Although the distribution of the line-cheeked spinetail does not overlap with other Cranioleuca, it may be found in the same areas as the ash-browed spinetail (C. curtata) in montane valleys. However, the ash-browed spinetail has a less visible grey supercilium and tends to forage higher up in the canopy. The line-cheeked spinetail may also be confused with the red-faced spinetail (C.
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The Madagascan spinetail or Malagasy spinetail (Zoonavena grandidieri) is a species of swift in the family Apodidae. It is found in Comoros, Madagascar, and Mayotte.
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Historically considered a subspecies of the South American rusty-backed spinetail, The NACC of the AOU recognized the species status for the Coiba spinetail based on differences in habitat, voice, and plumage, and the large distance between the range of it and the rusty-backed spinetail.
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Pinto's spinetail (Synallaxis infuscata) is a species of bird in the family Furnariidae. It is also known as the plain spinetail, Alagoas spinetail or tatac. It is endemic to north-eastern Brazil. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest, subtropical or tropical moist shrubland, and plantations.
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Spix's spinetail (Synallaxis spixi), also known as the Chicli spinetail, is a bird in the ovenbird family. It is found in Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay. The common name commemorates the German naturalist Johann Baptist von Spix (1782-1826).
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The necklaced spinetail (Synallaxis stictothorax) is a species of ovenbird in the family Furnariidae. Found in Ecuador and Peru, its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry shrubland. The form Synallaxis (stictothorax) chinchipensis is sometimes split as a separate species, the Chinchipe spinetail.
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The necklaced spinetail is native to Ecuador and northern Peru. The Chinchipe spinetail inhabits the drainage of the Marañón River. The natural habitat of both is the borders of deciduous forest and arid scrub at altitudes of less than above sea level.
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Parker's spinetail (Cranioleuca vulpecula) or the white-breasted spinetail, is a species of bird in the family Furnariidae. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, and Peru. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest and subtropical or tropical moist shrubland.
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The spinetail devil ray (Mobula japonica), also known as the spinetail mobula ray or japanese mobula ray, is a species of pelagic marine fish which belongs to the family Mobulidae. It is found throughout the tropical and sub-tropical waters of the Indo-Pacific and eastern Atlantic Ocean.
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Baobabs are important as nest sites for birds, in particular the mottled spinetail and four species of weaver.
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The Bolivian spinetail or Inquisivi spinetail (Cranioleuca henricae) is a species of bird in the family Furnariidae, which was discovered in 1993 near Inquisivi, in the department of La Paz. It is endemic to Bolivia. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forest and plantations. It is threatened by habitat loss.
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Azara's spinetail (Synallaxis azarae) is a species of bird in the family Furnariidae, named after Spanish naturalist Félix de Azara.
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A new species of spinetail (Furnariidae: Synallaxis) from the río Orinoco of Venezuela. The Auk, 126(3), pp.485-492.
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Endangered birds include the red-fronted macaw (Ara rubrogenys) and Bolivian spinetail (Cranioleuca henricae). Endangered amphibians include the frog Telmatobius sibiricus.
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Softtails are closely related to Cranioleuca spinetails and the generic limits between these two genera were not clear in the past. For example, the Russet-mantled Softtail, despite its English name, is a true Cranioleuca spinetail, and the speckled spinetail turned out to be part of Thripophaga. Previous speculations suggesting a close relationship between Thripophaga and Phacellodomus were disproved.
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Cassin's spinetail (Neafrapus cassini) is a species of swift in the family Apodidae. It is found throughout the African tropical rainforest (including Bioko).
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These include Angolan pitta, grey parrot, wrinkled hornbill, fish eagle, hawks, woodpeckers, great owl, grey hornbill, cattle egret, black-casqued hornbill, yellow-casqued hornbill, Sabine's spinetail, Cassin's spinetail, black spinetail, white-breasted negrofinch, chestnut-breasted negrofinch, pale-fronted negrofinch and yellow- throated cuckoo. Terrestrial molluscs seem exceptionally vulnerable to extinction, and low diversity may indicate subtle environmental problems. A survey of land molluscs in a small area of the forest found 46 species in 11 molluscan families, of which Streptaxidae snails accounted for over a third. This is much lower diversity than has been found in Cameroon and Sabah.
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Other birds include the plain- winged antwren (Myrmotherula behni), dusky spinetail (Synallaxis moesta), lemon-throated barbet (Eubucco richardsoni) and zone-tailed hawk (Buteo albonotatus).
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Line-cheeked spinetail nest The line-cheeked spinetail is a diurnal species and vocalizes most actively at dawn and dusk to maintain their breeding territory boundaries. It is often seen singing alone in branches near the top of trees. Its calls are a variation of chippering and scolding, including a "tsi-chik". The song is a series of loud shrills, usually ending in a trill before fading.
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The red-and-white spinetail (Certhiaxis mustelinus) is a species of bird in the family Furnariidae, the ovenbirds. It is found in the Amazon Basin of Brazil and Peru; also the southern Amazon River border of Colombia and the headwaters of the Madeira River in Bolivia. Its natural habitats are rivers and swamps. The red-and-white spinetail is found along river corridors in the Amazon Basin.
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Böhm's spinetail (Neafrapus boehmi), also known as the bat-like spinetail, is a species of swift in the family Apodidae. It is found in Angola, Botswana, DRC, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Somalia, South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. It occurs in the vicinity of Baobab trees and nests in cavities in the trees. The name of this bird commemorates the German zoologist Richard Böhm.
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Cabanis's spinetail (Synallaxis cabanisi) is a species of bird in the family Furnariidae. The common name and Latin binomial commemorates the German ornithologist Jean Louis Cabanis.
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Threatened animal species associated with this forest include the Araucaria Tit-Spinetail (Leptasthenura setaria), the Brown Howling Monkey (Alouatta guariba), and the Vinaceous Amazon (Amazona vinacea).
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The scaled spinetail (Cranioleuca muelleri) is a species of bird in the family Furnariidae. It is endemic to Brazil. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical swampland.
