, Translation and Interpretation, and Voiceover Acting. She has taught English at the Iran Language Institute in Iran, translated feature films for subtitling at Farabi Cinema and Hozeh Honari, and performed actor dubbing of Persian films into English at IRIB, Sahar.
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Although anime can be considered by some as distinctly Japanese animation, some scholars and fans relate to them by their animated nature similar to the works of Walt Disney. Researchers found that this created a subset of people that distinguish themselves from the similar subculture of Japanophiles. The fandom originally proliferated using participatory media via the nature of fan- subbing anime, or the English subtitling of the original Japanese shows. The fans of anime usually referred to as Otaku have been credited as the ones who ushered anime into America.
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Before becoming an MP, Ribeiro-Addy was chief of staff to former Labour frontbencher Diane Abbott. Bell also sits as a school governor at Saint Gabriel's College, Camberwell. She was the elected as the Labour MP for Streatham in 2019 with a majority of 17,690, reduced by over 8,000 following a strong campaign from the Liberal Democrats. Ribeiro-Addy is a member of Labour's left-wing Socialist Campaign Group and has challenged the role of the media in devaluing black female MPs, particularly regarding recent BBC Parliament subtitling errors.
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The weakness of the government's case, combined with the trial's slow progress in the face of disruption by the defendants, led the press to lose interest.Steele, Free Speech, 224 A mistrial was declared on November 29, 1944, following the death of the trial judge, Edward C. Eicher.Steele, Free Speech, 227Among the defendants were: George Sylvester Viereck, Lawrence Dennis, Elizabeth Dilling, William Dudley Pelley, Joe McWilliams, Robert Edward Edmondson, James True, Gerald Winrod, William Griffin, Prescott Freese Dennett, and in absentia Ulrich Fleischhauer. Defendant Lawrence Dennis mocked the affair by subtitling his account of the trial The Great Sedition Trial of 1944.
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She subtitled films shot in other languages as well, including Dutch, Danish, Chinese and Japanese, by editing the raw translations and turning them into subtitles. She worked on films by many eminent European directors including Pedro Almodóvar and Éric Rohmer. She worked closely with Louis Malle, subtitling his films Au revoir les enfants, Le souffle au coeur and Milou en Mai. She subtitled a number of Oscar-winning and Oscar-nominated films including Babette's Feast, Belle Époque, The Restless Conscience: Resistance to Hitler Within Germany 1933-1945 and Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown.
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Since the introduction of the DVD and, later, the Blu-ray Disc, some high budget films include the simultaneous option of both subtitles and/or dubbing. Often in such cases, the translations are made separately, rather than the subtitles being a verbatim transcript of the dubbed scenes of the film. While this allows for the smoothest possible flow of the subtitles, it can be frustrating for someone attempting to learn a foreign language. In the traditional subtitling countries, dubbing is generally regarded as something strange and unnatural and is only used for animated films and TV programs intended for pre-school children.
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According to the New York Times, for its American release the film was “dubbed into English over a six-month period with considerable money and effort expended in matching voices and intonations to achieve artistic and mechanical perfection.” At the time there was a general debate over dubbing versus subtitling foreign films, and the American distributor, Richard Davis, screened the first reel of both versions for critics and writers and asked for their preference. They chose subtitles.New York Times. 13 Nov 1960: X9. (However, the dubbed version did make it to American TV in the early 1960s.) Several critics decried the subtitles.
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Kameraflage is a patented (US Patent #8,531,308) context-sensitive display technology developed by Connor Dickie. It adds a second camera-specific layer of information to scenes which are invisible to the human eye, but will register in the silicon chips found in digital cameras. Since digital cameras receive a broader spectrum of light than human eyes, the technology is invisible to the naked eye. One example of its use is subtitling in films: the subtitles can be rendered viewable only when using the viewfinder of a digital camera, allowing the subtitles to be optionally viewed by the audience.
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In addition to its success in Japan, Little Pollon has been a very successful television program in France on La Cinq in the late 1980s under the title , with Pollon's name changed to "Olympe". In Spain, the series was broadcast with the name Polon; in the region of Catalonia, it was known as Polon, and it was also distributed on VHS in Spanish. Only 24 episodes of the 46 were dubbed in Spanish and Catalan. Enoki Films USA holds the U.S. license to the anime series, although no English-language dub or subtitling of the series has ever been commercially released.
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He also became a translator, subtitling several films under the pseudonym of Álvaro Gomes. José Gomes Ferreira's first book of poems, Lírios do Monte, was published in 1918, a work he would later classify as a childhood experience. In 1948 he published his first serious work, Poesia I. Fifteen years later his book Aventuras Maravilhosas de João Sem Medo would also confirm his credits among the younger readers, overwhelmed by a fable that arouses imagination and creativity. He was born in a family with strong connections to music and started his musical studies when he was eight years old.
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The translation scholar Lawrence Venuti has argued that texts with very great cultural authority, including "the Bible, [...] the Homeric epics, Dante's Divine Comedy, Shakespeare's plays, or the Miguel de Cervantes novel Don Quixote, are likely to prompt retranslation because different readerships in the receiving culture may have different interpretations, and may want to apply their own values to the text."Lawrence Venuti, 'Retranslations: The creation of value' in Bucknell Review 47(1) (2004), pp. 25-38 Retranslation is common in subtitling. It is less common in dubbing and the response from viewers is not always positive.
