The big question: How these substitutive technologies will be balanced with new, labor-creating technologies.
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In many cases, substitutive technology will likely be cheaper — and much less fussy — than human workers.
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The bottom line: Both complementary and substitutive AI will end up entering, and fundamentally changing, the workplace.
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In the deeply queer tradition of ballroom culture, they are swept into a network of substitutive "houses"—alternate families for those rejected by their biological ones.
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The problem with this obsession: "If your goal is human-level capability, you're increasing the probability that you're doing substitutive work," says James Manyika, director of the McKinsey Global Institute.
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A "stepmother's blessing" is another name for a hangnail, as if to suggest something that hurts because it isn't properly attached, or something that presents itself as a substitutive love but ends up bringing pain instead.
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As Harvard's Clayton Christensen and Derek van Bever argue in "The Capitalist's Dilemma," orthodox finance dictates that investment by corporations to create jobs tends to be the third-best option behind substitutive innovation (which tends not to create new jobs) and efficiency innovation (which almost always results in job losses).
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In synthetic chemistry, two classes of chlorination are usually of interest: oxidative chlorinations and substitutive chlorinations. Oxidative chlorinations entail the transfer of Cl2 from the reagent to the substrate. Substitutive chlorinations entail replacement of O or OH groups with chloride. PCl5 can be used for both processes.
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This is a problem, which has been considered specially.Pokrovski, V.N. (2007) Productive energy in the US economy, Energy 32 (5) 816-822. The direct methods of estimation of the substitutive work can be used for both past and future situations. For example, the total amount of substitutive work in the U.S. economy in 1999 can be estimated as 10^{18} J per year.
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The trivial name nitrene is the preferred IUPAC name. The systematic names, λ1-azane and hydridonitrogen, valid IUPAC names, are constructed according to the substitutive and additive nomenclatures, respectively. In appropriate contexts, imidogen can be viewed as ammonia with two hydrogen atoms removed, and as such, azylidene may be used as a context-specific systematic name, according to substitutive nomenclature. By default, this name pays no regard to the radicality of the imidogen molecule.
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The trivial name ozone is the most commonly used and preferred IUPAC name. The systematic names 2λ4-trioxidiene and catena-trioxygen, valid IUPAC names, are constructed according to the substitutive and additive nomenclatures, respectively. The name ozone derives from ozein (ὄζειν), the Greek verb for smell, referring to ozone's distinctive smell. In appropriate contexts, ozone can be viewed as trioxidane with two hydrogen atoms removed, and as such, trioxidanylidene may be used as a systematic name, according to substitutive nomenclature.
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In mathematics and computer science, a morphic word or substitutive word is an infinite sequence of symbols which is constructed from a particular class of endomorphism of a free monoid. Every automatic sequence is morphic.
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Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry IUPAC Recommendations 2005 (Red Book) Par. IR-6 Parent Hydride Names and Substitutive Nomenclature - Full text PDF To construct a systematic name, affixes are attached to the parent name, which denote substituents that replace hydrogen.
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The systematic names 1λ2,3λ2-propadiene, and μ-carbidodicarbon, valid IUPAC names, are constructed according to the substitutive and additive nomenclatures, respectively. In appropriate contexts, tricarbon can be viewed as propadiene with four hydrogen atoms removed, or as propane with eight hydrogen atoms removed; and as such, propadienediylidene or propanetetraylidene, respectively, may be used as a context-specific systematic names, according to substitutive nomenclature. By default, these names pay no regard to the radicality of the tricarbon molecule. In even more specific context, these can also name the non-radical singlet state, whereas the diradical state is named propadienediylylidene, or propanediyldiylidene, and the tetraradical state is named propedienetetrayl or propanetetraylylidene.
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These promo pictures were considered an art form in and of themselves and not simply a commercial o promotion strategy. LWD - RWD (Left Wrist - Right Wrist Disarticulation). Promo picture from the Devotees and Wannabes series, 1993-98. Two prototypes of substitutive sculptures for voluntary hand amputations.
