The researchers also used computer simulations to show how the merging launched the spore at a right angle to the surface — the perfect direction for the spore to safely ride air currents.
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Above: DarkEdgeTV's version of Crash Bandicoot, as created in Spore.
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Trippel Lock, Third Maus, Third Danger, Spore of Gold and Drammnt.
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There's a lot of parallels between Spore and No Man's Sky.
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Spore is one of the few things that could survive intergalactic flight.
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But I don't see the marijuana plant and mushroom spore as the same.
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The spore drive can put the Discovery anywhere it needs to be instantaneously.
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A spore mold finds its way into the jar, ruining the entire batch.
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In his early observations, Buller noticed a tiny droplet next to a spore.
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These spore-producing bacteria can commonly be found in rice, soups, sauces, and leftovers.
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Each week, they observed changes in the mold's color, spore count and toxin levels.
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For the Federation, it's the spore drive, which allows the Discovery to travel anywhere instantaneously.
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Next, Park wants to feed the neural network more spore images, in order to boost accuracy.
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As soon as the fungus spore sticks to the mosquito larva, the insect's life is finished.
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"I could see it coming because I saw the exact same thing with Spore," she said.
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Vancouver synthesist, RAMZi, has shared a wormy and spore-like new composition on NYC label RVNG Intl.
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Of course, anything attacking Austin—a spore of the California fungus that is destroying America—is popular.
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Across his barrel chest, the troglodytic transgenic wore a bandolier of spore bombs and paired lysing pistols.
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Tired of waiting for a fancy to spore, I selected a tome from some worn-out bookstore.
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Here's how it works: Sometimes an ant, marching about its business outdoors, will step on a fungal spore.
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Their tennis racket-like appearance is seen when the rod-shaped bacteria starts turning into a hardy spore.
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She now uses Spore almost exclusively as a creative tool rather than playing it as she once did.
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The drug-fueled focus on mating could maximize the critical spore dispersal of those cicadas infected as nymphs.
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We know that the spore drive has somehow disrupted life for those aliens, but the endgame isn't clear.
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Lincoln failed to disclose another report that undermined its defense: It found elevated spore levels and recommended remediation.
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Players expected Spore to be a vast, rich, procedurally generated universe, but that's not exactly what they got.
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If a beetle larva makes contact with a spore, it invades the insect's body and feeds on its muscle.
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It's Mudd, who replays the same scenario over and over, hoping to learn more about the Discovery's spore drive.
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Once the insect held fast, the fungus sprouted the three growths (topped with spore capsules) seen in the photo.
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She also found the highest levels of a spore from a fungus called Sporormiella that grows only on dung.
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But it stood out in particular this week because Pike already violated Starfleet orders by using the spore drive.
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The main spore-producing bacteria are Clostridium perfringens -- among the most common causes of food poisoning in the United States.
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There are mushrooms there, a kind of myconid species that shoots out musical spore clouds that gradually sap your health.
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They're not all easy, but perhaps you knew that a SPORE was "One of billions in a puffball" at 8D.
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Dr. Kasson and his team collected cicadas and measured the mass of their spore plugs, comparing it with known chemicals.
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Even stray bits of DNA — from a lab worker's skin cell or an airborne fungal spore — may contaminate the test equipment.
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As the ESA discovered, solar radiation caused strand breaks in the spore DNA, which induced mutations and significantly reduced their survival.
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It would also deprive the Federation of key assets: a time suit, the spore drive and some of its best officers.
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A single fungal spore landing on a caterpillar can use an enzyme to make a hole for access into its body.
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Patients in the study were suffering from recurrent CDI, the infection which is caused by clostridium difficile, a spore-forming bacterium.
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It senses gravity too — with crystals that move around inside single, but giant, elongated, spore-containing cells that resemble Truffula Trees.
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In the new experiment, polystyrene spheres were sliced in the shape of a spherical cap, mimicking the shape of a spore.
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Drips from an inkjet printer created the Buller's drop next to it until it touched the liquid on the plastic spore.
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His genetically wired wariness, like the spore-drive story, suggests a "Trek" attuned to biology like its predecessors were to physics.
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Spore, which was headed by SimCity creator Will Wright, was another game that leveraged procedural generation to create a vast universe.
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Meanwhile, the spore-drive plot comes together nicely, with the entire crew working together to counter Klingon violence with knowledge and science.
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The turning point was the 2001 anthrax attacks, in which letters filled with the spore-forming bacteria were mailed to several Senators.
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But there are good critters in your gut—so-called spore-forming bacteria—that have an appetite for those bile acids too.
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The right fragment matched the right medium that supported the germination of the yeast spore that happened to be in that fragment.
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From her home in England she uses Spore to build everything from prehistoric fish to the towering Tallnecks of Horizon Zero Dawn.
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These dense bodies fall through the cytoplasm of spore-containing cells, signaling them to keep reaching toward the sky as they grow.
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As an example, it's entirely possible that an individual spore of bubonic plague is sitting on my desk right now, she said.
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Over time, these filaments developed into sturdy cords that delivered food wherever it was needed, possibly to spore-bearing mushroom caps above ground.
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The Infinity Burial Suit, a one-piece garment designed to be worn in the afterlife, is sewn with a mushroom spore-infused thread.
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When the ship rescues Lorca and escapes Klingon space, it is revealed that Stamets used his own body to operate the spore drive.
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Compton and other Spore developers felt such empathy for Hello Games, they even sent the studio a case of beer as a gift.
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In case you forgot, the midseason finale of the show ended with the Discovery jumping to a strange new place with its spore drive.
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Researchers tracked spore and fungus traces that were commonly found in mammoth dung, and discovered a steady decrease between 9,000 to 5,650 years ago.
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The term "game jam" was coined by the wunderkind programmer Chris Hecker, known for his work on the pioneering artificial-intelligence-based game Spore.
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Spore offers her something unique which has held her attention for nearly a decade, and her designs are some of the best out there.
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Spore itself might be old enough that it won't tax your system, but a creature hacked together out of hundreds of distinct components could.
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It's the tracker — she had gotten one tracker spore lodged in her thigh in the moments after the dog had gotten activated in the warehouse.
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This kind of "unrepentant spore" behavior is what pushes Cheryl to fight back against Nick, as opposed to a round of guilt-baiting by Veronica.
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They were composed of spore-like spheres, often joined to long filaments that sprouted T-shaped branches — the kind of shapes found today in fungi.
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"With that system, you get what the real spore is doing," Chuan-Hua Chen, a professor of mechanical engineering and materials science at Duke, said.
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It looks for all the world as if the ball just up and took off on its own, like a dandelion spore on a breezy day.
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Stamets' side effects from the spore drive have escalated dramatically, following the ill-advised "one last jump" that leaves the ship stranded in the first place.
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So Seres took batches of poop from healthy donors and reduced it to just 50 specific species of the spore-formers, adding ethanol to kill pathogens.
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Chip Lambert: The spore was trapped in a piece of amber mined from a Burmese deposit that has been dated to be 45 million years old.
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On board Discovery, Lt. Paul Stamets (Anthony Rapp) leads research into a "spore drive" that could jump our characters travel to anywhere in the universe, instantaneously. Promising!
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Because fungi only send out spore-filled fruiting bodies when nutrients are low, ensuring they point to the sky is critical to survival so spores can disperse.
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I think that's one of the craziest things we find with insects: [They] could be spore-dispersers, they could really be doing important things but we don't know.
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The socialite Marian Spore handed out Y.M.C.A. meal tickets on the Bowery, while William Randolph Hearst funded — and publicized — two Army trucks serving hungry men sandwiches and crullers.
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For more than a century, the spore-firing prowess of fungi, employed by thousands of species, has been an enthralling enigma for mycologists, the scientists who study fungi.
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Previously, Hutchinson was the director of EA's Army of Two: The 40th Day (remember that series?!), and worked as a lead designer on Spore and The Sims 2.
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Unlike other bioluminescent organisms, fungi emit a constant light, possibly to attract spore-transporting insects, that dims and intensifies according to a circadian clock that still isn't quite understood.
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Kate Compton, who creates a lot of interesting procedurally generated things as a PhD candidate at UCSC and who worked on creating planets for Spore, knows all about this.
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"You never know when a specific cannon is going to release a spore," said Jolet de Ruiter, an engineer at the Technical University of Denmark, who helped conduct the research.
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Rapp's testy Stamets, who will become a fan favorite if there is any justice, is outright resentful of Lorca and Starfleet for co-opting his spore research for military purposes.
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"All the quotes from that time were similar, we were gonna have this many planets, content forever," Compton told me about the marketing for Spore leading up to its release.
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Research into panspermia got a new breath of life in the 1990s, when the European Space Agency launched its Exobiology Radiation Assembly mission to see how radiation affected different spore samples.
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If you'd like to try your own hand at breathing life into some virtual flesh/clay, you'll need a little more than just a PC copy of Spore to get started.
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"If that spore were to settle on the sand floor, it would be swallowed up and suffocated," said Andy McAlexander, the president of the South Walton Artificial Reef Association in Florida.
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Unlike most flowers and plants, which spring up under favorable environmental conditions, the morel fungus (which actually lives underground) fruits, or sends up its spore-filled caps, when times get hard.
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If you inhale and spore this moment,it tumors your body, but if you exhale it,you dissolve midnight and noon; sunlighttilts and leafs the tips of the far Norway maples.
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The ship's scientific research has been commandeered for military purposes — especially its experimental "spore drive," designed by the "astromycologist" Lt. Paul Stamets (Anthony Rapp), which uses a galactic network of fungi.
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Setlow is a "spore guy" not an infectious disease expert, but he nonetheless came away from that research with a deep and abiding distrust of hand dryers regardless of the model.
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To study spore dispersal more closely, Dr. de Ruiter and her collaborators at the University of Copenhagen decided to test E. muscae's launch mechanisms using mini water cannons built in the lab.
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The scientists analyzed four proxies for megafaunal presence (in this case, mammoths): sedimentary ancient DNA and three fungal spore types from near a lake, a key source of freshwater on the island.
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The size varies, but a typical spore is about 10 microns, or 1/2,500th of an inch, in width, and it is attached at the end of a stalk called a sterigma.
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Influenced by nature, Dutch artist Marjolein Dallinga uses felt as her primary medium, creating strange structures like toadstools, caterpillars, and spore-ridden, plant-like structures that appear lifelike when placed in natural environments.
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The former campaign manager for the Denver Psilocybin Initiative (DPI) is now in the process of building out a new nonprofit called the Society for Psychedelic Outreach, Reform, and Education—or, yes, SPORE.
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Architectural recreations or elaborate machines in Minecraft, complex and painterly scenes in TiltBrush—even MarioPaint song covers and Skyrim mods come to mind long before I might think of a game like Spore.
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That is in part because it eats huge amounts of the orange spore but leaves the rest of the coffee leaf alone, probably because it does not like the caffeine, Professor Perfecto said.
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On the eve of trial in February 2016, the Federicos' legal team learned the report had been edited by a Lincoln lawyer, who removed a recommendation to lower spore levels in the home.
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Within each spore, there is a nucleus and another spore, which has yet another nucleus and spore within. This spore within a spore within a spore is termed a tricellular spore. Marteilia has tricellular spores where as the similar genera Paramarteilia and Paramyxa have bicellular and tetracellular spores respectively (Feist, Hine, Bateman, Stentiford, & Longshaw, 2009).
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To this day, there remain more generations of the family of James Sutherland Spore involved in the US Navy. James Sutherland Spore III was graduated in 1970 and went on to serve for over 30 years in the US Navy. He is married to Vicky Buckley Spore. He has two sons, James Sutherland Spore IV and Jon Spore.
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Spore Origins (also known as Spore Mobile) is the mobile device spin-off of Spore, and focuses on a single phase of the larger game's gameplay - the cell phase.
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Has a thick-walled resting spore (teliospore), known as the "brand" (burn) spore or chlamydospore.
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The polar filament has a diameter of 150 nm and extends into the centre of the spore for a third of the entire spore length, then turning off laterally in the direction of the spore wall, but ending before it touches the layers of the spore wall.
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The alpha-spore is viable and can germinate, but the beta-spore is not viable and will not germinate.
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The specific epithet erythrosora comes from ancient Greek, meaning "having red spore cases", which refers to the color of the spore cases.
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The poisonous false parasol (Chlorophyllum molybdites) has a green spore deposit. Although the spore print is generally used to help identify the genus of a specimen, on occasion it can be used to help distinguish between similar species. For example, the lookalikes Russula crustosa and Russula virescens have yellowish and white spore deposits, respectively. In the field, spore print colour can sometimes be quickly determined by examining the top of stipes for spore "dust" on the nearby forest floor.
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On June 24, 2008, the Spore: Galactic Edition was announced. This special edition game is priced at $79.99, and includes a "Making of Spore" DVD video, a "How to Build a Better Being" DVD video, by National Geographic Channel (not included in all countries), a "The Art of Spore" hardback mini-book, a fold-out Spore poster and a 100-page Galactic Handbook.
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One of the most effective controls is used during the larva stage. Beetle larva can be controlled using milky spore disease (Bacillus popilliae), which occurs naturally in some larva. Milky spore treatment was first developed by the USDA in the 1930s to combat the Japanese beetle but milky spore controls the June bug and Oriental beetle as well. Milky spore treatment was the first microbial product ever registered in the US. Milky spore begins working after treatment wherever larva are feeding.
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Microsporidian spore with an extruded polar tubule inserted into a eukaryotic cell. The infective form of microsporidia (E. cuniculi) is a resistant spore which can survive for a long time in the environment. The spore extrudes its polar tubule and infects the host cell.
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Alete spores show no lines. In monolete spores, there is a single narrow line (laesura) on the spore. This indicates the mother spore split into four along a vertical axis. In trilete spores, each spore shows three narrow lines radiating from a center pole.
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Paradentiscutata maritima is a species of fungus. It is characterised by introverted ornamentations on the spore wall; the spore wall structure and germ shield morphology. It was first isolated in northeast Brazil, and can be distinguished by the projections on the outer spore surface.
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Paradentiscutata baiana is a species of fungus. It is characterised by introverted ornamentations on the spore wall; the spore wall structure and germ shield morphology. It was first isolated in northeast Brazil, and can be distinguished by the projections on the outer spore surface.
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The Nintendo DS spinoff is titled Spore Creatures, focusing on the Creature phase. The game is a 2D/3D story-based role-playing game as the gamer plays a creature kidnapped by a UFO and forced to survive in a strange world, with elements of Nintendogs. Another Spore title for the DS called Spore Hero Arena was released in 2009. Spore Origins is the mobile phone/iPhone/iPod spinoff of Spore, and as with the Nintendo DS version, focuses on a single phase of gameplay; in this case, the cell phase.
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The Spore Store also allows people to put their creatures on items such as T-shirts, mugs, and stickers. The Spore team worked with a comic creation software company to offer comic book versions of players' "Spore stories". Comic books with stylized pictures of various creatures, some whose creation has been shown in various presentations, can be seen on the walls of the Spore team's office. The utility was revealed at the Comic-Con International: San Diego on July 24, 2008 as the Spore Comic Creator, which would utilize MashOn.
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The spore count is used as an indirect measure of the number of microorganisms present. Typically 99% of microorganisms by species will be non-spore forming and able to survive in dormant states, and so the actual number of viable dormant microorganisms remaining on the sterilized spacecraft is expected to be many times the number of spore-forming microorganisms. One new spore method approved is the "Rapid Spore Assay". This is based on commercial rapid assay systems, detects spores directly and not just viable microorganisms and gives results in 5 hours instead of 72 hours.
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The spores give an olive-brown spore print. At microscopic level this bolete has truncate (chopped off) spores; the spore dimensions are 13-15 by 4-5 µm.
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This species shows sori arranged in anthers. Its spore mass is powdery and brown. The spores are mainly globose, subglobose or ellipsoidal, measuring 6.5–10.5 by 5.5–9.0 μm and being pale coloured. The spore wall is reticulate, presenting 6–8 meshes per spore diameter, the latter being irregularly polygonal.
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The promotion ended in late 2011. The Spore Bot Parts Pack has caused controversy within the Spore community, because of many problems with the download and its exclusive nature.
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After the operculum falls off, the sporangium is ready to reproduce through spore dispersal. Spore dispersal usually occurs in late spring the following year after the sporophyte has fully matured.
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This rapid event triggers spore dispersal due to the elastic energy released by the annulus structure. The initial spore acceleration is extremely large – up to 10 times the gravitational acceleration.
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Making a spore print of the mushroom Volvariella volvacea shown in composite: (photo lower half) mushroom cap laid on white and dark paper; (photo upper half) cap removed after 24 hours showing pinkish-tan spore print. A 3.5-centimeter glass slide placed in middle allows for examination of spore characteristics under a microscope. A printable chart to make a spore print and start identification The spore print is the powdery deposit obtained by allowing spores of a fungal fruit body to fall onto a surface underneath. It is an important diagnostic character in most handbooks for identifying mushrooms.
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The Spore team worked on a partnership with a comic creation software company to offer comic book versions of a personalized Spore story. Comic books with stylized pictures of various creatures, some whose creation has been shown in various presentations, can be seen on the walls of the Spore team's office. The utility was revealed at Comic-Con International on July 24, 2008 as the Spore Comic Creator, which would use MashOn.com and its e-card software.
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Many basidiospores have an asymmetric shape due to their development on the basidium. Basidiospores are typically single- celled (without septa), and typically range from spherical to oval to oblong, to ellipsoid or cylindrical. The surface of the spore can be fairly smooth, or it can be ornamented. The color of the spore print is usually found in the spore wall, although in rare instances – like the yellow spores of Clavaria helicoides – the cytoplasm is responsible for the spore color.
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Fruit bodies produce a cream to buff spore print. The spores are egg-shaped to roughly spherical, thick-walled, shell-shaped to fan- shaped, and measure 4.5–6.5 by 4–5 µm. Blunt spikes cover the spore surface. Basidia (spore-bearing cells) are club-shaped, four-spored, and measure 20–47 by 5.2–8 µm.
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Most species of the Entomophthorales produce ballistic asexual spores that are forcibly discharged. When not landing on a suitable host, these spores can germinate to make one of several alternate spore forms, including a smaller version of the original spore, or (in some species) an adhesive spore elevated on a very slender conidiophore called a capilliconidiophore.
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Spores are the seeds of a fungus. If conditions - temperature, moisture content, wood pH - are right after the oak has wilted and died, spore mats form under the bark of the tree. Bark removed by squirrels attracted-to fruity odor. Spore mats stage III Spore mats produce asexual spores called endoconidia, which are barrel shaped and produced in chains.
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Remarkably, Money (1998) has estimated the initial acceleration of the spore to be about 10,000g. Successful basidiospore discharge can only occur when there is sufficient water vapor available to condense on the spore.
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Gram-positive cocci (primarily Peptostreptococcus spp.); 3\. Gram-positive spore-forming (Clostridium spp.) and non-spore-forming bacilli (Actinomyces, Propionibacterium, Eubacterium, Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium spp.); and 4\. Gram-negative cocci (mainly Veillonella spp.) .
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The spore sometimes has a plage, resulting in a bare spot on its surface. The basidia (spore- bearing cells) are roughly club-shaped, four-spored, and measure 40–50 by 9–11.5 µm.
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The spores were oval and the spore wall was smooth.
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The spore is white, and measures x . It is inedible.
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Spore Hero Arena is a science fiction action-adventure game for the Nintendo DS and is a spin-off of Spore Hero which was released in North America on October 6, 2009, and worldwide on October 8. This game is the second Spore game for the Nintendo DS, and focuses more on battling than its predecessor, Spore Creatures. Creatures are now rendered in full 3D and the creature design system has been overhauled. The online functions/multiplayer were closed on 30 June 2014.
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The outer tissue layer splits to form star-like rays and expose a circular spore case. Inside the spore case is the gleba—fertile spore-producing tissue that is white and firm when young, but becomes brown and powdery in age. The grayish-brown spore case is set on a short, slender stalk, and has a well-defined narrow pore at the top where mature spores may escape. Fully expanded, the fruit body reaches dimensions up to wide and up to about tall.
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Jon Spore, went on to attend the Naval Academy - allegedly marking the longest family line in history to ever attend and graduate from the school. As of 2014, Jon Spore remains on active duty.
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The related genus Geoglossum lacks hairs on the spore bearing surface.
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Such climate patterns favored gymnosperms, over plants that use spore dispersion.
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The typical fungal spore size is 1-40 micrometers in length.
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400x400px Spore photoproduct lyase is part of one of two main pathways which are used to repair cross linked 5-thyminyl-5,6-dihydrothymine caused by UV radiation: the spore-specific DNA repair system (which utilizes spore photoproduct lyase), and the general nucleotide excision repair pathway (NER). The spore-specific DNA repair system is specific to SP, whereas the NER is able to repair other types of thymine dimers, such as CPDs and 6-4PPs. Spores exhibit high UV susceptibility only when both repair pathways are compromised.
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Figure 1: Cruciform Hyphae is a unique sign observed using a compound microscopeAnother macro sign is during favorable high moisture environmental conditions where spore mats appear. Despite the name, the purpose of these spore mats are not known to aid in dispersal. Although presence of the condial phase on the spore mats is known the function of the produced condia remains unknown since condia germination is rarely observed The spore mats are tan and white, found on the soil surface near the infected plant.
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Spore Creatures is a spin-off of Spore, developed by Griptonite Games and published by Electronic Arts, in which a player controls and evolves a creature of their creation. It is a science fiction adventure game. There are two separate, but unrelated games titled Spore Creatures. The first was released in 2008 for the Nintendo DS and is not a sequel to any game, while the second was released in 2009 for iOS devices as a sequel to Spore Origins, and has similar gameplay to it.
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Will Wright announced at E3 2008 that National Geographic would do a television documentary on Spore, as scientists use the game to explain real-life biological, physical, and evolutionary science; this is the same documentary that will be included with Spore: Galactic Edition. He also announced a partnership with SETI, taking part in the Celebrating Science 2008 activity on July 16, 2008, where Spore betas were available for play.Electronic Arts E3 2008 press conference On August 14, 2008, Spore was declared to have gone gold.
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Spores at 1000x magnifaction Ramaria formosa produces a golden-yellow spore print. The spores have a cylindrical to elliptical shape, and measure 8–15 by 4–6 µm. The spore surface features small warts that are arranged in confluent lines. Basidia (spore-bearing cells) are club-shaped, measuring 40–60 by 7–10 µm, and have one to four sterigmata.
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The spore print is not always successful, as some mushrooms are too young or old to produce spores. Mushrooms collected at high elevations will typically not produce a spore print at lower elevations. Sometimes, the colour can vary depending on the thickness of the spore print. In the genus Lactarius, thin deposits are usually white, while thick deposits are cream to yellow.
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In the horsetails, elaters are four ribbon-like appendages attached to the spores. These appendages develop from an outer spiral layer of the spore wall. At maturity, the four strips peel away from the inner wall, except at a single point on the spore where all four strips are attached. Under moist conditions, the elaters curl tightly around the spore.
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Wood blewits have a light (white to pale pink) spore print; Cortinarius species produce a rusty brown spore print after several hours on white paper. Their brown spores often dust their stems and objects beneath them.
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Spore Hero is the Wii spin-off of Spore, developed by Maxis, in which the players focus on creativity and evolution using the unique controls of the Wii. The game was released on October 6, 2009.
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The name Actinocatenispora derives from: Greek noun (), a beam, ray; Latin noun ', chain; Greek feminine gender noun (), seed, and in biology a spore; resulting in New Latin feminine gender noun Actinocatenispora, spore chain-producing ray (fungus).
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A spore print is made by placing the spore-producing surface flat on a sheet of dark and white paper or on a sheet of clear, stiff plastic, which facilitates moving the spore print to a darker or lighter surface for improved contrast; for example, it is easier to determine whether the spore print is pure white or, rather, very slightly pigmented. The mushroom is left for several hours, often overnight, in this manner. Some guides advise using a moisture-resistant enclosure, like a glass or jar, to contain the mushroom during printing. If the mushroom is to be preserved, a small hole can be made in the spore print paper rather than cutting the stipe.
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Geastrum entomophilum is an inedible species of mushroom belonging to the genus Geastrum, or earthstar fungi. Found in northeast Brazil in 2008, the species was found with beetles inhabiting the spore sac, likely contributing to spore dissemination.
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The basidia (the spore-bearing cells) are 30–35 by 6.5–7.5 μm. The spore deposit is rusty brown. The spores are ellipsoid, covered with fine warts or dots, and measure 8–9 by 5–5.5 μm.
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Pine pollen under the microscope A late Silurian sporangium bearing trilete spores. Such spores provide the earliest evidence of life on land. Green: A spore tetrad. Blue: A spore bearing a trilete mark – the Y-shaped scar.
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The spore wall may be thin to thick (up to 0.5 µm).
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The spore print is dark greyish brown. It is listed as inedible.
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In contrast, other parmelioids have spore walls greater than 1 µm thick.
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Sometimes the exospore is ruptured and detached loosely from the germinating spore.
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Lycopodium clavatum is a spore-bearing vascular plant, growing mainly prostrate along the ground with stems up to long; the stems are much branched, and densely clothed with small, spirally arranged microphyll leaves. The leaves are 3–5 mm long and 0.7–1 mm broad, tapered to a fine hair-like white point. The branches bearing strobili or spore cones turn erect, reaching above ground, and their leaves are modified as sporophylls that enclose the spore capsules or sporangia. The spore cones are yellow-green, long, and broad.
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Spore Creature Creator is the creature creator element of Spore released prior to the full game. Spore Creepy and Cute is an expansion pack that was repeased in late 2008, it includes new parts and color schemes for creature creation. Among the new parts were additional mouths and eyes, as well as "insect legs." The pack also included new test-drive animations and backgrounds.
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When the mushroom is removed, the colour of the spores should be visible. Mycologists often use glass slides, which allow for quick examination of spores under a microscope. A mushroom cannot be identified from its spore print alone; the spore print is only one characteristic used in making a taxonomic determination. Spore prints are usually white to cream, black, or shades of red, purple, or brown.
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Many species are brackets, but others have a definite stipe – for example, Polyporus badius. Most of these fungi have white spore powder but members of the genus Abundisporus have colored spores and produce yellowish spore prints. Cystidia are absent.
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EA Games confirmed the production of expansion packs due to Spores financial success, later releasing Spore Galactic Adventures in 2009 as well as several spin-offs and "parts packs", plus the addition of the spin-off of Spore, Darkspore.
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Spore has been used in academic studies to see how respondents display surrogation.
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Gymnopilus aeruginosus has a rusty to rusty-orange or rusty-cinnamon spore print.
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The spore print is white, the oval spores measuring 7.5 x 6.3 μm.
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Paleobotany Palynology Spore Land plants Strother, P. Wellman, C. Steemans, P. Rubinstein, C.V.
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The spore size is approximately 8×5μ, and the individual spores are elliptical and smooth. The spore print is salmon- pink to reddish brown. It grows on logs and stumps, and can be found most commonly in the spring and fall.
