Jewelry rusts and flowers die but nobody has ever turned down a doughnut.
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It's perishable because it rusts — it reacts with oxygen in the environment — and [that] limits its use.
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To keep the economy moving, he wanted a money that "rots like potatoes" and "rusts like iron".
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"I'd love to throw Bernhard in the saltwater ocean and see if he rusts," Fred Funk said.
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Defusing any bomb is risky business, but it is harder still when the detonator rusts or is damaged.
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But there is no question that oxidation, so crucial to life, rusts our cells and can edge them closer to becoming cancerous.
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There is a German saying, "Wer rastet, der rostet" — "He who rests rusts" — and the club's front office has long embraced the notion.
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The village ambulance rusts in a shed without tires, its driver having left that job three years ago to plant beans to survive.
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Pros: Large enough for big fires, elegant simplicity, easy to move around a property or into storageCons: Hardware rusts if not covered and cared for
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It rusts when left in the shower — or anywhere that is remotely moist — and doesn't leave my sensitive skin all that happy after a hurried shave.
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Some of the pieces are almost 50 years old, yet Dayton's conservation routine is blissfully minimal — the beauty of stainless steel is that it never rusts.
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The researchers used telescope data to calculate how much the iron in these rocks had oxidized — the process where iron chemically bonds with oxygen and rusts.
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The risks posed by wheat rusts are growing, with modern versions of the fungus becoming ever more virulent, evolving to adapt to the earth's higher temperatures, the FAO said.
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For one, sea life "self-replicates and self-sustains"—that is, breeds—so the military wouldn't have to maintain hardware that breaks down, rusts, and runs out of power.
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In place of tried and true rusts, pumpkins, and party season jewel-tones were acid neons (thanks, Sies Marjan and Carolina Herrera) or Christopher Kane's pops of '80s teal and fuschia.
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A lot of the memes also refer to the same vintage-y Polaroid aesthetic (and the same pale pinks, forest greens, warm rusts, and mustards) in their assessment of what's cool.
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There's also a Wolsian febrility to the exquisite etching/aquatints Zao made for a 1963 book of poems by Hubert Juin and an untitled etching/aquatint in rusts and blacks from 1963.
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The ARK: Survival Evolveds and Rusts have players enacting their wildest survivalist fantasies, and those players can create whatever they want out of the raw labor power that they put into those games.
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It has watchtowers and Humvees and dirt roads and a series of permanent and semipermanent prison facilities, all of them built since 2002 and surrounded by razor wire that rusts in the salt air.
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For those that are unfamiliar with taking a bike to an oceanfront, it's an especially tolling test because tiny sand particles get lodged in the bike's bearings and salt water eventually rusts and corrodes the components.
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But in imposing a negative interest rate in 2016 and setting an inflation target three years before, it is in effect pursuing Gesell's dream of a currency that rots and rusts, albeit by only 2% a year.
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Forget about the cost-per-truck of de-icing for a second: salt corrodes bridges, causes potholes, rusts cars, destroys plants, and messes up groundwater and wildlife, all to the tune of several billion dollars per year.
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After casting the resin into molds, Quayola and Factum-Arte let them dry, then did some retouching before adding a patina with acids and high temperatures to better replicate the look of iron as it rusts and otherwise ages.
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But in "atomic 08," another transformation also takes place: the faintly delineated fossils of the preceding images are suddenly presented as fully drawn organisms, which migrate into "atomic 09" and metamorphose into spores floating amid atmospheric swaths of delicate greens and sunset rusts.
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Other diseases are given by mushrooms, fungal rusts, bacteria and insects.
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The order was established in 1889 by German mycologist Joseph Schröter to accommodate species of fungi having "auricularioid" basidia (more or less cylindrical basidia with lateral septa), including many of the rusts and smuts. In 1922, British mycologist Carleton Rea recognized the order as containing the families Auriculariaceae and Ecchynaceae, as well as the rusts (Coleosporiaceae and Pucciniaceae) and the smuts (Ustilaginaceae). Many subsequent authors, however, separated out the rusts and smuts and amalgamated the remaining Auriculariales with the Tremellales. Jülich (1981) also separated out the rusts and smuts, but recognized the remaining Auriculariales as an independent order, placing within them the families Auriculariaceae, Cystobasidiaceae, Paraphelariaceae, Saccoblastiaceae, Ecchynaceae, Hoehnelomycetaceae, and Patouillardinaceae.
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Mains' early professional career was dedicated to the study of plant rusts (Pucciniales). He collaborated with Arthur and others on "The Plant Rusts (Uredinales)" in 1929, a major treatment of an economically important group of fungi. Mains continued working on rusts after transferring to Michigan, though most of his later studies focused on Cordyceps and the Geoglossaceae. Mains' collections and research greatly enriched the University of Michigan Herbarium, which developed "from a position of obscurity to one of international prominence" under his directorship.
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Orchard rusts. Transactions of the American Horticultural Society. 4: 152-160. 1886\. Some fungus diseases of small fruits.
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Mimema is a genus of plant rusts. M. venturae has been reported as a parasite of Dalbergia miscolobium.
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Ziller, W.G. 1974. The tree rusts of western Canada. Environ. Can., Can. For. Serv., Ottawa ON, Publ. 1329.
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Urediniospores (or uredospores) are thin-walled spores produced by the uredium, a stage in the life-cycle of rusts.
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Lot of people invests in this area to rusts, cottages and homes. Accommodation information is presented at official site ().
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Rusts (Pucciniales, previously known as Uredinales) at their greatest complexity, produce five different types of spores on two different host plants in two unrelated host families. Such rusts are heteroecious (requiring two hosts) and macrocyclic (producing all five spores types). Wheat stem rust is an example. By convention, the stages and spore states are numbered by Roman numerals.
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In the Pucciniales, the basidia are cylindrical and become 3-septate after meiosis, with each of the 4 cells bearing one basidiospore each. The basidiospores disperse and start the infection process on host 1 again. Autoecious rusts complete their life-cycles on one host instead of two, and microcyclic rusts cut out one or more stages.
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Chrysomyxa arctostaphyli is an obligate parasite, and as with most other rust fungi diseases, spruce broom rust requires two different host plants to carry out its life cycle and is therefore referred to as heteroecious.Ziller, Wolf G. "Studies of western tree rusts. VIII. Inoculation experiments with conifer needle rusts (Melampsoraceae)." Canadian Journal of Botany 48.8 (1970): 1471-1476.
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"Broom Rusts of Spruce and Fir." Forest Health Protection-Rocky Mountain Region. United States Department of Agriculture, 2011. Web. 11 Nov. 2014.
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Architectural style is provincial classicism. There are rusts of the first floor, window frames, proportions of the facade, inter-floor panels, strictly decorated cornice.
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For the next two years he taught natural history at Garfield University in Wichita. When funds ran out to pay him, he returned to Kansas State Agricultural College and acquired his master's degree in botany and plant cultivation. While there, he worked with A.S. Hitchcock on the study of plant rusts and published a number of papers,Hitchcock, A.S. and Carleton, M.A. (1893) "Preliminary Report on Rusts of Grain" Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 38: pp. 1-14; Hitchcock, A.S. and Carleton, M.A. (1894) "Rusts of Grain II" Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 46pp. 1-9; Carleton, M.A. (1893) “Studies in the Biology of the Uredineae” Botanical Gazette 18: pp.
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Series: Monographiae Biologicae, Vol. 43, p. 102 Despite their general hardiness, leaves of Melanthera species are often attacked by rusts such as Uromyces columbianus and Uromyces martinii.
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Two-celled teliospore of Gymnosporangium globosum Teliospore (sometimes called teleutospore) is the thick-walled resting spore of some fungi (rusts and smuts), from which the basidium arises.
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Rust fungi are a large group of plant parasites. Many of them are highly host-specific. Some cause significant losses to economic crops, and where the crop itself is an introduction to Australia, the rusts on that crop may also be non-native. Rusts on native species are likely to form an important component of the natural checks and balances of native ecosystems, and may have their own distinctive conservation needs.
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Aeciospores are one of several different types of spores formed by Rusts. They each have two nuclei and are typically seen in chain-like formations in the aecium.
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They develop in telia (sing. telium or teliosorus). The telial host is the primary host in heteroecious rusts. The aecial host is the alternate host (look for pycnia and aecia).
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21 Apr. 2017. The plant has some susceptibility to leaf spots, blights, rusts and canker. Japanese beetles, whiteflies and aphids are occasional insect visitors. Japanese beetles can severely damage foliage if left unchecked.
