Superficially, cancer root appears like Indian pipe, a woodland dwelling saprophyte, a plant that feeds on decomposing plant matter.
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Until relatively recently, Indian pipe (Monotropa uniflora) was considered a saprophyte, feeding on decomposing leaves, stems, roots and other forest debris.
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The honey fungus, Armillaria mellea, is a parasite of trees, and a saprophyte feeding on the trees it has killed.
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This poor ability to compete as a saprophyte in the absence of a susceptible host makes Clavibacter sp. known as soil invaders as opposed to soil inhabitants.
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Apiospora montagnei is a plant pathogen that causes kernel blight on barley but is more often seen a saprophyte or secondary invader of many other plant species.
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Amauroderma rude is a tough woody mushroom in the family Ganodermataceae. A polypore fungus, it is found in Eastern Australia, where it grows as a saprophyte on rotting, buried wood.
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Gliomastix murorum is one of four species of fungus in the genus Gliomastix. G. murorum is a type of saprophyte. One of the techniques that is used to isolate this fungus is through dilution plate.
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Ulocladium atrum is a fungal saprophyte. U. atrum is used to control Botrytis cinerea, a fungal pathogen (gray mold) of grapes and other fruit. The species has also been found as a cause of keratitis, inflammation of the cornea.
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For example, usage distinctions can be made based on macroscopic swallowing of detritus (as an earthworm does) versus microscopic lysis of detritus (as a mushroom does). A facultative saprophyte appears on stressed or dying plants and may combine with the live pathogens.
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A Greek-English Lexicon revised and augmented throughout by Sir Henry Stuart Jones with the assistance of. Roderick McKenzie. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Pyropyxis rubra is found in North America, where it grows as a saprophyte on burned forest litter in both mixed and deciduous forests.
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Alternaria tenuissima is a saprophyte, living on dead matter. It produces the mycotoxins alternariol (AOH), alternariol methyl ester (AME), altenuene (ALT), altertoxin (ATX), and tenuazonic acid (TA), that are variously involved pathogenicity and interference competition. Mycotoxins of this species are optimally produced at 25 °C.
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Thaia is a monotypic genus of flowering plants from the orchid family, Orchidaceae. The sole species is Thaia saprophytica, native to Laos and Thailand.Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant FamiliesSchuiteman, A., Bonnet, P., Vannachak, V. & Barthélémy, D. (2009). Thaia saprophytica is not a saprophyte.
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The fungus, a saprophyte, grows on logs and fallen branches of angiosperms, in which it causes brown rot. It is found in dry and somewhat xerophytic areas in Caatinga and Cerrado ecosystems located in Ceará, Paraíba, and Pernambuco States. It was later recorded in the Caatinga area of Bahia.
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Leptosphaeria maculans has a complicated life cycle. The pathogen begins as a saprophyte on stem residue and survives in the stubble. It then begins a hemibiotrophic stage that results in the production of leaf spots. Colonizing the plant tissue systematically, it begins its endophytic stage within the stem.
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The pathogenic form of Pseudomonas luteola is a saprophyte. It is an opportunistic pathogen that can cause bacteremia, meningitis, prosthetic valve endocarditis, peritonitis in humans and animals. P. luteola is registered by the CDC as group Ve-1. Most strains are susceptible to broad-spectrum antibiotics, such as cephalosporins, aminosids, and ciprofloxacin.
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The undersurface of the fruit body is made up of tubelike pores rather than gills. Laetiporus sulphureus is a saprophyte and occasionally a weak parasite, causing brown cubical rot in the heartwood of trees on which it grows. Unlike many bracket fungi, it is edible when young, although adverse reactions have been reported.
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The fungus grows on amphibian skin and produces aquatic zoospores. It is widespread and ranges from lowland forests to cold mountain tops. It is sometimes a non-lethal parasite and possibly a saprophyte. The fungus is associated with host mortality in highlands or during winter, and becomes more pathogenic at lower temperatures.
