Macrostomum hystrix is capable of hypodermic insemination. In this process, sperm is injected through the epidermis into the parenchyma of the mating partner. This is done by a needle-like stylet, which is the male copulatory organ. The stylet has a rigid and pointed distal thickening, as well as a subterminal stylet opening which can puncture the epidermis of the mating partner.
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Describe the differences in circulative, non-circulative and stylet-borne virus transmission.
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Tylenchorhynchus claytoni (Tobacco stunt nematode, tessellate stylet nematode) is a plant pathogenic nematode.
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To decrease the chances of inserting the spinal needle too far, some clinicians use the "Cincinnati" method. This method involves removing the stylet of the spinal needle once the needle has advanced through the dermis. After removal of the stylet, the needle is inserted until CSF starts to come out of the needle. Once all of the CSF is collected, the stylet is then reinserted before removal of the needle.
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Minet ed Dhalia point. Also called a "stylet". Discovered at Shemlan. White patinated flint.
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Chemical Control: Preventative control of disease dispersal may be possible if insecticide is sprayed for the trips vector. Barrier Crops: One common form of management for viruses is to plant a desirable host for thrips around the cropping system. The thrips will insert their stylet and “clean” off any virus on their stylet before moving to the target crop. Barrier Crops: One common form of management for viruses is to plant a desirable host for thrips around the cropping system. The thrips will insert their stylet and “clean” off any virus on their stylet before moving to the target crop.
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A typical member of this class has a stylet, a calcareous barb, with which the animal stabs the prey many times to inject toxins and digestive secretions. The prey is then swallowed whole or, after partial digestion, its tissues are sucked into the mouth. The stylet is attached about one-third of distance from the end of the everted proboscis, which extends only enough to expose the stylet. On either side of the active stylet are sacs containing back-up stylets to replace the active one as the animal grows or an active one is lost.
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A stylet is a hard, sharp, anatomical structure found in some invertebrates. For example, the word stylet or stomatostyle is used for the primitive piercing mouthparts of some nematodes and some nemerteans. In these groups the stylet is a hardened protrusible opening to the stomach. These stylets are adapted for the piercing of cell walls, and usually functions by providing the operative organism with access to the nutrients contained within the prey cell.
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An endotracheal tube stylet, useful in facilitating orotracheal intubation An intubating stylet is a malleable metal wire designed to be inserted into the endotracheal tube to make the tube conform better to the upper airway anatomy of the specific individual. This aid is commonly used with a difficult laryngoscopy. Just as with laryngoscope blades, there are also several types of available stylets, such as the Verathon Stylet, which is specifically designed to follow the 60° blade angle of the GlideScope video laryngoscope. The Eschmann tracheal tube introducer (also referred to as a "gum elastic bougie") is specialized type of stylet used to facilitate difficult intubation.
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Mouthparts and stylet penetration of the lac insect Kerria lacca (Kerr) (Hemiptera: Tachardiidae). Arthropod Structure & Development 41, 435-441.
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Haplozoon are obligate parasites. They are almost exclusively found in the gut of maldanid marine worms, with one study documenting a Haplozoon parasite infecting an appendicularian. Each trophont has a stylet, which it uses to pierce the gut lining of the host worm. It is unclear if the stylet is used only for anchoring the parasite, or if it is involved in feeding as well. If Haplozoon do use their stylet to feed, this would be referred to as myzocytosis, and commonly referred to as “cellular vampirism”.
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The female has a well-developed stylet. Both male and female have long, tapered tails with rounded or indented ends.
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Short and strong stylet with well- developed basal knobs. Conical, rounded tail. Esophagus overlaps ventrally. Monovarial, oviduct indistinct, prodelphic and short uterus.
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The trophocyte attaches to the gut lining of the host by means of its stylet and a suction cup apparatus. Some species of Haplozoon are known to possess a single stylet (H. ezoense), where others are known to have multiple (reserve) stylets within the trophocyte (H. axiothellae, H. praxillellae). Some species also appear to have “arms” that extend from the trophocyte.
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Modern needles are 12 to 15 cm long, with an external diameter of 2 mm. The outer cannula consists of a beveled needle point for cutting through tissues of the abdominal wall. A spring-loaded, inner stylet is positioned within the outer cannula. This inner stylet has a dull tip to protect any viscera from injury by the sharp, outer cannula.
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Thysanoptera (thrips) have a variation of piercing mouthparts. During development they lose one mandible, so only the left mandible is present, modified into a stylet.
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First, the first-instar soldiers tend to be more aggressive. They also have thick hind legs and a stylet, which is used to attack invaders.
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The concept of using a stylet for replacing or exchanging orotracheal tubes was introduced by Finucane and Kupshik in 1978, using a central venous catheter.
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Siphopteron quadrispinosum is a simultaneous hermaphrodite. During mating, each animal stabs the other with a penile stylet, a form of penile appendage, and injects prostate fluids.
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Direct pressure on the tip—as when penetrating through tissue—pushes the dull stylet into the shaft of the outer cannula. When the tip of the needle enters a space such as the peritoneal cavity, the dull, inner stylet springs forward. Carbon dioxide is then passed through the Veress needle to inflate the space, creating a pneumoperitoneum.Gould JC, Philip A. Principles and Techniques of Abdominal Access and Physiology of Pneumoperitoneum.
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Nematodes have been found parasitizing Macrostomum rostratum. The structure of the male copulatory device with its curved stylet may indicate that this species exhibits a hypodermic mating system.
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The reproductive system contains a penial stylet. Tenellia caerulea is a similar species. They differ in the radula, jaw and reproductive system. Tenellia herrerai is another similar species.
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After the second molt the tail disappears and there is rapid growth in the intestine region. Female gonad development begins in the third stage juvenile with the esophagus measuring 28% body length and the stylet measuring 18µ. After the fourth molt female gonads are completely developed but the vulva and vagina are not visible until molting is complete. An adult female has an esophagus measuring 22% body length and a stylet of 22.5µ.
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The oral cavity is lined with cuticle, which is often strengthened with structures, such as ridges, especially in carnivorous species, which may bear a number of teeth. The mouth often includes a sharp stylet, which the animal can thrust into its prey. In some species, the stylet is hollow and can be used to suck liquids from plants or animals. The oral cavity opens into a muscular, sucking pharynx, also lined with cuticle.
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The first stage juvenile (J1) lacks a stylet. Second stage juveniles (J2) hatch from the egg and move freely in the soil in quest for a suitable host plant. Once they find suitable host and enter the root with the help of the stylet, they start to feed within 24 hours, inducing giant cells to form. J2s then molt thrice (to J3, J4 and then the adult) before they mature in to adults.
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During piercing, the labium remains outside the food item's skin, folding away from the stylet. Saliva containing anticoagulants, is injected into the food item and blood sucked out, each through different tubes.
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The penial stylet is about 600 μm long and corkscrew-like coiled with one and a half spirals. This stylet can be partly retracted into the penial muscle that is able to evert to a certain extent. The blind ending glandular paraprostate is longer and thinner than the prostate, and in contrast to the latter, highly coiled. It is connected by the paraprostatic duct to the muscular basal finger, which is united to the penial muscle mass at its base.
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A. besseyi has a well- developed and distinct metacorpus. The stylet is small with well-developed knobs. The tail has a mucro with three points. Males have a rose thorn spicule and no bursa.
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Adult worms are usually 10 mm long and they have elongate, cylindrical body. Ventral sucker is smaller than oral sucker. Eggs are dark brown in colour and measures 220 µm. Cercariae contains characteristic stylet.
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Meloidogyne exigua females are small with medium stylet (12–14 µm) and strong basal knobs.Carneiro, M.D. G. & Cofcewicz, T. E. 2008. Taxonomy of Coffee-Parasitic root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp. In: Souza, R. M (Ed).