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Four bird species in the IUCN's red list occur in Cantão: the chestnut-bellied guan, the crowned solitary eagle, the bananal antbird, and the Araguaia spinetail. The last two are endemic to the middle Araguaia. The bananal antbird occurs in igapó forest, and the Araguaia spinetail is a river island specialist. The park is also important habitat for ten nearctic migratory bird species, including the peregrine falcon and the osprey.
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The pallid spinetail (Cranioleuca pallida) is a species of bird in the family Furnariidae. It is endemic to Brazil. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forest.
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The grey-headed spinetail (Cranioleuca semicinerea) is a species of bird in the family Furnariidae. It is endemic to Brazil. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry forests.
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The Marcapata spinetail (Cranioleuca marcapatae) is a species of bird in the family Furnariidae. It is endemic to Peru. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forest.
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There are two recognized subspecies, which are in reality a gradient in morphology and plumage from one extreme to the other. The IUCN Red List conservation status is rated as Least Concern, as the line-cheeked spinetail is common along its range and is presumably stable. However, since it is arboreal, the line-cheeked spinetail is vulnerable to deforestation. Yet, it is relatively tolerant to human disturbance and does well in successional vegetation.
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The rufous spinetail (Synallaxis unirufa) is a species of bird in the family Furnariidae. It is found in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.
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The line-cheeked spinetail is a mid-sized spinetail, weighing 15–18 g and reaching 14.5 cm long. Like other spinetails in the genus Cranioleuca, it has a long graduated tail and a relatively long bill that curves downward slightly. It has a rufous crown; with a well-defined white supercilium; a pale throat; and some streaking on its ear coverts. It is brown to olive-grey above; with a greyish brown breast and belly; and rufous tail and wings.
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Birds include the threatened white-crested guan (Penelope pileata), hyacinth macaw (Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus) and chestnut-throated spinetail (Synallaxis cherriei) . Protected species in the park include the jaguar (Panthera onca) and giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis).
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The light-crowned spinetail (Cranioleuca albiceps) is a species of bird in the family Furnariidae. It is found in Bolivia and eastern Peru, where its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.
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The ash-browed spinetail (Cranioleuca curtata) is a species of bird in the family Furnariidae. It is found in Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forest.
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Stripe-breasted spinetail is an insectivore which is often difficult to see as it forages in undergrowth, but may be located by its calls, a querulous chew or a high-pitched nasal keep gcing.
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The silvery-throated spinetail (Synallaxis subpudica) is a species of bird in the family Furnariidae. It is endemic to Colombia. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests and heavily degraded former forest.
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The Bahia spinetail (Synallaxis cinerea) is a species of bird in the family Furnariidae. It is endemic to Brazil. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.
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The Apurímac spinetail (Synallaxis courseni) is a species of bird in the family Furnariidae. It is endemic to Peru. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.
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The russet-bellied spinetail (Synallaxis zimmeri) is a species of bird in the family Furnariidae. It is endemic to Peru. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland. It is threatened by habitat loss.
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The tepui spinetail (Cranioleuca demissa) is a species of bird in the family Furnariidae. It is found in Venezuela and adjacent areas of Roraima and Guyana. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.
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The yellow-chinned spinetail (Certhiaxis cinnamomeus) is a passerine bird found in the tropical New World from Trinidad and Colombia south to Argentina and Uruguay. It is a member of the South American bird family Furnariidae.
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The silver-rumped spinetail (Rhaphidura leucopygialis) is a species of swift in the family Apodidae. It is found in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, and Thailand. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.
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The white-browed tit-spinetail (Leptasthenura xenothorax) is a species of bird in the family Furnariidae. It is endemic to Peru. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forest. It is threatened by habitat loss.
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The hoary-throated spinetail (Synallaxis kollari) is a bird species in the family Furnariidae. It is found in Brazil and Guyana. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.
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The dusky spinetail (Synallaxis moesta) is a species of bird in the family Furnariidae. It is found in Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and heavily degraded former forest.
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Similar to the ruddy spinetail, The species actively "hops" and forages on the ground. It nests in tree cavities at ground level. They will often cock and lower their tail at times.Steven L. Hilty, Bill Brown 1985.
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The rusty-backed spinetail (Cranioleuca vulpina) is a Neotropical species of bird in the Furnariidae (ovenbird) family. The taxon from Panama is considered a separate species, the Coiba spinetail (C. dissita). It is found in most of central and northern South America and southern Central America including Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Panama, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist shrubland and is most commonly found in dense undergrowth or vine covered forests Ridgely, R. S.; Gwynne, J. A. 1989.
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Unlike the related ovenbirds, the yellow-chinned spinetail constructs a large spherical stick nest, usually low in a mangrove or other marsh vegetation. The tubular entrance tunnel rises almost vertically from the base to the top of the nest. The normal clutch is three, sometimes four, greenish white eggs. This spinetail is parasitised by the striped cuckoo (Tapera naevia), which lays one or two eggs in the nest, but it is not known how the cuckoo enters the nest or whether it or its offspring eject the host's young.
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The rusty-crowned tit-spinetail (Leptasthenura pileata) is a species of bird in the family Furnariidae. It is endemic to Peru. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forest and subtropical or tropical high- altitude shrubland.
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The white-lored spinetail (Synallaxis albilora) is a species of bird in the family Furnariidae. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, and Paraguay. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and heavily degraded former forest.
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The black-throated spinetail (Synallaxis castanea) is a species of bird in the family Furnariidae. It is found in the Venezuelan Coastal Range. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests and heavily degraded former forest.
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The ruddy spinetail (Synallaxis rutilans) is a species of bird in the family Furnariidae. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.
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The dark-breasted spinetail (Synallaxis albigularis) is a species of bird in the family Furnariidae. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist shrubland and heavily degraded former forest.
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Global Ecology and Biogeography, 19(5), 589-606. Common birds include Black-crested Antshrike (Sakesphorus canadensis), Rufous-browed Peppershrike (Cyclarhis gujanensis), Straight- billed Woodcreeper (Xiphorhynchus picus), White-whiskered Spinetail (Synallaxis candei), Trinidad Euphonia (Euphonia trinitatis), Scrub Greenlet (Hylophilus flavipes).
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The brown-capped tit-spinetail (Leptasthenura fuliginiceps) is a species of bird in the family Furnariidae. It is found in Argentina and Bolivia. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests and subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland.
