Organic material decomposes slowly in the Arctic's cold, wet conditions.
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Beneath those points, responsibility decomposes again, to the small-microgrid level.
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Here, it vaporises and decomposes to form ammonia and carbon dioxide.
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When animal waste and other organic material decomposes, it produces methane.
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As the body decomposes it goes through rapid biological, chemical changes.
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Responsibility "decomposes" to the layer beneath — that's what "layered-decomposition" refers to.
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They also produce such gases—for instance, when vegetation decomposes or burns.
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Once it decomposes, "you're breathing in who-knows-what," she told the Post.
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Same deal: One point of contact with the microgrid above it; responsibility decomposes down.
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As permafrost decomposes, it releases that carbon into the air, creating a dangerous feedback cycle.
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When a forest is damaged, the dead vegetation eventually decomposes, returning the carbon to the atmosphere.
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As the manure decomposes, it releases methane, a greenhouse gas far more destructive than carbon dioxide.
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Polystyrene, a common ocean pollutant, decomposes in sunlight much faster than thought, a new study finds.
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Image: Robert ReiszOrganic matter decomposes and sediment takes its place during the fossilization process, turning bones to rock.
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First, wood is already part of the natural carbon cycle, since it releases carbon dioxide when it decomposes.
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She knows that the smell comes from compounds made by a microbial phyla called Actinomycete, which decomposes organic materials.
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The LQ also comes with air purification coating that decomposes some of the car's emissions while it's being driven.
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These soils release that carbon back to the atmosphere as carbon, methane and other greenhouse gases when organic matter decomposes.
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The earthy scent typical of autumn is the work of fungi and bacteria that decomposes plant matter in the soil.
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Sisal provides a greener alternative to plastic, "as it decomposes faster and can be recycled as farm manure," he said.
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Soft tissue normally decomposes, so fossils like these are especially useful for finding new species that'd be lost to time otherwise.
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As a carcass decomposes, the bacteria in the body itself runs rampant, producing its signature stink and bastardizing the soil's microbiome.
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When a body decomposes, it holds very different microbes in the first 24 hours compared to the next 72, he says.
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Responsibility for electrical power — and with it, social and political power — decomposes downward, to the local level, rather than concentrating at the top.
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But such estimates ignore the fact that atmospheric methane decomposes into carbon dioxide, a less potent greenhouse gas, after 10 to 20 years.
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Forensic scientists have long used dead pigs and other animals as stand-ins for humans to better understand how the body decomposes after death.
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His sperm will regenerate in the form of his thousands of sons and daughters, while his body decomposes and mixes with the detritus of the sea.
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When he finishes interjecting his treacly observations, he magically decomposes into flower petals or sunsets or storms you can walk though with your head held high.
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Like many quantum algorithms, it relies on a mathematical operation known as the quantum Fourier transform (QFT), which decomposes a given quantum state into its constituent parts.
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Too much of it can trigger the growth of harmful algae that, when it dies and decomposes, can consume the ecosystem's oxygen and kill all animal life.
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Fermented at a low temperature over two years in a vegetable and medicinal herb-based brine, this tofu decomposes and attains a creamy texture and gray hue.
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According to Henderson, scientists are also uncertain about the rate and types of gases ejected – specifically, whether methane decomposes into carbon dioxide before or after its release.
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The powder is mixed with a HDPE (high-density polyethylene) resin, which is compostable or photodegradable, meaning it decomposes over time from sunlight, leaving only calcium carbonate behind.
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Excess amounts of nutrients can cause increased algae growth, and when the algae dies and decomposes, it uses oxygen and decreases the level of dissolved oxygen in the water.
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In fact, because nitric oxide has a short life -- it decomposes almost immediately in the body -- men and women need to eat a lot of foods that fuel its production.
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Wick wanted to know if he could deliberately replicate this process on his ranch — but without manure, which, as it decomposes, can release potent greenhouse gases like methane and nitrous oxide.
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Beaches such as Omaha and Juno, visited by millions of tourists each year, struggle with the algae, which is not toxic, but the stench as it decomposes can be a turnoff.
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Much of it ends up in landfills, where it releases methane into the atmosphere as it decomposes; in total, food waste accounts for 8 percent of the world's greenhouse gas emissions.
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Directed by John Hillcoat (The Road, Lawless, and The Proposition), "The Spoils" is a close-up study of Cate Blanchett's face as it decomposes into some sort of featureless lump of rock.
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"Hydrogen peroxide slowly decomposes into water and oxygen all the time," said Amanda Morris, an associate professor of chemistry at Virginia Tech, where Ms. Schrier completed her undergraduate studies in biochemistry and systems biology.
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It enters the air when organic matter decomposes in the ocean or gets burned on the land, and it leaves when plants accidentally suck it up as they're trying to grab CO2 molecules for photosynthesis.
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"[It's] a remarkable claim, just because brain tissue turns out to be one of the first things that decomposes after an animal dies," Lawrence Witmer, a paleontologist who specializes in dinosaur head soft tissue, told NPR.
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Simply, you buy the tent with your festival ticket, pitch it, enjoy the festival, then when it's time to leave, you hand it into the recycling bin area and it then decomposes at the same rate as bread.
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As the permafrost thaws, changes in the way its soil microbes function and the soil carbon decomposes add to the emissions of carbon dioxide and methane into the atmosphere, according to the study by U.S. and Chinese scientists.
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Let's push shitty mash up culture down some stairs; stick a firework up its ass; feed it so many gummy bears that it shits out its insides and decomposes into a poisonous, sickly mess on the floor. Why?
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"It makes sense to me that if a body is in the ocean and decomposes, you end up with a shoe that floats and an ankle where it would disconnect from the tibia and fibula," Mr. Constandinou said.
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Hogs are housed in facilities where slats in the floor allow their waste to be washed under the building and piped into waste pits, where the waste decomposes and is then sprayed as a fertilizer for crops on nearby fields.
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Their first moment of solidarity is slapstick — they belt out Wicked's "Defying Gravity" while a dead rapist decomposes in the trunk of Ophelia's car — but pointed: These are not superheroines, they're flawed young women navigating a brutal, entrenched system of expectations and assumptions perpetuated by men and women alike.
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The singe-use plastic that we toss after 12 seconds will either sit in a landfill and release methane for hundreds of years before it decomposes or join the 8 million metric tons of plastic dumped in the ocean every year that have deadly effects on marine life.
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Travelers and doctors alike should be aware that prolonged contact with the Sargassum weed, or inhaling the hydrogen sulfide gas it gives off as it decomposes on the beach, can cause heart palpitations, shortness of breath, dizziness, vertigo, headache and skin rashes, the authors write in the Journal of Travel Medicine.
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Permafrost, mostly found in high-latitude regions like the Arctic, stores large quantities of carbon dioxide and methane, which are released into the atmosphere if the soil melts and decomposes, according to the researchers from Exeter, the University of Leeds, and Britain's official weather service, known as the Met Office.
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Read more: Jaguar Land Rover put fake 'virtual eyes' on self-driving cars to try to make humans trust them moreThe concept car's technological advancement doesn't stop at the inclusion of AI. The automaker, in partnership with Aisin Chemical Company and Cataler Corporation, has also included an "air purification coating" in the LQ.Toyota claims "a newly developed catalyst coating that decomposes ozone into oxygen on the radiator fan, allowing ozone near the ground surface, a cause of photochemical smog, to be decomposed as the vehicle moves," according to the release.
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The salt decomposes at room temperature to polymeric trimethylhydrazinium nickel tribromide. The salt decomposes when dissolved in polar solvents, due to solvolysis.
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Dienochlor is a combustible yellow solid which is practically insoluble in water. It decomposes when heated above 250 °C. It decomposes rapidly under the influence of sunlight.
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Hydrazinium azide decomposes explosively into hydrazine, ammonia, and nitrogen gas: :12 -> 3 + 16 + 19 Crystallization with an equimolar amount hydrazine yields the solid hydrazinium azide hydrazinate, ·, or , as monoclinic crystals. This compound is less hygroscopic and less volatile than pure hydrazinium azide. It decomposes explosively into nitrogen, hydrogen, and ammonia. At pressure of 40 GPa, hydrazinium azide decomposes yielding a linear nitrogen allotrope or N≡−−N=N−−≡N, that decomposes to ε-N2 below 25 GPa.
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It too can be obtained by electrolysis of a saturated potassium carbonate solution at −20 °C. It is a light blue crystalline solid that decomposes at 141 °C, releasing oxygen and carbon dioxide, and decomposes slowly at lower temperatures. Rubidium peroxodicarbonate is a light blue crystalline solid that decomposes at . Its structure was published in 2003.
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HgO is sometimes used in the production of mercury as it decomposes quite easily. When it decomposes, oxygen gas is generated. It is also used as a material for cathodes for mercury batteries.
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Silver nitride is poorly soluble in water, but decomposes in mineral acids; decomposition is explosive in concentrated acids. It also slowly decomposes in air at room temperature and explodes upon heating to 165 °C.
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It decomposes rapidly when mildly heated, likely as a result of dehydration.
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Acyl chloride is not soluble in water. Instead, it decomposes in water.
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However it decomposes and does not capture mercury in this application. This complex can form an ammonium salt: ammonium chlorosulfitomercurate(II) NH4[ClHgSO3], which decomposes over 130°C. The salt is formed from mercuric chloride and ammonium sulfite water solutions.
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Hydrogen fluoride is not sufficient; even though it is a powerful fluorinating agent. Under laser irradiation at a wavelength of less than 520 nm, it decomposes to plutonium pentafluoride and fluorine; after more irradiation it decomposes further to plutonium tetrafluoride.
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It is insoluble in nitric acid, but dissolves in ammonia, alkali chlorides, alkali cyanides, aniline, pyridine, and potassium iodide by forming complexes. Concentrated hydrochloric acid decomposes it non-explosively with a hissing noise; thiosulfate also decomposes it non-explosively, and can be used for disposal.
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Solid potassium permanganate decomposes when heated: : 2 KMnO4 → K2MnO4 \+ MnO2(s) + O2 Here, the oxidation state of manganese changes as the potassium permanganate (oxidation state +7) decomposes to potassium manganate (oxidation state +6) and manganese dioxide (oxidation state +4). Oxygen gas is also liberated.
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Contrary to Mn2O3, MnOOH is a compound that decomposes at about 300 °C to form MnO2.
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When wet, copper peroxide decomposes at temperatures above 6°C; it "is far more stable when dry".
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Some manufacturers offer an option of flavoured cutlery. Edible cutlery decomposes in about a week if disposed.
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Mimosine melts with decomposition. The hydrochloride salt melts at 174.5–175.0 °C with decomposition; the hydrobromide decomposes at 179.5 °C, and the hydroiodide decomposes at 183.0–183.5 °C. Mimosine only forms monobasic acids, but the methyl ester forms a dihydrochloride, C7H9O2N2(COOMe)•2 HCl•½ H2O, mp. 175–6 °C.
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Lithium gallium hydride is often used to prepare other complex gallium hydrides. For example, it can be used to convert tallium trichloride into tallium tetrahydrogallate (which appears as a white solid powder that decomposes above -90 °C) and silver perchlorate into silver tetrahydrogallate (which appears as an orange-reddish solid powder that rapidly decomposes in ethereal solution above -75 °C). In the first case the reaction is carried out at a temperature of -115 °C, in the latter the reaction is carried out at -100 °C. Reacting lithium gallium hydride and sodium hydride or potassium hydride yields respectively the more stable sodium tetrahydrogallate (decomposes in argon atmosphere at 165 °C) and potassium tetrahydrogallate (decomposes at about 230 °C).
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The rated voltage includes a safety margin against the electrolyte's breakdown voltage at which the electrolyte decomposes. The breakdown voltage decomposes the separating solvent molecules in the Helmholtz double-layer, f. e. water splits into hydrogen and oxygen. The solvent molecules then cannot separate the electrical charges from each other.
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VOCl3 is also used in the synthesis of vanadium oxydichloride. :V2O5 \+ 3 VCl3 \+ VOCl3 → 6 VOCl2 VO2Cl can be prepared by an unusual reaction involving Cl2O. :VOCl3 \+ Cl2O → VO2Cl + 2 Cl2 At >180 °C, VO2Cl decomposes to V2O5 and VOCl3. Similarly, VOCl2 also decomposes to give VOCl3, together with VOCl.
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Neodymium nitrate is a chemical compound with the formula Nd(NO3)3. It decomposes to NdONO3 at elevated temperature.
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Morpholine decomposes reasonably slowly in the absence of oxygen at the high temperatures and pressures in these steam systems.
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After two to three years, the longhouse decomposes, and the residents move and build another community in another area.
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Tellurols are easily oxidized and decompose thermally. Ultraviolet light also induces decomposition. Methanetellurol decomposes to dimethyl ditelluride and hydrogen.
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When decompressed to 66 GPa it decomposes to solid FeH3. The unit cell is tetragonal with symmetry I4/mmm.
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270–1 Indium(I) oxide black powder is produced when indium(III) oxide decomposes upon heating to 700 °C.
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The former was first prepared by treating nitroprusside with sulfur. This compound decomposes to sodium ferrous ferrocyanide, sodium ferrocyanide, nitric oxide, and cyanogen at about 450 °C. It decomposes in aqueous acid to liberate hydrocyanic acid (HCN). Shielded from light, the concentrated solution is stable for more than two years at room temperature.
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The structure becomes affected once the soil is dewatered. The soil's volume substantially decreases. It decomposes and suffers wind erosion.
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It is quite volatile and decomposes at 32 °C. Its infrared spectrum shows a band at 2028 cm−1 due to CCCO. The complex can dissolve in hexane, however it slowly decomposes, losing dicarbon (C2) which goes on to form acetylenes and cumulenes in the solvent. Dimethyl sulfoxide oxidises the CCCO ligand to carbon suboxide.
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Formic anhydride is a liquid with boiling point 24 °C at 20 mmHg. It is stable in diethyl ether solution. It can be isolated by low-temperature, low-pressure distillation, but decomposes on heating above room temperature. At room temperature and higher, it decomposes through a decarbonylation reaction into formic acid and carbon monoxide.
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17 (1963). Link :An example of ester pyrolosis. Ethyl acrylate decomposes into acrylic acid and ethene (ethylene) gas at 590°C.
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Under these conditions calcium carbonate decomposes to produce carbon dioxide which, along with other gases, give rise to explosive volcanic eruptions.
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When heated above 680 °C, zinc sulfate decomposes into sulfur dioxide gas and zinc oxide fume, both of which are hazardous.
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Synthetically, neurine can be prepared by the reaction of acetylene with trimethylamine. Neurine is unstable and decomposes readily to form trimethylamine.
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1084 Of the known trihalides, trifluoride is dark brown and decomposes above 650 °C, tetrabromide is dark- brown and decomposes above 400 °C, and triiodide is black. Of the dihalides, difluoride is not known, dichloride is brown, dibromide is black, and diiodide is blue. The only known oxyhalide is the pale green ruthenium(VI) oxyfluoride, RuOF4.
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It is stable up to 610 °C, but above that decomposes, giving off BF3 and forming BaB4O7. BiB2O4F contains one-dimensional chains.
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As it decomposes over time, the alloy will slowly become softer and more ductile, and may start to suffer from hydrogen embrittlement.
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When heated, the coal decomposes and the bod becomes slightly friable, easing the process of breaking open holes for tapping the molten metal.
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When heated, myclobutanil decomposes to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes, including carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen cyanide, and nitrogen oxides.
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For example, thiobenzophenone decomposes upon oxidation to the 1,2,4-trithiolane (Ph2C)2S3, which arises via the cycloaddition of Ph2CSS to its parent Ph2CS.
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Dicopper chloride trihydroxide Cu2(OH)3Cl is a green crystalline solid. It decomposes above 220 °C with elimination of hydrochloric acid to oxides of copper. It is largely stable in neutral media, but decomposes by warming in alkaline media, yielding oxides. It is virtually insoluble in water and organic solvents, soluble in mineral acids yielding the corresponding copper salts (eq.
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At 573 °C, quartz undergoes rapid expansion due to phase transition, and at 900 °C calcite starts shrinking due to decomposition. At 450-550 °C the cement hydrate decomposes, yielding calcium oxide. Calcium carbonate decomposes at about 600 °C. Rehydration of the calcium oxide on cooling of the structure causes expansion, which can cause damage to material which withstood fire without falling apart.
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Because ozone decomposes with a half-life of 20 minutes in water at room temperature, there are no lasting effects that may cause harm.
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Germanium oxide decomposes to Ge and GeO2.Shriver and Atkins. Inorganic Chemistry (5th Edition). W. H. Freeman and Company, New York, 2010, pp 365.
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Haematopodin B is a chemical compound that is found in the mushroom Mycena haematopus. It decomposes to haematopodin under the influence of air and light.
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Trichaptum biforme is a species of poroid fungus in the order Hymenochaetales. It is a saprobe that decomposes hardwood stumps and logs. It is inedible.
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Pyrithione can be used as a source of hydroxyl radical in organic synthesis as it photochemically decomposes to HO• and (pyridin-2-yl)sulfanyl radical.
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Diphosphorus tetrachloride is an inorganic compound with a chemical formula P2Cl4. It is a colorless liquid that decomposes near room temperature and ignites in air.
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RuCl3 vapour decomposes into the elements at high temperatures ; the enthalpy change at 750 °C (1020 K), ΔdissH1020 has been estimated as +240 kJ/mol.
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CMA (CaMg2(CH3COO)6) decomposes around 380-400 °C to produce the following products: CaCO3, MgO, CH3COCH3, and CO2. CaCO3 further decomposes around 700 °C to CaO and CO2. A sulfidation reaction then takes place when CaO is reacted with H2S at reducing conditions in a gasifier, yielding CaS and H2O. CaS is finally reacted with O2 to produce inert CaSO4 which can then be disposed of.
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Mercury(I) iodide is a chemical compound of mercury and iodine. The chemical formula is Hg2I2. It is photosensitive and decomposes easily to mercury and HgI2.
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Barium perchlorate is a powerful oxidizing agent, with the formula Ba(ClO4)2. It is used in the pyrotechnic industry. Barium perchlorate decomposes at 505 °C.
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The substance decomposes upon combustion with the formation of toxic gases, including sulfur oxides. It reacts violently with strong oxidizing agents, acids, reducing agents, and metals.
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It reacts explosively with hydrocarbons. With small amounts of water, ClO2F is formed along with HF. Over 280 °C ClOF3 decomposes to oxygen and chlorine trifluoride.
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When baking soda and vinegar are combined, the bicarbonate ion of the baking soda reacts to form carbonic acid, which decomposes into carbon dioxide and water.
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It decomposes to TiO2, ClO2 and dioxygen O2 Also TiO(ClO4)2 is formed during decomposition. Ti(ClO4)4 → TiO2 \+ 4ClO2 \+ 3O2 ΔH=+6 kcal/mol.
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Peroxynitrate (or peroxonitrate) refers to salts of the unstable peroxynitric acid, HNO4. However, no solid salts are known. Peroxynitrate is unstable and decomposes to nitrate and dioxygen.
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In the diphosphate, the PO3 groups form pyramids of C2v symmetry. Heating PaP2O7 in air to 1400 °C decomposes it into the pentoxides of phosphorus and protactinium.
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Graphite oxide exfoliates and decomposes when rapidly heated at moderately high temperatures (~280–300 °C) with formation of finely dispersed amorphous carbon, somewhat similar to activated carbon.
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When heated, samples dehydrate to give iodine pentoxide. On further heating, the iodine pentoxide further decomposes, giving a mix of iodine, oxygen and lower oxides of iodine.
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The compound readily decomposes into oxygen and fluorine. Even at a temperature of , 4% decomposes each day by this process: : → + The other main property of this unstable compound is its oxidizing power, although most experimental reactions have been conducted near . Several experiments with the compound resulted in a series of fires and explosions. Some of the compounds that produced violent reactions with include ethyl alcohol, methane, ammonia, and even water ice.
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A solution of platinum tetrafluoride in water is coloured reddish brown, but it rapidly decomposes, releasing heat and forming an orange coloured platinum dioxide hydrate precipitate and fluoroplatinic acid. When heated to a red hot temperature platinum tetrafluoride decomposes to platinum metal and fluorine gas. When heated in contact with glass, silicon tetrafluoride gas is produced along with the metal. Platinum tetrafluoride can form adducts with selenium tetrafluoride and bromine trifluoride.
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Due to self-irradiation the crystal structure of 244Cm(OH)3 decomposes within one day, while for americium hydroxide 241Am(OH)3 same process takes 4-6 months.
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Silver sulfite is the chemical compound with the formula Ag2SO3. This unstable silver compound when heated and/or in light it decomposes to silver dithionate and silver sulfate.
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When pentamethylarsenic is heated to 100° it decomposes forming trimethylarsine, methane, and ethylene. When trimethylindium reacts with pentamethylarsenic in benzene solution, a salt precipitates: tetramethylarsenic(V)tetramethylindate(III).
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It is the most unstable of the halogen(VII) oxoacids. It decomposes rapidly on standing to bromic acid and oxygen. It reacts with bases to form perbromate salts.
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It is an isomer of N-methylhydroxylamine and aminomethanol. It decomposes in an exothermic reaction (-56 kJ/mol) to methane and azanone unless stored as a hydrochloride salt.
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Lavrov, A. V. Study of condensed uranyl phosphates. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Neorganicheskie Materialy, 1979. 15 (6): 942-946. . At elevated temperature, it decomposes to UP2O7, liberating oxygen.
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The solid or its solution is highly toxic. Ingestion can cause death. Exposure to the solid can be harmful as it decomposes to highly toxic hydrogen cyanide and ammonia.
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Mulching covers the soil around plants with a mulch of wood chips or straw. Alternatively, crop residue can be left in place to enter the soil as it decomposes.
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A southbound interface decomposes concepts in the technical details, mostly specific to a single component of the architecture. Southbound interfaces are drawn at the bottom of an architectural overview.
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Nitric acid decomposes slowly to nitrogen dioxide by the overall reaction: :4 → 4 \+ 2 \+ The nitrogen dioxide so formed confers the characteristic yellow color often exhibited by this acid.
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This species is non- parasitic. It decomposes soil organic matter with the aid of symbiotic bacteria. As such it is a decomposer. It is also involved in nitrogen mineralization.
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No, I mean pure stinking stenchy rubbish, the rotting sort that has greeny-yellowy water running out of it as it decomposes into a turgid pile of bubbling slop.
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Potassium periodate decomposes at 582 °C to form potassium iodate and oxygen. The low solubility of KIO4 makes it useful for the determination of potassium and cerium. It is slightly soluble in water (one of the less soluble of potassium salts, owing to a large anion), giving rise to a solution that is slightly alkaline. On heating (especially with manganese(IV) oxide as catalyst), it decomposes to form potassium iodate, releasing oxygen gas.
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A concentrated solution of hydrogen peroxide is known as high test peroxide and decomposes to produce oxygen and water (steam). : 2 H2O2 → 2 H2O + O2 Hydrazine decomposes to nitrogen and hydrogen. The reaction is strongly exothermic and produces high volume of hot gas from small volume of liquid. #3 N2H4 → 4 NH3 \+ N2 #N2H4 → N2 \+ 2 H2 #4 NH3 \+ N2H4 → 3 N2 \+ 8 H2 Many solid rocket propellant compositions can be used as gas generators.
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Magnesium iodide is stable at high heat under a hydrogen atmosphere, but decomposes in air at normal temperatures, turning brown from the release of elemental iodine. When heated in air, it decomposes completely to magnesium oxide. Another method to prepare MgI2 is mixing powdered elemental iodine and magnesium metal. In order to obtain anhydrous MgI2, the reaction should be conducted in a strictly anhydrous atmosphere; dry-diethyl ether can be used as a solvent.
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The dihydrate decomposes on heating above 93 °C to , and water. The doubts were put to rest when successful dehydration was achieved by T. J. Nolan and others in 1975.
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When heated in air, barium acetate decomposes to the carbonate. It reacts with acids: reaction with sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid and nitric acid give the sulfate, chloride and nitrate respectively.
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Azaserine has a solubility of 50 mg/mL in water, a melting point of 146-162 °C, a vapor pressure of 1.53x10−10mmHg at 25 °C, and decomposes before melting.
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5 The artist decomposes objects found in everyday life to exploit their material qualities and paint them to recompose them otherwise.Roy, Christine. Jennifer Lefort: Abstraction feinte. Vie des Arts 222, p.
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Crawford's model predicts this positron capture. However in the case of lithium hydride, sodium hydride and potassium hydride molecules, this adduct decomposes and positronium hydride and the alkali positive ion form.
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Gold(I) sulfide is the inorganic compound with the formula Au2S. It is the principal sulfide of gold. It decomposes to gold metal and elemental sulfur, illustrating the "nobility" of gold.
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It rapidly decomposes in acid to give off hydrogen cyanide. It is photosensitive, becoming darker in color.Brunton, L.T. A Text-Book Of Pharmacology, Therapeutics And Materia Medica. London: MacMillan & Co., 1885.
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Uranium hexachloride is a highly hygroscopic compound and decomposes readily when exposed to ordinary atmospheric conditions. therefore it should be handled in either a vacuum apparatus or in a dry box.
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JPEG 2000 decomposes the image into a multiple resolution representation in the course of its compression process. This pyramid representation can be put to use for other image presentation purposes beyond compression.
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HSONO decomposes to HSO and NO. HS• also reacts with O2 and N2O. HS• can also react with Cl2 producing HSCl and a Cl• atom. HS• destroys ozone producing HSO• and oxygen.
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In abstract algebra, a splitting field of a polynomial with coefficients in a field is the smallest field extension of that field over which the polynomial splits or decomposes into linear factors.
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Pyroxferroite can also be produced by annealing synthetic clinopyroxene at high pressures and temperatures. The mineral is metastable and gradually decomposes at ambient conditions, but this process can take billions of years.
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In the past, 1,1-dichloroethane was used as a surgical inhalational anesthetic. In the atmosphere, 1,1-dichloroethane decomposes with half-life of 62 days, chiefly by reaction of photolytically produced hydroxyl radicals.
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Diphosgene has a relatively high vapor pressure of 10 mm Hg (1.3 kPa) at 20 °C and decomposes to phosgene around 300 °C. Exposure to diphosgene is similar in hazard to phosgene.
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The solid decomposes above 10 °C. The structure of the solid is ionic [(CH3)2B(NH3)2]+ [(CH3)2BH2]−. A simple adduct BHMe3.N3 is formed from tetramethyldiborane and ammonia in ether.