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The name hexasulfur is the most commonly used and preferred IUPAC name and is constructed according to the compositional nomenclature. The systematic name hexathiane, a valid IUPAC name, is constructed according to the substitutive nomenclature. Another valid IUPAC systematic name cyclo-hexasulfur is constructed according to the additive nomenclature.
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The trivial name carbene is the preferred IUPAC name. The systematic names methylidene and dihydridocarbon, valid IUPAC names, are constructed according to the substitutive and additive nomenclatures, respectively. Methylidene is viewed as methane with two hydrogen atoms removed. By default, this name pays no regard to the radicality of the methylene.
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However, now, non-integrating viruses, stabilised RNAs or proteins, or episomal plasmids (integration-free delivery mechanism) are used. 2\. Transcription factors required for inducing pluripotency in different cell types have been identified (e.g. neural stem cells). 3\. Small substitutive molecules were identified, that can substitute for the function of the transcription factors. 4\.
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This naming method has been developed principally for coordination compounds although it can be more widely applied. An example of its application is [CoCl(NH3)5]Cl2 pentaamminechloridocobalt(III) chloride. Ligands, too, have a special naming convention. Whereas chloride becomes the prefix chloro- in substitutive naming, in a ligand it becomes chlorido-.
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The systematic names λ2-ethene, and dihydrido-1κ2H-dicarbon(C—C), valid IUPAC names, are constructed according to the substitutive and additive nomenclatures, respectively. In appropriate contexts, methylidenecarbene can be viewed as ethene with two hydrogen atoms removed, or as ethane with four hydrogens removed; and as such, ethen-1-ylidene (or vinylidene) or ethane-1-diylidene, respectively, may be used as a context-specific systematic names, according to substitutive nomenclature. By default, these names pay no regard to the radicality of the methylidenecarbene molecule. In even more specific context, these can also name the non-radical singlet ground state, whereas the diradical state is named ethene-1,1-diyl, or ethane-1,1-diylylidene, and the long-lived, tetraradical triplet state is named ethane-1,1,1,2-tetrayl.
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The trivial name monocarbon is the most commonly used and preferred IUPAC name. The systematic name carbon, a valid IUPAC name, is constructed according to the compositional nomenclature. However, as a compositional name, it does not distinguish between different forms of pure carbon. The systematic name λ0-methane, also valid IUPAC name, is constructed according to the substitutive nomenclature.
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Images opens with a realignment of discussions on the origins of images, proposing that "images are fashioned in order to make present in social spaces what for some reason is not present" Summers, 252. They are therefore substitutive, and it is important to study their "conditions of presentation" and "the relations of those conditions to our own spatiotemporality." Summers, 253.
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In organic chemistry, the suffix often follows IUPAC nomenclature. However, inorganic compounds featuring unsaturation in the form of triple bonds may be denoted by substitutive nomenclature with the same methods used with alkynes (i.e. the name of the corresponding saturated compound is modified by replacing the "-ane" ending with "-yne"). "-diyne" is used when there are two triple bonds, and so on.
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For many applications, organobromides represent a compromise of reactivity and cost. Organobromides are typically produced by additive or substitutive bromination of other organic precursors. Bromine itself can be used, but due to its toxicity and volatility safer brominating reagents are normally used, such as N-bromosuccinimide. The principal reactions for organobromides include dehydrobromination, Grignard reactions, reductive coupling, and nucleophilic substitution.
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On 25 March 2014, the Finnish government made a framework decision in principle to close down Malmi Airport and hand it over to residential use by the early 2020s. A prerequisite written into the government's decision is that the Border Guard and civil aviation are transferred to a substitutive airfield. Already in late 2014, the Finnish state-owned airport operator Finavia Ltd sold the State's properties on Malmi Airport to City of Helsinki, and on 31 December 2016 withdrew its services from Malmi Airport even though a substitutive airfield for civil aviation does not exist. As of 1 January 2017, Malmi Airport as a whole is in the City's possession and the new operator of its aviation activities is the Malmi Airfield Association with a 3-year tenancy agreement covering about 39 hectares (30%) of the airport's area.