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Puccinia is a genus of fungi. All species in this genus are obligate plant pathogens and are known as rusts."Fungi", Lillian E Hawker, 1966, p. 167 The genus contains about 4000 species.
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Keeping this pathogen at bay can be a challenge. “Rusts caused by Melampsora spp. are the most severe threat today. Rust attacks influence the development of winter dormancy in the host and indirectly frost hardiness”.
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What feeds on the Clematis paniculata Clematis paniculata is one of the favourite plants for the honey bee to pollinate. Different kinds of rusts: There are four kinds of endemic rusts that effect the Clematis paniculata in New Zealand, and Aecidium otagense is one of these. Aecidium otagense is the most detrimental to the plant because it is the only kind of rust that can cause deformities in the flowers, leaves and stem. The deformities that the rust causes to the flower and stem are described as spectacular.
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The fungus cause large cankers to form and a disease known as larch canker which is particularly harmful to the tamarack larch, killing both young and mature trees.European larch canker Natural Resources Canada Apart from this, the only common foliage diseases are rusts, such as the leaf rust in eastern and central North America. However, this rust, caused by the fungus Melampsora medusae, and other rusts do little damage to tamarack. The needle-cast fungus Hypodermella laricis has attacked tamarack in Ontario and has the potential for local damage.
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447-457 which, with Hitchcock's endorsement, got Carleton a job as an assistant pathologist in the Division of Vegetable Physiology and Pathology of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). While at the USDA, Carleton continued his study of wheat rusts and noticed, inter alia, that the turkey red wheat grown in Kansas by the MennonitesMoon, David (2008) "In the Russian Steppes: the Introduction of Russian Wheat on the Great Plains of the United States" Journal of Global History 3: pp. 203-225 survived where other varieties succumbed to wheat rusts.
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Under the guidance of George F. Atkinson, Long performed field work at Cornell University, which eventually led to a PhD degree awarded from the University of Texas in 1917. His specialty was on tree rusts and wood rotting fungi.
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Israel Reichert (Hebrew: ישראל רייכרט) (5 August 1891 – 22 May 1975) was a Polish-born Israeli agriculturist and biologist who established the field of phytopathology in Israel. He worked on the management of rusts and smuts of field and fruit crops.
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The primary or aecial host of the rust is spruce (Picea spp.), and the secondary or telia host of the rust is bearberry (Arctostaphylos uva- ursi).Ferguson, Brennan A. "Broom Rusts." Idaho.gov/forestry. Idaho Department of Lands, Sept. 2014. Web. 11 Nov. 2014.
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He was particularly concerned with microscopic sac fungi, slime molds, and rusts. From 1904 until his death, he was a corresponding member of the Austrian Academy of Sciences. He was also a member of the Austrian Commission for International Geodesy and the Austrian Patent Court.
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Most species are considered to be specific to only one host species of plant, such as Uromycladium simplex on Acacia pycnanthaMcAlpine, Daniel (1906). The rusts of Australia their structure, nature and classification. Department of Agriculture (Victoria). pp. 110–12. and Uromycladium falcatarium on Falcataria moluccana.
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In 1998, the band's second release Everything Beautiful Rusts, while receiving much more attention, failed to keep the band together and by 2000 they had broken up. Tutunick can now be seen on a weekly music show Feedback featured on the PAX TV channel.
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Cast iron is a porous material that rusts easily. As a result, it typically requires seasoning before use. Seasoning creates a thin layer of oxidized fat over the iron that coats and protects the surface, and prevents sticking. Enameled cast-iron cookware was developed in the 1920s.
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Because residents rarely clean the open areas, cage homes are often found to have flies, mosquitoes, mice, and cockroaches. As such, the filthy environment becomes a breeding ground for bacteria, viruses, and diseases. Metal cages are typically made of iron, which rusts easily in the moist climate.
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Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii. The dimorphic Basidiomycota with yeast stages and the pleiomorphic rusts are examples of fungi with anamorphs, which are the asexual stages. Some Basidiomycota are only known as anamorphs. Many are yeasts, collectively called basidiomycetous yeasts to differentiate them from ascomycetous yeasts in the Ascomycota.
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For example, a 1963 US Forest Service study found that trees infected by Chrysomyxa arctostaphyli showed a 30 percent reduction in growth over the course of ten years as compared to healthy trees.Peterson, Roger S. "Effects of broom rusts on Spruce and Fir." Research Papers. US Forest Serv. (1963).
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In the family Sphaeropsidaceae, species of the genus Darluca are hyperparasitic on rusts while species of Cicinnobolus are hyperparasites of powdery mildew. Their mycelium is grown longitudinally in the mycelium of their hosts. Members of this order can produce bisnaphthyl pigments, such as Sphaerolone and dihydrosphaerolone, or 2-hydroxyjuglone.
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The phylum Basidiomycota can be divided into three major lineages: mushrooms, rusts and smuts. Fusion of haploid nuclei (karyogamy) occurs in the basidia, club-shaped end cells. Shortly after formation of the diploid cell, meiosis occurs and the resulting four haploid nuclei migrate into four, usually external cells called basidiospores.
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Rusts are considered among the most harmful pathogens to agriculture, horticulture and forestry. Rust fungi are major concerns and limiting factors for successful cultivation of agricultural and forest crops. White pine blister rust, wheat stem rust, soybean rust, and coffee rust are examples of notoriously damaging threats to economically important crops.
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Similar to most rusts, CWR has 4 stages of infection: (i) Basidospore lands on susceptible plant. Development of germ tube and infection peg begins. (ii) Formation of small vesicles inside the host epidermis. (iii) Formation of elongated fungal vesicles inside the host epidermis (iv) Formation of septate fungal vesicles with branching hyphae.
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Although they're as strong as paint finishes, they do not hold up as well as electroplated finishes. Paint finishes are for both steel and aluminum furniture, although it easily scratches and rusts. Brass plating, which is an electroplated finish, is applied in a bath and is durable. Solid brass is both pricey and rare.
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Electrolytically refined manganese chips and a 1 cm3 cube Manganese is a silvery-gray metal that resembles iron. It is hard and very brittle, difficult to fuse, but easy to oxidize. Manganese metal and its common ions are paramagnetic. Manganese tarnishes slowly in air and oxidizes ("rusts") like iron in water containing dissolved oxygen.
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The Cronartiaceae are a family of rust fungi in the order Uredinales. They are heteroecious rusts with two alternating hosts, typically a pine and a flowering plant, and up to five spore stages. Many of the species are plant diseases of major economic importance, causing significant damage and (in some cases) heavy mortality in conifers.
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Compared to grated trench drains, the slot drain has several advantages, as it does not have any kind of grating that deteriorates, rusts or needs replacement. Slot drains made from brick are used by architects, especially landscaping architects as they usually do not want grates to appear on the ground for fountains, playgrounds and gardens.
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Location is an important characteristic in the spread of wheat rust. Some places wheat rust can easily flourish and spread. In other areas, the environment is marginally suited for the disease. Urediniospores of the wheat rusts initiate germination within one to three hours of contact with free moisture over a range of temperatures depending on the rust.
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Fenarimol, sold under the tradenames Bloc, Rimidin and Rubigan, is a fungicide which acts against rusts, blackspot and mildew fungi. It is used on ornamental plants, trees, lawns, tomatoes, peppers, eggplants, cucumbers and melons. It is mainly used to control powdery mildew. It works by inhibiting the fungus's biosynthesis of important steroid molecules (via blockade of the CYP51 enzyme).
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Uromycladium is a genus of rust fungi in the family Pileolariaceae. It was circumscribed by mycologist Daniel McAlpine in 1905.McAlpine, D. 1905. A new genus of Uredineae — Uromycladium. Ann Mycol 3(4):303–322 The genus was established by McAlpine for rusts on Acacia (Fabaceae, subfamily Mimosoideae) with teliospores that clustered at the top of a pedicel.
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Royal Horticultural Society, Cambridge, U.K. The white flowers are borne in clusters at the end of the branches in spring. The bright red edible fruit ripens in late summer and early fall and falls soon after. This species is a target of Gypsy moths. Leaf rusts and fireblight are among the many foliage diseases to affect this species.
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Pitch canker is the most serious threat to the Monterey pine at the Ranch. Between 80% and 90% of the Pines may be killed by pitch canker. Monterey pine is affected by two endemic pests and diseases; western gall rusts and engraver beetles. By removing infected limbs and good slash disposal the problems have been kept under control.