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Erbium(III) hydroxide reacts with acids and produces erbium(III) salts: : Er(OH)3 \+ 3 H+ → Er3+ \+ 3 H2O Erbium(III) hydroxide decomposes to ErO(OH) at elevated temperature. Further decomposition produces Er2O3.
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Europium(III) hydroxide reacts with acids and produces europium(III) salts: : Eu(OH)3 \+ 3 H+ → Eu3+ \+ 3 H2O Europium(III) hydroxide decomposes to EuO(OH) at elevated temperature. Further decomposition produces Eu2O3.
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Barium acetate is a white powder, which is highly soluble: at 0 °C, 55.8 g of barium acetate can be dissolved in 100 g of water. It decomposes upon heating into barium carbonate.
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Fluorine nitrate is formed when fluorine gas is bubbled through nitric acid or reacted with solid potassium nitrate: : : It decomposes in water to form oxygen gas, oxygen difluoride, hydrofluoric acid, and nitric acid.
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Terbium(III) hydroxide reacts with acids and produces terbium(III) salts: : Tb(OH)3 \+ 3 H+ → Tb3+ \+ 3 H2O Terbium(III) hydroxide decomposes to TbO(OH) at elevated temperature. Further decomposition produces Tb2O3.
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Thulium(III) hydroxide reacts with acids and produces thulium(III) salts: : Tm(OH)3 \+ 3 H+ → Tm3+ \+ 3 H2O Thulium(III) hydroxide decomposes to TmO(OH) at elevated temperature. Further decomposition produces Tm2O3.
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Pentahydroxybenzene (C6H6O5) is a chemical compound whose structure consists of a benzene ring with five hydroxy groups (–OH) as substituents. The substance forms white to pinkish crystals. It decomposes at 264–269 °C.
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Han purple is chemically and thermally less stable than Han blue. It fades and decomposes in dilute acid.Wiedemann, H. G. and Bayer, G. 1997. Formation and Stability of Chinese Barium Copper-Silicate Pigments.
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2006 volume 2, No. 2, 244-248. EuS is stable up to 500 °C in air, when it begins to show signs of oxidation. In an inert environment it decomposes at 1470 °C.
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Dichlorosilane is used as a starting material for semiconducting silicon layers found in microelectronics. It is used because it decomposes at a lower temperature and has a higher growth rate of silicon crystals.
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Colin G Fink observed that if the hexagonal form was heated in a flame that the hydrogen would quickly burn off. Electroplating chromium metal from a chromate solution involves the formation of chromium hydride. If the temperature is high enough the chromium hydride rapidly decomposes as it forms, yielding microcrystalline body-centered cubic chromium. Therefore, to ensure that the hydride decomposes sufficiently rapidly and smoothly, chromium must be plated at a suitably high temperature (roughly 60C to 75C, depending on conditions).
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When heated LAH decomposes in a three-step reaction mechanism: is usually initiated by the melting of LAH in the temperature range 150–170 °C, immediately followed by decomposition into solid Li3AlH6, although is known to proceed below the melting point of LiAlH4 as well. At about 200 °C, Li3AlH6 decomposes into LiH () and Al which subsequently convert into LiAl above 400 °C (). Reaction R1 is effectively irreversible. is reversible with an equilibrium pressure of about 0.25 bar at 500 °C.
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Pure ammonium formate decomposes into formamide and water when heated, and this is its primary use in industry. Formic acid can also be obtained by reacting ammonium formate with a dilute acid, and since ammonium formate is also produced from formic acid, it can serve as a way of storing formic acid. Ammonium formate can also be used in palladium on carbon (Pd/C) reduction of functional groups. In the presence of Pd/C, ammonium formate decomposes to hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and ammonia.
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Sodium dithionite is stable when dry, but aqueous solutions deteriorate due to the following reaction: : 2 S2O42− \+ H2O → S2O32− \+ 2 HSO3− This behavior is consistent with the instability of dithionous acid. Thus, solutions of sodium dithionite cannot be stored for a long period of time. Anhydrous sodium dithionite decomposes to sodium sulfate and sulfur dioxide above 90 °C in the air. In absence of air, it decomposes quickly above 150 °C to sodium sulfite, sodium thiosulfate, sulfur dioxide and trace amount of sulfur.
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Dipropyl peroxydicarbonate (trade name Luperox 221) is an organic peroxide with a variety of industrial uses, particularly as an initiator of polymerization. Dipropyl peroxydicarbonate decomposes explosively at due to a self-accelerating exothermic decomposition.
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Propiolic acid is the organic compound with the formula HC2CO2H. It is the simplest acetylenic carboxylic acid. It is a colourless liquid that crystallises to give silky crystals. Near its boiling point, it decomposes.
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As taxodone readily decomposes into taxodione this synthesis of taxodone also constitutes a formal synthesis of taxodione as well. 400px Since the synthesis of taxodone there have been additional syntheses of taxodione and analogs.
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Mercury(I) bromide is prepared by the oxidation of elemental mercury with elemental bromine or by adding sodium bromide to a solution of mercury(I) nitrate. It decomposes to mercury(II) bromide and elemental mercury.
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The crystalline form of this chemical compound is dark green. The liquid is green by reflected light and red by transmitted light. It is soluble in carbon tetrachloride, and decomposes when in contact with water.
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Although it decomposes when boiling is attempted and can explode, it has a high vapour pressure at 8 mmHg at 25°C. There are two absorption bands in the ultraviolet at 2380 and 2500 Å.
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Along with its good mechanical properties, its popularity is based on the non-toxic products that it becomes when it decomposes through hydrolytic degradation.Albertsson, Ann-Christine. Degradable Aliphatic Polyesters. Vol. 157. Berlin: Springer, 2002. Print.
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For very serious burns it reduces the death rate. At 150 °C the hexahydrate loses water of crystallization to make a trihydrate, which itself decomposes above 200 °C. Cerous nitrate hexahydrate has pinacoidal triclinic crystals.
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Titanium nitrate is hygroscopic, converting to ill-defined hydrates. The anhydrous material is highly reactive, even toward hydrocarbons. Titanium nitrate also reacts with n-dodecane, p-dichlorobenzene, anisole, biphenyl, It decomposes thermally to titanium dioxide.
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Sodium dithionite (also known as sodium hydrosulfite) is a white crystalline powder with a weak sulfurous odor. Although it is stable in the absence of air, it decomposes in hot water and in acid solutions.
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Dibromodiethyl sulfide takes the form of white crystals. The melting point is between 31 and 34°C. It decomposes when heated to 240°C. The fungus Tyromyces palustris can split the molecule at the sulfur.
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Once carbon is sequestered in the seafloor, it is considered blue carbon. Burial rates can be calculated as the difference between the rate at which organic matter sinks and the rate at which it decomposes.
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The greenish-black sodium salt was described by Fatiadi and Sanger in 1962. The dark-violet lithium salt has been proposed as an electrode material for batteries as it can be oxidized to the rhodizonate and reduced to the hexahydroxybenzene salt . In the absence of oxygen, is stable to about 450 °C and then decomposes leaving a residue of lithium carbonate. Indeed, the rhodizonate appears to disproportionate at about 400 °C into and cyclohexanehexone that promptly decomposes into carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and carbon.
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In landfills, organic food waste decomposes anaerobically, producing methane gas that is emitted into the atmosphere. When this biodegradable waste is composted, it decomposes aerobically and does not produce methane, but instead produces organic compost that can then be utilized in agriculture. Recently, the city of New York has begun to require that restaurants and food-producing companies begin to compost their leftover food. Another instance of composting progress is a Wisconsin-based company called WasteCap, who is dedicated towards aiding local communities create composting plans.
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Aluminium triethoxide is hygroscopic, and decomposes into aluminium hydroxide and ethanol after it absorbs moisture from the air. Aluminium triethoxide is slightly soluble in hot dimethyl benzene, chlorobenzene and other high boiling point non-polar solvents.
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Gynostegium stouter than stamens. Flowering is between August and September followed by fruiting during winter. After blooming, the flower dehisces and becomes dark in colour and subsequently decomposes slowly. Fruits are swollen and crowned with perianth.
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Aluminum carbide, chemical formula Al4C3, is a carbide of aluminum. It has the appearance of pale yellow to brown crystals. It is stable up to 1400 °C. It decomposes in water with the production of methane.
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Polyunsaturated fatty acids in culinary oils undergo oxidative deterioration at temperatures of . The heating causes a free radical chain reaction, which oxidizes the PUFAs into hydroperoxide, which further decomposes into a complex mixture of secondary products.
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Sodium azide decomposes exothermically to sodium and nitrogen. : 2 NaN3 -> 2 Na + 3 N2 The resulting sodium is hazardous, so other materials are added, e.g. potassium nitrate and silica, to convert it to a silicate glass.
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Iron tetracarbonyl hydride is the organometallic compound with the formula H2Fe(CO)4. This compound was the first transition metal hydride discovered. The complex is stable at low temperatures but decomposes rapidly at temperatures above –20 °C.
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In Greek text, Unicode provides a unique code point—Unicode. "Unicode Greek code chart", 36.—but it is also expressed as an interpunct. In practice, the separate code point for ano teleia canonically decomposes to the interpunct.
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Sodium monothiophosphate, or sodium phosphorothioate, is an inorganic compound with the molecular formula Na3PO3S(H2O)x. All are white solids. The anhydrous material (x = 0) decomposes without melting at 120-125 °C. More common is the dodecahydrate.
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Similar to reaction (I), trifluoromethoxides () can be prepared from saline- type fluorides (e.g., ) and carbonyl fluoride. However, if the ion is, for example, in an aqueous solution displaced by an acid, trifluoromethanol decomposes at the room temperature.
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It decomposes with loss of carbon dioxide above about 175 °C. Citric acid is normally considered to be a tribasic acid, with pKa values, extrapolated to zero ionic strength, of 2.92, 4.28, and 5.21 at 25 °C.
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Chloroacetamide is toxic, irritates eyes and skin, and may cause an allergic reaction. It is suspected of reproductive toxicity and teratogenicity. It decomposes when heated above 225 °C and creates toxic gases including chlorine and nitrogen oxides.
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The unit cell decreases in size successively from LaB4 to LuB4. The tetraborides of the lighter lanthanides melt with decomposition to LnB6. Attempts to make EuB4 have failed. The LnB4 are good conductors and typically antiferromagnetic. Hexaborides, LnB6 have been reported for all of the lanthanides. They all have the CaB6 structure, containing B6 clusters. They are non-stoichiometric due to cation defects. The hexaborides of the lighter lanthanides (La – Sm) melt without decomposition, EuB6 decomposes to boron and metal and the heavier lanthanides decompose to LnB4 with exception of YbB6 which decomposes forming YbB12.
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Manganese tetrafluoride reacts violently with water and even with sodium-dried petroleum ether. It immediately decomposes on contact with moist air. Reaction with alkali metal fluorides or concentrated hydrofluoric acid gives the yellow hexafluoromanganate(IV) anion [MnF6]2−.
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Sodium chlorate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula NaClO3. It is a white crystalline powder that is readily soluble in water. It is hygroscopic. It decomposes above 300 °C to release oxygen and leaves sodium chloride.
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Carbon diselenide has high vapor pressure. It has a moderate toxicity and presents an inhalation hazard. It may be dangerous due to its easy membrane transport. It decomposes slowly in storage (about 1% per month at –30 °C).
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It also decomposes in boiling water. In contact with fire, it readily explodes, producing large amounts of black smoke. It is prepared by reacting sodium nitrite with an aminoguanidine salt dissolved in acetic acid at 30–40 °C.
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Technetium forms a dioxide, disulfide, diselenide, and ditelluride. An ill-defined Tc2S7 forms upon treating pertechnate with hydrogen sulfide. It thermally decomposes into disulfide and elemental sulfur. Similarly the dioxide can be produced by reduction of the Tc2O7.
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Phosgene oxime is highly soluble in water. It is corrosive to metals and also decomposes on contact with metals. It is rapidly hydrolysed by alkaline solutions. Adsorbent powders such as Fuller's earth or talcum powder can also be used.
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The divide and conquer technique decomposes complex problems recursively into smaller sub-problems. Each sub-problem is then solved and these partial solutions are recombined to determine the overall solution. This technique is often used for searching and sorting.
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Iodine trifluoride is an interhalogen compound with the chemical formula IF3. It is a yellow solid which decomposes above −28 °C. It can be synthesised from the elements, but care must be taken to avoid the formation of IF5.
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Vinyl flooring decomposes and releases toxic gasses, mostly hydrogen chloride, long before bursting into flames. This can kill fire victims and firefighters working without a SCBA. Vinyl fires are also hard to extinguish, due to the impermeability of vinyl.
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Cobalt can be extracted also using dialkylphosphinic acid. When cobalt carbonate (CoCO3) is heated (calcined) above 400 °C it decomposes into carbon dioxide (CO2) and cobalt(II) oxide (CoO) and can be refined as an oxide concentrate (see above).
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Magnesium perchlorate is a powerful oxidizing agent, with the formula Mg(ClO4)2. It is also a superior drying agent for gas analysis. Magnesium perchlorate decomposes at 250 °C.CRC Handbook The heat of formation is -568.90 kJ mol−1.
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Lithium carbonate can also be purified by exploiting its diminished solubility in hot water. Thus, heating a saturated aqueous solution causes crystallization of . Lithium carbonate, and other carbonates of group 1, do not decarboxylate readily. decomposes at temperatures around 1300 °C.
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Dead Leaves is a 1998 road movie directed by German director Constantin Werner about a young man who travels from New York City to West Virginia with the corpse of his deceased girlfriend. As she decomposes, he slips further into madness.
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At sufficiently high concentrations, isocyanic acid oligomerizes to give the trimer cyanuric acid and cyamelide, a polymer. These species usually are easily separated from liquid- or gas-phase reaction products. Cyanuric acid itself decomposes on further heating back to isocyanic acid.
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LAH is metastable at room temperature. During prolonged storage it slowly decomposes to Li3AlH6 and LiH. This process can be accelerated by the presence of catalytic elements, such as titanium, iron or vanadium. Differential scanning calorimetry of as-received LiAlH4.
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The compound is stable indefinitely at low temperature, but decomposes before melting. In contrast, the homologous molecules with n = 4 or n = 5 have nearly straight backbones that stay at least 0.5 to 0.7 nm apart, and melt without decomposing.
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Retrieved on 2012-04-12. It is deliquescent and upon heating, it decomposes to form magnesium oxide.Magnesium Acetate Supplier & Tech Info American Elements Retrieved on 2012-04-12. Magnesium acetate is commonly used as a source of magnesium in biological reactions.
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PeCB is very toxic to aquatic organisms, and decomposes on heating or on burning with the formation of toxic, corrosive fumes including hydrogen chloride. Combustion of PeCB may also result in the formation of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins ("dioxins") and polychlorinated dibenzofurans.
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Te coordination Tellurium tetrafluoride melts at 130 °C and decomposes to tellurium hexafluoride at 194 °C. In the solid phase it consists of infinite chains of TeF3F2/2 in an octahedral geometry. A lone pair of electrons occupies the sixth position.
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Carbohydrazide is the chemical compound with the formula OC(N2H3)2. It is a white, water-soluble solid. It decomposes upon melting. A number of carbazides are known where one or more N-H groups are replaced by other substituents.
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Stibine decomposes spontaneously at room temperature. Because stibine has a positive heat of formation, it is thermodynamically unstable and thus antimony does not react with hydrogen directly.Greenwood, N. N.; & Earnshaw, A. (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd Edn.), Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. .
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In fact, in any given year, most shoots produce no flowers. This perennial plant lives up to 10 years or more, can form peat as its rhizome system decomposes, and is sometimes used to revegetate areas where peat has been harvested.
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Several cyclobutadiene derivatives have been isolated with steric bulky substituents. Orange tetrakis (tert-butyl)cyclobutadiene arises by thermolysis of its isomer tetra-tert-butyltetrahedrane. Although the cyclobutadiene derivative is stable (with respect to dimerization), it decomposes upon contact with O2.
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Peroxyacetyl nitrate is a peroxyacyl nitrate. It is a secondary pollutant present in photochemical smog. It is thermally unstable and decomposes into peroxyethanoyl radicals and nitrogen dioxide gas. It is a lachrymatory substance, meaning that it irritates the lungs and eyes.
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Ammonium permanganate decomposes explosively to manganese dioxide, nitrogen, and water: :2 NH4MnO4 → 2 MnO2 \+ N2 \+ 4 H2O Ammonium permanganate was first prepared by Eilhard Mitscherlich in 1824 by reaction of silver permanganate with equal molar amount of ammonium chloride, filtering the silver chloride and evaporating the water. It can be also prepared in a similar way from barium permanganate and ammonium sulfate. Ammonium permanganate decomposes slowly in storage even at normal temperatures. A sample stored for 3 months was only 96% pure, after 6 months it assumed color of iodine and had strong smell of nitrogen oxides.
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Sulfur dibromide is the chemical compound with the formula SBr. It is a toxic gas. Sulfur dibromide readily decomposes into SBr and elemental bromine. In analogy to sulfur dichloride, it hydrolyzes in water to give hydrogen bromide, sulfur dioxide and elemental sulfur.
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It is much more stable in presence of water than diborane. It is soluble in hydrocarbons, benzene, and cyclohexane, and in greases including those used in lab equipment. In storage, it decomposes negligibly, yielding a small amount of hydrogen and solid residue.
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Diallyl disulfide has many of the health benefits of garlic, but it is also an allergen causing garlic allergy. Highly diluted, it is used as a flavoring in food. It decomposes in the human body into other compounds such as allyl methyl sulfide.
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Gaylussite is a carbonate mineral, a hydrated sodium calcium carbonate, formula Na2Ca(CO3)2·5H2O. It occurs as translucent, vitreous white to grey to yellow monoclinic prismatic crystals. It is an unstable mineral which dehydrates in dry air and decomposes in water.
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Triphosgene (bis(trichloromethyl) carbonate (BTC) is a chemical compound with the formula OC(OCCl3)2. It is used as a safer substitute for phosgene, because, at room temperature, it is a solid, whereas phosgene is a gas. Triphosgene decomposes above 200 °C.
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Yue 2019, p. 13456. Growth in methane levels is thought to be partially responsible for the growth in water vapor levels, as methane decomposes into carbon dioxide and water vapor, but changes driven by the solar cycle may also be responsible.Yue 2019, pp.
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Vanadium(IV) fluoride (VF4) is an inorganic compound of vanadium and fluorine. It is paramagnetic yellow-brown solid that is very hygroscopic. Unlike the corresponding vanadium tetrachloride, the tetrafluoride is not volatile because it adopts a polymeric structure. It decomposes before melting.
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SEI layer formation on silicon. In green on the left, the normal battery operation, in blue the SEI layer formation. The electrolyte decomposes by reduction. Another issue is the destabilization of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer consisting of decomposed electrolyte material.
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Barium hydroxide decomposes to barium oxide when heated to 800 °C. Reaction with carbon dioxide gives barium carbonate. Its aqueous solution, being highly alkaline, undergoes neutralization reactions with acids. Thus, it forms barium sulfate and barium phosphate with sulfuric and phosphoric acids, respectively.
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The dihydrate loses two water molecules at 200 °C. The anhydrous salt is stable in the absence of oxygen up to about 470 °C, when it decomposes into potassium oxalate and ferrous oxide (which disproportionates partly into magnetite , metallic iron, and cementite ).
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It decomposes at room temperatures to give a series of monochlorides having the general formula (BCl)n, in which n may be 8, 9, 10, or 11. The compounds with formulas B8Cl8 and B9Cl9 are known to contain closed cages of boron atoms.
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Neptunium(V) fluoride thermally decomposes at 318 °C to produce neptunium(IV) fluoride and neptunium(VI) fluoride. Contrary to uranium(V) fluoride, neptunium(V) fluoride does not react with boron trichloride, but it reacts with lithium fluoride in anhydrous HF to produce LiNpF6.
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In second step complex B then decomposes to form a covalent bond with the nanotube surface. This is a slower step that need not be selective and is represented by the restoration of the G peak and increase in the D band.
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It decomposes above 100 °C to give phosphorus tribromide and bromine: :PBr5 → PBr3 \+ Br2 Reversing this equilibrium to generate PBr5 by addition of Br2 to PBr3 is difficult in practice because the product is susceptible to further addition to yield phosphorus heptabromide (PBr7).
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The zirconyl perchlorate formed in the heat decomposition, itself decomposes around 290°C to form zirconia, chlorine and oxygen. In the gas phase the Zr(ClO4)4 molecule has a D4 symmetry with eightfold square antiprism oxygen coordination. Each perchorate group is bidentate.
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When it is heated above 2.19 K (the lambda point of helium), the solid decomposes and explodes. This substance is not a true compound, but more like a solid solution. E. B. Gordon et al. suggested that this material may exist in 1974.
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The cryohydric point is at . Above this temperature liquid water saturated with salt can exist in equilibrium with hydrohalite. Hydrohalite has a strong positive temperature coefficient of solubility, unlike halite. Hydrohalite decomposes at 0.1°C, giving a salty brine and solid halite.
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TCMTB is an oily, flammable, red to brown liquid with a pungent odor that is very slightly soluble in water. It decomposes on heating producing hydrogen cyanide, sulfur oxides, and nitrogen oxides. The degradation products are 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (2-MBT) and 2-benzothiazolesulfonic acid.
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The potassium cyanide slowly decomposes, releasing hydrogen cyanide. In former times, amateur entomologists commonly used the thick green leaves of the Cherry Laurel (Prunus laurocerasus) which, crushed or finely sliced, will similarly release hydrogen cyanide.Cherry Laurel [www- saps.plantsci.cam.ac.uk/trees/laurel.htm], Retrieved on 25 June 2018.
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Polythiazyl is a metallic-golden and shiny, crystalline but fibrous material. The polymer is mostly inert to oxygen and water, but decomposes in air to a grey powder. At temperatures above 240 °C explosive decomposition can occur.Wiberg, E.; Wiberg, N.; Holleman, A.F.: Anorganische Chemie, 103.
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It is a dark brown solid that decomposes with evolution of O2 in water. It dissolves in concentrated nitric acid to give brown solutions containing the Ag2+ ion. Peter Fischer, Martin Jansen "Electrochemical Syntheses of Binary Silver Oxides" 1995, vol. 30, pp. 50–55.
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Buried wood acts like a sponge as it decomposes, able to capture water and store it for later use by crops planted on top of the hügelkultur bed.Hemenway, Toby (2009). Gaia's Garden: A Guide to Home-Scale Permaculture. Chelsea Green Publishing. pp. 84–85. .
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Sometimes these materials are called "interstitial nitrides." Nitrides of the group 7 and 8 transition metals decompose readily. For example, iron nitride, Fe2N decomposes at 200 °C. Platinum nitride and osmium nitride may contain N2 units, and as such should not be called nitrides.
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The toxicity of triphosgene and phosgene are the same since the trimer decomposes to phosgene on heating and upon reaction with nucleophiles. Trace moisture leads to formation of phosgene. Therefore, this reagent can be safely handled if one takes all the precautions as for phosgene.
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Silver permanganate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula AgMnO4. It is a purple crystal adopting monoclinic crystal system. It decomposes when heated or mixed with water, and heating to high temperature may lead to explosion. The compound is used in gas masks.
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Organic matter stored in permafrost generates heat as it decomposes in response to the permafrost melting. As the tropics get wetter, as many climate models predict, soils are likely to experience greater rates of respiration and decomposition, limiting the carbon storage abilities of tropical soils.
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It is probably incompatible with amines, aromatic hydrocarbons, and ethers. Vanadyl nitrate is stable under nitrogen, ozone or oxygen. The liquid is indefinitely stable at room temperature, unlike some other transition metal nitrates that decompose to nitrogen oxides. Over 80 °C it decomposes slowly.
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After giving Josh a shave, he transfers his soul from Phil's body to Josh's. Later in the film, it is revealed that when Jason possesses a new host, his previous host decomposes and dies, indicating that this is presumably what happened to Phil's body.
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It is now known that dithionous acid spontaneously decomposes to SO2 and S(OH)2. Sodium dithionite is a white powder used as a reductant and a bleaching agent. It is also used to reduce the nitro group to an amino group in organic reactions.
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Chloramine is a highly unstable compound in concentrated form. Pure chloramine decomposes violently above .Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. "Inorganic Chemistry" Academic Press: San Diego, 2001. . Gaseous chloramine at low pressures and low concentrations of chloramine in aqueous solution are thermally slightly more stable.
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Americium hydroxide is a pink solid which is sparingly soluble in water. Due to self-irradiation the crystal structure of 241Am(OH)3 decomposes within 4–6 months, while for curium(III) hydroxide 244Cm(OH)3 the same process takes less than a day.
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Copper(II) thiocyanate (or cupric thiocyanate) is a coordination polymer with formula Cu(SCN)2. It is a black solid which slowly decomposes in moist air. It was first reported in 1838 by Carl Ernst Claus and its structure was determined first in 2018.
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When heated, it loses water at 200 °C, forming an anhydride with melting point of 230–235 °C. When subject to pyrolysis, it decomposes to hydrochloric acid and various chlorinated compounds. It is resistant to hydrolytic dechlorination. It readily forms salts with metals, and esters.
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Gallium (III) telluride is stable at room temperature. The compound is relatively un-reactive, and there are no known materials with which it is incompatible. Gallium (III) telluride will over time emit telluride fumes and it naturally decomposes. There is no risk of hazardous polymerization.
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The main advantage of ozone is that any residual overdose decomposes to gaseous oxygen well before the water reaches the consumer. This is in contrast with chlorine gas or chlorine salts, which stay in the water longer and can be tasted by the consumer.
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At 4.1 kilobars of pressure and about 460 °C, rubidium azide will explosively decompose. Under normal circumstances, it explodes at 395 °C. It also decomposes upon exposure to ultraviolet light. Rubidium azide is very sensitive to mechanical shock, with an impact sensitivity comparable to that of TNT.
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S.A) , 1950 , pp.56-57 google books link A hydrate also exists which decomposes at 110 °C. Silver metaphosphate (AgPO3) (CAS No. 13465-96-8)Silver metaphosphate www.chemicalbook.com is a white solid with a density of 6.370 g/cm3 and a melting point of 482 °C.
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When heated in vacuum at or slightly below 410 °C, it decomposes into vanadyl sulfate (VOSO4) and SO2. Vanadium(III) sulfate is stable in dry air but upon exposure to moist air for several weeks forms a green hydrate form. Vanadium(III) sulfate is a reducing agent.
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Amylocystis lapponica decomposes fallen conifer wood, in which it causes brown rot. Its preferential hosts are spruce and larch, although it is occasionally found on fir. It has a circumboreal distribution in coniferous forests. In Europe, the fungus is restricted almost exclusively to old-growth forests.