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Distribution. The streak-backed tit-spinetail (Leptasthenura striata) is a species of bird in the family Furnariidae. It is found in Chile and Peru. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forest and subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland.
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The white- whiskered spinetail has a grayish-brown crown with sides of head black as well as a "whisker" stripe on both sides of face; as well as a mostly-brown head. Cinnamon rufous sides and breast and a white underbelly.
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The Río Orinoco spinetail (Synallaxis beverlyae) is a species of bird in the family Furnariidae. It's found from river island scrub in the lower and middle sections of the main channel of the Río Orinoco in Venezuela and adjacent Colombia.
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The creamy-crested spinetail (Cranioleuca albicapilla) is a species of bird in the family Furnariidae. It is endemic to Peru. Northeast of Cusco - Peru Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests and subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland.
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A nest masquerading as debris. The red-faced spinetail (Cranioleuca erythrops) is a species of bird in the family Furnariidae. It is found in Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, and Panama. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forest.
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The red-faced spinetail measures long. The bird is named for its distinctive rufous cheeks and crown. The wings are also rufous. The back and nape are dark olive-brown, while the rest of the underparts are light olive-brown.
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The Coiba spinetail (Cranioleuca dissita) is a Furnariid endemic to Coiba Island, Panama. This primarily arboreal species is fairly common within its range. Despite this, it may be considered vulnerable due to its small range. It is not rated by IUCN.
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The black spinetail (Telacanthura melanopygia) is a species of swift in the family Apodidae. It is found in Angola, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Gabon, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria, and Sierra Leone.
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The São Tomé spinetail (Zoonavena thomensis) is a species of swift in the family Apodidae. It is endemic to São Tomé and Príncipe.BirdLife International, Species Factsheet Zoonavena thomensis, accessed 17 January 2019 The species was described by Ernst Hartert on 1900.
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The spinetail mobula ray has a pelagic lifestyle and has been observed both alone and in groups. It feeds on zooplankton by filtering sea water. As all Mobulidae, species is ovoviviparous. After mating, the fertilized eggs develop within the female's oviduct.
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The stripe-breasted spinetail (Synallaxis cinnamomea) is a passerine bird found in the tropical New World in Trinidad, Tobago, Colombia and Venezuela. This species is a fairly common resident breeder in hill forest, and in Tobago also occurs in lowland and scrub habitats. It is a member of the South American bird family Furnariidae, a group in which many species build elaborate clay nests, giving rise to the English name for the family of "ovenbirds". However, stripe-breasted spinetail constructs a spherical stick nest with a tubular entrance low in a bush, into which its two greenish white eggs are laid.
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Endangered amphibians include the painted frog (Atelopus pachydermus). There is a high level of endemism among birds, with 22 species of restricted-range, of which 11 are endemic. Endangered birds include the yellow-bellied seedeater (Sporophila nigricollis) and Marañón spinetail (Synallaxis maranonica).
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The speckled spinetail (Cranioleuca gutturata) is a species of bird in the family Furnariidae. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical swamps.
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The streak-capped spinetail (Cranioleuca hellmayri) is a species of bird in the family Furnariidae. It is endemic to the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forest and heavily heavily degraded former forest former forest.
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The region is well known for the many species of birds, with 437 recorded to date, which attract many foreign birdwatchers. Endemic bird species include the endangered or threatened slender antbird (Rhopornis ardesiacus), Bahia spinetail (Synallaxis whitneyi) and Bahia tyrannulet (Phylloscartes beckeri).
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The tufted tit-spinetail (Leptasthenura platensis) is a species of bird in the family Furnariidae. It is found in Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, and subtropical or tropical moist shrubland.
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The Araucaria tit-spinetail (Leptasthenura setaria) is a species of bird in the family Furnariidae. It is found in Argentina and Brazil. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forest and plantations. It is tightly associated with Araucaria angustifolia ("parana pine") forest.
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The rufous-capped spinetail (Synallaxis ruficapilla) is a species of bird in the family Furnariidae. It is found in the southern Atlantic Forest. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest, subtropical or tropical moist montane forest, and heavily degraded former forest.
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The blackish-headed spinetail (Synallaxis tithys) is a species of bird in the family Furnariidae. It is found in Ecuador and Peru. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests, subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, and pastureland. It is threatened by habitat loss.
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McConnell's spinetail (Synallaxis macconnelli) is a species of bird in the family Furnariidae. It is found in Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, and Venezuela. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, and heavily degraded former forest.
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The bay-capped wren-spinetail (Spartonoica maluroides) is a species of bird in the family Furnariidae. It is monotypic within the genus Spartonoica. It is found in mid-northern Argentina, Uruguay and extreme southeastern Brazil. Its natural habitats are swamps and intermittent saline marshes.
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The sooty-fronted spinetail (Synallaxis frontalis) is a species of bird in the family Furnariidae. It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests, subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, and heavily degraded former forest.
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Sexes are similar, but the race josephinae has grey on the forecrown, face sides and chest. The pale- breasted spinetail is an insectivore which is difficult to see as it forages deep in thickets, but may be located by its buzzy repetitive wait'here song.
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The pale-breasted spinetail (Synallaxis albescens), is a passerine bird which breeds in the tropical New World from Costa Rica to Uruguay, and in Trinidad. It is a member of the South American bird family Furnariidae, a group in which many species build elaborate clay nests, giving rise to the English name for the family of "ovenbirds". However, the pale-breasted spinetail constructs a spherical stick nest with a 30 cm long tubular entrance low in a bush, into which its two greenish white eggs are laid. This species is a widespread and common resident breeder in a range of grassy and scrub habitats.
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The white-browed spinetail (Hellmayrea gularis) is a species of bird in the family Furnariidae. It is the only member of the genus Hellmayrea. It is found in South America from north-western Venezuela to central Peru. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.
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The plain-crowned spinetail (Synallaxis gujanensis) is a species of bird in the family Furnariidae. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and heavily degraded former forest.
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The rusty-headed spinetail (Synallaxis fuscorufa) is a species of bird in the family Furnariidae. It is endemic to the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests and heavily degraded former forest. It is threatened by habitat loss.