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Spore Galactic Adventures is an expansion pack for the multigenre game Spore, developed by Maxis Emeryville and published by Electronic Arts.Spore: Galactic Adventures Preview, IGN.com, January 22, 2009. The US version of the game was released on June 23, 2009.
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Gill spacing, gill depth, spore colour and spore ornamentation have also thrown many finds into doubt, and a number of varieties have been described throughout the years.Sarnari, M. (1998). Monografia Illustrata del Genere Russula in Europa. Vol. 1. A.M.B. Fondazione.
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The spore print is white. The spores are elliptical, smooth, with dimensions of 8–11 by 5–7 µm. They are amyloid, meaning they will absorb iodine when stained with Melzer's reagent. The spore-bearing cells (basidia) are 4-spored.
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Spores are spherical, hyaline, and reticulate. The spore print is whitish. The spores are roughly spherical, translucent (hyaline), and typically measure 7.5–10.0 by 7.5–9.0 µm. The spore surface is reticulate—covered with ridges that form a complete network.
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Conspectus generum pyrenomycetum italicorum. Atti Soc Venet Trent Sc Nat, Padova 4: 77-100. and carried de Notaris’ (1847) spore classification scheme further by dividing the Hysteriaceae into nine sections based on pigmentation and the morphology of spore septation.Saccardo PA. 1883.
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Heterokont zoospore of Saprolegnia with tinsel and whiplash flagella. A zoospore is a motile asexual spore that uses a flagellum for locomotion. Also called a swarm spore, these spores are created by some protists, bacteria and fungi to propagate themselves.
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Spore has also released an API (application programming interface) to allow developers to access data about player activity, the content they produce and their interactions with each other. The Spore API is a collection of RESTful public web services that return data in .XML format. In April 2009, the results of the Spore API Contest was concluded with winners building interactive visualizations, games, mobile applications and content navigation tools.
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Fruit infections take place during early development since conidia begin to produce and peak around calyx split and bloom. Once conidia are successfully landed on susceptible hosts, they form germ tubes which will become spore-bearing conidiophores. This step requires three sequential stages: sporophore production, spore production, and spore maturation. Infection is most severe during spring and winter because further spread of fungi is favored by wet and warm environment.
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Lepiota harithaka produces a yellowish white spore print. Spores are roughly elliptical to almond-shaped, hyaline (translucent) and measure 5–7 by 3–4 µm. The spore are smooth, thick-walled (up to 1 µm), and contain refractive oil droplets. The basidia (spore-bearing cells) are cylindrical to club-shaped, hyaline to pale green, four-spored with sterigmata up to 5 µm long, and measure 14–20 by 5–7 µm.
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Many of the original authors of species in this genus did not indicate whether spore print colours they recorded were with thick or thin prints, limiting the usefulness of this feature as an identification characteristic. In some instances, the colour of the spore print matches that of the mature gills, but this is not always true and gill colour cannot reliably be used as an indicator of spore print colour.
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Spore count rapidly decreases after 10:00 a.m. and remains low throughout the day.
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Volvariella is a genus of mushrooms with deep salmon pink gills and spore prints.
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The gills are adnexed, and white giving a spore print of the same colour.
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Eno was involved with Wright and Spore at least as early as June 2006.
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For the spores to be able to start growing, it must fall into wet ground. A spore that falls into dry land, will never begin to grow, since it needs to absorb water. Once the spore has settled down it can start absorbing water through osmosis, which enables swelling and bursting of the outer walls of the spore and the growing tissue can be released. The one spore cell can now divide into two and continue to develop into a small heart-shaped object called ‘prothallus’, which looks very similar to a liverwort and can therefore be mistaken for it.
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The top of the spore (the side where it was once attached to the sterigma, the connection between the basidium and the spore) is rounded and blunt. The spores are covered with fairly large warts, measuring from from the main spore in height. There is no germ pore or plage, and there is no clear depression around the hilum (the area where the spore was attached to the sterigma). The spores turn an orange-yellow to orange-brown colour in potassium hydroxide, and turn reddish-brown in Melzer's reagent and in Lugol's iodine, but they are not metachromatic.
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At maturity, the outer layer (the exoperidium) splits open from the top in a stellate (star-shaped) manner into 7–9 rays that support the spore sac contained within the inner wall (the endoperidium). The expanded specimens are up to broad and tall. The rays of the exoperidium bend back (reflex), simultaneously elevating the spore sac above the ground in what is known as the fornicate condition; this position exposes the spore sac to more air currents, aiding spore dispersal. The surface of the rays often crack to reveal lighter-colored areas, especially along the edges.
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Strucker also uses serums developed by Hydra, enabling him to maintain his physical vigor at its height and retard his aging process, so that physically he remains the same, despite his advanced age. Exposure to his Death Spore has bonded Strucker's DNA with the Death Spore, enabling him to be revived after seemingly being killed by gunshot wounds and radiation poisoning. Strucker can now release the Death Spore virus from his body at will, killing his victims nearly instantly. If Strucker is killed, the Death Spore viruses will allegedly be set free from his body and risk infecting the entire Earth.
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The mobile phone version of Spore, called Spore Origins, was based on the tide pool phase, in which players try to survive as a multicellular organism, with gameplay similar to flOw. On March 6, 2008, an iPhone version was demonstrated at Apple's iPhone SDK press event, though there was no commitment to ship such a product given at that event. The iPhone-Spore demo made use of the device's touch capabilities and 3-axis accelerometer.Live coverage of the iPhone Software Roadmap announcement Electronic Arts confirmed on March 31, 2008 that Spore would be receiving post-release expansion packs.
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The eggs hatch soon afterwards and in this larval or grub stage, they feed on the roots of grass and other plants. As the weather gets cooler and winter approaches, the grubs go deeper into the soil, and feeding declines as they over-winter. In August, when the grubs are close to the surface and feeding, they are vulnerable to infestation by milky spore. This is also the optimal time frame for turf inoculation or applications with milky spore to increase milky spore in the soil environment (there are product specific guidelines that should be followed for milky spore application).
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The fruiting bodies, the pycnia, are flask-shaped and amphigenous (bearing hymenium all over the surface of the spore-producing body). This species also has amphigenous uredinia, groups of binucleate cells that produce urediniospores; the urediniospores are flattened to ellipsoidal in shape, typically 24–33 µm long by 19–25.5 µm thick by 22–30 µm wide. The spore wall is 1.5–2.4 µm thick on the rim (as viewed when the spores lie flat), 2.4–3.5 µm at base, and 2.2–3.5 µm on flattened face. The spore color is yellow-brown to light chestnut, with the base generally the same color. The hilum (the area where the spore attaches to the sterigma) is smooth; the spore echinulations 0.7–1.0 µm diam by 1.5–4.0 µm spacing, occasionally evenly over whole spore, but in general very fine or rarely lacking in a circle 7–10 µm diam below each germ pore.
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The spore-bearing surface (hymenium) is smooth. With age, the fruit bodies may become brownish and eventually dry to a thin, varnish-like film. The spore print is white. The fungus does not have any distinct taste or smell; it is inedible.
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Most common reproduction is asexually, through mitosis. Thermophiles reproduce asexually, when a male spore and a female spore come in contact with each other. Different strains of R. pusillus segregate into two subclusters at very high levels causing different EST and G6D patterns.
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Several previews began to emerge later. At an event in Los Angeles, GameSpot got another look at Spore Hero. IGN and Gamezone also posted previews as part of their pre-E3 lineup. Spore Hero was on show at E3 2009Spore Hero, sporedum.
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Clostridium tetani is durable due to its endospores. Pictured is the bacterium alone, with a spore being produced, and the spore alone. Tetanus is caused by the tetanus bacterium Clostridium tetani. Tetanus is an international health problem, as C. tetani endospores are ubiquitous.
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After the spores' development, they first receive a diploid nucleus, and the meiosis takes place in the spore. At the germination, the spore shells open either alongside special germinal pores or chinks, or rip irregularly and then release one to four haploid protoplasts.
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Anaerobacter is a genus of Gram-positive bacteria related to Clostridium. They are anaerobic chemotrophs and are unusual spore-formers as they produce more than one spore per bacterial cell (up to five). They fix nitrogen. Their G+C content is 29%.
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The spores are 4.5-5.5 x 3-3.5 µm, smooth, nonamyloid, and elliptical. The basidia, the spore-bearing cells, are 4-spored, while the cystidia (relatively large non-spore producing cells typically found on the hymenium) are roughly club-shaped with thin walls.
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The spore surface features warts and ridges up to 0.5 µm high that are connected by thin ridges to form an incomplete reticulum. The basidia (spore-bearing cells) are cylindrical to club-shaped, four-spored, and measure 30–45 by 7–9 µm.
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In February 1930 Spore left her Park Avenue apartment for several weeks. However, her chauffeur, a Y.M.C.A employee, continued to give out meal tickets and clothing to the disadvantaged.Miss Spore To Continue Bread Line, New York Times, February 27, 1930, pg. 4.
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The spore print is brownish-purple, and the oval spores 7–10 x 5 μm.
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The pH range can vary from 2.2 to 9.6. Ultraviolet irradiation can delay spore germination.
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For the male function, reproductive success does not change as the minimum spore size increases.
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L. psammicola f. glaber has a pinkish-buff spore print.Bessette et al., 2009, p. 222.
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Parabacteroides is a Gram-negative, anaerobic, non-spore-forming genus from the family of Porphyromonadaceae.
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Caldalkalibacillus is an aerobic and spore-forming genus of bacteria from the family of Bacillaceae.
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With Bacillus anthracis it is very important to differentiate between the vegetive and spore forms.
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The cups contain tiny pale ochraceous or white "eggs," technically termed peridioles, usually 1–2 mm in diameter. In each peridiole is a spore-producing layer of tissue, the hymenium. This layer is largely composed of basidia (spore-producing cells) mixed with paraphyses (non-spore producing elements interspersed between basidia). Peridioles are covered by a thin membrane of loosely woven hyphae known as a tunica; separated from the light-colored tunica, the peridioles are black.
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Spores usually have one large oil droplet and one or two smaller ones. Initially smooth, the spore surface becomes reticulate and coarse, developing small warts. The use of scanning electron microscopy has revealed up to 6 short apiculi (the part of a spore that attaches to the sterigmata) that originate from extensions of the reticulation. Asci (spore-bearing cells) are 320–420 by 18.5–23 μm, and the paraphyses are 6.5–5.9 μm wide.
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They found that the spore-like bodies would grow into a larger, spherical organism, encircled by the ring described above. Then, divisions form radiating from the center, and a stipe grows and releases a spore. After about 10 days, the organism degenerates and dies (senescence).
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The spore are elliptical and smooth, with dimensions of 21–24 by 12–14 µm. The asci (spore-bearing cells), are 370–400 by 18–20 µm, while the paraphyses are stout and club-shaped, with tips that are up to 12 µm wide.
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In water fleas, the ability of the spore to successfully attach during the infection process is related to the genotype of the host and the parasite. Spore cells that do not infect animals and pass through a resistant host can still remain viable and infectious.
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Elias Magnus Fries described Geastrum fimbriatum (as Geaster fimbriatus) in his 1829 Systema mycologicum. It is commonly known as the fringed earthstar or the sessile earthstar. The specific epithet fimbriatum means "fringed", referring to the characteristic edge of the apical spore of the spore sac.
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Gameplay screenshot. The game focuses on the Creature phase of the larger game, with elements of Nintendogs and Drawn to Life. Spore Creatures characters are ball and line generated 2.5D. Unlike the characters of Spore, creatures are completely 2D, but the environments remain 3D.
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The name Dactylosporangium derives from: Greek noun daktulos, finger; Greek noun spora (σπορά), a seed, and in biology a spore; Greek neuter gender noun angeion (Latin transliteration angium), vessel ; New Latin neuter gender noun Dactylosporangium an organism with finger-shaped, spore-containing vessels (sporangia).
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Fictibacillus phosphorivorans is a Gram-positive, aerobic and spore-forming bacterium from the genus of Fictibacillus.
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The spore print is white, and the smooth oval spores are around 2.5 by 4.5 μm.
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The basidia (spore-bearing cells) are four-spored and measure 35–45 by 7–8 µm.
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Further, this species tends to produce spore prints that are greener than those of C. vinicolor.
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Odoribacteraceae is a Gram-staining, anaerobic and non-spore-forming family in the order of Bacteroidales.
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Desulfotomaculum thermoacetoxidans is an obligately anaerobic, thermophilic, spore-forming sulfate-reducing bacterium with type strain CAMZ.
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The basidia (spore-bearing cells) are four-spored and measure 30–40 by 8–9 μm.
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The sori or groups of spore-cases (sporangia) are borne on the back of the frond.
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The third is as a non-toxic sporicidal surface disinfectant for use against the Anthrax Spore.
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As the fungus matures, the outer layer of tissue (the exoperidium) splits into four to eight pointed segments that spread outwards and downwards, lifting and exposing the spherical inner spore sac. The spore sac contains the gleba, a mass of spores and fertile mycelial tissue that when young is white and firm, but ages to become brown and powdery. Often, a layer of the exoperidium splits around the perimeter of the spore sac so that it appears to rest in a collar or saucer. Atop the spore sac is a small pointed beak, the peristome, which has a small hole from which spores may be released.
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The spore print is pink. The spores are angular. The spores are roughly spherical, with 5–7 blunt angles, and measure 7–9 by 6.5–8 µm. The basidia (spore-bearing cells in the hymenium) are four-spored, with dimensions of 30–35 by 10 µm.
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Actinomycetales have 2 main forms of reproduction; spore formation and hyphae fragmentation. During reproduction, Actinomycetales can form conidiophores, sporangiospores, and oidiospores. In reproducing through hyphae fragmentation, the hyphae formed by Actinomycetales can be a fifth to half the size of fungal hyphae, and bear long spore chains.
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Scanning electron microscopy has revealed that C. ruber (in addition to several other Phallales species) has a hilar scar—a small indentation in the surface of the spore where it was previously connected to the basidium via the sterigma. The basidia (spore-bearing cells) are six-spored.
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Life cycle of the various organisms that cause microsporidiosis. (Coded to image at right). # The infective form of microsporidia is the resistant spore and it can survive for an extended period of time in the environment. # The spore extrudes its polar tubule and infects the host cell.
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Spore was imprisoned on an asteroid. When the vault on the asteroid is broken, Zak notices that it was designed as a prison because of the way the doors opened. Spore later infects a number of characters, temporarily. Jerec appears and claims to be an imperial officer.
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The genus was circumscribed by mycologist Roger Heim in 1931. The name Phaeocollybia is conserved against the earlier but obscure name Quercella. Phaeocollybia means dusky Collybia which actually refers to the brownish spore print in contrast to the white spore print of Collybia in the traditional sense.
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The spore walls have longitudinal wrinkles that can be visualized with light microscopy. Paraphyses are 2.5–3.5 μm thick and have thick septa (cross- walls). Bruceomyces castoris is a calicioid fungus, meaning that it releasing a powdery spore mass (the mazaedium) on the surface of the apothecium.
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The spore print is white. Spores are spherical or nearly so, measuring 24 by 21 µm, with thick walls (about 1 µm). They are non-amyloid, and have a prominent hilar appendix (a depression in the surface where the spore was once connected to the sterigmata).
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Short cycled species follow one of two lines of development: sori, sporangia, zoospore or resting spore, sori, zoospore. Long cycled species follow a general pathway of prosori/sori, sporangia, zoospore, resting spore, prosori/sori, sporangia, zoospore. The nuances in life cycles are used to delineate the subgenera.
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Spore was released after several delays to generally favorable reviews. Praise was given for the fact that the game allowed players to create customized creatures, vehicles and buildings. However, Spore was criticized for its gameplay which was seen as shallow by many reviewers; GameSpot remarked: "Individual gameplay elements are extremely simple". Controversy surrounded Spore due to the inclusion of SecuROM, and its digital rights management software, which can potentially open the user's computer to security risks.
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A later terrestrial adaptation took place with retention of the delicate, avascular sexual stage, the gametophyte, within the tissues of the vascular sporophyte. This occurred by spore germination within sporangia rather than spore release, as in non-seed plants. A current example of how this might have happened can be seen in the precocious spore germination in Selaginella, the spike-moss. The result for the ancestors of angiosperms was enclosing them in a case, the seed.
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In deposit, such as with a spore print, the spores appear almost black, tinged with purple. The spores are spherical in shape or nearly so, smooth, thick-walled, and lack a germ pore. They are nonamyloid (not absorbing iodine when stained with Melzer's reagent), black-brown, and have dimensions of 4.5–7.5 by 5.5–6.5 µm. There is a prominent scar where the spore was once attached to the basidium (the spore-bearing cell) through the sterigma.
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James Sutherland Spore (May 13, 1885 - April 28, 1937) was a commander in the United States Navy. He served as acting governor of Guam from February 27, 1921 to February 7, 1922 and as acting governor of American Samoa from March 24, 1931 to April 22, 1931. James S. Spore grew up in Bay City, Michigan and graduated from the U.S. Naval Academy with the nickname of "Wooden Willie." His sister was Marian Spore Bush v.
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They colonize wood-based mulches and may throw black, sticky, spore- containing globs onto nearby surfaces. The fruiting bodies of several earthstars are hygroscopic: in dry weather the "petals" will dry and curl up around the soft spore sac, protecting it. In this state, often the whole fungus becomes detached from the ground and may roll around like a tumbleweed. In wetter weather, the "petals" moisten and uncurl; some even curl backward lifting the spore sac up.
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Calostoma is a genus of 29 species of gasteroid fungi in the suborder Sclerodermatineae. Like other gasteroid fungi, Calostoma do not have the spore discharge mechanism associated with typical gilled fungi (ballistospory), and instead have enclosed spore-bearing structures. Resembling round puffballs with raised, brightly-colored spore openings (osteoles), elevated on a thick, gelatinous stalks, species have been collected in regions of deciduous, temperate, tropical or subtropical forests. Their distribution includes eastern North America, Central America, Asia, and Australasia.
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There is also a difference in the plasma membrane of amoeboid orogenic cells and pre-spore cells. The pre-spore cells plasma membrane appears to be invaginated, whilst the amoeboid cells PM looks smooth (Deasey, 1982). Elliptical cells, located in the upper neck of the sorocarp are a little further along into spore-development than the cyst cells. These cells lack dictyosomes, are thick-walled and thought to increase pressure within the neck of the stalk.
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Clostridium bowmanii is a psychrophilic, Gram-positive, anaerobic and spore- forming bacterium from the genus of Clostridium.
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Oceanisphaera is a Gram-negative and non-spore-forming genus of bacteria from the family of Aeromonadaceae.
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It is similar to Caloplaca peliophylla, which has lighter brown apothecia discs and more narrow spore isthmus.
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The reproductive ascospores of the fungus are produced within a unique structure, the spore cyst, or sporocyst.
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Okibacterium is a Gram-positive and non-spore-forming genus of bacteria from the family of Microbacteriaceae.
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Mycetocola is a Gram-positive non-spore-forming and non-motile genus from the family of Microbacteriaceae.
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Other fungi rely on alternative mechanisms for spore release, such as external mechanical forces, exemplified by puffballs.
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Globicatella is a non-spore-forming and non-motile genus of bacteria from the family of Aerococcaceae.
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Myceligenerans is a Gram-positive, spore-forming and mycelium-forming bacterial genus from the family of Promicromonosporaceae.
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Bulleidia extructa is a Gram-positive, anaerobic and non-spore-forming bacterium from the genus of Bulleidia.
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The enveloped sporogony is endogenous in spore sacs of sporont origin, daughter cells are formed by vacuolation.
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They are highly refractile and contain dipicolinic acid. Electron micrograph sections show they have a thin outer endospore coat, a thick spore cortex, and an inner spore membrane surrounding the endospore contents. The endospores resist heat, drying, and many disinfectants (including 95% ethanol).Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, vol.
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The spores are viable, but there is agreement now that the probability of a spore germinating in situ on a receptive substrate is extremely low.John, K. P. (1965). Some observations on spore infection of Hevea stumps by Fomes lignosus (Kl.) Bres. J. Rubber Res. Inst. Malaya. 19:17-21.
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Spore was released in September 2008. Players create species starting at the single cell level, and develop them into sentient life. The goal is for them to eventually gain the intelligence to create spaceships. The Spore Creature Creator allows users to create species for later use in the game.
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There are five spore stages in P. sorghi. The spore types are teliospores, basidiospores, pycniospores, aeciospores, and urediniospores. Every year, viable urediniospores must travel to the north from the warmer southern climate. Since P. sorghi is an obligate parasite, it requires living plant tissue in order to survive.
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A carpospore is a diploid spore produced by red algae. After fertilization, the alga's carpogonium subdivides into carpospores, and generally the largest type of spore (larger than bispores, which are larger again than tetraspores). The wall of the carposporangium then breaks down, releasing the spores into the environment.
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Dr Lin has discovered a spore that kills a fungal pathogen of the rice plant, potentially leading to a cure for global hunger. He has also discovered the antidote to the spore – an invention that could condemn millions to death by starvation. Dr. Lin refuses to continue to work on the spore until his daughter, Kathy Lin, who accompanied him to Paris, is returned to him alive and well. Agents of the People's Republic of China are frantically searching Europe for her.
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Geastrum pectinatum is an inedible species of mushroom belonging to the earthstar family of fungi. Although young specimens are spherical, fruit body development involves the outer layer of tissue splitting open like a star into 7 to 10 pointed rays that eventually bend back to point downward, revealing a small – broad – spore sac. The spore sac is supported by a small radially wrinkled stalk. There is a distinct conical opening (peristome) at the top of the spore sac that is up to long.
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The life of a hornwort starts from a haploid spore. In most species, there is a single cell inside the spore, and a slender extension of this cell called the germ tube germinates from the proximal side of the spore. The tip of the germ tube divides to form an octant (solid geometry) of cells, and the first rhizoid grows as an extension of the original germ cell. The tip continues to divide new cells, which produces a thalloid protonema.
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During this investigation, Luddie calls Ben, worried about Yorish's behavior. Driscoll and Galeano also find that people who had brain-affecting illnesses, such as encephalitis or ADEM, are immune to the spore because their previous illnesses prevent the spore from "latching on" to the brain matter. Carol's son, Oliver, is immune to the spore because of the ADEM he had as a young child. Carol decides to get her son, who might show a way to a cure, back from Tucker.
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Halolactibacillus is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming and motile genus of bacteria from the family of Bacillaceae.
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Pontibacillus is a Gram-positive, spore-forming and strictly aerobic genus of bacteria from the family of Bacillaceae.
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Sinomonas albida is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Sinomonas.
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The basidia (spore-bearing cells) are club-shaped, four-spored, and measure 21–25 by 4–5 µm.
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In some Geastrum species, the columella appears as an extension of the stalk into the spore mass (gleba).
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Clostridium huakuii is a Gram-positive, acetogenic, obligately anaerobic and spore-forming bacterium from the genus of Clostridium.
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The spore print is yellow and the spores are round to oval and measure 5-6 μm long.
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Rhodoglobus is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming and aerobic genus of bacteria from the family of Microbacteriaceae.
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Desulfofrigus is a Gram-negative, strictly anaerobic and non-spore-forming bacteria genus from the family of Desulfobacteraceae.
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The club-shaped basidia (spore-bearing cells) are four-spored and measure 18–26 by 8–10 µm.
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Thermotoga lettingae is a thermophilic, anaerobic, non-spore-forming, motile and Gram-negative bacterium, with type strain TMOT.
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Thermotoga subterranea is a thermophilic, anaerobic, non-spore-forming, motile and Gram-negative bacterium, with type strain SL1.
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Thermotoga petrophila is a hyperthermophilic, anaerobic, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped fermentative heterotroph, with type strain RKU-1T.
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Thermotoga naphthophila is a hyperthermophilic, anaerobic, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped fermentative heterotroph, with type strain RKU-10T.
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Cortina not observed. Smell raphanoid with cocoa hints. Taste raphanoid to bitter. Spore deposit brownish olive to umber.
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Asexual spore states of A. ruber are represented by hyaline arthroaleuriospores measuring 8-30 x 2.2–3.3 μm.
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Sucrose nitrate synthesize AGAR: gas filaments slightly pink, white. Spore filaments are non-helical. They are ovoid, spherical.
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The pseudocapillitia, sterile elements in the spore mass, are long, flattened, branching tubes with transverse wrinkles and folds.
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Clostridium aldrichii is a Gram-positive, anaerobic, mesophilic, spore-forming and motile bacterium from the genus of Clostridium.
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Frigoribacterium is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming and motile genus of bacteria from the family of Microbacteriaceae.
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However, it was possible to scale up treatments against the variegated grasshopper (Zonocerus variegatus) in the forest zone and against Sahelian grasshoppers, especially the Senegalese grasshopper (Oedaleus senegalensis). Contacts were made with several internationally renowned biopesticide producers to ascertain whether they would be able and willing to reliably meet LUBILOSA's spore requirements during phase 3, but none were able to make that commitment. Accordingly, part of the IITA station in Cotonou was converted into a spore production unit and the human and technical capacity enhanced to meet the expected spore requirements. The facility proved an excellent research unit and made it possible to refine realistic technical specifications and to test production, contamination control, spore separation, drying and packaging.
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Mycena adscendens produces a white spore print. The spores are broadly ellipsoid, amyloid, and have dimensions of 8–10 by 5–6.5 µm. Basidia (spore-bearing cells) are two-spored, club-shaped, and measure 14–17 by 7–9 µm. Pleurocystidia (cystidia on the gill faces) may be present or absent.
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The name Marinactinospora derives from the Latin adjective marinus, of or belonging to the sea; Greek noun aktis, aktinos (ἀκτίς, ἀκτῖνος), a beam; Greek noun spora (σπορά), a seed, and in biology a spore; New Latin feminine gender noun Marinactinospora, marine and spored ray, referring to marine spore-forming actinomycete.
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The spore-bearing surface is yellow when young and ages to a buff- pink, and stains wine-coloured when bruised in younger specimens. The hymenium is decurrently attached to the stipe. The stipe is generally high and wide, though can be as tall as . The spore print is ochre-coloured.
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However, Choanephora and Blakeslea are considered to be distinct genera and can be distinguishable by the spore wall and its separation from the sporangiole wall. Species of Choanephora have highly adherent sporangiole wall in contrast to Blakeslea species where the sporangiole wall is readily separable from the underlying spore at maturity.
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The spores are spherical and hyaline, and bear pointed spines (echinulate) that are long relative to the size of the spore; they typically have dimensions of 7-10 by 7-10 µm. The basidia, the spore-bearing cells, are club-shaped and hyaline, and are 30-64.5 by 8.5-14 µm .
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The name Actinomycetospora derives from: New Latin noun actinomyces -etis (from Greek noun (), a beam and Greek noun ' -', mushroom or other fungus), an actinomycete; Greek feminine gender noun spora (σπορά), a seed and, in biology, a spore; New Latin feminine gender noun Actinomycetospora, referring to an actinomycete with spore chains.