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Most physical phenomena are modeled by partial differential equations. To solve them, one usually decomposes the space in which the solutions are searched into small, mutually interacting cells. For linear systems this interaction involves linear functions. For nonlinear systems, this interaction is often approximated by linear functions.
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Some engines, including the RD-107 used on the Soyuz, use a third fuel, typically Hydrogen peroxide, which decomposes as it passes over a catalyst producing gasses which are used to drive the turbines. Engines using this system are mechanically simple, but have poor specific impulse.
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Polonium dibromide (also known as polonium(II) bromide) is a chemical compound with the formula PoBr2. This salt is a purple-brown crystalline solid at room temperature. It sublimes (decomposing slightly) at 110 °C/30 μ and decomposes when melted in nitrogen gas at 270–280 °C.
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In this way, the chromium(VI) peroxide (unstable in the aqueous phase in which it is newly formed) is dissolved in the immiscible organic solvent. In this condition, it can be observed over a much longer period. CrO5 is unstable and decomposes on standing to form CrO3.
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Cleavage of the Fmoc group. Treatment of the Fmoc- protected amine with piperidine results in proton abstraction from the methine group of the fluorenyl ring system. This leads to release of a carbamate, which decomposes into carbon dioxide (CO2) and the free amine. Dibenzofulvene is also generated.
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Volltext (PDF; 837 kB) During its dissolution in water, there is 15.62 kJ/mol energy produced.M. de Forcrand: "Sur les chlorures et sulfates de rubidium et de caesium" in Compt. Rend. Hebd. 1906, 143, S. 98. Volltext After warming up it decomposes to rubidium disulfate and water:R.
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It has a very slow decomposition rate, and therefore a very low brisance. It is not, in the strictest sense of the term, an explosive, but a "deflagrant", as it does not detonate but decomposes by deflagration due to its subsonic mechanism of flame-front propagation.
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There have been differing claims about the persistence of Novichok and binary precursors in the environment. One view is that it is not affected by normal weather conditions, and may not decompose as quickly as other organophosphates. However, Mirzayanov states that Novichok decomposes within four months.
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Pentavalent ammonia is known as λ5-amine or, more commonly, ammonium hydride. This crystalline solid is only stable under high pressure and decomposes back into trivalent ammonia and hydrogen gas at normal conditions. This substance was once investigated as a possible solid rocket fuel in 1966.
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Bis(pentafluorophenyl)xenon reacts with hydrogen fluoride to form pentafluorophenyl xenon fluoride C6F5XeF. In acetonitrile solution bis(pentafluorophenyl)xenon decomposes to form C6F5-C6F5 (C12F10) and xenon. But in dichloromethane solution the product is mostly pentafluorobenzene. Bis(pentafluorophenyl)xenon reacts with mercury to make Bis(pentafluorophenyl)mercury.
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Lead nitrate decomposes on heating, a property that has been used in pyrotechnics . It is soluble in water and dilute nitric acid. Basic nitrates are formed in when alkali is added to a solution. Pb2(OH)2(NO3)2 is the predominant species formed at low pH.
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Carbosulfan is an organic compound adherent to the carbamate class. At normal conditions, it is brown viscous liquid. It is not very stable; it decomposes slowly at room temperature. Its solubility in water is low but it is miscible with xylene, hexane, chloroform, dichloromethane, methanol and acetone.
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As a food additive it has E number E123. Amaranth usually comes as a trisodium salt. It has the appearance of reddish-brown, dark red to purple water-soluble powder that decomposes at 120 °C without melting. Its water solution has absorption maximum at about 520 nm.
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The substance is stable when dissolved in ether and trichloromethane at −30 °C, but decomposes into a 1:1 mixture of carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2) upon heating to 0 °C. The stability and conformation of the molecule were also analyzed by theoretical methods.
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Thirty-five millimeter Film stock using a nitrate base was the first Film base to be made commercially available. The film base had shortcomings. Nitrate Film stock was extremely flammable. Over time, the nitrate also decomposes producing a combustible gas, then turns to goo, eventually becoming dust.
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A variety of minerals precipitate out of the springs including gypsum, and at Colour Peak crystals of the metastable mineral ikaite (·6) which decomposes rapidly when removed from freezing water.Impey, Chris, Jonathan Lunine, and José Funes, eds. Frontiers of astrobiology (page 161). Cambridge University Press, 2012.
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Arsenic pentachloride is a chemical compound of arsenic and chlorine. This compound was first prepared in 1976 through the UV irradiation of arsenic trichloride, AsCl3, in liquid chlorine at −105 °C. AsCl5 decomposes at around −50 °C. The structure of the solid was finally determined in 2001.
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Chloroauric acid, HAuCl4, the product formed when gold dissolves in aqua regia, is sometimes referred to as "gold chloride" or "acid gold trichloride". Gold(III) chloride is very hygroscopic and highly soluble in water as well as ethanol. It decomposes above 160 °C or in light.
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Molybdenum(III) iodide is a black antiferromagnetic solid that is air-stable at room temperature. In vacuum, it decomposes above 100 °C to molybdenum(II) iodide and iodine. It is insoluble in polar and non-polar solvents. Its crystal structure is isotypic with zirconium(II) iodide.
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The six hydrogens of that core are removed at a later metabolic stage by the enzyme protoporphyrinogen oxidase. Because of this connection, the compound is also called (unsubstituted) porphyrinogen. The compound is a colorless solid, soluble in dichloromethane, acetone, and diethyl ether. It decomposes at 185°C.
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From 1969 to 1984 he was a professor at the University of Düsseldorf. In 1949 he published his proof that every oriented knot in S^3 decomposes as a connect-sum of prime knots in a unique way, up to reordering.Schubert, H. Die eindeutige Zerlegbarkeit eines Knotens in Primknoten.
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Whewellite (calcium oxalate monohydrate) heat decomposition mass curve. The whewellite decomposes first to anhydrous calcium oxalate, then to calcium carbonate (losing carbon monoxide), and finally to calcium oxide (losing carbon dioxide). Whewellite is used as a thermogravimetric analysis standard due to its well-known decomposition temperatures and products.
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N,N-Dimethyl-2-chloro-2-phenylethylamine is chemical compound that irreversibly inhibits the acetylcholinesterase. This compound, when dissolved water, decomposes into a highly reactive aziridinium ion, N,N-dimethyl-2-phenylaziridinium (DPA). DPA binds to the anionic site of acetylcholinesterase, where it alkylates and irreversibly inhibits the enzyme.
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YB50 crystals have orthorhombic structure with space group P21212 (No. 18), a = 1.66251 nm, b = 1.76198 nm, c = 0.94797 nm. They can be grown by heating a compressed pellet of yttria (Y2O3) and boron powder to ~1700 0C. Above this temperature YB50 decomposes into YB12 and YB66 without melting.
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In contrast, the corresponding [12]- and [16]annulenes, which are weakly antiaromatic or nonaromatic, have downfield shifted interior hydrogens. However, unlike the undoubtedly aromatic [18]annulene, [14]annulene does not bear the hallmark aromatic property of chemical stability, and it quickly decomposes when exposed to light and air.
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The lowest lethal dose for a child is 143 mg/kg. Human deaths from rotenone poisoning are rare because its irritating action causes vomiting. Deliberate ingestion of rotenone can be fatal. The compound decomposes when exposed to sunlight and usually has an activity of six days in the environment.
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Gaseous Ni(C5H5)2 decomposes to a nickel mirror upon contact with a hot surface, releasing the hydrocarbon ligands as gaseous coproducts. This process has been considered as a means of preparing nickel films. Nickelocene reacts with nitric acid to produce cyclopentadienyl nickel nitrosyl, a highly toxic organonickel compound.
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Calcium disilicide (CaSi2) is an inorganic compound, a silicide of calcium. It is a whitish or dark grey to black solid matter with melting point 1033 °C. It is insoluble in water, but may decompose when subjected to moisture, evolving hydrogen and producing calcium hydroxide. Decomposes in hot water.
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Fluoroantimonic acid thermally decomposes when heated, generating free hydrogen fluoride gas and liquid antimony pentafluoride. At temperatures as low as 40 °C, fluoroantimonic acid will release HF into the gas phase. Antimony pentafluoride liquid can be recovered from fluoroantimonic acid by heating and releasing HF into the gas phase.
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One of those methods is, e.g., SETTER which decomposes each RNA structure into smaller parts called general secondary structure units (GSSUs). GSSUs are subsequently aligned and these partial alignments are merged into the final RNA structure alignment and scored. The method has been implemented into the SETTER webserver.
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Dying, he asks Peter to resume the role of Spider- Man and hopes that his and Mary Jane's child will be told about their "Uncle Ben." Reilly dies and his body decomposes rapidly, confirming he was actually a clone. Peter reclaims the Spider-Man identity.Spider-Man #75, 1996.
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Potassium pentasulfide is the inorganic compound with the formula K2S5. It is a red-orange solid that dissolves in water. The salt decomposes rapidly in air. It is one of several polysulfide salts with the general formula M2Sn, where M = Li, Na, K and n = 2, 3, 4, 5.
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2,6-Dibromoquinonechlorimide is a chemical used in chemical analysis and chromatography to detect phenolic chemicals. In the presence of phenolic substances it turns indigo in colour. In the presence of aflatoxin it turns green. 2,6-Dibromoquinonechlorimide explodes if heated above 120 °C and decomposes slowly over 60 °C.
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Nitroethylene has a dipole moment from the electron withdrawing nitro group present in the molecule, even though it is a neutral species. As a result, it is soluble in water and non-polar solvents. Nitroethylene is extremely reactive, even at low temperatures. It readily decomposes at room temperature.
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Masatsugu Sekiguchi, Michio Kobayashi, Hiroshi Minato (1974), "Reactions between Acyl Halides and Silver Hyponitrite". Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan, volume 45, issue 9, pages 2932-2934. The anhydrous compound decomposes in vacuum at 158 °C. The primary decomposition products are silver(I) oxide and nitrous oxide .
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Under extreme alkaline conditions, bronopol decomposes in aqueous solution and very low levels of formaldehyde are produced. Liberated formaldehyde is not responsible for the biological activity associated with bronopol. Other decomposition products detected after bronopol breakdown are bromide ion, nitrite ion, bromonitroethanol and 2-hydroxymethyl-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol.
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The dominant application of silicon hydrides is in the production of silicon films and coatings. Silane decomposes as follows: :SiH4 → Si + 2 H2 This reaction is conducted by chemical vapor deposition, exploits the weakness of the Si-H bond. The second most heavily produced silicon hydride is trichlorosilane, HSiCl3.
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Michael Faraday first synthesized tetrachloroethylene in 1821 by thermal decomposition of hexachloroethane. :C2Cl6 -> C2Cl4 \+ Cl2 Most tetrachloroethylene is produced by high temperature chlorinolysis of light hydrocarbons. The method is related to Faraday's discovery since hexachloroethane is generated and thermally decomposes. Side products include carbon tetrachloride, hydrogen chloride, and hexachlorobutadiene.
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Irradiation of a crystal of KrF2 at 77 K with γ-rays leads to the formation of the krypton monofluoride radical, KrF•, a violet-colored species that was identified by its ESR spectrum. The radical, trapped in the crystal lattice, is stable indefinitely at 77 K but decomposes at 120 K.
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As the hydride decomposes, the plated surface cracks. The cracking can be controlled and there may be up to 40 cracks per millimeter. Substances on the plating surface, mostly chromium sesquioxide, are sucked into the cracks as they form. The cracks heal over and newer electroplated layers will crack differently.
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Pyrolysis of this bromide gives pentaborane. :5 B3H7Br− → 3 B5H9 \+ 5 Br− \+ 4 H2 In the U.S., pentaborane was produced on a commercial scale by Callery Chemical Company. Above 150 °C, it decomposes, producing hydrogen; when it occurs in a closed container, the consequent rise of pressure can be dangerous.
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The addition of at least 2 equivalents of base — typically triethylamine — will deprotonate the alkoxysulfonium ion to give the sulfur ylide 7. In a five-membered ring transition state, the sulfur ylide 7 decomposes to give dimethyl sulfide and the desired carbonyl compound 8. The mechanism of the Swern oxidation.
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Understanding how a corpse decomposes and the factors that may alter the rate of decay is extremely important for evidence in death investigations. Campobasso, Vella, and Introna consider the factors that may inhibit or favor the colonization of insects to be vitally important when determining the time of insect colonization.
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Phlorizin is a white to yellow crystalline solid with a melting point of 106–109 °C. It is of sweet taste and contains four molecules of water in the crystal. Above 200 °C, it decomposes. It is poorly soluble in ether and cold water, but soluble in ethanol and hot water.
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Meat decomposes rapidly if it is not preserved. The speed of decomposition depends on several factors, including ambient humidity, temperature, and the presence of pathogens. Most types of untreated meat cannot be kept at room temperature for lengthy periods before spoiling. Spoiled meat changes color and exudes a foul odor.
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Basic ether cleavage is induced by deprotonation in α position.Christoph Elschenbroich: Organometallics, Third, Completely Revised and Extended Edition 2006, Wiley-VCH Weinheim, Germany. . The ether then decomposes into an alkene and an alkoxide. Cyclic ethers allow for an especially quick concerted cleavage, as seen for THF: Image:THF cleavage by RLi.
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The excitation in titania results in a surface redox reaction which decomposes compounds near the surface. UCNPs enable cheap low- energy NIR photons to replace expensive UV photons. In biological contexts UV light is highly absorbed and causes tissue damage. However NIR is weakly absorbed and induces UCNP behavior in vivo.
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Potassium peroxochromate is prepared by treating potassium chromate with hydrogen peroxide at 0 ºC: : 2 + 8 → 2 + 8 The intermediate tetraperoxochromate(VI) is reduced by hydrogen peroxide, forming tetraperoxochromate(V): : 2 + 2 + → 2 + 2 + Thus, the overall reaction is: :2 + 9 + 2 → 2 + 10 + The compound decomposes spontaneously at higher temperatures.
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Xenon difluoride is a powerful fluorinating agent with the chemical formula , and one of the most stable xenon compounds. Like most covalent inorganic fluorides it is moisture-sensitive. It decomposes on contact with light or water vapor but is otherwise stable in storage. Xenon difluoride is a dense, white crystalline solid.
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Germanium iodide is a chemical compound of germanium and iodine. Two such compounds exist: germanium(II) iodide GeI2 and germanium(IV) iodide GeI4. Germanium(II) iodide is a yellow crystalline solid which decomposes on melting. Its specific density is 5.37 and it can be sublimed at 240 °C in a vacuum.
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Several compounds containing the triazane skeleton are known, including 1-methyl-1-nitrosohydrazine, produced from the solventless reaction of methylhydrazine and an alkyl nitrite: : + → + RHO 1-Methyl-1-nitrosohydrazine is a colorless solid, sensitive to impact, but not to friction. It melts at 45°C and decomposes at 121°C.
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On heating to its melting point, sodium tetrafluoroborate decomposes to sodium fluoride and boron trifluoride: :NaBF4 → NaF + BF3 It is a source of tetrafluoroborate anion, which is used in organic chemistry for the preparation of salts. Sodium tetrafluoroborate can be used for synthesis of ionic liquids, where tetrafluoroborate is the anion.
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Sodium peroxide crystallizes with hexagonal symmetry. Upon heating, the hexagonal form undergoes a transition into a phase of unknown symmetry at 512 °C. With further heating above the 657 °C boiling point, the compound decomposes to Na2O, releasing O2.Lewis, R. J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, 10th ed.
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Increasing temperature, in order to increase the reaction rate, results in a further shift of the chemical equilibrium towards the educts (since ΔRH < 0 and ΔRS < 0). On the other hand, carbonyl bromide slowly decomposes to carbon monoxide and elemental bromine even at low temperatures. It is also sensitive to hydrolysis.
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Carbon tetraiodide is slightly reactive towards water, giving iodoform and I2. It is soluble in nonpolar organic solvents. It decomposes thermally and photochemically to tetraiodoethylene, C2I4. Its synthesis entails AlCl3-catalyzed halide exchange, which is conducted at room temperature: :CCl4 + 4 EtI -> CI4 + 4 EtCl The product crystallizes from the reaction solution.
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On heating at 80 °C, DMTS slowly decomposes to a mixture of dimethyl di-, tri-, and tetrasulfides. The reactivity of DMTS is related to its weak sulfur-sulfur bond (ca. 45 kcal/mol). Dimethyl tetrasulfide, which is thermally more reactive than dimethyl trisulfide, has a still weaker (central) sulfur-sulfur bond (ca.
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Copper(II) acetate is soluble in alcohol and water and slightly soluble in ether and glycerol. It melts at and decomposes at . It can be prepared by reacting copper(II) oxide, CuO, or copper(II) carbonate, CuCO3, with acetic acid, CH3COOH. Verdigris is a variable chemical mixture of compounds, complexes and water.
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Heating lead carbonate with hydrogen fluoride yields the hydrofluoride, which decomposes to the difluoride when it melts. This white crystalline powder is more soluble than the diiodide, but less than the dibromide and the dichloride. No coordinated lead fluorides exist (except the unstable PbF+ cation). The tetrafluoride, a yellow crystalline powder, is unstable.
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It occurs as translucent, vitreous white to grey to yellow monoclinic prismatic crystals. It is an unstable mineral which dehydrates in dry air and decomposes in water. Streptomyces alkalithermotolerans is an alkaliphilic and thermotolerant bacterium species from the genus of Streptomyces which has been isolated from the Lonar soda lake in India.
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Lithium tetrahydridogallate is easily dissolved in diethyl ether with which it forms a stable complex, making removal of the solvent difficult. Ethereal solutions of LiGaH4 are indefinitely stable if sealed in glass vessels at 0 °C. Lithium tetrahydridogallate can also be dissolved in tetrahydrofuran and diglyme. Lithium tetrahydridogallate slowly decomposes at room temperature.
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Potassium superoxide is the inorganic compound with the formula KO2. It is a yellow paramagnetic solid that decomposes in moist air. It is a rare example of a stable salt of the superoxide anion. Potassium superoxide is used as a scrubber, dehumidifier and generator in rebreathers, spacecraft, submarines and spacesuit life support systems.
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The lactam can be hydrolyzed to aspergillomarasmine A by treating it with trifluoroacetic acid. Aspergillomarasmine A functions as a chelating agent, sequestering Fe3+ ions. It can inhibit endothelin converting enzymes even in the live rat, probably by chelating metals required by metalloproteases. When heated, aspergillomarasmine A decomposes between 225° and 236 °C.
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Cryptoporus volvatus is a polypore fungus that decomposes the rotting sapwood of conifers. It is an after effect of attack by the pine bark beetle. The fungus was originally described by American mycologist Charles Horton Peck in 1875 as Polyporus volvatus. Cornelius Lott Shear transferred it to the genus Cryptoporus in 1902.
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Calcium bromate, Ca(BrO3)2, is a calcium salt of bromic acid. It is most commonly encountered as the monohydrate, Ca(BrO3)2•H2O. It can be prepared by reacting calcium hydroxide with sodium bromate or calcium sulfate with barium bromate. Above 180 °C, calcium bromate decomposes to form calcium bromide and oxygen.
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D'Albis is the director of the French team of the National Transfers Accounts, an international project that decomposes by age the variables of the National Accounts. This project permits comparisons across generations. D'Albis has provided evidence suggesting that the standards of living of recent French generations has not fallen compared to previous generations.
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Lanthanide hypochlorites are also unstable; however, they have been reported as being more stable in their anhydrous forms than in the presence of water. Hypochlorite has been used to oxidise cerium from its +3 to +4 oxidation state. Hypochlorous acid itself is not stable in isolation as it decomposes to form chlorine.
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The most abundant fauna found on sandy beaches are meiofauna. Their small size lets them live between the sand grains. They include nematodes, copepods and ostracods, which help break down organic matter, which then decomposes. Meiofauna are sensitive to pollution and other disturbances, and can be used to monitor pollution on sandy beaches.
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"Methods of preparing polysilynes" With some solvents (tetrahydrofuran, ether, toluene etc.) it forms a colloidal suspension that is clear and non-viscous, which may then be deposited as a film or coating on various substrates. Upon thermolysis, poly(methylsilyne) decomposes to silicon carbide. The optical properties of these materials has attracted attention.
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Ammonium bifluoride is a component of some etchants. It attacks silica component of glass: :SiO2 \+ 4 [NH4][HF2] → SiF4 \+ 4 NH4F + 2 H2O Potassium bifluoride is a related more commonly used etchant. Ammonium bifluoride has been considered as an intermediate in the production of hydrofluoric acid from hexafluorosilicic acid. Thus, hexafluorosilicic acid is hydrolyzed to give ammonium fluoride, which thermally decomposes to give the bifluoride: :H2SiF6 \+ 6 NH3 \+ 2 H2O → SiO2 \+ 6 NH4F :2 NH4F → NH3 \+ [NH4]HF2 The resulting ammonium bifluoride is converted to sodium bifluoride, which thermally decomposes to release HF.Jean Aigueperse, Paul Mollard, Didier Devilliers, Marius Chemla, Robert Faron, Renée Romano, Jean Pierre Cuer (2005), "Fluorine Compounds, Inorganic" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.
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The synthesis of silver(II) sulfate (AgSO4) with a divalent silver ion instead of a monovalent silver ion was first reported in 2010 by adding sulfuric acid to silver(II) fluoride (HF escapes). It is a black solid that decomposes exothermally at 120 °C with evolution of oxygen and the formation of the pyrosulfate.
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Indole-3-butyric acid (1H-indole-3-butanoic acid, IBA) is a white to light- yellow crystalline solid, with the molecular formula C12H13NO2. It melts at 125 °C in atmospheric pressure and decomposes before boiling. IBA is a plant hormone in the auxin family and is an ingredient in many commercial horticultural plant rooting products.
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Let C be an additive category, or more generally an additive -linear category for a commutative ring . We call C a Krull–Schmidt category provided that every object decomposes into a finite direct sum of objects having local endomorphism rings. Equivalently, C has split idempotents and the endomorphism ring of every object is semiperfect.
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In this salt, the rings are planar. The bond lengths in the ring are 1.309 Å, 1.310 Å, 1.310 Å, 1.324 Å, and 1.324 Å. When heated, the salt is stable up to 117 °C, and over this temperature it decomposes to ammonium azide. Under extreme pressure conditions, the pentazolate ion was also synthesized.
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Hydrolysis occurs only slowly in water forming arsenic trioxide and hydroiodic acid. The reaction proceeds via formation of arsenous acid which exists in equilibrium with hydroiodic acid. The aqueous solution is highly acidic, pH of 0.1N solution is 1.1. It decomposes to arsenic trioxide, elemental arsenic and iodine when heated in air at 200 °C.
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Unprocessed shark meat may have a strong odor of ammonia, due to the high urea content that develops as the fish decomposes. The urea content and ammonia odor can be reduced by marinating the meat in liquids such as lemon juice, vinegar, milk, or saltwater. Preparation methods include slicing the meat into steaks and fillets.
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Ethyl iodide (also iodoethane) is a colorless flammable chemical compound. It has the chemical formula C2H5I and is prepared by heating ethanol with iodine and phosphorus.Merck Index of Chemicals and Drugs, 9th ed., monograph 3753 On contact with air, especially on the effect of light, it decomposes and turns yellow or reddish from dissolved iodine.
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YB25 crystals can be grown by heating a compressed pellet of yttria (Y2O3) and boron powder to ~1700 °C. The YB25 phase is stable up to 1850 °C. Above this temperature it decomposes into YB12 and YB66 without melting. This makes it difficult to grow a single crystal of YB25 by the melt growth method.
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Glycolonitrile, also called hydroxyacetonitrile or formaldehyde cyanohydrin, is the organic compound with the formula HOCH2CN. It is the simplest cyanohydrin and it is derived from formaldehyde. It is a colourless liquid that dissolves in water and ether. Because glycolonitrile decomposes readily into formaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide, it is listed as an extremely hazardous substance.
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Transition metal complexes of isodiazomethane have been prepared. In bulk form isodiazomethane is a liquid which decomposes when the temperature exceeds 15 °C. If it is heated to 40 °C, the substance explodes. A solution of isodiazomethane in diethyl ether at –30 °C gradually isomerizes to diazomethane upon exposure to sodium hydroxide for 20 min.
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Tungsten nitride (W2N, WN, WN2) is an inorganic compound, a nitride of tungsten. It is a hard, solid, brown-colored ceramic material that is electrically conductive and decomposes in water. It is used in microelectronics as a contact material, for conductive layers, and barrier layers between silicon and other metals, e.g. tungsten or copper.
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The SEI layer on silicon is composed of reduced electrolyte and lithium. At the operating voltage of the battery, the electrolyte is unstable and decomposes. The consumption of lithium in the formation of the SEI layer further decreases the battery capacity. Limiting growth of the SEI layer is therefore critical for commercial lithium-silicon batteries.
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Graphene is commonly deposited on iridium(111) by CVD but also with temperature programmed growth (TPG) is possible. In CVD, a hot iridium surface is exposed to ethylene. Ethylene decomposes on the surface due to pyrolysis, and the formed carbon adsorbs to the surface forming a graphene monolayer. Thus, only a monolayer growth is possible.
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It apparently decomposes to polysulfane oxide or polythionic acids in water, which is termed Wakenroder's liquid. In alkaline conditions thiosulfurous acid rapidly deteriorates forming a mixture of sulfide, sulfur, sulfite, and thiosulfate. In acidic conditions it will form hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide as well. Some of these react to form pentathionate and other polythionates.
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As tetramethylammonium nitratoborate is heated it has some sort of transition between 51 and 62 °C. It decomposes above 75 °C producing gas. Above 112 °C it is exothermic, and a solid is left if it is heated to 160 °C. Tetramethylammonium nitratoborate is insoluble in cold water but slightly soluble in hot water.
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Scientists realized that hydrogen would escape into space through a process called methane photolysis, in which methane decomposes under the action of ultraviolet light in the upper atmosphere and releases its hydrogen. The escape of hydrogen from the Earth into space must have oxidized the Earth because the process of hydrogen loss is chemical oxidation.
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Nitric acid is a corrosive acid and a powerful oxidizing agent. The major hazard posed by it is chemical burns, as it carries out acid hydrolysis with proteins (amide) and fats (ester), which consequently decomposes living tissue (e.g. skin and flesh). Concentrated nitric acid stains human skin yellow due to its reaction with the keratin.
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However, since 1992 its atmospheric concentrations have been in decline for the reasons described above (see also the atmospheric time-series figure). CCl4 has an atmospheric lifetime of 85 years.The Atlas of Climate Change (2006) by Kirstin Dow and Thomas E. Downing At high temperatures in air, it decomposes or burns to produce poisonous phosgene.