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The song "Kalluri Vaanil" danced by Prabhu Deva Sundaram became widely known on the internet in the form of a soramimi spoof and viral video, following its subtitling as "Benny Lava" by YouTube user Mike Sutton (Buffalax) and "Rivaldo sai desse lago" (for Brazilian viewers). The name Benny Lava comes from Sutton's homophonic translation of the Tamil lead line "Kalluri vaanil kaayndha nilaavo?" as "My loony bun is fine, Benny Lava!" (original meaning: "The moon (metaphor for 'my love') that scorched the college campus"). This video led other YouTube users to refer to Prabhu Deva as "Benny Lava".
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Warner TV is a Latin American, French and Southeast Asian pay television channel owned by WarnerMedia through its International unit that focuses on airing American series and films. Most programming air in their original English audio, with subtitles in Spanish (for Latin American countries except Brazil), Portuguese (for Brazil), Chinese (for Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore), Malaysian (for Malaysia) and Indonesian (for Indonesia), however, there are also some dubbed programming. On November 1, 2015, the Latin American channel switched to dub programming instead of just subtitling them. This caused an uproar to most of its audience.
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When airing films on television, channels in the UK often choose subtitling over dubbing, even if a dubbing in English exists. It is also a fairly common practice for animation aimed at preschool children to be re-dubbed with British voice actors replacing the original voices, such as Spin Master Entertainment's PAW Patrol series, although this is not done with shows aimed at older audiences. The off-screen narrated portions of some programs and reality shows that originate from North America are also redone with British English voices. The 2020 Bavarian show on Netflix, Freud, has also been dubbed to English.
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The Ceefax service became much more diverse before it ceased on 23 October 2012: it not only had subtitling for all channels, it also gave information such as weather, flight times and film reviews. By the end of the decade, the practice of shooting on film for inserts in news broadcasts was declining, with the introduction of ENG technology into the UK. The equipment would gradually become less cumbersome the BBC's first attempts had been using a Philips colour camera with backpack base station and separate portable Sony U-matic recorder in the latter half of the decade.
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Cheng and Wilson became friends when they attended the Massachusetts Academy of Math and Science, a school for talented students in Worcester. Cheng was born in a Macau refugee camp to parents who fled the Vietnam War. Before starting FFTF, the two also formed Participatory Culture Foundation, a nonprofit that works to increase cultural collaboration, and built Miro; an open-source video and music sharing platform; Open Congress, a legislation website; and Amara, a tool for crowdsourced video subtitling. After Cheng and Holmes left FFTF in 2018, Sarah Roth-Gaudette, former Chief Operating Officer, became the Executive Director.
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Fans such as Fred Patten attempted to obtain official consent; however, no series really proved commercially successful. Until sometime after 1989 when subtitling became affordable signalling the rise of both fansubbing and the domestic industry, bootlegging was not financially feasible. Sean Leonard distinguishes fansubs from bootlegs as fansubs following the unspoken rule in the fan community with the intent to promote anime whereas bootlegs aim to make a profit. Many fansubs began to include a "This is a free fansub: not for sale, rent, or auction" notice as a response to bootleggers, and would encourage viewers to buy official copies.
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After subtitling the album "a short film by Kendrick Lamar", Lamar would state in an interview with GQ that "he plans on doing a short film to bring his story to life." He also expressed interest in directing the short film, as well as suggesting that Tristan Wilds, Taraji P. Henson and Rihanna as potential names he'd want to cast in the film. On December 23, 2013, the music video for "Sing About Me", was released, and was directed by Darren Romanelli. One week before the standard edition's release (October 22, 2012), snippets of the album leaked online.
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During the 1960s he was associate editor of Sight & Sound and editor of the Monthly Film Bulletin. His book length studies of film directors include monographs on Joseph Losey (1968) and Rouben Mamoulian (1969) in the Thames & Hudson Cinema One series, the former comprising a series of extended interviews with the director. He also wrote a short study on the Danish director Carl Theodor Dreyer (1971) and edited and translated an anthology of interviews and writings on Jean-Luc Godard (1972). In addition, Tom Milne oversaw the translation and subtitling of French films for television screenings.
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Starting with season three, the show attracted an international audience, and NRK was therefore heavily asked to add English subtitles to the Skam episodes online. The requests were declined due to the license for the music presented throughout the series being restricted to a Norwegian audience, and that easy availability outside Norway would violate the terms of NRK's license agreements. An attorney for NRK elaborated that YouTube videos featuring more than 50% original Skam content would be automatically removed. When denied official subtitling, fans started making their own translations of the episodes into several world languages, greatly expanding the online fanbase.