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Xiphinema diversicaudatum is an amphimitic ectoparasitic nematode species.Evans, K., Trudgill, D.L., Webster, J.M. 1998. Plant Parasitic Nematodes in Temperate Agriculture. This species has a characteristically long stylet capable of penetrating into a host’s vascular tissue.
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Also called a "stylet". Discovered at Shemlan. White patinated flint. Ras Beirut I or The Slope Breccia is on a steep limestone cliff, above Rue Zenzir, west of Rue Jinnah at around above sea level.
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This mite experiences a quiescent period prior to each moulting, during which it does not eat. During this time it remains attached to the host plant by its stylet alone, with its legs held straight.
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Instead of one stylet, the Polystilifera have a pad that bears many tiny stylets, and these animals have separate orifices for the proboscis and mouth, unlike other Enopla. The Enopla can only attack after contacting the prey. Some nemerteans, such as L. longissimus, absorb organic food in solution through their skins, which may make the long, slim bodies an advantage. Suspension feeding is found only among the specialized symbiotic bdellonemerteans, which have a proboscis but no stylet, and use suckers to attach themselves to bivalves.
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The stylet is weak with a length of 23-25 μm with small, rounded knobs. Heterodera sacchari is morphologically similar to H. elachista, H. oryzae, and H. oryzicola and can be distinguished using features and biochemical characteristics.
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This is the case in Siphopteron quadrispinosum, where each slug attempts to inject prostate fluid into the other having stabbed it with a stylet, part of a two-pronged penis. The two slugs circle clockwise around each other, each probing and attempting to pierce the underside of the other with the stylet while avoiding getting pierced itself. When one or both is successful, the penis is thrust into the other slug's gonopore, where further spines hold it in place, and mating takes place. Copulation may be reciprocal or only one slug may be successful.
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2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier. It is a stiff wire or stylet inserted into the soft catheter and gives it shape and firmness while passing through a hollow tubular structure.thefreedictionary.com > "mandrin". The American Heritage Medical Dictionary.
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However, SIA can only provide the relative age of the species, due to lack of knowledge surrounding the formation of the first stylet increment. Therefore, alternative methods of age determination of the octopus may need to be explored.
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The type species, H. spinicaudata, has been used for detailed morphological studies. As adults, these nematodes range from 0.9 to 4.2 mm in length. The cephalic framework is well developed internally and flattened anteriorly to hemispherical. The stylet, i.e.
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The average life cycle is 30–45 days. The first stage juvenile and first molt are completed within the egg. Second stage juveniles possess a digitate tail. The esophagus measures 41% of the body length with a 14µ stylet.
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The juvenile is a J1-J4, the J2 is what hatches out of the egg. J4 stage is where sexual differentiation occurs. Adult males do not feed or have a stylet. They are rare and not needed for reproduction.
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Some species burrow by means of muscular peristalsis, and have powerful muscles. Some species of the suborder Monostilifera, whose proboscis have one active stylet, move by extending the proboscis, sticking it to an object and pulling the animal towards the object.
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Because there are many plant hosts and variable symptoms, it is important when diagnosing Meloidogyne javanica to obtain a specimen of the nematode from symptomatic plant tissue. The most commonly utilized diagnostic techniques are the use of morphological characteristics of the nematode species (Cunha et al. 2018). Head shape and stylet morphology of males are useful characteristics in the identification of M. javanica. When specimens are placed in the lateral position, the distance between the dorsal esophageal gland orifice to the stylet base can be used to distinguish between species of Meloidogyne (Cunha et al. 2018).
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M. maorum had been used as a model to determine the age of merobenthic, by using stylet increment analysis. SIA is a method which was developed recently to determine the age of an octopus, age is important for estimating the growth rate, population age structure, mortality rate, productivity and processes. Due to this understanding, it can be used to make important decisions surrounding fisheries and conservation management. Stylets are highly reduced internal shells that consist of a small rod- like structures, the result of SIA of showed that a stylet of M. maorum can be hard to prepare and age.
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"Description of developmental stages of Hemicriconemoides mangiferae Siddiqi, 1961 (Nemata : Criconematidae)." Revue Nematol 13 (1990): 317-22. The body length is very short and stout with a long stylet. The procorpus is fused with the metacarpus to for a two part esophagus.
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University of California, Davis. Its body is rounded at both ends. It has an onchiostyle, a curved, solid stylet which it uses to puncture plant roots. It stabs the plant tissue rapidly, up to 10 times per second, to make a hole.
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Clitellaria ephippium. Dorsal view The adults grow up to long. The most of their body is black, with a bright red mesonotum. Antennae are no longer than the head, the third articulation of antennae is composed of five segments, the stylet of two segments.
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It is a large nematode, ranging from 3–5 mm in length. Anguina tritici has a three part esophagus and the esophageal glands do not overlap with intestine. The female body tends to be thickened and curved ventrally. It has a short stylet (8-11 μm).
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Their stylet ranges from 23-26 µm long, and knobs are rounded to oval and offset. Juveniles second stage body size range from 350-450 µm long. Their tail has rounded tip and range from 43-65 µm in length with 6-14 µm long hyaline region.
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The sperm are highly motile, small and simple, but have no flagellates. The female antrum shows a simple anatomy and is only involved in laying eggs. Sperm of Macrostomum hystrix The needle-like stylet of Macrostomum hystrix. The seminal vesicle is visible, as are the developing eggs.
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The stylet is 100-140 micrometers long; it is very thin and flexible with rounded knobs. The excretory pore is posterior to median bulb. The esophageal gland is lobe-like and extends anteriorly over the intestine. The tail is 115-189 micrometers long with a rounded terminus.
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Male and female Root Lesion Nematodes have the same stylet length of about 14µm long with well-developed basal knobs. Body length of adult males and females ranges from .33mm - .44mm. Also, they have two annuli, a round spermatheca and this species has both males and females present.
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Like almost all Platyhelminthes the Dolichomacrostomidae are simultaneous hermaphrodites. They are remarkable for the high complexity of their genitalia. The male copulatory organ often consists of two parts, a glandular and a penis stylet. The former only transfers glandular secretions and the latter both sperm and glandular products.
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Herbivory: caterpillar saliva beats plant defense – A new weapon emerges in the evolutionary arms race between plants and herbivores. Nature 416:599 – 600. Similarly, aphid saliva reduces its host's induced response by forming a barrier between the aphid's stylet and the plant cells.Felton, G. W., and H. Eichenseer. 1999.
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The common fish louse lives in marine, brackish, and freshwater environments. All life stages of both sexes are parasitic. It attaches to its host, usually a fish, via its suction cups, pierces the skin with its sharp stylet, and feeds on blood. It may live in the gills.
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PLRV can be introduced to potatoes by planting infected seeds or by insect vectors. The green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) is the primary vector of PLRV. Aphids acquire the virus by feeding on infected plants. The infected phloem is taken up through the aphid stylet into the digestive system.
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This flexible device is in length, 15 French (5 mm diameter) with a small "hockey-stick" angle at the far end. Unlike a traditional intubating stylet, the Eschmann tracheal tube introducer is typically inserted directly into the trachea and then used as a guide over which the endotracheal tube can be passed (in a manner analogous to the Seldinger technique). As the Eschmann tracheal tube introducer is considerably less rigid than a conventional stylet, this technique is considered to be a relatively atraumatic means of tracheal intubation. The tracheal tube exchanger is a hollow catheter, in length, that can be used for removal and replacement of tracheal tubes without the need for laryngoscopy.
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At the time of acquisition, Telectronics was number 2 in the worldwide pacemaker market."Technology in Australia 1788-1988" Melbourne University page 889 In January 1995, Telectronics was forced to recall thousands of model 801 atrial "J" leads by the Food and Drug Administration leading to the company having to eventually settle legal claims at a cost of hundreds of millions of dollars. The cause of the recall was a "J lead" electrode, utilizing a rigid stylet within the helix of the electrode lead, inherited by the company in acquisition of pacemaker lead manufacturer Cordis Corporation of Miami. The inherent dangers arising from incorporation of a rigid stylet had been demonstrated by Telectronics, Sydney, in 1967.