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Today Tiburcio tries to fill in as many empty spaces as possible to avoid the use of wire, which he says rusts over time, making the piece fall apart. Tiburcio calls his work “arbóles retablo” or altarpiece trees. Tiburcio models most of the pieces by hand, only occasionally using molds. He uses aniline dyes for color.
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The Borlaug Global Rust Initiative (BGRI - originally named the Global Rust Initiative) was founded in response to recommendations of a committee of international experts who met to consider a response to the threat the global food supply posed by the Ug99 strain of wheat rust. The BGRI was renamed the Borlaug Global Rust initiative in honor of Green Revolution pioneer and Nobel Peace Prize Laureate Dr. Norman Borlaug who worked to establish and lead the Global Rust Initiative. The BGRI has the overarching objective of systematically reducing the world’s vulnerability to stem, yellow, and leaf rusts of wheat and advocating/facilitating the evolution of a sustainable international system to contain the threat of wheat rusts and continue the enhancements in productivity required to withstand future global threats to wheat.
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The stem, black, and cereal rusts are caused by the fungus Puccinia graminis and are a significant disease affecting cereal crops. Crop species that are affected by the disease include bread wheat, durum wheat, barley and triticale. These diseases have affected cereal farming throughout history. The annual recurrence of stem rust of wheat in North Indian plains was discovered by Prof.
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There are not many known insect or disease problems in agarita. Sometimes leaf spots and rusts - especially black stem rust - may occur. Stem rust, caused by the fungus Puccinia graminis, is an agriculturally important disease in wheat, barley, oats, rye and triticale. Since Mahonia trifoliolata acts as an intermediate host, farmers usually remove the bushes to reduce the prevalence of disease.
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Tin Man is a main character from The Wizard of Oz and somehow he found his way to Harmony Town. He is a wood-cutter made out of tin who rusts easily when exposed to water and he dreams of having a real heart. Tin Man also attended the wedding of Queen Watevra Wa’Nabi. He was in The LEGO Movie 2 minifigure series.
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Rusts are plant diseases caused by pathogenic fungi of the order Pucciniales (previously known as Uredinales). An estimated 168 rust genera and approximately 7,000 species, more than half of which belong to the genus Puccinia, are currently accepted. Rust fungi are highly specialized plant pathogens with several unique features. Taken as a group, rust fungi are diverse and affect many kinds of plants.
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Fungi commonly produce spores, as a result of sexual, or asexual, reproduction. Spores are usually haploid and grow into mature haploid individuals through mitotic division of cells (Urediniospores and Teliospores among rusts are dikaryotic). Dikaryotic cells result from the fusion of two haploid gamete cells. Among sporogenic dikaryotic cells, karyogamy (the fusion of the two haploid nuclei) occurs to produce a diploid cell.
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Chlamydospores of the yeast Candida albicans Chlamydospores are usually dark-coloured, spherical, and have a smooth (non-ornamented) surface. They are multicellular, with cells connected by pores in the septae between cells. Chlamydospores are a result of asexual reproduction (in which case they are conidia called chlamydoconidia) or sexual reproduction (rare). Teliospores are special kind of chlamydospores formed by rusts and smuts.
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Metals are usually inclined to form cations through electron loss. Most will react with oxygen in the air to form oxides over various timescales (potassium burns in seconds while iron rusts over years). Some others, like palladium, platinum and gold, do not react with the atmosphere at all. The oxides of metals are generally basic, as opposed to those of nonmetals, which are acidic or neutral.
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The rust species Puccinia jaceae was originally described by German botanist Gustav Heinrich Otth in 1866. In 1953, Hylander and colleagues synonymized P. jaceae with the P. hieracii, a species complex of rusts that attacked various Cichorieae plants. Later research determined that P. jaceae differed from the species P. hieracii, and Puccinia jaceae var. solstitialis was recognized as a variant of P. jaceae in a 1970 publication.
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Grain silos in Australia Grains may be lost in the pre-harvest, harvest, and post-harvest stages. Pre-harvest losses occur before the process of harvesting begins, and may be due to insects, weeds, and rusts. Harvest losses occur between the beginning and completion of harvesting, and are primarily caused by losses due to shattering. Post-harvest losses occur between harvest and the moment of human consumption.
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Environmental management plans for pests include the use of a good insect screen, air movement, and ventilation: methods that reduce the stress on the plant. Common herb diseases are: botrytis, mildew, viruses, rusts, and root disease. Successful management of plant diseases include environmental controls similar to that of the pest management plan. Chemical means are determined based on the type of plant disease present in the herb.
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Either used in sheet or alternatively, plate for all-metal hulls or for isolated structural members. It is strong, but heavy (despite the fact that the thickness of the hull can be less). It is generally about 30% heavier than aluminium and somewhat more heavy than polyester. The material rusts unless protected from water (this is usually done by means of a covering of paint).
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Puccinia coronata is a plant pathogen and causal agent of oat and barley crown rust. The pathogen occurs worldwide, infecting both wild and cultivated oats. Crown rust poses a threat to barley production, because the first infections in barley occur early in the season from local inoculum.USDA ARS Crown rusts have evolved many different physiological races within different species in response to host resistance.
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Wind carries teliospores to pines shoots that then germinate under cool humid conditions, producing germ tubes with up to three side branches that act as basidia. The basidium directly penetrate the cuticle and epidermis. Other pines rusts like Cronartium ribicola and C. comandrae infect through the stomata. After penetration and establishment of a intracellular infection structure, primary hyphae are produced, infecting the epidermis and cortex intercellularly.
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He became Head of the Botany Department and in 1922 was appointed Dean of the new Graduate School. From 1925 - 1926 and 1933 - 1934 Kern was Acting Dean of the Colleges of Agriculture and Engineering at the University of Puerto Rico. Kern's research and expertise was in plant pathology, especially the rust fungi. He worked on the genus Gymnosporangium (cedar apple rusts) until his death.
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A copper object with copper carbonate on its surface Earlier, copper and brass vessels were used because of their high conductivity. High conductivity of copper vessels reduces the fuel cost. However, a chemical reaction between copper and oxygen called Oxidization turn the copper vessels black. Copper also reacts with the moisture in air and creates copper carbonate substance, which can be noticed as light green rusts on the surface.
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As R.P. Singh, J. Huerta-Espino, and A.P. Roelfs say in their (undated) comprehensive review of literature on the wheat rusts for UN FAO: > Although Gadd first described stripe rust of wheat in 1777, it was not until > 1896 that Eriksson and Henning (1896) showed that stripe rust resulted from > a separate pathogen, which they named P. glumarum. In 1953, Hylander et al. > (1953) revived the name P. striiformis.
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After the death of Jacob Cornelis van Marken, the park became a desirable residential area which offered rental homes. Since 1989, the park has been listed. The villa later had one settlement built around it, the Rust Roest (meaning: resting rusts or: use it or lose it). The founders of the Rust Roest formed a corporation to help the development of the settlement and gave the park staff in 1870.
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It is probable that most plant species are affected by some species of rust. Rusts are often named after a host species that they infect. For example; Puccinia xanthii infects the flowering plant cocklebur (Xanthium). Recently, a total of 95 rust fungi belonging to 25 genera associated with 117 forest plant species belonging to 80 host genera under 43 host families were reported from the Western Ghats, Kerala, India.
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Since this pathogen is a heteroecious rust, C. arctostaphyli has a primary and an alternate host upon which it produces different fruiting structures and different spores unique to each structure. As implied in the disease name, spruce broom rust mainly affects four spruce species: white (Picea glauca), black (Picea mariana) Engelmann (Picea engelmannii) and Colorado blue (Picea pungens).Broom Rusts of Spruce and Fir. US Forest Service Dept.
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The basidospore family include mushrooms, rusts, smuts, brackets, and puffballs. The airborne spores from mushrooms reach levels comparable to those of mold and pollens. The levels of mushroom respiratory allergy are as high as 30 percent of those with allergic disorder, but it is believed to be less than 1 percent of food allergies. Heavy rainfall (which increases fungal spore release) is associated with increased hospital admissions of children with asthma.
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Important diseases which it controls include leaf spot, rusts, powdery mildew, downy mildew, net blotch and blight. Worldwide, azoxystrobin is registered for use on all important crops. For example, in the European Union and United states, it is registered for use in wheat, barley, oats, rye, soya, cotton, rice, strawberry, peas, beans, onions and many other vegetables. The advantage to the farmer comes in the form of improved yield at harvest.