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History of Televisió de Catalunya ccma.cat The Catalan government also provides subsidies to various means of promoting Catalan culture, including for example the making of Catalan-language films or the subtitling of foreign-language films in Catalan. In 1992 Barcelona hosted the Summer Olympics, which brought international attention to Catalonia. During the 1990s, the absence of absolute majorities in the Spanish parliament made governments reliant on support from the various nationalist parties (Catalan, Basque, Canary Islands, etc.) which was leveraged by CiU, to broaden the scope of Catalan autonomy during the last government of Felipe González (1993–1996) and the first of José María Aznar (1996–2000).
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Another role of Tess's only true friend and advocate, pointedly subtitling the book "a pure woman faithfully presented" and prefacing it with Shakespeare's words from The Two Gentlemen of Verona: "Poor wounded name! My bosom as a bed/Shall lodge thee." However, although Hardy clearly means to criticize Victorian notions of female purity, the double standard also makes the heroine's tragedy possible, and thus serves as a mechanism of Tess's broader fate. Hardy variously hints that Tess must suffer either to atone for the misdeeds of her ancestors, or to provide temporary amusement for the gods, or because she possesses some small but lethal character flaw inherited from her ancestors.
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ESIST was founded in March 1995 in Cardiff by a group of professionals and academics from fifteen European universities to establish communication with creators, translators, distributors, and scholars working in the area of European audiovisual broadcasting and multimedia production.Gambier, Y., 2002, De quelques enjeux de la traduction audiovisuelle, Hyeronymous, 2, p.3.Multimedia Consulting Group, 2007, Study on dubbing and subtitling needs and practices in the European Audiovisual Industry: Final Report, Information Society and Media Directorate-General and Education and Culture Directorate-General of the European Commission, p.77. ESIST has been active in promoting European cooperation in audiovisual translation trainingJames, H., Roffe, I. and Thorne, D., 1995.
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The anime series aired in Japan in late 2002 and was released on DVD the following year. It was subsequently aired by Animax in its respective networks around the world, translating and subtitling the series into English for broadcast across its English language networks in Southeast Asia under the French title Ailes Grises (Grey Wings), where the series received its English-language television premiere. It was licensed and dubbed into English, in North America by Geneon Entertainment and New Generation Pictures, which published DVD releases from mid-2003 to early 2004. In 2010 Funimation relicensed the show, along with a handful of other Geneon properties.
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For instance the nuanced differences between the accents and manners of Tony Curtis, the American self-made millionaire Danny Wilde from the Brooklyn slums, and Roger Moore, the most polished British Lord Sinclair, would be hard to convey to foreign viewers. Argentinian academic Sergio Viaggio commented "how could it have been preserved in Spanish? By turning Curtis into a low class Caracan and Moore into an aristocratic Madrileño? Here not even the approach that works with My Fair Lady would be of any avail; different sociolects of the same vernacular will not do—much less in subtitling, where all differences in accent are irreparably lost".
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A sign on the road approaching Kilcoole Glenroe was a television drama series broadcast on RTÉ One in Ireland between September 1983, when the first episode was aired, and May 2001. A spin-off from Bracken — a short-lived RTÉ drama itself spun off from The Riordans — Glenroe was broadcast, generally from September to May, each Sunday night at 8:30 pm. It was created, and written for much of its run, by Wesley Burrowes, and later by various other directors and producers including Paul Cusack, Alan Robinson and Tommy McCardle. Glenroe was the first show to be subtitled by RTÉ, with a broadcast in 1991 starting the station's subtitling policy.
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In broadcasting, analogue system descriptions include the lines not used for the visible picture, whereas the digital systems only 'number' and encode signals that contain something to see. The 625 (PAL) and 525 (NTSC) frame areas therefore contain even more overscan, which can be seen when vertical hold is lost and the picture rolls. A portion of this interval available in analogue, known as the vertical blanking interval, can be used for older forms of analogue datacasting such as Teletext services (like Ceefax and subtitling in the UK). The equivalent service on Digital television does not use this method and instead often uses MHEG.
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Crest Digital was founded in 1961 by Maurice Stein, a former camera store owner and color timer, and his wife Jeanne. Originally named Crest National Film Laboratories, the company's services first included developing original 35mm and 16mm film negative, release printing and film restoration. During the 1970s and 1980s, Crest National expanded into the world of video and began to service the in-flight entertainment and cable TV industries. Language dubbing and subtitling, restoration, editing, sub- mastering, and videotape duplication services were later added. In the 1990s, CD and DVD replication, DVD encoding, menu design and authoring services were offered and a new optical media manufacturing plant was built in Hollywood in 1996.
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Other devices include: Graphics inserters – At least one Graphics inserter, or one with several layers. This allows for Station identification/Logo/Digital on-screen graphic (Dog or Bug) insertion, and can also be used for end credits sequences, coming next graphics or programme information straps Subtitling inserters – This can be either closed or open – i.e. in vision as a graphic for all to see, or closed either as an MPEG stream item, Closed Captioning or World System Teletext. Audio servers – An audio playout system would provide scheduled voiceovers Aspect Ratio Converters – These alter the picture shape or send an embedded signal to allow the material format to be displayed correctly on a particular feed (e.g.