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Phillipsia subpurpurea is a species of fungus in the family Sarcoscyphaceae. It is found in Australia where it grows as a saprophyte on wood. The fungus was first described scientifically by English mycologists Miles Joseph Berkeley and Christopher Edmund Broome. Its cup-shaped fruit bodies lack stipes and have purplish interior surfaces.
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The mushroom might also be found in the temperate regions of Asia. Although the mushroom is considered a saprophyte, rather than a parasite, it can cause the wood to degrade rapidly. In the Great Lakes region of the United States, it has decayed and does decay logs of the trees Acer saccharum and Tilia glabra.
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S. cellulosum is found in soils, animal feces, and tree bark. The bacterium is a saprophyte deriving its nutrition from cellulose aerobically. It is a prolific producer of secondary fungicides and bactericides that reduce competition in soil environments. In lab samples, S. cellulosum grows on agar medium only when certain cell densities are plated.
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This fungus is often found as a saprophyte on logs of woody species. It causes sapstreak disease in just one host species: Acer saccharum, commonly known as the sugar maple or rock maple. Symptoms include a sparse crown, dieback, dwarfed leaves, and cankers. Infected trees may die suddenly or languish for 2–4 years.
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Phlebia coccineofulva, commonly known as the scarlet waxcrust, is a species of crust fungus in the family Meruliaceae. It was described as a new species by Lewis David de Schweinitz in 1832. The fungus is found in North America, continental Europe, and northern Asia, where it grows as a saprophyte on decaying stumps and woody forest debris.
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Stropharia hornemannii is a species of agaric fungus in the family Strophariaceae. It is found in Europe and North America, where it grows as a saprophyte on rotting conifer wood. The specific epithet hornemannii honors Danish botanist Jens Wilken Hornemann, who made the first scientifically documented collections of the species. Common names for the mushroom include luxuriant ringstalk and lacerated stropharia.
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L. monocytogenes also senses the entry to host by examining available nutrient sources. For example L-glutamine, an abundant nitrogen source in the host, induces the expression of virulence genes in L. monocytogenes. Little is known about how this bacterium switches between acting as a saprophyte and a pathogen; however, several noncoding RNAs are thought to be required to induce this change.
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The gametophyte lives underground as a saprophyte, sometimes in a mycorrhizal association. When the gametophyte is mature, it produces both egg and sperm cells. The sperm cells swim using several flagella and when they reach an egg cell, unite with it to form the young sporophyte. A mature sporophyte may grow to a height of or more but lacks true leaves.
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Aspergillus flavus is found globally as a saprophyte in soils and causes disease on many important agriculture crops. Common hosts of the pathogen are cereal grains, legumes, and tree nuts. Specifically, A. flavus infection causes ear rot in corn and yellow mold in peanuts either before or after harvest. Infection can be present in the field, preharvest, postharvest, during storage, and during transit.
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Fruit bodies grow on decaying wood. Like all members of its genus, Roridomyces austrororidus grows as a saprophyte on rotting wood. In Australia, the fungus fruits in clusters or groups on rainforest trees, decayed logs, fallen Eucalyptus branches, Bedfordia salicina logs and branches, and Nothofagus cunninghamii logs. Fruiting usually occurs after rainy periods from April to June, although the mushroom has also been collected in August.
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The costumes are a most interesting fact of Kummattikali.Kummattikali Video The dancers don a heavily painted colourful wooden mask depicting faces of Krishna, Narada, Kiratha, Darika, or hunters. These masks are usually made out of saprophyte, jack fruit tree, Alstonia scholaris, Hog Plum tree or the Coral tree.News Article: Kummattikali dancers add shimmer to Onam festivities The dancers wear skirts woven out of plaited grass.
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A. auricula-judae growing in wet evergreen and shola forests shows remarkable variation in size, shape and colour. In Australia, it is found in Eucalyptus woodland and rainforests; in the rainforests, it can grow in very large colonies on fallen logs.Young and Smith 2004, p. 64 It favours older branches, where it feeds as a saprophyte (on dead wood) or a weak parasite (on living wood), and it causes white rot.