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Sabine's spinetail (Rhaphidura sabini) is a species of swift in the family Apodidae. It is found in Angola, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Togo, and Uganda.
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The Andean tit-spinetail (Leptasthenura andicola) is a species of bird in the family Furnariidae. It is found in Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forest, subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland, and subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland.
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The tawny tit-spinetail (Sylviorthorhynchus yanacensis) is a species of bird in the family Furnariidae. It is found in Peru, Bolivia and far northwestern Argentina. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests and subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland. It is threatened by habitat loss.
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The necklaced spinetail is a fairly common bird within its rather restricted range. The total number of birds has not been estimated but the population trend seems to be stable so the International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed its conservation status as being of "least concern".
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The Marañón spinetail (Synallaxis maranonica) is a species of bird in the family Furnariidae. It is found in Ecuador and Peru. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests, subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, and subtropical or tropical dry shrubland. It is threatened by habitat loss.
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The white-rumped spinetail or white-rumped needletail (Zoonavena sylvatica) is a species of swift found in the forests of Bangladesh, India (the Western Ghats) and Nepal. It is often seen over waterbodies in the middle of forest. It can resemble a house swift but has a white vent.
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The cinereous-breasted spinetail (Synallaxis hypospodia) is a species of bird in the family Furnariidae. The term cinereous describes its colouration. It is found in northern Bolivia, Brazil and far southeastern Peru. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical seasonally wet or flooded lowland grassland and heavily degraded former forest.
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The pale- breasted spinetail is typically 16.5 cm long, and weighs 15 g. It is a slender bird with a medium long tail. The upperparts plumage is mainly pale brown, with darker wings and tail and rufous crown and shoulder patches. The throat and underparts are whitish with browner flanks.
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The stripe-crowned spinetail (Cranioleuca pyrrhophia) is a species of bird in the family Furnariidae. It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forest and subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest. The species shows considerable plumage variation following Gloger's rule.
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The stripe-breasted spinetail is typically 14 cm long, and weighs 16 g. It is a slender bird with a longish tail. The upperparts and head are dark brown, and the wings are chestnut. The throat is white streaked with black, and the rest of the underparts are dark-streaked buff.
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The olive spinetail (Cranioleuca obsoleta) is a species of bird in the family Furnariidae. It is found in northeastern Argentina, southern Brazil, and eastern Paraguay. Its natural habitats are temperate forests and subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. It is known to hybridize with Cranioleuca pyrrhophia in Southern Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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The yellow-chinned spinetail is found in all contiguous regions of Brazil, except specific parts of the Amazon Basin. In northern South America, the species is mainly found along the coast, in a continuous coastal strip that extends from the mouth of the Amazon River's mouth through northern Brazil's Amapá state, the Guianas - extending to the headwaters of the south-flowing Branco River in the north central of Brazil's Roraima state as it borders the Guiana Highlands -, Venezuela, where its range extends more widely inland along the Orinoco River, to northern Colombia where it ranges up the Madeira River valley beyond the Serranía de las Quinchas.Laverde-R. et al. (2005) Further south, like its sister species, the red-and-white spinetail (C.
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The red-shouldered spinetail (Synallaxis hellmayri) is a species of bird in the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is endemic to the Caatinga region of north-eastern Brazil. It is threatened by habitat loss. This species was formerly considered monotypic within the genus Gyalophylax but molecular phylogenetic studies show that it is embedded within Synallaxis.
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The necklaced spinetail is about long. The forehead is marked with black and white, and there is a white streak above the eye. The upper parts of the body, the wings and the tail are reddish brown. The flanks are buff and the tail feathers have blackish centres giving the tail a bicoloured effect.
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The white-whiskered spinetail (Synallaxis candei) is a species of bird in the family Furnariidae. It is found in Colombia and Venezuela. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests and subtropical or tropical dry shrubland. The bird is named after Admiral Antoine Marie Ferdinand de Maussion de Candé, an explorer of South America.
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The chestnut-throated spinetail (Synallaxis cherriei) is a species of bird in the family Furnariidae. It is mainly found in the eastern Amazon Basin, with small numbers in Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and heavily degraded former forest. It is becoming rare due to habitat loss.
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The line-cheeked spinetail (Cranioleuca antisiensis) is an arboreal species of bird in the family Furnariidae. It is a common species in the Andes in Ecuador and Peru. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, woodland and scrub. It is distinguished from other species by its distribution, behaviour and white supercilium.
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The Cantão holds an ecotone between the Amazon and the cerrado, and includes species typical of both biomes. The lakes are nurseries for fish, turtles and alligators. One survey identified 317 species of birds, including the endemic bananal antbird (Cercomacra ferdinandi) and Araguaia Spinetail (Synallaxis simoni). There is a large population of jaguars (Panthera onca).
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The Itatiaia spinetail (Asthenes moreirae), also known as the Itatiaia thistletail, is a species of bird in the family Furnariidae. It was previously placed as the only member of the genus Oreophylax, however recent classification has placed it in the genus Asthenes. It is endemic to southeastern Brazil. Its common name refers to the Itatiaia region.
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The great spinetail (Synallaxis hypochondriaca) is a species of bird in the family Furnariidae. It is endemic to Peru where its natural habitat is Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation. It is threatened by habitat loss. This species was formerly considered monotypic within the genus Siptornopsis but molecular phylogenetic studies have shown that it is embedded within Synallaxis.
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It is home to the Sun parakeet (Aratinga solstitialis), Rio Branco antbird (Cercomacra carbonaria), Finsch's euphonia (Euphonia finschi), Bearded tachuri (Polystictus pectoralis) and Hoary-throated spinetail (Synallaxis kollari). The river basin has high potential for mining, agriculture, ranching, and ecotourism, and as a result there is tension between the strong Indian population and the ranchers and settlers.
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The crested spinetail (Cranioleuca subcristata) is a species of bird in the family Furnariidae in northern South America. It is found in Colombia and Venezuela. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest and subtropical or tropical moist montane forest. The species inhabits a wide variety of forest and scrub habitats below 1500 meters in elevation.