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By contrast, species of the family Dendrocerotaceae may begin dividing within the spore, becoming multicellular and even photosynthetic before the spore germinates. In either case, the protonema is a transitory stage in the life of a hornwort. Life cycle of a typical hornwort Phaeoceros. Click on the image to enlarge.
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The name Dendrosporobacter derives from: Greek noun dendron, tree; Greek noun spora (σπορά), a seed, and in biology a spore; New Latin noun, a rod bacter, nominally meaning "a rod", but in effect meaning a bacterium, rod, staff; New Latin masculine gender noun Dendrosporobacter, a spore-bearing rod from a tree.
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The club-shaped fruit bodies of Glutinoglossum species are sticky or gelatinous and black. The fertile hymenium (spore-bearing surface) is at the upper portion, or "head". The gelatinous layer on the surface comprises a distinct layer of mostly straight paraphyses. The asci (spore- bearing cells) are club-shaped to cylindrical.
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In nature, the fungus surface is typically found pointing downward, which helps facilitate spore dispersal. It usually grows on dead deciduous wood, often ash and hazel. The spore print is white. Spores are ellipsoidal, smooth, thin-walled, hyaline or pale blue, with dimensions of 7–12 by 4–7 µm.
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It is up to 6–7 cm tall and 2.5–3 cm in diameter. Under a light microscope, the spores are seen hyaline to pink, ellipsoid in shape, and with fine warts. The spore dimensions are 6-8 by 4-5 µm. L. personata produces a pale pink spore print.
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Xylanimicrobium is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, xylanolytic and non- motile bacterial genus from the family of Promicromonosporaceae.
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The basidia (spore-bearing cells) are narrowly club-shaped, four- spored, and measure 23–29 by 5–6.5 μm.
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Ornithinibacillus heyuanensis is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped, spore-forming, hemolytic and motile bacterium from the genus of Ornithinibacillus.
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Citricoccus zhacaiensis is a Gram-positive, neutrophilic, non-spore-forming and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Citricoccus.
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Spore ceased publication in December 2019 following the end of the Cotonou Agreement between the EU and ACP countries.
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Nocardioides endophyticus is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped and non-motile bacterium from the genus Nocardioides.
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Serinibacter is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming and non-motile genus of bacteria from the family of Beutenbergiaceae.
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Despite this relationship, spore transfer is still accomplished mainly by shedding from mushrooms, which protrude from the termite mounds.
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The spore ornamentation is reticulate in all species except for R. truncata and R. verrucosa which have truncate ascospores.
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Frondihabitans is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming and non-motil genus of bacteria from the family of Microbacteriaceae.
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Salinibacterium is a Gram-positive, aerobic, non-spore-forming and non-motile bacterial genus from the family of Microbacteriaceae.
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The basidia (spore-bearing cells) are somewhat club-shaped, four-spored, and measure 40–50 by 10–13 µm.
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At the ends of veins sporangia, or spore-bearing structures, are protected by leaf margins, which curl over them.
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Aeromicrobium is a Gram-positive, aerobic, non-spore-forming and non-motile bacterial genus from the family of Nocardioidaceae.
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C. pasteurianum is a large, Gram-positive, spore-forming bacillus. It is a soil bacterium, and an obligate anaerobe.
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Dermacoccus is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, chemoorganotrophic and aerobic genus of bacteria from the family of Dermacoccaceae.
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Several other Coprinopsis species that resemble C. impatiens may be distinguished by differences in appearance, habit, or spore morphology.
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The disc lacks a dusty-looking coating (is epruinose). The spore bearing asci are cylindrical, with 8 spores each.
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Plantibacter is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming and non-motile genus of bacteria from the family of Microbacteriaceae.
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Microcella is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, aerobic and non-motile genus of bacteria in the family Microbacteriaceae.
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The basidia (spore-bearing cells) are broadly club- shaped, four-spored, and measure 28–35 by 14–16 μm.
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The spore print is cream. The flesh is firm, and has a very hot taste, making the mushroom inedible.
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Gracilibacillus massiliensis is a moderately halophilic, Gram-positive, non- spore-forming and motile bacterium from the genus of Gracilibacillus.
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Steroidobacter agariperforans is a Gram-negative, aerobic, non-spore-forming and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Steroidobacter.
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Thermanaerovibrio is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming chemoorganotrophic and thermophilic genus of bacteria from the family of Synergistaceae.
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Blastomonas is a Gram-negative, photoheterotrophic, strictly aerobic and non- spore-forming bacteria genus from the family of Sphingomonadaceae.
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The attachment of a fungal spore on the surface of the host plant is the first critical step of infection. Once the spore is hydrated, an adhesive mucilage is released from its tip. During germination, mucilaginous substances continue to be extruded at the tips of the germ tube, which are essential for germ tube attachment and appressorium formation. Spore adhesion and appressorium formation is inhibited by hydrolytic enzymes such as α-mannosidase, α-glucosidase, and protease, suggesting that the adhesive materials are composed of glycoproteins.
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The fungus is capable of forming pycnidia in dry shoots for up to two years after the tissue has died off. As long as the environmental conditions are right, secondary inoculum will continue to be produced. At the end of the prime growing season, new spores (contained in pycnidia) overwinter on dead, dry tissue until conditions improve, in which the reproductive cycle starts up again.MBG: Phomopsis Blight of Juniper There are two spore types produced by this pathogen, an alpha-spore and beta-spore.
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N. sphaerica was first identified by E. W. Mason in 1927. In 1913, S. F. Ashby and E. F. Shepherd isolated fungal cultures from banana plants and sugarcane, respectively, which were classified under the genus Nigrospora due to its morphology. Mason studied these cultures and noticed the persistent appearance of two distinct mean spore sizes. The persistence of the division in spore size led to the classification, by Mason, of the larger spore isolates as N. sphaerica, and the smaller isolates as N. oryzae.
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It is commonly characterised by rupture or absorption of the spore coat, swelling of the endospore, an increase in metabolic activity, and loss of resistance to environmental stress. Outgrowth follows germination and involves the core of the endospore manufacturing new chemical components and exiting the old spore coat to develop into a fully functional vegetative bacterial cell, which can divide to produce more cells. Endospores possess five times more sulfur than vegetative cells. This excess sulfur is concentrated in spore coats as an amino acid, cysteine.
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Species of Crepidotus having a similar shape can be distinguished by their brown spore print, compared with the white spore print of P. stipticus. Schizophyllum commune has a densely hairy white to grayish cap and longitudinally split gill-folds on the underside. The ruddy panus mushroom (Panus rudis) is larger, has a reddish-brown cap that fades to pinkish-tan, and shows lilac tinges when young, fresh, and moist. Some Paxillus species may have a similar appearance, but they have yellow-brown spore prints.
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The forcible discharge of single spores termed ballistospores involves formation of a small drop of water (Buller's drop), which upon contact with the spore leads to its projectile release with an initial acceleration of more than 10,000g; the net result is that the spore is ejected 0.01–0.02cm, sufficient distance for it to fall through the gills or pores into the air below.Kirk et al., p. 495. Other fungi, like the puffballs, rely on alternative mechanisms for spore release, such as external mechanical forces.
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The inner layer of the peridium is made of thin-walled, hyaline (translucent) hyphae measuring 2.5–5 μm wide. The internal spore-bearing tissue of the truffle, the gleba, has a brown to reddish-brown color in mature specimens. It has many thin, branched, yellowish-white veins throughout, which give it a "marbled" appearance. The asci (spore-bearing cells) are roughly spherical, elliptical, or irregular in shape, contain between two and four spores (rarely only a single spore), and measure 60–85 by 55–70 μm.
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Phillips went on to create the music for two projects for the Maxis division of Electronic Arts: Spore Hero,"Video Game News - Winifred Phillips Discusses Her Score for Spore Hero" Gamezone.com. Accessed December 10, 2009. and SimAnimals."The Sims Label Announces Winifred Phillips as the Composer of the Original Score for SimAnimals" EA.com.
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Liquid from the support cell squirts through the supporting cell projecting the spore outwards. This characteristic of forcible spore discharge is rarely seen in hyphomycetes. N. sphaerica requires moisture to release spores into the air, therefore accumulation begins around 2:00 a.m. with peak time of abundance occurring around 10:00 a.m.
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At first firm, with maturity it becomes increasingly soft. The spore deposit is coloured brown. The spores are ellipsoid, sized 9–12 by 3.8–4.5 μm, thin-walled, and smooth when seen through a microscope. The basidia (spore-bearing cells) are club-shaped, four-spored, and measure 22–34 by 5–8 μm.
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From 1924 to 1964 the building served as the office of Dr. Chester Egger, Woodville's general practitioner and surgeon. Since that time, it has reverted to its original use; the office is used by John S. Spore and Associates, a law firm.Contact Us , John Spore & Associates, LLC, n.d. Accessed 2012-01-22.
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The book is divided into two sections, called Inhaling the Spore and Cerebral Growth. Inhaling the Spore focuses on the Museum of Jurassic Technology itself. The author relates his experiences with the museum and its creator, the titular David Hildebrand Wilson. In Cerebral Growth Weschler goes into greater depth about Wonder Cabinets.
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The name Cryptosporangium derives from: Gr . adj . kruptos, hidden; New Latin noun sporangium [from Greek noun spora (σπορά), a seed (and in biology a spore), and Greek noun angeion (Latin transliteration angium), vessel], sporangium; New Latin neuter gender noun Cryptosporangium, an organism with sporangia (spore containing vessels) covered or hidden by mycelium.
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Some experts divide Agrocybe pediades into several species, mainly by habitat and microscopic features, such as spore size. It is recognized by the large, slightly compressed basidiospores with large central germ-spore, 4-spored basidia, subcapitate cheilocystidia and reare development of pleuro cystidia.Bókaútgàfa Menningarsjóds Timarit um islenzka grasafrædi, ed. 7–12, pg.
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Marinococcus is a Gram-positive, strictly aerobic, chemolithoautotrophic and non-spore-forming genus of bacteria from the family of Bacillaceae.
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Subtercola is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, aerobic and non-motile genus of bacteria from the family of Microbacteriaceae.
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Desulfotomaculum arcticum is a spore-forming, moderately thermophilic, sulfate-reducing bacterium. Its type strain is 15T (=DSM 17038T =JCM 12923T).
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The basidia (spore-bearing cells) are typically four-spored, with the spores attached by sterigmata up to 7 μm long.
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Aequorivita soesokkakensis is a Gram-negative, aerobic, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped and motile bacterium from the genus of Aequorivita.
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The basidia (spore-bearing cells) are four-spored, club-shaped, hyaline (translucent), and measure 33–40 by 13–14.6 μm.
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The mushroom produces an olive-brown spore print. Spores are ellipsoid, smooth, and measure 6–10 by 3–4 µm.
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The spores undergo a series of endogenous mitosis until it becomes a tricellular spore (Feist, Hine, Bateman, Stentiford, & Longshaw, 2009).
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Geovibrio is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, strictly anaerobic and motile genus of bacteria from the family of Deferribacteraceae.
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It is relatively common in fir forests on high- altitude Mexican volcanoes, suggesting that air-borne spore dispersal is effective.
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Massilia alkalitolerans is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming bacterium from the genus Massilia and the family Oxalobacteraceae.
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Tessaracoccus is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic and non-motile bacterial genus from the family of Propionibacteriaceae.
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Microlunatus is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, mesophilic, aerobic and non-motile bacterial genus from the family of Propionibacteriaceae.
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Pseudonocardia benzenivorans is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming bacterium, with type strain B5T(=DSM 44703T =CIP 107928T).
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If so, Aarabia had megaspores and could be the earliest known plant with 'heterospory', i.e. two distinct sizes of spore.
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These species develop in a similar fashion as Eusynchytrium except that the resting spore acts as a prosorus upon germination.
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Bergeyella is a rod-shaped, Gram-negative, aerobic, non-spore-forming and non- motile genus from the family of Flavobacteriaceae.
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It should be done only to make a particular determination, such as airborne spore concentration or identifying a particular species.
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The game's creative director is Alex Hutchinson, who had previously worked on Maxis's Spore as well as Assassin's Creed III.
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The rigid spore walls of these organisms are composed of two major layers, which are the exospore and the endospore.
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There is an iTunes-style "Spore Store" built into the game, allowing players to purchase external Spore licensed merchandise, such as t-shirts, posters, and future Spore expansion packs. There are also plans for the creation of a type of Spore collectible card game based on the Sporepedia cards of the creatures, buildings, vehicles, and planets that have been created by the players. There are also indications of plans for the creation of customized creature figurines; some of those who designed their own creatures at E3 2006 later received 3D printed models of the creatures they created. On December 18, 2008, it was announced that players could now turn their creations into 3D sculptures using Z Corporations 3D printing technology.
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In January 1945, the Pollen Analysis Circular was renamed the Pollen and Spore Circular to more accurately reflect its scope. After 1954, the Circular was incorporated into the Micropaleontologist, soon renamed Micropaleontology, published by the American Museum of Natural History. The last issue of the Pollen and Spore Circular (#18) was edited by Calvin J. Heusser and announced the fusion, indicating that "the spore and pollen section will constitute four to six pages in each issue and contain essentially the same material" as in the Pollen and Spore Circular. The final issue also included abstracts from the First Palynology Conference (February 25, 1953), held at Yale University as well as correspondence from researchers working as far afield as Düsseldorf, Lucknow, and Indianapolis.
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The spore print is pale cream. Basidiospores are smooth, thin-walled and hyaline (translucent), roughly spherical to broadly egg- shaped, and measure 5.5–7.5 by 4.5–5.5 µm. They usually contain a single, large refractive oil droplet. The basidia (spore-bearing cells) are club- shaped, four-spored, and measure 30–45 by 6–10 µm.
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Alice Faber Tryon (1920–2009) was an American botanist who specialized in the systematics of ferns and other spore-dispersed plants (pteridology). She had two general areas of interest in her work, first incorporating the use of spore surface patterns into the understanding of fern diversity and systematics, and second the fern family Pteridaceae.
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The spore print is olive to olive-brown. Spores are smooth and elliptical, measuring 13–19 by 5–6 µm. The basidia (spore-bearing cells) are club-shaped, four-spored, and measure 30–38 by 9–12 µm. The cystidia are club- shaped to spindle-shaped, hyaline, and measure 25–40 by 10–15 µm.
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The odor and taste of the fruit bodies is indistinct. The color of the spore print is pale yellow. Spores are ellipsoid, smooth, hyaline (translucent), and have dimensions of 8–10 by 5–6 µm. The basidia (spore-bearing cells) are club shaped, two- to four-spored, and measure 24–30 by 8–10 µm.
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Its smell is faintly fruity, and its taste mild. It is considered inedible. The spore deposit is rusty-brown. The spores are spherical to egg- shaped, with a distinct apiculus (the part of a spore which attaches to the sterigmata at the end of a basidium), finely verrucose, 5.7–9 by 7–8.5 μm.
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Gameplay screenshot. The simplified game allows players to try to survive as a multicellular organism in a tide pool, with the ability to upgrade its creature as with the main game. The basic gameplay is similar to Flow.1Up Spore Mobile preview flOw designer Jenova Chen attributed Will Wright's first demo of Spore as inspiration.
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The infection starts when a Daphnia has ingested a spore of P. ramosa during filter feeding. The spore activates and attaches to the host esophagus. The pathogen then enters the body cavity of the host by penetrating the esophagus wall. Once inside the body cavity, the bacterium begins to propagate in cauliflower like colonies.
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Spore was first published at the beginning 1986, two years after the establishment of CTA. The first issue noted that "rather than promoting the agency putting it out, ..........Spore aims to ensure the widest possible dissemination of information of relevance to the agricultural world, in order to fertilize ideas and allow them to germinate. It is in this down-to-earth way that Spore hopes to participate in the process of rural development." The first issue included articles on locusts, fertilizer response, bananas, aquaculture, rice husks for fuel, and sorghum.
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Arched earthstar found growing under an oak in southern California The immature fruit body is roughly spherical in shape, typically in diameter, and dark brown in color. At maturity, the exoperidium (outer layer) splits into four to five rays which curve backwards so as to elevate the fruit body and raise the spore sac for optimal spore dispersal; the tips of the rays remain attached to a basal cup. The spore sac contains an ostiole, a small opening near the apex. The mature fruiting body may be up to in diameter and tall.
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Spores can be dispersed by environmental factors such as wind, or they can be redeposited by an animal. Once the spores are in a resting state, the single spore must come in contact with a spore of a complementary mating type and of the same species. If the single spore isolates are from different species, the colonies will not fuse together and they will remain separate. When two isolates of the same species but different mating types fuse together, they soon form coalesced colonies which become dark brown and flat.
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The book Dispersal in fungi (1953) described and emphasised dispersal as a vital problem in the life of fungi.C.T. Ingold, Dispersal in Fungi (Oxford University Press 1953). Spore Liberation (1965), not a revision of the former, summarised fields of recent research to reveal how spore liberation was fundamental to understanding the structure of fungal fruiting bodies and bryophyte sporogonia.C.T. Ingold, Spore Liberation (Oxford University Press, 1965) A full revision combining both works in the light of much further research appeared as Fungal Spores, Their Liberation and Dispersal in 1971.
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On the exterior of the fruit body, it is attached to the soil by orange rhizomorphs. The spores are spherical or nearly so, and have a thick wall measuring 0.5–1.5 µm. The spore surface is covered with narrow spines up to 3 µm long; spore dimensions are 9–10 by 8.5–10 um (without spines) or 12–15 by 11.5–13.5 µm (with spines). The basidia (spore-bearing cells) are club- shaped, measuring 24–32 by 9–11.5 µm, and have two or four sterigmata up to 13 µm long.
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The Puccinia asparagi fungus accomplishes this by rust lowering the amounts of root storage metabolites. The infected plant has reduced plant vigor and yield, often leading to death in severe cases. Most rust diseases have several stages, some of which may occur on different hosts; however, in asparagus rust all the life stages (orange spore in spring, red spore in summer, and black spore in autumn and winter) occur on asparagus. Because of this, many observers mistake the different stages of the Puccinia asparagi life cycle as the presence of different diseases.
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These secondary, replicative spores are globose and elongate in physiology. Once the spore has been discharged, all subsequent developmental events are triggered, including germination. Sporangial germination, either through secondary spore formation or vegetative germ tube formation, seems to be increasingly dependent on the time elapsed since discharge, rather than on the external environmental factors, however these external factors do still play a role. The spores formed by C. coronatus during asexual reproduction are globose, villose and multiplicative in some isolates, and have at least seven nuclei per spore.
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Spores The spore print is olive to brownish olive. Under the microscope, the spores are elliptical to somewhat fusiform (spinde-shaped), measuring 11–15 μm long by 4.5–6.5 μm wide and have a median spore quotient of 2.2. The basidia (spore-bearing cells) are club-shaped and four-spored, and measure 29.2–36.5 by 11.0–12.4 μm. Cystidia on the sides of the tubes (pleurocystidia) are fuse- shaped with swollen middles and long necks, measuring 33–48 by 7.3–13.5 μm; cheilocystidia (on the edges of the pores) have a similar morphology.
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Resident spores in the soil are swallowed by grubs during their normal pattern of feeding on roots. This ingestion of the spore by the host activates reproduction of the bacteria inside the grub. Within 7–21 days the grub will eventually die and as the grub decomposes, billions of new spores are released into the soil. Milky spore in the soil is not harmful to beneficial insects, birds, bees, pets, or people; and milky spore, like other bacteria, is highly survivable in drought conditions but suffers in temperatures of Zone 5 and colder.
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Gulosibacter is a Gram-positive, strictly aerobic, non-spore-forming and non- motile genus of bacteria from the family of Microbacteriaceae.
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This stirps is characterized by the presence of red juice drops on young fruit bodies, bluish spines, and similar spore morphology.
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Sphingopyxis indica is a Gram-negative, aerobic, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Sphingopyxis.
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The central cell is destined to become a spore. The nuclei join in a process called karyogamy to form a zygote.
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Catenibacterium is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming and anaerobic genus from the family Erysipelotrichidae, with one known species (Catenibacterium mitsuokai).
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Pelobacter venetianus is a species of bacteria that degrades polyethylene glycol. It is strictly anaerobic, gram-negative and non-spore-forming.
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Clostridium ramosum is an anaerobic, non-motile, thin, spore-forming, gram- positive bacterium that is among the gut flora of humans.
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Microvirga lupini is a nitrogen-fixing, Gram-negative, aerobic rod-shaped and non-spore-forming bacteria from the genus of Microvirga.
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Aeromonas species are Gram-negative, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic bacteria that occur ubiquitously and autochthonously in aquatic environments.
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The spore print is purplish brown. Under the microscope, the spores appear dull purple-brown. They are ellipsoid to somewhat egg-shaped, and, according to Singer's original description, measure 8–10 by 4–5 μm. A later study of specimens collected from British Columbia, Canada, instead reported a larger spore size range of 10–13 by 6–7 μm.
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Sporophytes grow out of archegonia. The sporophyte consists of a foot that anchors the sporophyte to the archegonia, a stalk, and a spore capsule. Ribbed bog moss stalks are vertically straight and about 1.8 inches (4.5 cm) long. Ribbed bog moss is named for its distinct spore capsule, which is strongly ribbed, cylindrical, and about 4 mm long.
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Articles appearing in Spore could be freely reproduced for non-commercial use, if credited as coming from the magazine. Reproduction of Spore articles was widespread in ACP countries and elsewhere, both in national newspapers and international media services such as Africa Online and in journals and web sites specializing on agricultural topics, such as City Farmer.
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Schematic showing a basidiomycete mushroom, gill structure, and spore-bearing basidia on the gill margins. A basidium (pl., basidia) is a microscopic sporangium (or spore-producing structure) found on the hymenophore of fruiting bodies of basidiomycete fungi which are also called tertiary mycelium, developed from secondary mycelium. Tertiary mycelium is highly coiled secondary mycelium, a dikaryon.
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Basidia (spore-bearing cells) are cylindrical to narrowly club-shaped, measuring 22.4–33.4 by 5.8–8.0 μm. They bear four sterigmata (each holding a single spore), which are up to 6.8 μm long. Cystidia are present on both the tube ends (cheilocystidia) and tube faces (pleurocystidia). There are no clamp connections in the hyphae of Suillus bovinus.
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Asci of Morchella elata, containing ascospores Sordaria fimicola ascus plus ascospore An ascospore is a spore contained in an ascus or that was produced inside an ascus. This kind of spore is specific to fungi classified as ascomycetes (Ascomycota). Ascospores are formed in ascus under optimal conditions. Typically, a single ascus will contain eight ascospores (or octad).
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Lepiota zalkavritha produces a white spore print. The spores are roughly elliptical, smooth, hyaline (translucent), and have dimensions of 4.5–6 by 3–4.5 µm. Spores contain a single oil droplet. The basidia (spore-bearing cells) are club-shaped, contain oil droplets, four-spored with sterigmata up to 4 µm long, and measure 20–25 by 6–8 µm.
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Lepiota anupama produces a white spore print. The spores are roughly elliptical in shape, thick-walled, hyaline (translucent), and measure 5–7 by 3.5–5 µm. Spores contain refractive oil droplets. The basidia (spore-bearing cells) are club-shaped, four-spored with sterigmata up to 3 µm long, and measure 14–20 by 7–10 µm.
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When viewed in mass, as in a spore print, the spores appear cream to yellow colored.Arora (1986), p. 69. Viewed with a light microscope, the spores are translucent (hyaline), elliptical to nearly spherical in shape, with amyloid warts, and have dimensions of 7–9 by 5.5–7.5 μm. Scanning electron microscopy reveals reticulations on the spore surface.
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Each spore type is very host specific, and can typically infect only one kind of plant. Rust fungi are obligate plant pathogens that only infect living plants. Infections begin when a spore lands on the plant surface, germinates, and invades its host. Infection is limited to plant parts such as leaves, petioles, tender shoots, stem, fruits, etc.
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Mycena galericulata produces a white spore print. The spores are ellipsoid, 8–10 by 5.5–7 μm, and amyloid—which means they will turn blue-black to black when stained with Melzer's reagent. The basidia (spore-bearing cells) have stout sterigmata, and measure 34–40 by 7–9 μm. They may be either two-spored or four-spored.
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The spores are ellipsoid, slightly almond- shaped, verrucose, and measure 9–10 by 4.8–6 μm. The basidia (the spore- bearing cells) are 30–35 by 7–9 μm. On the edge of the gills there are thin- walled irregularly bottle-shaped cheilocystidia, which protrude 20–30 μm. The spore deposit is brownish rust to light brown.
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Spores are spherical to egg-shaped, with an apiculus The spores are spherical to egg-shaped, drawn into an apiculus at the base, pale rust colored and coarsely verrucose (wart-like), measuring 7–8 by 6.3–6.5 μm. The basidia (spore-bearing cells) are 25–30 by 9–10 μm. The spore deposit is ochraceous rust.
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Marian Spore distributed more than $1,300 weekly in meal tickets purchased from the Y.M.C.A. at 22 East Third Street. She provided alms for the feeble, the crippled, and the starving. Four tickets purchased for a nickel each made up the smallest semi-weekly ration. Spore added a small colored ticket which was paired with meal tickets.
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Pezizomycetes are a class of fungi within the division Ascomycota. Pezizomycetes are apothecial fungi, meaning that their spore- producing/releasing bodies (ascoma) are typically disk-like, bearing on their upper surfaces a layer of cylindrical spore-producing cells called asci, from which the spores are forcibly discharged. Important groups include: cup fungi (Peziza), morels, Elfin saddles, and truffles.
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In culture, B. bassiana grows as a white mould. On most common cultural media, it produces many dry, powdery conidia in distinctive white spore balls. Each spore ball is composed of a cluster of conidiogenous cells. The conidiogenous cells of B. bassiana are short and ovoid, and terminate in a narrow apical extension called a rachis.
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The flesh is firm, full, yellow and does not change color when bruised or injured. The dimensions of the fruit body are as follows: cap diameter up to , stem up to tall and between cm thick. As the fruit body matures, the gills darken to cinnamon brown following spore release. The spore mass is colored brown to rust.
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The fungal respiration rate, measured by O2 consumption rate, increased by 30% 3 hours after exposure to root exudates, indicating that host plant root exudates stimulate AMF spore mitochondrial activity. It may be part of a fungal regulatory mechanism that conserves spore energy for efficient growth and the hyphal branching upon receiving signals from a potential host plant.
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A spore arrangement in Ascomycetes that contains only the two non-recombinant- type ascospores. Non-parental ditype (NPD) is a spore that contains only the two recombinant-type ascospores (assuming two segregating loci). A tetrad type containing two different genotypes, both of which are recombinant. Tetratype is a tetrad containing four different genotypes, two parental and two recombinant.