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Failure of ties is an increasing problem with cavity wall ties made from galvanized steel. It arises when the galvanizing is not of sufficient quality and the outer leaf of the cavity wall allows water penetration, usually due to porous brick/blockwork. If the tie rusts, the swelling effect may cause horizontal, external cracks to appear in the wall. Frost action can swiftly enlarge these cracks to cause damage.
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The expansive force of rusting, which may be called oxide jacking or rust burst, is a phenomenon that can cause damage to structures made of stone, masonry, concrete or ceramics, and reinforced with metal components. A definition is "the displacement of building elements due to the expansion of iron and steel products as the metal rusts and becomes iron oxide". Corrosion of other metals such as aluminum can also cause oxide jacking.
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Steel expands when it rusts, and these forces create even more cracks, letting in more water. The air bubbles are typically 10 to 500 micrometres in diameter (0.0004 to 0.02 in) and are closely spaced. The air bubble can be compressed a little, and so the bubbles act to reduce or absorb stresses from freezing. Air entraining was introduced in the 1930s and most modern concrete, especially if subjected to freezing temperatures, is air-entrained.
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In 1902, Butler was transferred to Dehra Dun under the Imperial Agricultural Department. During a visit to Coorg he studied spike disease of sandalwood which was later studied by L. C. Coleman, the Government Botanist in the state of Mysore. In 1905 he became Imperial Mycologist at the Imperial Agricultural Research Institute at Pusa. He published a monograph of the Indian wheat rusts in 1906 and his research on Pythium in 1907.
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Seymour spent his first two years following graduation at the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History which was spent surveying and indexing rusts from Illinois, during which he discovered new rust species. The results of his findings were published in Parasitic Fungi of Illinois. Part I (Uredineae) and Part II (Erysipheae). It was at this time when he met Franklin Sumner Earle, whom he collaborated with over the course of his career.
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Unlike the rest of the ships, which are made from bone and hide of animals, the Ruin Ship is made of a golden metal called ethren that never rusts. It is five times the size of an average Icecarl ship, and is the model upon which all ships are based. There are also different "special" clans of warriors. Shield Maidens are a group of experienced Icecarl warrior women residing in the Ruin Ship.
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White rust pathogens create chlorotic (yellowed) lesions and sometimes galls on the upper leaf surface and there are corresponding white blister-like dispersal pustules of sporangia on the underside of the leaf. Species of the Albuginaceae deform the branches and flower parts of many host species. Host species include most if not all plants in the family Brassicaceae, common agricultural weeds, and those specified below."White Rusts of Vegetables" (PDF), RPD No. 960, Univ.
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In the Elementeo Chemistry Card Game, elements have their own personalities—Oxygen becomes Oxygen Life-Giver, Sodium becomes Sodium Dragon, and Iodine becomes Iodine Mermaid. Elements can combine to make compounds and interact with properties and oxidation states. For example, Oxygen Life Giver rusts metals, Copper Cyclops shocks element cards around him, and Helium Genie airlifts element cards. The goal of the game is to capture your opponent's electrons and reduce them to 0.
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The collection is especially rich in grasses, partly due to the interest of Cummins in collecting hosts for grass rusts. Cummins named over 600 new taxa or combinations in his 33-year career as curator. He was appointed professor in 1947 and was head of the Department of Botany and Plant Pathology from 1966 to 1970, when he retired. Cummins was active in teaching and instructed courses in general plant sciences and mycology.
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Isobel English published her first book, The Key that Rusts, a year after she was married (having described her occupation as "writer" on her marriage certificate). Every Eye followed two years later and in 1961 her final novel Four Voices. She published numerous short stories and a collection of them, Life after All, appeared in 1973 and won the Katherine Mansfield Prize. A single unstaged play, Meeting Point, was published in The New Review.
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The structure is clad in Cor-Ten steel, the material used for the Daley Center and the Picasso sculpture in the Center's plaza. The metal rusts with age, an effect intended by the architects. The lobby floor is ½ level below ground, and an underground retail concourse is found another half level below. The coffered ceilings in the lobby and outdoor arcade are similar to Washington DC's subway system, designed by the same architect.
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Oxygen scavengers or oxygen absorbers help remove oxygen from a closed package. Some are small packets or sachets containing powdered iron: as the iron rusts, oxygen is removed from the surrounding atmosphere. Newer systems are on cards or can be built into package films or molded structures. In addition, the physical characteristics of the packaging itself (oxygen transmission rate - OTR) can dictate how effective an oxygen absorber can be, and how long it will stay effective.
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Paul Sydow (1 November 1851 in Kallies – 26 February 1925 in Sophienstädt near Ruhlsdorf) UNI Goettingen Department of Systematic Botany was a German mycologist and lichenologist, father of Hans Sydow (1879–1946). He worked as a schoolmaster in Berlin. With his son, Hans, he authored works involving descriptions of new species of ascomycetes, rusts and smuts.Google Books Dictionary of the Fungi, edited by P.M. Kirk, P.F. Cannon, D.W. Minter, J.A. Stalpers He also wrote about algae.
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His matches won't light, his stainless steel knife rusts, and magic actually works. Worst of all, the world is on the verge of Ragnarök, the final conflict between the Gods and the Giants. Lost and freezing, Shea falls in with Odinn, who leads him to the mortal farmstead of Sverre, where the Gods are meeting. There he is befriended by the servant Thjalfi, through whose offices he comes under the dubious patronage of the malicious, mischief-making god Loki.
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The order Tremellales was created by Carleton Rea in 1922 for species in which the basidia were "tremelloid" (globose to ellipsoid with vertical or diagonal septa). Rea placed within it one family, the Tremellaceae, having the same characteristics as the order. This circumscription was generally accepted until the 1980s. In 1945, however, G.W. Martin proposed a substantial extension of the order to include all the species within the (now obsolete) class Heterobasidiomycetes except for the rusts and the smuts.
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Plants can show many signs or physical evidence of fungal, viral or bacterial infections. This can range from rusts or molds to not showing anything at all when a pathogen invades the plant (occurs in some viral diseases in plants). Symptoms which are visible effects of diseases on the plant consist of changes in color, shape or function. These changes in the plant coordinates with their response to pathogens or foreign organisms that is negatively effecting their system.
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Spruce broom rust or yellow witches' broom rust is a fungal plant disease caused by the basidiomycete fungus known as Chrysomyxa arctosphyli. It occurs exclusively in North America, with the most concentrated outbreaks occurring in northern Arizona and southern Colorado on blue and Engelmann spruce, as well as in Alaska on black and white spruce.Peterson, Roger S. Effects of Broom Rusts on Spruce and Fir. Vol. 7. Ogden, Utah, Intermountain Forest & Range Experiment Station: Forest Service, U.S. Dept.
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Bronze wool is a bundle of very fine bronze filaments, used in finishing and repair work to polish wood or metal objects. Bronze wool is similar to steel wool, but is used in its place to avoid some problems associated with broken filaments: steel rusts quickly, especially in a marine environment. Furthermore, steel is magnetic and can affect the operation of marine equipment, such as a compass. Steel can also discolor some materials, such as oak.
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It is produced by treating ethylene bis(dithiocarbamate) sodium salt, "nabam", with zinc sulfate. This procedure can be carried out by mixing nabam and zinc sulfate in a spray tank.Michael A. Kamrin, (1997) Pesticide Profiles: Toxicity, Environmental Impact, and Fate, CRC Press, Its uses include control of downy mildews, rusts, and redfire disease. In the US it was once registered as a "General Use Pesticide", however all registrations were voluntarily cancelled following an EPA special review.
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The 15 life-size horses which comprise the sculpture (as of 2014) are made from half-inch-thick panels of COR-TEN steel, a special iron alloy that rusts on the surface but still retains its structural integrity. The horses, now colored a rich red from oxidation and each weighing approximately 1000 pounds, are welded to four- foot-long metal poles set into the ridge on which the sculpture stands.Associated Press (7 October 1990). "Sculpture begins ride on river bluff".
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Unlike most fungal septa, they have a barrel-shaped swelling around their central pore, which is about 0.1–0.2 µm wide. This structure is typically capped at either end by specialized membranes, called "parenthesomes" (after their parenthesis-like appearance under a microscope) or simply "pore caps". The rusts (Pucciniales) and smuts (Ustilaginales), although classified in Basidiomycota, have not been observed to have dolipore septa. Dolipore septa vary significantly between monokaryotic and dikaryotic hyphae, which form at different points in basidiomycete life cycles.