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Some species of Armillaria display bioluminescence, resulting in foxfire. Armillaria can be a destructive forest pathogen. It causes "white rot" root disease (see Plant pathology section) of forests, which distinguishes it from Tricholoma, a mycorrhizal (non-parasitic) genus. Because Armillaria is a facultative saprophyte, it also feeds on dead plant material, allowing it to kill its host, unlike parasites that must moderate their growth to avoid host death.
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C. foveolata has been discovered rarely but in areas around the world that differ greatly from each other. Most cases have been reported in the southern United States or southeast Asia (South Korea, Singapore, and Hong Kong). As a saprophyte, C. foveolata generally makes its home in the soil, but can also be found growing on wood or mushrooms. An exact niche for this fungus has yet to be detailed.
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Chlamydospores are usually formed singly or in pairs, but can sometimes be found in clusters or in short chains. They are round thick walled spores produced within or terminally on an older mycelium or in macroconidia. Chlamydospores unlike the other spores can survive in the soil for a long period of time. F. oxysporum is a common soil pathogen and saprophyte that feeds on dead and decaying organic matter.
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Amylocystis lapponica (alternatively spelled Amylocystis lapponicus) is a species of bracket fungus in the family Fomitopsidaceae, and the type species of genus Amylocystis. It produces medium-sized, annual fruit bodies that are soft, and have a strong, distinct smell. The fungus is a saprophyte that feeds on coniferous wood of logs lying on the ground, and causes brown rot. It is a rather rare species that only occurs in old-growth forest.
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This species is motile, flagellated, slender, slightly curved, not spore-forming, slowly growing, nonfermenting, capsule forming, Gram-negative aerobe of the family Alcaligenaceae. This species is most commonly found in the alimentary tract as a harmless saprophyte in 5% – 19% of the normal population. Systemic infection with this organism is very uncommon. It has been reported to cause sepsis, meningitis, peritonitis, enteric fever, appendicitis, cystitis, chronic suppurative otitis media, abscesses, arthritis, pneumonitis, and endocarditis.
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L. monocytogenes can act as a saprophyte or a pathogen, depending on its environment. When this bacterium is present within a host organism, quorum sensing and other signals cause the up-regulation of several virulence genes. Depending on the location of the bacterium within the host organism, different activators up-regulate the virulence genes. SigB, an alternative sigma factor, up-regulates Vir genes in the intestines, whereas PrfA up-regulates gene expression when the bacterium is present in blood.
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Amanita vittadinii, commonly known as the Vittadini's lepidella, is a European saprophyte mushroom classified in the genus Amanita Unlike some Amanitas, this species is known to occur without accompanying woody plant symbionts.From R. E. Tulloss' website - 'Amanita vittadinii (Moretti) Vitt. "Vittadini's Lepidella"'. It has a general aspect somewhat between Macrolepiota and Armillaria, but it is characterized by a pure white colour overall (whilst those genera are brownish) and by the squamous (scaly) covering of cap and stipe.
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Saprophyte (-phyte meaning "plant") is a botanical term that is no longer in popular use,as such plants have been discovered to actually be parasitic on fungi.biology onlineThere are no real saprotrophic organisms that are embryophytes, and fungi and bacteria are no longer placed in the plant kingdom. Plants that were once considered saprophytes, such as non-photosynthetic orchids and monotropes, are now known to be parasites on fungi. These species are now termed myco- heterotrophs.
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Trichothecium roseum is a saprophyte and is found worldwide. It has been found in soils in various countries including Poland, Denmark, France, Russia, Turkey, Israel, Egypt, the Sahara, Chad, Zaïre, central Africa, Australia, Polynesia, India, China, and Panama. Known habitats of T. roseum include uncultivated soils, forest nurseries, forest soils under beech trees, teak, cultivated soils with legumes, citrus plantations, heathland, dunes, salt-marshes, and garden compost. Commonly, this fungus can be isolated from the tree leaf litter of various trees including birch, pine, fir, cotton, and palm.