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The trivial name carbyne is the preferred IUPAC name. Following the substitutive nomenclature, the molecule is viewed as methane with three hydrogen atoms removed, yielding the systematic name "methylidyne". Following the additive nomenclature, the molecule is viewed as a hydrogen atom bonded to a carbon atom, yielding the name "hydridocarbon". By default, these names pay no regard to the excitation state of the molecule.
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In substitutive nomenclature, azines are named as derivatives of hydrazine: hence, "diisopropylidenehydrazine". In the presence of groups of higher priority, the prefixes "hydrazinylidene" and "hydrazinediylidene" are used.. Asymmetrical azines, that is compounds of the type X=N–N=Y with X ≠ Y, are not named as azines: in the absence of other functional groups having higher priority, they can be named as substituted hydrazones..
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The suffix follows IUPAC nomenclature, and is mainly used in organic chemistry. However, inorganic compounds featuring unsaturation in the form of triple bonds may be denoted by substitutive nomenclature with the same methods used with alkynes, i.e., the name of the corresponding saturated hydride is modified by replacing the "-ane" ending with "-yne". The suffix "-diyne" is used when there are two triple bonds, and so on.
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"Energy in the theory of production." Energy 28, 769-788. which, in fact, is a modification and re-interpretation of neo- classical theory of production with two production factors: labour L and capital K. The comparison of the theory with neo-classical theory growth accounting that introduce the technical progress as the exogenous factor A(t) gives the expression The exogenous neo-classical technical progress A(t) appears to be connected with the ratio of substitutive work to stock of capital P/K, which can be considered as a measure of technological progress itself, independent on the assumption made in the neo-classical theory. Sometimes it is convenient to use the non-dimensional ratio of substitutive work to labour efforts P/L as a characteristic of technological progress; this quantity can be interpreted as the number of 'mechanical workers', operating in the production processes, in line with an 'alive worker'.
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Both hydrogen isocyanide and azanylidyniummethanide are correct IUPAC names for HNC. There is no preferred IUPAC name. The second one is according to the substitutive nomenclature rules, derived from the parent hydride azane (NH3) and the anion methanide (C−).The suffix ylidyne refers to the loss of three hydrogen atoms from the nitrogen atom in azanium () See the IUPAC Red Book 2005 Table III, "Suffixes and endings", p. 257.
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They may be further classified as aldazines or ketazines, depending on the nature of the carbonyl compound..... . Azines may also be named by substitutive or functional class nomenclature... In functional class nomenclature, the functional modifier "azine" is appended to the name of the carbonyl compound: hence, "acetone azine". In older nomenclature, the functional class name "ketazine" has been used with the names of the hydrocarbyl substituents: e.g., "methyl ethyl ketazine".
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IUPAC Provisional Recommendations 2004, Rule P-53.2.2, Chapter5 Substitutive nomenclature (replacement of hydrogen atoms in the parent structure) is used most extensively, for example "ethoxyethane" instead of diethyl ether and "tetrachloromethane" instead of carbon tetrachloride. Functional class nomenclature (also known as radicofunctional nomenclature) is used for acid anhydrides, esters, acyl halides and pseudohalides and salts. Also skeletal replacement operations, additive and subtractive operations and conjunctive operations are applied.
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They are additive rather than > substitutive, and immanent rather than transcendent: executed by functional > complexes of currents, switches, and loops, caught in scaling > reverberations, and fleeing through intercommunications, from the level of > the integrated planetary system to that of atomic assemblages. > Multiplicities captured by singularities interconnect as desiring-machines; > dissipating entropy by dissociating flows, and recycling their machinism as > self-assembling chronogenic circuitry.Nick Land, Fanged Noumena (2011, 442).