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The inner peridium is a spore sac. In some species, the outer peridium splits from a middle layer, causing the spore sac to arch off the ground. If the outer peridium opens when wet and closes when dry, it is described as hygroscopic. In some species, the inner peridium is borne on a stalk or pedicel.
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The spore walls are roughened with small points and ridges, and have a small plage. The basidia (spore-bearing cells) are club-shaped, four-spored, and measure 24–26 by 6–8.5 µm. Cystidia on the gill face (pleurocystidia) are abundant. They are spindle- shaped with swollen middles, and thick tips that are occasionally encrusted with translucent crystals.
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IGN panned Spore Hero Arena with a 3.8 out of 10 and Metacritic gave the game a 49% rating, indicating unfavorable reviews.
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The spore print is white, the spores (under a microscope) smooth, inamyloid, ellipsoid, about 7.5 to 9.0 by 4.0 to 5.5 μm.
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The spore print is white, the spores (under a microscope) smooth, inamyloid, ellipsoid, about 5.5 to 6.5 by 4.0 to 5.0 μm.
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In 2007, also came the game Spore in which you develop an alien species from the microbial tide pool into intergalactic gods.
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The spore print is white, the spores (under a microscope) smooth, inamyloid, ellipsoid, about 6.5 to 8.0 by 4.5 to 5.0 μm.
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Pseudoplectania differs from Plectania mainly in spore shape—spherical in Pseudoplectania compared to ellipsoidal in Plectania. The generic name means false plectania.
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Development gymnocarpic and stipitocarpic. Odor and taste usually indistinctive, mild, fungoid, sweet, or rancid. The spore print is white to pale yellowish.
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The mushroom have no distinctive odour. The spore print is white or cream. The edibility of the mushroom has not been reported.
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Herbiconiux is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, endophytic, obligatory aerobic and non-motile genus of bacteria from the family of Microbacteriaceae.
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The basidia, the spore-bearing cells in the hymenium, are club- shaped, four-spored, and measure 35–40 by 4.7–6 µm.
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Geobacter argillaceus is a non-spore-forming and motile bacterium from the genus of Geobacter which has been isolated from kaolin clay.
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Lentilitoribacter is a genus of Gram-negative, aerobic, non-spore-forming bacteria. Lentilitoribacter donghaensis is the only known species of this genus.
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Flammeovirga is a Gram-negative, aerobic, non-spore-forming and chemoorganotrophic genus from the family of Flammeovirgaceae which occur in marine environments.
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A spore arrangement in Ascomycetes that consists of two parental and two recombinant spores indicates a single crossover between two linked loci.
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There is usually a 560 certain amount of unused sporoplasm left over in the centre of the spore, constituting the sporal residuum.
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In such cases, the very listing of spore-forming bacteria could mislead users into wrongly assuming that the disinfectant has sporicidal effectiveness.
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The fungus of the Poppy is very much more branched than that of the Potato, and every minute branchlet carries a spore.
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" Jason Ocampo's IGN 8.8 of 10 review stated, "Maxis has made an impressive product that does so many incredible things" but added, "while Spore is an amazing product, it's just not quite an amazing game." The New York Times review of Spore mostly centered on lack of depth and quality of gameplay in the later phases of the game, stating that "most of the basic core play dynamics in Spore are unfortunately rather thin." While a review in PC Gamer US stated that "it just isn't right to judge Spore in the context of so many of the other games we judge", Zero Punctuation was also critical of the game, claiming it did not live up to the legacy of The Sims: "The chief failing of Spore is that it's trying to be five games, each one a shallow and cut down equivalent of another game, with the Civilization Stage even going so far as to be named after the game [Civilization] it's bastardizing." Criticism has also emerged surrounding the stability of the game, with The Daily Telegraph stating: "The launch of Spore, the keenly anticipated computer game from the creators of The Sims, has been blighted by technical problems.
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Pelomonas is a genus of Gram-negative, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming bacteria from the family Comamonadaceae, which were isolated from haemodialysis water.
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The spore dimensions are 10–24 by 5–7 μm; the surface structure is simple, without a thick outer coat (epispore), or ornamentation.
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Moreover, habitat, texture, spore size, and velum provide features that will distinguish Isoëtes taxa.Isoëtes Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 1100. 1753; Gen. Pl. ed.
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Anaerolinea thermolimosa is a thermophilic, non-spore-forming, non-motile, Gram-negative, filamentous bacteria with type strain IMO-1T (=JCM 12577T =DSM 16554T).
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Bessette et al. (2012), pp. 14–15. Hygrocybe appalachianensis mushrooms produce a white spore print. Both the spores and the basidia are dimorphic.
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Paenalcaligenes suwonensis is a Gram-negative, aerobic and non-spore-forming bacterium from the genus Paenalcaligenes which has been isolated from mushroom compost.
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Thermodesulfobium is a Gram-negative, strictly anaerobic, moderately thermophilic, non-spore-forming and non-motile genus of bacteria from the family of Thermodesulfobiaceae.
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These three factors can either be extreme enough to cause spore inactivation single-handedly, or work in concert to have the same effect.
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Spore was a town of ancient Phrygia, inhabited in Roman and Byzantine times. Its site is tentatively located near Pınarbaşı in Asiatic Turkey.
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Micromonospora costi is a spore-forming bacterium from the genus of Micromonospora which has been isolated from leaves of the plant Costus speciosus.
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Lentibacillus juripiscarius is an aerobic, spore-forming, Gram-positive, moderately halophilic bacteria, with type strain IS40-3T (=JCM 12147T =PCU 229T =TISTR 1535T).
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The Nintendo DS version of the Sporepedia resembles and functions more like Pokémon's Pokédex than that used in the main version of Spore.
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The spores are smooth or roughened, with a germ pore, and all species except for Panaeolus foenisecii have a jet black spore print.
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Long-distance spore dispersal has also been suggested as a possible dispersal mechanism for some species, especially those belonging to fire-adapted lineages.
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Hyphomicrobium coagulans is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, methylotrophic bacteria from the genus of Hyphomicrobium.UniProtCharacterization and Description of Hyphomicrobium denitripcans sp. nov.
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Pedobacter alluvionis is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming eubacterial species. Its type strain is NWER-II11T (=DSM 19624T =LMG 24258T).
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Pedobacter borealis is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming eubacterial species. Its type strain is G-1T (=DSM 19626T =LMG 24259T).
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The spore print is cream, the smooth oval spores measuring about 5 - 7 µm by 3.5 - 5 µm. The flesh contains clamp connections.
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Micromonosporaceae is a family of bacteria of the class Actinobacteria. They are gram-positive, spore-forming soil organisms that form a true mycelium.
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The spore print is brown. Its spores are roughly spherical, tuberculate (covered with rounded bumps), and measure 4.5–6 by 3.5–4.5 µm.
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SPORE (Solid Phase Organic Reactions) was a database for synthetic pathways via polymer- bound organic compounds, with extensive data on each individual reaction.
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It commonly refers to an extension of the basidium (the spore-bearing cells) consisting of a basal filamentous part and a slender projection which carries a spore at the tip. The sterigmata are formed on the basidium as it develops and undergoes meiosis, to result in the production of (typically) four nuclei. The nuclei gradually migrate to the tips of the basidium, and one nucleus will migrate into each spore that develops at the tip of each sterigma. In less common usage, a sterigma is a structure within the posterior end of the genitalia of female Lepidoptera.
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In deposit, the spore color of Rhodotus palmatus has been described most commonly as pink, but also as cream colored. Viewed microscopically, the spores of Rhodotus have a roughly spherical shape, with dimensions of 6–7.2 by 5.6–6.5 µm; the spore surface is marked with numerous wart-like projections (defined as verricose), typically 0.5–0.7 µm long. The spores are non- amyloid—unable to take up iodine stain in the chemical test with Melzer's reagent. The spore-bearing cells, the basidia, are club-shaped and 4-spored, with dimensions of 33.6–43.2 by 5.6–8 µm.
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The very large family Entolomataceae has a cosmopolitan distribution, and species are common in both temperate and tropical climates. Although the shape of the fruiting body and many microscopic characteristics are very diverse, it forms a well-defined group due to the distinctive spores: the spore print is pink (or brownish or greyish pink) and the spores are ornamented with bumps or ridges, or have a sharp-pointed polygonal cross- section. The spore ornamentation is formed by a unique form of spore-wall thickening, which is called the epicorium. One notable member is the edible Miller mushroom (Clitopilus prunulus).
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Spore photoproduct lyase (SP lyase, SPL, SplB, SplG) is a radical SAM enzyme that repairs DNA cross linking of thymine bases caused by UV-radiation. There are several types of thymine cross linking, but SPL specifically targets 5-thyminyl-5,6-dihydrothymine, which is also called spore photoproduct (SP). Spore photoproduct is the predominant type of thymine crosslinking in germinating endospores, which is why SPL is unique to organisms that produce endospores, such as Bacillus subtilis. Other types of thymine crosslinking, such as cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD) and pyrimidine (6-4) pyrimidone photoproducts (6-4PPs), are less commonly formed in endospores.
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In young puffballs, the internal contents, the gleba, is white and firm, but turns brown and powdery as the spores mature. The gleba contains minute chambers that are lined with hymenium (the fertile, spore-bearing tissue); the chambers collapse when the spores mature. Mature puffballs release their powdery spores through the ostiole when they are compressed by touch or falling raindrops. A study of the spore release mechanism in L. pyriforme using high-speed schlieren photography determined that raindrops of 1 mm diameter or greater, including rain drips from nearby trees, were sufficient to cause spore discharge.
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Both asexual and sexual spores or sporangiospores are often actively dispersed by forcible ejection from their reproductive structures. This ejection ensures exit of the spores from the reproductive structures as well as traveling through the air over long distances.The bird's nest fungus Cyathus stercoreus Specialized mechanical and physiological mechanisms, as well as spore surface structures (such as hydrophobins), enable efficient spore ejection. For example, the structure of the spore-bearing cells in some ascomycete species is such that the buildup of substances affecting cell volume and fluid balance enables the explosive discharge of spores into the air.
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A second type of spore wall thickening has been observed in G. aggregatum spores wherein the wall undergoes localized thickening in one hemisphere or a smaller space. This can happen in multiple locations on a single spore and can contribute to the spore having a pear-like shape. The attached hypha can be blocked from the pore by this thickening. As is the case for all species in this genera, the mycorrhizal structure of G. aggregatum proliferates in straight lines along the cortex, branching dichotomously at cell junctions as it penetrates deeper into the root and extending in two directions at once.
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The combination of a silky white cap, white stem, pink gills, pink spore print, and growth on wood is characteristic of this species and make identification of Volvariella bombycina in the field relatively easy. Some Pluteus species have a general similar appearance, and also produce pinkish to pinkish-brown spore prints, but they lack a volva. Amanita species grow on the ground and make white spore prints. V. pusilla has a small cap measuring in diameter with silky fibers and short lines visible at the cap edge when moist; it grows in soil in gardens and greenhouses and on lawns.
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A spore is the first growth stage of a developing gametophyte. When the spore capsule matures, ribbed bog moss's calyptra splits along the side, exposing spores. Release of the exposed spores requires dry weather and is governed by a row of "teeth" that ring the capsule's top. The capsule teeth are hygroscopic, bending outward when air is dry and permitting spores to fall.
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Nosema bombi, like other microsporidians, has two major life cycle stages, a spore stage and a vegetative stage. In most cases, the spore is ingested by the host, infecting host cells in the gut lumen and the Malpighian tubules. During reproduction and proliferation the parasite spreads within the host. Fresh spores are then released into the environment via feces or a decaying host.
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The flesh of the stipe gets tougher with age. Its smell has been described as fruity. The spore print is olive to olive-brown. The smooth spores are somewhat oblong to slightly ventricose (fattened in the middle), and measure 10–14 by 4–5 µm. The basidia (spore-bearing cells) are four-spored and measure 25–35 by 8–10 µm.
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The basidiospores are oval, hyaline, and non-amyloid, with dimensions of 3.5–5 by 2.5–3.5 µm. The spore print is white. The basidia (spore-producing cells) are club-shaped, and 17–24 by 4–5 µm. C. cinnabarina always has cells called cheilocystidia—cystidia that are present on the edges of gills, which in this species are spear-shaped.
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S-specific spore photoproduct lyase (, SAM, SP lyase, SPL, SplB, SplG) is an enzyme with systematic name S-specific spore photoproduct pyrimidine-lyase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction : (5S)-5,6-dihydro-5-(thymidin-7-yl)thymidine (in DNA) + S-adenosyl-L-methionine \rightleftharpoons thymidylyl-(3'->5')-thymidylate (in DNA) + 5'-deoxyadenosine + L-methionine This enzyme is an iron-sulfur protein.
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The Bacillus Spore Morphogenesis and Germination Holin (BSH) Family (TC# 1.E.23) is a family of proteins named after a holin in Bacillus subtilis described to be involved in spore morphogenesis and germination by Real et al (2005). The gene encoding this holin is ywcE. Mutants lacking this gene or its product have spores that exhibit outer coat defects.
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Variety filamentosum has a mealy odour and taste reminiscent of cucumber. The spore print is white, and the oval to oblong spores are 7.5–9.5 μm long by 5.0–7.0 μm wide. Spores are smooth, hyaline (translucent), nonamyloid, and have a prominent hilum. The basidia (spore-bearing cells) are cylindrical to club shaped, four spored, and measure 39–50 by 8.0–9.6 μm.
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Before that, it published The Fern Bulletin (originally "The Linnaean Fern Bulletin") from 1892 to 1912. It has also published The Fiddlehead Forum, a member newsletter, since 1974. Since 1979, it has published occasional books specializing in ferns under the banner Pteridologia. The fern society maintains a spore exchange, where members can order fern spore to grow from a variety of species.
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A 1982 study revealed that spores of species in the family Phallaceae, including Mutinus elegans, have a hilar scar (0.2–0.3 µm diameter) that is observable with scanning electron microscopy. The hilar scar is a circular indentation at one end of the spore, and it most likely results during the separation of the attachment of the spore to the sterigma of the basidium.
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Spore balls are hyaline to pale yellowish, without granules, 7–20 µm in diameter, and mostly persistent. The ascospores are ellipsoid to somewhat sausage shaped, and measure 2.1–3.9 by 1.1–1.7 µm. Cultures grown on Sabouraud dextrose agar show rapid growth after 2–6 days; they are white with abundant production of spore cysts when both mating strains are present.
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The sparse latex is white and has an immediately acrid taste. Lactarius torminulosus mushrooms produce a pale cream spore print. Spores are ellipsoid in shape, measuring on average 8.2–8.8 by 6.4–6.6 µm. The spore surface features warts and ridges up to 0.5 µm (less frequently up to 1 µm) high that are connected by thin ridges to form a partial reticulum.
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Fruit bodies have no distinctive taste or odor. The spore print is white. The thin-walled spores are ellipsoid with a prominent hilum, smooth, hyaline (translucent), and measure 8–10 by 4.2–4.8 μm. The basidia (spore-bearing cells) are club-shaped, hyaline, clamped, and are attached to anywhere from one to four spores; they measure 20–24 by 7–8 μm.
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Bridal Veil Stinkhorn (Phallus indusiatus) ; Anthurus Kalchbr. & MacOwan (1880):Fruiting bodies have a short stalk from which arises a spore-bearing structure (the receptaculum) of 5–8 arched arms. These arms, initially joined at the top, disconnect and curve irregularly to expose the inner surface of each arm, which is covered with green spore-containing gleba. Spores are 3–4 × 1–1.5 μm.
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Historically the classification of many families of fungi were based on spore colour, a feature first systematically emphasized by Swedish mycologist Elias Fries. An example is the Tricholomataceae, a large family containing many fungi whose common factor was having white spores. However recent molecular research has shown some strange relationships, with some fungi of disparate spore colours showing close relations.
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Like the cap, it is densely covered in tawny hairs. Although the stem is hollow, the cap has an insubstantial layer of white flesh. The spore print is white, and the smooth, elliptical spores are 4–6 by 3–5 µm in size. The basidia (spore-bearing cells) are four-spored, club-shaped, and measure 25–30 by 6.0–6.5 µm.
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The cycle of successional colonization of P. setosa involves the ingestion and excretion of the fungus by herbivorous animals. Spore projection from animal excrement allows for transferring of the fungus between animals. The process of spore dispersal requires the build-up of osmotic pressure inside the perithecia. At the threshold of pressure, ejection of spores occur through the apical pore.
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It has been found that of basidiomycete cap, mycelia, and spore extracts that spore extracts are the most reliable extract for diagnosing basidiomycete allergy. In Canada, 8% of children attending allergy clinics were found to be allergic to Ganoderma, a basidiospore. Pleurotus ostreatus, cladosporium, and Calvatia cyathiformis are significant airborne spores. Other significant fungal allergens include aspergillus and alternaria-penicillin families.
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These techniques include hatching eggs in spore-free water and rearing fry to the "ossification" stage in tanks or raceways. These methods give particular attention to the quality of water sources to guard against spore introduction during water exchanges. Fry are moved to earthen ponds only once they are considered to be clinically resistant to the parasite, after skeletal ossification occurs.
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Oxford University Press, Oxford. Swimming sperm fertilize eggs contained in archegonia that remain attached to the female gametophyte. The sporophyte is relatively short-lived, and consists almost entirely of a shiny green, spherical spore capsule that becomes black with spores. Sporophytes are raised on stalks to facilitate spore dispersal, but unlike other mosses, Sphagnum stalks are produced by the maternal gametophyte.
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The edibility of the fruit bodies has not been determined. Marasmius fulvoferrugineus has a white spore print. The spores are shaped like lances (oblanceolate) or curved clubs, and are smooth, hyaline (translucent), and have dimensions of 15.2–18 by 3–4.5 µm. The basidia (spore-bearing cells) are club-shaped, four-spored, and measure 35–38 by 8–12 µm.
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The basidia, the spore-bearing cells, are club-shaped (clavate), attached to 1 to 4 spores, and have dimensions of 35–90 by 9–12 μm. The cystidia (sterile, non-spore-bearing cells found interspersed among the basidia) in the hymenium have dimensions of 33–60 by 8–12 μm. Clamp connections are absent in the hyphae of B. pulcherrimus.
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Bush never had the slightest inclination towards art-- either theoretically or in practice--until after the death of her mother, Mrs. M. L. Spore, in 1919. She gave up her dental practice then and went to Guam to spend six months with her brother, Lieut. Comm. James Sutherland Spore, who was governor general at that time, and there she began her first painting.
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This specialised protein is found inside the spore and is in contact with the sporoplasm. Specific environmental stimulation causes the spore to discharge the polar tube which penetrates the xenoma membrane and provides an exit route for the sporoplasm. This is thought to be a form of autoinfection. Rupture of the xenoma may also result in dispersal of the infectious spores.
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The game takes place in the future about a group of intergalactic settlers who colonized a world they named Spore. The settlers and all life on Spore were mysteriously wiped out, and Earth received an S.O.S. from the planet twelve days after the disaster. The player is a lone explorer who sets out to uncover the mystery of the vanishing creatures.
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Kroppenstedtia eburnea is a Gram-positive, spore-forming, filamentous and aerobic bacterium from the genus of Kroppenstedtia which has been isolated from patient samples .
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The adjectival form hilar denotes the presence of such a mark, and can be used as a distinguishing characteristic of a seed or spore.
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The basidia (spore-bearing cells) are four-spored and measure 18–22 by 3.5–5 μm. There are no clamp connections in the hyphae.
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The basidia (spore-bearing cells) are club-shaped, one- to four-spored (although most have four), and measure 40–90 by 7–13 μm.
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Roy, P., et al. “Biochemical and Immunological Characterization of Anthrax Spore Vaccine in Goat.” Bangladesh Journal of Veterinary Medicine, vol. 11, no. 2, Dec.
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Granulicoccus is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming and non-motile bacterial genus from the family of Propionibacteriaceae with one known species (Granulicoccus phenolivorans).
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It does not stain the tissues, and tastes acrid. The spore print is white. The species is considered inedible, and consumption is not recommended.
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Propionicimonas is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming and facultatively anaerobic bacterial genus from the family of Propionibacteriaceae with one known species (Propionicimonas paludicola).
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The stem is colored similarly to the cap, and is either equal-width or tapering downwards. The spore print is a yellowish white color.
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Gabonia massiliensis is a Gram-negative, anaerobic and non-spore-forming bacterium from the genus of Gabonia which has been isolated from human faeces.
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Fruit bodies produce a pale brown spore print. Spores are elliptical with a rough surface texture, and measure 10–14 by 6–8 µm.
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Hydrogenophaga laconesensis is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming and motile bacterium from the genus of Hydrogenophaga which has been isolated from well water.
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This allows rain or animals to hit the spore sac so, emitting spores when enough moisture is present for them to germinate and establish.
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Arcobacter cibarius is a species of Gram-negative, rod-shaped, slightly curved, non-spore-forming bacteria. LMG 21996T (=CCUG 48482T) is its type strain.
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Brucella papionis is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming and non-motile bacteria from the family of Brucella which has been isolated from baboons.
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The stem can range from light green to dark green. The spore print is white. It has no gills. The fruiting body is gelatinous.
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The Spore Creature Creator was released several months before 'Spore's' release, which allowed users to create creatures for the game prior to its release.
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Anaerotruncus colihominis is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped and anaerobic bacterium from the genus of Anaerotruncus which occur in human faeces.
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Anaeroarcus is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, chemoorganotroph and motile bacterial genus from the family of Sporomusaceae, with one known species (Anaeroarcus burkinensis).
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Atopococcus is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming and non-motile bacterial genus from the family of Carnobacteriaceae, with one known species (Atopococcus tabaci).
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Anoxynatronum is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming and moderately alkaliphilic bacterial genus from the family of Clostridiaceae, with one known species (Anoxynatronum sibiricum).
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Bulleidia is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, anaerobic and non-motile genus from the family of Erysipelotrichidae, with one known species (Bulleidia extructa).
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Aminobacterium thunnarium is a Gram-negative, anaerobic, mesophilic and non- spore-forming bacterium from the genus of Aminobacterium which has been isolated from sludge.
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Spore user community functionality includes a feature that is part of an agreement with YouTube granting players the ability to upload a YouTube video of their creatures' activity directly from within the game, and EA's creation of "The Spore YouTube Channel", which will showcase the most popular videos created this way. In addition, some user- created content will be highlighted by Maxis at the official Spore site, and earn badges of recognition. One of Spore's most social features is the Sporecast, an RSS feed that players can use to subscribe to the creations of any specific Spore player, allowing them to track their creations. There is a toggle which allows the player to restrict what downloadable content will be allowed; choices include: "no user generated content", "official Maxis- approved content", "downloadable friend content", and "all user-created content".
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A threshold of rainfall is required to elicit a spore discharge response and the duration of peak spore discharge correlates with the amount of rainfall, rather than its duration. Furthermore, Gilliam noted that spore prints were more readily obtained if the stem ends were placed in water, suggesting that water must enter through the fruit body for discharge to occur. Like those of many other species of Marasmius, the fruit bodies of M. rotula can desiccate and shrivel in dry periods, then revive when sufficient moisture is available again in the form of rain or high humidity. Gilliam's study demonstrated that revived fruit bodies were capable of discharging spores over a period of at least three weeks, whereas previous studies using similar methods with other Agaricomycetes showed spore discharge occurred over a shorter period of up to six days after revival.
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Paenibacillus vulneris is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped, spore-forming bacterium. Strains of this species were originally isolated from a necrotic wound on a human.
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Kroppenstedtia guangzhouensis is a Gram-positive, spore-forming, filamentous and aerobic bacterium from the genus of Kroppenstedtia which has been isolated from soil from China.
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Paraburkholderia eburnea is a Gram-negative, aerobic, non-spore-forming bacterium from the genus Paraburkholderia and the family Burkholderiaceae which was isolated from peat soil.
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Tolumonas lignilytica is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming and mesophilic bacterium from the genus of Tolumonas which has been isolated from tropical rainforest soil.
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It has also been embedded into EA Spore. Pd has also been used for networked performance, in the Networked Resources for Collaborative Improvisation (NRCI) Library.
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Rhabdobacter roseus is a Gram-negative, aerobic, non-spore-forming and non- motile bacterium from the genus of Rhabdobacter which has been isolated from soil.
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Micropruina glycogenica is a Gram-positive and non-spore-forming bacterium from the genus of Micropruina which has been isolated from activated sludge in Japan.
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Propioniferax is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, pleomorphic and non- motile bacterial genus from the family of Propionibacteriaceae with one known species (Propioniferax innocua).
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Propioniferax innocua is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Propioniferax which has been isolated from human skin.
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Propionimicrobium is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, anaerobic and non- motile bacterial genus from the family of Propionibacteriaceae with one known species (Propionimicrobium lymphophilum).
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Massilia lutea is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, short rod-shaped, motile bacterium with a peritrichous flagellum from the genus Massilia and family Oxalobacteraceae.
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Aeromicrobium choanae is a Gram-positive and non-spore-forming bacterium from the genus of Aeromicrobium which has been isolated from the bird Sylvia borin.
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Cultures of C. calidirosea were observed to be aerobic, saccharolytic, obligately thermophilic, motile, non-spore-forming bacterium with no evidence of growth under anaerobic conditions.
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Reproductive initials are filaments below the cuticle surface of algae and fungi which give rise to the bulbs of spore-producing cells (in fungi, conidiophores).
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Flavobacterium banpakuense is a Gram-negative, strictly aerobic, non-spore- forming and motile bacterium from the genus of Flavobacterium which has been isolated from compost.
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Arteaga joined the faculty at Vanderbilt in 1989 and since 2002, has directed the NCI-funded Vanderbilt Breast Cancer Specialized Program of Research Excellence (SPORE).
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Prauserella shujinwangii is a Gram-positive, spore-forming and rod-shaped bacterium from the genus of Prauserella which has been isolated in Xinjiang in China.
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Mycetocola manganoxydans is a Gram-positive, aerobic and non-spore-forming bacterium from the genus of Mycetocola which has been isolated from the Taklamakan Desert.
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Ornithinimicrobium algicola is a Gram-positive and non-spore-forming bacterium species from the genus of Ornithinimicrobium which has been isolated from the green Ulva.
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Pseudomonas psychrotolerans is a yellow-pigmented, Gram-negative, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming bacterium found in small European ungulates. The type strain is LMG 21977.
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They are inequilateral in profile, without a conspicuous hilar appendage. Their germ pore is not evident, and the spore print is a blackish-brown color.
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The walls of cryptospores consist of many lamellae (thin sheets). Liverworts, thought to be the most primitive land plants, also have this spore wall morphology.
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The development of AM fungi prior to root colonization, known as presymbiosis, consists of three stages: spore germination, hyphal growth, host recognition and appressorium formation.
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Other examples include Boids and Wikipedia. More examples can be found in generative music, generative art, and, more recently, in video games such as Spore.
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Brevundimonas vancanneytii is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped and non-spore- forming bacterium from the genus of Brevundimonas which has been isolated from human blood.