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Olivine is a marker for the lack of water because it easily decomposes in the presence of water. Sulfate was found, and it needs water to form. Wishstone contained a great deal of plagioclase, some olivine, and anhydrate (a sulfate). Peace rocks showed sulfur and strong evidence for bound water, so hydrated sulfates are suspected.
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Calcite changes to calcite-II and calcite-III at pressures of 1.5, and 2.2 GPa. Siderite undergoes a chemical change at 10 GPa at 1800K to form Fe4O5. Dolomite decomposes 7GPa and below 1000 °C to yield aragonite and magnesite. However, there are forms of iron containing dolomite stable at higher pressures and temperatures.
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J. R. Kow, M. Motonaga, M. Fujiki, R. West Macromolecules, 34(4) (2001) pp. 706-712. The polysilicon monohalides are all stable to 400°C, but are also water and air sensitive. Polysilicon monofluoride reacts more vigorously than the heavier polysilicon monohalides. For example, (SiF)n decomposes [to SiF4 and Si] above 400°C explosively.
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As a pure material, bronopol has a melting point of about 130 °C. However, due to its polymorphic characteristics, bronopol undergoes a lattice rearrangement at 100 to 105 °C and this can often be wrongly interpreted as the melting point. At temperatures above 140 °C, bronopol decomposes exothermically releasing hydrogen bromide and oxides of nitrogen.
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Strontium iodide can be prepared by reacting strontium carbonate with hydroiodic acid: :SrCO3 \+ 2 HI → SrI2 \+ H2O + CO2 Strontium iodide forms a white powder that slowly changes to a yellowish colour when exposed to air. At high temperatures (in the presence of air) strontium iodide completely decomposes to form strontium oxide and free iodine.
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Sulfuryl chloride reacts with water, releasing hydrogen chloride gas and sulfuric acid: :2 H2O + SO2Cl2 → 2 HCl + H2SO4 SO2Cl2 will also decompose when heated to or above 100 °C, about 30 °C above its boiling point. Upon standing, SO2Cl2 decomposes to sulfur dioxide and chlorine, which gives the older samples a slightly yellowish color.
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Tetramethyltin decomposes in the gas phase at about 277 °C (550 K) Me4Sn vapor reacts with silica to give Me3Sn-grafted solid. :Me4Sn + ≡SiOH → ≡SiOSnMe3 \+ MeH This reaction is also possible with other alkyl substituents. In a similar process, tetramethyltin has been used to functionalize certain zeolites at temperatures as low as -90 °C.
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Olivine is a marker for the lack of water because it easily decomposes in the presence of water. Sulfate was found, and it needs water to form. Wishstone contained a great deal of plagioclase, some olivine, and anhydrate (a sulfate). Peace rocks showed sulfur and strong evidence for bound water, so hydrated sulfates are suspected.
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When undergoing ionization in the mass spectrometer, the compound decomposes in a repeatable pattern to form fragments of specific masses, which can be used to tune the mass response and accuracy of the mass spectrometer. Most commonly used ions are those with approximate mass of 69, 131, 219, 414 and 502 atomic mass units.
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It has a melting point variously quoted as 119.6 °C and 119.8 °C but as it decomposes to other forms at around this temperature the observed melting point can vary. The 119 °C melting point has been termed the "ideal melting point" and the typical lower value (114.5 °C) when decomposition occurs, the "natural melting point".
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This form, also called fibrous sulfur or ω1-sulfur, has been well characterized. It has a density of 2.01 g·cm−3 (α-sulfur 2.069 g·cm−3) and decomposes around its melting point of 104 °C. It consists of parallel helical sulfur chains. These chains have both left and right-handed "twists" and a radius of 95 pm.
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Various priming mixtures have been used in different sized primers to effect prompt ignition of the powder charge. Particles with relatively high heat capacity are required to promptly ignite smokeless powder deterrent coatings. Some priming explosives decompose into incandescent solids or liquids. Inert ingredients may be heated into incandescent sparks when the explosive decomposes into gas.
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2,4,6-Trichlorophenol, also known as TCP, phenaclor, Dowicide 2S, Dowcide 2S, omal, is a chlorinated phenol that has been used as a fungicide, herbicide, insecticide, antiseptic, defoliant, and glue preservative. It is a clear to yellowish crystalline solid with a strong, phenolic odor. It decomposes on heating to produce toxic and corrosive fumes including hydrogen chloride and chlorine.
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The Hg-H bond is very weak and therefore the compound has only been matrix isolated at temperatures up to 6 K. The dihydride, HgH2, has also been detected this way. A related compound is bis(hydridomercury)(Hg—Hg) with the formula , which can be considered to be dimeric mercury(I) hydride. It spontaneously decomposes into the monomeric form.
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It is taken by not only oral and inhalation but skin and it causes toxic symptoms peculiar to organophosphorus compounds such as miosis, hypersalivation, hyperhidrosis, chest pressure, pulmonary edema and fecal incontinence. It is flammable and decomposes to toxic gases such as phosphorus oxides, sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides. It is harmful especially to water creatures.
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Humus composes the bulk of organic matter in the lower soil profile. The decline of nutrient ratios is also a function of decomposition of litterfall (i.e. as litterfall decomposes, more nutrients enter the soil below and the litter will have a lower nutrient ratio). Litterfall containing high nutrient concentrations will decompose more rapidly and asymptote as those nutrients decrease.
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When caesium burns in air, the superoxide is the main product. The "normal" caesium oxide () forms yellow- orange hexagonal crystals, and is the only oxide of the anti- type. It vaporizes at , and decomposes to caesium metal and the peroxide at temperatures above . In addition to the superoxide and the ozonide , several brightly coloured suboxides have also been studied.
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This readily decomposes to carbanion 9, which is protonated to give the reduced product. alt=As with the parent Wolff- Kishner reduction, the decarbonylation reaction can often fail due to unsuccessful formation of the corresponding tosylhydrazone. This is common for sterically hindered ketones, as was the case for the cyclic amino ketone shown below. Scheme 11.
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The peroxochromate(V) is another example of the +5 oxidation state. Potassium peroxochromate (K3[Cr(O2)4]) is made by reacting potassium chromate with hydrogen peroxide at low temperatures. This red brown compound is stable at room temperature but decomposes spontaneously at 150–170 °C. Compounds of chromium(IV) are slightly more common than those of chromium(V).
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Bedrock containing geodes eventually weathers and decomposes, leaving them present at the surface if they are composed of resistant material such as quartz. When cut in half, visible bands corresponding to varied stages of precipitation may at times show patterns that reveal points of fluid entry into the cavity and/or varied colors corresponding to changes in chemistry.
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Diallyl disulfide can be readily oxidized to allicin with hydrogen peroxide or peracetic acid. Allicin in turn can hydrolyze giving diallyl disulfide and trisulfide. Reaction of diallyl disulfide with liquid sulfur gives a mixture containing diallyl polysulfides with as many as 22 sulfur atoms in a continuous chain. When diallyl disulfide is heated it decomposes giving a complex mixture.
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Let X be a compact Kähler manifold. The first Chern class c1 gives a map from holomorphic line bundles to . By Hodge theory, the de Rham cohomology group H2(X, C) decomposes as a direct sum , and it can be proven that the image of c1 lies in H1,1(X). The theorem says that the map to is surjective.
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Nitrapyrin decomposes both in soil and in plants. The compound itself tends not to persist in nature. The primary decomposition is the hydrolysis of the trichloromethyl functional group, resulting primarily in 6-chloro-picolinic acidJohn H. Montgomery Agrochemicals Desk Reference 2nd ed.; Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1997 which is the only detected residue in plant metabolisms.
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Meldrum's acid or 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane-4,6-dione is an organic compound with formula . Its molecule has a heterocyclic core with four carbon and two oxygen atoms; the formula can also be written as . It is a crystalline colorless solid, sparingly soluble in water. It decomposes on heating with release of carbon dioxide and acetone.
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It is also used as a component of some gun propellants and solid rocket propellants. Nonphlegmatized PETN is stored and handled with approximately 10% water content. PETN alone cannot be cast as it explosively decomposes slightly above its melting point, but it can be mixed with other explosives to form castable mixtures. PETN can be initiated by a laser.
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Observe the graph that consists solely of edges collected in the previous step. These edges are directed away from the vertex to which they are the lightest incident edge. The resulting graph decomposes into multiple weakly connected components. The goal of this step is to assign to each vertex the component of which it is a part.
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Stannane or tin hydride is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula . It is a colourless gas and the tin analogue of methane. Stannane can be prepared by the reaction of SnCl4 and LiAlH4. :SnCl4 \+ LiAlH4 → SnH4 \+ LiCl + AlCl3 Stannane decomposes slowly at room temperature to give metallic tin and hydrogen and ignites on contact with air.
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It is optically active with [α]D24 = +59.79°. The compound slowly hydrolyzes in water: 0.25% of the acetate ester bonds were broken by boiling in water for 1 hour, and 0.20% after standing in water at 40° C for 5 days. Sucrose octaacetate decomposes at about 285 °C, but can be distilled at reduced pressure at 260° C.
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The articulation of a remains helps researchers determine how the individual was buried. A primary burial is the first and only interment of the body. This is the only time that remains should be found correctly articulated. A secondary burial is when an individual decomposes somewhere else and then is interned in their final resting spot.
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In a process called photorespiration RuBisCo can also catalyze addition of atmospheric oxygen to the C2 carbon of RuBP forming a high energy hydroperoxide intermediate that decomposes into 2-phosphoglycolate and 3-Phosphoglycerate. Despite a higher energy barrier for the oxygenation reaction compared to carboxylation, photorespiration accounts for up to 25% of RuBisCo turnover in C3 plants.
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Cystamine (2,2'-dithiobisethanamine) is an organic disulfide. It is formed when cystine is heated, the result of decarboxylation. Cystamine is an unstable liquid and is generally handled as the dihydrochloride salt, C4H12N2S2·2HCl, which is stable to 203-214 °C at which point it decomposes. Cystamine is toxic if swallowed or inhaled and potentially harmful by contact.
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7,16-Bis(tris(trimethylsilyl)silylethynyl)heptacene was synthesized in 2005. This compound is stable in the solid state for a week but decomposes in contact with air. Its synthesis started from anthraquinone and naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxaldehyde. More stable substituted heptacenes have been reported: with stabilizing p-(t-butyl)thiophenyl substituents and with phenyl and triisopropylsilylethynyl groups.
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Specially designed side- dumping railroad cars filled with earth or gravel are pushed onto it and dumped, burying the trestle. Typically, a fill trestle is constructed out of wood which remains buried in the fill and eventually decomposes. Advances in construction technology, particularly the development of the dump truck, have rendered the fill trestle technique obsolete.
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Along with these fluorocarbonates form the larger family of halocarbonates. In turn halocarbonates are a part of mixed anion materials. Compounds where fluorine connects to carbon making acids are unstable, fluoroformic acid decomposes to carbon dioxide and hydrogen fluoride, and trifluoromethyl alcohol also breaks up at room temperature. Trifluoromethoxide compounds exist but react with water to yield carbonyl fluoride.
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Each color corresponds to a biconnected component. Multi-colored vertices are cut vertices, and thus belong to multiple biconnected components. In graph theory, a biconnected component (sometimes known as a 2-connected component) is a maximal biconnected subgraph. Any connected graph decomposes into a tree of biconnected components called the block-cut tree of the graph.
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Sodium oxalate, or disodium oxalate, is the sodium salt of oxalic acid with the formula Na2C2O4. It is a white, crystalline, odorless solid, that decomposes above 290 °C. Disodium oxalate can act as a reducing agent, and it may be used as a primary standard for standardizing potassium permanganate (KMnO4) solutions. The mineral form of sodium oxalate is natroxalate.
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Hydrogen disulfide is the inorganic compound with the formula H2S2. This hydrogen chalcogenide is a pale yellow volatile liquid with a camphor-like odor. It decomposes readily to hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and elemental sulfur.R. Steudel "Inorganic Polysulfanes H2Sn with n > 1" in Elemental Sulfur and Sulfur-Rich Compounds II (Topics in Current Chemistry) 2003, Volume 231, pp 99–125.
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A continuous semimartingale uniquely decomposes as X = M + A where M is a continuous local martingale and A is a continuous finite variation process starting at zero. For example, if X is an Itō process satisfying the stochastic differential equation dXt = σt dWt \+ bt dt, then :M_t=X_0+\int_0^t\sigma_s\,dW_s,\ A_t=\int_0^t b_s\,ds.
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In linear algebra, the generalized singular value decomposition (GSVD) is the name of two different techniques based on the singular value decomposition. The two versions differ because one version decomposes two (or more) matrices (much like higher order PCA) and the other version uses a set of constraints imposed on the left and right singular vectors.
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Perchloratoborate is an anion of the form [B(ClO4)4]−. It can form partly stable solid salts with heavy alkali metals. They are more stable than nitratoborate salts. K[B(ClO4)4] decomposes at 35 °C, Rb[B(ClO4)4] is stable to 50 °C, and Cs[B(ClO4)4] can exist up to 80 °C.
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The other pathway encodes "categorical" information, which synthesizes information about the shape and spatial arrangement of an objects parts. It decomposes objects into their most basic form, by looking for boundaries, lines, or patches. These categorical relations in turn lead to abstract spatial relations that allow one to perceive objects as being "on top," "inside," "between," "beside," etc.
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Tolylfluanid hydrolyzes slowly in acidic conditions. The half-life is shorter when the pH is high; at pH = 7, it is at least 2 days. In aerobic media (pH = 7.7-8.0), tolylfluanid hydrolytically and microbially decomposes to N,N-dimethyl-N-(4-methylphenyl) sulfamide (DMST) and dimethylsulfamide. After 14 days, tolylfluanid is generally considered to have degraded.
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Bis-triphenylmethylarsonium tetraiodoronickelate [(C6H5)3CH3As]2NiI4 is red in colour. It can be made from triphenylmethylarsonium iodide and nickel iodide in hot ethanol. The red flakes that precipitate must be filtered before the alcohol cools, else the compound decomposes. Bis(tetraethylammonium) tetraiodonickelate has a molecular weight of 826.8135 and a CAS number of 13927-28-1.
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Structure of Mg(OH)2. Synthetic brucite is mainly consumed as a precursor to magnesia (MgO), a useful refractory insulator. It finds some use as a flame retardant because it thermally decomposes to release water in a similar way to aluminium hydroxide and mixtures of huntite and hydromagnesite. It also constitutes a significant source of magnesium for industry.
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Iron gives iron pentacarbonyl, too, but this reaction is slow. If necessary, the nickel may be separated by distillation. Dicobalt octacarbonyl is also formed in nickel distillation as a by-product, but it decomposes to tetracobalt dodecacarbonyl at the reaction temperature to give a non-volatile solid. Nickel is obtained from nickel carbonyl by one of two processes.
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A base other than ammonia must be added before the acid dinitramide decomposes. The final product is obtained by fractional crystallization. Another synthesis known as the urethane synthesis method requires four synthesis steps and results in a yield of up to 60 %. The processing method is not difficult and the amount of waste produced is relatively low.
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Red lead is virtually insoluble in water and in ethanol. However, it is soluble in hydrochloric acid present in the stomach, and is therefore toxic when ingested. It also dissolves in glacial acetic acid and a diluted mixture of nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide. When heated to 500 °C, it decomposes to lead(II) oxide and oxygen.
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Sodium bifluoride is the inorganic compound with the formula NaHF2. It is a salt of sodium cation (Na+) and bifluoride anion (HF2−). It is a white, water- soluble solid that decomposes upon heating .Perry, Dale L.; Handbook of Inorganic Compounds; CRC Press (2011); page 381; Sodium bifluoride is non- flammable, hygroscopic, and has a pungent smell.
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This action of the enzyme is used by many cultures to process cassava into an edible substance. The enzyme converts the cyanide containing compounds into acetone cyanohydrin, which spontaneously decomposes to hydrogen cyanide (HCN). The HCN then either dissolves readily in water or is released into the air. Not all cyanide can be removed during processing.
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Trimethylborane spontaneously ignites in air if the concentration is high enough. It burns with a green flame producing soot. Slower oxidation with oxygen in a solvent or in the gas phase can produce dimethyltrioxadiboralane, which contains a ring of two boron and three oxygen atoms. However the major product is dimethylborylmethylperoxide, which rapidly decomposes to dimethoxymethylborane.
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The Hemetsberger indole synthesis (also called the Hemetsberger–Knittel synthesis) is a chemical reaction that thermally decomposes a 3-aryl-2-azido- propenoic ester into an indole-2-carboxylic ester. The Hemetsberger indole synthesis Yields are typically above 70%. However, this is not a popular reaction, due to the lack of stability and difficulty in synthesizing the starting material.
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The anhydrous salt forms green crystals and is very soluble in water (in contrast to anhydrous chromium(III) chloride which dissolves very slowly except under special conditions). At 100 °C it decomposes. The red-violet hydrate is highly soluble in water. Chromium nitrate is used in the production of alkali metal- free catalysts and in pickling.
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N-Methylhydroxylamine or methylhydroxylamine is a hydroxylamine derivative with a methyl group replacing one of the hydrogens of the amino group. It is an isomer of methoxyamine and aminomethanol. It decomposes in an exothermic reaction (-63 kJ/mol) into methane and azanone unless stored as a hydrochloride salt. The compound is commercially available as its hydrochloride salt.
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Tetracyanomethane is a solid at room temperature. It decomposes over 160 °C without melting, and although it can be in a dilute vapour, no liquid form is known. The molecules of tetracyanomethane have a tetrahedral symmetry (3m or Td). The molecule has C-C distance of 1.484 Å and C-N distance of 1.161 Å in the gas form.
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On their way, however, Helen and Harold are attacked in their car by West, and he kills them both. When Blake finds the bodies, he calls Nelson, who comes out to identify them. After Blake angrily demands an explanation, Nelson reluctantly reveals West's condition. Nelson believes West is somehow getting stronger the more his body decomposes.
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Chlorine azide is extremely sensitive. It may explode, sometimes even without apparent provocation; it is thus too sensitive to be used commercially unless first diluted in solution. Chlorine azide reacts explosively with 1,3-butadiene, ethane, ethene, methane, propane, phosphorus, silver azide, and sodium. On contact with acid, chlorine azide decomposes, evolving toxic and corrosive hydrogen chloride gas.
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The stream is exposed to ozone and ozone is unstable at atmospheric condition. The ozone (O3) decomposes into oxygen (O2) and more oxygen is dissolved into the stream. The pathogen is oxidised to form carbon dioxide. This process eliminates the odour of the stream but result in slightly acidic product due to the effect of carbon dioxide present .
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Nitrous oxide production Nitrous oxide is prepared on an industrial scale by careful heating of ammonium nitrate at about 250 C, which decomposes into nitrous oxide and water vapour. : → 2 + The addition of various phosphate salts favours formation of a purer gas at slightly lower temperatures. This reaction may be difficult to control, resulting in detonation.
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It is a component of some printing inks and perfumes. Isopropyl acetate decomposes slowly on contact with steel in the presence of air, producing acetic acid and isopropanol. It reacts violently with oxidizing materials and it attacks many plastics. Isopropyl acetate is quite flammable in both its liquid and vapor forms, and it may be harmful if swallowed or inhaled.
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Attribution analysis attempts to distinguish which of the two factors of portfolio performance, superior stock selection or superior market timing, is the source of the portfolio's overall performance. Specifically, this method compares the total return of the manager's actual investment holdings with the return for a predetermined benchmark portfolio and decomposes the difference into a selection effect and an allocation effect.
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Zinc hydride is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula ZnH2. It is a white, odourless solid which slowly decomposes into its elements at room temperature; despite this it is the most stable of the binary first row transition metal hydrides. A variety of coordination compounds containing Zn-H bonds are used as reducing agents, however ZnH2 itself has no common applications.
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The speed of sound in bicyclohexyl is 1441.51 m/s, higher than many other hydrocarbons. The density is 882.73 kgm−1. The isothermal compressibility is 674 TPa−1 and isobaric expansivity is 819 K−1. When bicyclohexyl is heated to around it slowly decomposes to cyclohexane and cyclohexene, as the pivot bond joining the two rings is the longest and weakest one.
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Nickel nitrite decomposes when heated to 220°C, however it can be heated up to 260°C in argon. The nitrite is covalently bonded to nickel, and the material is slightly volatile. The infrared spectrum of the solid has absorption bands at 1575, 1388, 1333, 1240, 1080, and 830 cm−1. Liquid dinitrogen tetroxide oxidises nickel nitrite to nickel nitrate.
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The dihydrate FeC2O4 is a coordination polymer, consisting of chains of oxalate-bridged ferrous centers, each with two aquo ligands. Ball-and-stick model of a chain in the crystal structure of iron(II) oxalate dihydrate When heated, it dehydrates and decomposes into a mixture of iron oxides and pyrophoric iron metal, with release of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and water.
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The current SAS decomposes Sociotropy into two factors (neediness and connectedness). Neediness is associated with the symptoms of depression—and connectedness is a sensitivity towards others, and associated with valuing relationships. Since the development of the SAS, many other measures of personality constructs have been developed to assess other personality traits with some overlapping with the SAS, but examining for different traits.
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Most conversion technologies involve heating shale in the absence of oxygen to a temperature at which kerogen decomposes (pyrolyses) into gas, condensable oil, and a solid residue. This usually takes place between and . The process of decomposition begins at relatively low temperatures (), but proceeds more rapidly and more completely at higher temperatures. In-situ processing involves heating the oil shale underground.
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Polonium dioxide (also known as polonium(IV) oxide) is a chemical compound with the formula PoO2. It is one of three oxides of polonium, the other two being polonium monoxide (PoO) and polonium trioxide (PoO3). It is a pale yellow crystalline solid at room temperature. Under lowered pressure (such as a vacuum), it decomposes into elemental polonium and oxygen at 500 °C.
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Ureas can also be formed from the reaction of isocyanates and water which forms a carbamic acid intermediate. This acid quickly decomposes by splitting off carbon dioxide and leaving behind an amine. This amine then reacts with another isocyanate group to form the polyurea linkage. This two step reaction is used to make what is commonly but improperly called polyurethane foam.
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Substituted analogs of pentazole are collectively known as pentazoles. As a class, they are unstable and often highly explosive compounds. The first pentazole synthesized was phenylpentazole, where the pentazole ring is highly stabilized by conjugation with the phenyl ring. The derivative 4-dimethylaminophenylpentazole is among the most stable pentazole compounds known, although it still decomposes at temperatures over 50 °C.
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Acids damage marble, because the calcium carbonate in marble reacts with them, releasing carbon dioxide (technically speaking, carbonic acid, but that decomposes quickly to CO2 and H2O) : :CaCO3(s) + 2H+(aq) → Ca2+(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O (l) Thus, vinegar or other acidic solutions should never be used on marble. Likewise, outdoor marble statues, gravestones, or other marble structures are damaged by acid rain.
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For instance, dimethylformamide slowly decomposes to give dimethylamine and carbon monoxide when heated to its boiling point (154 °C). Some derivatives of formic acid, like formyl chloride, undergo spontaneous decarbonylation at room temperature (or below). Reactions involving oxalyl chloride (COCl)2 (e.g., hydrolysis, reaction with carboxylic acids, Swern oxidation, etc.) often liberate both carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide via a fragmentation process.
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The rehabitation of degraded soils in eastern Bolivia by subsoiling and the incorporation of cover crops. Land Degr. Rehab. 5:247-259 This is because legumes used as living mulches have greater N contents and a low C to N ratio. So when legume residue decomposes, soil microbes have sufficient N available to enhance their breakdown of organic materials in the soil.
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Thermal decomposition catalyzed by copper sulfate results in carbon dioxide and biacetal. 2,3,4-Pentanetrione reacts with hydrogen peroxide to yield acetic acid and carbon monoxide. Adding HOOH between C2 and C4 yields a cyclic intermediate which decomposes. With light or organic peroxides, a free radical reaction can take place (as with triketones), whereby the molecule is slit into CH3COCO• and CH3CO• fragments.
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At temperatures above 1100 °C kyanite decomposes into mullite and vitreous silica via the following reaction: 3(Al2O3·SiO2) → 3Al2O3·2SiO2 \+ SiO2. This transformation results in an expansion. Its name comes from the same origin as that of the color cyan, being derived from the Ancient Greek word κύανος. This is generally rendered into English as kyanos or kuanos and means "dark blue".
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2008 It needs two conditions to develop: abundant rain and cool summers. A dead plant that falls on dry soil is normally attacked by bacteria and fungi and quickly rots. If the same plant lands in water or on saturated soil, it decomposes differently. Less oxygen is available under water, so aerobic bacteria and fungi fail to colonize the submerged debris effectively.
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The case of a connected compact Lie group K (including the just-mentioned case of SO(3)) is particularly tractable. Part III In that case, every finite-dimensional representation of K decomposes as a direct sum of irreducible representations. The irreducible representations, in turn, were classified by Hermann Weyl. The classification is in terms of the "highest weight" of the representation.
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Mossbauer mineralogy of rock, soil, and dust at Gusev crater, Mars: Spirit's journal through weakly altered olivine basalt on the plains and pervasively altered basalt in the Columbia Hills. J. Geophys. Res.: 111 Olivine is a marker for the lack of water because it easily decomposes in the presence of water. Sulfate was found, and it needs water to form.
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Citrinin is a planar molecule which contains conjugated bonds. As a result of these conjugated bonds citrinin is autofluorescent. Citrinin crystals can hardly be dissolved in cold water, however in polar organic solvents and aqueous sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate and sodium acetate dissolving is possible. As stated above, citrinin decomposes at temperatures higher than 175 °C, providing that it is under dry conditions.
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Peat, occurring naturally in peat bogs, is a store of carbon significant on a global scale. When peat dries it decomposes, and may additionally burn. Water table adjustment due to global warming may cause significant excursions of carbon from peat bogs. This may be released as methane, which can exacerbate the feedback effect, due to its high global warming potential.
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Sodium phosphorothiolate decomposes at neutral pH. Silicone grease catalyses the hydrolysis of the phosphorothioate ion, so it is recommended that it is not used in the glass joints. In the anhydrous material, the P-S bond is 211 pm and the three equivalent P-O bonds are short at 151 pm. These disparate values suggest that the P-S bond is single.
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The ozone (three oxygens) has very strong oxidation characteristics. It can form hydroxyl radicals (OH) when it decomposes, which will react with the organic matter to shut down the problem of biofouling.Cho, Min, Hyenmi Chung, and Jeyong Yoon, "Disinfection of Water Containing Natural Organic Matter by Using Ozone-Initiated Radical Reactions," Abstract, Applied and Environmental Microbiology Vol. 69 No.4 (2003): 2284-2291.