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H. Mangiferae is characterized by having a close fitting, transparent sheath cuticle. It is primarily an ectoparasitic nematode but has been observed completely inside roots of both mango and litchi fruit. The genital tract length, stylet length and body length are the major criteria in differentiating the H. mangiferae.Ashokkumar, Pullikuth.
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Adult scales are elliptical and about one millimetre long and are covered by a cream coloured, cottony wax secretion. They have reddish-brown eyes, no wings, rudimentary antennae and legs, and numerous minute wax-secreting glands. The stylet through which they suck sap can be up to two millimetres long.
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Adults and juveniles are vermiform in shape. Adults are sexually dimorphic. The male has a poorly developed stylet, a knob-like head, and a sharp, curved spicule enclosed in a sac. The male is 500 to 600 µm in length, while the female is about 550 to 880 µm long.
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One organism will inseminate the other, with the inseminating individual acting as the "father". The sperm is absorbed through pores or sometimes wounds in the skin from the partner's stylet, causing fertilization in the second, who becomes the "mother".Hermaphrodites duel for manhood, Science News Online. Accessed 14 March 2009.
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The wunderpus octopus has a crop with a distinct diverticulum and elongated anal flaps. The wunderpus octopus lack an interbranchial water pore system. They have a stylet located above the heart, that is short and made of chitin. In the mouth parts of the wunderpus octopus there are posterior salivary glands.
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The lip region is slightly offset (3-4 µm high) and the nematode has a very short stylet (10 µm). A. agrostis has a three-part esophagus. The procorpus is cylindrical with a swelling near its midsection. The metacorpus is ovoid in shape and the isthmus is long and narrow.
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Damage assessment of the leafhopper complex [Asymmetrasca decedens (Paoli) and Empoasca decipiens Paoli] (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) in cotton. Journal of Pest Science, 82: 227-234. Additionally, the chlorosis caused by hopperburn can reduce quality of crops, and stylet punctures can remain visible on some fruits (e.g. capsicum, tomato) decreasing their market value.
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Plant parasitic nematodes in subtropical and tropical agriculture. Wallingford, UK, CAB International, pp. 221-258 The body of the female has a length of 987.1 ± 16.2 µm. The stylet is rounded basal knobs with the anterior portion of the spear tapering towards the end of the front half of the spear length.
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H. galeatus is described as being a relatively large nematode (1.1-15.mm) with a large heavily defined cephalic framework, including a large stylet with tulip shaped knobs. The nematode has a cuticle with 4-6 layers. The lips are offset with 4-5 annules, which are divided into tile-like structures.
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The final step in transmission is inoculation. Inoculation consists of the release of bound or retained virions and their delivery to a site of infection. The needle-like stylet delivers virions to the new host plant. Salivation may be important in enhancing the release of bound virions and their delivery into plant cells.
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A mosquito biting a human finger In female mosquitoes, all mouthparts are elongated. The labium encloses all other mouthparts like a sheath. The labrum forms the main feeding tube, through which blood is sucked. Paired mandibles and maxillae are present, together forming the stylet, which is used to pierce an animal's skin.
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Isidorella is a genus of air-breathing freshwater snails, aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Planorbidae, the ram's horn snails. All species within family Planorbidae have sinistral shells. Species of Isidorella may appear to be very similar species of Glyptophysa. However, Isidorella may differentiated by their lack of a stylet and an accessory structure.
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Fertilisation is internal by hypodermic copulation. One individual approaches another from behind, rears up and falls forward, piercing the other with a fine stylet and inserting white bundles of sperm. Often the second individual reciprocates and both are inseminated at the same time. About 48 hours later, several clumps of cream coloured eggs are laid.
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It is not possible differentiate one species from other on coffee in the field due to coffee being a host of several species of Meloidogyne. M. exigua can be found in Brazil, Guatemala, Colombia and Costa Rica. M. coffeicola has a long neck and brownish body color. Its stylet is 15–17.6 µm long with no prominent knobs.
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The infective stage of larvae (J2) penetrate the root and travel through cells until they reach the main vascular tissue of the root. They release chemicals from the stylet to destroy the membranes of nearby cells. This pocket of lysed cells is called the syncytium and will be the larva's food source for the rest of its life.
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The maxillary lobe(s) not stylet-like and have a pulp that is without complex organ. The apex of galea or maxillary lobe densely setose or spinose; without heavily sclerotized teeth or hooks. Lacinia without hook(s) or spine(s). Apical maxillary palpomere cylindrical to fusiform; at least as wide as or longer than preapical one.
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The cysts of CCN are light brown in color and lemon shaped. The cysts also have a zig-zag pattern on the cyst wall with four prominent finger-like bullae below the underbridge. The juveniles have an average stylet length of 20 μm and have a thin finely pointed tail. Females have a vulva slit of approximately 33 μm.
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The needle is then in the subarachnoid space. The stylet from the spinal needle is then withdrawn and drops of cerebrospinal fluid are collected. The opening pressure of the cerebrospinal fluid may be taken during this collection by using a simple column manometer. The procedure is ended by withdrawing the needle while placing pressure on the puncture site.
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Feeding requires the insertion of their stylet into the plant tissues. This insertion results in the secretion of saliva. Present within their saliva are toxic substances that cause death of plant tissues following feeding. However, the biochemical understanding of the toxin's toxicology and function within the saliva is poorly understood and is a site of current research.
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The papaya mealybug inserts its stylet into the epidermis of the leaf or the skin of fruit or stem and feeds on the plant sap. At the same time it injects a toxic substance into the plant which results in chlorosis, distortion, stunting, early leaf and fruit fall, the production of honeydew, sooty mould and possibly the death of the plant.
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Females of M. incognita are pear-shaped with no posterior protuberance. Their stylet ranges from 15-16 µm long, and knobs are rounded and offset. Perineal pattern is oval to rounded, typically with high dorsal arch, striae usually wavy, and lateral field absent or weakly demarcated. Males have a not offset head with an elevated labial disc without lateral lips (usually).
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Head has four head annules, lip region is well developed, oral disk is present and the entire head region is heavily sclerotized. The stylet has three rounded knobs while tail is pointy and rounded at the very tip.Mota, M. M., and Eisenback, J. D., Morphology or second-stage juveniles and males of Globodera tabacum tabacum, G. t. virginiae, and G. t.
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Ruppert, Fox and Barnes (2004) treat the Bdellonemertea as a clade separate from the Hoplonemertea, while Thollesson and Norenburg (2003) believe the Bdellonemertea are a part of the Monostilifera (with one active stylet), which are within the Hoplonemertea – which implies that "Enopla" and "Hoplonemertea" are synonyms for the same branch of the tree. The Polystilifera (with many tiny stylets) are monophyletic.
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PSV is transmitted from plant to plant by several species of aphids (Aphis craccivora, A. spiraecola and Myzus persicae) in a stylet-borne manner. It can also be transmitted by mechanical inoculation. It has been shown to be transmitted by seeds in peanuts at a very low level Troutman, J.L., W.K. Bailey, and C.A. Thomas. 1967. Seed Transmission of Peanut Stunt Virus.
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In many species, this basic plan is considerably complicated by the addition of accessory glands or other structures. The penis lies inside a cavity, and can be everted through an opening on the posterior underside of the animal. It often, although not always, possesses a sharp stylet. Unusually among animals, in most species, the sperm cells have two tails, rather than one.
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Host Range and Off- Season Survival of Tea Mosquito Bug, Helopeltis antonii Sign. Pest Management in Horticultural Ecosystems 22:134-136 H. antonii possess modified mouthparts which work to form a long straw-like structure known as a “stylet”. This modified mouth part enables them to suck up sap from deep within the plant tissues that would not otherwise be as easily accessible.