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Once crossed, the dikaryons are established and a second spore stage is formed, numbered "I" and called aecia, which form dikaryotic aeciospores in dry chains in inverted cup-shaped bodies embedded in host tissue. These aeciospores then infect the second host, known as the primary or asexual host (in macrocyclic rusts). On the primary host a repeating spore stage is formed, numbered "II", the urediospores in dry pustules called uredinia. Urediospores are dikaryotic and can infect the same host that produced them.
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Most diseases of crop plants result from fungus spores that may live in the soil and enter through roots, be airborne and enter the plant through damaged areas or landing on leaf surfaces, or are spread by pests. These spores tend to affect photosynthesis and reduce chlorophyll. They often make plants look yellow and affect growth and marketability of the crop. They are most commonly treated with fungicides, and may be called mildews, rusts, blotches, scabs, wilts, rots or blights.
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George Baker Cummins was affectionately known as "Mr. Rust" and he was recognized throughout the world as the authority on the rust fungi, the Puccinales, which are the largest order of disease-causing organisms of plants. Cummins professional specialty for almost his entire career was the taxonomy, biology and geographic distribution of the rust fungi. His investigations of the rusts took him to the Philippines, New Guinea, continental China, the Himalaya, central and western Africa, and North and South America.
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He undertook a number of visits to explore the fungi of Southern America. These including collaboration with Carlos E. Chardón to explore the rust and smut fungi of Puerto Rico as well as other collaborations about rusts in Venezuela, Colombia and Santo Domingo. In 1908 he was among the founding members of the American Phytopathological Society, acting as vice president in 1914, and in 1922 was the author of the first publication in the Society's scientific journal Phytopathology. He retired in 1950.
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Mad cow disease in cattle and scrapie of sheep are monitored by the Canadian Food Inspection Agency. The poultry sector was plagued by Pullorum disease, and by controlling the flock via poultry husbandry, this disease has been brought under control. Plants whose traits can be modified to survive a disease or insect have made inroads into Canadian agricultural practices. Cereal rusts which can destroy the majority of areas seeded to wheat, was controlled in 1938 by breeding strains which were rust-resistant.
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Uredospores are subglobose to ovoid or pyriform, echinulate, and measure 25.74 to 37.18 x 17.16 to 27.17 μm, with thickened walls apical walls (1.3 to 1.6 μm) and one to two equatorial germ pores. In addition, the overwintering spores that produce basidiospores, also known as teliospores, have been located on the leaf surface. The teliospores range from cylindrical, clavate to club shaped, with rounded apex and sized from 50−83 × 14−21 μm. Basidiospores are the sexual spores of rusts.
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Scale is a problem because it insulates and heat exchange becomes less efficient as the scale thickens, which wastes energy. Scale also narrows pipe widths and therefore increases the energy used in pumping the water through the pipes. Corrosion occurs when the parent metal oxidises (as iron rusts, for example) and gradually the integrity of the plant equipment is compromised. The corrosion products can cause similar problems to scale, but corrosion can also lead to leaks, which in a pressurised system can lead to catastrophic failures.
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There are many species of fungi including lichen-forming species, and the mycobiota is less poorly known than in many other parts of the world. The most recent checklist of Basidiomycota (bracket fungi, jelly fungi, mushrooms and toadstools, puffballs, rusts and smuts), published in 2005, accepts over 3600 species.Legon & Henrici, Checklist of the British & Irish Basidiomycota The most recent checklist of Ascomycota (cup fungi and their allies, including most lichen-forming fungi), published in 1985, accepts another 5100 species.Cannon, Hawksworth & Sherwood-Pike, The British Ascomycotina.
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The metal to be used as a substrate is primarily determined by the application to which the product will be put, independent of any enamel considerations. Most commonly used are steels of various compositions, but also used are aluminium and copper. Before the application of enamel, the surface of the substrate must be prepared with a number of processes. The most important processes are the cleaning of the surface of the substrate; all remnants of chemicals, rusts, oils, and other contaminants must be completely removed.
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Each of the square's sides measure x . The Corten steel rusts, forming a protective layer at the surface. The work, sited on a plaza of paving stones that measures x , frames views of English Bay, the North Shore Mountains and the city. In their guide for public art in Vancouver, John Steil and Aileen Stalker suggested two sources for the sculpture's design: Chung Hung's training as a civil engineer, and the shapes of plane tables and quadrants, both navigational instruments used by George Vancouver.
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In 1848, de Bary graduated from a Gymnasium at Frankfurt, and began to study medicine at Heidelberg, continued at Marburg. In 1850, he went to Berlin to continue pursuing his study of medicine, and also continued to explore and develop his interest in plant science. He received his degree in medicine at Berlin in 1853, but his dissertation title was "De plantarum generatione sexuali", a botanical subject. The same year, he published a book on the fungi that caused rusts and smuts in plants.
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Puccinia horiana is a microcyclic, autoecious rust, meaning that the fungus has two known spore stages: teliospores and basidiospores, as well as no known alternate host. Similar to other microcyclic rusts, two-celled teliospores produce unicellular basidiospores which are then dispersed via air currents. Under a laboratory setting, it has been shown to both spores need high humidity (50-90% RH) and a thin layer of water to germinate. This rust is susceptible to desiccation and has been shown to lose viability in drier climates.
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These plots would include land with characteristics such as well-drained soil such as that on a high-sloped area, spots that are well aerated, and face the south for dryness and warmth. This would remove the wet, damp environment that is crucial for the germination of the spores on the Pinus. Once plantation spots have been chosen, pruning and inspection practices have been adapted as a monitored cultural practice. Inspections for blister rusts begin in May about six years after the trees are planted.
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Agaricus bisporus basidiospores A basidiospore is a reproductive spore produced by Basidiomycete fungi, a grouping that includes mushrooms, shelf fungi, rusts, and smuts. Basidiospores typically each contain one haploid nucleus that is the product of meiosis, and they are produced by specialized fungal cells called basidia. Typically, four basidiospores develop on appendages from each basidium, out of these 2 are of one strain and other 2 of its opposite strain. In gills under a cap of one common species, there exist millions of basidia.
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Juncus dichotomus, a native of the Americas, is also now being reported as invasive in Europe. Juncus dichotomous has been confused with Juncus tenuis, a very widespread plant, in Europe which may have contributed to its spread there. Throughout the southeastern United States and some Northeastern parts on the US found there dichotomus is common. Systemic rusts and smuts have a major effect on individual plants and populations as they affect growth and survival and diseased plants may become distorted, stunted and/or elongated although the results are variable.
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COI also performs poorly in the identification of basidiomycote rusts of the order Pucciniales due to the presence of introns. Even when the obstacle of introns is overcome, ITS and the LSU rRNA (28S) outperform COI as DNA barcode marker. In the subdivision Agaricomycotina, PCR amplification success was poor for COI, even with multiple primer combinations. Successfully sequenced COI samples also included introns and possible paralogous copies, as reported for Fusarium. Agaricus bisporus was found to contain up to 19 introns, making the COI gene of this species the longest recorded, with 29,902 nucleotides.
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Sanctioned names are those, regardless of their authorship, that were used by Persoon in his Synopsis Methodica Fungorum (1801) for rusts, smuts and gasteromycetes, and in Fries's Systema Mycologicum (three volumes, published 1821–32) and Elenchus fungorum for all other fungi. A sanctioned name, as defined under article 15 of the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (previously, the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature) is automatically treated as if conserved against all earlier synonyms or homonyms. It can still, however, be conserved or rejected normally.
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Similarly, the Barley MLO gene and spontaneously mutated pea and tomato MLO orthologs also confer powdery mildew resistance. Lr34 is a gene that provides partial resistance to leaf and yellow rusts and powdery mildew in wheat. Lr34 encodes an adenosine triphosphate (ATP)–binding cassette (ABC) transporter. The dominant allele that provides disease resistance was recently found in cultivated wheat (not in wild strains) and, like MLO provides broad-spectrum resistance in barley. Natural alleles of host translation elongation initiation factors eif4e and eif4g are also recessive viral-resistance genes.
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But even these two great bridges did not suffice. Before the island of Key West could be reached by the railway, yet another 2,500 odd feet had to be traversed, and Coe decided that a viaduct would be best for this remaining part of the route. Coe had yet another problem in the adequate protection of the vast quantities of steelwork in the bridges from the effects of oxidization caused by exposure to salt water. The excessively moist air of Florida also rusts metal within a short space of time.