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The trivial name acetic acid is the most commonly used and preferred IUPAC name. The systematic name ethanoic acid, a valid IUPAC name, is constructed according to the substitutive nomenclature.IUPAC Provisional Recommendations 2004 Chapter P-12.1; page 4 The name acetic acid derives from acetum, the Latin word for vinegar, and is related to the word acid itself. Glacial acetic acid is a name for water-free (anhydrous) acetic acid.
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For example, norbornene is translated as 降冰片烯, in which the trivial name (冰片) for bornyl [literally, camphor] is used. When substitutive nomenclature is used for naming heterocycles, the suffix 杂 (zá, 'mixed') is used in the same way as '-a' in English (as in aza, thia, oxa, etc.). As an example, DABCO (1,4-diazabicylo[2.2.2]octane) is named 1,4-二氮杂二环［2.2.2］辛烷.
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Secondly, the rejected child comforts himself with "substitutive satisfactions" which Fairbairn assumed were forms of immature sexuality. Today, the unloved, schizoid child has only to turn to the internet for an endless number of fantasy based videos that compensate him for his lack of love, lack of power, and his desire for revenge, which temporarily lessens his pain. Fairbairn was clear about this regressive return to the inner world because of the harshness of the external world: "Fundamentally, these substitutive satisfactions ...all represent relationships with internalized objects, to which the individual is compelled to turn in default of satisfactory relationships with objects in the outer world"(Italics in the original) Fairbairn, 1952, p. 40). This far reaching observation of Fairbairn's has been validated by the millions of alienated and unloved children who spend hour upon hour avoiding interactions with external reality, including their family members, while immersed in their video fantasy world.
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The systematic name chromium dihydride, a valid IUPAC name, is constructed according to the compositional nomenclature. However, as the name is compositional in nature, it does not distinguish between compounds of the same stoichiometry, such as molecular species, which exhibit distinct chemical properties. The systematic names poly(dihydridochromium) and poly[chromane(2)], also valid IUPAC names, are constructed according to the additive and electron-deficient substitutive nomenclatures, respectively. They do distinguish the titular compound from the others.
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The systematic name iron hydride, a valid IUPAC name, is constructed according to the compositional nomenclature. However, as the name is compositional in nature, it does not distinguish between compounds of the same stoichiometry, such as molecular species, which exhibit distinct chemical properties. The systematic names poly(hydridoiron) and poly[ferrane(1)], also valid IUPAC names, are constructed according to the additive and electron-deficient substitutive nomenclatures, respectively. They do distinguish the titular compound from the others.
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The systematic name iron dihydride, a valid IUPAC name, is constructed according to the compositional nomenclature. However, as the name is compositional in nature, it does not distinguish between compounds of the same stoichiometry, such as molecular species, which exhibit distinct chemical properties. The systematic names poly(dihydridoiron) and poly[ferrane(2)], also valid IUPAC names, are constructed according to the additive and electron-deficient substitutive nomenclatures, respectively. They do distinguish the titular compound from the others.
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Henderson's theory stresses the priority of patient self-determination so the patient will continue doing well after being released from the hospital. Henderson characterized the nurse's role as substitutive, which the nurse does for the patient; supplementary, which is helping the patient; or complementary, which is engaging with the patient to do something. The role of the nurse helps the patient become an individual again. She arranged nursing tasks into 14 different components based on personal needs.
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If the anion name ends in -ide then as a ligand its name is changed to end in -o. For example the chloride anion, Cl− becomes chlorido. This is a difference from organic compound naming and substitutive naming where chlorine is treated as neutral and it becomes chloro, as in PCl3, which can be named as either substitutively or additively as trichlorophosphane or trichloridophosphorus respectively. Similarly if the anion names end in -ite, -ate then the ligand names are -ito, -ato.