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The rufous wren could be confused with the sepia-brown wren (Cinnycerthia olivascens), but that species is less rufous and has bolder barring on wings and tail. Another similar bird is the rufous spinetail (Synallaxis unirufa), but that species has a longer tail, has no barring on wings and tail and is altogether different in voice and habits.
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In Brazil The yellow-chinned spinetail is typically 15 cm long, and weighs 15 g. It is a slender bird with a long tail. The upperparts and head are chestnut brown, and the underparts are whitish apart from the pale yellow throat. The sexes are similar, but there are several subspecies, differing in forecrown colour or upperparts tone.
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At Arroio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil The chotoy spinetail (Schoeniophylax phryganophilus) is a species of bird in the ovenbird family, the Furnariidae. It belongs to the monotypic genus Schoeniophylax. It is found in Uruguay, Paraguay, Bolivia, regions of northern Argentina, and extreme southern Brazil, including the Pantanal. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist shrubland and heavily degraded former forest.
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Tit-spinetails are small passerine birds of the genus Leptasthenura, belonging to the ovenbird family Furnariidae. They are found in South America, particularly the southern and Andean parts of the continent. They are somewhat similar to birds of the tit family in their shape and feeding behaviour, hence the first part of their name. The "spinetail" part of their name refers to their long, pointed tail feathers.
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This species often associates with mixed-species flocks. The red- faced spinetail places bits of grass and other material loosely streaming both above and below the nest chamber to break the shape of the nest and to cause it to resemble random debris without any underlying structure. This is considered as a case of protection of its nest from predators by camouflage or "masquerade".
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The mottled spinetail (Telacanthura ussheri) is a species of swift in the family Apodidae. It is found in Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.
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Wilson Bulletin, 111:437–439. Small birds, such as the Plain-mantled Tit-spinetail also fall prey to them. Lone Caracaras were also recorded to follow human vehicles that would periodically throw out scraps of food. Being opportunistic feeders, they have adapted well to living near humans and are more concentrated near cities where they are more likely to be able to feast on carrion and refuse.
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Most of the endemic birds of the Guianan highland or found on the Gran Sabana. These are mostly found in the humid forest on the foothills above . They include the tepui swift (Streptoprocne phelpsi), tepui goldenthroat (Polytmus milleri) and tepui wren (Troglodytes rufulus). Endangered birds include the sun parakeet (Aratinga solstitialis), Rio Branco antbird (Cercomacra carbonaria), yellow-bellied seedeater (Sporophila nigricollis) and hoary-throated spinetail (Synallaxis kollari).
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Among the mammals present in this wildlife sanctuary are the montane guinea pig, the vizcacha (both species inhabit the high Andean grasslands above 3700 m of elevation), the puma, the Andean fox, the white-tailed deer and the taruca. Birds present in the area include the Andean hillstar, the Andean gull, the undulated antpitta, Taczanowski's tinamou, the Andean goose, the Andean condor and the endemic Apurímac spinetail.
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The striolated tit-spinetail (Leptasthenura striolata) is a species of bird in the family Furnariidae. It is endemic to Brazil where it is commonly known as grimpeirinho or grimpeiro because it lives mostly on the canopies (grimpa in Portuguese meaning canopy) of the Araucaria angustifolia pine tree, also endemic to the southern regions of South America. Its natural habitats are temperate forest and subtropical or tropical moist shrubland.
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He was a grand officer of the Legion of Honour and commander of the Order of St. Gregory the Great. The white-whiskered spinetail (Synallaxis candei) and Candé's Manakin (Manacus candei) are named after him, as are some gastropods. The naturalist Alcide d'Orbigny named the gastropods Acteocina candei, Antillophos candei, Epitonium candeanum, Acteocina candei, Gibbula candei and Patella candei and the bivalves Diplodonta candeana and Tellina candeana after him.
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There are thirty species which belong to the genus Asthenes in the ovenbird family Furnariidae. In 2010, it was discovered that the thistletails and the Itatiaia spinetail, formerly placed in their own genera (Schizoeaca and Oreophylax, respectively), are actually part of a rapid radiation of long-tailed Asthenes. At the same time, four species, the cactus, dusky-tailed, Steinbach's and Patagonian canasteros, were split off into the new genus Pseudasthenes.
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The white-bellied spinetail (Mazaria propinqua) is a species of bird in the family Furnariidae. It is found in river islands of the western Amazon Basin. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist shrubland. This species was originally placed in the genus Synallaxis but when molecular phylogenetic studies found that it was not closely related to the other members of the genus it was moved to its own monotypic genus Mazaria.
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The plain-mantled tit-spinetail (Leptasthenura aegithaloides) is a small passerine bird of South America belonging to the ovenbird family, Furnariidae. It is a common bird across much of Chile, southern and eastern Argentina, southern Peru and western Bolivia. It occurs from 0 to 4,300 metres above sea level in a variety of habitats including arid country, open woodland, forest edge, scrub, grassland, parks and gardens. It forages among leaves and branches, searching for insects.
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Some of the mammals found in this area are: the red brocket, the Guayaquil squirrel, the neotropical otter, the white- tailed deer, the mantled howler, the white-fronted capuchin, the ocelot and the jaguar. A total of 111 bird species have been registered in the park, some of them are: the grey-backed hawk, the grey-cheeked parakeet, the blackish- headed spinetail and the slaty becard. The park is home to the endangered American crocodile.
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The Papuan spine-tailed swift (Mearnsia novaeguineae), also known as the Papuan needletail, New Guinea spine-tailed swift or Papua spinetail, is a small (11.5 cm in length), stocky swift with a short, rounded tail and very fast flight. Head and upperparts glossy blue-black, white or whitish belly and undertail coverts, dark underwing with pale central stripe. The small spines at the end of the tail are not visible in flight.
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The line-cheeked spinetail occupies a clinal distribution along the western slope of the Andes in south-west Ecuador and western Peru. A published observation of a breeding pair in Mashpi Protected Forest suggests that their distribution may extend further north in Ecuador than previously thought. However, more observations would be needed to confirm this. The tree- line along the western slope of the Andes occurs around 3000m, which is also the highest elevation that line-cheeked spinetails occur.