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However, many bilingual Québécois prefer subtitling, since they would understand some or all of the original audio. In addition, all films are shown in English, as well in certain theaters (especially in major cities and English-speaking areas such as the West Island), and some theatres, such as the Scotiabank Cinema Montreal, show only movies in English. Most American television series are only available in English on DVD, or on English-language channels, but some of the more popular ones have French dubs shown on mainstream networks, and are released in French on DVD as well, sometimes separately from an English-only version. Formerly, all French-language dubbed films in Quebec were imported from France and some still are.
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Lichtenberg died on the transport to Dachau. Kurt Gerstein, an official at the "Institute of Hygiene" of the Waffen-SS, tried to inform the international public about the extermination camps. After the Second World War he produced the "Gerstein Report" that was used at the Nuremberg Trials. In subtitling his play ein christliches trauerspiel, Hochhuth links his rather novel, pseudo-journalistic approach (complete with stage-directions well in excess even of Shaw's which tell us not only how a character looks and acts but what his or her life is like today - that is, in 1963, 21 years after the action of the play) to the tradition of Sophocles and Shakespeare, Hochhuth sought to refute two notions.
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In the words of one critic, "If an Egyptian film intended for popular audiences lacked any of these prerequisites, it constituted a betrayal of the unwritten contract with the spectator, the results of which would manifest themselves in the box office."Farid, Samir, "Lights, camera...retrospection" , Al-Ahram Weekly, December 30, 1999 In 1940, the entrepreneur and translator Anis Ebeid established "Anis Ebeid Films", as the first subtitling company in Egypt and the rest of the Middle East, bringing hundreds of American and World movies to Egypt. Later he entered the movie distribution business too. Political changes in Egypt after the overthrow of King Farouk in 1952 initially had little effect on Egyptian film.
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Media outlets were usually left to interpret the restrictions in their own way, and the ban's remit was at first applied retroactively to archive material, though this was later relaxed following government advice. In 2005 John Birt, a former Director-General of the BBC, said Hurd's announcement came "right out of the blue", while Danny Morrison, who in 1988 was director of publicity for Sinn Féin, spoke of the total confusion that resulted. "I asked television and radio journalists, 'what can be done?'" Subtitling was initially used, but one of the main ways the new law was circumvented was by substituting the voices of actors for those who could not speak directly.
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Guildhawk, formerly Today Translations, is a global language services agency, headquartered in the City of London.Financial Times - Suppliers to the Square Mile, 22 March 2011 The company was founded by Jurga Zilinskiene in 2001, and has developed into international agency with multiple locations and over 3,000 staff, providing translation, interpreting, consulting, localisation, voiceover, subtitling and more in over 200 languages. The firm uses database software Zilinskiene designed and evolved from the start of the business.NicheGeek - How to Start a Six Figure Online Translation Business, 17 September 2006Arabic eBook, 2008Growing Business, 1 June 2004 Previously known as Today Translations, the company underwent a full corporate rebrand in June 2019, which included the new name, Guildhawk, new brand imagery and a new symbol and tone of voice.
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If the distributor is handling an imported or foreign film, it may also be responsible for securing dubbing or subtitling for the film, and securing censorship or other legal or organizational "approval" for the exhibition of the film in the country/territory in which it does business, prior to approaching the exhibitors for booking. Depending on which studio that is distributing the film, the studio will either have offices around the world, by themselves or partnered with another studio, to distribute films in other countries. If a studio decides to partner with a native distributor, upon release both names will appear. The foreign distributor may license the film for a certain amount of time, but the studio will retain the copyright of the film.
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Africa: e.tv accuses SABC, Business Day, 27 November 1998 SABC TV programmes in Afrikaans and other languages are now subtitled in English, but programmes in English are not usually subtitled in other languages, the perception being that all South Africans can understand English.Language Policy and Nation-Building in Post- Apartheid South Africa, Jon Orman Springer Science & Business Media, 2008, page 132 Previously, subtitling was confined to productions like operas and operettas.Information Digest, The South Africa Foundation, 1989, page 80 It was not used on TV1, on the assumption that most viewers understood both Afrikaans and English,Surfing through the languages, The Economist, Volume 335, Issues 7917–7920, page 152 nor on CCV, despite presenters using two or more different languages during a single programme.
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The periods of darkness could last anywhere from a few minutes to a whole week. Additionally, the fact that the channel was not supported by a bigger, better established channel (such as SubTV which is a part of MTV3) undoubtedly had effects in the overall production values of the channel's programmes. Unlike other commercial channels, MoonTV did not feature subtitling for programmes, regardless of their language. Despite having minimal impact in Finnish television culture MoonTV sustained a steady fan-base and helped launch the careers of several of their employees and associates such as Jarno Sarkula of the band Alamaailman Vasarat, Miika Huttunen and Thomas Puha, the main editors of the game magazine Pelaaja and the Finnish equivalent of Jackass, the Extreme Duudsonit.
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KOCOWA streams a variety of Korean programs ranging from TV series such as School 2017 and The King in Love, variety shows Running Man and Infinite Challenge, and K-pop music programs including Inkigayo and Music Bank World Tour up to six hours after being broadcast in Korea. To differ from its platform partners KOCOWA plans to provide perks and access to exclusive content including the 2017 World Tour of popular K-pop artist G-Dragon. Unlike Viki's subtitling technology that crowd-sources subtitle translations under a Creative Commons license, KOCOWA's content is translated and subtitled by a certified translation team. Content will be translated initially in English and exclusively consumed in the U.S. market with plans to expand to Spanish and French-speaking countries.