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Microfungi are fungi— eukaryotic organisms such as molds, mildews and rusts— which exhibit tube tip-growth and have cell walls composed of chitin, a polymer of N-acetylglucosamine. Microfungi are a paraphyletic group, distinguished from macrofungi only by the absence of a large, multicellular fruiting body. They are ubiquitous in all terrestrial and freshwater and marine environments, and grow in plants, soil, water, insects, cattle rumens, hair, and skin. Most of the fungal body consists of microscopic threads, called hyphae, extending through the substrate in which it grows.
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Basidiomycota () is one of two large divisions that, together with the Ascomycota, constitute the subkingdom Dikarya (often referred to as the "higher fungi") within the kingdom Fungi. More specifically, Basidiomycota includes these groups: mushrooms, puffballs, stinkhorns, bracket fungi, other polypores, jelly fungi, boletes, chanterelles, earth stars, smuts, bunts, rusts, mirror yeasts, and the human pathogenic yeast Cryptococcus. Basidiomycota are filamentous fungi composed of hyphae (except for basidiomycota-yeast) and reproduce sexually via the formation of specialized club-shaped end cells called basidia that normally bear external meiospores (usually four). These specialized spores are called basidiospores.
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Plants with severe rust infection may appear stunted, chlorotic (yellowed), or may display signs of infection such as rust fruiting bodies. Rust fungi grow intracellularly, and make spore- producing fruiting bodies within or, more often, on the surfaces of affected plant parts. Some rust species form perennial systemic infections that may cause plant deformities such as growth retardation, witch's broom, stem canker, galls, or hypertrophy of affected plant parts. Rusts get their name because they are most commonly observed as deposits of powdery rust-coloured or brown spores on plant surfaces.
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White rust plant diseases caused by Albugo fungal-like pathogens should not be confused with White Pine Blister Rust, Chrysanthemum white rust or any fungal rusts, all of which are also plant diseases but have completely different symptoms and causal pathogens. Symptoms of white rust caused by Albugo typically include yellow lesions on the upper leaf surface and white pustules on the underside of the leaf. The pathogen is spread by wind, water, and insects. Management includes use of resistant cultivars, proper irrigation practices, crop rotation, sanitation, and chemical control.
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Weisman predicts that native vegetation would return, spreading from parks and out-surviving invasive species. Without humans to provide food and warmth, rats and cockroaches would die off. An abandoned house in a state of collapse Weisman explains that a common house would begin to fall apart as water eventually leaks into the roof around the flashings, erodes the wood and rusts the nails, leading to sagging walls and eventual collapse. After 500 years, all that would be left would be aluminum dishwasher parts, stainless steel cookware, and plastic handles.
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Farmington Township was established in 1878 from parts of Bow Creek and Lowell townships. Farmington was a double township until Lanark Township was created from the east half of Farmington Township in 1879. Farmington Township was named by Elam Bartholomew for Farmington, IL. Elam Bartholomew moved to Farmington Township (then part of Bow Creek Township) in 1874. Bartholomew authored two books, The Fungus Flora of Kansas and North American Plant Rusts based on research he conducted while living in Farmington Township. Sternberg Museum’s herbarium is named for Elam Bartholomew.
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Schematic representation of a typical basidiocarp, showing fruiting body, hymenium and basidia In fungi, a basidiocarp, basidiome or basidioma (plural: basidiomata) is the sporocarp of a basidiomycete, the multicellular structure on which the spore-producing hymenium is borne. Basidiocarps are characteristic of the hymenomycetes; rusts and smuts do not produce such structures. As with other sporocarps, epigeous (above-ground) basidiocarps that are visible to the naked eye (especially those with a more or less agaricoid morphology) are commonly referred to as mushrooms, while hypogeous (underground) basidiocarps are usually called false truffles.
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The fungus does not cause serious damage to junipers, but apple and pear trees can suffer serious loss of fruit production due to the effects of the fungus. Although the genus has a worldwide distribution, its impact depends on availability of its two host plant species. Individual species are found in Northern and Central America, Asia, Europe and the Middle East. Due to the economic impacts of the rusts in some areas where orchards are of commercial importance, some regions have attempted to ban the planting of and/or eradicate the coniferous hosts.
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The American Phytopathological Society. St. Paul. pp. 28–29. and Puccinia causing cereal rusts, and Oomycetes such as Phytophthora causing potato late blight and the resulting Great Irish Famine of 1845-1849. Where crop diversity is low, and in particular where single varieties of major crops are nearly universal, fungal diseases can cause the loss of an entire crop, as with the potato in Ireland, and as with the monocultured crop of maize (corn) in the USA in 1970, where over a billion dollars' worth of production was lost.
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There is evidence that mechanical and chemical control methods are actually no more effective in the long run than leaving the weed in place. Fungal rusts and the leaf-eating beetle Ophraella communa have been proposed as agents of biological pest control of ragweeds, but the latter may also attack sunflowers, and applications for permits and funding to test these controls have been unsuccessful.Kiss, pp. 83–89. The beetle has, however, appeared in Europe, either on its own or as an uncontrolled introduction, and it has started making a dent into Ambrosia populations there.ITISW.
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In April 2010, Gundersen released a report (commissioned by several nongovernment organizations) which explored a hazard associated with the possible rusting through of the AP1000 containment structure steel liner. In the AP1000 design, the liner and the concrete are separated, and if the steel rusts through, "there is no backup containment behind it" says Gundersen. If the dome rusted through the design would expel radioactive contaminants and the plant "could deliver a dose of radiation to the public that is 10 times higher than the N.R.C. limit" according to Gundersen. Westinghouse has disputed Gundersen’s assessment.
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Yarwood published on a variety of plant pathology topics including fungi, powdery mildew, rusts, viruses, and predisposing factors. Some of his earlier work demonstrated that, contrary to what was previously believed, powdery mildew conidia could germinate in dry conditions. This was possible, he found, because powdery mildew fungi (Erysiphe polygoni, E. graminis, and E. cichoracearum) had 4.5 times higher water content than some other fungal conidia. He also showed that about half of all known basidiospores at the time had a vertical orientation while attached to the basidium.
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A bit with a sweet iron mouthpiece with added copper inlays Sweet iron is a term for cold-rolled "mild steel" or carbon steel that has been work hardened, popular for use in bit mouthpieces used on horses in the western riding disciplines. It easily rusts, which supposedly encourages salivation from the horse and acceptance of the bit. In the United States this metal is used in many Western riding disciplines, and is not as popular in English riding. In Europe it is frequently used across disciplines, not just Western.
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During the events of the Hyper Battle DVD Fresh Orange Arms is Born!: You Can Also Seize It! The Power of Fresh, the Orange Lockseed rusts and turns into the Fresh Orange Lockseed after following the instructions of "Alternative Mai" which Kouta uses. This transforms Kamen Rider Gaim into , a sparkling version of Gaim's Orange Arms, which is equipped with dual Daidaimaru, has a stronger version of the Burai Kick, and by combining the dual Daidaimaru with two Musou Sabers, he can execute a stronger Naginata Musou Slicer attack.
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Zhang J, Zhang JP, Liu WH, Han HM, Lu YQ, Yang XM, Li XQ, Li LH (2015). Introgression of Agropyron cristatum 6P chromosome segment into common wheat for enhanced thousand-grain weight and spike length. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 128: 1827-1837 Plants with a translocation on chromosome 6P yield wheat of greater weight and longer spike length than those without the mutation. Agropyron cristatum possesses higher tiller number, higher floret numbers, and greater resistance to various pathogens such as wheat rusts, powdery mildew, and barley yellow dwarf virus than many of its close wheat relatives.
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He was awarded the Prix Desmazières for 1913 for his work on marine flora. Besides publishing a guide to phycology in 1892, he contributed to a number of illustrated books on plants,Hariot, Paul Auguste (1854-1917) JSTOR Global Plants and published the first practical guide to seaweeds from the coast of France. Hariot's main interest was in algae and fungi, and later including the rusts. He was one of the founders of the Plant Pathological Society of France, and at the time of his death, was curator of the Cryptogamic Herbarium at the Jardin des Plantes.
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Like her fellow girl students she admires both Cayenne and Shrade, resulting in her being electrocuted by the device used in the Test. This implies that her attraction may be a desire towards seeing them attracted to one another, proving that she is a fujoshi. Sazanka's ability is the , that rusts away any metal exposed to it, reflecting her fujoshi nature, as in English it can be translated as "rotten girl". ; : :A dark-skinned male with the , able to nullify the mechanical resistance of any structure, rendering it fragile to any kind of impact be it weak or strong.