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The purpose of the second step of transmission is the stable retention of acquired virions in the vector at specific sites. A virus destined for inoculation is retained at sites within the stylet and food canal, or in the foregut. Potyvirus virions cannot be transmitted alone. Rather, they associate with a second viral-encoded accessory protein, termed “helper component” (HC).
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The planthopper feeds on its host by inserting its stylet into a leaf and sucking out the phloem sap. Excess fluid is excreted as honeydew and sooty mould grows on it. The plant's vigour is reduced through the loss of sap and the reduction in photosynthesis resulting from the sooty mould. Brown patches appear on the leaves, which may also become discoloured.
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Tardigrades bear a circumoral nerve ring which has been homologised with the nerve ring of the ancestral ecdysozoan, and the arthropod (=Euarthropoda + Onychophora) protocerebrum, suggesting that the protocerebrum is homologous with the ancestral ecdysozoan brain. On this view, the stylet apparatus is homologous with the euarthropod labrum / onychophoran antennae, and the first pairs of walking legs correspond to the deutocerebral and tritocerebral appendages.
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Pyramidelloidea is a superfamily of mostly very small sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks and micromollusks within the clade Panpulmonata. This is a voluminous taxon: above the species level close to 400 named taxa are referred to this gastropod superfamily. Pyramidelloidea has both fossil and recent members. They live as ectoparasites on bivalve molluscs and polychaete worms, and have a sharp, piercing stylet instead of a radula.
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The length of the adult Xiphinema americanum ranges from 1.3 to 3.0 millimeters. The dagger nematode is characterized by a 100 μm odontostyle which is used for deep penetration of root tips with its spear-like stylet. The odontostyle is connected to the lining of the cheilostome by a folded membrane called the "guiding ring". The guiding ring is attached to a flanged odontophore.
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Their matrix code is: A1, B2, C2, D2, E3, F2, G2, H1, I3, J1, K1 which is determine using tabular and dichotomous keys based on their morphological characters. Their lateral fields, stylet length, excretory pore and vulva position, post- vulval uterine sac length and number of annuli on tail all serve as distinguishing factors between P. alleni and other closely related species P. flakkensis, P. neobrachyurus.
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The Journal of Parasitology 804-08. Once it is ingested by an insect such as a grasshopper, an egg hatches almost immediately, sometimes within an hour. The juvenile nematode pierces the gut with its stylet and enters the hemocoel, the bloodlike fluid that fills the insect's body cavity, acting as a circulatory system. There the nematode absorbs the insect's nutrients, taking glucose directly through its cuticle.
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As shown in the laboratory test, H. salicifolia flowers significantly increased the fitness of female butterflies. The Australasian green shield bugs often sit their egg shells on a wide variety of native and naturalised trees and shrubs including koromiko. Adults and juveniles of Australasian green shield bugs feed by inserting a stylet into the plant and then suck plant sap and berries.Interesting Insects & other Invertebrates.
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The silver birch aphid is a light green colour with a bluish tinge. The blueness is due to the dusting of blue wax particles which are particularly obvious on the antennae and legs. All adults have membranous wings and during the spring and summer, all individuals are female. The mouthparts are specialised to form a slender stylet for piercing and sucking sap from their host tree.
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Digestive glands are found in this region of the gut, producing enzymes that start to break down the food. In stylet-bearing species, these may even be injected into the prey. No stomach is present, with the pharynx connecting directly to a muscleless intestine that forms the main length of the gut. This produces further enzymes, and also absorbs nutrients through its single-cell- thick lining.
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Plant Viruses Online: Cucumber mosaic host range In fact it has the reputation of having the widest host range of any known plant virus.Crop Knowledge Master: Cucumber Mosaic Virus It can be transmitted from plant to plant both mechanically by sap and by aphids in a stylet-borne fashion. It can also be transmitted in seeds and by the parasitic weeds, Cuscuta sp. (dodder).
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It is known that Banana aphid (Pentalonia nigronervosa) transmits the virus from infected to healthy plants by feeding. Aphids feed on the plant phloem tissues by injecting their thin, flexible stylet into the epidermis of the plant tissue until it reaches the phloem of the leaves. Then the aphid injects saliva and sucks the cell contents. This ingestion of viral components is done inadvertently by the aphid.
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An adult individual body length is typically 0.8 mm, and is oval in shape. The tiny brown-colored insect has four thread-like stylets that are bundled together and function as a mouthpart. Three times the length of its body, the stylet bundle pierces the host plant's parenchymatic ray tissue to derive nutrition from stored reserves. It may also inject a toxin while feeding.
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Xiphinema diversicaudatum are large nematodes, 4.0mm-5.5mm in length. They have a long protrusible odontostyle, which is around 0.1 mm long and capable of penetrating into a host’s vascular tissue. The long stylet is similar to Longidorus but is distinguishable by 3 posterior basal flanges and a more posterior guiding ring than is observed in Longidorus. Xiphinema have a two-part esophagus, which does not contain a metacorpus.
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The distinguishing characteristics of this nematode are a well-developed metacorpus from J2 through adult, a short stylet 11-15 μm in adults, adults typically 1mm in length. Females have the vulva located two-thirds body length and have a vulval flap. Females have a long post uterine sac and a rounded tail. Males have seven papillae in the tail region, distinct spicules, and bursa shaped as a spade.
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The adult female oystershell scale is up to four millimetres long, elongated, tapering to a point at the posterior end and often slightly curved, somewhat resembling a mussel shell. The upper side is a banded, brown, waxy scale and the underside is cream coloured. There are no eyes or legs and the short antennae have only a single segment. The mandibles are lengthened into a stylet adapted for sucking sap.
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The internal, subepidermal vas deferens extends along the right body side to the right rhinophore connecting to the anterior male copulatory organs. The short posterior-leading vas deferens joins the large, tubular prostate gland. Anteriorly, the long and highly coiled, muscular ejaculatory duct arises from the prostate. The ejaculatory duct enters the muscular penis at its base and discharges at the top of the penis through a long hollow stylet.
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Like other cyst nematodes, CCN feeds from a specialized feeding site known as a syncytium. This feeding site is formed by the deterioration of cell walls of adjoining plant cells in response to elicitors delivered through the nematode's stylet. This cell wall deterioration leads to the formation of a single multi-nucleated feeding cell. Through the diversion of nutrients to the syncytium, CCN can stunt corn plant growth and reduce yield.
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G. repens is orange in colour and grows to an unstretched length of about . It is cylindrical in shape with bluntly tapering ends. Proboscis worms are known for their eversible proboscises, but in most species these are unbranched and cylindrical, or may have a sharp, venomous stylet part way to the tip. In a few instances, they are branched but the side branches are short and the proboscis resembles a feather.
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Journal of Insect Behavior. 16: 667-678. They do so by puncturing the phloem and xylem tissues of the plants with their stylets. They then inject saliva containing certain chemicals that allow them to rupture plant cells and ingest the mixtures flowing through the plant tissues. The movement of the insect’s stylet in the plant causes the vessels to become blocked and obstructs the flow of nutrients throughout the disturbed plant.
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This nematode is a migratory endoparsite that ranges from about 0.4 to 0.5 mm long and has a lip region that is angular and offset from the body.UC Davis Nemaplex Taxadata It is generally low and flat and has two distinct annules. P. brachyurus has a short strong stylet about 20 um long and large round basal knobs. It also has a short ventral overlap of the esophagus.
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A Minet ed Dhalia point or stylet is an archaeological term for an elongated, isosceles triangle made with pressure flaking on both faces of a piece of flint. They are predominantly found at sites in Lebanon (ancient Canaan). They are the type tool of the Énéolithique Ancien (Ancient Chalcolithic), named after the archaeological site of Minet ed Dhalia in Ras Beirut. The stylets range from to in length.