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Endangered birds include the scaled spinetail (Cranioleuca muelleri), green-thighed parrot (Pionites leucogaster) and yellow-bellied seedeater (Sporophila nigricollis) The waters are home to many fish and turtles, including Arrau turtle (Podocnemis expansa). The largest fish include pacu (genera Metynnis and Mylossoma), tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum), pirarucu (Arapaima gigas) and sardinha (Triportheus angulatus). Other fish include piranha (genus Serrasalmus), discus (Symphysodon aequifasciatus), cichlids, characins (family Anostomidae), tetras (genera Hemigrammus and Hyphessobrycon), and catfish (families Aspredinidae, Callichthyidae, Doradidae and Loricariidae).
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Endangered amphibians include phantasmal poison frog (Epipedobates tricolor). There are 14 orders of birds, with significant endemism. Bird species include El Oro parakeet (Pyrrhura orcesi) and white-edged oriole (Icterus graceannae). Endangered birds include grey- cheeked parakeet (Brotogeris pyrrhoptera), grey-backed hawk (Pseudastur occidentalis), rufous flycatcher (Myiarchus semirufus), slaty becard (Pachyramphus spodiurus), white-winged guan (Penelope albipennis), Peruvian plantcutter (Phytotoma raimondii), El Oro parakeet (Pyrrhura orcesi), yellow- bellied seedeater (Sporophila nigricollis), Peruvian tern (Sternula lorata) and blackish-headed spinetail (Synallaxis tithys).
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Aquatic bird species include heron and egret of the Egretta and Ardea genera, whistling duck (Dendrocygna species), sharp-tailed ibis (Cercibis oxycerca), Theristicus species and roseate spoonbill (Platalea ajaja). Endemic birds include white-bellied seedeater (Sporophila leucoptera), grassland yellow finch (Sicalis luteola), chalk-browed mockingbird (Mimus saturninus), tropical pewee (Contopus cinereus), rufous-throated antbird (Gymnopithys rufigula), black-breasted puffbird (Notharchus pectoralis) and plain-bellied emerald (Amazilia leucogaster). Endangered birds include the scaled spinetail (Cranioleuca muelleri) and yellow-bellied seedeater (Sporophila nigricollis).
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He was assistant and later director of the Natural History Museum of Berlin (which was at the time the Berlin University Museum), taking over from Martin Lichtenstein. He founded the Journal für Ornithologie in 1853, editing it for the next forty- one years, when he was succeeded by his son-in-law Anton Reichenow. He died in Friedrichshagen. A number of birds are named after him, including Cabanis's bunting Emberiza cabanisi, Cabanis's spinetail Synallaxis cabanisi, Azure- rumped tanager Poecilostreptus cabanisi and Cabanis's greenbul Phyllastrephus cabanisi.
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Coiba separated from continental Panama about 12,000 to 18,000 years ago when sea levels rose. Plants and animals on the new island became isolated from mainland populations and over the millennia most animals have diverged in appearance and behaviour from their mainland counterparts. The island is home to many endemic subspecies, including the Coiba Island howler monkey, the Coiba agouti and the Coiba spinetail. Coiba was home to the Coiba Cacique Indians until about 1560, when they were conquered by the Spanish and forced into slavery.
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Bates's swift forages above the canopy of the rainforest using a fluttering flight, with short periods of gliding occasionally interrupting the rapid wing beats. It may be seen singly, or in small flocks and in mixed flocks with other swifts and hirundines. It nests solitarily in the old nests of hirundines and other swifts, mainly forest swallow and possibly mottled spinetail and lesser striped swallow. Breeding has been recorded in September to March in Gabon and egg laying has been noted in Cameroon in May and June.
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According to the Köppen climate classification, the climate of the district is transitional from tropical rainforest to hot steppe. The rainfall varies between and . There is a coastal forest, the Dondo forest (19°36'S 34°44'E), near the main road (EN 6) to Zimbabwe and 25 miles north of Beira with a species rich flora and fauna, including the eastern green-backed honeyguide, white-chested alethe, Böhm's spinetail, black-headed apalis, speckle-throated woodpecker, red-winged prinia, east coast akalat, violet-backed sunbird and olive-headed weaver.
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The park is classed as IUCN protected area category II (national park). It has the objectives of preserving natural ecosystems of great ecological relevance and scenic beauty, enabling scientific research, environmental education, outdoors recreation and eco-tourism. Protected birds in the reserve include white- necked hawk (Buteogallus lacernulatus), Chaco eagle (Buteogallus coronatus), Bahia tyrannulet (Phylloscartes beckeri), ochre-marked parakeet (Pyrrhura cruentata) and Bahia spinetail (Synallaxis whitneyi). Other protected species include Barbara Brown's titi (Callicebus barbarabrownae), cougar (Puma concolor), jaguar (Panthera onca), oncilla (Leopardus tigrinus), giant armadillo (Priodontes maximus) and giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla).
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Endemic terrestrial mammals found in this and other dry forest ecoregions in Colombia and Venezuela include the Guajira mouse opossum (Marmosa xerophila) and Hummelinck's vesper mouse (Calomys hummelincki). Endangered mammals include Geoffroy's spider monkey (Ateles geoffroyi). Endemic birds include the pygmy palm swift (Tachornis furcata), buffy hummingbird (Leucippus fallax), chestnut piculet (Picumnus cinnamomeus), white-whiskered spinetail (Synallaxis candei), black-backed antshrike (Thamnophilus melanonotus), slender-billed inezia (Inezia tenuirostris), Tocuyo sparrow (Arremonops tocuyensis) and vermilion cardinal (Cardinalis phoeniceus). Endangered birds include recurve-billed bushbird (Clytoctantes alixii) and plain-flanked rail (Rallus wetmorei).
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But apart from that region it occurs in most of South America in the area enclosed by - running counterclockwise - the lower Amazon and the Madeira river, the Andes, the Paraguay and lower Paraná rivers, and the Atlantic Ocean. This species is a common resident breeder in marshes and the edges of mangrove swamps; in general its habitat is open woodland in the vicinity of rivers. The yellow-chinned spinetail feeds on insects and spiders, keeping low and often in the open. It is a conspicuous, confiding and noisy bird.