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The house continues to be owned by the Brown family, descendants of the Rusts through Henry's daughter Elizabeth Fitzhugh Rust Brown. The Federal style house has a central hall, single pile plan, extended by the 1908 additions to a double- pile plan. A one-story Roman Doric portico was added to the south elevation in 1908, while the rear (east) elevation has a Roman Doric porch across its width. The property includes a number of outbuildings, including a brick overseer's residence, brick servant's quarters, a smokehouse, a small barn, a farm supervisor's house and a variety of twentieth century buildings.
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Heterobasidiomycetes, including jelly fungi, smuts and rusts, are basidiomycetes with septate basidia. This contrasts them to homobasidiomycetes (alternatively called holobasidiomycetes), including most mushrooms and other Agaricomycetes, which have aseptate basidia. The division of all basidiomycetes between these two groups has been influential in fungal taxonomy, and is still used informally, but it is no longer the basis of formal classification. In modern taxonomy homobasidiomycetes roughly correspond to the monophyletic class Agaricomycetes, whereas heterobasidiomycetes are paraphyletic and as such correspond to various taxa from different taxonomic ranks, including the Basidiomycota other than Agaricomycetes and a few basal groups within Agaricomycetes.
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Puccinia coronata avenae is the variation of crown rust fungus which infects oat plants (Avena sativa). Almost every growing region of oat has been affected by this pathogen at one point or another. During particularly bad epidemics, the worldwide crop yields have been reduced by up to 40%. One reason why P. coronata avenae has such a prominent effect is that the conditions which favor oat production also favor the growth and inoculation of the rusts- meaning that years in which the highest yields of crops are expected are the same years in which losses are the highest as well.
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Plants whose traits can be modified to survive a disease or insect have made inroads into Saskatchewan agricultural practices. Cereal rusts which can destroy the majority of areas seeded to wheat, was controlled in 1938 by breeding strains which were rust-resistant. This strain was successful until around 1950, when again a new strain of rust broke out, and again a new strain called Selkirk was developed which was rust resistant.Genetically modified crops: steady growth in Ontario and Quebec URL accessed November 28, 2006 Biotechnology is the center of new research and regulations affecting agriculture this century.
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In 1898 Brefeld was stricken by glaucoma, and subsequently became totally blind. His eye problems caused him to retire from the university in 1909. Brefeld was a prolific author of works in the field of mycology, being remembered for his writings on the heteroecious nature of fungal rusts and smuts. He pioneered culture techniques in the growth of fungi (using gelatin as a solid media),Google Books An Introduction To Mycology by R. S. Mehrotra, K. R. Aneja and in doing so, was able to study the life histories and systematic relationships of different groups of fungi.
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Though Dodge considered himself primarily a mycologist and a plant pathologist, his study of Neurospora is regarded by many as his major work. As he told W. J. Robbins: > I was, 1925-6, highly interested in studies on the blackberry rusts, short > and long cycle forms (species). […] I had found that I could pass the rust > on the Black Diamond blackberry (dewberry) by grafting to young shoots of > this species, and was trying to culture the rest on cornmeal agar in plates > and flasks. So I had several plates and flasks (250 cc) standing on shelves > in the Arlington Farm greenhouses.
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A sodium acetate heat pad Disposable chemical pads employ a one-time exothermic chemical reaction. One type, frequently used for hand warmers, is triggered by unwrapping an air-tight packet containing slightly moist iron powder and salt or catalysts which rusts over a period of hours after being exposed to oxygen in the air. Another type contains separate compartments within the pad; when the user squeezes the pad, a barrier ruptures and the compartments mix, producing heat such as the enthalpy change of solution of calcium chloride dissolving. The most common reusable heat pads contain a supersaturated solution of sodium acetate in water.
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In the early 20th century, galvanized piping replaced previously-used cast iron and lead in cold-water plumbing. Typically, galvanized piping rusts from the inside out, building up layers of plaque on the inside of the piping, causing both water pressure problems and eventual pipe failure. These plaques can flake off, leading to visible impurities in water and a slight metallic taste. The life expectancy of galvanized piping is about 70 years, but it may vary by region due to impurities in the water supply and the proximity of electrical grids for which interior piping acts as a pathway (the flow of electricity can accelerate chemical corrosion).
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A straight razor on a leather strop Straight razors with open steel blades, also commonly known as cut-throats, were the most commonly used razors before the 20th century. Straight razors consist of a blade sharpened on one edge. The blade can be made of either stainless steel, which is slower to hone and strop, but it is easier to maintain since it does not stain easily, or high carbon steel, which hones and strops quickly and keeps its edge well, but rusts and stains easily if not cleaned and dried promptly. At present, stainless-steel razors are harder to find than carbon steel, but both remain in production.
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She was by this time internationally regarded as an authority on plant rusts, and represented Canada at scientific conventions in the United States, Europe, and Russia. Her research was economically significant, as it was used to develop rust-resistant wheat cultivars and resulted in a "reduction of annual losses of wheat due to rust from 30 million bushels to practically none". Wheat rust is no longer a significant problem in Canada. In 1933 the Government of the Soviet Union, worried about persistent crop losses caused by stem rust, invited Newton to Leningrad at the behest of Nikolai Vavilov to "train fifty carefully selected students in the problems of rust research".
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Gate to the Northwest Passage is a 1980 sculpture by Alan Chung Hung, located adjacent to the Vancouver Maritime Museum in Vanier Park in the Kitsilano neighborhood of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. The sculpture of a square, cut and twisted "like a paper clip" to form an arch, is composed of weathered Corten steel that rusts to provide a protective layer. The work was installed in 1980 to commemorate the arrival of Captain George Vancouver in Burrard Inlet, following a competition sponsored by Parks Canada one year prior. Gate to the Northwest Passage received an adverse reaction initially, but reception has improved over time.
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He travelled and made collections in European Russia, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Crimea, Kyrgyzstan, Pamir Mountains, Ussuri and Primorsky. He is particularly known for Tranzschel's Law, that states that telia of microcyclic species of rust fungi that are descendants of macrocyclic, heteroecious rusts simulate aecia of the ancestral macrocyclic rust and occur on the aecial host of the latter. Tranzschel devised his law to assists in identification of the aecial host of a suspected heteroecious rust by looking for hosts attacked by a microcyclic rust with morphologically similar telia to the former. Modern evolutionary thinking about rust fungi and molecular investigations have confirmed its validity .
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He concluded that the species did not fit in the limits set for the genus Gyrophragmium and so created the new genus Longia with Longia texensis as the type species. The generic name was to honor William Henry Long, an American mycologist noted for his work in describing Gasteromycetes. Zeller also mentioned two additional synonyms: Secotium decipiens (Peck, 1895), and Podaxon strobilaceous (Copeland, 1904). Two years later in 1945, Zeller pointed out that the use of the name Longia was untenable, as it had already been used for a genus of rusts described by Hans Sydow in 1921,Longia as described by Sydow in 1921 is currently known as Haploravenelia.
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Part one deals with questions relating to heat such as the sources of heat and its effects on humans and animals, while Part two deals with questions relating to air, explaining why metal rusts in air, the operation of barometers and the transmission of sound. A Miscellaneous sectionThe Miscellaneous section is included as a third part in the 1864 US edition, but is presented as a further chapter of the second part in the 1880 edition. deals with several more nebulous questions, including questions about sleep and dreaming. Within each part, the different chapters break the questions and answers up into subject areas organised thematically.
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The economically important host of Albugo occidentalis is spinach (Spinacia oleracea); although the oomycete has also been reported to affect plants of the genus Chenopodium, the genus including the crop plant quinoa. This pathogen causes white rust or white blister of spinach. It is unrelated to the basidiomycete rusts biologically, but appears somewhat similar on the surface of the leaf, sometimes causing the plant to form white or yellow blister-like pustules on leaves. The early stage, a milder chlorosis, is found on the on abaxial face, but if the white rust is allowed to thrive, it can blister and be visible on the adaxial surface as well.
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In April 2010, some environmental organizations called on the NRC to investigate possible limitations in the AP1000 reactor design. These groups appealed to three federal agencies to suspend the licensing process because they believed containment in the new design is weaker than existing reactors. In April 2010, Arnold Gundersen, a nuclear engineer commissioned by several anti-nuclear groups, released a report which explored a hazard associated with the possible rusting through of the containment structure steel liner. In the AP1000 design, the liner and the concrete are separated, and if the steel rusts through, "there is no backup containment behind it" according to Gundersen.