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Its walls are highly muscular, but all the muscles are longitudinal and there is no circular muscular bulb. Its outstanding feature is the presence of a long, slender, sharply pointed, scimitar-shaped, black, horny stylet with a saddle-shaped base which is sometimes prolonged into a long, sharply pointed spur. In some individuals, however, the spur is completely absent. The female genitalia include a well-developed uterus but no spermatheca.
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Rostrum tip Cimex pierces the skin of its host with a stylet fascicle, rostrum, or "beak". The rostrum is composed of the maxillae and mandibles, which have been modified into elongated shapes from a basic, ancestral style. The right and left maxillary stylets are connected at their midline and a section at the centerline forms a large food canal and a smaller salivary canal. The entire maxillary and mandibular bundle penetrates the skin.
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Its biological cycle includes four life stages, three of which are juvenile. The nematode can undergo multiple life cycles in one growing season when favorable conditions are present. They can infect the crowns, runners, foliage, and new buds of the plant via stylet penetration or through the stomata. The best management practices for this disease are sanitation, prevention of induction of the pathogen to the environment, and planting clean seed or starter plants.
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Much like the broad host range of X. americanum, the 4 nepoviruses transmitted by this nematode do as well. They also have the capability of dissemination in wind-blown seeds as well as remaining harbored in natural reservoirs including weeds. In parallel tests, TomRSV has been shown to transmit more efficiently than TRSV. Primarily, the viruses reside in the regions of the stylet extension, the anterior esophageal lumen, and rarely in the esophageal bulb.
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The adult barnacle bears no resemblance to an acorn barnacle but the larval development is typical of a barnacle, with four nauplius larval stages and one cyprid larval stage. The female cyprid larva of L. panopaei has a spear-like stylet. When it settles on a suitable crab host, it pierces the carapace and develops underneath as an endoparasite for about a month. It then extrudes an externa, or brood sac, beneath the crab's abdomen.
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Phytoplasmas can overwinter in insect vectors or perennial plants. Phytoplasmas can have varying effects on their insect hosts; examples of both reduced and increased fitness have been noted. Phytoplasmas enter the insect body through the stylet, pass through the intestine, and then move to the hemolymph and colonize the salivary glands: the entire process can take up to 3 weeks. Once established in an insect host, phytoplasmas are found in most major organs.
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Soil-borne nematodes also have been shown to transmit viruses. They acquire and transmit them by feeding on infected roots. Viruses can be transmitted both non-persistently and persistently, but there is no evidence of viruses being able to replicate in nematodes. The virions attach to the stylet (feeding organ) or to the gut when they feed on an infected plant and can then detach during later feeding to infect other plants.
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These limbs correspond to the frontal appendages of anomalocaridids. A pair of sessile eyes located near the base of these appendages. A small anterior-facing mouth located below its head and bearing a pair of stylet-like structures. The body had 11 segments indicated by 4 turberculates on each of them, associated with 11 pairs of lateral swimming lobes with gill-like structure, along with 11 pairs of small legs (lobopods) at the lobes' bases.
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The nematode feeds as an ectoparasite, most often at the site of cell division and elongation of the root (Huang and Becker, 1997). The long stylet allows the nematode to feed on the inner cortex and endodermis. The feeding at root tips causes root abbreviation and stunting (Crow and Han, 2005). In corn roots swelling at root tips may occur due to repeated attempts by the plant to produce new root branches.
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The first step in viral transmission is acquisition, which consists of the uptake of the virus from an infected source. Aphids are well designed for their roles as vectors. Their mouthparts consist of a needle-like stylet that is capable of piercing plant cells walls in order to feed on the plant’s sugary sap. Aphids can facilitate the uptake and delivery of virions into plant cells without causing too much irreversible damage to the host.
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The larvae are aquatic and unique in their feeding method: the antennae of phantom midge larvae are modified into grasping organs slightly resembling the raptorial arms of a mantis, with which they capture prey. They feed largely on small insects such as mosquito larvae and crustaceans such as Daphnia. The antennae impale or crush the prey, and then bring it to the larval mouth, or stylet. The larvae swim and sometimes form large swarms in their lacustrine habitats.
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In mid to late summer, the beech scale insect lays its eggs and dies. The eggs are pale yellow and are laid on the bark in strings of four to eight eggs. The first-stage nymphs begin to hatch in late summer and eggs will continue until early winter. They have short antennae and legs, and move around until they find a suitable and safe place to settle down and force their stylet into the bark to begin feeding.
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They then each extend their penis, which is armed with a sharp stylet, and push this through the body wall of the partner and transfer sperm by hypodermic injection. The gonad occupies most of the body interior, and the injection can be anywhere on the body wall. Reciprocal injections usually take place at the same time, especially in larger individuals. These sea slugs are able to transfer sperm in this way within two days of metamorphosis when only long.
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Alternaria citri may infect a plant through wounds on the plant surface or through the end of the stem of the fruit at the location called a stylet where natural openings exist. Once the pathogen has entered a susceptible host, infection may begin. The infection route for the pathogen is limited to internal tissues during the growth period in the field and causes internal decay. In turn, the internal decay causes the fruits to ripen and drop prematurely.
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The tubule, embedded within nematocyst, discharges towards the prey and hypothesized to be used for prey puncturing. Furthermore, Gavelis et al. deeply examined NTC morphology and ballistic mechanism that were shown to be fundamentally different from cnidarians, demonstrating nematocysts have evolved independently in single- celled dinoflagellates. Encasing coiled tubule capsule, unlike in cnidarians, is sealed, which forces stylet upon firing first to puncture the capsule from within to free the filament, and only later to pierce the prey.
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The stylet is strong with well-developed knobs. Males are rare, but when found have annules 2.5 μm in the middle of the body with three faint longitudinal lines in the lateral field. The lip region is dome-shaped with 4-5 (sometimes 6) annules. Females become obese and lemon shaped, producing brown cysts when dead varying in size from 0.3-1.0 mm in length and 0.2-0.8 mm in width, observable with the naked eye.
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Other "noninvasive" devices which can be employed to assist in tracheal intubation are the laryngeal mask airway (Some types of which may be used as a conduit for endotracheal tube placement), the lighted stylet, and the AirTraq. Due to the widespread availability of such devices, the technique of blind digital intubation of the trachea is rarely practiced today, though it may still be useful in emergency situations under austere conditions such as natural or man-made disasters.
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A typical fish louse of the genus Argulus is very flat with an oval or rounded carapace, two compound eyes, sucking mouthparts with a piercing stylet, and two suction cups it uses to attach to its host. These "suctorial organs" are the first of its two pairs of maxillae, modified in shape. Its paired appendages have hooks and spines, and are used for swimming. A. foliaceus in particular is up to 7 millimeters long by 5 millimeters wide.
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The life cycle of Howardula nematodes begins inside the host fly, where infective juvenile nematodes are released by either the fly anus or ovipositor onto mushrooms. There, the juvenile nematodes mature and mate. Mated females will then pierce the cuticle of a fly larva using a specialized stylet, and enter the fly hemolymph (insect blood) where the nematode resides. Over the course of the fly host's metamorphosis, the female nematode matures into an adult stage called the motherworm.
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Soybean aphids may indirectly affect plant health through viral transmission. Viruses spread by soybean aphids are typically vectored non-persistently, which allows for disease transmission in the first moments of stylet penetration. Non-persistent transmission does not limit viruses vectored by soybean aphids to soybean, but rather to any plant that alate soybean aphids contact and probe with their stylets for a brief period of time. Unlike stationary apterae, only alatae have been shown to transmit viruses between plants.