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Lima bean agar (LBA) is a kind of agar medium which is used to cultivate the spore of Phytophthora sojae. Phytophthora sojae causes soybean blight (Phytophthora root rot of soybeans). Soybean blight can affect the output and quality of soybeans seriously. The spore of phytophthora sojae is difficult to culture in potato dextrose agar; it is generally cultured by lima bean agar and carrot agar.
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The color of the spore print is brownish-pink. The spores are egg- shaped to oval, measuring 5.4–7.6 by 3.4–4.9 μm. The basidia (spore-bearing cells) are club-shaped, four-spored, and measure 20–31 by 5–10 μm. The pleurocystidia (cystidia on the gill face) are fusoid-ventricose (distinctly enlarged in the middle and tapered toward both ends), sometimes with an elongated neck.
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Apical germ pore is mushroom spore which has a pore at one end. Some spores have a hole in the cell wall where the first strand of germinating mycelium emerges. If the cell wall is divided from one end to the other, this is called a germ slit. Commonly the germ pore is at one end of the mushroom spore and is called an apical pore.
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The asci are narrow and typically 275–300 μm long. The paraphyses (sterile cells interspersed among the asci in the hymenium) are slender threadlike. Ultrastructural studies have demonstrated that the development of the spore wall in G. rufa is similar to the genus Discina (in the family Helvellaceae) and to the other Sarcosomataceae, especially Plectania nannfeldtii; both of these species have fine secondary wall spore ornaments.
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Spores have a smooth surface, and a plage (a depressed area where the spore was once attached to the basidium via the sterigma). The spore walls are thin, up to 0.2 μm. They are pale yellow to cream green in a solution of potassium hydroxide, pale yellow-rust in Melzer's reagent, and blue in Methyl blue; without stain, they appear hyaline to pale yellow.
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Armillaria ostoyae in particular grows a wide and thin sheet-like plates radiating from the stem which is known as its gills. The gills hold the spores of a mature mushroom. This is stained white when seen as a spore print. Once spore formation is complete, this signifies a mature mushroom and now is able to spread its spores to start a new generation.
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Involvement with the Society strengthened Dr. Ingold's interests in the Fungi. They had become fully confirmed when, in 1937, he was appointed Lecturer in Charge of the Department of Botany at the University College of Leicester. Harris's constant encouragement and guidance were acknowledged in his book Spore Discharge in Land Plants, then in preparation.C.T. Ingold, Spore Discharge in Land Plants (Oxford University Press, 1939), p. vi.
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The main hub for all Hai-Genti activities. When they first arrived on Earth, Mammon, Auriga and the Overseer had a discussion on their methods of how to take over Earth in the first Inception Spore. Mammon has the authority to call a new Inception Spore from the Mothership. The Inception Spores are always seen near a Biomass Farm, and are usually surrounded by Hai-Genti.
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The first time he identified them, they were working under pressure to show results to a television crew, and many colleagues were skeptical of the results. They published work in 2001 describing these "spore-like cells", and reported that these cells could survive anoxic conditions for days and that they were able to grow a variety of tissues including pancreas and lung from isolated spore- like cells.
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Lycopods reproduce asexually by spores. The plants have an underground sexual phase that produces gametes, and this alternates in the lifecycle with the spore-producing plant. The prothallium developed from the spore is a subterranean mass of tissue of considerable size and bears both the male and female organs (antheridia and archegoniae). However, they are more commonly distributed vegetatively through above- or below-ground rhizomes.
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Anthoceros agrestis grows as a thin, dark green, rosette-like thallus up to in diameter, superficially resembling a leafless liverwort. The surface is punctured with hollows containing the male organs. The spore-producing bodies lack a stalk or capsule but produce erect, cylindrical structures that turn black as they mature. They then split open to reveal the spore-bearing central spindle and release the black spores.
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The inner spore sac is yellowish brown and features a small conical pore with fringed edges. Unlike other similar earthstar fungi, the edges of this pore are not sharply delimited from the rest of the spore sac, and do not have grooves. The fruit bodies have no distinctive taste or odor. The spores are spherical, roughened by many small points or warts, and measure 2.4–4 μm.
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Since an individual female spore is considerably larger than a male spore, it is termed a megaspore. Azolla has microscopic male and female gametophytes that develop inside the male and female spores. The female gametophyte protrudes from the megaspore and bears a small number of archegonia, each containing a single egg. The microspore forms a male gametophyte with a single antheridium which produces eight swimming sperm.
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Its color is highly variable, and both light and dark endoperidia are present. The peristome (a clearly demarcated region encircling the opening of the spore sac) is distinctly delimited, with a disc-like to more or less conical shape. It is lighter in color than the spore sac, and up to high. In old specimens, the hyphae around the peristome sometimes stick together to develop radial grooves.
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The white flesh of the entire fungus does not discolour when damaged, and is soft—particularly in mature specimens. It has a "pleasant" taste and lacks any distinctive odour. The spore print is ochre or clay coloured, the elongated elliptical spores measuring 7–10 by 3–3.5 μm. Basidia (spore-producing cells) are four spored, with dimensions of 14–18 by 4–5 μm.
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Vascular plant spores are always haploid. Vascular plants are either homosporous (or isosporous) or heterosporous. Plants that are homosporous produce spores of the same size and type. Heterosporous plants, such as seed plants, spikemosses, quillworts, and ferns of the order Salviniales produce spores of two different sizes: the larger spore (megaspore) in effect functioning as a "female" spore and the smaller (microspore) functioning as a "male".
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In Common Smoothcap moss (Atrichum undulatum), the vibration of sporophyte has been shown to be an important mechanism for spore release.Johansson, Lönnell, Sundberg and Hylander (2014) Release thresholds for moss spores: the importance of turbulence and sporophyte length. Journal of Ecology, n/a-n/a. In the case of spore-shedding vascular plants such as ferns, wind distribution of very light spores provides great capacity for dispersal.
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The mating system is heterothallic. Infected larvae appear shrunken, pale buff, covered by a weft of hyphae, with or without the production of ascomata. The ascomata are greenish (immature) to black (mature) spore cysts produced on aerial hyphae above the larval cuticle, measuring 40–119 µm in diameter. The spore wall is pale greenish to yellowish- brown, nearly smooth with minute punctae at high magnification.
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The most important microscopic feature for identification of mushrooms is the spores. Their color, shape, size, attachment, ornamentation, and reaction to chemical tests often can be the crux of an identification. A spore often has a protrusion at one end, called an apiculus, which is the point of attachment to the basidium, termed the apical germ pore, from which the hypha emerges when the spore germinates.
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Carrot medium is a kind of agar medium which is used to cultivate the spore of Phytophthora sojae. Phytophthora sojae causes soybean blight (Phytophthora root rot of soybeans). Soybean blight can affect the output and quality of soybeans seriously. The spore of phytophthora sojae is difficult to culture in potato dextrose agar; it is generally cultured by V8 medium and lima bean agar at home and abroad.
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Mushrooms produce a pink spore print. The spores have thin walls (less than or equal to 0.5 μm) that are cyanophilic (absorbing blue stain) and surfaces ornamented with minute bumps that can be seen in profile and face views. This surface ornamentation distinguishes Clitocella from Clitopilus, which has longitudinally ridged spores. Clitopilopsis, in contrast, has thicker spore walls (greater than or equal to 0.5 μm).
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In their button stage, straw mushrooms resemble poisonous death caps, but can be distinguished by several mycological features, including their pink spore print (spore prints of death caps are white). The two mushrooms have different distributions, with the death cap generally not found where the straw mushroom grows natively, but immigrants, particularly those from Southeast Asia to California and Australia, have been poisoned due to misidentification.
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Phellinus ellipsoideus produces basidiospores that are ellipsoidal or broadly ellipsoidal in shape. The spore shape is one of the features that makes the species readily recognisable microscopically, and the spores measure from 4.5 to 6.1 by 3.5 to 5 micrometres (μm). The average spore length is 5.25 μm, while the average width is 4.14 μm. The spores have thick cell walls, and are hyaline.
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Species in this subgenus develop in a similar fashion as those in subgenus Microsynchytrium, except that the resting spore functions as a sporangium during germination. In these species, the zoospores can develop into either a prosori, as in Microsynchytrium, or they can fuse to form a flagellated zygote. The zygote infects a host cell and becomes a resting spore. Synchytrium endobioticum is included in this subgenus.
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Adders-tongues are so-called because the spore-bearing stalk is thought to resemble a snake's tongue. Each plant typically sends up a small, undivided leaf blade with netted venation, and the spore stalk forks from the leaf stalk, terminating in sporangia which are partially concealed within a structure with slit sides. When the leaf blade is present, there is not always a spore stalk present, and the plants do not always send up a leaf, sometimes going for a year to a period of years living only under the soil, nourished by association with soil fungi. The plant grows from a central, budding, fleshy structure with fleshy, radiating roots.
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The stem surface is red or yellowish with red lines, often white or yellow at the base, and solid (that is, not hollow), with fibrous flesh; in maturity the stem ages to yellowish-red to dark red. The spore print is olive-brown; one source notes that creating a spore print may result in "a lot of yellow juice on the paper". The spores are ellipsoid in shape, smooth, and have dimensions of 12–16 by 4–6 µm, although occasionally there will be some "giant spores" with lengths of up to 24 µm. The basidia, the spore-bearing cells, are 26–35 by 9.5–12 µm, and four-spored.
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Underside of spore-bearing surface Mature specimens of Battarrea phalloides roughly resemble the typical agaric mushroom stature of stem and cap. However, rather than a cap with gills, this species has a spore sac atop the stem. When young, the fruit body is roughly spherical and completely encased in an outer wall (exoperidium) that later splits in a circumscissile fashion (along a circular or equatorial line), the lower wall forming a volva and the upper part forming scales that cover the inner wall. The upper part rolls upward and backward and eventually falls away in one piece, exposing a spore sac lined with a narrow ring of capillitium and spores.
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The color of the spore print is unknown. The spores are somewhat spindle-shaped, boletoid (long, lean, and fuse-shaped), with a pronounced suprahilar depression (a surface indentation formed where the spore was attached to the spore-bearing cells, the basidia), and typically measure 9.3–11.3 by 3.9–4.7 µm. They are weakly pigmented, and their rough surfaces can be seen under scanning electron microscopy. The spores are inamyloid, meaning they will not absorb iodine stain from Melzer's reagent. The basidia are 26.9–39.3 by 9.0–12.0 µm, cylindrical to narrowly club-shaped, hyaline (translucent), and have four sterigmata (extensions that attach the spores).
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When viewed in deposit, such as with a spore print, the spores appear white. When viewed with a light microscope, the spores are ovoid to ellipsoid, translucent (hyaline), have a smooth surface, and possess a broadly rounded apex and base; the spore dimensions are 6–8 by 3.5–5 µm. Like all Leucopaxillus species, the spores of L. giganteus are amyloid—meaning that they will absorb iodine when stained with Melzer's reagent—however, the extent of the stain may be variable. The spore-bearing cells, the basidia, are 25–40 by 4.5–8 µm, narrowly club-shaped, and are attached to either 2 or 4 spores.
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The fruit body is in diameter from tip to tip when expanded. The exoperidium is thick, and the rays are typically areolate (divided into small areas by cracks and crevices) on the upper surface, and are dark grey to black. The spore case is sessile (lacking a stalk), light gray to tan color and broad with a felt-like or scurfy (coated with loose scaly crust) surface; the top of the spore case is opened by an irregular slit, tear or pore. The interior of the spore case, the gleba, is white and solid when young, and divided into oval locules—a characteristic that helps to distinguish it from Geastrum.
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Edaphobacillus is a Gram-positive, aerobic, non-spore-forming and non-motile genus of bacteria from the family of Bacillaceae with one known species (Edaphobacillus lindanitolerans).
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Ornithinibacillus contaminans is a Gram-positive and spore-forming bacterium from the genus of Ornithinibacillus which has been isolated from human blood from Göteborg in Sweden.
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Paucisalibacillus globulus is a Gram-positive, spore-forming, aerobic and motile bacterium from the genus of Paucisalibacillus which has been isolated from potting soil from Portugal.
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Glutamicibacter creatinolyticus is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming and aerobic bacterium from the genus of Glutamicibacter which has been isolated from human urine from Japan.
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Chryseobacterium shandongense is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped, non-spore- forming and non-motile bacteria from the genus of Chryseobacterium which has been isolated from soil.
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Anaerobacillus alkalidiazotrophicus is a strictly anaerobic, diazotrophic and spore-forming bacterium from the genus of Anaerobacillus which has been isolated from soil from Choibalsan in Mongolia.
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The asci (spore-bearing cells) are operculate (containing a lid-like covering over the opening), eight-spored, and cylindrical, measuring 215–285 by 11.5–13.5 μm.
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The whitish flesh may also be tinged pink and has little taste or smell. The decurrent gills are grey, and the spore print is brownish-black.
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Clostridium bolteae is a Gram-positive, obligately anaerobic, spore-forming and rod-shaped bacterium from the genus of Clostridium which has been isolated from human faeces.
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Alistipes ihumii is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, anaerobic and non- motile bacterium from the genus of Alistipes which has been isolated from human feces.
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Caldanaerobius fijiensis is a thermophilic, obligately anaerobic and spore- forming bacterium from the genus of Caldanaerobius which has been isolated from a hot spring in Fiji.
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Alkalibacillus halophilus is a Gram-positive, halophilic, spore-forming and motile bacterium from the genus of Alkalibacillus which has been isolated from saline soil from China.
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Aquimarina spongiicola is a Gram-negative, aerobic, non-spore-forming, rod- shaped and motile bacterium from the genus of Aquimarina which has been isolated from spongin.
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Spore: Galactic Adventures gained generally positive reviews according to Metacritic.com. It was praised for its adventure creator which was seen as complex yet easy to use.
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Sneathiella chungangensis is a Gram-negative, strictly aerobic, non-spore- forming and motile bacterium from the genus of Sneathiella which has been isolated from marine sand.
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Undibacterium pigrum is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped, oxidase positive, non- spore-forming, and nonmotile bacterium of the genus Undibacterium, which was found in drinking water.
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These bacteria are Gram-negative, non-spore-forming rods. They are true bacteria (domain Bacteria) as opposed to the other inhabitants of extreme environments, the Archaea.
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Tsukamurella hominis is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Tsukamurella which has been isolated from a conjunctival swab.
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Initially the spore mass (gleba) is white, later becoming olive and then purple-brown at maturity. Spores are 3.5 to 5.5 micrometres, warted and ball shaped.
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Many novices have mistaken humid water marks on paper for white spore prints, or discolored paper from oozing liquids on lamella edges for colored spored prints.
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Sporosarcina soli is a Gram-positive, aerobic and spore-forming bacterium from the genus of Sporosarcina which has been isolated from soil from Suwon in Korea.
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These are primitive multicellular, autotrophic, shade loving, amphibious plants. They reproduce by spore formation. They have no vascular system. Root like structures called rhizoids are present.
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Genome analysis of some of these radiation resistant spore producers have thrown some light on the genetic traits that could be responsible for the resistances observed.
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The cap is whitish or pale tan, with a darker centre, the gills are white and the stem is white. The spore print is deep pink.
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Brockia is a genus of thermophilic bacteria from the family of Thermoanaerobacteraceae, with one known species (Brockia lithotrophica), an obligate anaerobe, spore-forming, rod-shaped microorganism.
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White spore in bulk. Spores 4.5-5.5 (6) × 4.5-5.5 μm, globular, smooth, cyanophile, often with central guttula. Tetrasporic, trivial basidia. GAF present in all tissues.
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Desulfovibrio carbinolicus is a bacterium. It is sulfate-reducing. Its cells are gram-negative, non-spore-forming, non-motile and curved. Its type strain is EDK82.
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Allobaculum is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming bacterial, strictly anaerobic and non-motile genus from the family of Erysipelotrichidae, with one known species (Allobaculum stercoricanis).
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Allofustis is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped, facultatively anaerobic and non- spore-forming bacterial genus from the family of Carnobacteriaceae, with one known species (Allofustis seminis).
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Atopostipes is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic and non-motile bacterial genus from the family of Carnobacteriaceae, with one known species (Atopostipes suicloacalis).
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Holdemania is a Gram-positive, strictly anaerobic and non-spore-forming genus from the family of Erysipelotrichaceae, with two known species: Holdemania filiformis and Holdemania massiliensis.
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Holdemania massiliensis is a Gram-positive, anaerobic, non-spore-forming and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Holdemania which has been isolated from human feces .
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Dolosigranulum is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic and non-motile bacterial genus from the family of Carnobacteriaceae, with one known species (Dolosigranulum pigrum).
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Anaerosinus is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, obligately anaerobic, chemoorganotrophic and motile bacterial genus from the family of Sporomusaceae, with one known species (Anaerosinus glycerini).
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Vagococcus carniphilus is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming species of bacteria. The type strain of V. carniphilus is 1843-02T (=ATCC BAA-640T =CCUG 46823T).
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Thermodesulfobacterium hydrogeniphilum is a species of Sulfate-reducing bacteria. It is thermophilic, chemolithoautotrophic, non-spore-forming, marine species, with type strain SL6T (=DSM 14290T =JCM 11239T).
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Wales, United Kingdom. The spore print is Whitish, and the subglobose to globose spores ornamented with warts and ridges measure 7-9 x 6-7 μm.
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Within a branch, leafy shoots were in opposite arrangement in a single plane. On fertile branches, some of the leaves were replaced by sporangia (spore capsules).
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Idiomarina planktonica is a Gram-negative and non-spore-forming bacterium from the genus of Idiomarina which has been isolated from the Tuosu lake in China.
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In the spore stage, the microsporidian cell is typically protected by a 30-40 nm thick proteinacious exospore and a 20-35 nm thick endospore layer.
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Before fertilization, the antheridium absorbs water and swells, forcing the spore cap off. Rain may splash sperm into the archegonium, or sperm may swim to the archegonium.
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Labedella is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, aerobic and non-motile genus of bacteria from the family of Microbacteriaceae. Labedella is named after David P. Labeda.
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Pontibacillus chungwhensis is a Gram-positive, moderately halophilic, spore- forming bacterium from the genus of Pontibacillus which has been isolated from soil from a saltern in Korea.
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Thermoanaerobacter kivui (formerly Acetogenium kivui) is a thermophilic, anaerobic, non-spore-forming species of bacteria.John A. Leigh and Ralph S. Wolfe. Acetogenium kivui gen. nov., sp. nov.
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Based on the testing, the FBI concluded that flask RMR-1029 was the parent material of the anthrax spore powder. Ivins had sole control over that flask.
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In mycology, it is the liberation of a fungal spore. In cell biology, abscission refers to the separation of two daughter cells at the completion of cytokinesis.
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The spore deposit is pale yellow to orange in color, and spores have variations such as ridges and warts on the surface up to 0.5 µm high.
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Variovorax defluvii is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, motile bacterium from the genus Variovorax, which was isolated from the sewage in the Geumho River in Korea.
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Sphingopyxis granuli is a bacterium. It is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped bacterium. Its type strain is Kw07T (= KCTC 12209T = NBRC 100800T).KIM (M.
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Oxalicibacterium faecigallinarum is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped, non-spore- forming, yellow-pigmented, oxidase and catalase positive, and oxalotrophic bacterium from the genus Oxalicibacterium and family Oxalobacteraceae.
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This is the largest order in the class Conoidasida and contains those species that all undergo merogony (asexual), gametogony (sexual) and sporogony (spore formation) during their lifecycles.
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Massilia haematophila is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming bacterium from the genus Massilia and family Oxalobacteraceae, which was isolated from a human clinical specimen.
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Coprobacter secundus is a Gram-negative, obligately anaerobic, rod-shaped and non-spore-forming bacterium from the genus of Coprobacter which has been isolated from human faeces.
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Mature basidiospores are pale-yellowish. An apiculus (a depressed area where the spore was once attached to the basidium via the sterigma) is often difficult to observe.
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Barnesiella intestinihominis is a Gram-negative, anaerobic and non-spore- forming bacterium from the genus of Barnesiella which has been isolated from human feces in Tokyo, Japan.
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The spore-bearing (hymenial) surface features shallow and irregular pores, flattened "teeth", and ridges. The spores are cylindrical, hyaline (translucent), and measure 6.5–9–3–4.5 μm.
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It is not effective against spore related illnesses, such as tetanus or anthrax, or against non-enveloped viruses such as poliovirus, rhinovirus, hepatitis B, or hepatitis C.
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Nioella nitratireducens is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped and aerobic bacterium in the genus Nioella which has been isolated from seawater from Espalamaca, Azores.
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Carrot medium can cultivate, separate, reproduce and conserve many kinds spore of phytophthora sojae, but it is not suitable for cultivating the pathogen of potato late blight.
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Certain Leptonia species in northwestern North America, including L. carnea and L. nigroviolacea, have a similar color, but are easily differentiated due to their pink spore print.
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Arenimonas composti is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming and motile bacterium from the genus of Arenimonas which has been isolated from compost from Daejeon in Korea.
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Anaeroglobus is a Gram-negative, cocci, non-spore-forming, anaerobic and non- motile genus of bacteria from the family of Veillonellaceae with one known species (Anaeroglobus geminatus).
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Burkholderia arboris is a Gram-negative, aerobic, non-spore-forming bacterium of the genus Burkholderia and the family Burkholderiaceae. B. arboris belongs to the Burkholderia cepacia complex.
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The spore print is flesh pink; the smooth spores are ellipsoid to somewhat fuse-shaped (subfusoid), inamyloid, and have dimensions of 11–14.5 by 4.9–7.4 μm.
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Pseudoclavibacter chungangensis is a Gram-positive and non-spore-forming bacterium from the genus of Pseudoclavibacter which has been isolated from activated sludge from Cheonan in Korea.
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Pseudoclavibacter is a Gram-positive non-spore-forming, strictly aerobic and non-motile genus from the family of Microbacteriaceae. Pseudoclavibacter bacteria can cause endocarditis in rare cases.
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Clostridium methoxybenzovorans is a strictly anaerobic and spore-forming bacterium from the genus of Clostridium which has been isolated from olive mill wastewater from Sfax in Tunisia.
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The genus was erected in 1833 on the basis of resting spore development and included 6 species.Karling, J.S. 1950. The genus Physoderma (Chytridiales). Llyodia. 13(1): 29.
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Two-celled teliospore of Gymnosporangium globosum Teliospore (sometimes called teleutospore) is the thick-walled resting spore of some fungi (rusts and smuts), from which the basidium arises.
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Ignavigranum is a Gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic non-spore-forming and non-motile genus of bacteria from the family of Aerococcaceae with one known species (Ignavigranum ruoffiae).
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Clostridium aestuarii is a halophilic, strictly anaerobic, spore-forming, rod- shaped and motile bacterium from the genus of Clostridium which has been isolated from tidal flat sediments.
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Clostridium aciditolerans is an anaerobic and spore-forming bacterium from the genus of Clostridium which has been isolated from wetland sediments from Aiken in the United States.
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Microbacterium populi is a Gram-positive, non-spore-formin and aerobic bacterium from the genus of Microbacterium which has been isolated from the bark Populus x euramericana.
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Resting spores are developed in the fall and winter. Upon germination, the resting spore acts as a sporangium. The type, Synchytrium taraxaci, is placed in this subgenus.
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Chaim Gingold (born January 15, 1980 in Haifa, Israel) is noted for his work with the computer game Spore, where he designed the game's creators, including the Spore Creature Creator. Chaim was also a key member of Spore's design and prototyping team. He has presented at the Game Developers Conference and is an active participant in the academic game studies community. Gingold grew up in Morgantown, West Virginia.
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The game is referred to as a "massively single-player online game" and "asynchronous sharing."Spore FAQ, at official website. Simultaneous multiplayer gaming is not a feature of Spore. The content that the player can create is uploaded automatically to a central database, cataloged and rated for quality (based on how many users have downloaded the object or creature in question), and then re-distributed to populate other players' games.
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These spots are called "sori" and consist of masses of spore cases, called sporangia. On Polystichum vestitum the spores are monolete and bilaterally symmetrical located which gives them unique identification. When the spores are ripe, the sporangia is torn apart and the light-weighted spores are carried away with the wind. The spore can remain fertile for many years and go on a journey for hundreds of kilometers.
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The exosporium is the outer surface layer of mature spores. In plant spores it is also referred to as the exine. Some bacteria also produce endospores with an exosporium, of which the most commonly studied are Bacillus species, particularly Bacillus cereus and the anthrax-causing bacterium Bacillus anthracis. The exosporium is the portion of the spore that interacts with the environment or host organism, and may contain spore antigens.
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The first meiotic division is then completed in the spores followed by a second meiotic division which leaves the spore with 4 nuclei. After dispersal, these four-nucleate spores germinate and naked protoplasts emerge. The protoplasts take in water upon emergence and enlarge to about 3 times the size of the spore from which they emerged. The protoplasts then form short thread-like filaments that later retract back into round globules.
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Plant pathogenic fungi produce extracellular degradative enzymes that play an important role in pathogenesis. They include cutinase, which hydrolyses cutin, facilitating fungus penetration through the cuticle. Inhibition of the enzyme can prevent fungal infection through intact cuticles. Cutin monomers released from the cuticle by small amounts of cutinase on fungal spore surfaces can greatly increase the amount of cutinase secreted by the spore, the mechanism for which is as yet unknown.
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The non-spore formers are Corynebacterium and Listeria (a coccobacillus), whereas Bacillus and Clostridium produce spores. The spore-forming bacteria can again be divided based on their respiration: Bacillus is a facultative anaerobe, while Clostridium is an obligate anaerobe. Also, Rathybacter, Leifsonia, and Clavibacter are three gram-positive genera that cause plant disease. Gram- positive bacteria are capable of causing serious and sometimes fatal infections in newborn infants.
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Barghoorn and Tyler propose an ontogeny where, starting from a spore, the stipe is grown which then produced the umbellate "mantle". In 1967, Licari and Cloud noted that many fossil "Huroniosporas" (a wastebasket taxon containing spore-like beings) have holes or "apertures" in them, suggesting a detachment point from Kakabekia stipes. However, based on observations of living K. barghoorniana, Siegel et. al. came to a very different conclusion.
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Fruit bodies of Pluteus nevadensis have no distinctive taste or odor. The color of the spore print is pinkish-brown. The smooth spores measure 5.5–7 by 4.5–6.5 µm, roughly spherical to broadly ellipsoid in shape. Their walls are thin to slightly thickened, and almost translucent. The basidia (spore-bearing cells in the hymenium) are 22–29 by 6.5–7.5 µm (including sterigmata), club-shaped, and four-spored.
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Spore surfaces are ornamented and may form a partial reticulum. The spores are roughly spherical to broadly elliptical, and measure 7–11 by 7–8 µm. They are ornamented with warts and ridges that sometimes form a partial reticulum (a pattern of interconnected ridges), with prominences up to 1 µm high. The spore are hyaline (translucent) and amyloid, meaning that they will absorb iodine when stained with Melzer's reagent.