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Closing credits, in a television program, motion picture, or video game, come at the end of a show and list all the cast and crew involved in the production. Almost all television and film productions, however, omit the names of orchestra members from the closing credits, instead citing the name of the orchestra and sometimes not even that. Also most often omitted are the names of translators involved in subtitling, as well as any technicians involved in the process, even in productions that are made with a view to the international market and therefore premiere with subtitles. Closing credits are usually shown on the screen in small characters, which either flip very quickly from page to page or scroll from bottom to top of the screen.
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Dubai 33 (also called "Channel 33") was originally a terrestrial Analog television channel which catered, mostly, to the expatriate community living in Dubai. Through a number of Western cartoons, series, soap operas and films, as well as weekly Hindi cinema along with a nightly local news broadcast. Since the expansion of pay TV networks like Showtime Arabia along with Free-to-air channels like MBC 2 which provided newer Western content, the popularity of Channel 33 declined heavily. In 2004, DMI launched One TV (which later became Dubai One) as a 24-hour free-to-air Digital satellite channel targeting a pan-Arab audience interested in Western content, this was done by subtitling content in Arabic and creating mostly Arabic and English (with an Arabic accent) on-air promotions.
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The series was adapted into a 203-episode anime television series, produced by Artland and directed by Kenichi Imaizumi, which aired from October 7, 2006 to September 25, 2010 on TV Tokyo. Because the anime series was not licensed for distribution outside Japan, Funimation exercised power of attorney on behalf of the Japanese production company to remove fansubbed episodes of the anime from the Internet. To prevent copyright infringement, cease and desist notices were sent to fansub groups who were subtitling the series. On March 21, 2009 the anime website Crunchyroll began streaming subtitled episodes of the series in North America, with new episodes available within an hour after they were aired in Japan. In 2011, Viz Media licensed an uncut, subtitled version for streaming on Hulu and VizAnime.com.
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Animax launched separate Asian versions of the channel featuring its anime programming within separate networks and feeds in the respective regions and languages beginning in 2004. The first one was launched in Taiwan and the Philippines on January 1, 2004, and in Hong Kong on January 12, 2004. A week later, Animax launched in Southeast Asia on January 19, 2004, featuring its programming within feeds in English audio, as well as Japanese audio, with English subtitling, and other languages in the region, becoming the company's first English-language network.Animax Asia - Corporate Profile - Animax Asia official website. On July 5, 2004, Animax started Animax India across India (and neighboring countries) featuring its programming within an English-language feed. Animax ceased its operations in India and was replaced by Sony Yay on April 18, 2017.
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Remixes commissioned for the commercial single release included club and dub mixes each from Dominican/American house music DJ/producer Roger Sanchez and UK- based producers Graham Simmons and Alun Harrison (under the name MaUVe), as well as a club mix from Scottish DJ/producer Howie B. All five mixes were serviced to clubs and specialist dance radio in November 2001. A further remix was completed by Girls Against Boys member Eli Janney and released as a streaming single via the Garbage website. In 2005, Garbage remixed "Cherry Lips" themselves (subtitling the remix "Le Royale mix") for the B-side of the "Why Do You Love Me" DVD single. In 2007, the Roger Sanchez remix was remastered, edited and included on the Absolute Garbage bonus disc Garbage Mixes.
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William Karel had just completed Hollywood, a film based on lying, when he and the documentary unit of Arte had the idea of making a mockumentary, to play with the serious tonality of Arte but also for pleasure, and to make a funny film based on the idea that one must not believe everything that one is told, that witnesses can lie, archives can be tricked, and that any subject can be twisted by misleading subtitling or dubbing. They looked for a topic that would be universal and historical but not sensitive like a war. Hence the choice of the Moon landing, which had for more than 30 years been a topic of debate regarding the reality of these images. They found it was a fairly funny topic.
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Swedish became Sweden's official language on 1 July 2009, when a new language law was implemented. The issue of whether Swedish should be declared the official language had been raised in the past, and the Riksdag voted on the matter in 2005, but the proposal narrowly failed. In varying degrees, depending largely on frequency of interaction with English, a majority of Swedes, especially those born after World War II, understand and speak English, owing to trade links, the popularity of overseas travel, a strong Anglo-American influence and the tradition of subtitling rather than dubbing foreign television shows and films, and the relative similarity of the two languages which makes learning English easier. In a 2005 survey by Eurobarometer, 89% of Swedes reported the ability to speak English.
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The UK Film Council's Distribution and Exhibition Department worked to make non-mainstream films more widely available to cinema audiences in the UK through the following schemes: The Prints and Advertising Fund – provided £2 million per year to help UK distributors produce extra prints of non-mainstream or more commercially focused British films, or to publicise films more effectively through advertising and other channels. The Cinema Access Programme (launched in 2003) – provided £350,000 to help cinemas purchase subtitling and audio- description technologies that improve the cinema-going experience for people with hearing and sight impairments. The programme also provided funds to YourLocalCinema.com, the film listings website of choice for film-goers with sensory impairments, and the Film Print Provision strand, an ongoing funding initiative that helps distributors produce fully accessible film prints.