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Acetic oxalic anhydride is an unstable colorless crystalline solid, soluble in diethyl ether, that decomposes at about −3 °C into acetic anhydride (-(C=O)-)2O, carbon dioxide () and carbon monoxide (CO). It is hydrolyzed by water into acetic and oxalic acids. Acetic oxalic anhydride was conjectured to be an intermediate in the decomposition of anhydrous oxalic acid by acetic anhydride.
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HHTDD (hexanitrohexaazatricyclododecanedione) is a powerful but moisture sensitive explosive compound. It is essentially an open analogue of the cyclic nitroamine cage compounds such as CL-20. While it is highly explosive, with a velocity of detonation even higher than that of CL-20, HHTDD readily decomposes in the presence of even trace amounts of water, making it unsuitable for any practical applications.
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It exothermically reacts with water to produce oxonium hexafluorophosphate () and hydrofluoric acid. Additionally, such solutions often contain products derived from hydrolysis of the P-F bonds, including , , and , and their conjugate bases. Hexafluorophosphoric acid attacks glass. Upon heating, it decomposes to generate HF. Crystalline has been obtained as the hexahydrate, wherein is enclosed in truncated octahedral cages defined by the water and protons.
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Propylene glycol dinitrate (PGDN, ttup 1,2-propylene glycol dinitrate, or 1,2-propanediol dinitrate) is an organic chemical, an ester of nitric acid and propylene glycol. It is structurally similar to nitroglycerin, except that it has one fewer nitrate group. It is a characteristically and unpleasantly smelling colorless liquid, which decomposes at 121 °C, below its boiling point. It is flammable and explosive.
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Canopy roots form in highly organic soils classified as arboreal Histosols. Canopy soils form when lateral branches intercept leaf litter and epiphytes, accumulating plant matter that eventually decomposes. In some cases, these soils can get up to a meter thick on a single branch. Canopy soils provide habitat for wildlife and epiphytes, hold water and nutrients, and contain diverse microbial communities.
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Copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate decomposes before melting. It loses two water molecules upon heating at , followed by two more at and the final water molecule at . Dehydration proceeds by decomposition of the tetraaquacopper(2+) moiety, two opposing aqua groups are lost to give a diaquacopper(2+) moiety. The second dehydration step occurs when the final two aqua groups are lost.
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Copper hydride (also systematically named poly[cuprane(1)]) is a pyrophoric, inorganic compound with the chemical formula (also written as or CuH). It is an odourless, metastable, red solid, rarely isolated as a pure composition, that decomposes to the elements. Copper hydride is mainly produced as a reducing agent in organic synthesis and as a precursor to extremely reactive catalysts.
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Lithium perchlorate is used as a source of oxygen in some chemical oxygen generators. It decomposes at about 400 °C, yielding lithium chloride and oxygen: :LiClO4 → LiCl + 2 O2 Over 60% of the mass of the lithium perchlorate is released as oxygen. It has both the highest oxygen to weight and oxygen to volume ratio of all practical perchlorate salts.
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Iron has five nitrides observed at ambient conditions, Fe2N, Fe3N4, Fe4N, Fe7N3 and Fe16N2. They are crystalline, metallic solids. Group 7 and group 8 transition metals form nitrides that decompose at relatively low temperatures - iron nitride, Fe2N decomposes under loss of molecular nitrogen at around 400 °C and formation of lower-nitrogen content iron nitrides. They are insoluble in water.
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Most preparations of dinitrogen difluoride give mixtures of the two isomers, but they can be prepared independently. An aqueous method involves N,N-difluorourea with concentrated potassium hydroxide. This gives a 40% yield with three times more of the trans isomer. Difluoramine forms a solid unstable compound with potassium fluoride (or rubidium fluoride or caesium fluoride) which decomposes to dinitrogen difluoride.
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Methane emissions from landfills can also be reduced through better waste management, such as modifying waste collection practices. The MSW Subcommittee works with GMI members to develop climate-friendly MSW solutions. Municipal Wastewater Subcommittee: The Municipal Wastewater Subcommittee was launched in October 2011, making it GMI's newest sector- specific subcommittee. Within the wastewater sector, methane is produced when organic matter in wastewater decomposes.
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As a result, oil shale decomposes to shale oil vapors, oil shale gas and spent oil shale. A stripping gas is inserted from the bottom of retort, which carries oil vapors into solids separation section. The fine particles are directed to the combustor while oil vapors are moved to the condenser. In condenser, shale oil is separated from water vapor and product gases.
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At the base of the transition zone, ringwoodite decomposes into bridgmanite (formerly called magnesium silicate perovskite), and ferropericlase. Garnet also becomes unstable at or slightly below the base of the transition zone. Kimberlites explode from the earth's interior and sometimes carry rock fragments. Some of these xenolithic fragments are diamonds which can only come from the higher pressures below the crust.
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In bioinorganic chemistry and bioorganometallic chemistry, coordination complexes serve either structural or catalytic functions. An estimated 30% of proteins contain metal ions. Examples include the intensely colored vitamin B12, the heme group in hemoglobin, the cytochromes, the chlorin group in chlorophyll, and carboxypeptidase, a hydrolytic enzyme important in digestion. Another complex ion enzyme is catalase, which decomposes the cell's waste hydrogen peroxide.
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Potassium chlorate is often used in high school and college laboratories to generate oxygen gas. It is a far cheaper source than a pressurized or cryogenic oxygen tank. Potassium chlorate readily decomposes if heated while in contact with a catalyst, typically manganese(IV) dioxide (MnO2). Thus, it may be simply placed in a test tube and heated over a burner.
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When liquid nickel carbonyl is dissolved in liquid hydrogen chloride, it can react with nitrosyl chloride to form a dimer Ni(NOCl)2. This then decomposes to Ni(NO)Cl2, which is polymeric. Nickel carbonyl reacting with nitric oxide yields blue coloured mononitrosyl nickel NiNO. With cyclohexane as well, pale blue Ni(NO2)NO is produced with nitrous oxide as a side product.
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Ammonium dinitramide (ADN) is the ammonium salt of dinitraminic acid. ADN decomposes under heat to leave only nitrogen, oxygen, and water. The ions are the ammonium ion NH4+ and the dinitramide N(NO2)2−. It makes an excellent solid rocket oxidizer with a slightly higher specific impulse than ammonium perchlorate and more importantly, does not leave corrosive hydrogen chloride fumes.
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The Hadamard transform can be regarded as being built out of size-2 discrete Fourier transforms (DFTs), and is in fact equivalent to a multidimensional DFT of size . It decomposes an arbitrary input vector into a superposition of Walsh functions. The transform is named for the French mathematician Jacques Hadamard, the German-American mathematician Hans Rademacher, and the American mathematician Joseph L. Walsh.
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In the presence of methylene blue irradiated with red laser light, 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran reacts with intermediate singlet oxygen 1O2, forming an unstable peroxide that decomposes into (colorless) 1,2-dibenzoylbenzene. 1,3-Diphenylisobenzofuran Reaktion mit Singulett-Sauerstoff The detection of singlet oxygen by 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran is based on this reaction, even in biological systems. For biological systems, water-soluble derivatives of 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran were developed.
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This decomposes to yet another gas PF3•BH3 and a polymer with formula PF. Diphosphorus tetrafluoride reacts with oxygen to yield diphosphorus tetrafluoride oxide, which has one oxygen atom inserted between the two phosphorus atoms. PF2OPF2 This also is a gas with boiling point around −18°C. It is also produced in the reaction with water. 2P2F2 \+ H2O →2PHF2 \+ F2POPF2.
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By using a bio-digester, which produces the bacteria required for decomposing, cooking gas is generated. The organic garbage like fallen leaves, kitchen waste, food waste etc. are fed into a crusher unit, where the mixture is conflated with a small amount of water. The mixture is then fed into the bio-digester, where the bacteria decomposes it to produce cooking gas.
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Polypropylene carbonate is used to increase the toughness of some epoxy resins. It is used as a sacrificial binder in the ceramic industry, which decomposes and evaporates during sintering. It has a low sodium content which makes it suitable for the preparation of electroceramics like dielectric materials and piezoelectric ceramics. Composites of polypropylene carbonate with starch (PPC/starch) are used as biodegradable plastics.
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With the addition of iodomethane, the alkoxide is transformed into a methyl xanthate. center At about 200 °C, the alkene is formed by an intramolecular elimination. In a 6-membered cyclic transition state the hydrogen atom is removed from the carbon atom β to the xanthate oxygen in a syn-elimination. The side product decomposes to carbonyl sulfide (OCS) and methanethiol.
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Ammonium sulfate decomposes upon heating above 250 °C, first forming ammonium bisulfate. Heating at higher temperatures results in decomposition into ammonia, nitrogen, sulfur dioxide, and water. As a salt of a strong acid (H2SO4) and weak base (NH3), its solution is acidic; pH of 0.1 M solution is 5.5. In aqueous solution the reactions are those of NH4+ and SO4−2 ions.
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Titanium perchlorate is a molecular compound of titanium and perchlorate groups with formula Ti(ClO4)4. Anhydrous titanium perchlorate decomposes explosively at 130°C and melts at 85°C with a slight decomposition. It can sublime in a vacuum as low as 70°C, and can form vapour at up to 120°. Titanium perchlorate is quite volatile. It has density 2.35.
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Fourier Transform (FT) of multi-dimensional (MD) signal or system is the transform of the MD signal or system that decomposes it into its frequency components. Essentially, it is the frequency response of the MD signal or system, so it depicts the frequency characteristics of the signal or system. A special case of the MD transform is the 1-D Fourier transform.
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Hexachloroethane tablets are normally used as the source for chlorine. Ammonium perchlorate can also be used, as it decomposes mainly into chlorine, nitrogen, and oxygen when heated. #Samples are taken for spectroscopic analysis. Depending on the final product desired, high-purity aluminium, copper, zinc, manganese, silicon, and/or magnesium is added to alter the molten composition to the proper alloy specification.
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Vitamin C chemically decomposes under certain conditions, many of which may occur during the cooking of food. Vitamin C concentrations in various food substances decrease with time in proportion to the temperature at which they are stored. Cooking can reduce the vitamin C content of vegetables by around 60%, possibly due to increased enzymatic destruction. Longer cooking times may add to this effect.
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It dissolves in water to give a mildly alkaline solution. It is insoluble in acetone and alcohols. Ammonium bicarbonate decomposes above about 36 °C into ammonia, carbon dioxide, and water in an endothermic process and so causes a drop in the temperature of the water: :NH4HCO3 → NH3 \+ H2O + CO2. When treated with acids, ammonium salts are also produced: :NH4HCO3 \+ HCl → NH4Cl + CO2 \+ H2O.
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Huntite often occurs in combination with other Mg/Ca carbonates such as dolomite, magnesite, and hydromagnesite. Large deposits of huntite occur in Turkey and Greece and these are commercially exploited because of its fire retardant properties. Huntite thermally decomposes over a temperature range of about 450–800 °C, releasing carbon dioxide and leaving a residue of magnesium and calcium oxides.
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Hot solutions of Fe3(CO)12 decompose to an iron mirror, which can be pyrophoric in air. The solid decomposes slowly in air, and thus samples are typically stored cold under an inert atmosphere.Elschenbroich, C.; Salzer, A. ”Organometallics: A Concise Introduction” (2nd Ed) (1992) from Wiley-VCH: Weinheim. It is a more reactive source of iron(0) than iron pentacarbonyl.
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It is stable at normal temperatures; at 180 degrees Celsius 85 percent of the material is decomposed in 5 hours, and at 208 degrees Celsius it decomposes in 2 hours. The main product of thermal decomposition is the S-methyl isomer O-(4-bromo-2,5-chlorophenyl) S-methyl phenylphosphonothioate. Leptophos is hydrolysed slowly under alkaline conditions. The material is stable toward acid.
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When FSSF3 dissociates, the Fcis atom forms a new bond to the Stop atom, and the S-S bond breaks. As a gas, at ambient and totally clean conditions, FSSF3 decomposes with a half life of about 10 hours. Disproportionation to SSF2 and SF4 catalysed by metal fluorides can take place in under one second. However it is indefinitely stable at -196 °C.
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Business cycle accounting decomposes fluctuations in macroeconomic variables, such as GDP or employment, into fluctuations of each of these wedges (and their combinations). Business cycle accounting has been done for various countries and various periods of time. The procedure suggests for the United States after World War II most fluctuation in GDP is due to fluctuations in the productivity and labor wedges.
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Hydromagnesite thermally decomposes in three stages releasing water and carbon dioxide. The first stage starting at about 220 °C, is the release of the four molecules of water of crystallisation. This is followed at about 330 °C by the decomposition of the hydroxide ion to a further molecule of water. Finally, at about 350 °C carbon dioxide begins to be released.
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Upon heating to 300 °C, it decomposes to sodium sulfate and sodium polysulfide: : Thiosulfate salts characteristically decompose upon treatment with acids. Initial protonation occurs at sulfur. When the protonation is conducted in diethyl ether at −78 °C, H2S2O3 (thiosulfuric acid) can be obtained. It is a somewhat strong acid with pKas of 0.6 and 1.7 for the first and second dissociations, respectively.
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Upon heating or upon irradiation with ultraviolet light, it decomposes into potassium metal and nitrogen gas. The decomposition temperatures of the alkali metal azides are: NaN3 (275 °C), KN3 (355 °C), RbN3 (395 °C), CsN3 (390 °C).E. Dönges "Alkali Metals" in Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd Ed. Edited by G. Brauer, Academic Press, 1963, NY. Vol. 1. p. 475.
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Shorter wavelength ultraviolet light decomposes these compounds to isocyanates (-NCO). Another method to produce oximide derivatives is by the photolysis of substituted diphenylmaleylimide ozonide at liquid nitrogen temperature (77K) in a potassium bromide matrix. Derivatives made this way are methyl, isopropyl and phenylethyl-aziridine-2,3-dione. These compounds are unstable at higher temperatures, and when heated, decompose to carbon monoxide and isocyanates.
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The gas decomposes near 600K to germanium and hydrogen. Because of its thermal lability, germane is used in the semiconductor industry for the epitaxial growth of germanium by MOVPE or chemical beam epitaxy. Organogermanium precursors (e.g. isobutylgermane, alkylgermanium trichlorides, and dimethylaminogermanium trichloride) have been examined as less hazardous liquid alternatives to germane for deposition of Ge-containing films by MOVPE.
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Magadiite is a hydrous sodium silicate mineral (NaSi7O13(OH)3·4(H2O)) which precipitates from alkali brines as an evaporite phase. It forms as soft (Mohs hardness of 2) white powdery monoclinic crystal masses.Mineral HandbookWebmineral The mineral is unstable and decomposes during diagenesis leaving a distinctive variety of chert (Magadi-type chert).Encyclopedia of Sediments & Sedimentary Rocks, Springer, 2003, p.
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When heated to 90 °C it decomposes to form NiS. NiS2O3 can be made from BaS2O3 and NiSO4. Nickel sulfamate can be used for nickel or mixed nickel-tungsten plating. It can be formed by the action of sulfamic acid on nickel carbonate. Nickel selenite NiSeO3 has many different hydrates, anhydrous NiSeO3, NiSeO3, NiSeO3 (which is also a mineral called ahlfeldite), and NiSeO3.
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The substance is banned as a pesticide in the EU. Evaporation at 20 °C is negligible. HgO decomposes on exposure to light or on heating above 500 °C. Heating produces highly toxic mercury fumes and oxygen, which increases the fire hazard. Mercury(II) oxide reacts violently with reducing agents, chlorine, hydrogen peroxide, magnesium (when heated), disulfur dichloride and hydrogen trisulfide.
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In particular, if the representation is faithful. On the other hand, given a well-understood group acting on a complicated object, this simplifies the study of the object in question. For example, if G is finite, it is known that V above decomposes into irreducible parts. These parts in turn are much more easily manageable than the whole V (via Schur's lemma).
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There are three methods to generate uranium trioxide. As noted below, two are used industrially in the reprocessing of nuclear fuel and uranium enrichment. Methods of forming uranium trioxide # U3O8 can be oxidized at 500 °C with oxygen. Note that above 750 °C even in 5 atm O2 UO3 decomposes into U3O8. # Uranyl nitrate, UO2(NO3)2·6H2O can be heated to yield UO3.
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Woodchips are also used as landscape and garden mulch, producing benefits such as water conservation, weed control, reducing and preventing soil erosion, and for supporting germination of native seeds and acorns in habitat restoration projects. As the ramial chipped wood decomposes it improves the soil structure, permeability, bioactivity, and nutrient availability of the soil. Woodchips when used as a mulch are at least three inches thick.
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In an unusual process, ammonium ions form an amalgam. Such species are prepared by the electrolysis of an ammonium solution using a mercury cathode.Pseudo-binary compounds This amalgam eventually decomposes to release ammonia and hydrogen. To find whether the ammonium ion is present in the salt, first the salt is heated in presence of alkali hydroxide releasing a gas with characteristic smell which of course is ammonia.
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Heat and especially acids cause formic acid to decompose to carbon monoxide (CO) and water (dehydration). Treatment of formic acid with sulfuric acid is a convenient laboratory source of CO. In the presence of platinum, it decomposes with a release of hydrogen and carbon dioxide. :CH2O2 → H2 \+ CO2 Soluble ruthenium catalysts are also effective.G. Laurenczy, C. Fellay, P. J. Dyson, Hydrogen production from formic acid.
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Thermal decomposition, or thermolysis, is a chemical decomposition caused by heat. The decomposition temperature of a substance is the temperature at which the substance chemically decomposes. The reaction is usually endothermic as heat is required to break chemical bonds in the compound undergoing decomposition. If decomposition is sufficiently exothermic, a positive feedback loop is created producing thermal runaway and possibly an explosion or other chemical reactions.
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Anhydrous sodium hypochlorite can be prepared but, like many hypochlorites, it is highly unstable and decomposes explosively on heating or friction. The decomposition is accelerated by carbon dioxide at atmospheric levels. It is a white solid with the orthorhombic crystal structure. Sodium hypochlorite can also be obtained as a crystalline pentahydrate ·5, which is not explosive and is much more stable than the anhydrous compound.
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The chemical compound 1,3,5-trioxanetrione, or 1,3,5-trioxacyclohexane-2,4,6-trione is an unstable oxide of carbon with formula CO. It can be considered a cyclic trimer of carbon dioxide (CO) or as a triple ketone of 1,3,5-trioxane (1,3,5-trioxacyclohexane). Trioxanetrione has been synthesized but is exceedingly unstable, with a half-life of approximately 40 min at −40 °C. It decomposes to give carbon dioxide.
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Greater amounts of oxygen can be provided by contacting the water with pure oxygen or addition of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to the water. In some cases, slurries of solid calcium or magnesium peroxide are injected under pressure through soil borings. These solid peroxides react with water releasing H2O2 which then decomposes releasing oxygen. Air sparging involves the injection of air under pressure below the water table.
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Townsend, still dangling, reaches into his wound and produce a .38 caliber revolver and fires it into Yates' head where he falls onto electric wires, burst into flames and falls to the ground where he explodes and decomposes in less than 20 seconds. The commotion brings Ramos to the hotel and finds Dori with Townsend's body. Ramos ask what happen and how did Townsend die this time.
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Sodium amalgam is produced as a byproduct of the chloralkali process and used as an important reducing agent in organic and inorganic chemistry. With water, it decomposes into concentrated sodium hydroxide solution, hydrogen and mercury, which can then return to the chloralkali process anew. If absolutely water-free alcohol is used instead of water, an alkoxide of sodium is produced instead of the alkali solution.
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Evolution of the extracted lead ores grade in different countries (Canada, Australia). Galena, the most common mineral of lead, is primarily lead sulfide (PbS). The sulfide is oxidized to a sulfite (PbSO3) which thermally decomposes into lead oxide and sulfur dioxide gas. (PbO and SO2) The sulfur dioxide (like the carbon dioxide in the example above) is expelled, and the lead oxide is reduced.
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At high temperatures MgCO3 decomposes to magnesium oxide and carbon dioxide. This process is important in the production of magnesium oxide. This process is called calcining: :MgCO3 → MgO + CO2 (ΔH = +118 kJ/mol) The decomposition temperature is given as 350 °C (662 °F). However, calcination to the oxide is generally not considered complete below 900 °C due to interfering readsorption of liberated carbon dioxide.
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Multilevel Flow Modeling (MFM) is a framework for modeling industrial processes. MFM is a kind of functional modeling employing the concepts of abstraction, decomposition, and functional representation. The approach regards the purpose, rather than the physical behavior of a system as its defining element. MFM hierarchically decomposes the function of a system along the means-end and whole-part dimensions in relation to intended actions.
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A Shewhart I-chart is then applied to the residuals, using a threshold of 4 standard deviations. # The fourth tool in RODS implements a wavelet approach, which decomposes the time series using Haar wavelets, and uses the lowest resolution to remove long-term trends from the raw series. The residuals are then monitored using an ordinary Shewhart I-chart with a threshold of 4 standard deviations.
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PCP is released directly into the atmosphere via volatilization from treated wood products and during production. Finally, releases to the soil can be by leaching from treated wood products, atmospheric deposition in precipitation (such as rain and snow), spills at industrial facilities, and at hazardous waste sites. After PCP is released into the atmosphere, it decomposes through photolysis. The main biodegradative pathway for PCP is reductive dehalogenation.
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The underlying geology in the Pack River watershed is largely granitic, which decomposes into fine particles. Glaciation in the Pack River valley formed ice dams upstream of the confluence of many tributaries, resulting in large deposits of glacial till. Fine sandy sediments deposited in the dammed water are known as glacial fluvial deposits. These sandy areas today appear on mountain side slopes, forming very erosive soils.
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With halogens, pentamethylantimony has one or two methyl groups replaced by the halogen atoms. Lewis acids also react to form tetramethyl stibonium salts, including [(CH3)4Sb]TlBr4, [(CH3)4Sb][CH3SbCl5], Pentamethylantimony reacts with the surface of silica to coat it with Si-O-Sb(CH3)4 groups. Over 250°C this decomposes to Sb(CH3) and leaves methyl groups attached to the silica surface.
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HF-SbF5 is an extremely corrosive and toxic substance that is sensitive to moisture. As with most strong acids, fluoroantimonic acid can react violently with water due to the exothermic hydration. Only hydrogen fluoride can be used as a solvent for the acid, given that an aqueous solution can not be used. Heating fluoroantimonic acid is dangerous as well, as it decomposes into toxic fluorine gas.
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Arsabenzene (IUPAC name: arsinine) is an organoarsenic heterocyclic compound with the chemical formula C5H5As. It belongs to a group of compounds called heteroarenes that have the general formula C5H5E (E= N, P, As, Sb, Bi). This air sensitive liquid has an onion odor, and it decomposes on heating. Arsabenzene is also an ambidentate ligand that prefers to coordinate using η1(As)- or η6(π)-routes.
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Like most ammonium salts, ammonium perchlorate decomposes before melting. Mild heating results in production of hydrogen chloride, nitrogen, oxygen, and water. : 4 NH4ClO4 → 4 HCl + 2 N2 \+ 5 O2 \+ 6 H2O The combustion of AP is quite complex and is widely studied. AP crystals decompose before melting, even though a thin liquid layer has been observed on crystal surfaces during high-pressure combustion processes.
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One of the simplest arsenic compound is the trihydride, the highly toxic, flammable, pyrophoric arsine (AsH3). This compound is generally regarded as stable, since at room temperature it decomposes only slowly. At temperatures of 250–300 °C decomposition to arsenic and hydrogen is rapid.Greenwood and Earnshaw, pp. 557–8 Several factors, such as humidity, presence of light and certain catalysts (namely aluminium) facilitate the rate of decomposition.
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Selenium oxybromide is a reddish-brown solid with a low melting point (41.6 °C) and chemical properties similar to selenium oxychloride. It boils at 220 °C and decomposes near the boiling point, making distillation an ineffective purification method. Its electrical conductivity in the liquid state just above the melting temperature is 6×10−5 S/m. SeOBr2 is hydrolyzed by water to form H2SeO3 and HBr.
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All data should be on the same scale for CA to be applicable, keeping in mind that the method treats rows and columns equivalently. It is traditionally applied to contingency tables — CA decomposes the chi-squared statistic associated with this table into orthogonal factors. Because CA is a descriptive technique, it can be applied to tables whether or not the \chi^2 statistic is appropriate.
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Simulations predicted a molecular solid made of N8 (N≡N+)-N−-N=N-N−-N≡N) which is stable at low temperatures and pressures (< 20 GPa). In 2018 experiments support the prediction and show a transformation of hydrazinium azide to molecular N8. The reported N8 decomposes to the ε-N2 below 25 GPa but a remainder of N8 can be at pressure as low as 3 GPa.
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Commonality analysis is a statistical technique within multiple linear regression that decomposes a model's R2 statistic (i.e., explained variance) by all independent variables on a dependent variable in a multiple linear regression model into commonality coefficients. These coefficients are variance components that are uniquely explained by each independent variable (i.e., unique effects), and variance components that are shared in each possible combination of the independent variables (i.e.
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Thionyl chloride has a long shelf life, however "aged" samples develop a yellow hue, possibly due to the formation of disulfur dichloride. It slowly decomposes to S2Cl2, SO2 and Cl2 at just above the boiling point. Thionyl chloride is susceptible to photolysis, which primarily proceeds via a radical mechanism. Samples showing signs of ageing can be purified by distillation under reduced pressure, to give a colourless liquid.
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Trinitromethane forms a series of bright yellow ionic salts. Many of these salts tend to be unstable and can be easily detonated by heat or impact. The potassium salt of nitroform, KC(NO2)3 is a lemon yellow crystalline solid that decomposes slowly at room temperatures and explodes above 95 °C. The ammonium salt is somewhat more stable, and deflagrates or explodes above 200 °C.
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Thermal oxidizer installed at a factory. Preassembled process unit for air pollution control, i.e., a thermal oxidizer, being installed at a work site. Schematic of a basic thermal oxidizer A thermal oxidizer (also known as thermal oxidiser, or thermal incinerator) is a process unit for air pollution control in many chemical plants that decomposes hazardous gases at a high temperature and releases them into the atmosphere.
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Dakota skin impression Dinosaur fossils with Dakota's degree of preservation are extremely rare because many different factors must come together to allow it to occur. The carcass first must escape scavengers as well as degradation by the elements. The soft tissue must then be mineralized before it decomposes. Finally, as with all fossils, the mineralized body must escape destruction by geological forces over millions of years.