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Inocybe cookei leaves a snuff-brown spore print. The spores themselves are bean-shaped, measuring from by . The walls of the spores (which are around thick) can be smooth or slightly wrinkled, and there is a distinct depression just above the hilum (the scar where the spore was once attached to the basidium). The basidia are four-spored, and the thin-walled, gill-edge cheilocystidia are pear-shaped.
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Myxosporea is a class of microscopic parasites, belonging to the Myxozoa clade within Cnidaria. They have a complex life cycle which comprises vegetative forms in two hosts, an aquatic invertebrate (generally an annelid) and an ectothermic vertebrate, usually a fish. Each host releases a different type of spore. The two forms of spore are so different that until relatively recently they were treated as belonging to different classes within the Myxozoa.
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It has a diploid life cycle which includes both sexual and asexual reproduction. In the asexual phase, a spore of Saprolegnia releases zoospores. Within a few minutes, this zoospore will encyst, germinate and release another zoospore. This second zoospore has a longer cycle during which most dispersal happens; it will continue to encyst and release a new spore in a process called polyplanetism until it finds a suitable substrate.
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Peat mosses are known to explosively launch their spores. Hat-throwing fungi fire their spore capsules up to 2 m, and the cannonball fungi of the genus Sphaerobolus, such as S. stellatus, the artillery fungus can throw sticky spore sacs up to 6 m horizontally. This species is phototropic, and propels spores towards the nearest source of direct or reflected light, like the sides of brightly colored houses.
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Spirogyra conjugation In many cases, isogamous fertilization is used by organisms that can also reproduce asexually through binary fission, budding, or asexual spore formation. The switch to sexual reproduction mode is often triggered by a change from favorable to unfavorable growing conditions. Fertilization often leads to the formation of a thick-walled zygotic resting spore that can withstand harsh environments and will germinate once growing conditions turn favorable again.
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A partial veil covers the developing gills of young fruit bodies. The spore print is white. The spores are ellipsoid to elongated, hyaline (translucent), thin-walled, and have dimensions of 9–12.5 by 5.5–8 μm. They are amyloid, meaning they will absorb iodine when stained with Melzer's reagent. The basidia (spore-bearing cells) are 35–60 by 7–13.5 μm, club-shaped, four-spored, with clamps at their bases.
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It persists for a long time (1–2-year-old fruit bodies with intact mycelial cups have been found). The spore sac is variable in shape, ranging from roughly spherical to egg-shaped or irregular, but it is usually taller than it is wide. Its diameter ranges between , although it is most commonly between . An apophysis (a swelling on the underside of the spore sac) is often present.
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A diagram of C. tetani showing the bacterium alone, with a spore being produced, and the spore alone C. tetani is a rod-shaped, Gram-positive bacterium, typically up to 0.5 μm wide and 2.5 μm long. It is motile by way of various flagella that surround its body. C. tetani cannot grow in the presence of oxygen. It grows best at temperatures ranging from 33 to 37°C.
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Spores being ejected by fungi. In fungi, both asexual and sexual spores or sporangiospores of many fungal species are actively dispersed by forcible ejection from their reproductive structures. This ejection ensures exit of the spores from the reproductive structures as well as travelling through the air over long distances. Many fungi thereby possess specialized mechanical and physiological mechanisms as well as spore-surface structures, such as hydrophobins, for spore ejection.
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Sexual life cycle of a Marchantia-like liverwort The life of a liverwort starts from the germination of a haploid spore to produce a protonema, which is either a mass of thread- like filaments or else a flattened thallus.Nehira, Kunito. "Spore Germination, Protonemata Development and Sporeling Development", pp. 358–374 in Rudolf M. Schuster (Ed.), New Manual of Bryology, volume I. (Nichinan, Miyazaki, Japan: The Hattori Botanical Laboratory, 1983). .
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This pore is surrounded by an elastic ring which changes shape as the spore passes. The recoil of the apical ring back to its original shape following distortion amplifies the velocity at which spores exit the ascus. In the case of P. setosa, spores released in larger quantities (>100) may be ejected up to a distance of 35cm. Notably, spore release may become rhythmic if given a day- night cycle.
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It is not known if the mushroom contains psychoactive compounds like psilocybin or psilocin. The spore print is purple-brown. The spores are ellipsoid to slightly egg- shaped, smooth, and measure 6.3–7.5 by 3.8–4.5 μm. The spores have an apical pore, but it is small and inconspicuous. The basidia (spore-bearing cells) are four-spored, narrowly club-shaped to somewhat cylindrical, and measure 18–24 by 5–6 μm.
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The angular cells form pyramidal warts on the outer surface. The medullary excipulum (the inner fleshy layer of tissue underneath the ectal excipulum) is almost gelatinous, composed of interwoven hyphae 10 µm in diameter. Several structural components are involved in spore discharge in W. americana, such as the ascus, the operculum, the suboperculum. The spore-bearing cells, the asci, are 330–400 µm long by 16–20 µm wide.
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Mature spores are pear-shaped, have a pointed anterior pole and contain a vacuole at the posterior end. The size of unfixed spores is 1.33-2.29 x 2.32-3.69 µm. There are three different layers building the spore wall resulting in a thickness of 106-132 nm. The spore wall is significantly thinner at the anterior pole, where also the polar filament is attached to an anchoring disc.
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The wet spores tend to stick to each other and to nearby surfaces because of surface tension. When conditions are dry, the spores no longer stick to each other and are more easily dispersed. At that time, the elaters uncoil to extend out from the spore and will catch air currents. The fact that they are extended only when conditions are dry means that successful spore dispersal is more likely.
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The internal spore-bearing tissue of the truffle, the gleba, is whitish when young, turning light brown in mature specimens. It has many white narrow veins running through it. The asci (spore- bearing cells) are spherical, contain one to seven spores (although typically there are four to six), and measure 55–80–90 by 65–75 μm. They are situated on a short stalk 15–20 μm long.
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The name Volvopluteus was then proposed to accommodate the latter group. Volvopluteus differs from Volvariella morphologically by the average spore length over 11 µm and the pileipellis composed of relatively thin hyphae embedded in a conspicuous gelatinous matrix. The same characters and the presence of a volva separate Volvopluteus from Pluteus. All three genera are characterized by the pink to pink-brown spore prints and inverse hymenophoral trama.
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Halolactibacillus halophilus is a non-spore-forming, halophilic and alkaliphilic bacterium from the genus of Halolactibacillus which has been isolated from algae from the Kanagawa Prefecture in Japan.
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Lima bean agar can cultivate, separate, reproduce and conserve many kinds spore of phytophthora sojae, but it is not suitable for cultivating the pathogen of potato late blight.
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Laceyella is a Gram-positive, thermophilic, spore-forming and aerobic bacterial genus from the family of Thermoactinomycetaceae. The genus Laceyella is namened after the English microbiologist John Lacey.
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Saccharococcus is a Gram-positive, aerobic, non-spore-formin, heterotrophic, thermophilic and non-motile genus of bacteria from the family of Bacillaceae with one known species (Saccharococcus thermophilus).
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Cerasibacillus is a moderately thermophilic, alkaliphilic, strictly aerobic, rod-shaped, spore-forming and motile genus of bacteria from the family of Bacillaceae with one known species (Cerasibacillus quisquiliarum).
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Hymenobacter ruber is a Gram-negative, aerobic, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Hymenobacter which has been isolated from grass soil.
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Microbacterium jejuense is a Gram-positive, aerobic, rod-shaped, non-spore- forming, and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Microbacterium which has been isolated from salty soil.
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When handled, it bruises pale buff-brown at the base.Arora (1991): p. 58 Leucopaxillus albissimus has a white spore print. The elliptical spores are ornamented with amyloid warts.
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Arachidicoccus rhizosphaerae is a Gram-negative, plant-growth-promoting, non- spore-forming and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Arachidicoccus which has been isolated from rhizospheric soil.
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Rubellimicrobium aerolatum is a Gram-negative, strictly aerobic and non-spore- forming bacterium from the genus of Rubellimicrobium which has been isolated from air from Suwon in Korea.
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Lacibacter nakdongensis is a Gram-negative and non-spore-forming, bacterium from the genus of Lacibacter which has been isolated from sediments from the Nakdong River from Korea.
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Aeromicrobium camelliae is a Gram-positive, aerobic and non-spore-forming bacterium from the genus of Aeromicrobium which has been isolated from Pu'er tea in Yunnan in China.
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It measures long by thick. The flesh is white, brittle and without scent, with a mild taste. R. aeruginea mushrooms are edible. The spore print is cream-yellow.
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The brittle flesh is yellow and the taste mild. The spore print is ochre, the warty spores are oval or round and measure 7.5–9 × 6–8 μm.
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Flexivirga alba is a non-spore-forming bacterium from the genus of Flexivirga which has been isolated from soil near a wastewater treatment plant from Seki in Japan.
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Microbacterium kyungheense is a Gram-positive, aerobic, rod-shaped, non-spore- forming and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Microbacterium which has been isolated from salty soil.
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Microbacterium mitrae is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Microbacterium which has been isolated from a turban shell in Korea.
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Microbacterium mangrovi is a Gram-positive and non-spore-forming bacterium from the genus of Microbacterium which has been isolated from mangrove soil from Tanjung Lumpur on Malaysia.
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Yellow staining rhizomorphs at the base of Agaricus placomyces specimens The spores are 4–6.0 x 3.5–4.5 µm, smooth, and elliptical; the spore print is blackish-brown.
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Altererythrobacter fulvus is a Gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped, non-spore- forming and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Altererythrobacter which has been isolated from forest soil.
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There are two types of sexual spore-bearing asci of ascomycete fungi - those that have an operculum at the top of the ascus, and those that do not.
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Lutimaribacter marinistellae is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming and motile bacterium from the genus of Lutimaribacter which has been isolated from a starfish from Sanya in China.
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Jeotgalibacillus soli is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped, spore-forming and motile bacterium from the genus of Jeotgalibacillus which has been isolated from soil from Sines in Portugal.
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Actinotalea caeni is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming and non- motile bacterium from the genus of Actinotalea which has been isolated from sludge from Korea.
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Scylaspora is a genus of Silu-Devonian spore, which has been found attached to stick-like sporangia. The spores are common and widespread in sediments of this age.
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Burkholderia diffusa is a gram-negative, aerobic, non-spore-forming bacterium from the genus of Burkholderia and the family of Burkholderiaceae which belongs to the Burkholderia cepacia complex.
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Burkholderia seminalis is a gram-negative, aerobic, non-spore-forming, bacterium from the genus of Burkholderia and the family of Burkholderiaceae which belongs to the Burkholderia cepacia complex.
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Chlamydospores are absent. Basidiospores are 8.2-12.1μm (average 10.7) long, 4.8-8.9μm (average 7.1) wide, a spore shape index (SSI) of 66.2 and a Q ratio of 1.5.
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Ornithinimicrobium humiphilum is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming and non- motile bacterium species from the genus of Ornithinimicrobium which has been isolated from garden soil from Germany.
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The spore shape is citriniform (i.e., lemon shaped), the surface is finely roughened, and spores are non-amyloid. This species is widespread and fairly common in urban areas.
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Sphingobacterium siyangense is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming and non- motile bacterium from the genus of Sphingobacterium which has been isolated from soil from Jiangsu in China.
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Daeguia caeni is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming bacterium from the genus Daeguia, which was isolated from sludge of a textile dye works in Daegu in Korea.
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Thalassotalea atypica is a Gram-negative, strictly aerobic and non-spore- forming bacterium from the genus of Thalassotalea which has been isolated from seawater from Rizhao in China.
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Shewanella gaetbuli is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped and motile bacterium from the genus of Shewanella which has been isolated from tidal flat from Korea.
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Pedobacter nyackensis is a species of Gram-negative, rod-shaped, non-spore- forming eubacterial species. Its type strain is (NWG-II14(T) =DSM 19625(T) =LMG 24260(T)).
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Thermoanaerobacter acetoethylicus, formerly called Thermobacteroides acetoethylicus, is a species of thermophilic, non-spore-forming bacteria.Arie Ben-Bassat and J. G. Zeikus. Thermobacteroides acetoethylicus gen. nov. and spec. nov.
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Rhodanobacter thiooxydans is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Rhodanobacter which has been isolated from biofilm from Daejon in Korea.
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Following spore attachment and germination on the host surface, the emerging germ tube perceives physical cues such as surface hardness and hydrophobicity, as well as chemical signals including wax monomers that trigger appressorium formation. Appressorium formation begins when the tip of the germ tube ceases polar growth, hooks, and begins to swell. The contents of the spore are then mobilized into the developing appressorium, a septum develops at the neck of the appressorium, and the germ tube and spore collapse and die. As the appressorium matures, it becomes firmly attached to the plant surface and a dense layer of melanin is laid down in the appressorium wall, except across a pore at the plant interface.
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All four hypogeous Morchellaceae genera produce huge spores, with sizes ranging from 32 to 100 micrometers (μm). Both Kalapuya and Imaia have asci (spore-bearing cells) that have thick cell walls when young, but become thin when mature—a trait not shared with Fischerula. The authors explain that although the hypogeous Morchellaceae genera share the trait of large spore size, striking differences in spore structure and other morphological difference in microscopic characters would have ruled out placing them in the same family as Morchella, were it not for the convincing molecular evidence proving their relatedness. The generic name Kalapuya refers to the Kalapuya people, a Native American ethnic group whose traditional homelands encompassed the range of the fungus.
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The placement of the genus Rhodotus in the order Agaricales is uncertain, and various authors have offered solutions to the taxonomic conundrum. In 1951, Agaricales specialist Rolf Singer placed Rhodotus in the Amanitaceae because of similarities between the tribes Amaniteae and Rhodoteae, such as spore color and ornamentation (modifications of the spore wall that result in surface irregularities), structure of the hyphae and trama, and chlamydospore production during culture growth.Young specimensIn 1953, French mycologists Robert Kühner and Henri Romagnesi placed Rhodotus in the family Tricholomataceae—a traditional "wastebasket taxon"—on the basis of spore color. In 1969, Besson argued for the placement of Rhodotus with the Entolomataceae after studying the ultrastructure of the spores.
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A somewhat rare fungus, it appears on the Red Lists of 12 European countries, and in 2004 it was one of 33 species proposed for protection under the Bern Convention by the European Council for Conservation of Fungi. The fruit body, initially shaped like a puffball, is encased within an outer covering that splits open from the top to form rays. These rays curve down to expose an inner papery spore case, which contains the fertile spore- bearing tissue, the gleba. The fungus is unique among the earthstars in having a spore case that is supported by multiple stalks, and is perforated by several small holes suggestive of its common names salt-shaker earthstar and pepperpot.
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This mushroom has a mealy odor, somewhat like cucumber. The spore print is pink. Spores are 9–12 × 5–6.5 µm. Scopoli described it smelling like freshly ground flour.
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Piscibacillus salipiscarius is a Gram-positive, spore-forming, strictly aerobic moderately halophilic and motile bacterium from the genus of Piscibacillus which has been isolated from pla-ra in Thailand.
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Nocardioides litorisoli is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped and non-spore-forming bacterium from the genus Nocardioides which has been isolated from soil near the Sayram Lake in China.
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Nocardioides pakistanensis is a Gram-positive and non-spore-forming bacterium from the genus Nocardioides which has been isolated from water from the hot spring Tatta Pani in Pakistan.
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Nocardioides phosphati is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming and non-motile bacterium from the genus Nocardioides which has been isolated from a phosphate mine from Yunnan in China.
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Alteribacillus alkaliphilus is a Gram-positive, aerobic spore-forming, rod- shaped and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Alteribacillus which has been isolated from water from alkaline soil.
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Hymenobacter soli is a Gram-negative, strictly aerobic, non-spore-forming and rod-shaped bacterium from the genus of Hymenobacter which has been isolated from grass soil in Korea.
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Microbacterium halotolerans is a Gram-positive, halophilic aerobic, non-spore- forming and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Microbacterium which has been isolated from hypersaline soil in China.
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Erythrobacter pelagi is a Gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped, non-spore- forming and non-motile bacteria from the genus of Erythrobacter which has been isolated from the Red Sea.
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Levilinea saccharolytica is a mesophilic, non-spore-forming, non-motile, Gram- negative, filamentous bacteria with type strain KIBI-1T (=JCM 12578T =DSM 16555T), the type species of its genus.
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Leptolinea tardivitalis is a mesophilic, non-spore-forming, non-motile, Gram- negative, filamentous bacteria with type strain YMTK-2T (=JCM 12579T =DSM 16556T), the type species of its genus.
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Clostridium hydrogeniformans is a Gram-positive, anaerobic, hydrogen- producing, spore-forming and motile bacterium from the genus of Clostridium which has been isolated from groundwater in the United States.
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Pseudomonas koreensis is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, motile, multiple polar flagellated, yellow-white, rod bacterium isolated from farming soil in Korea. The type strain is LMG 21318.
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Clostridium glycyrrhizinilyticum is a Gram-positive, obligate anaerobic, non- spore-forming and rod-shaped bacterium from the genus of Clostridium which has been isolated from human feces in Japan.
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Clostridium grantii is a Gram-positive, strictly anaerobic, rod-shaped and spore-forming bacterium from the genus of Clostridium which has been isolated from the gut of a mullet.
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Bacillus coahuilensis is a rod-shaped, Gram-positive, motile, spore-forming bacterium. This species was isolated from water samples taken from a highly saline desert lagoon in Coahuila, Mexico.
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Alistipes inops is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped, obligately anaerobic and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Alistipes which has been isolated from human faeces.
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Aquimarina celericrescens is a Gram-negative, aerobic and non-spore-forming bacterium from the genus of Aquimarina which has been isolated from seawater from the Xiaoshi Island from China.
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Variovorax boronicumulans is a Gram-negative, catalase- and oxidase-positive, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped, motile bacterium from the genus Variovorax. Colonies of V. boronicumulans are yellow in color.
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Niabella pedocola is a Gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Niabella which has been isolated from isolated from soil.
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Niabella aurantiaca is a Gram-negative, strictly aerobic and non-spore-forming bacterium from the genus of Niabella which has been isolated from greenhouse soil from Yeoju inn Korea.
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Gemmobacter nanjingensis is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic, propanil-degrading and rod-shaped bacterium from the genus of Gemmobacter which has been isolated from activated sludge.
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Astraeus species are strongly hygroscopic, and absorb moisture from the environment, so that the rays are closed over the spore case when dry, but open up flat when moistened.
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Ottowia oryzae is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, short-rod-shaped and non-motile bacterium from the genus Ottowia which has been isolated from Andong sikhye from Korea.
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Virgibacillus olivae is a Gram-positive and spore-forming bacterium from the genus of Virgibacillus which has been isolated from waste water from olives from La Roda in Spain.
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Tessaracoccus lubricantis is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Tessaracoccus which has been isolate from metalworking fluid in Giessen in Germany.
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Verrucosispora lutea is a Gram-positive, aerobic and spore-forming bacterium from the genus of Verrucosispora which has been isolated from mangrove sediments in the Guangdong Province in China.
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Leccinum arenicola produces a cinnamon to pinkish-cinnamon spore print. The spores are somewhat spindle- shaped (tapered on each end), smooth, and measure 11–16 by 3–5 μm.
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Barnesiella viscericola is a Gram-negative, obligately anaerobic, non-spore- forming and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Barnesiella which has been isolated from chicken caecum in Japan.
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Calidifontibacter terrae is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, aerobic and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Calidifontibacter which has been isolated from soil from Hwaseong in Korea.
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Pseudokineococcus basanitobsidens is a Gram-positive, aerobic and non-spore- forming bacterium from the genus of Pseudokineococcus which has been isolated from a volcanic rock from Seobjikoj in Korea.
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Marinobacterium nitratireducens is a Gram-negative, strictly aerobic and non- spore-forming bacterium from the genus of Marinobacterium which has been isolated from sediments from the East China Sea.
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Ornithinimicrobium tianjinense is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, heterotrophic and strictly aerobic bacterium species from the genus of Ornithinimicrobium which has been isolated from a recirculating aquaculture system.
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Ornithinimicrobium murale is a Gram-positive and non-spore-forming bacterium species from the genus of Ornithinimicrobium which has been isolated from an indoor wall from Giessen in Germany.
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Marinobacterium sediminicola is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming and strictly aerobic bacterium from the genus of Marinobacterium which has been isolated from sediments from the East China Sea.
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Sporosarcina luteola is a Gram-variable, spore-forming and motile bacterium from the genus of Sporosarcina which has been isolated from equipment used for soy sauce production in Japan.
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The asci (spore-bearing cells) are typically eight-spored. They are arranged as a palisade of cells forming a hymenium that covers the inner surfaces of the internal folds.
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They are smooth, thin-walled, and inamyloid. The basidia (spore-bearing cells) are club-shaped, four-spored, and hyaline (translucent), with dimensions of 26–30 by 7–8 μm.
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The spores are elliptical, smooth, translucent , inamyloid, and grow to 7 to 8.4 by 4.2 to 5.6 micrometers in size. There are no buckles . The spore print is pink.
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Mycetocola reblochoni is a Gram-positive, aerobic, non-spore-forming and rod- shaped bacterium from the genus of Mycetocola which has been isolated from the surface of Reblochon cheese.
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Chryseobacterium psychrotolerans is a gram-negative, non-spore-forming and non-motile bacteria from the genus of Chryseobacterium which has been isolated from the permafrost of the Tianshan Mountains.
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Chelatococcus caeni is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped and motile bacterium from the genus of Chelatococcus which has been isolated from biofilm reactor sludge in Korea.
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Slackia faecicanis is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming and rod-shaped bacterium from the genus of Slackia which has been isolated from faeces of a dog from England.
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Unlike the uniformly elongated spores of C. cinnabarinum, C. guizhouense possesses both elliptical and globose spores. C. pengii differs primarily in the pattern of ornamentation on its spore surface.
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Caenispirillum bisanense is a Gram-negative, helical-shaped, non-spore-forming and motile bacterium from the genus of Caenispirillum which has been isolated from dye works sludge from Korea.
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The spore print is brown. Chemical reactions involve combining the cap and flesh yellow with potassium hydroxide (KOH). The spores are 4.5-6 x 3-3.8 µm and elliptical.
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Pseudomonas rhizosphaerae is a Gram-negative, strictly aerobic, non-spore- forming, motile, rod-shaped bacterium found in rhizospheric soil of grasses in Spain. The type strain is LMG 21640.
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Gordonia phosphorivorans is a Gram-positive and non-spore-forming bacterium from the genus of Gordonia which has been isolated from a wastewater treatment bioreactor in Aachen in Germany.
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Gordonia humi is a Gram-positive and non-spore-forming bacterium from the genus of Gordonia which has been isolated from soil near the mushroom Agaricus brasiliensis in Taiwan.
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Cribrihabitans neustonicus is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, strictly aerobic and motile bacterium from the genus of Cribrihabitans which has been isolated from seawater from Hualien in Taiwan.
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Allofustis seminis is a Gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped and non-spore-forming bacterium from the genus of Allofustis which has been isolated from pig semen in Canada.
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Clostridium arbusti is an obligately anaerobic, Gram-positive and spore- forming bacterium from the genus of Clostridium which has been isolated from pear orchard soil from Daejeon in Korea.
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Clostridium algidixylanolyticum is an obligately anaerobic, psychrotolerant, xylan-degrading and spore-forming bacterium from the genus of Clostridium which has been isolated from vacuum packed lamb in New Zealand.
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Ochrobactrum haematophilum is a gram-negative, oxidase-positive, non-spore- forming, non-motile bacteria from the genus of Ochrobactrum which was isolated from a man in Falun in Sweden.
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Novosphingobium gossypii is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped and non-spore-forming bacterium from the genus of Novosphingobium which has been isolated from tissues from the plant Gossypium hirsutum.
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Belnapia soli is a Gram-negative, aerobic, non-spore-forming and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Belnapia which has been isolated from soil from Daejeon in Korea.
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Vagococcus acidifermentans is a Gram-positive, coccus-shaped, non-spore- forming, facultatively species of anaerobic bacteria. The type strain is AC-1(T) (= KCTC 13418(T) = LMG 24798(T)).
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Phenylobacterium haematophilum is a Gram negative, rod-shaped and non-spore- formin bacterium from the genus of Phenylobacterium which has been isolated from human blood from Göteborg in Sweden.
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Phenylobacterium conjunctum is a Gram negative, rod-shaped and non-spore- forming bacterium from the genus of Phenylobacterium which has been isolated from water biofilm from Vancouver in Canada.
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Rhodanobacter glycinis is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming and motile bacterium from the genus of Rhodanobacter which has been isolated from the rhizoplane of a field with soybeans.
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Dokdonella koreensis is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming and motile bacterium from the genus of Dokdonella which has been isolated from soil from Dokdo in Korea.
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These black bodies are sterile and are referred to as spermagonia, or pycnia. The orange "cushions" that develop later on the under-side of the leaf are forming spores, which have the capability to germinate all at once. From each spore a short promycelium (the germ tube of the spore) bearing four sporidia is protruded. During the growing season, these sporidia cause infections on other plants in the raspberry and blackberry families.
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Spore Galactic Adventures was released on June 23, 2009. It allows the player's creature to beam onto planets, rather than using a hologram. It also adds an "Adventure Creator" which allows for the creation of missions and goals to share with the Spore community. Creatures can add new abilities, including weaponry, tanks, and crew members, as well as a section of the adventure creator that involves editing a planet and using 60 new flora parts.
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Spore Bot Parts Pack is an expansion part of an EA promotion with Dr. Pepper in early 2010, 14 new robotic parts for Spore creatures were released in a new patch (1.06.0000) available only from the Dr. Pepper website. Codes found on certain bottles of Dr Pepper allow the player to redeem these parts, albeit only for the USA, excluding Maine. It was only available for Windows PC, and was eventually extended to Canadian residents.
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The same ingenious mechanism has evolved separately in the earthstars (Geastrum species), which have a hard outer layer to the fruitbody that splits open in a star-like manner to reveal the puffball-like spore sack.Miller, 1988, pp. 36–47. The stinkhorns and their allies, including the genera Phallus, Mutinus, Clathrus, and Lysurus, form spores within internally gelatinous, puffball-like 'eggs'. At maturity the eggs split and various strange spore-receptacles emerge.
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Two separate regions of condensation are critical. At the pointed tip of the spore (the hilum) closest to the supporting basidium, Buller's drop accumulates as a large, almost spherical water droplet. At the same time, condensation occurs in thin film on the adaxial face of the spore. When these two bodies of water coalesce, the release of surface tension and the sudden change in the center of mass leads to sudden discharge of the basidiospore.
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Geastrum fornicatum, common name known as the acrobatic earthstar or the arched earthstar, is an inedible species of mushroom in the family Geastraceae. Like other earthstar mushrooms, the thick outer skin splits open at maturity to expose the spore sac to the elements; the specific epithet fornicatum (Latin for 'arched' or 'vaulted') refers to the arched shape of the rays which extend downwards to rest on the mycelial sac and elevate the spore sac.