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The life cycle starts with the fungus overwintering as sclerotia on plants debris, in seeds and in soils as a saprophyte. Conidia also play an important role as a survival structure, once they are resistant to drying, and might survive up to one year in the absence of a susceptible host. When condition are favorable the sclerotia produce new conidia, which act as primary inoculum to infect plants. The conidia produce mycelium that infects the plant through stomata when humidity is 85% or higher and produce conidiophores on the abaxial leaf surface of infected leaves.
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As previously stated F. oxysporum is a common soil saprophyte that infects a wide host range of plant species around the world. It has the ability to survive in most soil—arctic, tropical, desert, cultivated and non-cultivated. Though Fusarium oxysporum may be found in many places and environments, development of the disease is favored by high temperatures and warm moist soils. The optimum temperature for growth on artificial media is between 25-30 °C, and the optimum soil temperature for root infection is 30 °C or above.
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Listeria monocytogenes is a gram positive bacterium and causes many food-borne infections such as Listeriosis. This bacteria is ubiquitous in the environment where it can act as either a saprophyte when free living within the environment or as a pathogen when entering a host organism. Many non-coding RNAs have been identified within the bacteria genome where several of these have been classified as novel non-coding RNAs and may contribute to pathogenesis. Tiling arrays and mutagenesis identified many non-coding RNAs within the L. monocytogenes genome and the location of these non-coding RNAs within the bacterial genome was confirmed by RACE (rapid amplification of cDNA ends) analysis.
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Fried M. scorodonius This mushroom is found from summer to late autumn especially on conifer needles, but also on sticks and other debris, on bark of conifers and deciduous trees, and on grasses and other plants. While usually a saprophyte, it has also been reported as a parasite of grass. It is fairly common in northern and central Europe, present in the remainder of Europe, and reported from eastern North America, North Africa and Asia, including Israel. The taste of M. scorodonius is often described as nasty or unpleasant, but it is sometimes considered edible and the caps are used to add a garlic flavour to dishes.
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A 2008 experiment with an isolate of a fungus called NRRL 50072 have found that this strain can produce a small amount of fuel-like hydrocarbon compounds which was promoted as "myco-diesel". It was hoped that perhaps in the future this might provide a possible source of biofuel. It was first misidentified as the endophyte Gliocladium roseum, but later research showed that it was in fact the saprophyte Ascocoryne sarcoides. A strain of endophytic fungi which appeared to be closely related to Nigrograna mackinnonii which was isolated from a stem of the plant Guazuma ulmifolia collected in Ecuador was found to produce a variety of volatile organic compounds including terpenes and odd chain polyenes.
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Until the 1950s, S. marcescens was erroneously believed to be a nonpathogenic "saprophyte", and its reddish coloration was used in school experiments to track infections. During the Cold War, it was used as a simulant in biological warfare testing by the U.S. military, which studied it in field tests as a substitute for the tularemia bacterium, which was being weaponized at the time. On 26 and 27 September 1950, the U.S. Navy conducted a secret experiment named "Operation Sea-Spray" in which balloons filled with S. marcescens were released and burst over urban areas of the San Francisco Bay Area in California. Although the Navy later claimed the bacteria were harmless, beginning on September 29, 11 patients at a local hospital developed very rare, serious urinary tract infections.
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Saprotrophic microscopic fungi are sometimes called saprobes; saprotrophic plants or bacterial flora are called saprophytes (sapro- + -phyte, "rotten material" + "plant"), though it is now believed that all plants previously thought to be saprotrophic are in fact parasites of microscopic fungi or other plants. The process is most often facilitated through the active transport of such materials through endocytosis within the internal mycelium and its constituent hyphae. states the purpose of saprotrophs and their internal nutrition, as well as the main two types of fungi that are most often referred to, as well as describes, visually, the process of saprotrophic nutrition through a diagram of hyphae, referring to the Rhizobium on damp, stale whole-meal bread or rotting fruit. Various word roots relating to decayed matter (detritus, sapro-), eating and nutrition (-vore, -phage), and plants or life forms (-phyte, -obe) produce various terms, such as detritivore, detritophage, saprotroph, saprophyte, saprophage, and saprobe; their meanings overlap, although technical distinctions (based on physiologic mechanisms) narrow the senses.
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