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X.diversicaudatum, like many other species of dagger nematode, has a wide host range, with some of the more extensively studied ones including: strawberries, hops and roses. Other documented hosts include: grapevine, raspberry, apple, asparagus, cabbage, carrot, cherry, red clover, peach. The nematode itself inflicts direct damage to plants roots as it penetrates at its preferred feeding site just behind the root tip. Its long stylet enables it to reach into the vascular system of the plant causing local necrosis and hypertrophy.
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The disease is diagnosed through the above ground symptoms and examination of the roots and soil for P. hamatus. If the symptoms of wilting and chlorosis present in scattered groups or clusters, then the soil and root samples should be screened for P. hamatus. Since the nematodes are the only signs a pathologist must identify P. hamatus from morphological features such as their small size and stylet morphology to confirm their presence Plant Nematodes; their bionomics and control. J Christie.
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As they feed and grow, juvenile pin nematodes will go through a series of four molts, growing a new stylet and outer cuticle each time. When the fourth juvenile stage (J4 or preadult) is reached, the nematodes may enter a survival stage in which they are resistant to unfavorable conditions such as low soil moisture, extreme temperatures, and lack of food Rhoades, H.L. and M.B. Linford. 1961a. Biological studies on some members of the genus Paratylenchus. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington.
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M. enterolobii, a sedentary endoparasite, has very similar morphology as other species of Meloidogyne. The perineal patterns, male stylet length values (smaller for M. enterolobii than M. incognita) and J2 tail length values (greater for M. enterolobii than M. incognita) of M. enterolobii isolates from Florida are useful morphological characters for the separation of M. enterolobii from M. incognita. Other methods such as enzyme analyses and DNA analysis also have been performed to identify M. enterolobii from other Meloidogyne species.
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The eggs hatch after four weeks and each preparasitic larva searches for a suitable host; it will die if it does not find one within seventy-two hours. It bores a hole through the cuticle of the host mosquito larva with a stylet, and develops in its body cavity. When ready to leave the mosquito larva, it bores a larger hole through which it emerges. The mosquito larva does not survive because its body fluids leak out through the hole.
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The woolly, white tufts and broad strips are the colonies of the beech scale insect that are formed in tiny crevices along the bark. An adult beech scale insect has a soft body, is yellow in color, ranges from 0.5 to 1.0 millimeter long, and has an elliptical shape. The beech scale insect also has a stylet that it uses to penetrate the bark of the tree for feeding purposes. There are no male beech scale insects and the female insects reproduce parthenogenetically.
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The virus is acquired from an infected host during feeding by the aphid vector. To occur, a transmissible complex is composed of virions and protein P2 located in the vector's stylets. The P2 N-terminal domain recognizes a protein receptor located at the tip of the stylet and the P2 C-terminal domain binds to the P3-decorated virions. Transmissible complex of CaMV The mode of acquisition by the vector is controlled by the tissue and intracellular-specific localization of P2.
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The eggs hatch in the presence of Solanoeclepine A, a substance secreted by the roots of host plants otherwise known as root exudates. The nematodes hatch when they grow into a second-stage juvenile (J2). At this stage, the J2 nematodes find host cells to feed off of. The potato cyst nematodes are endoparasites meaning they go completely into the root to feed. Access to the root cells is gained through piercing through the cell wall using the nematode’s stylet.
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The Genoese knife, which has its own unique style, was manufactured in the city of Genoa. Some Genoese knives have a special shape, very similar to a dagger or stylet and are therefore prohibited. Especially actively used not only in the territory of the Republic of Genoa from the XVII to the XVIII centuries. Other knives of this type were a tool for work or everyday use, sometimes even included in the set along with an elegant dress, so they were on sale.
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The pathogen will overwinter in either perennial weeds, ornamentals, or vegetables or within the leafhopper vector. Some examples of weed host plants are thistle, wild carrot, dandelion, field daisy, black-eyed Susan, and wide- leafed plaintain. The vector leafhopper feeds on the phloem of aster yellows- infected plants by inserting its straw-like mouthpart, a stylet, into the cell and extracting it. Once the phytoplasma is acquired, an incubation period follows in which it multiplies within the leafhopper and then moves to the salivary glands.
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The labium forms a sheath around a set of stylets that consist of an outer pair of mandibles and an inner pair of maxillae. In lapping flies, a proboscis is formed from mostly the labium specialized for lapping up liquids. The labial palps form a labella which have sclerotized bands for directing liquid to a hypopharangeal stylet, through which the fly can imbibe liquids. In Lepidopterans, the fluid-sucking proboscis is formed entirely from the galea of the maxillae although labial palps are also present.
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Some remain concealed under the female, which dies after the eggs are laid, and others disperse to cracks and crevices on the tree. A few get washed down or fall to the ground and most of these perish. Occasionally one may find its way to another beech tree, perhaps wafted there by the wind or on the foot of a bird, and founds a new colony. Having found a location on a suitable tree, the crawler forces its tubular stylet into the bark and starts to feed.
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Haematopinus suis feeds only on its host swine's blood. It is classified as a solenophage, because its mouthparts burrow directly into a blood vessel to feed. The mouthparts of the hog louse cut into the hog's skin, and the stylet is then introduced into a blood vessel and begins to extract blood. The teeth of the labrum are used to cut the skin and anchor the louse to the hog, and the stylets move into the tissue, all while secreting saliva that acts as an anticoagulant.
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The larvae then migrate to the small intestine, and burrow into the intestinal mucosa, where they molt four times before becoming adults. Thirty to 34 hours after the cysts were originally ingested, the adults mate, and within five days produce larvae. Adult worms can only reproduce for a limited time, because the immune system eventually expels them from the small intestine. The larvae then use their piercing mouthpart, called the "stylet", to pass through the intestinal mucosa and enter the lymphatic vessels, and then enter the bloodstream.
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The paraprostatic duct enters the basal finger approximately in the middle of the muscle and opens terminally via a hollow curved stylet of about 110 μm length. The penis, the basal finger and parts of the ejaculatory and paraprostatic ducts are surrounded by a thin-walled penial sheath. The latter, together with the copulatory organs, probably can be protruded through the male gonopore just at the base of the right rhinophore during the sperm transfer. However, sperm transfer has never been observed in living specimens.
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Depending on the way they are transmitted, plant viruses are classified as non-persistent, semi- persistent and persistent. In non-persistent transmission, viruses become attached to the distal tip of the stylet of the insect and on the next plant it feeds on, it inoculates it with the virus. Semi-persistent viral transmission involves the virus entering the foregut of the insect. Those viruses that manage to pass through the gut into the haemolymph and then to the salivary glands are known as persistent.
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Reinsertion of the stylet may decrease the rate of post lumbar puncture headaches. Although not available in all clinical settings, use of ultrasound is helpful for visualizing the interspinous space and assessing the depth of the spine from the skin. Use of ultrasound reduces the number of needle insertions and redirections, and results in higher rates of successful lumbar puncture. If the procedure is difficult, such as in people with spinal deformities such as scoliosis, it can also be performed under fluoroscopy (under continuous X-ray imaging).
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Numbers increase continuously over the growing season of the host plant, and because of the gregarious nature of these insects large aggregations are common. Ten species of Ichneumonoidea, nine of Chalcidoidea, various Coccinellidae, and Trioxys curvicaudus are recorded as parasitoids on Eucallipterus. The distribution of young and mature aphids on the leaf surfaces is dictated by their stylet length - the short stylets of young aphids cannot penetrate the lignin of the sclerenchyma of large veins and are thus restricted to feeding on smaller veins.
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The second juvenile (J2) penetrates zone of elongation by mechanical (stylet thrusts) and probably chemical (cellulase and pectinase) means. It moves between, rather than through, cortical cells towards root apex, turns at the meristem, and migrates back to the vascular cylinder in the zone of cell differentiation. Once the J2 is in the root, they migrate intracellularly to the provascular cells and begin to parasitize cells within 24 hours. The nematode initiates formation of the giant cell (also called a nurse cell) from potential vascular tissue.