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Collected in deposit, the spores of B. mirabilis are olive-brown. Viewed with a microscope, the spores are spindle-shaped to roughly elliptical, with smooth, thick walls, and have dimensions of 18–22 by 7–9 µm. Overholts' 1940 publication on the species reported spore dimensions of 20–26 by 8–9 µm. The basidia (spore-bearing cells) are club-shaped, hyaline (translucent), 4-spored, and have dimensions of 31–36 by 7–11 µm.
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Leccinum manzanitae mushroom produce a cinnamon-brown spore print. Spores are 13–17 by 4–5.5 µm, somewhat elliptical to cylindrical, and tapered on each end (fusoid); their walls are smooth and moderately thick. The spore-bearing cells, the basidia, are 27–32 by 6–9 µm, club-shaped to pear-shaped (pyriform) and four-spored. The cystidia are 23–32 by 4–6 µm, fusoid to club-shaped with narrow, elongated apices.
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These ridges are up to high, and are decurrent—they extend below and run down the cap's attachment to the stipe, though irregularly so. The spore print is brownish, the spores ellipsoid with dimensions of 12.4–16.8 × 5.8–7.3 μm. The spore surface is roughened with ornamentations that can be made visible under the microscope by staining with methyl blue. The fruit bodies can last for some considerable time, growing slowly over a month.
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The spore surface is covered with an almost complete reticulum with narrow ridges up to about 1 µm high, and irregular warts that stain amyloid with Melzer's reagent. The basidia (spore-bearing cells) are somewhat club-shaped, four-spored, and measure 40–55 by 10–12 µm. The cap cuticle is in the form of a trichoepithelium measuring 50–100 µm thick comprising cylindric terminal hyphae measuring 20–45 by 5–8 µm.
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Bivalvulida is an order of myxosporean parasites which contains a number of species which cause economically significant losses to aquaculture and fisheries, such as Myxobolus cerebralis and Ceratomyxa shasta. The Myxosporean stages of members of the bivalvulida are characterised by their two spore valves (hence the name), which meet in a "suture line" which encircles the spore. They usually contain two polar capsules, but species have been reported which contain either one or four.
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Astraeus is a genus of fungi in the family Diplocystaceae. The genus, which has a cosmopolitan distribution, contains nine species of earthstar mushrooms. They are distinguished by the outer layer of flesh (exoperidium) that at maturity splits open in a star-shape manner to reveal a round spore sac. Additionally, they have a strongly hygroscopic character—the rays will open when moist, but when hot and dry will close to protect the spore sac.
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In deposit, such as with a spore print, the spores appear pale yellow. Use of a light microscope reveals further details: they are roughly spherical to broadly ellipsoid, measuring 7–9 by 7–8 μm, and covered with widely spaced, branching broad ridges between 0.5–1.5 μm high. The basidia, the spore-bearing cells, are 35–40 by 8–11 μm, four-spored, and club-shaped.Hesler and Smith, 1979, pp. 233–35.
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David Arora compares its taste to that of the closely related Agaricus bitorquis, "but a little chewier and sometimes with a slightly salty or briny taste." Agaricus bernardii mushrooms produce a dark brown spore print. The spores are smooth, broadly elliptical, and have dimensions of 6–7.5 by 5–6 μm. The basidia (spore-bearing cells) are four- spored and club-shaped, measuring 14–25 by 4–7 μm; the sterigmata are 4–5 μm.
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Russula chloroides is very similar and often confused with R. delica. It can be separated by the turquoise band at the apex (at the attachment of the gills with the cap) and by its unpleasant, peppery smell. Russula pallidospora is another similar species, which has very tough flesh, more distant gills and an ochraceous spore deposit. Russula flavispora is also similar but rare, and has dense gills and a deep ochraceous spore deposit.
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These hyphae are thin- walled, hyaline (translucent), and 2.5–5 μm thick. The internal spore-bearing tissue of the truffle, the gleba, is brown to purple-brown in mature specimens. It has a few large white veins running through it, and contains many spores. The asci (spore-bearing cells) are spherical (or nearly so), usually contain between one and four spores (although rarely there are five spores), and measure 65–85 by 45–60 μm.
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Symptoms on leaves appear as slightly sunken spots surrounded by a dark brown edge. The center of the spot may appear pink from the spore masses which are being produced by the fungus. Frequently, large areas on the leaf turn brown, dry out along the leaf margins, and eventually the leaf falls off. Symptoms on fruit also develop as small, discolored, sunken areas that enlarge and develop pink spore masses in the center.
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These cells appear to not use binary fission for reproduction. Some morphologies use endospore formation for reproduction. However, there are some smaller morphologies that reproduce through binary fission and spore formation. Although sporulation is widespread among other bacteria (such as Bacillus subtilis and Clostridium spp.) in the phylum Firmicutes, spore formation is usually brought about by overcrowding, the accumulation of toxins in the environment, or starvation, rather than a standard form of reproduction.
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Spore prints are dark brown, sometimes with violet shades. Spores are thick-walled with an apical pore, and elongated ellipsoid to equilateral in face view, and somewhat inequilateral in side view, typically measuring 12.0–12.6–13.1 by 6.8–7.1–7.4 μm. The basidia (spore-bearing cells) are cylindrical, four-spored with sterigmata up to 5.5 μm long, and have dimensions of 27–37 by 9–11 μm. Clamp connections are present in hyphae.
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Environmentally, Cronartium ribicola prefers cooler temperatures coupled with moist conditions in low-lying areas, especially during the late summer and early fall. The low temperatures and humidity are an essential part of the pathogen's spore germination and dispersal requirements. The combination of cooler temperatures and a high humidity create an environment at which dew can easily form. The free water helps loosen spores adhered to a leaf’s surface and promotes spore germination.
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Inocybe lacera has thick-walled, fusiform cystidia, which have apical encrustations. It has a brown spore print, while the subcylindrical spores are smooth, typically measuring 11 to 15 by 4.5 to 6 µm in size. I. lacera is one of a small group of related species with particularly long, cylindrical spores, the others of which can typically be found on sand dunes. The spore shape is more typical of species from the order Boletales.
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These claw-shaped hyphae form asci, which disappear as the spores mature, leaving the spores lying loose in the gleba. William Broadhurst Brierley studied spore germination in the 1910s. He determined that fully grown ("ripe") ascospores can be germinated after a lengthy resting period, but a pretreatment with gastric acids reduced the time required. The time that mature spores need to germinate is correlated to the thickness and color of the spore wall.
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Xylanimonas is a Gram-positive and non-spore-forming bacterial genus from the family of Promicromonosporaceae. Up to now there is only one species of this genus known (Xylanimonas cellulosilytica).
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Fictibacillus macauensis is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped and spore-forming bacterium from the genus of Fictibacillus which has been isolated from a drinking water supply from Macau in China.
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Fictibacillus rigui is a Gram-positive, aerobic, spore-forming and motile bacterium from the genus of Fictibacillus which has been isolated from fresh water from the Woopo wetland in Korea.
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2010 Science Prize for Online Resources in Education (SPORE). American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). 2008 Silver Quill Award of Excellence. International Association of Business Communicators Southern Region.
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Microbacterium immunditiarum is a Gram-positive and non-spore-forming bacterium from the genus of Microbacterium which has been isolated from soil from a municipal landfill in Chandigarh in India.
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Erythrobacter aquimaris is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, slightly halophilic and non-motile bacteria from the genus of Erythrobacter which has been isolated from the Yellow Sea in Korea.
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Comamonas granuli is a Gram-negative, catalase-positive, oxidase-positive, non-spore-forming, motile, rod-shaped bacterium from the genus Comamonas and family Comamonadaceae, which was isolated from microbial granules.
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Paralcaligenes ureilyticus is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, strictly aerobic and motile bacterium from the genus Paralcaligenes which has been isolated from soil from a ginseng field in Korea.
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Cedecea bacteria are Gram- negative, bacillus in shape, motile, nonencapsulated, and non-spore- forming.Mawardi, H., Pavlakis, M., Mandelbrot, D., Woo, S. B. (2010). Sirolimus oral ulcer with Cedecea davisae superinfection.
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Clostridium chromiireducens is a Gram-positive anaerobe anaerobic and spore- forming bacterium from the genus of Clostridium which has been isolated from wetland soil from Michigan in the United States.
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Alistipes indistinctus is a Gram-negative, anaerobic, non-spore-forming and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Alistipes which has been isolated from human faeces from Tokyo in Japan.
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Geovibrio thiophilus is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming and sulfur-reducing bacterium from the genus of Geovibrio which has been isolated from a drainage ditch in Konstanz in Germany.
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Rheinheimera tuosuensis is a Gram-negative and non-spore-forming bacterium from the genus of Rheinheimera which has been isolated from the Tuosu Lake from the Qaidam Basin in China.
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The stem can be either solid or hollow. The mushroom lacks a partial veil and a ring. The spore print is olive-brown. The mushroom is edible, but not appealing.
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Tenacibaculum sediminilitoris is a Gram-negative and non-spore-forming bacterium from the genus of Tenacibaculum which has been isolated from tidal flat sediments from the Yellow Sea in Korea.
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Microbacterium xylanilyticum is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, xylan- degrading and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Microbacterium which has been isolated from sludge in Cheongju in Korea.
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The Xanthomonadales are gram-negative, catalase positive, non-spore forming obligate aerobes.Saddler GS, Bradbury JF (2005) Order III. Xanthomonadales ord. nov. In: Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. pp. 63-122.
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Salinibacterium amurskyense is a Gram-positive, non-motile, aerobic, non- spore-forming, irregular, rod-shaped actinobacteria, the type species of its genus. It type strain is KMM 3673T (=KCTC 9931T).
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The flesh is thick and fibrous, and has a distinct, spicy, penetrating smell resembling nutmeg or allspice. The spore print is white.Galli R. (2003). I Tricholomi 2nd Edition. Med. Fit.
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The optimal temperature for disease establishment and development is around 20 °C. Spore dispersal and the development of the disease are slowed in the absence of high levels of moisture.
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Hull's research focuses on fungal development, with a particular focus on how fungi enter and leave the spore form. Her group primarily does this work using the pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus.
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Tessaracoccus flavescens is a Gram-positive, anaerobic, non-spore-forming and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Tessaracoccus which has been isolated from beach sediments from Jeju in Korea.
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Barrientosiimonas endolithica is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, obligately aerobic and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Barrientosiimonas which has been isolated from pebbles from Lalitpur in India.
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It produces relatively large ascospores measuring 65–70 by 22–25 μm, typically divided by 3 (sometimes 4) septa; the terminal two spore segments are smaller than the middle segments.
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Arizona members of the Geastraceae and Lycoperdaceae (Basidiomycota, Fungi). Masters Thesis. Arizona State University: Tempe, AZ. 445 p. As with most Bovista, the spore release through the small apical pore.
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Limimaricola hongkongensis is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, short rod- shaped and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Limimaricola which has been isolated from biofilm from Hong Kong.
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Fruitbodies produce an walnut-brown spore print, and have smooth, almond-shaped spores measuring 8–11.5 by 5–7 µm. Many authors have erroneously referred this species to Inocybe pyriodora.
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Arora, 1986, p. 348 Retrieved 2010-04-16. The spore print is dark brown or black. The flesh is thin, fragile, white in the stem, and brownish in the cap.
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Altererythrobacter sediminis is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming and non- motile bacterium from the genus of Altererythrobacter which has been isolated from lagoon sediments from the coast of Korea.
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Clinical Microbiology Made Ridiculously Simple, MedMaster, Inc., . Dipicolinic acid forms a complex with calcium ions within the endospore core. This complex binds free water molecules, causing dehydration of the spore.
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Arenimonas caeni is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming and motile bacterium from the genus of Arenimonas which has been isolated from activated sludge from Wuhu in China.
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Altererythrobacter luteolus is a Gram-negative, halophilic and non-spore- forming bacterium from the genus of Altererythrobacter which has been isolated from tidal flat from the Yellow Sea in Korea.
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Following application and colonization and in the presence of high moisture, AF36 growing seeds outcompete aflatoxin-producing strains of A. flavus. Nonaflatoxin spore dispersal is aided by wind and insects.
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Paraburkholderia oxyphila is a gram-negative, aerobic, non-spore-forming, non motile, rod-shaped bacterium from the genus Paraburkholderia and the family Burkholderiaceae which was isolated from acidic forest soil.
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Virgibacillus halophilus is a Gram-positive, round-spore-forming, rod-shaped and halophilic bacterium from the genus of Virgibacillus which has been isolated from field soil from Kakegawa in Japan.
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Camelimonas lactis is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped and non-spore-forming bacteria from the genus of Camelimonas which has been isolated from camel milk in the United Arab Emirates.
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Olsenella umbonata is a variably Gram-positive, anaerobic and non-spore- forming bacterium from the genus of Olsenella which has been isolated from a sheep rumen and a pig jejunum.
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Falsochrobactrum ovis is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Falsochrobactrum which has been isolated from the placenta of a sheep.
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Myxococcus is a genus in the family Myxococcaceae. Myxococci are Gram- negative, spore-forming, chemoorganotrophic, obligate aerobes. They are elongated rods with rounded or tapered ends, and they are nonflagellated.
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The conidia are small, single-celled, lemon-shaped and smooth-walled. They form long, fragile chains up to 10 conidia in length with distinctive darkened connective tissue between each spore.
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Labrys soli is a Gram-negative, strictly aerobic, non-motile, non-spore- forming bacteria from the family of Xanthobacteraceae which has been isolated from the rhizosphere of a ginseng plant.
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Pseudomonas lutea is a Gram-negative, strictly aerobic, non-spore-forming, motile, rod-shaped bacterium originally isolated from the rhizosphere of grasses in Spain. The type strain is LMG 21974.
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Nocardioides iriomotensis is a Gram-positive, aerobic, non-spore-forming and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Nocardioides which has been isolated from forest soil from Okinawa on Japan.
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The leaves may be microphylls or megaphylls. Their other common characteristics include vascular plant apomorphies (e.g., vascular tissue) and land plant plesiomorphies (e.g., spore dispersal and the absence of seeds).
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The asci, the spore-bearing cells, are cylindrical and 80–100 by 7–8 µm; the paraphyses are thin and filamentous and contain orange granules. This fungus is considered inedible.
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Lentilitoribacter donghaensis is a Gram-negative, aerobic, non-spore-forming bacteria from the genus of Lentilitoribacter which was isolated from coastal seawater from the Sea of Japan in South Korea.
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Shewanella dokdonensis is a Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, non-spore- forming and motile bacterium from the genus of Shewanella which has been isolated from seawater from the Sea of Japan.
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Atopostipes suicloacalis is a rod-shaped and non-spore-forming bacterium from the genus of Atopostipes which has been isolated from a swine manure storage pit in the United States.
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Novosphingobium fluoreni is a Gram-negative, fluorene-degrading, rod-shaped and non-spore-forming bacterium from the genus of Novosphingobium which has been isolated rice seeds from Jiansanjiang in China.
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Zhihengliuella is a genus of gram-positive, mesophilic, aerobic non-spore- forming and motile bacteria from the family of Micrococcaceae.UniProt Zhihengliuella is named after the Chinese microbiologist Zhi-Heng Liu.
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Breakout gameplay Spore is an MS-DOS video game developed by Mike T. Snyder and published by Flogsoli Productions that fused Breakout with a text adventure, and included spreadsheet puzzles.
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Pelobacter propionicus is a species of bacteria that ferments 2,3-butanediol and acetoin. It is Gram-negative, strictly anaerobic and non-spore-forming. Ott Bd 1 is the type strain.
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Stenotrophomonas ginsengisoli is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming and rod- shaped bacterium from the genus of Stenotrophomonas which has been isolated from soil from a ginseng field in Korea.
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Stenotrophomonas humi is a nitrate-reducing, Gram-negative, rod-shaped and non-spore-forming bacterium from the genus of Stenotrophomonas which has been isolated from soil from Ghent in Belgium.
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Methylobacterium phyllostachyos is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, aerobic and facultatively methylotrophic bacteria from the genus of Methylobacterium which has been isolated from the surface of a bamboo leaf.
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Microvirga lotononidis is a nitrogen fixing, Gram-negative, rod-shaped and non-spore-forming root-nodule bacteria from the genus of Microvirga. Microvirga lotononidis lives in symbiosis with Listia angolensis.
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Brevundimonas mediterranea is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped and non-spore- forming bacterium from the genus of Brevundimonas which has been isolated from seawater from the Mediterranean Sea in France.
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Rhodanobacter humi is a Gram-negative, alkalitolerant, acidtolerant, aerobic, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Rhodanobacter which has been isolated from forest soil.
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Fictibacillus enclensis is a Gram-positive, strictly aerobic, spore-forming and motile bacterium from the genus of Fictibacillus which has been isolated from marine sediments from the Chorão Island in India.
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Aquabacterium olei is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming and motile bacterium of the genus Aquabacterium which has been isolated from oil-contaminated soil in Korea. Aquabacterium olei can degrade oil.
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Sphingobacterium chuzhouense is a Gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped, non- spore-forming and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Sphingobacterium which has been isolated from farmland soil from Chuzhouin China.
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Aquimarina hainanensis is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, long rod-shaped, and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Aquimarina which has been isolated from the shrimp larvae Litopenaeus vannamei.
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Calditerricola satsumensis is an extreme thermophilic, Gram-negative, aerobic and non-spore-forming bacterium from the genus of Calditerricola which has been isolated from high-temperature compost from Kagoshima in Japan.
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The stem has brown scales on its lower half. The spore print is dark brown. Measuring 8.5 x 5.5 micrometres, the spores are elliptical in shape. The flesh has no taste.
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2008 has seen many sequels and prequels in video games. New intellectual properties include Army of Two, Dead Space, iRacing, Left 4 Dead, LittleBigPlanet, Mirror's Edge, Race Driver: Grid, and Spore.
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In heterosporous vascular plants (plants that produce both microspores and megaspores), the gametophyte develops endosporically (within the spore wall). These gametophytes are dioicous, producing either sperm or eggs but not both.
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Marinobacter litoralis is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, moderately halophilic and motile bacterium from the genus of Marinobacter which has been isolated from sea water from the Sea of Japan.
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Marinobacter halophilus is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming and halophilic bacterium from the genus of Marinobacter which has been isolated from the Xiaochaidan Lake in the Qaidam Basin in China.
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Clostridium cavendishii is a Gram-positive, aerotolerant, anaerobic, spore- forming and motile hydrogen-producing bacterium from the genus of Clostridium which has been isolated from contaminated groundwater in the United States.
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Caldanaerobius polysaccharolyticus is a Gram-positive thermophilic, anaerobic, non-spore-forming bacterium from the genus of Caldanaerobius which has been isolated from organic waste leachate from Hoopeston in the United States.
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Caldanaerobius zeae is a Gram-positive thermophilic, anaerobic, non-spore- forming bacterium from the genus of Caldanaerobius which has been isolated from organic waste leachate in Hoopeston in the United States.
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Clostridium colinum is a Gram-positive, anaerobic and spore-forming bacterium from the genus of Clostridium which has been isolated from a chicken. Clostridium colinum can cause ulcerative enteritis in chicken.
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Marmoricola aequoreus is a Gram-positive, aerobic, non-spore-forming and non- motile bacterium from the genus of Marmoricola which has been isolated from sediments from the Samyang beach on Korea.
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Ponticoccus gilvus is a Gram-positive, aerobic, non-spore-forming and non- motile bacterium from the genus of Ponticoccus which has been isolated from seawater from the Mara Island on Korea.
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Viewed in deposit, such as with a spore print, the spores appear white. Microscopically, the spores are smooth-walled, elliptical or oblong, with dimensions of 5.5–7 by 3.5–4.5 µm.
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Shimia biformata is a Gram-negative, strictly aerobic, rod-shaped and non- spore-forming bacterium from the genus of Shimia which has been isolated from seawater from Kending County in Taiwan.
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Planktotalea lamellibrachiae is a Gram-negative, aerobic, non-spore-forming and rod-shaped bacterium from the genus of Planktotalea which has been isolated from a tubeworm from Kagoshima Bay in Japan.
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Rubellimicrobium roseum is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Rubellimicrobium which has been isolated from forest soil from the Yunnan province in China.
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Propioniciclava tarda is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Propioniciclava which has been isolated from rice-straw in Hokkaido on Japan.
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Roseovarius azorensis is a Gram-negative, aerobic, non-spore-forming, rod- shaped and motile bacterium from the genus of Roseovarius which has been isolated from seawater from Espalamaca from the Azores.
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Barrientosiimonas marina is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, aerobic and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Barrientosiimonas which has been isolated from seawater from the Mara Island in Korea.
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The spore powder has a brown to dark brown color. The cylindrical and full-length grooved stem is pale yellow. In the upper third of the stem carries a whitish ring.
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Several species have a distinct, often rubbery, smell. The spore print is white to cream. The spores are usually (but not always) dextrinoid (turning red-brown in an iodine-based reagent).
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Dietzia aerolata is a Gram-positive, coccoid and non-spore-forming bacterium from the genus of Dietzia which has been isolated from air from a duck barn in Berlin in Germany.
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The stipe narrows toward the base, 2–7 cm long, 1.5–2.5 cm wide, white. It turns deep salmon when rubbed with iron salts (Ferrous sulfate). The spore print is white.
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Arsenicicoccus is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming and facultatively anaerobic bacterial genus from the family of Dermatophilaceae. The genus was previously in the family Intrasporangiaceae, but was reclassified in 2018.
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Gulosibacter chungangensis is a Gram-positive, strictly aerobic and non-spore- forming bacterium from the genus of Gulosibacter which has been isolated from marine sediments from the Yellow Sea in Korea.
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Arsenicicoccus bolidensis is a Gram-positive, coccus-shaped, non-spore-forming and facultatively anaerobic bacteria from the genus of Arsenicicoccus which has been isolated from lake sediments from Boliden in Sweden.
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The basidia (spore-bearing cells) are club-shaped with a basal clamp, and have four sterigmata. The spores are cylindric, large, hyaline and smooth, and are non-reactive to Melzer's reagent.
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Flavobacterium arsenitoxidans is a Gram-negative, arsenite-oxidizing, non- spore-forming, rod-shaped and aerobic bacterium from the genus of Flavobacterium which has been isolated from soil from Suphanburi in Thailand.
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Hymenobacter arcticus is a Gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped, non-spore- forming and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Hymenobacter which has been isolated from the Han River in Korea.
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Clostridium lundense is a lipolytic, strictly anaerobic, mesophilic and spore- forming bacterium from the genus of Clostridium which has been isolated from fluid of a cow rumen in Lund in Sweden.
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Dehalogenimonas formicexedens is a Gram-negative, strictly anaerobic and non- spore-forming bacterium from the genus of Dehalogenimonas which has been isolated from contaminated groundwater in Louisiana in the United States.
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Bhargavaea ullalensis is a Gram-positive, aerobic and non-spore-forming bacterium from the genus of Bhargavaea which has been isolated from coastal sand from the coast of Ullal in India.
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Geoalkalibacter ferrihydriticus is a Gram-negative, obligately anaerobic, non- spore-forming, iron-reducting bacterium from the genus of Geoalkalibacter which has been isolated from sediments from the Lake Khadin in Russia.
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Mycetocola lacteus is a species of Gram-positive, obligately aerobic and non- spore-forming bacterium in the genus Mycetocola which has been isolated from the cultivated mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus in Japan.
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Slackia piriformis is a Gram-positive, strictly anaerobic, non-spore-forming and rod-shaped bacterium from the genus of Slackia which has been isolated from human faeces from Tokyo in Japan.
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Collinsella tanakaei is a Gram-positive, strictly anaerobic, non-spore-forming and rod-shaped bacterium from the genus of Collinsella which has been isolated from human faeces from Tokyo in Japan.
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It is a spore- bearing vascular plant and grows up to a metre high. It is found in a wide variety of situations, often in high rainfall areas on sandy soils.
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Brucella vulpis is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming and non-motile bacteria from the family of Brucella which has been isolated from the mandibular lymph nodes of foxes (Vulpes vulpes).
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Collections closely resembling S. luridus have also been recorded in Australia, though later renamed Boletus barragensis as they differ in spore size and a preference for trees of the family Myrtaceae.
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Pseudochelatococcus lubricantis is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped and non-spore- forming bacteria from the genus of Pseudochelatococcus which has been isolated from coolant from a metal working emulsion in Germany.
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Microvirga soli is a Gram-negative, methanol-utilizing, rod-shaped and non- spore-forming bacterium from the genus of Microvirga which has been isolated from forest soil from Sichuan in China.
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Aliiglaciecola lipolytica is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped and motile from the genus of Aliiglaciecola with a single polar flagellum which has been isolated from seawater in China.
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Microvirga indica is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming and arsenite-oxidizing bacterium from the genus of Microvirga which has been isolated from metal industry waste soil from Pirangut in India.
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Clostridium amazonense is a Gram-positive, strictly anaerobic, rod-shaped and spore-forming bacterium from the genus of Clostridium which has been isolated from human feces in Nuevo Eden in Peru.
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It has no distinguishable odor and a mild taste. F. albolanaripes mushrooms are edible. The spore print is white. Spores are ellipsoid, smooth, and measure 6–8 by 4–4.5 µm.
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Yaniella halotolerans is a Gram-negative, aerobic, halotolerant, non-spore- forming and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Yaniella which has been isolated from saline soil from Xijiang in China.
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Microbacterium enclense is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Microbacterium which has been isolated from marine sediments from the Chorao Island in India.
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Oceanobacillus kapialis is a bacterium. It is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped, strictly aerobic, spore-forming, moderately halophilic bacterium. The type strain is SSK2-2 (=KCTC 13177 =PCU 300 =TISTR 1858).
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Solimonas variicoloris is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped and non-spore-forming bacterium from the genus of Solimonas which has been isolated from a hexane degrading biofilter from Hamm in Germany.
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Porphyrobacter dokdonensis is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, slightly halophilic and non-motile bacteria from the genus of Porphyrobacter which has been isolated from sea water in Dokdo in Korea.
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Stenotrophomonas indicatrix is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped and none-spore- forming bacterium from the genus of Stenotrophomonas which has been isolated from the surface of a milking machine in Germany.
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Pelagibacterium lixinzhangensis is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming and rod shaped bacterium from the genus of Pelagibacterium which has been isolated from desert soil from the Xinjiang province in China.
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Luteimonas aquatica is a species of yellow-pigmented bacteria. It is Gram- negative, rod-shaped and non-spore-forming, with type strain RIB1-20(T) (=BCRC 17731(T) =LMG 24212(T)).
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Alicyclobacillus is a genus of Gram-variable, rod-shaped, spore-forming bacteria. The bacteria are able to grow in acidic conditions, while the spores are able to survive typical pasteurization procedures.