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As ammonium nitrate is a salt, both the cation, NH4+, and the anion, NO3−, may take part in chemical reactions. Solid ammonium nitrate decomposes on heating. At temperatures below around 300 °C, the decomposition mainly produces nitrous oxide and water: : NH4NO3 → N2O + 2H2O At higher temperatures, the following reaction predominates. : 2NH4NO3 → 2N2 \+ O2 \+ 4H2O Both decomposition reactions are exothermic and their products are gas.
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It may be passed through a large chamber at high temperatures in which tens of thousands of nickel spheres, called pellets, are constantly stirred. The carbonyl decomposes and deposits pure nickel onto the nickel spheres. In the alternate process, nickel carbonyl is decomposed in a smaller chamber at 230 °C to create a fine nickel powder. The byproduct carbon monoxide is recirculated and reused.
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Decaborane has no significant applications, although the compound has often been investigated. Since the molecule decomposes in a plasma, yielding monatomic boron ions, decaborane is potentially useful as a fuel for aneutronic fusion. In 2018, LPP Fusion announced plans for using the material in its next round of fusion experiments. Decaborane has been assessed for low energy ion implantation of boron in the manufacture of semiconductors.
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One of the challenges here is that a large ABC approximation error may heavily influence the conclusions about the usefulness of a statistic at any stage of the procedure. Another method decomposes into two main steps. First, a reference approximation of the posterior is constructed by minimizing the entropy. Sets of candidate summaries are then evaluated by comparing the ABC-approximated posteriors with the reference posterior.
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In chloro(dimethyl sulfide)gold(I), the dimethyl sulfide ligand is easily displaced by other ligands: :Me2SAuCl + L -> LAuCl + Me2S (L = ligand) Since Me2S is volatile, the new complex LAuCl is often easily purified. When exposed to light, heat, or air, the compound decomposes to elemental gold. Thus, it is best stored in a dark glass container away from light and at –20 °C or below.
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The heat is transferred from the heated char or spent oil shale to the coal or raw oil shale causing pyrolysis. As a result, oil shale decomposes to shale oil vapors, oil shale gas and spent oil shale. The oil vapor and product gases pass through a hot cyclone for cleaning before sending to a condenser. In the condenser, shale oil is separated from product gases.
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While some species, such as Black Locust and Black Walnut, bear heartwood containing resins that make them resistant to rot; in practice their RCW decomposes well on a moist soil. Even Larch, which resists decomposition and is also a gymnosperm, promoted successful forest regeneration in Quebec and was found to be the best of the gymnosperms for use in RCW (even better than some hardwoods).
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The plants end up being so greatly polluted from heavy metals that they need to be disposed of. Thermal treatment is used as a disposal option. Thermal treatment implicates the combustion of the waste materials through machines that produce high enough temperatures, which decomposes the organic molecules within the plant. This treatment is typically used in the residential and industrial scale, making it useful for brownfield sites.
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The mechanism is now explained further with the help of Figure 5. Initiation: The reaction is started by a free-radical source which may be a decomposing radical initiator such as AIBN. In the example in Figure 5, the initiator decomposes to form two fragments (I•) which react with a single monomer molecule to yield a propagating (i.e. growing) polymeric radical of length 1, denoted P1•.
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Metallic aluminum also readily dissolves in hydrochloric acid ─ releasing hydrogen gas and generating considerable heat. Heating this solid does not produce anhydrous aluminium trichloride, the hexahydrate decomposes to aluminium hydroxide when heated: :Al(H2O)6Cl3 → Al(OH)3 \+ 3 HCl + 3 H2O Aluminium also forms a lower chloride, aluminium(I) chloride (AlCl), but this is very unstable and only known in the vapour phase.
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Enzymes in a variety of biological systems may also catalyse the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. Luminol reacts with the hydroxide ion, forming a dianion. The oxygen produced from the hydrogen peroxide then reacts with the luminol dianion. The product of this reaction, an organic peroxide, is very unstable and immediately decomposes with the loss of nitrogen to produce 5-aminophthalic acid with electrons in an excited state.
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Hikers moving onto a dune encroaching on a forest in the Oregon Dunes. In time this may lead to devil's stovepipes in the area. A devil's stovepipe or decomposition chimney is a hole formed when a tree, that has been buried by an encroaching sand dune, decomposes. Under certain conditions the bark will remain intact even after the core of the tree has rotted away.
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It commonly appears in caves as speleothems and "moonmilk", deposited from water that has seeped through magnesium rich rocks. It is the most common cave carbonate after calcite and aragonite. It thermally decomposes, over a temperature range of approximately 220 °C to 550 °C, releasing water and carbon dioxide leaving a magnesium oxide residue. It was first described in 1836 for an occurrence in Hoboken, New Jersey.
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The initially liquid resin is converted to a solid by cross-linking chains. This is done by creating free radicals at unsaturated bonds, which propagate in a chain reaction to other unsaturated bonds in adjacent molecules, linking them in the process. The initial free radicals are induced by adding a compound that easily decomposes into free radicals. This compound is usually and incorrectly known as the catalyst.
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High-test peroxide (HTP) is a highly concentrated (85 to 98 per cent) solution of hydrogen peroxide, with the remainder consisting predominantly of water. In contact with a catalyst, it decomposes into a high-temperature mixture of steam and oxygen, with no remaining liquid water. It was used as a propellant of HTP rockets and torpedoes, and has been used for high-performance vernier engines.
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These coated granules are usually under the commercial labels Aerojet S-405 (previously made by Shell) or W.C.Heraeus H-KC 12 GA (previously made by Kali Chemie). There is no igniter with hydrazine. Aerojet S-405 is a spontaneous catalyst, that is, hydrazine decomposes on contact with the catalyst. The decomposition is highly exothermic and produces a gas that is a mixture of nitrogen, hydrogen and ammonia.
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Concentrated hydrogen peroxide, or "high-test peroxide", is a reactive oxygen species and has been used as a propellant in rocketry. Its chemistry is dominated by the nature of its unstable peroxide bond. Hydrogen peroxide is unstable and slowly decomposes in the presence of light. Because of its instability, hydrogen peroxide is typically stored with a stabilizer in a weakly acidic solution in a dark colored bottle.
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In human (and mouse) skin epidermis, 12(R)-HpETE is metabolized by Epidermis-type lipoxygenase, i.e. eLOX3 (encoded by the ALOXE3 gene), to two products: a) a specific hepoxilin, 8R-hydroxy-11R,12R-epoxy-5Z,9E,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid (i.e. 8R-hydroxy-11R,12R-epoxy-hepoxilin A3 or 8R-OH-11R,12R-epoxy-hepoxilin A3) and b) 12-oxo-5Z,8Z,10E,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid (12-oxo-HETE, 12-oxoETE, 12-Keto-ETE, or 12-KETE); 8R-hydroxy-11R,12R-epoxy-hepoxilin A3 is further metabolized by soluble Epoxide hydrolase 2 (sEH) to 8R,11R,12R-trihydroxy-5Z,9E,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid. 12(R)-HpETE also spontaneously decomposes to a mixture of hepoxilins and trihydroxy- eicosatetraenoic acids that possess R or S hydroxy and epoxy residues at various sites while 8R-hydroxy-11R,12R-epoxy-hepoxilin A3 spontaneously decomposes to 8R,11R,12R-trihydroxy-5Z,9E,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid.
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The residual mixture contains iodinated malonic acid, inorganic acid, manganous catalysts, unreacted iodate and hydrogen peroxide. After the oscillations cease, the iodomalonic acid decomposes and iodine is produced. The rate of decomposition depends on the conditions. All of the components present in the residual mixture are of environmental concern: Iodate, iodine and hydrogen peroxide are strong oxidants, the acid is corrosive and manganese has been suggested to cause neurological disorders.
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Deltic acid or dihydroxycyclopropenone is a chemical substance with the chemical formula C3O(OH)2. It can be viewed as a ketone and double alcohol of cyclopropene. At room temperature, it is a stable white solid, soluble in diethyl ether, that decomposes (sometimes explosively) between 140 °C and 180 °C, and reacts slowly with water. The synthesis of deltic acid was first described in 1975 by David Eggerding and Robert West.
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Ozone reacts with an alkene to form a carbonyl and a carbonyl oxide, known as a Criegee intermediate. Criegee intermediates are formed by the gas-phase reactions of alkenes and ozone in the earth's atmosphere. Ozone adds across the carbon–carbon double bond of the alkene to form a primary ozonide, which then decomposes to produce a carbonyl (RR'CO) and a carbonyl oxide. The latter is known as the Criegee intermediate.
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Emulsin also decomposes amygdalin directly into these compounds without the intermediate formation of mandelic nitrile glucoside. Several other glucosides of this nature have been isolated. The saponins are a group of substances characterized by forming a lather with water; they occur in soap-bark. Mention may also be made of indican, the glucoside of the indigo plant; this is hydrolysed by the indigo ferment, indimulsiri, to indoxyl and indiglucin.
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Cobalt tetracarbonyl hydride is an organometallic compound with the formula HCo(CO)4. It is a volatile, yellow liquid that forms a colorless vapor and has an intolerable odor. The compound readily decomposes upon melt and in absentia of high CO partial pressures forms Co2(CO)8. Despite operational challenges associated with its handling, the compound has received considerable attention for its ability to function as a catalyst in hydroformylation.
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The resulting tosylhydrazine derivative 2 subsequently undergoes elimination of p-toluenesulfinic acid and decomposes via a diimine intermediate 3 to the corresponding hydrocarbon.Scheme 9. Mechanistic proposal for the Caglioti reaction A slight variation of this mechanism occurs when tautomerization to the azohydrazone is facilitated by inductive effects. The transient azohydrazine 4 can then be reduced to the tosylhydrazine derivative 2 and furnish the decarbonylated product analogously to the first possibility.
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In 1949 Schubert, H. Die eindeutige Zerlegbarkeit eines Knotens in Primknoten. S.-B Heidelberger Akad. Wiss. Math.-Nat. Kl. 1949 (1949), 57-104. Horst Schubert proved that every oriented knot in S^3 decomposes as a connect-sum of prime knots in a unique way, up to reordering, making the monoid of oriented isotopy-classes of knots in S^3 a free commutative monoid on countably-infinite many generators.
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However, these do not remove certain industrial pollutants, such as volatile oils, and excess simple molecular gases. The standard method used on nuclear submarines, a similar form of closed environment, is to use a catalytic burner, which effectively decomposes most organics. Further protection might be provided by a small cryogenic distillation system which would gradually remove impurities such as mercury vapor, and noble gases that cannot be catalytically burned.
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In 2017, the partial-floating island of Bird Island within Lake Mary Jane in Orlando, Florida was split into two islands by Hurricane Irma, creating the newly formed floating island, Yoshi Island. In Crow Wing County, Minnesota a floating bog over four acres in size did move about the area resulting in docks and boat lifts being destroyed. As decaying mass decomposes it releases gases which keep the bog floating.
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Most of the organic matter often decomposes, however some of the lignin may remain. Silica in the form of Opal-A, can encrust and permeate wood relatively quickly in hot spring environments. However, petrified wood is most commonly associated with trees that were buried in fine grained sediments of deltas and floodplains or volcanic lahars and ash beds. A forest where such material has petrified becomes known as a petrified forest.
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Beryllium nitride, Be3N2, is a nitride of beryllium. It can be prepared from the elements at high temperature (1100–1500 °C),Egon Wiberg, Arnold Frederick Holleman (2001) Inorganic Chemistry, Elsevier unlike Beryllium azide or BeN6, it decomposes in vacuum into beryllium and nitrogen. It is readily hydrolysed forming beryllium hydroxide and ammonia. It has two polymorphic forms cubic α-Be3N2 with a defect anti-fluorite structure, and hexagonal β-Be3N2.
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The first step of the Swern oxidation is the low-temperature reaction of DMSO, 1a, formally as resonance contributor 1b, with oxalyl chloride, 2. The first intermediate, 3, quickly decomposes giving off carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide and producing chloro(dimethyl)sulfonium chloride, 4. Dimethylchlorosulfonium chloride formation. After addition of the alcohol 5, the chloro(dimethyl)sulfonium chloride 4 reacts with the alcohol to give the key alkoxysulfonium ion intermediate, 6.
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However, the billiard ball model is not physically universal, as it can be used to construct impenetrable walls preventing the state within some region from being read and transformed. In Schaeffer's model, every pattern eventually decomposes into particles moving diagonally in four directions. Thus, his automaton is not Turing complete. However, Schaeffer showed that it is possible to surround any finite configuration by scaffolding that decays more slowly than it.
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The anion can be derived from acetylenedicarboxylic acid by the loss of two protons. It is one of several oxocarbon anions which, like carbonate and oxalate , consist solely of carbon and oxygen. The ADC anion can at as a ligand in organometallic complexes, such as the blue polymeric complex with copper(II) and 2,2′-bipyridine, . Thallium(I) acetylenedicarboxylate (Tl2C4O4) decomposes at 195 °C, leaving a residue of pyrophoric thallium powder.
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It is the least reactive of the chlorine oxides, being the only one to not set organic materials on fire at room temperature. It may be dissolved in water to regenerate perchloric acid or in aqueous alkalis to regenerate perchlorates. However, it thermally decomposes explosively by breaking one of the central Cl–O bonds, producing the radicals ClO3 and ClO4 which immediately decompose to the elements through intermediate oxides.
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These particles are transported on a belt to a vertical cylindrical vessel, where the shale is heated up to about for pyrolysis. Oil shale enters through the top of the retort while hot gases are injected into the middle of the retort. The oil shale is heated by the gases as it moves down. As a result, the kerogen in the shale decomposes to yield oil vapor and more gas.
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In order to study sudden stop episodes, using data from the 1994 economic crisis in Mexico, this model decomposes it to obtain a representation of transitory and permanent technology shocks. The results show that including permanent technology shocks is able to produce the behavior observed during a sudden stop episode. The model predicts a large contraction in output, consumption and investment, as well as a sharp current account reversal.
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2,3-Dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (or DDQ) is the chemical reagent with formula C6Cl2(CN)2O2. This oxidant is useful for the dehydrogenation of alcohols, phenols, and steroid ketones in organic chemistry. DDQ decomposes in water, but is stable in aqueous mineral acid.Derek R. Buckle, Steven J. Collier, Mark D. McLaws "2,3-Dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone" in E-EROS ENCYCLOPEDIA OF REAGENTS FOR ORGANIC SYNTHESIS, 2005.
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When heated in absence of oxygen, WS2 does not melt but decomposes to tungsten and sulfur, but only at 1250 °C. Historically monolayer WS2 was isolated using chemical exfoliation via intercalation with lithium from n-butyl lithium (in hexane), followed by exfoliation of the Li intercalated compound by sonication in water. WS2 also undergoes exfoliation by treatment with various reagents such as chlorosulfonic acid and the lithium halides.
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In the 1980s and 1990s replacement parts for clavinets became harder to find, as Hohner had ceased to support them. In 2000, Hohner USA relocated to a new facility and sold remaining spare parts inventory to Clavinet.com. The principal clavinet restoration issues are hammer tips and strings. The original hammer tips were made of a polymer compound that decomposes with age, so they became sticky and ultimately liquefied into a paste.
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Some crop improvement work has been carried out on ricebean in India, but not in Nepal. However, the use of ricebean as a green manure crop was studied in a series of field experiments in Nepal, and this revealed that it is one of the best legumes for the purpose due to high biomass production over a short period of time, is easy to incorporate into the soil, and decomposes rapidly.
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Typically, as a dead body decomposes, body tissues become depleted of oxygen and the body begins to putrefy; anaerobic bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract proliferate and as a result of increased metabolic activity, release gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and hydrogen sulfide.Carter et al. 2007.Gill-King 1997: 93–108. These bacteria secrete exoenzymes to break down body cells and proteins for ingestion which thus weakens organ tissues.
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This increase the oil shale temperature to between and , in which pyrolysis occurs. In the pyrolysis process, kerogen decomposes to oil shale gas and oil vapors, while the remainder of the oil shale forms spent shale. Vapors are transferred to a condensor (fractionator) for separation into various fractions. At the kiln passage, the spent shale and the ceramic balls are separated in a perforated rotating separation drum (trommel).
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Since thienamycin decomposes in the presence of water, it is impractical for the clinical treatment of bacterial infections, so stable derivatives were created for medicinal consumption. One such derivative, imipenem, was formulated in 1985. Imipenem, an N-formimidoyl derivative of thienamycin, is rapidly metabolized by a renal dipeptidase enzyme found in the human body. To prevent its rapid degradation, imipenem is normally coadministered with cilastatin, an inhibitor of this enzyme.
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PyrolysisPyrolysis plants is an innovative technology that can help in the aid of waste disposal. The process of disposing of is describing as "Plastics are crushed and melted at temperatures below gasification temperature and contain less oxygen. Heat decomposes plastic polymers into smaller hydrocarbons that can be refined into diesel or even other petrochemical products, including new plastics." This technology is still in the demonstration phase and hopping to expand globally.
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XXXVI abstr. 2349 Goethite forms only in the presence of water, so its discovery is the first direct evidence of past water in the Columbia Hills's rocks. In addition, the MB spectra of rocks and outcrops displayed a strong decline in olivine presence, although the rocks probably once contained much olivine. Olivine is a marker for the lack of water because it easily decomposes in the presence of water.
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Mudrocks form in various colors, including: red, purple, brown, yellow, green and grey, and even black. Shades of grey are most common in mudrocks, and darker colors of black come from organic carbons. Green mudrocks form in reducing conditions, where organic matter decomposes along with ferric iron. They can also be found in marine environments, where pelagic, or free-floating species, settle out of the water and decompose in the mudrock.
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Trinitroethylorthoformate also known as TNEOF is an explosive with excellent chemical stability. It does not have hygroscopicity, does not dissolve in water, and does not react with acids. It decomposes in aqueous sodium hydroxide solution to release formaldehyde odor. The explosion point of TNEOF is 229 ° C, though it begins to decompose at 190 ° C. Its explosion heat is 6.3076 J/g and specific volume is 682 L/kg.
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Anti-personnel mines are concealed defensive weapons designed to detonate, creating a blast shock wave, and incapacitating or killing one or more people. These APMs affect the environment by causing farmlands to decrease in productivity through its chemical destructive shock that decomposes efficiently with massive amounts of heat and gas; destroying flora of ecosystems which additionally contribute to the erosion of soils.Gangwar, Abdhesh. 2003. Impact of War and Landmines on Environment.
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For this reason, developers implement techniques of adaptation into the system in order to react to changing conditions as fast as possible. The example application scenario clearly shows an important distinction concerning such adaptation techniques: the differentiation between manually and automatically performed adaptation processes. Accordingly, the term adaptation decomposes into the two terms adaptivity and adaptability. Adaptivity indicates a system that adapts automatically to its users according to changing conditions, i.e.
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Hexafluorotitanic acid (systematically named oxonium hexafluoridotitanate(2-)) is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula (H3O)2[TiF6]. As with most oxonium salts, it is not stable when undissolved, or under neutral to basic conditions, tending to decompose in those conditions to titanium fluorides or oxyfluorides. Under highly acidic conditions, it decomposes to titania, which is accelerated by fluoride scavengers. Under highly basic conditions, it is hydrolysed to titanium hydroxide.
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The theory of two-level planning (alternatively, Kornai–Liptak decomposition) is a method that decomposes large problems of linear optimization into sub- problems. This decomposition simplifies the solution of the overall problem. The method also models a method of coordinating economic decisions so that decentralized firms behave so as to produce a global optimum. It was introduced by the Hungarian economist János Kornai and the mathematician Tamás Lipták in 1965.
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Georgius Agricola: De re metallica New York : Dover pp456 explains the process thus: under heating salt (sodium chloride, NaCl) decomposes in the presence of silica and alumina (from the brick dust or clay) to produce hydrochloric acid and also some chlorine. This reacts with the silver to produce silver chloride (AgCl). The urine is acidic and aids decomposition. Silver chloride is volatile and would be removed from the metal.
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The existence of two intergrown fixed-composition phases has been demonstrated by Mössbauer spectroscopy. The mineral is unstable in air, and decomposes by oxidation, dehydration and decarbonation, to ferrihydrite, and ultimately to lepidocrocite or goethite, Fe3+O(OH).Trolard F., Bourrié G., Abdelmoula M., Refait P. and Feder F. 2007: Fougerite, a new mineral of the pyroaurite- iowaite group: description and crystal structure, Clays and Clay Minerals, vol. 55, no.
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At lower temperatures the NO and the ammonia do not react. Ammonia that has not reacted is called ammonia slip and is undesirable, as the ammonia can react with other combustion species, such as sulfur trioxide (SO3), to form ammonium salts. At temperatures above 1093 °C ammonia decomposes: :4 NH3 \+ 5 O2 -> 4 NO + 6 H2O In that case NO is created instead of removed. A further complication is mixing.
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The U.S. National Research Council and other sources called the M55 the most dangerous weapon in the American chemical arsenal because of this and other hazards. Another danger is agent leakage. Army reports have indicated that nerve agent GB can corrode the metal casings of the munitions over time. As Sarin decomposes it forms acids which can corrode the aluminum casings found around the agent in the M55.
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9 Aug. 2013 Cellulase was already used in the paper pulp, food processing industry and currently in the fermentation of biomass for biofuel production. Cellulase is produced primarily by fungi, bacteria and protozoan that catalyze the hydrolysis of cellulose. Since the enzyme decomposes cellulose fibers this enhanced the characteristic appearance that the jeans have been abraded with stones (and eliminated or considerably reduced the usage of natural pumice stones).
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The heat is transferred from the heated spent oil shale to the raw oil shale causing pyrolysis. As a result, oil shale decomposes to shale oil vapors, oil shale gas and spent oil shale. Oil vapors are collected from the pyrolyzer. The spent oil shale, still including residual carbon (char), by the air pneumatic lift pipe to the delayed-fall combustor where it is combusted to heat the process.
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Chlorinated tap water decomposes rhodamine B. Rhodamine B solutions adsorb to plastics and should be kept in glass. Rhodamine B is tunable around 610 nm when used as a laser dye. Its luminescence quantum yield is 0.65 in basic ethanol, 0.49 in ethanol, 1.0, and 0.68 in 94% ethanol. The fluorescence yield is temperature dependent; the compound is fluxional in that its excitability is in thermal equilibrium at room temperature.
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The combination of linear and cyclic carbonates (e.g., ethylene carbonate (EC) and dimethyl carbonate (DMC)) offers high conductivity and solid electrolyte interphase (SEI)-forming ability. Organic solvents easily decompose on the negative electrodes during charge. When appropriate organic solvents are used as the electrolyte, the solvent decomposes on initial charging and forms a solid layer called the solid electrolyte interphase,Balbuena, P. B., Wang, Y. X. (eds) (2004).
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Large RF currents flow in the ring, heating it. The coil is moved along the axis of the bulb so as not to overheat and melt the ring. As the ring is heated, the barium azide decomposes into barium vapor and nitrogen. The nitrogen is pumped out and the barium condenses on the bulb above the plane of the ring forming a mirror-like deposit with a large surface area.
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"B6.61" is able to add up to 20 nucleotides to a primer template in 24 hours, until it decomposes by cleavage of its phosphodiester bonds. The "tC19Z" ribozyme can add up to 95 nucleotides with a fidelity of 0.0083 mutations/nucleotide. Attempts have been made to develop ribozymes as therapeutic agents, as enzymes which target defined RNA sequences for cleavage, as biosensors, and for applications in functional genomics and gene discovery.
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Dichloromethane is not classified as an ozone-depleting substance by the Montreal Protocol. The U.S. Clean Air Act does not regulate dichloromethane as an ozone depleter. According to the EPA, the atmospheric lifetime of dichloromethane is very short, such that the substance decomposes before reaching the ozone layer. Ozone concentrations measured at the midlatitudes from the ground up through the stratosphere from 1998 to 2016 have declined by 2.2 Dobson units.
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Sodium nitride can be of reddish brown or dark blue color depending on the synthesis of the compound due to intrinsic properties. It shows no signs of decomposition after several weeks when at room temperature. The compound does not have a melting point as it decomposes back into its elemental forms as demonstrated using mass spectrometry around 360 K. The estimated enthalpy of formation for the compound is +64 kJ/mol.
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The waste produced by the troops stationed there is dumped in the crevasses of the glacier. Mountaineers who visited the area while on climbing expeditions witnessed large amount of garbage, empty ammunition shells, parachutes etc. dumped on the glacier, that neither decomposes nor can be burned because of the extreme climatic conditions. About 1000 kilograms of waste is produced and dumped in glacial crevasses daily by the Indian forces.
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Tetracarbonyl nickel Nickel tetracarbonyl ), discovered by Ludwig Mond, is a volatile, highly toxic liquid at room temperature. On heating, the complex decomposes back to nickel and carbon monoxide: : Ni + 4 CO This behavior is exploited in the Mond process for purifying nickel, as described above. The related nickel(0) complex bis(cyclooctadiene)nickel(0) is a useful catalyst in organonickel chemistry because the cyclooctadiene (or cod) ligands are easily displaced.
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Caesium nitrate prisms are used in infrared spectroscopy, in x-ray phosphors, and in scintillation counters.. It is also used in making optical glasses and lenses. As with other alkali metal nitrates, caesium nitrate decomposes on gentle heating to give caesium nitrite: :2CsNO3 → 2CsNO2 \+ O2 Caesium also forms two unusual acid nitrates, which can be described as CsNO3·HNO3 and CsNO3·2HNO3 (melting points 100 °C and 36–38 °C respectively).
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Such a transformation exists in the iron-carbon system, as seen near the upper-left corner of the figure. It resembles an inverted eutectic, with the δ phase combining with the liquid to produce pure austenite at and 0.17% carbon. At the peritectic decomposition temperature the compound, rather than melting, decomposes into another solid compound and a liquid. The proportion of each is determined by the lever rule.
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At the top of the transition zone, olivine undergoes isochemical phase transitions to wadsleyite and ringwoodite. Unlike nominally anhydrous olivine, these high-pressure olivine polymorphs have a large capacity to store water in their crystal structure. This has led to the hypothesis that the transition zone may host a large quantity of water. At the base of the transition zone, ringwoodite decomposes into bridgmanite (formerly called magnesium silicate perovskite), and ferropericlase.
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The Ramberg–Bäcklund reaction is an organic reaction converting an α-halo sulfone into an alkene in presence of a base with extrusion of sulfur dioxide. The reaction is named after the two Swedish chemists Ludwig Ramberg and Birger Bäcklund. The carbanion formed by deprotonation gives an unstable episulfone that decomposes with elimination of sulfur dioxide. This elimination step is considered to be a concerted cycloelimination. Scheme 1.