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The MacArthur Foundation issued a grant of $100,000 to the Participatory Culture Foundation in December 2010 specifically to support Amara, referencing looking to assist producers of online documentaries and other video creators in both translating and subtitling their productions. Mozilla and the Knight Foundation invested a total of 1 million dollars into the project in 2011, citing support of global translations and the open web. Mozilla awarded a grant of $100,000 in 2011, while the Knight Foundation provided $250,000 in 2012. Amara first hosted a "Translation Party" with PBS NewsHour in order to attempt to translate an interview into as many languages as possible on December 23, 2010, then gained a partnership with PBS NewsHour in 2012 with a focus on translating videos to languages other than English.
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Between 1997 and 2001, there systematic changes to the buildings interiors, that included the substitution of the electrical systems, the construction of new washrooms on all floors, the substitution of water supply, security and fire protection systems, the repair of the roof, recuperation of the dressing rooms on five floors and the elaboration of a new aesthetic with the building. Moving and scenic lighting equipment were upgraded, the heating network was recovered and improved, an electronic subtitling system (with simultaneous translation in two languages) and an electronic ticket office were installed. The auditorium was completely rebuilt to improve the acoustics and the visibility of the spectators, while a warehouse was built under the auditorium. A second orchestra pit and a new circus track were installed on a hydraulic lifting plate.
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Examples of shows include The Simpsons, Family Guy, Glee and How I Met Your Mother. New Zealand TV networks typically start screening most US television series around five months after the original release, usually first screening in late January or February at the end of the New Zealand summer, catching up to the US at the end of the season as all 22 episodes are broadcast week-after-week, not spread out over nine months as in the US. The transition of shows like Glee from TV3 to Four also lost the NZ On Air funding that is given to TV3 to get EIA-608 captions converted from source masters to the preferred Teletext format by TVNZ's Access Services. As New Zealand broadcasters are completely reliant on this process for program subtitling.
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The two alternative methods of 'translating' films in a foreign language are dubbing, in which other actors record over the voices of the original actors in a different language, and lectoring, a form of voice-over for fictional material where a narrator tells the audience what the actors are saying while their voices can be heard in the background. Lectoring is common for television in Russia, Poland, and a few other East European countries, while cinemas in these countries commonly show films dubbed or subtitled. The preference for dubbing or subtitling in various countries is largely based on decisions made in the late 1920s and early 1930s. With the arrival of sound film, the film importers in Germany, Italy, France and Spain decided to dub the foreign voices, while the rest of Europe elected to display the dialogue as translated subtitles.
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As Coen later described it in an interview, he did not know anything about subtitling at the time, and learned on the job: > I finally got a phone call from London Films, Sir Cunnyngham, that 's it, > who asked me whether I had ever subtitles pictures. I immediately said I had > when in point of fact I did not know what he meant, and there was a young > man in the office with Sir David Cunnynghame called Lew Watt, and he said > Lew Watt will do the technical side and we want you to subtitle an Italian > picture in to English. I said certainly . I came out of his office and Lew > Watt said to me you don't know what they're talking about do you, I said > you're quite right, he said well I'll show you.
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Lead singer Jeffrey Jey and keyboardist Maurizio Lobina performing at Ethias Arena, Hasselt, in April 2013 Bliss Corporation confirmed that a new Eiffel 65 lineup would make their debut in the summer of 2007 but the debut was postponed. In 2009, Bliss Corporation began to promote work from older bands by subtitling music videos and releasing "unseen" video footage from Eiffel 65. In June 2010, it was announced on the Bloom 06 website that Eiffel 65 would reunite once again to produce new music as well as touring. In an April 2012 interview, Jeffrey Jey commented on the progress of the new album: In the meantime they toured Europe with their New Planet Tour, a multimedia show with wide screens and in the summer of 2012, they announced a mini tour in Australia on their site.
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News Review was a summary of the week's news, first broadcast on Sunday, 26 April 1964 on BBC 2 and harking back to the weekly Newsreel Review of the Week, produced from 1951, to open programming on Sunday evenings–the difference being that this incarnation had subtitles for the deaf and hard-of- hearing. As this was the decade before electronic caption generation, each superimposition ("super") had to be produced on paper or card, synchronised manually to studio and news footage, committed to tape during the afternoon, and broadcast early evening. Thus Sundays were no longer a quiet day for news at Alexandra Palace. The programme ran until the 1980s by then using electronic captions, known as Anchor to be superseded by Ceefax subtitling (a similar Teletext format), and the signing of such programmes as See Hear (from 1981).
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The LUX Prize consists of assistance in kind in the form of subtitling and video-to-film transfer (kinescopage) of the winning film in the 24 official EU languages (including the film's original language, for the deaf and hard of hearing). In the case that the winning film has already been sold for projection in cinemas in some countries and subtitled for the purpose, the nature of the prize (e.g. assistance with production of the DVD) will be determined by agreement between the European Parliament and the film's appointed representatives. The trophy forming the LUX Prize's visual identity is created by the Belgian artist Jocelyne Coster and inspired by a representation of the Tower of Babel, the symbol also used by the European Parliament to indicate multilingualism and cultural diversity united in a single place and with a single goal.