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The only thing which is done is a separation of the two roles of capital: we consider capital stock K to be the means of attracting labour L and capital service P, to the production. It was shown also that capital service P, as one of the three factors of production, has a meaning of substitutive work of production equipment (energy delivered to animate production equipment).B.C. Beaudreau, Energy and Organization: Growth and Distribution Reexamined (Greenwood Press, the first ed., 1998; the second ed.
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Cândido Elpídio de Souza Vaccarezza (born September 26, 1955) is a Brazilian gynecologist and politician affiliated to Workers' Party (Brazil) (PT).states Brazilian Congress approves new Forest Code by "global fruit industry" on May 26th, 2011 He was born in Senhor do Bonfim, Bahia and moved to São Paulo. He ran for the office of state representative of the State of São Paulo in 1998, obtaining the substitutive position. He was elected to the same position in 2002. In 2006, he was elected federal deputy.
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Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud did not focus specifically on narcissistic defenses,Elsa Schmid-Kitsikis, "Narcissistic Defenses" but did note in On Narcissism how "even great criminals and humorists, as they are represented in literature, compel our interest by the narcissistic consistency with which they manage to keep away from their ego anything that would diminish it".Sigmund Freud, On Metapsychology (PFL 11), p. 83 Freud saw narcissistic regression as a defensive answer to object loss – denying the loss of an important object by way of a substitutive identification with it.Freud, Metapsychology, p.
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This was the first excedent accumulation source. It inverted capital creation, and liberated the agricultural workforce to work in the urban sectors. However, the government imposed on the peasants an unequal exchange with the industrial economy, with credit and fertilizer controls and a non monetary exchange to trade agrarian products (machinery) for rice. With the control of the banks (at the time, being the property of the government), and import licenses, the state oriented the Taiwanese economy to import substitutive industrialization, creating initial capitalism in a fully protected market.
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Okishio agreed with Roy F. Harrod that the market economy was not only from a static perspective but also from a dynamic perspectives. Harrod arguments are necessarily clear, however, about investment decision making. Okishio wrote many papers to clarify the Harrod instability logic and showed that instability is an inherent characteristic in the accumulation process of the capitalist economy. Problems examined are (A) to make clear capitalists’ investment decision of Harrod and (B) to investigate the instability postulate taking into consideration other possibilities like substitutive technical changes, changes in saving ratio, and movements in relative prices.
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Research indicates that ingested polyprenols are metabolised by human and animal liver into dolichols which then take part in the dolichol phosphate cycle and are therefore easily assimilated by humans and animals. The pharmacological activity of polyprenols is based on their substitutive effect in the case of dolichol deficits which are observed with chronic inflammatory, degenerative and oncological diseases.. Live conifer needles are one of the richest and most widely available sources for polyprenol extraction in the world. Commercial extraction of polyprenols involves a soft extraction procedure that enables them to be extracted without destroying their biological activity..
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In addition to it, econodynamics has been taking into account the functional role of production equipment, as a set of appliances that allow to substitute efforts of workers with work of outer sources of power. A new concept of substitutive work P was introduced, to characterize the functional role of machinery in production processes. The law of substitution, which is one of the main principles of econodynamics, generalized the Smith-Marx’s labour theory of value.Beaudreau, B.C. & Pokrovski, V.N. (2010) On the energy content of a money unit. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, 389 (13), 2597–2606.
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To the end of the last century, this ratio reaches, for example, 12 for the USA. Technical progress, as an internal property of the theory, is understood as a progress in substitution of labour with work of production equipment in technological processes. The introduction of the substitutive work P could be useful, if one can measure the quantity. Although one can easily find estimates of the total amount of primary energy carriers, the biggest interest for our aims is caused by possible assessments of the quantity of energy going to the substitution of workers' efforts in processes of the production.