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At temperatures from 80-100 °C (176-212 °F), sodium bicarbonate gradually decomposes into sodium carbonate, water, and carbon dioxide. The conversion is faster at : : 2 NaHCO3 → Na2CO3 \+ H2O + CO2 Most bicarbonates undergo this dehydration reaction. Further heating converts the carbonate into the oxide (above ): : Na2CO3 → Na2O + CO2 These conversions are relevant to the use of NaHCO3 as a fire-suppression agent ("BC powder") in some dry-powder fire extinguishers.
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Sodium hydroxide, also known as lye and caustic soda, is an inorganic compound with the formula NaOH. It is a white solid ionic compound consisting of sodium cations and hydroxide anions . Sodium hydroxide is a highly caustic base and alkali that decomposes proteins at ordinary ambient temperatures and may cause severe chemical burns. It is highly soluble in water, and readily absorbs moisture and carbon dioxide from the air.
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In areas where the water is "hard" (that is, containing significant dissolved calcium salts), boiling decomposes the bicarbonate ions, resulting in partial precipitation as calcium carbonate. This is the "fur" that builds up on kettle elements, etc., in hard water areas. With the exception of calcium, boiling does not remove solutes of higher boiling point than water and in fact increases their concentration (due to some water being lost as vapour).
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When passing acetone vapors through heated pipes or electrically heated metal (like copper) wires at 500-600 °C in the presence of little carbon disulfide (CS2), acetone decomposes into methane and ethenone, with 95% yield.K.-H. Lautenschläger, W. Schröter, A. Wanninger, "Taschenbuch der Chemie", 20. Aufl. 2006, . 300px In industrial chemistry, ketone pyrolysis has largely been replaced by the dehydration of acetic acid (the Schmidlin-Bergman-Wilsmore reaction).
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Thallium(III) compounds resemble the corresponding aluminium(III) compounds. They are moderately strong oxidizing agents and are usually unstable, as illustrated by the positive reduction potential for the Tl3+/Tl couple. Some mixed-valence compounds are also known, such as Tl4O3 and TlCl2, which contain both thallium(I) and thallium(III). Thallium(III) oxide, Tl2O3, is a black solid which decomposes above 800 °C, forming the thallium(I) oxide and oxygen.
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Ammonia borane has been suggested as a storage medium for hydrogen, e.g. for when the gas is used to fuel motor vehicles. It can be made to release hydrogen on heating, being polymerized first to (NH2BH2)n, then to (NHBH)n, which ultimately decomposes to boron nitride (BN) at temperatures above 1000 °C. It is more hydrogen-dense than liquid hydrogen and also able to exist at normal temperatures and pressures.
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Lake Ballinger suffers from a number of ecological issues. Urban runoff introduces petroleum, heavy metals, and excess nutrients to the water. Fecal coliform levels are elevated due to the presence of domestic pets and large numbers of geese, a problem addressed with the practice of egg addling. Excess nutrients cause algae growth, resulting in a loss of oxygen at the bottom levels of the lake when dead algae decomposes.
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Cha'sa'dra was among the demons of Limbo who appeared on Earth during the "Inferno" storyline, and when he was destroyed in combat with the Avengers, the Lava Men were apparently transformed into solid, non-living matter. Lava Men have red skin of rock-hard consistency. A Lava Man's body has twice the density of a normal human being's. Upon death, a normal Lava Man immediately decomposes into dust.
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The treated liquid effluent is commonly disposed in a septic drain field, which provides further treatment. Nonetheless, groundwater pollution may occur and can be a problem. The term "septic" refers to the anaerobic bacterial environment that develops in the tank that decomposes or mineralizes the waste discharged into the tank. Septic tanks can be coupled with other onsite wastewater treatment units such as biofilters or aerobic systems involving artificially forced aeration.
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Burial vaults and liners do not decompose, and have been criticized as being environmentally unfriendly. Burial vaults and liners consumed more than of steel and more than of reinforced concrete in 2009. A burial vault or liner is not the only solution to settling earth over the grave. Traditional burials with a casket leave a larger void and thus create more settlement when the casket decomposes or collapses.
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Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, Macedonia. Ammonium dichromate decomposition The volcano demonstration involves igniting a pile of the salt, which initiates the following exothermic conversion:- :(s) → (s) + (g) + 4(g) (ΔH = −429.1±3 kcal/mol) Like ammonium nitrate, it is thermodynamically unstable. Its decomposition reaction proceeds to completion once initiated, producing voluminous dark green powdered chromium(III) oxide. Not all of the ammonium dichromate decomposes in this reaction.
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Uranium pentachloride is available as red-brown microcrystalline powders or black-red crystals with metallic sheen. It is very hygroscopic and decomposes into uranium hexachloride and uranium tetrachloride when in water or heated. There are two crystalline forms, each of which has the uranium atom in an octahedral geometry among six chlorine atoms. Usually, it is in the α-form, which has a monoclinic crystal structure with space group P21/n.
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Filamentous carbon can also form when acetylene decomposes on films of palladium and silicon dioxide. However, filamentous carbon does not form on the palladium and silicon dioxide films if they are preheated with hydrogen at temperatures of . This is because in those conditions, the palladium and silicon dioxide react to form palladium silicide. Iron and silicon dioxide together also act as a catalyst for formation of the structures.
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Sodium azide is the propellant in automobile airbags. It decomposes on heating to give nitrogen gas, which is used to quickly expand the air bag: :2 NaN3 → 2 Na + 3 N2 Heavy metal salts, such as lead azide, Pb(N3)2, are shock-sensitive detonators which decompose to the corresponding metal and nitrogen, for example:Shriver and Atkins. Inorganic Chemistry (Fifth Edition). W. H. Freeman and Company, New York, pp 382.
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Ikaite is the mineral name for the hexahydrate of calcium carbonate, CaCO3·6H2O. Ikaite tends to form very steep or spiky pyramidal crystals, often radially arranged, of varied sizes from thumbnail size aggregates to gigantic salient spurs. It is only found in a metastable state and decomposes rapidly by losing most of its water content once removed from near-freezing water. This "melting mineral" is more commonly known through its pseudomorphs.
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A noteworthy feature of TEL is the weakness of its four C–Pb bonds. At the temperatures found in internal combustion engines, decomposes completely into lead and lead oxides as well as combustible, short-lived ethyl radicals. Lead and lead oxide scavenge radical intermediates in combustion reactions. Engine knock is caused by a cool flame, an oscillating low-temperature combustion reaction that occurs before the proper, hot ignition.
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The first synthesis of thiosulfinates was reported in 1947 by Cavallito and coworkers by oxidation of the corresponding disulfides. One example of a moderately stable thiosulfinate is the tert-butyl derivative, (CH3)3CS(O)SC(CH3)3. This thiosulfinate can be obtained in optical purity by catalytic asymmetric oxidation of di-tert-butyl disulfide with hydrogen peroxide. Upon heating, (CH3)3CS(O)SC(CH3)3 decomposes into tert- butanethiosulfoxylic acid (CH3)3CSSOH) as shown by trapping studies. In a similar manner racemic methyl methanethiosulfinate (CH3S(O)SCH3) can be obtained by peracetic acid oxidation of dimethyl disulfide. Methyl methanethiosulfinate decomposes thermally giving methanesulfenic acid (CH3SOH), the simplest sulfenic acid, as well as thioformaldehyde (CH2=S). Methyl methanethiosulfinate can also disproportionate to a 1:1 mixture of dimethyl disulfide and methyl methanethiosulfonate (CH3SO2SCH3) and rearrange via a Pummerer rearrangement to CH3S(O)CH2SSCH3. An unusual three-membered ring thiosulfinate (a dithiirane 1-oxide) has been prepared through rearrangement of a 1,3-dithietane.
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In its most characteristic reaction, AIBN decomposes, eliminating a molecule of nitrogen gas to form two 2-cyanoprop-2-yl radicals: :480px These radicals can initiate free-radical polymerizations and other radical-induced reactions. For instance, a mixture of styrene and maleic anhydride in toluene will react if heated, forming the copolymer upon addition of AIBN. Another example of a radical reaction that can be initiated by AIBN is the anti-Markovnikov hydrohalogenation of alkenes.
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Propane represents a promising but challenging feedstock for the synthesis of acrolein (and acrylic acid). When glycerol (also called glycerin) is heated to 280 °C, it decomposes into acrolein: :(CH2OH)2CHOH → CH2=CHCHO + 2 H2O This route is attractive when glycerol is co-generated in the production of biodiesel from vegetable oils or animal fats. The dehydration of glycerol has been demonstrated but has not proven competitive with the route from petrochemicals.
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Chapters 32 and 33 concern Christian eschatology. Chapter 32 describes what occurs after death—while the body decomposes, the immortal soul immediately returns to God. The souls of the righteous are then made perfect in holiness and received into heaven where they "behold the face of God" and wait for the redemption of their bodies. The souls of the wicked are sent to hell where they remain in torment until the judgment.
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Stannane, a strong reducing agent slowly decomposes at room temperature to tin and hydrogen gas, and is decomposed by concentrated aqueous acids or alkalis; distannane, Sn2H6 is still more unstable, and longer stannanes are unknown. Plumbane is very poorly characterised and is only known in trace amounts: even at low temperatures, synthesis methods that yield the other MH4 compounds fail to give PbH4. No other plumbanes are known.Greenwood and Earnshaw, p. 375.
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Hydride delivery occurs to give intermediate 5, followed by elimination of the metal sulfinate to give azo intermediate 6. This intermediate then decomposes, with loss of nitrogen gas, to give the reduced compound. When strongly basic hydride donors are used such as lithium aluminium hydride, then deprotonation of the tosyl hydrazone can occur before hydride delivery. Intermediate anion 7 can undergo hydride attack, eliminating a metal sulfinate to give azo anion 8.
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The kinetic mechanism is a rapid equilibrium where bicarbonate and cyanate both act as substrates. Bicarbonate acts a recycling substrate to cyanase in the production carbamate which then decomposes to complete the metabolism, rather than metabolism via a hydrolysis reaction as formerly believed. A positively charged active site forms a pocket with two anion binding sites, bonded via ionic interaction. Positively charged amino acids that make up the protein help form this site between subunits.
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It is thermostable, and treatment with boiling water does not remove its toxicity. It remains stable in aqueous solutions for prolonged periods but rapidly decomposes and loses its toxicity in acidic or alkaline solutions. It has multiple analogues with a similar structure like ostreocin-D, mascarenotoxin-A and -B. Palytoxin occurs at least in tropics and subtropics where it is made by Palythoa corals and Ostreopsis dinoflagellates, or possibly by bacteria occurring in these organisms.
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For example, silver hydroxide Ag(OH) decomposes spontaneously to the oxide (Ag2O). Copper(I) and gold(I) hydroxides are also unstable, although stable adducts of CuOH and AuOH are known. The polymeric compounds M(OH)2 and M(OH)3 are in general prepared by increasing the pH of an aqueous solutions of the corresponding metal cations until the hydroxide precipitates out of solution. On the converse, the hydroxides dissolve in acidic solution.
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Silver nitride is an explosive chemical compound with symbol Ag3N. It is a black, metallic-looking solid which is formed when silver oxide or silver nitrate, is dissolved in concentrated solutions of ammonia, causing formation of the diammine silver complex which subsequently breaks down to Ag3N. The standard free energy of the compound is about +315 kJ/mol, making it an endothermic compound which decomposes explosively to metallic silver and nitrogen gas.
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Officer Kelton encounters the zombie old man, who chases him into the Trents' yard where Eros' ray hits him and his body rapidly decomposes. Stunned, Edwards, the Trents, and the police drive to the cemetery. John Harper insists on leaving Paula in the car, but Paula refuses to stay alone, so Kelton stays with her. Eros and fellow alien Tanna send zombie Clay to kidnap Paula and lure the other three to their saucer.
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Hypoiodous acid is the inorganic compound with the chemical formula HOI. It forms when an aqueous solution of iodine is treated with mercuric or silver salts. It rapidly decomposes by disproportionation: : 5 HOI → HIO3 \+ 2 I2 \+ 2 H2O Hypoiodites of alkali and alkaline earth metals can be made in cold dilute solutions if iodine is added to their respective hydroxides. Hypoiodous acid is a weak acid with a pKa of about 11.
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Trimethylamine N-oxide is an osmolyte found in molluscs, crustaceans, and fishes such as sharks and rays. It is considered as a protein stabilizer that may serve to counteract urea, the major osmolyte of sharks, skates and rays. The concentration is greater in deep-sea fishes and crustaceans, where it may counteract the protein- destabilizing effects of pressure. TMAO decomposes to trimethylamine (TMA), which is the main odorant that is characteristic of degrading seafood.
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In order to have these types of qualities, positive resist utilize polymers with labile linkers in their back bone that can be cleaved upon irradiation or using a photo- generated acid to hydrolyze bonds in the polymer. A polymer that decomposes upon irradiation to a liquid, or more soluble product is referred to as a positive tone resist. Common functional groups that can be hydrolyzed by photo-generated acid catalyst include polycarbonates and polyesters.
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Correspondence analysis (CA) was developed by Jean-Paul Benzécri and is conceptually similar to PCA, but scales the data (which should be non-negative) so that rows and columns are treated equivalently. It is traditionally applied to contingency tables. CA decomposes the chi-squared statistic associated to this table into orthogonal factors. Because CA is a descriptive technique, it can be applied to tables for which the chi-squared statistic is appropriate or not.
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Lead(II) oxide is also soluble in alkali hydroxide solutions to form the corresponding plumbite salt. : PbO + 2 OH− \+ H2O → Chlorination of plumbite solutions causes the formation of lead's +4 oxidation state. : + Cl2 → PbO2 \+ 2 Cl− \+ 2 H2O Lead dioxide is representative of the +4 oxidation state, and is a powerful oxidizing agent. The chloride of this oxidation state is formed only with difficulty and decomposes readily into lead(II) chloride and chlorine gas.
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The flat reclaimed areas consist of fertile organic soil, ideal for growing market garden crops such as onions, leafy greens, celery and carrots. Organic matter consists of living plant tissues and organisms found in soil. Organic matter improves the physical condition of soil, and residues from its decomposition play an important role in holding plant nutrients and water. Organic matter in soil undergoes change as it breaks down and decomposes and new material is added.
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Ethylammonium nitrate can be produced by heating ethyl nitrate with an alcoholic solution of ammonia or by reacting ethylamine with concentrated nitric acid. It has a relatively low viscosity of 0.28 poise or 0.028 Pa·s at 25 °C and therefore a high electrical conductivity of about 20 mS·cm−1 at 25 °C. It boils at 240 °C and decomposes at about 250 °C. Its density at 20 °C is 1.261 g/cm3.
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The first stage of the algorithm decomposes the tree into a number of disjoint paths. In the second stage of the algorithm, each path is extended and therefore the resulting paths will not be mutually exclusive. In the first stage of the algorithm, each path is associated with an array of size h' . We extend this path by adding the h' immediate ancestors at the top of the path in the same array.
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Furthermore, Glu296 interacts with the side chain of Glu211, an interaction that has been shown to cause an increase in the apparent pKa. Following deprotonation of bicarbonate, the oxygen of the bicarbonate acts as a nucleophile and attacks the gamma phosphate on ATP. The carboxyphosphate intermediate quickly decomposes to CO2 and PO43−. The PO43− deprotonates biotin, creating an enolate, stabilized by Arg338, that subsequently attacks CO2 resulting in the production of carboxybiotin.
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Cobalt(II) hydroxide decomposes to cobalt(II) oxide at 168 °C under vacuum and is oxidized by air. The thermal decomposition product in air above 300 °C is Co3O4. Like iron(II) hydroxide, cobalt(II) hydroxide is a basic hydroxide, and reacts with acids to form cobalt(II) salts. It also reacts with strong bases to form solutions with dark blue cobaltate(II) anions, [Co(OH)4]2− and [Co(OH)6]4−.
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The flowers consist of white woolly heads, with 8-16 flowers clustered together at the base of leaves. Flowering occurs from early spring through to summer, however flowering can sometimes occur at other times throughout the year. Fruit is globular, dense and a hardened mass of white woolly texture, around 10mm in diameter, with many ridged spines extending out of the woolly mass. As the hardened woody head decomposes, the seeds are released.
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A yellow oil, it is prepared by reaction of tert-butylamine with sulfur dichloride to give the intermediate "S(N-t-Bu)", which decomposes at 60 °C to give the diimide. Other routes to sulfur diimides involve treatment of sulfur tetrafluoride with amines. A third route involves transimidation of disulfonylsulfodiimide: :S(NSO2Ph)2 \+ 2 RNH2 → S(NR)2 \+ 2 PhSO2NH2 N,N-Bis(methoxycarbonyl)sulfur diimide (MeO2C-N=S=N-CO2Me) is obtained from methylcarbamate.
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CuH generally behaves as a source of H–. For instance, Wurtz reported the double displacement reaction of CuH with hydrochloric acid: :CuH + HCl → CuCl + When not cooled below , copper hydride decomposes, to produce hydrogen gas and a mixture containing elemental copper: :2 CuH → xCu•(2-x)CuH + ½x (0 < x < 2) Solid copper hydride is the irreversible autopolymerisation product of the molecular form, and the molecular form cannot be isolated in concentration.
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Many soil colours are due to various iron minerals. The development and distribution of colour in a soil profile result from chemical and biological weathering, especially redox reactions. As the primary minerals in soil parent material weather, the elements combine into new and colourful compounds. Iron forms secondary minerals of a yellow or red colour, organic matter decomposes into black and brown humic compounds, and manganese and sulfur can form black mineral deposits.
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The principal difference is the Greek question mark , which developed a shape so similar to the Latinate semicolon that Unicode decomposes its separate code point identically. The middot serves as the Greek semicolon but is so uncommon that it has often been left off of Greek keyboards. The exclamation mark ( Thavmastiko) is mostly used as in English. The hyphen, the brackets, the colon, the ellipsis and the slash are also in use.
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A cellular precipitation reaction, in which a reactant phase decomposes to a product phase with the same structure as the parent phase and a second phase with a different structure, can form a symplectite.Sundquist, B. E. (1973), Cellular precipitation, Metall. Trans., 4, 1919– 1934. Eutectoid reactions, involving the breakdown of a single phase to two or more phases, neither of which is structurally or compositionally identical to the parent phase, can also form symplectites.
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This is a non-split scope reading since "no" simply takes scope above the modal "need". On the split scope reading of this sentence, it means that it is not the case that the company needs to fire any employees. On this reading, "no" decomposes into a negation scoping above "need" and an existential quantifier scoping below it. Indefinites have been argued to have split scope, having separate existential scope and distributive scope.
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Hypothetical reconstruction of a Gallic house, Bibracte, Museum of Celtic civilisation Predominantly made of wood and earth, the Gallic houses used stone only sparingly, which was saved for the ramparts. Little is known of the houses' structure as wood rots and decomposes. There are, however, stone constructions in the horse Park district, probably aristocratic residences and a public building with columns, near the convent's pasture. These were probably constructed soon after the Gallic Wars.
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Dichloromethane decomposes with time to hydrochloric acid, which readily reacts with propylene oxide or butylene oxide and therefore is removed from the solution. Chromate-based inhibitors give the mixture a characteristic yellow color. Other possibilities include polyphosphates, silicates, borates, and various antioxidants. Sequestrants and chelating agents are used to "disarm" metal ions present in the solution, which could otherwise reduce the efficiency of other components, and assist with cleaning stains, which often contain metal compounds.
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A litter trap catches floating waste in the Yarra River, east-central Victoria, Australia Thermal oxidizer, decomposes hazard gases from industrial air streams at a factory in the United States of America. A dust collector in Pristina, Kosovo Gas nozzle with vapor recovery A Mobile Pollution Check Vehicle in India. Pollution control is a term used in environmental management. It means the control of emissions and effluents into air, water or soil.
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Large stockpiles of the material can be a major fire risk due to their supporting oxidation, it may also detonate. Ammonium nitrate (AN), a common element in inorganic fertilizers like NPKs, exothermically decomposes into gases when heated to temperatures above 210 °C. The reaction can become self-sustaining (known as self-sustaining decomposition, or SSD), which is a thermal runaway (i.e. a fire event with a chemistry not based on oxygen consumption).
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Figure 1 shows a top view of a single system based on the software technology of the Smart-M3 approach. At the heart of the system is the corpus-M3 which decomposes further into a semantic information broker (SIB) and the real physical storage of data. Of course, this corpus-M3 must be hosted by a device. A number of devices hosts many M3-agents, including optionally the device already hosting the corpus-M3.
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In reality there is no thing that ultimately ceases to exist; only the appearance of a thing ceases as it changes from one form to another. Imagine a leaf that falls to the ground and decomposes. While the appearance and relative existence of the leaf ceases, the components that formed the leaf become particulate material that goes on to form new plants. Buddhism teaches a middle way, avoiding the extreme views of eternalism and nihilism.
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For example, the biological oxidation of ethanol to acetaldehyde by the enzyme liver alcohol dehydrogenase (LADH) is zero order in ethanol. Similarly reactions with heterogeneous catalysis can be zero order if the catalytic surface is saturated. For example, the decomposition of phosphine (PH3) on a hot tungsten surface at high pressure is zero order in phosphine which decomposes at a constant rate. In homogeneous catalysis zero order behavior can come about from reversible inhibition.
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Cassava roots Cassareep is made from the juice of the bitter cassava root, which is poisonous (it contains acetone cyanohydrin, a compound which decomposes to the highly toxic hydrogen cyanide on contact with water). Hydrogen cyanide, traditionally called "prussic acid", is volatile and quickly dissipates when heated. Nevertheless, improperly cooked cassava has been blamed for a number of deaths. Amerindians from Guyana reportedly made an antidote by steeping chili peppers in rum.
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At very high temperatures, it decomposes to give FeF2 and F2. Two crystalline forms—or more technically, polymorphs—of FeF3·3H2O are known, the α and β forms. These are prepared by evaporation of an HF solution containing Fe3+ at room temperature (α form) and above 50 °C (β form). The space group of the β form is P4/m, and the α form maintains a P4/m space group with a J6 substructure.
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"The ACME EDM Experiment." electronedm.org Thorium hydroxide, Th(OH)4, can be prepared by adding a hydroxide of ammonium or an alkali metal to a thorium salt solution, where it appears as a gelatinous precipitate that will dissolve in dilute acids, among other substances. It can also be prepared by electrolysis of thorium nitrates. It is stable from 260–450 °C; at 470 °C and above it continuously decomposes to become thoria.
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Chlorine dioxide, ClO2 is an unstable gas with moderate solubility in water. It is usually generated in an aqueous solution and used immediately because it decomposes and is explosive in higher concentrations. It is produced by reacting sodium chlorate with a reducing agent like sulfur dioxide. : 2 NaClO3 \+ H2SO4 \+ SO2 → 2 ClO2 \+ 2 NaHSO4 Chlorine dioxide is sometimes used in combination with chlorine, but it is used alone in ECF (elemental chlorine- free) bleaching sequences.
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The S-S bond dissociation energy is 305 ± 21 kJ/mol, about 80 kJ/mol stronger than the S-S bond in diphenyldisulfide. At temperatures above 150 °C, decomposes slowly (disproportionation) to and : :S2F10 → SF6 \+ SF4 reacts with to give . It reacts with to form in the presence of ultraviolet radiation. : + → 2 In the presence of excess chlorine gas, reacts to form sulfur chloride pentafluoride (): : + → 2 The analogous reaction with bromine is reversible and yields .
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Guanitoxin is generally labile. It decomposes rapidly in basic solutions, but is relatively stable in neutral or acidic solutions (pH 3-5). When stored at -20˚C, it slowly undergoes hydrolysis giving (5S)-5-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-2-imino-1-imidazolidinol and monomethyl- phosphate, and more slowly, formation of (S)-1-(2-iminoimidazolidin-4-yl)-N,N-dimethylmethanamine. Furthemore, air evaporation of guanitoxin resulted in significant hydrolysis to (5S)-5-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-2-imino-1-imidazolidinol.
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The carboxyphosphate then exothermically decomposes into carbon dioxide and inorganic phosphate, at this point making this an irreversible reaction. Finally, after the decomposition, the carbon dioxide is attacked by the enolate to form oxaloacetate. The metal cofactor is necessary to coordinate the enolate and carbon dioxide intermediates; the CO2 molecule is only lost 3% of the time. The active site is hydrophobic to exclude water, since the carboxyphosphate intermediate is susceptible to hydrolysis.
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One method starts with natural manganese dioxide and converts it using dinitrogen tetroxide and water to a manganese(II) nitrate solution. Evaporation of the water leaves the crystalline nitrate salt. At temperatures of 400 °C, the salt decomposes, releasing and leaving a residue of purified manganese dioxide. These two steps can be summarized as: : + In another process manganese dioxide is carbothermically reduced to manganese(II) oxide which is dissolved in sulfuric acid.
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A terminal carbido complex is RuC(PCy3)2Cl2 with a Ru-C distance of 163 pm, typical for a triple bond. The complex can be obtained by metathesis of vinyl acetate to give [Ru(CH-p-C6H4Me)(PCy3)2Cl2] results in a metastable Ru(Cl2)(PCy3)2C2HOAc complex, which then decomposes to eliminate acetic acid. Synthesis of a terminal carbido complex. The "naked" carbido ligand is weakly basic, forming complexes with other metal centers.
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The space of states, also called the spectrum, of a CFT, is a representation of the product of the two Virasoro algebras. The eigenvalues of the Virasoro generator L_0+\bar L_0 are interpreted as the energies of the states. Their real parts are usually assumed to be bounded from below. A CFT is called rational if its space of states decomposes into finitely many irreducible representations of the product of the two Virasoro algebras.
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Although usually trivalent, ytterbium readily forms divalent compounds. This behavior is unusual for lanthanides, which almost exclusively form compounds with an oxidation state of +3. The +2 state has a valence electron configuration of 4f14 because the fully filled f-shell gives more stability. The yellow-green ytterbium(II) ion is a very strong reducing agent and decomposes water, releasing hydrogen gas, and thus only the colorless ytterbium(III) ion occurs in aqueous solution.
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This is the largest known inorganic unit cell apart from protein structures. Paulingite's characteristic structure can be observed while the remaining water content decomposes. A single crystal X-ray refinement of this chemically different sample material derived three main cation positions, which are inside a so-called paulingite or Calcium (Ca), between 8-rings of neighbouring Barium (Ba), and in the centre of the non-planar 8-rings of the -cage Potassium (K).