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This changed after the end of the Second World War, when it was no longer acceptable to emphasise a closer link with defeated Germany. A majority of Swedes, especially those born after World War II, are able to understand and speak English thanks to trade links, the popularity of overseas travel, a strong American influence, especially in regards to arts and culture, and the tradition of subtitling rather than dubbing foreign television shows and films. English, whether in American, Commonwealth (Australian, Canadian, and Kiwi) or British dialects, is has been a compulsory subject for secondary school students studying natural sciences as early as 1849 and has been a compulsory subject for all Swedish students since 1952, when it replaced German. Depending on local school authorities, English is currently a compulsory subject from third until ninth grade, and all students continue to study English in secondary school for at least another year.
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A week after its launch in Hong Kong. Animax was launched in Southeast Asia on 19 January 2004, initially featuring its anime programming exclusively in the original Japanese audio with English subtitling, becoming the company's first English language network. It also later incorporated an English audio dub feed. On 31 August 2006, Animax launched in Malaysia, in the Southeast Asia in English language feed and also in Japanese audio feed with subtitles in the local languages. Prior to this, selected Animax shows were shown on Astro @15 (formerly channel 15, now channel 715 until 31 March 2020, From 1 April 2020, it's Pick up New Channels Number in channel 719), an interactive channel. On 31 August 2006, a paid satellite network from Malaysia, Astro inserted Animax channel into channel 75, which was subsequently converted to channel 25 and is currently on Astro 715 channel. On 15 December 2004, from 7 a.m. to 11 a.m., later shortened to 2 hours (until 9 a.m.).
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And I started subtitling > pictures with Lew Watt, I used to do the literary side, and he used to do > the technical side, the spotting, and lengths, and we together did subtitles > for 40 or 50 pictures. The funny thing was we subtitled pictures in Chinese, > in Indian and for the Chinese picture I had to have a Chinese waiter with me > to tell me where the subtitles [...] I had the Italian dialogue and I had > the picture, they gave me a film and we did the spotting together with Lew > Watt and the measurements and I used to type the script. We had the film, we > had the print which used to run on the two sided thing. And Lew Watt was > working all the day so we had to do this at night, so we either used to work > at night till 2 o'clock in the morning or we used to work at the weekends.
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This culture was also helped by the popularity in America of figures such like Pauline Kael, Andrew Sarris and Susan Sontag. Certain writers and critics, including Sontag, would later come to view this as the "Golden Age" of film-going in the US. Directors such as Ingmar Bergman, Akira Kurosawa, Michelangelo Antonioni and Federico Fellini enjoyed a great deal of popularity in the US and influenced the young generation of film enthusiasts who would become the New Hollywood, including Martin Scorsese, Peter Bogdanovich, Francis Ford Coppola and Woody Allen. Due to growing public interest in films from other countries, specialty distributors such as Janus Films and New Yorker Films began importing and subtitling foreign movies. The era also saw the growth of college film societies in the US. Though some, like Doc Films at the University of Chicago, had existed since the 1930s, the 1960s saw directors of all generations regularly make appearances at college campuses, whether to revisit their old films or to discuss new ones.
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Under normal circumstances, the Amiga generates its own video timings, but Agnus also supports synchronising the system to an external signal so as to achieve genlocking with external video hardware. There is also a 1-bit output on this connector that indicates whether the Amiga is outputting background color or not, permitting easy overlaying of Amiga video onto external video. This made the Amiga particularly attractive as a character generator for titling videos and broadcast work, as it avoided the use and expense of AB roll and chromakey units that would be required without the genlock support. The support of overscan, interlacing and genlocking capabilities, and the fact that the display timing was very close to broadcast standards (NTSC or PAL), made the Amiga the first ideal computer for video purposes, and indeed, it was used in many studios for digitizing video data (sometimes called frame-grabbing), subtitling and interactive video news.
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In the years that followed, there were numerous rounds of layoffs worldwide. The Forbes family also sold its iconic building on Manhattan's 5th Avenue to New York University.. On June 4, 2007 Elevation Partners announced an investment of $325m (€242m) for a 25 percent stake in Palm, Inc.. On December 22, 2008 the deal was followed up with an additional $100 million equity investment in Palm, and is made with newly issued preferred stock of convertible type. On July 11, 2007 Elevation Partners acquired SDI Media Group, the world's largest provider of subtitling and language dubbing service to the entertainment industry. Elevation purchased the company from Warburg Pincus, the private equity firm that acquired SDI Media in 2004. On October 11, 2007, it was announced that EA, now with Elevation founding partner John Riccitiello as CEO, had negotiated a deal with Elevation to pay $860 million (USD) in order to acquire both Bioware and Pandemic Studios.