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The spinetail mobula ray is a large ray which can grow up to a maximal width of 3.1 m (average width 2.3 m). Like most rays, it is dorsoventrally flattened and has relatively large triangular pectoral fins on either side of the main body disc. At the front, it has a pair of cephalic fins which are forward extensions of the pectoral fins. These can be rolled up in a spiral for swimming or can be flared out to channel water into the ventral mouth when the animal is feeding.
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In recent years, fishing for Mobulidae has received a significant boost by price increases for their gill rakers in the market for traditional Chinese medicine. In addition to targeted catches, the species is also subject to losses from bycatch, particularly in the gillnet fishery. As such sustained losses have a high impact on a species which has a low fecundity rate, a long gestation period with only a single offspring at a time, and late sexual maturity, the spinetail mobula ray has been classified as Near Threatened by the IUCN.
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Esmeraldas woodstar (Chaetocercus berlepschi) at Ayampe, Manabí Province Species that frequent the coastal mountains or southern part of the ecoregion include pale-browed tinamou (Crypturellus transfasciatus), rufous- headed chachalaca (Ortalis erythroptera), ochre-bellied dove (Leptotila ochraceiventris), great green macaw (Ara ambiguus), red-masked parakeet (Psittacara erythrogenys), grey-cheeked parakeet (Brotogeris pyrrhoptera), Esmeraldas woodstar (Chaetocercus berlepschi), little woodstar (Chaetocercus bombus), Watkins's antpitta (Grallaria watkinsi), blackish-headed spinetail (Synallaxis tithys), henna-hooded foliage-gleaner (Clibanornis erythrocephalus), Pacific royal flycatcher (Onychorhynchus coronatus occidentalis), grey-breasted flycatcher (Lathrotriccus griseipectus), slaty becard (Pachyramphus spodiurus) and saffron siskin (Spinus siemiradzkii). Species found elsewhere include pale-headed brush finch (Atlapetes pallidiceps), rufous-necked foliage-gleaner (Syndactyla ruficollis), black- eared hemispingus (Hemispingus melanotis), grey-headed antbird (Ampelornis griseiceps), black-cowled saltator (Saltator nigriceps) and bay-crowned brush finch (Atlapetes seebohmi). Endangered birds include great green macaw (Ara ambiguus), grey-cheeked parakeet (Brotogeris pyrrhoptera), Esmeraldas woodstar (Chaetocercus berlepschi), gray-backed hawk (Pseudastur occidentalis), slaty becard (Pachyramphus spodiurus), waved albatross (Phoebastria irrorata), yellow-bellied seedeater (Sporophila nigricollis), Peruvian tern (Sternula lorata) and blackish-headed spinetail (Synallaxis tithys). Critically endangered species of the bamboo thickets in the southwest include pale-headed brush finch (Atlapetes pallidiceps), black-eared hemispingus (Hemispingus melanotis) and gray-headed antbird (Ampelornis griseiceps).
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The necklaced spinetail is more arboreal, rather bolder and more easily observed than most other members of its genus. The song is a distinctive series of sputtering notes, slowly descending and becoming less rapid and fading away at the conclusion. It is often sung from a perch near the bird's nest, or even from within this conspicuous structure which is globular, with a side entrance, and is made of sticks. This bird feeds, often in pairs, on small invertebrates which it finds when foraging on the ground in the leaf litter or in the low branches of trees and shrubs.
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The majority of species within the genus Cranioleuca diverged relatively recently in a rapid speciation event beginning approximately 3.5 Ma. It is unclear what drove the divergence, as there is little difference in morphology or behaviour between species. One hypothesis is that a rapid change in plumage, in conjunction with some other traits, may have caused reproductive isolation and speciation. There is evidence that climatic niches have been a driver of speciation within the genus, particularly within the line-cheeked spinetail species complex. Its distribution spans an elevation gradient, as well as different climates, which is reflected in gradual phenotypic differences.
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Bird in the El Ávila National Park Endemic mammals found in this and other dry forest ecoregions in Colombia and Venezuela include the Guajira mouse opossum (Marmosa xerophila) and Hummelinck's vesper mouse (Calomys hummelincki). Endemic birds include the yellow-shouldered amazon (Amazona barbadensis), Maracaibo tody-flycatcher (Todirostrum viridanum), pygmy palm swift (Tachornis furcata), buffy hummingbird (Leucippus fallax), chestnut piculet (Picumnus cinnamomeus), white-whiskered spinetail (Synallaxis candei), black-backed antshrike (Thamnophilus melanonotus), slender-billed inezia (Inezia tenuirostris), Tocuyo sparrow (Arremonops tocuyensis) and vermilion cardinal (Cardinalis phoeniceus). Endangered birds include the rusty-flanked crake (Laterallus levraudi), plain-flanked rail (Rallus wetmorei) and red siskin (Spinus cucullatus).
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A few species of hummingbirds, notably some hillstars, can be seen at altitudes above , but far higher diversities can be found at lower altitudes, especially in the humid Andean forests ("cloud forests") growing on slopes in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia and far northwestern Argentina. Other birds of humid Andean forests include mountain-toucans, quetzals and the Andean cock-of-the-rock, while mixed species flocks dominated by tanagers and furnariids commonly are seen – in contrast to several vocal but typically cryptic species of wrens, tapaculos and antpittas. A number of species such as the royal cinclodes and white-browed tit-spinetail are associated with Polylepis woods, and consequently also threatened.
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The only endemic mammal is the Guajira mouse opossum (Marmosa xerophila), found in this and other dry forest ecoregions in the north of Venezuela and Colombia. It is mostly found in the deciduous forest. There are many endemic birds in the arid lowland area including the yellow-shouldered amazon (Amazona barbadensis), Maracaibo tody-flycatcher (Todirostrum viridanum), pygmy palm swift (Tachornis furcata), buffy hummingbird (Leucippus fallax), chestnut piculet (Picumnus cinnamomeus), white-whiskered spinetail (Synallaxis candei), black-backed antshrike (Thamnophilus melanonotus), slender-billed inezia (Inezia tenuirostris), Tocuyo sparrow (Arremonops tocuyensis) and vermilion cardinal (Cardinalis phoeniceus). Endangered birds include the plain-flanked rail (Rallus wetmorei) and the red siskin (Spinus cucullatus).