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The General Instruction of the Roman Missal lays down rules for patens: > "Sacred vessels should be made from precious metal. If they are made from > metal that rusts or from a metal less precious than gold, they should > generally be gilded on the inside."General Instruction #328 However, provisions for vessels made from non-precious metals are made as well, provided they are "made from other solid materials which in the common estimation in each region are considered precious or noble."General Instruction #329 Some call the communion-plate a "paten",For example, Altar Boy Handbook of Holy Trinity Catholic Church, Gainesville, Virginia, p.
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Gymnosporangium is a genus of heteroecious plant-pathogenic fungi which alternately infect members of the family Cupressaceae, primarily species in the genus Juniperus (junipers), and members of the family Rosaceae in the subfamily Amygdaloideae (apples, pears, quinces, shadbush, hawthorns, rowans and their relatives). The common name cedar-apple rusts has been used for these fungi. According to the Dictionary of the Fungi (10th edition, 2008), there are about 57 species in the genus. In junipers (the primary hosts, see photo), some species form a ball-like gall about 2–4 cm in diameter which produces a set of orange tentacle-like spore tubes called telial horns.
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Born Geoffry Frank Laundon on 7 May 1938 in Kettering, England to parents Frank and Marjorie, Laundon was educated at the University of Sheffield, receiving a B.Sc. honours degree (second class, 1st division) in Botany in 1959. Later in 1959 he became an assistant mycologist (later mycologist) at the Commonwealth Mycological Institute and specialised on rust fungi. In 1963 he married Margaret Keay Cox, and over the next several years had three children with her. In 1965 he emigrated to New Zealand and became mycologist at the Plant Health & Diagnostic Station at Levin, New Zealand and continued to research the taxonomy and nomenclature of rusts.
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Rusts club's good form could not be matched at the National level by the French National team. The national team Lacked the skill that the team possessed in 1982 . Taking advantage of the Olympic football tournament rule change which opened the tournament up to five professionals of any age per team, Rust joined the French Olympic team for qualification to the 1984 Games in Los Angeles, alongside François Brisson, Daniel Xuereb, and other Dominique Bijotat. The adventure ended with them winning and being awarded the gold medal on the top step of the podium at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, after an indisputable victory in the final against Brazil (2-0).
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The study did show that although A. cristatum was found to have higher granivory, after 2 years the difference between A. cristatums granivory and that of native species lessens, and that there was no apparent preference among the animals for either wheat. Therefore, the factors responsible for Agropyron cristatums high granivore content are still relatively unknown. Agropyron cristatum is very tolerant of grazing, although under dry conditions new stands should be protected from grazing for at least two years as the seedling are slow to develop. A. cristatum can be damaged by several fungi, including leaf and stripe rusts, snow mold and some arthropods including black grass bugs (Labops sp.) in pure plantings.
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Gerhard Ertl (born 10 October 1936) is a German physicist and a Professor emeritus at the Department of Physical Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft in Berlin, Germany. Ertl's research laid the foundation of modern surface chemistry, which has helped explain how fuel cells produce energy without pollution, how catalytic converters clean up car exhausts and even why iron rusts, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said. His work has paved the way for development of cleaner energy sources and will guide the development of fuel cells, said Astrid Graslund, secretary of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry. He was awarded the 2007 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces.
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The introduction of wire mesh has the potential to hasten deterioration of both the masonry and the stucco finish as the slightest amount of moisture will lead to rust developing on the wire mesh, which expands as it rusts. This may lead to the spalling of not only the new stucco, but also of the masonry itself. > After thoroughly dampening the masonry or wood lath, the first, scratch coat > should be applied to the masonry substrate, or wood or metal lath, in a > thickness that corresponds to the original if extant, or generally about ″ > to ″. The scratch coat should be scratched or crosshatched with a comb to > provide a key to hold the second coat.
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After deactivation, John Rodgers was acquired by Beauchamp Tower Corp., a small non-profit foundation based in Florida, in late 2006 with the stated purpose of returning her to the States as a museum in Mobile, Alabama. But these plans fell through, and John Rodgers was moored unattended at a granary pier at the Port of Lázaro Cárdenas, Mexico, accumulating more than $2 million in liens and penalties for unpaid towing and wharfage. The Mexican Government in 2008 announced plans to seize and dispose of her as a derelict,Caught in legal crossfire, a celebrated U.S. warship rusts away and on 2 August 2010, declared that the ship was abandoned property, ordering her to be scrapped.
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Cast-iron skillets, before seasoning (left) and after several years of use (right) Commercial waffle iron requiring seasoning Seasoning is the process of treating the surface of a cooking vessel with a dry, hard, smooth, hydrophobic coating formed from polymerized fat or oil. When seasoned surfaces are used for cookery in conjunction with oil or fat a stick-resistant effect is produced. Some form of post-manufacturing treatment or end-user seasoning is mandatory on cast-iron cookware, which rusts rapidly when heated in the presence of available oxygen, notably from water, even small quantities such as drippings from dry meat. Food tends to stick to unseasoned iron and carbon steel cookware, both of which are seasoned for this reason as well.
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As is common among rusts, the life cycle of Cronartium ribicola includes two host species and goes through five spore stages, this is termed heteroecious. In the specific case of Cronartium ribicola, the aecial host of this pathogen is the white pine (Pinus subgenus Strobus, family Pinaceae) and the telial hosts are those of the genus Ribes, specifically currants and gooseberries. Species of both telial and aecial hosts have varying levels of resistance or immunity to infection. On the aecial host, the first signs of C. ribicola are yellow or red spots on the Pinus needles, but these are small and can be difficult to see; more visible symptoms on the aecial host includes perennial cankers which appear on the branches within two years of infection.
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Laundon specialised on rust fungi (Urediniomycetes), first publishing new species in 1963. Among his most important contributions was a new system of spore terminology published in 1967, which was controversial at the time but was generally accepted by the time of her death. Laundon was an active member of the International Association for Plant Taxonomy and was on the Special Committee for Fungi and Lichens for a number of years, served on four international committees dealing with fungus nomenclature, and was invited to investigate the nomenclature of rust genera and write a chapter for Index Nominum Genericorum. Laundon was the first to realise there were two species involved when the poplar rusts were first found in New Zealand in 1972, a claim not verified until samples of the spores were examined with an electron microscope.
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Outstanding contributions by Cummins include a study of the phylogenetic significance of the pores in rust urediniospores, a monograph of the genus Prospodium, an illustrated manual of rust genera, and studies of major groups of grass rusts, some cooperatively with H. C. Greene and J. F. Hennen (Baxter, 1962). During his tenure at Purdue, and at the University of Arizona since his retirement, he published 120 refereed papers and 9 books. The books published include Rust Fungi on Legumes and Composites in North America (1978), The Rust Fungi of Cereals, Grasses and Bamboos (1971), three books on rust fungi of Mexico with Hector M. Gallegos and three editions of the Illustrated Genera of Rust Fungi with Yasuyuki Hiratsuka. Cummins was also a talented scientific illustrator and J.C. Arthur's 1934 Manual of the Rust Fungi contains his illustrations.
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One example is wheat, which has the ability to express genes that make it resistant to leaf and stem rusts, and to the Hessian fly; its resistance declines with increasing temperatures. A number of other factors associated with lack of water may actually attract pestilent insects, as well- some studies have shown that many insects are attracted to yellow hues, including the yellowing leaves of drought-stressed plants. During times of mild drought is when conditions are most suitable to insect infestation in crops; once the plants become too weakened, they lack the nutrients necessary to keep the insects healthy. This means that even a relatively short, mild drought may cause enormous damage- even though the drought on its own may not be enough to kill a significant portion of the crops, once the plants become weakened, they are at higher risk of becoming infested.
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Shimmer, Indigo and Thorn are taken to an underwater mountain fort and welcomed by hundreds of Inland Sea dragons from the oldest to the youngest, all battle-scarred, ready to fight, and bearing signs of the treatment they have had to put up with from Sambar. At the fort Shimmer discovers that a single stalk of a flower known as Ebony's tears, which used to grow abundantly around the shores of the Inland Sea, still exists and was magically preserved, having become a symbol to the entire clan. It is currently being guarded by a branch of the clan led by Lady Francolin, Shimmer's former history teacher. Shimmer seeks Lady Francolin out, who lives the undersea volcanoes where the Inland Sea dragons forge dragon steel, "the truest of all metals", which never rusts nor breaks and is so strong because it is "tempered long and often", which the dragons use for their weapons.
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