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Xiphinema are large nematodes, with an adult length between 1.5mm – 5.0mm. They have a long protrusible odontostyle, with 3 basal flanges at the posterior end of the stylet and a relatively posterior guiding ring when compared to the genus Longidorus. The odontostyle is lined with cuticle and alongside the esophagus serves as a good surface for viruses such as arabis mosaic virus to form a monolayer, which can be vectored to healthy plants. Xiphinema have a two-part esophagus, which does not contain a metacorpus.
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The Cook Airway Exchange Catheter (CAEC) is another example of this type of catheter; this device has a central lumen (hollow channel) through which oxygen can be administered. Airway exchange catheters are long hollow catheters which often have connectors for jet ventilation, manual ventilation, or oxygen insufflation. It is also possible to connect the catheter to a capnograph to perform respiratory monitoring. The lighted stylet is a device that employs the principle of transillumination to facilitate blind orotracheal intubation (an intubation technique in which the laryngoscopist does not view the glottis).
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In 1964, optical fiber technology was applied to one of these early gastrocameras to produce the first flexible fiberoptic endoscope. Initially used in upper GI endoscopy, this device was first used for laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation by Peter Murphy, an English anesthetist, in 1967. The concept of using a stylet for replacing or exchanging orotracheal tubes was introduced by Finucane and Kupshik in 1978, using a central venous catheter. By the mid-1980s, the flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope had become an indispensable instrument within the pulmonology and anesthesia communities.
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Due to the presence of a cell wall, virus entry into plant cells is limited to mechanical transmission or transmission by a vector that can pierce or damage a plant and create a site of entry for the virus. SPFMV is transmitted non- persistently on the stylet tips of aphids as they bite the sweet potato plant. Species of sweet potato affected by SPFMV are diverse, and include many Ipomoea spp. (I. alba, I. aquatica, I. heredifolia, I. nil, I. lacunose, I. purpurea, I. cordatotriloba, I. tricolor), three Nicotiana spp. (N.
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The pathogen that causes blueberry shoestring virus is a single-stranded RNA virus with isometric particles that are 27 nanometers in diameter. Aphids obtain viral particles from diseased plants by inserting their stylet into the stem. The viral particles can be transmitted to healthy plants through aphid saliva for up to 10 days after feeding on an infected plant and it has been found that aphid hemolymph (blood-like fluid) contains virus particles, which indicates that the virus circulates within the insect. The blueberry shoestring plant virus causes a systemic infection of the blueberry plant.
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Fleas are wingless insects, long, that are agile, usually dark colored (for example, the reddish-brown of the cat flea), with a proboscis, or stylet, adapted to feeding by piercing the skin and sucking their host's blood through their epipharynx. Flea legs end in strong claws that are adapted to grasp a host. Unlike other insects, fleas do not possess compound eyes but instead only have simple eyespots with a single biconvex lens; some species lack eyes altogether. Their bodies are laterally compressed, permitting easy movement through the hairs or feathers on the host's body.
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Meloidogyne incognita is a polyphagous nematode that severely damages tomato crops by causing lesions in the roots by using a stylet, which allows other soil-dwelling fungal parasites to infect the host plant and cause complex disease interactions. A. strictum is reported to be a nematode egg parasite, as the eggs of M. incognita infested plants were found to be empty under A. strictum treatment. This treatment of A. strictum coupled with Trichoderma harzianum was found to be a very promising combination in the control of M. incognita in tomato plants.
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Prostoma jenningsi is a slender worm, with an elliptical cross-section. Young animals are translucent white, but take on a yellowish hue as they age, eventually becoming "dark yellowish or pale reddish-brown". They are long when they hatch, reach their adult colouration above and can reach up to long as adults. P. jenningsi has 4–6 black eyespots on the top of the head, The eversible proboscis is two-thirds to three-quarters of the body length, and is armed with one central stylet and paired pouches each containing 2–5 accessory stylets.
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There are different pieces of evidences that support the hypothesis. Firstly, there is an exudation of solution from the phloem when the stem is cut or punctured by the Stylet of an aphid, a classical experiment demonstrating the translocation function of phloem, indicating that the phloem sap is under pressure. Secondly, concentration gradients of organic solutes are proved to be present between the sink and the source. Thirdly, when viruses or growth chemicals are applied to a well-illuminated (actively photosynthesising) leaf, they are translocated downwards to the roots.
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A female Sacculina carcini larva settles on a suitable crab host and crawls across its surface until it finds a suitable spot such as the base of a seta (bristle). It then develops into a form called a kentrogon, which inserts a stylet into the crab and pushes its way inside. In order to do this, she has to shed her outer hard shell first. From there it moves through the inside of the crab, in due course pushing out a sac, known as an externa, on the underside of the crab's abdomen.
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Like other ribbon worms, A. lactifloreus is not divided into segments but is smooth and contractile. It is up to eight centimetres long with a head slightly broader than the body. The eyes are in four groups, two rows on either side of the front of the head and two more central clusters further back. There is a proboscis which can be extended forward from an opening above the mouth and which can be as long as the body and it is armed with a needle-like stylet.
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Potato rot nematodes are identified and diagnosed by various morphological and molecular methods. The morphological methods are the primary means of diagnosis, with molecular methods being used for when there is a low level of infestation or when only juveniles are present. Nematodes are extracted from infected plant tissue and examined microscopically for distinguishing characteristics such as body and stylet, and tail morphology. Molecular methods for identifying Ditylenchus destructor (especially in distinguishing from other Ditylenchus species) include PCRs (polymerase chain reactions) to find restriction patterns of DNA to identify specific species.
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The nematode then molts from the J2 to J3, J3 to J4, and finally J4 into an adult. J2, J3, J4, and adults all have a vermiform, worm- like shape, and can all invade the roots. Entry into the roots is accomplished by mechanical pressure and cutting action of the stylet of the nematode, usually just behind the root cap but may occur through other surfaces of the roots, rhizomes, or tubers. The nematode feeds on the cells within the root, usually until the cell lyses and cavities are formed.
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The love dart is not a penial stylet (in other words, this is not an accessory organ for sperm transfer). The exchange of sperm between both of the two land snails is a completely separate part of the mating progression. Nevertheless, recent research shows that use of the dart can strongly favor the reproductive outcome for the snail that is able to lodge a dart in its partner. This is because mucus on the dart introduces a hormone- like substance that allows far more of its sperm to survive.
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The members of Odostomia are ectoparasites on other molluscs, and polychaetes. First they pierce the body wall with the buccal stylet and then feed on them by sucking blood with their buccal pump. They have become a pest of oysters, mussels, scallops and slipper limpets. H. A. Cole and D. A. Hancock, Odostomia as a pest of oysters and mussels; Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom (1955), 34 : pp 25-31 Most of the Odostomia species are host-specific, only a few are not.
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Pyemotes tritici is a parasite of arthropods. The females puncture the host with her stylet, injecting a toxic venom that paralyses the host, which eventually dies. The Angoumois grain moth (Sitotroga cerealella) is a pest of stored grain, laying its eggs on the seedheads in the field or on the grain in the silo. Until 1882, it was thought that Pyemotes tritici, which is sometimes found swarming over stored straw or hay, was feeding on the crop, however it turned out that the mites are carnivorous and are feeding on the larvae of the moth and other insect pests.
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TRSV has been shown to prefer the areas of the stylet extension and anterior esophageal lumen, whereas the TomRSV is found mainly in the triradiate lumen of the esophageal bulb. The different locations of viral binding sites for TRSV and TomRSV account for the capability of dual transmission of both viruses, because the different viruses aren't competing for binding sites. TRSV particles can be liberated into the plant during feeding by the dorsal and subventral gland secretions. TomRSV is mainly liberated by the secretions of the subventral glands due to its location in the triradiate lumen.