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Timed Text Markup Language (TTML), previously referred to as Distribution Format Exchange Profile (DFXP), is an XML-based W3C standard for timed text in online media and was designed to be used for the purpose of authoring, transcoding or exchanging timed text information presently in use primarily for subtitling and captioning functions. TTML2, the second major revision of the language, was finalized on November 8, 2018. It has been adopted widely in the television industry, including by Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE), European Broadcasting Union (EBU), ATSC, DVB, HbbTV and MPEG CMAF and several profiles and extensions for the language exist nowadays. TTML Content may also be used directly as a distribution format and is widely supported in media players, with the exception of major web browsers, where WebVTT, the second W3C standard for timed text in online media, has better built-in support in connection with the HTML5 `
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Since the service launched on October 29, 2012, Univision Communications' multi-platform streaming service UVideos has made full-length episodes of UniMás' programs (including those produced by Televisa and its other content providers) available on its website at UVideos.com and companion mobile app for smartphones and tablet computers supporting the iOS and Android platforms (with programs streamable over 3G and WiFi networks). The most recent episodes are usually made available for streaming on the service (as well as Univision on Demand) the day after their original broadcast to subscribers of participating pay television providers (such as Comcast, Verizon FiOS and Time Warner Cable) using an ISP account via an authenticated user login. The service also includes select original digital content, user-enabled English subtitling for most programs (except for excerpts from Noticiero Univision broadcasts) as well as a social stream featuring viewer comments from the UVideos and other social media platforms, which are time-synched to the user's local time zone to mimic a live relay to the user as posted during the program's original broadcast.
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Most of the recordings were done in Singapore such as at the old EMI Studio at MacDonald's House in Orchard Road and many small privately owned studios. The acronym "Kugiran" was first known to the public through Radio Singapore's weekly top chart program "Lagu Pujaan Minggu Ini" which was hosted by disc jockey Mohd Ismail Abdullah, also known as DJ M.I.A. The origin of the derived acronym "kumpulan gitar rancak" ("fast guitar music group") varies: some say it was the idea of a subtitling officer, Daud Abdul Rahman, others say it was P. Ramlee who coined the term to differentiate it from the combo styled Malay bands of earlier times. A Kugiran consists of 5 piece band members and a vocalist, one lead-guitarist, one bassist, one rhythm-guitarist, one organist (keyboardist) and a drummer. The formation and development of Kugiran encouraged the establishment and existence of various recording companies in Singapore in the 1960s and a lot of these songs were recorded on vinyl and sold well commercially.
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In response, the BBC reorganised and renamed their radio channels. On 30 September 1967, the Light Programme was split into Radio 1 offering continuous "Popular" music and Radio 2 more "Easy Listening". The "Third" programme became Radio 3 offering classical music and cultural programming. The Home Service became Radio 4 offering news, and non-musical content such as quiz shows, readings, dramas and plays. As well as the four national channels, a series of local BBC radio stations were established in 1967, including Radio London. In 1969, the BBC Enterprises department was formed to exploit BBC brands and programmes for commercial spin-off products. In 1979, it became a wholly owned limited company, BBC Enterprises Ltd. In 1974, the BBC's teletext service, Ceefax, was introduced, created initially to provide subtitling, but developed into a news and information service. In 1978, BBC staff went on strike just before the Christmas of that year, thus blocking out the transmission of both channels and amalgamating all four radio stations into one.
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On some DVDs, the Line 21 captions may contain the same text as the subtitles; on others, only the Line 21 captions include the additional non-speech information (even sometimes song lyrics) needed for deaf and hard-of-hearing viewers. European Region 2 DVDs do not carry Line 21 captions, and instead list the subtitle languages available-English is often listed twice, one as the representation of the dialogue alone, and a second subtitle set which carries additional information for the deaf and hard-of- hearing audience. (Many deaf/ subtitle files on DVDs are reworkings of original teletext subtitle files.) Blu-ray media cannot carry any VBI data such as Line 21 closed captioning due to the design of DVI-based High- Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) specifications that was only extended for synchronized digital audio replacing older analog standards, such as VGA, S-Video, component video, and SCART. Both Blu-ray and DVD can use either PNG bitmap subtitles or 'advanced subtitles' to carry SDH type subtitling, the latter being an XML-based textual format which includes font, styling and positioning information as well as a unicode representation of the text.
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On October 29, 2012, Univision launched UVideos, a multi-platform streaming service – which incorporates a user interface accessible to and advertising aimed at both Spanish and English speakers – that originally encompassed a dedicated website at UVideos.com and a mobile app for smartphones and tablet computers supporting the Apple iOS and Android platforms (with programs streamable over 3G and WiFi networks). The service provides full-length episodes of Univision programs (including those produced by Televisa) as well as programs aired on sister networks UniMás and Galavisión, with the most recent episodes usually being made available for streaming on the service (as well as Univision on Demand) the day after their original broadcast to subscribers of participating pay television providers (such as Comcast, Verizon FiOS and Time Warner Cable) using an ISP account via an authenticated user login. The service also includes select original digital content, user-enabled English subtitling for most programs (except for excerpts from Noticiero Univision broadcasts) as well as a social stream featuring viewer comments from the UVideos and other social media platforms, which are time-synched to the user's local time zone to mimic a live relay to the user as posted during the program's original broadcast.
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