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Phenylobacterium hankyongense is a Gram negative, non-spore-forming, rod- shaped, aerobic and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Phenylobacterium which has been isolated from soil from a ginseng field.
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Phenylobacterium aquaticum is a Gram negative, strictly aerobic, non-spore- forming and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Phenylobacterium which has been isolated from a reservoir of a water purifier.
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Aliidiomarina soli is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming and motile bacterium from the genus of Aliidiomarina which has been isolated from saline-alkaline soil from the Inner Mongolia in China.
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The dark brown and hairy stem, up to long and 2 mm thick, attaches to one edge of the cap. The mushroom produces a white spore print out of roughly spherical spores. High levels of humidity are essential for optimum fruit body development, and growth is inhibited by either too much or too little light. Fruit bodies change their geotropic response three times during their development, which helps ensure that the teeth ultimately point downward for optimum spore release.
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The fruit bodies of Lysurus fungi are characterized by having short, thick arms which are upright, and may separate slightly in age. The inner surfaces of the arms are covered with a slimy spore mass called gleba, which typically has a fetid smell to attract insects to assist in spore dispersal. Viewed with a light microscope, Lysurus spores are narrowly ellipsoidal in shape, brownish in color, and have dimensions of 4–5 by 1.5–2 µm.
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Close up of G. clavariiforme telia on Juniperus communis G. clavariforme aecial spore tubes on Hawthorn fruit Gymnosporangium clavariiforme is a species of rust fungus which alternately infects Juniperus and hawthorns. In junipers, the primary hosts, G. clavariiforme produces a set of orange tentacle-like spore tubes called telial horns. These horns expand and have a jelly like consistency when wet.SORTING OUT GYMNOSPORANGIUM SPECIES - The aecial stage, Field Mycology Volume 7(4), October 2006, Brand, Brand and Shattock.
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The smooth inner surface of the chamber comprises the fertile spore-bearing tissue (the hymenium). The basidia (spore- bearing cells)—conspicuous when viewed under the microscope—are hyaline (translucent), more or less club-shaped, and usually have basal and apical swellings separated by a narrow strip of variable length. The basidia are four-spored, and have inflated sterigmata with a central constriction. The basidia measure 20–90 (typically 25–55) μm long by 8–10 μm thick.
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Tribolium castaneum Tribolium castaneum, the red flour beetle, is a host for the microsporidian Nosema whitei. This parasitoid kills its host for transmission, so the host's lifespan is important for the parasite's success. In turn, parasite fitness most likely depends on a trade- off between transmission (spore load) and virulence. A higher virulence would increase the potential for the production of more offspring, but a higher spore load would affect the host's lifespan and therefore the transmission rate.
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All parts of the fruit body (cap surface, flesh, pores, and stipe) will quickly stain blue when injured or touched. The spore print is olive-brown. Spores are somewhat fuse-shaped in face view, and inequilateral in profile view. They have a smooth surface, a tiny apical pore, and dimensions of 11–15 by 4–5.5 μm, with walls about 0.2 μm thick. The basidia (spore-bearing cells) are club-shaped, four-spored, and measure 8–12 μm thick.
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The sperm released from the antheridia respond to chemicals released by ripe archegonia and swim to them in a film of water and fertilize the egg cells thus producing a zygote. The zygote divides by mitotic division and grows into a multicellular, diploid sporophyte. The sporophyte produces spore capsules (sporangia), which are connected by stalks (setae) to the archegonia. The spore capsules produce spores by meiosis and when ripe the capsules burst open to release the spores.
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Within this stage, the host come in contact with a conidia – a type of reproductive spore through touch or ingestion. When the conidia is within the host’s body, it beings to germinate. Germination refers to the process in which an organism grows from a spore. Here, the conidia present within the body begins to produce hyphae, these act like the roots of the fungi as they grow and branch out within the body of the host.
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Brettanomyces is a non-spore forming genus of yeast in the family Saccharomycetaceae, and is often colloquially referred to as "Brett". The genus name Dekkera is used interchangeably with Brettanomyces, as it describes the teleomorph or spore forming form of the yeast. The cellular morphology of the yeast can vary from ovoid to long "sausage" shaped cells. The yeast is acidogenic, and when grown on glucose rich media under aerobic conditions, produces large amounts of acetic acid.
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The main purpose of this stain is to show germination of bacterial spores. If the process of germination is taking place, then the spore will turn green in color due to malachite green and the surrounding cell will be red from the safranin. This stain can also help determine the orientation of the spore within the bacterial cell; whether it being terminal (at the tip), subterminal (within the cell), or central (completely in the middle of the cell).
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In deposit, such as with a spore print, the spores appear white. Further details are revealed with a light microscope: the spores are ellipsoid to almond-shaped, smooth, thin-walled, and measure 8–12 by 4–6 μm. The basidia (the spore-bearing cells) are club- shaped, four-spored, and typically have dimensions of 26–37.5 by 7–10.5 μm. M. californiensis has cheilocystidia (cystidia on the gill edges) that measure 16–50 by 6.5–20 μm.
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Spore, released by EA on September 7, 2008, uses SecuROM. Spore has seen relatively substantial rates of unauthorized distribution among peer-to-peer groups, and with a reported 1.7 million downloads over BitTorrent networks, was the most user-redistributed game of 2008, according to TorrentFreak's "Top 10 most pirated games of 2008" list. Journalists note that this was a reaction from users unhappy with the copy protection. EA requires the player to authenticate the game online upon installation.
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The basidia (spore-bearing cells) consist of a globular part (the hypobasidia) to which inflated or elongated epibasidia are attached. In Guepinia, the hypobasidia are egg-shaped to ellipsoid, measuring 12–16 by 9–12 μm, and attached to fibril-like epibasidia that are 20–45 by 3–4 μm. The spore deposit is white, while the spores are 9–11 by 5–6 μm, hyaline (translucent), cylindrical to elongated ellipsoid in shape, and have a large oil drop.
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Herbarium specimen Geastrum pectinatum has been mistaken for the morphologically similar but smaller species G. schmidelii. The latter species lacks vertical striations on the basal portions of the endoperidium, and does not have a pseudoparenchymatous collar around the stem. Another similar species, G. berkeleyi, has a shorter stem and is missing the ridges at the base of the spore sac. Further, the color of its spore sac is usually brown, in contrast to the gray-blue of G. pectinatum.
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The spores are ellipsoid, occasionally ovoid or obovoid, thin-walled, hyaline, amyloid, and measure 8–11 by 5.5–7.5 μm. The spore deposit is white. The basidia (spore-bearing cells) are 40–65 by 7–11.5 μm, four-spored, with clamps at their bases. Cheilocystidia (cystidia on the gill edge) are occasionally seen as small, club-shaped cells measuring 15–35 by 10–15 μm, on thin-walled hyphae that are 3–7 μm in diameter.
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Whether a spore is to grow into an organism depends on the combination of the species and the environmental conditions where the spore lands. The spores of freshwater algae are dispersed mainly by running water and wind, as well as by living carriers. However, not all bodies of water can carry all species of algae, as the chemical composition of certain water bodies limits the algae that can survive within them. Marine spores are often spread by ocean currents.
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Tulostoma spp. Tulostoma is a genus of over 100 species of fungi in the family Agaricaceae. Commonly known as stalked puffballs, the cosmopolitan genus consists of species which produce small fruit bodies, characterized by stalks inserted in a socket at the base of the spherical spore-sac opened by a small and apical mouth. The spore-sac contains gleba, a mixture of spores and associated cells; at maturity, the spores are released through one or more apical pores.
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Upon exposure to various conditions, C. tetani can shed its flagella and form a spore. Each cell can form a single spore, generally at one end of the cell, giving the cell a distinctive drumstick shape. C. tetani spores are extremely hardy and are resistant to heat, various antiseptics, and boiling for several minutes. The spores are long-lived and are distributed worldwide in soils as well as in the intestines of various livestock and companion animals.
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In a now classic study from the United Kingdom, an outbreak of acute asthma was linked to increases in Didymella exitialis ascospores and Sporobolomyces basidiospores associated with a severe weather event.Packe, G.E. and Ayres, J. (1985) "Asthma outbreak during a thunderstorm". The Lancet, 326(8448): 199–204. . Thunderstorms are associated with spore plumes: when spore concentrations increase dramatically over a short period of time, for example from 20,000 spores/m3 to over 170,000 spores/m3 in 2 hours.
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As The Sims became a steady success, Will Wright began to focus on Spore. The three years between its public announcement and its release were protracted enough to attract use of the term "vaporware" by some, and upon its 2008 release, found itself subject to harsh criticism and the target of a consumer protest against Electronic Arts. Despite the poor launch publicity, Spore sold 1 million units in its first month. Will Wright left Maxis in 2009.
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Because Cyclaneusma is an ascomycete it produces two spore types, an asexual (conidiomata) and sexual (ascomycota) spore. Controlling Cyclaneusma has presented a challenge as the disease can survive on both living and dead needles during the winter months. Effective management methods include planting new pines in non-shaded, well drainable soil as well as spraying fungicide. Cyclaneusma Needle Cast is an important fungal disease because it directly impacts the commercial value of decorative pines as well as lumber.
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Proliferative blood stages are highly motile and can easily be differentiated from other blood parasites of common carp due to a unique motility mode. Spores in the gills meet the characteristic diagnostic features of the genus Sphaerospora and are spherical spores with a spore length=spore width of approx. 10 µm and subspherical polar capsules measuring 4.7 (length) x 3.9 (width) µm. 18S rDNA sequences are available on GenBank under the accession numbers JX431511, JX431510, AF378345.
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As with many other mosses, Sphagnum species disperse spores through the wind. The tops of spore capsules are only about 1 cm above ground, and where wind is weak. As the spherical spore capsule dries, the operculum is forced off, followed by a cloud of spores. The exact mechanism has traditionally attributed to a "pop gun" method using air compressed in the capsule, reaching a maximum velocity of 3.6 meters per second, but alternative mechanisms have been recently proposed.
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When viewed in mass, as in a spore print, the spores generally appear yellow, although a Korean population with a light pink spore mass has been observed. Viewed with a light microscope, the spores are hyaline or pale yellow, elliptical, and visibly pitted. Electron microscopy or atomic force microscopy reveals the pits, or pores, to be an elaborate net-like structure called a reticulum. There are two to three such pores per micrometer, each approximately 400 nanometers deep.
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M. membranacea has become an invasive species in many places, and is believed to have a potentially negative impact on marine ecosystems by limiting the ability of seaweeds to reproduce, specifically by interfering with spore release from the kelp blade. The colonies of this bryozoan are also known to interrupt nutrient uptake by seaweed.Saier, B. and A. S. Chapman (2004). Crusts of the alien bryozoan Membranipora membranacea can negatively impact spore output from native kelps (Laminaria longicruris).
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Viewed in deposit, like with a spore print, the basidiospores of A. aestivalis are white. Examination with a microscope reveals further details: they are roughly spherical, hyaline (translucent) and thin-walled, with dimensions of 7.8–8.8 μm. The spores are amyloid, meaning that they will absorb iodine when stained with Melzer's reagent and appear blue to blackish-blue. The spore-bearing cells, the basidia, are four-spored, thin-walled, and measure 32–60 long by 4–13 μm thick.
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Spore mats are the fruiting bodies of the oak wilt fungus and, when ripening or sporulating, can spread disease overland. Overland spread of oak wilt from white oaks is not a problem because white oak group trees rarely produce spore mats. When infected, oaks in the red oak group die over the course of a single summer. These oaks typically die from the top of the tree down as leaves become a bronze color and fall off the tree.
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Promicromonospora flava is a Gram-positive and non-spore-forming bacterium from the genus of Promicromonospora which has been isolated from sediments from the Baltic Sea at the Kiel Bay in Germany.
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Nocardioides baekrokdamisoli is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, short-rod- shaped and non-motile bacterium from the genus Nocardioides which has been isolated from sediments from the Baekrodam lake in Korea.
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Martelella endophytica is a Gram-negative, aerobic, non-spore-forming, non- motile bacteria from the genus of Martelella which was isolated from the plant Rosa rugosa on the Namhae Island in Korea.
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Nocardioides ginsengisegetis is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped and non-spore- forming bacterium from the genus of Nocardioides which has been isolated from soil from a ginseng field in Pocheon in Korea.
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Nocardioides ginsengisoli is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped and non-spore-forming bacterium from the genus of Nocardioides which has been isolated from soil from a ginseng field in Pocheon in Korea.
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Salirhabdus euzebyi is a Gram-positive, spore-forming, aerobic, halotolerant and motile bacterium from the genus of Salipaludibacillus which has been isolated from sea salt from the island of Sal in Portugal.
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Pseudomonas jinjuensis is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, motile, single polar flagellated, yellow-white, rod bacterium isolated from soil in the Jinju Region of Korea. The type strain is LMG 21317.
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Pseudonocardia tetrahydrofuranoxydans is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped and non- spore-forming bacterium from the genus of Pseudonocardia which has been isolated from water from a waste water treatment plant in Germany.
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Tepidibacillus fermentans is a Gram-positive, moderately thermophilic, spore- forming and motile bacterium from the genus of Tepidibacillus which has been isolated from an underground gas storage in Severo-Stavropolskoye in Russia.
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Marinobacter lacisalsi is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, aerobic and moderately halophilic bacterium from the genus of Marinobacter which has been isolated from the lake from Fuente de Piedra in Spain.
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Marinobacter segnicrescens is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, ellipsoid- shaped, moderately halophilic and motile bacterium from the genus of Marinobacter which has been isolated from sediments from the South China Sea.
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The stem is whitish in color, and is hollow, hairy (flocculose) over the whole surface but especially at lower part, and becomes smooth (glabrous) with age. The spore print is violet-black.
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The Dermacoccaceae is a family of bacteria placed within the order of Actinomycetales. Bacteria af this familia are Gram-positive, non-spore-forming and non-motile. Dermacoccaceae bacteria occur on the skin.
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Near the top of the stalk is a pinched-off zone covered with unpleasant-smelling slimy spore mass called gleba. The gleba attracts insects like stingless bees that help disseminate the spores.
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Shimia sagamensis is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming, aerobic and motile bacterium from the genus of Shimia which has been isolated from sediments from the Sagami Bay in Japan.
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Aeromonas fluvialis is a Gram-negative, oxidase- and catalase-positive, facultatively anaerobic, non-spore-forming bacterium of the genus Aeromonas isolated from water from the Muga River in Girona in northeastern Spain.
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Gemmobacter fontiphilus is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Gemmobacter which has been isolated from a freshwater spring from Taiwan.
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Hyphae are coenocytic and produce sporangiophores covered in calcium oxalate. Sporangiophores give rise to pedicellate, unispored sporangia. In many cases, the wall of the sporangium and the spore have fused.Kendrick, Bryce. 2000.
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Spore germination in fire moss is a two-phase process. Spores first swell then distend.Olesen, Peter; Mogensen, Gert Steen. 1978. Ultrastructure, histochemistry and notes on germination stages of spores in selected mosses.
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Propionicimonas paludicola is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, pleomorphic and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Propionicimonas which has been isolated from plant residue from rice field soil on Japan.
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A beautiful and rewarding plant but in colder regions it is strictly for the more dedicated of enthusiasts. It is easily grown from spore and can be very fast growing when young.
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Roseovarius aquimarinus is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic and motile bacterium from the genus of Roseovarius which has been isolated from seawater from Jeju Island in Korea.
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Verrucosispora gifhornensis is a member of the actinobacterial family Micromonosporaceae, being the type species of its genus. It is Gram-positive, aerobic and spore-forming, with type strain HR1-2T (= DSM 44337T).
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The stipe is long and is stuffed or hollow. The veil is soft and white. The spore print is dark purplish to nearly black. The species fruits in the spring and fall.
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Aeromicrobium ginsengisoli is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming and non- motile bacterium from the genus of Aeromicrobium which has been isolated from soil from a ginseng field in Daejeon in Korea.
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Desulfatibacillum alkenivorans is an alkene-degrading, sulfate-reducing, Gram- negative, non-spore-forming and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Desulfatibacillum which has been isolated from oil polluted sediments in France.
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Thus, outcrossing, promoted by the necessity for union of opposite mating types, likely provides the benefit of masking recessive mutations that would otherwise be deleterious to sexual spore formation (see Complementation (genetics)).
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Marivita hallyeonensis is a Gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped, non-spore- forming and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Marivita which has been isolated from seawater from Geoje-do in Korea.
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Four varieties of P. pusio are known, which differ in their sizes, spore morphology, and distribution. The genus is known to occur in Australia and New Zealand, Venezuela, Madagascar, and New Caledonia.
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Ancylomarina psychrotolerans is a Gram-negative, anaerobic, non-spore-forming and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Ancylomarina which has been isolated from sediments from the Fildes Peninsula in the Antarctica.
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Pseudokineococcus marinus is a Gram-positive, aerobic, non-spore-forming and motile bacterium from the genus of Pseudokineococcus which has been isolated from marine sediments from the coast of Jeju in Korea.
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Chryseobacterium artocarpi is a Gram-negative and non-spore-forming bacteria from the genus of Chryseobacterium which has been isolated from rhizosphere soil from the tree Artocarpus integer. Chryseobacterium artocarpi produces flexirubin.
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The spore print is white. Mycena leaiana var. australis is a variety of Mycena leaiana found in Australia and New Zealand. In all but the color it is similar to M. leaiana.
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Arenimonas daechungensis is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Arenimonas which has been isolated from sediments from the Daechung Reservoir in Korea.
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Paenisporosarcina indica is a psychrophilic, Gram-positive, aerobic, spore- forming and rod-shaped bacterium from the genus of Paenisporosarcina which has been isolated from soil near the Pindari glacier in the Himalayas.
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Flavobacterium caeni is a Gram-negative, heterotrophic, non-spore-forming, aerobic and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Flavobacterium which has been isolated from activated sludge from a sequencing batch reactor.
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Chryseomicrobium imtechense is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped, strictly aerobic, non-spore-forming and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Chryseomicrobium which has been isolated from seawater from Bengal in India.
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Mycetocola miduiensis is a Gram-positive, aerobic, psychrotolerant and non- spore-forming bacterium from the genus of Mycetocola which has been isolated from soil from the Midui glacier from the Tibet Province.
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Equisetum debile vegetatively propagates by the splitting of rhizome. Spore formation occurs in June to July. After dispersal, spores germinate within a few days at humid condition. Gametophytes reproduce protogynous reproduction i.e.
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The spores are brownish when they are young. The spore print is dark olive brown to brown. The species stains fingers blue. Suillus variegatus and suillus reticulatus are similar to this species.
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Flavobacterium aquicola is a Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic and non- spore-forming bacterium from the genus of Flavobacterium which has been isolated from water from the Tamagawa River in Atsugi in Japan.
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Thus, outcrossing, promoted by the necessity for union of opposite mating types, likely provides the benefit of masking recessive mutations that would otherwise be deleterious to sexual spore formation (see Complementation (genetics)).
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Methylobacter tundripaludum is a methane-oxidizing bacterium. It is Gram- negative, rod-shaped, non-motile, non-spore forming, with type strain SV96T (=DSM 17260T =ATCC BAA-1195T). Its genome has been sequenced.
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Nocardioides marinquilinus is a Gram-positive, strictly aerobic, non-spore- forming, short rod-shaped and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Nocardioides which has been isolated from coastal seawater in Korea.
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Microbacterium neimengense is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Microbacterium which has been isolated from rhizosphere of a maize-plant in China.
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Basidia (spore-bearing cells) are club-shaped, measuring 34.4–48.8 by 9.6–12.8 µm, with sterigmata up to 6 µm long. The specific epithet derives from the Aboriginal word moonga, meaning "dark".
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Nocardioides panacisoli is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming and rod-shaped bacterium from the genus of Nocardioides which has been isolated from soil from a ginseng field in Pocheon in Korea.
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Microvirga pakistanensis is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, strictly aerobic and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Microvirga which has been isolated from desert soil from Cholistan desert in Pakistan.
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Aquibacter zeaxanthinifaciens is a Gram-negative, zeaxanthin-producing, strictly aerobic, rod-shaped and non-spore-forming bacterium from the genus of Aquibacter which has been isolated from seawater near Taichung in Taiwan.
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Yaniella flava is a Gram-negative, aerobic, non-spore-forming and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Yaniella which has been isolated from saline soil from the Qinghai Province in China.
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Desulfovibrio burkinensis is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming and sulfate- reducing bacterium from the genus of Desulfovibrio which has been isolated from soil from a ricefield in Burkina Faso in Africa.
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Nocardioides salsibiostraticola is a Gram-positive, aerobic, non-spore-forming and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Nocardioides which has been isolated from biofilm from coastal seawater from the Norwegian Sea.
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Pseudohongiella acticola is a Gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped, non-spore- forming and motile bacterium from the genus of Pseudohongiella which has been isolated from seawater from the East Sea in Korea.
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Solimonas aquatica is a Gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming and motile bacterium from the genus of Solimonas which has been isolated from a water spring from Kaohsiung in Taiwan.
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Porphyrobacter donghaensis is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, slightly halophilic and motile bacteria from the genus of Porphyrobacter which has been isolated from the Sea of Japan (East Sea) in Korea.
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Anseongella ginsenosidimutans is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped and non-spore- forming bacterium from the genus of Anseongella which has been isolated from soil from a ginseng field in Pocheon in Korea.
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Pseudoxanthomonas koreensis is a species of Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped bacteria, first isolated from ginseng fields. T7-09(T) (=KCTC 12208(T) =IAM 15116(T)) is the type strain.
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Pseudoxanthomonas daejeonensis is a species of Gram-negative, non-spore- forming, rod-shaped bacteria, first isolated from ginseng fields. TR6-08(T) (=KCTC 12207(T)=IAM 15115(T)) is the type strain.
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A drop of dilute potassium hydroxide (KOH) stains the cap, stem, and flesh reddish brown; sometimes, the stem does not stain or stains slightly yellowish red. The spore print is blackish violet.
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Phenylobacterium terrae is a Gram negative, aerobic, non-spore-forming, rod- shaped and motile bacterium from the genus of Phenylobacterium which has been isolated from soil from Khyber Pakhtun Khwa in Pakistan.
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Ferrimonas balearica is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic bacterium from the genus of Ferrimonas which has been isolated from sediments from the harbor of Palma de Mallorca in Spain.
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Agarivorans aestuarii is a Gram-negative, aerobic, non-spore-forming, rod- shaped and motile bacterium from the genus of Agarivorans which has been isolated from seawater from the Asan Bay in Korea.
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Agarivorans litoreus is a Gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped, non-spore- forming and motile bacterium from the genus of Agarivorans which has been isolated from seawater from the Geoje Island in Korea.
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Fictibacillus halophilus is a moderately halophilic, Gram-positive, spore- forming and motile bacterium from the genus of Fictibacillus which has been isolated from microbial mat from a hot spring in Manikaran in India.
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Xylanibacterium is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming and small rod-shaped bacterial genus from the family of Promicromonosporaceae. Up to now there is only one species of this genus known (Xylanibacterium ulmi).
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Lachnoanaerobaculum orale is a Gram-positive, saccharolytic, non-proteolytic, anaerobic and spore-forming bacterium from the genus of Lachnoanaerobaculum which has been isolated from the saliva from a man in Stockholm in Sweden.
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Nocardioides intraradicalis is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming and non- motile bacterium from the genus Nocardioides which has been isolated from the roots of the plant Psammosilene tunicoides from Gejiu in China.
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Hymenobacter terrenus is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, short rod-shaped and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Hymenobacter. It has been isolated from biological soil crusts from Liangcheng, Inner Mongolia.
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Hymenobacter qilianensis is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Hymenobacter which has been isolated from the permafrost region of Qilian Mountains in China.
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The septins act as a scaffold, recruiting many proteins. These protein complexes are involved in cytokinesis, chitin deposition, cell polarity, spore formation, in the morphogenesis checkpoint, spindle alignment checkpoint and bud site selection.
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Secretion of strigolactone is known to stimulate spore germination and Myc factor production in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. The microbial community can also manipulate phytohormone function or the production of specific phytohormones in plants.
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Virgibacillus xinjiangensis is a Gram-positive, moderately halophilic spore forming and strictly aerobic bacterium from the genus of Virgibacillus which has been isolated from a salt lake from the Xinjiang Province in China.
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Salirhabdus salicampi is a Gram-positive, halotolerant, spore-forming, aerobic and motile bacterium from the genus of Salipaludibacillus which has been isolated from soil from a saltern from the Bigeum Island in Korea.
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Flavobacterium defluvii is a Gram-negative and non-spore-forming bacterium from the genus of Flavobacterium which has been isolated from activated sludge from a municipal wastewater treatment plant in Pohang in Korea.
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Curvibacter lanceolatus is a Gram-negative, nonmotile, non-spore-forming bacterium from the genus Curvibacter and family Comamonadaceae, which was isolated from well water.. Colonies of C. lanceolatus are yellow–brown in color.
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Lecanoromycetes is the largest class of lichenized fungi. It belongs to the subphylum Pezizomycotina in the phylum Ascomycota. The asci (spore-bearing cells) of the Lecanoromycetes most often release spores by rostrate dehiscence.
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A sporeling is a young plant or fungus produced by a germinated spore, similar to a seedling derived from a germinated seed. They occur in algae, fungi, lichens, bryophytes and seedless vascular plants.
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The coccidian parasites that infect L. canarium belong to the genus Pseudoklossia. These spore-forming, single-celled microorganisms infest the hosts' kidney cells, and the digestive ducts and tubules of its digestive gland.
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Clostridium chartatabidumlpsn.dsmz.de, list of prokaryotic names with standing nomenclature. is a strictly anaerobic and spore-forming bacterium from the genus of Clostridium which has been isolated from an ovine rumen in New Zealand.
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Microbacterium saccharophilums is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, rod- shaped and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Microbacterium which has been isolated from soil from a sucrose-refining factory in Japan.
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Tepidibacillus infernus is an aerotolerant anaerobic, organotrophic, spore- forming and moderately thermophilic bacterium from the genus of Tepidibacillus which has been isolated from microbial mat from the TauTona Gold Mine in South Africa.
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Oricola cellulosilytica is a Gram-negative, strictly aerobic, non-spore- forming, cellulose-degrading and motile bacterium from the genus of Oricola which has been isolated from water from the Hualien River on Taiwan.
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Marmoricola ginsengisoli is a Gram-positive, aerobic, non-spore-forming and rod-shaped bacterium from the genus of Marmoricola which has been isolated from soil from a ginseng field in Pocheon on Korea.
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Marmoricola pocheonensis is a Gram-positive, aerobic, non-spore-forming and rod-shaped bacterium from the genus of Marmoricola which has been isolated from soil from a ginseng field from Pocheon on Korea.
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Microbulbifer salipaludis is a moderate halophilic bacteria. It is Gram- negative, non-motile, non-spore-forming and rod-shaped. The type strain of the species is strain SM-1T (=KCCM 41586T =JCM 11542T).
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