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All life-stages apart from eggs and "pupae" cause crop damage through direct feeding, inserting their stylet into leaf veins and extracting nourishment from the phloem sap. As a by-product of feeding, honeydew is excreted and that alone can be a second, major source of damage. The third and potentially most harmful characteristic is the ability of adults to transmit several plant viruses. The crop hosts principally affected are vegetables such as cucurbits, potatoes and tomatoes, although a range of other crop and non-crop plants including weed species are susceptible, and can therefore harbour the infection.
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As nemerteans are mostly soft-bodied, one would expect fossils of them to be extremely rare. Knaust (2010) reported nemertean fossils and traces from the Middle Triassic of Germany. One might expect the stylet of a nemertean to be fossilized, since it is made of the mineral calcium phosphate, but no fossilized stylets have been found. The Middle Cambrian fossil Amiskwia from the Burgess Shale has been classed as a nemertean, based on a resemblance to some unusual deep-sea swimming nemerteans, but few paleontologists accept this classification as the Burgess Shale fossils show no evidence of rhynchocoel nor intestinal caeca.
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The crawlers are tiny and disperse on the host, each one looking for a suitable protected site with thin bark in which to settle, remaining in that place permanently after sinking the stylet into the host plant's vascular tissues.Colorado State University Cooperative Extension Fact Sheet The crawler moults twice before becoming an adult female, forming a protective scale from larval exuviae and secretions. Some crawlers may develop into males. These undergo four moults and the adult males have eyes, three pairs of legs, one pair of wings, a head and a body divided into a thorax and abdomen.
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Restoration of P. jurassicus The most common trait of these prehistoric fleas are their flat bodies, similar to common ectoparasites like ticks or bedbugs. Even between the species of Pseudopulex, however, there are distinct differences in morphology, with P. jurassicus being slightly longer and containing a shorter stylet while P. magnus are thicker and have very long mouthparts. P. tanlan was discovered to have an average sized body but smaller than other Pseudopulex species at about 10 mm long, with a relatively small head and thoracic cavity. The body was also seen to contain setae that are very short and stiff.
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Pressure from the blood vessel itself fills the insect with blood in three to five minutes. The bug then withdraws the stylet bundle from the feeding position and retracts it back into the labial groove, folds the entire unit back under the head, and returns to its hiding place. It takes between five and ten minutes for a Cimex to become completely engorged with blood. In all, the insect may spend less than 20 minutes in physical contact with its host, and does not try to feed again until it has either completed a moult or, if an adult, has thoroughly digested the meal.
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Some plants are impacted more than others, for instance, the damage threshold of P. alleni on soybeans is 14 nematodes/100cc or 1cm³ soil. Their vermiform shape and mobility allow them to enter the root and move freely throughout, feeding on the parenchyma tissue of the root cortex. This feeding causes a reduction of plant growth, less lateral roots, loss of cytoplasm in infected cells, redish brown necrotized lesions, as well as predisposing the damaged roots to fungi and bacteria that can initiate a secondary infection. Using their stylet, Pratylenchus nematodes secrete wall degrading enzymes that help to break down cell walls and allow for more ease of movement.
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Members of the order Lecithoepitheliata are distinguished from other flatworms by the presence of four nerve cords and the fact that the ovary forms a single structure that produces both the eggs (ovocytes) and nourishing yolk cells (vitellocytes). The vitellocytes form a follicle around the ovocyte, hence the name of the group, which means "with a yolk epithelium". In most other rhabditophorans, yolk cells, where present at all, are typically formed in glands derived from the ovaries, but separate from them, called vitellaria. Other diagnostic features of this order include the presence of a sharp stylet on the end of the penis, and a simple, unbranched, intestine.
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McKenny-Hughes reported in 1934 that Yezabura tulipae transmitted the virus between stored tulip bulbs, but this has not been confirmed.van Slogteren, D.H., Descriptions of Plant Viruses: Tulip breaking virus, Bulb Research Centre, Lisse, The Netherlands, October, 1971 The transfer of the virus is non-persistent, which means it is accomplished through the insect feeding. In non-persistent transmission, viruses become attached to the distal tip of the stylet in the insect's mouthparts, so that the next plant it feeds on is inoculated with the virus. The virus does not affect the seed that produces a bulb, only the bulb itself, its leaves and blooms, and its daughter offsets.
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The latter are connecting veins that transport blood from the superficial veins to the deep veins. Branch varicose veins are then usually treated with other minimally invasive procedures, such as ambulatory phlebectomy, sclerotherapy, or foam sclerotherapy. Currently, the VNUS ClosureRFS stylet is the only device specifically cleared by FDA for endovenous ablation of perforator veins.Endovenous ablation of perforator veins The possibility of skin burn during the procedure is very small, because the large volumes (500 cc) of dilute Lidocaine (0.1%) tumescent anesthesia injected along the entire vein prior to the application of radiofrequency provide a heat sink that absorbs the heat created by the device.
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The frequent failure of direct laryngoscopy to provide an adequate view for tracheal intubation led to the development of alternative devices such as the lighted stylet, and a number of indirect fiberoptic viewing laryngoscopes, such as the fiberscope, Bullard scope, Upsher scope, and the WuScope. Though these devices can be effective alternatives to direct laryngoscopy, they each have certain limitations, and none of them is effective under all circumstances. One important limitation commonly associated with these devices is fogging of the lens. In an attempt to address some of these limitations, Dr. Jon Berall, a New York City internist and emergency medicine physician, designed the camera screen straight video laryngoscope in 1998.
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The tips of the right and left maxillary stylets are not the same; the right is hook-like and curved, and the left is straight. The right and left mandibular stylets extend along the outer sides of their respective maxillary stylets and do not reach anywhere near the tip of the fused maxillary stylets. The stylets are retained in a groove in the labium, and during feeding, they are freed from the groove as the jointed labium is bent or folded out of the way; its tip never enters the wound. The mandibular stylet tips have small teeth, and through alternately moving these stylets back and forth, the insect cuts a path through tissue for the maxillary bundle to reach an appropriately sized blood vessel.
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The feeding period of X. americanum can last anywhere from several hours to several days, with the average being around 36 hours at each feeding site along the plant's roots. While feeding, it is common for the nematodes to remain still with their bodies either outstretched or curled, and following the feeding period they move slowly along the length of the root with their stylet remaining protruded and in search of a new feeding site. Unlike some species of nematodes, the observation of food passing into the gut of X. americanum is not seen. Although the nematodes are non-specific in their Host Range, they generally feed on plants that are in poorer condition for a shorter amount of time.
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Damage to a soybean plant during this initial stage is a result of stylet-feeding and can include curling and stunting of leaves and twigs, physiological delays, and underdevelopment of root tissue. However, the relatively low densities of soybean aphids during this stage have been found to have minimal impacts on soybean yield. The second stage, or pre-peak stage, can begin as early as late June and is characterized by dramatic increases in densities of soybean aphids. As colonies expand and temperatures increase, soybean aphids move toward lower portions of the soybean plant. The optimal temperature for soybean aphid development occurs between 25 and 30 °C, and exposure to prolonged temperatures of decrease survival rates and fecundity of soybean aphids.
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The Common Brown Leafhopper (Orosius orientalis) connected to the EPG electrode The electrical penetration graph or EPG is a system used by biologists to study the interaction of insects such as aphids, thrips, and leafhoppers with plants. Therefore, it can also be used to study the basis of plant virus transmission, host plant selection by insects and the way in which insects can find and feed from the phloem of the plant. It is a simple system consisting of a partial circuit which is only completed when a species such as aphids, which are the most abundantly studied, inserts its stylet into the plant in order to probe the plant as a suitable host for feeding. The completed circuit is displayed visually as a graph with different waveforms indicating either different insect activities such as saliva excretion or the ingestion of cellular contents or indicating which tissue type has been penetrated (i.e.
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