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The white-bearded helmetcrest is only found in northwestern Venezuela Some birds resident in Venezuela span a variety of habitats; others are restricted to areas with certain types of vegetation. Birds which can live in any area of Venezuela, including its cities, include the bananaquit, black vulture, blue-gray tanager, great egret, and the tropical mockingbird, among others. Most birds of Venezuela span various habitats, but a few are specialized to only one area, typically due to extreme location or dependence on a certain resource; species restricted in this way include the Carrizal seedeater, maroon-chested ground dove, point- tailed palmcreeper, Río Orinoco spinetail, white-bearded helmetcrest and the white-plumed antbird. Venezuela has particularly bio-diverse habitats, allowing for different types of specialist birds.
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Arenillas Ecological Reserve () is a protected area in Ecuador situated in the El Oro Province, in the Arenillas Canton and in the Huaquillas Canton. Known mammals in the reserve, according to a 1993 study include the Sechuran fox (Lycalopex sechurae), the nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus), Robinson's mouse opossum (Marmosa robinsoni), the Pacific spiny-rat (Proechimys decumamus), the jaguarundi (Puma yagouaroundi), the tayra (Eira barbara), the greater bulldog bat, the common vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus), the crab-eating raccoon (Procyon cancrivorus) and the Guayaquil squirrel (Sciurus stramineus).Arenillas Guide There are also 153 species of birds of which 35% are endemic. The reserve is a BirdLife International IBA with the following endangered birds: grey-cheeked parakeet (Brotogeris pyrrhoptera), slaty becard (Pachyramphus spodiurus), and blackish-headed spinetail (Synallaxis tithys).
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To pass the time, he decided to create an accurate map of the region.Azara, 1:39. On these expeditions, Azara began observing the nature of the region. Over the course of his time there, he "described 448 birds...This number is reduced to 381 when duplications of sex, age, and plumage are taken into account (eight remain unidentified), and 178 of them are the types upon which the scientific names are based.”Beddall, Barbara. “Isolated Spanish Genius: Myth or Reality: Felix de Azara and the Birds of Paraguay.” Journal of the History of Biology 16, no. 2 (1983): 228. He also identified 78 quadrupeds, 43 of which were new.Beddall, “Isolated Spanish Genius," 228. A number of animals were named after him, including Azara's night monkey (Aotus azarae), Azara's agouti (Dasyprocta azarae), Azara's grass mouse (Akodon azarae), Azara's spinetail (Synallaxis azarae), and Azara's tree iguana (Liolaemus azarai ).
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A few species of hummingbirds, notably some hillstars, can be seen at altitudes above , but far higher diversities can be found at lower altitudes, especially in the humid Andean forests ("cloud forests") growing on slopes in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia and far northwestern Argentina. These forest-types, which includes the Yungas and parts of the Chocó, are very rich in flora and fauna, although few large mammals exist, exceptions being the threatened mountain tapir, spectacled bear and yellow-tailed woolly monkey. Birds of humid Andean forests include mountain-toucans, quetzals and the Andean cock-of-the-rock, while mixed species flocks dominated by tanagers and furnariids commonly are seen – in contrast to several vocal but typically cryptic species of wrens, tapaculos and antpittas. A number of species such as the royal cinclodes and white- browed tit-spinetail are associated with Polylepis, and consequently also threatened.
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This ecoregion hosts 148 mammal species including ocelot (Leopardus pardalis), margay (Leopardus wiedii), South American tapir (Tapirus terrestris), capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), kinkajou (Potos flavus), white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari), red-faced spider monkey (Ateles paniscus) and Venezuelan red howler (Alouatta seniculus). Endemic mammals include red-handed tamarin (Saguinus midas), bare- eared squirrel monkey (Saimiri ustus), red-bellied titi (Callicebus moloch), silvery marmoset (Mico argentatus), black dwarf porcupine (Coendou nycthemera), red acouchi (Myoprocta acouchy), white-faced spiny tree-rat (Echimys chrysurus), giant tree rat (Toromys grandis), crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous) and several species of bat. Endangered mammals include the white-cheeked spider monkey (Ateles marginatus), white-nosed saki (Chiropotes albinasus) and giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis). 558 bird species have been recorded, including herons and egrets (genera Egretta and Ardea), whistling duck (subfamily Dendrocygninae), sharp-tailed ibis (Cercibis oxycerca) ibis (Theristicus species), roseate spoonbill (Platalea ajaja), dark-winged trumpeter (Psophia viridis), eared dove (Zenaida auriculata), crimson topaz (Topaza pella),scaled spinetail (Cranioleuca muelleri) and spectacled thrush (Turdus nudigenis).
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Endemic bird species found in the southern section of the ecoregion tend to live in dense montane scrub and shrubby forest with cacti. Most of these birds live in the puna region, but others live in subtropical and temperate zones. These include the plain-tailed warbling-finch (Poospiza alticola), the rufous-breasted warbling-finch (Poospiza rubecula), Taczanowski’s tinamou (Nothoprocta tacaznowskii), the white-cheeked cotinga (Zaratornis stresemanni), Kalinowski’s tinamou (Nothoprocta kalinowskii), the white-browed tit-spinetail (Leptasthenura xenothorax), the rufous-eared brush- finch (Atlapetes rufigenis), the white-tufted sunbeam (Aglaeactis castelnaudii), the bearded mountaineer (Oreonympha nobilis), the striated earthcreeper (Upucerthia serrana), the rusty-fronted canastero (Asthenes ottonis), the rusty-bellied brush-finch (Atlapetes nationi), the chesnut- breasted mountain-finch (Poospiza caesar), and the brown-flanked tanager (Thlypopsis pectoralis). The southern section of the ecoregion includes the Cochabamba mountain-finch (Poospiza garleppi), Berlepsch’s canastero (Asthenes berlepschi), the maquis canastero (Astenes heterura), the rufous-bellied saltator (Saltator rufiventris), the citron-headed yellow-finch (Sicalis luteocephala), the scribble-tailed canastero (Asthenes maculicauda), the short-tailed finch (Idiopsar brachyurus), the grey-bellied flower-piecer (Diglossa carbonaria), and Berlepsch's canastero (Asthenes berlepschi).
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