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His revolt occurred roughly shortly after the conquest of the Kingdom of Israel by Sargon II and roughly simultaneously with revolts in Babylon as well as in Arpad, Damascus and elsewhere in the Levant. His name, with the component Yahu (coupled with the fact that 'Ilu' was considered an appropriate substitutive element), suggests that he may have been an Israelite or a worshipper of Yahweh. Following his defeat, many residents of Hamath were deported to Samaria by the Assyrians, where they became one of the component groups of the Samaritan people. Hamath itself was destroyed after the siege, but had been rebuilt by the 400's BC.
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It was demonstrated that the substitution of worker's efforts with work of the production equipment appears to be more adequate idea than the substitution of worker's efforts with the amount of production equipment (capital in the neo- classical theory of economic growth); work can be replaced onky with work, not with capital. The theory demonstrates that the growth of production is caused by achievements in technological consumption of labour and energy. The set of equations determines three modes of economic development, depending on deficit of one of the factors: investment, labour or substitutive work.Pokrovskii, V.N. (2011) Pulsation of the growth rate of output and technology.
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Crucial to his thinking is the idea that non-verbal representation is not a quasi-linguistic form of communication. It relies on the de facto socially efficacious substitutability of one thing for another thing even in cases where relevant properties are not shared. He argues that this perceptually mediated substitutive felicity must have been available to pre-linguistic organisms or language itself could not possibly have evolved. Brook’s elucidation of the concept of art, as what he at first called ‘experimental modelling of actual and possible worlds,’ is first comprehensively spelled out in his paper ‘A new theory of art’.[4]‘A new theory of art.’ British Journal of Aesthetics 20 (1980): 305-321.
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The difference between the growth rates of capital and output seems to be quite unreliable, given the rough estimate of the parameters of the problem, though, at more detailed consideration, the difference can be explained by distinction of the growth rates of sector outputs. The rate of growth of output can be broken on two parts, while on the average a fraction of the rate (1 - \alpha) u is connected with growth of expenditures of labour, and the other part \alpha \eta —with growth of substitutive work. The theory predicts, that in the future, when u \rightarrow 0 and energy conversion efficiency approaches thermodynamic limits, the growth rate of output approaches to the growth rate of consumption of total amount of energy carrier multiplied by the technological coefficient \alpha. Though capital is the means of attracting the production factors to production, increase in consumption of the production factors is connected with increase in capital.
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The PPD's government program once again supported the non-territorial development of the Commonwealth. In the 2004 general elections, Acevedo Víla defeated Roselló, while Pratts lost to Luis Fortuño. In 2005, Acevedo Vilá presented a status bill that would attend the issue and subsequently pursue a Constituent Assembly if the people of Puerto Rico supported a new process. However, after the PNP delegation replaced it with a substitutive proposal that established the Constituent Assembly as only "a possibility", the governor vetoed the project citing that "the [PNP was] trying to fool the country". George W. Bush's administration released a task force report in December 2005. The document was controversial among both factions of the PPD, first because it directly declared that the sovereignty of Puerto Rico lied exclusively in Congress and that any further development within the territorial clause was implausible and secondly, because it listed free association as a variant of independence, despite it being listed separately in the UN's General Assembly Resolution 1514.
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The expansion of production, characterised by changes of the accumulated value K, requires additional labour L and substitutive work P, so that dynamics of the production factors can be written as the balance equations The first terms in the right side of these relations describe the increase in the quantities caused by gross investments I accumulated in a material form of production equipment. Equations (1) introduce the quality of investment that is technological characteristics of production equipment: coefficients of labour and energy requirement, which can be manipulated both in the dimensional, \lambda and \varepsilon, and dimensionless (with a bar on the top) forms, \bar\lambda = \lambda K / L and \bar\varepsilon = \varepsilon K / P. The second terms on the right side of equations (1) reflect the decrease in the corresponding quantities due to the removal of a part of the production equipment from service with the depreciation coefficient \mu, which is taken equal for all factors due to assumption, that the technological characteristics of the equipment do not change after its installation, otherwise the dynamic equations takes a more complex form.
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