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Contact with bare skin can kill a person instantly. Once its prey has been stung and killed, a triffid will root itself beside the body and feeds on it as it decomposes. Triffids reproduce by inflating a dark green pod below the top of the funnel until it bursts, releasing white seeds (95% of which are infertile) into the air. It is not clear whether the triffids are intelligent or acting on instinct.
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Disulfur monoxide (S2O) is an unstable analogue of sulfur dioxide. Like SO2 as well as ozone (O3), and trisulfur (S3), it adopts a bent structure. The S-S bond length is 188.4 pm, the S-O bond is 146.5 pm and the SSO angle is 117.88°. The two dipole moment components are μa = 0.875 D and μb = 1.18 D. This species decomposes to give a polymeric sulfur oxides ("PSO's") with the approximate formula [S3O]n.
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Diethyl ether hydroperoxide, upon heating in water, decomposes to acetaldehyde: :C2H5OCH(OOH)CH3 → CH3CHO + C2H5OH + H2O2 → Diethyl ether hydroperoxide forms polymers known as diethyl ether peroxide, or ethylidene peroxide: Formation of diethyl ether peroxide The peroxide is a colorless oil that is an extremely brisant and friction sensitive explosive material, however the polymeric materials are solid making them more dangerous as evaporation of the volatile diethyl ether can leave thin films of pure explosive.
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The character later appeared again in the episode "Jose Chung's From Outer Space". Stuart Charno—credited as Stu Charno in the episode—played the killer in this episode; he is the husband of former series writer Sara Charno. "Clyde Bruckman's Final Repose" was filmed in British Columbia, as was the rest of the show's third season. Visual effects producer Mat Beck and Toby Lindala created the elaborate dream sequence in which Bruckman's body decomposes.
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In this process, oil shale is heated in the absence of oxygen until its kerogen decomposes into condensable shale oil vapors and non-condensable combustible oil shale gas. Oil vapors and oil shale gas are then collected and cooled, causing the shale oil to condense. In addition, oil shale processing produces spent oil shale, which is a solid residue. Spent shale consists of inorganic compounds (minerals) and char--a carbonaceous residue formed from kerogen.
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Solid anhydrous sodium hypochlorite is unstable and decomposes explosively. A non-explosive hydrated solid is available for laboratory use, but must be kept refrigerated to avoid decomposition.) Liquid bleach usually contains also some sodium hydroxide (caustic soda or soda lye, ), intended to keep the solution alkaline. Sodium chloride (table salt, ) is often present too, and plays no role in the product's action. Sodium chloride and hydroxide are normal residues from the main production processes.
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In addition to benzene, acetylene and ethene, pyridine also decomposes on ruthenium surfaces, leaving bound fragments on the surface. Ruthenium is unusually well studied in the surface science and catalysis literature due to its industrial importance as a catalyst. There are many studies of individual molecular behavior on ruthenium in surface science. However, understanding the behavior of each ligand on its own is not equivalent to understanding their behavior when co-adsorbed with each other and with the precursor.
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Tetracarbonylhydrocobalt was first described by Hieber in the early 1930s. It was the second transition metal hydride to be discovered, after H2Fe(CO)4. It is prepared by reducing Co2(CO)8 with sodium amalgam or a similar reducing agent followed by acidification. :Co2(CO)8 \+ 2 Na → 2 NaCo(CO)4 :NaCo(CO)4 \+ H+ → HCo(CO)4 \+ Na+ Since HCo(CO)4 decomposes so readily, it is usually generated in situ by hydrogenation of Co2(CO)8.
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The main difficulty with the use of K2FeO4 is that it is often too reactive, as indicated by the fact that it decomposes in contact with water, especially in acidic water:Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. "Inorganic Chemistry" Academic Press: San Diego, 2001. . : 4 K2FeO4 \+ 4 H2O → 3 O2 \+ 2 Fe2O3 \+ 8 KOH At high pH, aqueous solutions are stable. The deep purple solutions are similar in appearance to potassium permanganate (). It is stronger oxidizing agent than the latter.
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Berzelius and later Wöhler and Streicher showed that upon heating to 450 °C, this Pt(IV) compound decomposes to the Pt(II) derivative: :PtCl4 → PtCl2 \+ Cl2 Transformations such as this are "driven" by entropy, the free energy gained upon the release of a gaseous product from a solid. Upon heating to still higher temperatures, PtCl2 releases more chlorine to give metallic Pt. This conversion is the basis of the gravimetric assay of the purity of the PtCl2 product.
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Two types of tensor decompositions exist, which generalise the SVD to multi-way arrays. One of them decomposes a tensor into a sum of rank-1 tensors, which is called a tensor rank decomposition. The second type of decomposition computes the orthonormal subspaces associated with the different factors appearing in the tensor product of vector spaces in which the tensor lives. This decomposition is referred to in the literature as the higher-order SVD (HOSVD) or Tucker3/TuckerM.
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Carbon nanocones are produced in an industrial process that decomposes hydrocarbons into carbon and hydrogen with a plasma torch having a plasma temperature above 2000 °C. This method is often referred to as Kvaerner Carbon Black & Hydrogen Process (CBH) and it is relatively "emission-free", i.e., produces rather small amount of air pollutants. At certain, well optimized and patented conditions, the solid carbon output consists of approximately 20% carbon nanocones, 70% flat carbon discs and 10% carbon black.
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A gas cylinder contains nitrogen gas, and two cylinders containing highly concentrated hydrogen peroxide. The nitrogen presses the hydrogen peroxide onto a catalyst, which decomposes the hydrogen peroxide into a mixture of superheated steam and oxygen with a temperature of about 740 °C. This was led by two insulated curved tubes to two nozzles where it blasted out, supplying the propulsion. The pilot can vector the thrust by altering the direction of the nozzles through hand-operated controls.
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When a mole of nitrous oxide decomposes, it releases half a mole of O2 molecules (oxygen gas), and one mole of N2 molecules (nitrogen gas). This decomposition allows an oxygen concentration of 36.36% to be reached. Nitrogen gas is non-combustible and does not support combustion. Air—which contains only 21% oxygen, the rest being nitrogen and other equally non-combustible and non-combustion-supporting gasses—permits a 12-percent-lower maximum-oxygen level than that of nitrous oxide.
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In organic chemistry, it has been found to promote the coupling of α, α-dichloroketones to 1-aryl- butane-1,4-diones. Oxidative addition reactions with for example alkyl halides to give alkyl indium halides and with NiBr complexes to give Ni-In bonds are known. It is unstable in water decomposing into indium metal and indium tribromide. When indium dibromide is dissolved in water, InBr is produced as a, presumably, insoluble red precipitate, that then rapidly decomposes.
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This lends to the metaphorical connection ripening of the body of the deceased as it decomposes and the fermenting of the grapes as they begin to form wine. This type of shape is also used to represent the passage of time, the rounded edge allowing for the imagery of unending cycles that cannot easily be represented across the corners of a traditional sarcophagus. Several of the sarcophagi with Dionysian imagery shown in this section are of lenos shape.
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Radicals can undergo a disproportionation reaction through a radical elimination mechanism (See Fig. 1). Here a radical abstracts a hydrogen atom from another same radical to form two non-radical species: an alkane and an alkene. Radicals can also undergo an elimination reaction to generate a new radical as the leaving group. For example, when polystyrene decomposes upon heating at a temperature above 300°C, a styrene monomer is generated via a radical elimination mechanism (See Fig. 2).
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If the heating occurs in presence of air, the compounds decomposes to give the monoxide and the sulfate. The compounds are almost insoluble in water, weak acids, and (NH4)2S/(NH4)2S2 solution is the key for separation of lead from analythical groups I to III elements, tin, arsenic, and antimony. The compounds dissolve in nitric and hydrochloric acids, to give elemental sulfur and hydrogen sulfide, respectively. Heating mixtures of the monoxide and the sulfide forms the metal.
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The key property of trisilane is its thermal lability. It degrades to silicon films and SiH4 according to this idealized equation: :Si3H8 → Si + 2 SiH4 In terms of mechanism, this decomposition proceeds by a 1,2 hydrogen shift that produces disilanes, normal and isotetrasilanes, and normal and isopentasilanes. Because it readily decomposes to leave films of Si, trisilane has been explored a means to apply thin layers of silicon for semiconductors and similar applications.United States Patent Application Publication.
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Even at low temperatures, the compound slowly decomposes by giving off nitrogen gas, converting into benzotrifuroxan. This reaction proceeds quantitatively within 14 hours at 100 °C. As a solution in m-xylene, first order kinetics were observed for the decomposition, with a half-life of 340 minutes at 70 °C, 89 minutes at 80 °C, and 900 seconds at 100 °C. :Decomposition of 1,3,5-triazido-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene The compound explodes if rapidly heated above 168 °C.
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26 Draconis is a triple star system in the constellation Draco, located 46 light years from the Sun. Two of the system components, A and B, form a spectroscopic binary that completes an orbit every 76 years. The composite spectral classification of the AB pair is G0V, which decomposes to individual spectral types F9V and K3V. A 1962 study estimated the masses of these two stars as 1.30 and 0.83 times the mass of the Sun, respectively.
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One of the principal sources of elevated concentrations of organic chemical constituents is from treated sewage. Dissolved organic material is most commonly measured using either the Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) test or the Chemical oxygen demand (COD) test. Organic constituents are significant in river chemistry for the effect that they have on dissolved oxygen concentration and for the impact that individual organic species may have directly on aquatic biota. Any organic and degradable material consumes oxygen as it decomposes.
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On heating, sodium formate decomposes to form sodium oxalate and hydrogen. The resulting sodium oxalate can be converted by further heating to sodium carbonate upon release of carbon monoxide:T. Yoshimori, Y. Asano, Y. Toriumi, T. Shiota: "Investigation on the drying and decomposition of sodium oxalate" in Talanta 1978, 25(10) S. 603-605. T. Meisel, Z. Halmos, K. Seybold, E. Pungor: "The thermal decomposition of alkali metal formates" in Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 1975, 7(1).
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These are salts utilized in the fertilizer. Industrially, a by-product of the burning of coal, sulfur dioxide gas, may combine with water vapor in the air to eventually produce sulfuric acid, which falls as acid rain. To prevent the sulfur dioxide from being released, a device known as a scrubber gleans the gas from smoke stacks. This device first blows calcium carbonate into the combustion chamber where it decomposes into calcium oxide (lime) and carbon dioxide.
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There are many other diseases likely to have been caused by common anions found in natural drinking water. Fluoride is one of the most common found in drier climates where the geology favors release of fluoride ions to soil as the rocks decompose. In Sri Lanka, 90% of the country is underlain by crystalline metamorphic rocks of which most carry mica as a major mineral. Mica carries fluoride in their structure and releases to soil when decomposes.
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Important side reactions include heterolytic cleavage, in which the homoallylic alcohol decomposes into a carbonyl and an allylic system. 442x442px Suppression of this phenomenon is readily achievable by decreasing the ionic nature of the metal-alkoxide bond. Specifically, the use of more electronegative alkali metals or solvents less amenable to cation solvation generates the desired effect. In keeping with the above discussion, the rate of reaction may be diminished but should not approach an unsatisfactory level.
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FJ Bertuch (1747–1822) The phoenix on the gable roof of the baroque house Maison de la Louve in Brussels. A phoenix (; , phoînix) is a mythological bird that cyclically regenerates or is otherwise born again. Associated with fire and the sun, a phoenix obtains new life by arising from the ashes of its predecessor. Some legends say it dies in a show of flames and combustion, others that it simply dies and decomposes before being born again.
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The carbonate is insoluble in water but, like most carbonates, hydrolyses upon treatment with acids to give water-soluble salts. Manganese carbonate decomposes with release of carbon dioxide, i.e. calcining, at 200 °C to give MnO1.88: :MnCO3 \+ 0.44 O2 → MnO1.8 \+ CO2 This method is sometimes employed in the production of manganese dioxide, which is used in dry-cell batteries and for ferrites. Manganese carbonate is widely used as an additive to plant fertilizers to cure manganese deficient crops.
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To study L. hilgardii in liquid requires growing it in Elliker broth so it can show turbidity and gas formation. On staining with Gram's iodine, the bacillus is Gram positive. L. hilgardii is considered a negative catalase (enzyme that decomposes hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and water) and creates lactic acid, ethanol/acetic acid, and carbon dioxide. Along with this it is capable of sometimes producing biogenic amines or histamine and ethyl carbamate, which causes health risks.
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The stability of dry depends critically on the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2). It is stable for months in dry air, but decomposes slowly into and if pCO2 is less than 0.11 atm. In the presence of water or moist air at 25 °C, is stable only for pCO2 above 4.57 atmospheres and pH between about 4 and 8. Below that partial pressure, it reacts with water to form a basic carbonate (azurite, ()2()2).
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A hydroxyl group is first derivitised into a stable and very often crystalline toluate derivative. The aromatic ester is submitted to a monoelectronical reduction, by the use of SmI2/HMPA or by electrolysis, to yield the a radical-anion which decomposes into the corresponding carboxylate and into the radical of the alkyl fragment. The Marko-Lam deoxygenation This radical could be used for further chemical reactions or can abstract a hydrogen atom to form the deoxygenated product.
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In humans and other animals chronic intake of silver products commonly leads to gradual accumulation of silver compounds in various parts of the body. As in photography (where silver is useful because of its sensitivity to light), exposure of pale or colourless silver compounds to sunlight decomposes them to silver metal or silver sulfides. Commonly these products deposit as microscopic particles in the skin, in effect a dark pigment. This condition is known as argyria or argyrosis.
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ZP3 is then involved in the induction of the acrosome reaction, whereby a spermatozoon releases the contents of the acrosomal vesicle. The exact characterisation of what occurs in other species has become more complicated as further zona proteins have been identified. In humans, five days after the fertilization, the blastocyst performs zona hatching; the zona pellucida degenerates and decomposes, to be replaced by the underlying layer of trophoblastic cells. The zona pellucida is essential for oocyte growth and fertilization.
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A wide range of solvents, bases, and conditions have been explored, with an eye towards improving crystal functionality, morphology, and dispersity. Prototypically, an amide solvent such as N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) is used. The heat applied decomposes the amide solvent to generate amines, which in turn generate the imidazolate from the imidazole species. Methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, and water have also been explored as alternative solvents for ZIF formation but require bases such as pyridine, TEA, sodium formate, and NaOH.
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Its powerful oxidizing properties are suggested by the oxidation number of +2 for the oxygen atom instead of its normal −2. Above 200 °C, OF2 decomposes to oxygen and fluorine via a radical mechanism. OF2 reacts with many metals to yield oxides and fluorides. Nonmetals also react: phosphorus reacts with OF2 to form PF5 and POF3; sulfur gives SO2 and SF4; and unusually for a noble gas, xenon reacts, at elevated temperatures, yielding XeF4 and xenon oxyfluorides.
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At its standard state, arsine is a colorless, denser- than-air gas that is slightly soluble in water (20% at 20°C) and in many organic solvents as well. Whereas arsine itself is odorless, owing to its oxidation by air it is possible to smell a slight garlic or fish-like scent when the compound is present above 0.5ppm. This compound is generally regarded as stable, since at room temperature it decomposes only slowly. At temperatures of ca.
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Anhydrous nitric acid is a colorless mobile liquid with a density of 1.512 g/cm3 that solidifies at −42 °C to form white crystals. As it decomposes to NO2 and water, it obtains a yellow tint. It boils at 83 °C. It is usually stored in a glass shatterproof amber bottle with twice the volume of head space to allow for pressure build up, but even with those precautions the bottle must be vented monthly to release pressure.
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Proliferation of invasive species such as Mazzaella japonica have a negative impact on the growth of C. exasperatus. C. exasperatus is also susceptible to infection by the parasitic oomycete Pythium marinum. C. exasperatus decomposes quickly, faster than most other species, indicating its importance to detritivores and to nutrient cycling. The high rate of decomposition also means that it is harder to find washed ashore as wrack and that its importance in the ecosystem may be underrepresented in research.
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When process of deprotonating singlet state HNO to obtain singlet state NO− has a pKa is about 23. On the other hand, when deprotonating triplet HNO to obtain triplet NO−, the pKa is about −1.8. Nitroxyl rapidly decomposes by a bimolecular pathway to nitrous oxide (k at 298 K = ): :2 HNO → N2O + H2O The reaction proceeds via dimerization to hyponitrous acid, H2N2O2, which subsequently undergoes dehydration. Therefore, HNO is generally prepared in situ as described above.
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When the peroxide is mixed with the resin, it decomposes to generate free radicals, which initiate the curing reaction. Hardeners in these systems are commonly called catalysts, but since they do not re-appear unchanged at the end of the reaction, they do not fit the strictest chemical definition of a catalyst. Vinyl ester resin tends to have a purplish to bluish to greenish tint. This resin has lower viscosity than polyester resin and is more transparent.
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The most toxic ordnance compounds, tetryl and 1,3,5-TNB, are also the most degradable. Therefore, these chemicals are expected to be short-lived in nature, and environmental impacts would not be expected in areas that are not currently subject to chronic inputs of these chemicals. Tetryl decomposes rapidly in methanol/water solutions, as well as with heat. All aqueous samples expected to contain tetryl should be diluted with acetonitrile prior to filtration and acidified to pH < 3\.
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Chemistry of the Elements (2nd Edn.), Oxford:Butterworth- Heinemann. . Unlike osmium tetroxide, ruthenium tetroxide is less stable and is strong enough as an oxidising agent to oxidise dilute hydrochloric acid and organic solvents like ethanol at room temperature, and is easily reduced to ruthenate () in aqueous alkaline solutions; it decomposes to form the dioxide above 100 °C. Unlike iron but like osmium, ruthenium does not form oxides in its lower +2 and +3 oxidation states.Greenwood and Earnshaw, pp.
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The cyclotomic fast Fourier transform is a type of fast Fourier transform algorithm over finite fields.S.V. Fedorenko and P.V. Trifonov, This algorithm first decomposes a DFT into several circular convolutions, and then derives the DFT results from the circular convolution results. When applied to a DFT over GF(2^m), this algorithm has a very low multiplicative complexity. In practice, since there usually exist efficient algorithms for circular convolutions with specific lengths, this algorithm is very efficient.
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449–458 These labdanes are diterpenes (C20H32) and trienes, equipping the organic skeleton with three alkene groups for polymerization. As amber matures over the years, more polymerization takes place as well as isomerization reactions, crosslinking and cyclization. Heated above , amber decomposes, yielding an oil of amber, and leaves a black residue which is known as "amber colophony", or "amber pitch"; when dissolved in oil of turpentine or in linseed oil this forms "amber varnish" or "amber lac".
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Drosera pulchella, a type of pygmy sundew (subgenus Bryastrum), is a species of carnivorous plant native to southwestern Australia. As their common name suggests, they are a small species that usually 15 to 20 millimeters wide. They typically grow in clusters that completely cover an area like a patch of moss. The namesake sticky dew at the ends of their leaves is designed to trap insects so that the plants can absorb nutrients as the insect decomposes.
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Tribromosilane is a chemical compound containing silicon, hydrogen, and bromine. At high temperatures, it decomposes to produce silicon, and is an alternative to purified trichlorosilane of ultrapure silicon in the semiconductor industry. The Schumacher Process of silicon deposition uses tribromosilane gas to produce polysilicon, but it has a number of cost and safety advantages over the Siemens Process to make polysilicon.The Schumacher Process It may be prepared by heating crystalline silicon with gaseous hydrogen bromide at high temperature.
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A small number of atypical birds such as Passeriformes of the genus Molothrus (cowbirds) do not become broody but lay their eggs in the nests of other species for incubation, known as brood parasitism. The Australian brushturkey (Alectura lathami) also does not become broody, rather, it covers the eggs with a large mound of vegetable matter, which decomposes, keeping the eggs warm until hatching.Clements, J. F. 2007. The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World, 6th Edition.
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The substrate and solid metal source sit on the same susceptor and are heated up inductively or resistively at the same time. Above certain temperature, the bulk metal source melts and generates a high vapor pressure in the vicinity of the substrate. Then the precursor gas is introduced into the chamber and decomposes around the substrate at high temperature. The atoms from the decomposed precursor gas react with the metal vapor, forming thin films on the substrate.
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FeBr3 forms a polymeric structure featuring six-coordinate, octahedral Fe centers.Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. "Inorganic Chemistry" Academic Press: San Diego, 2001. . Although inexpensively available commercially, FeBr3 can be prepared by treatment of iron metal with bromine: :2 Fe + 3 Br2 → 2 FeBr3 Above 200 °C, FeBr3 decomposes to ferrous bromide: :2FeBr3 -> 2FeBr2 \+ Br2 Iron(III) chloride is considerably more stable, reflecting the greater oxidizing power of chlorine. FeI3 is not stable, as iron(III) will oxidize iodide ions.
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In signal processing, the multidimensional empirical mode decomposition (multidimensional EMD) is the extension of the 1-D EMD algorithm into multiple-dimensional signal. The Hilbert–Huang empirical mode decomposition (EMD) process decomposes a signal into intrinsic mode functions combined with the Hilbert spectral analysis known as Hilbert–Huang transform (HHT). The multidimensional EMD extends the 1-D EMD algorithm into multiple-dimensional signals. This decomposition can be applied to image processing, audio signal processing and various other multidimensional signals.
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Palladium(II) propionate is prepared analogously; other carboxylates are prepared by treating palladium(II) acetate with the appropriate carboxylic acid. Likewise, palladium(II) acetate can be prepared by treating other palladium(II) carboxylates with acetic acid. This ligand exchange starting with a purified other carboxylate is an alternative way to synthesize palladium(II) acetate free from the nitro contaminant. When warmed with alcohols, or on prolonged boiling with other solvents, palladium(II) acetate decomposes to palladium.
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Simplified diagram of the Copper–Chlorine cycle The copper–chlorine cycle (Cu–Cl cycle) is a four-step thermochemical cycle for the production of hydrogen. The Cu–Cl cycle is a hybrid process that employs both thermochemical and electrolysis steps. It has a maximum temperature requirement of about 530 degrees Celsius.Solar power for thermochemical production of hydrogen The Cu–Cl cycle involves four chemical reactions for water splitting, whose net reaction decomposes water into hydrogen and oxygen.
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Rasbora sarawakensis occurs in rather sluggish flowing forest streams, with dense emergent vegetation, often lying within the shade of the rainforest canopy. The bed of these streams is normally made up of a thick layer of silt which is covered with fallen tree limbs and leaf litter, the water is usually relatively clear but has a pale brown color from the tannins released by the organic matter that has fallen into the stream as it decomposes.
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Mercury cell for chloralkali process In the mercury-cell process, also known as the Castner–Kellner process, a saturated brine solution floats on top of a thin layer of mercury. The mercury is the cathode, where sodium is produced and forms a sodium-mercury amalgam with the mercury. The amalgam is continuously drawn out of the cell and reacted with water which decomposes the amalgam into sodium hydroxide, hydrogen and mercury. The mercury is recycled into the electrolytic cell.
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These decompositions may occur during tissue isolation procedures. Recent studies indicate that the metabolism by ALOXE3 of the R stereoisomer of 12-HpETE made by ALOX12B and therefore possibly the S stereoisomer of 12-HpETE made by ALOX12 or ALOX15 is responsible for forming various hepoxilins in the epidermis of human and mouse skin and tongue and possibly other tissues. Human skin metabolizes 12(S)-HpETE in reactions strictly analogous to those of 12(R)-HpETE; it metabolized 12(S)-HpETE by eLOX3 to 8R-hydroxy-11S,12S-epoxy-5Z,9E,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid and 12-oxo-ETE, with the former product then being metabolized by sEH to 8R,11S,12S-trihydroxy-5Z,9E,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid. 12(S)-HpETE also spontaneously decomposes to a mixture of hepoxilins and trihydroxy- eicosatetraenoic acids (trioxillins) that possess R or S hydroxy and R,S or S,R epoxide residues at various sites while 8R-hydroxy-11S,12S-epoxy-hepoxilin A3 spontaneously decomposes to 8R,11S,12S-trihydroxy-5Z,9E,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid.
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Potter reported SiO solid as yellowish- brown in color and as being an electrical and thermal insulator. The solid burns in oxygen and decomposes water with the liberation of hydrogen. It dissolves in warm alkali hydroxides and in hydrofluoric acid. Even though Potter reported the heat of combustion of SiO to be 200 to 800 calories higher than that of an equilibrium mixture of Si and SiO2 (which could, arguably, be used as evidence that SiO is a unique chemical compound),J.
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Methyl azide can be prepared by the methylation of sodium azide, for instance with dimethyl sulfate in alkaline solution, followed by passing through a tube of anhydrous calcium chloride or sodium hydroxide to remove contaminating hydrazoic acid. The first synthesis was reported in 1905. It decomposes in a first-order reaction: :CH3N3 → CH3N + N2 Methyl azide might be a potential precursor in the synthesis of prebiotic molecules via nonequilibrium reactions on interstellar ices initiated by energetic galactic cosmic rays (GCR) and photons.
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Nickel(II) titanate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula NiTiO3 University of Akron Chemical Database nickel(II) titanate, also known as nickel titanium oxide, is a coordination compound between nickel(II), titanium(IV) and oxide ions. It has the appearance of a yellow powder. There are several methods of synthesis for nickel(II) titanate. The first method involves nickel(II) titanate's melting temperature of over 500 °C at which its precursor decomposes to give nickel(II) titanate as a residue.
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Although very important in inorganic chemistry and geochemistry, the orthosilicate ion is rarely seen in organic chemistry. Two silicate compounds, however, are used in organic synthesis: tetraethyl orthosilicate or TEOS is used to link polymers, and is especially important in the manufacture of aerogels. Tetramethyl orthosilicate or TMOS is used as an alternative to TEOS, and also has a number of other uses as a reagent. TEOS is preferred over TMOS as TMOS decomposes to produce high concentrations of toxic methanol.
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Every 8 to 10 years, maintenance on the toilet must be performed, which consists of removing the accumulated worm castings. The worm castings are suitable as a soil conditioner, and may be used as fertilizer. A typical pit latrine may need to be completely emptied or rebuilt after 2-3 years and often comes with smell and contamination issues. A primary vermifilter provides primary treatment of the liquid effluent generated by humans and worms and decomposes the solids into humus.
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The outer two-thirds of the leaf blade bears outward-pointing spines which may be an adaptation to prevent herbivores from reaching the center of the plant. The plant is believed to be hazardous to sheep and birds which may become entangled in the spines of the leaves. If the animal dies, the plant may gain nutrients as the animal decomposes nearby, though this has not been confirmed. For this reason, Puya chilensis has earned the nickname "sheep- eating plant".
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These are generally mustard oils, which are characterized by a burning taste; their principal occurrence is in mustard and Tropaeolum seeds. Sinigrin, or the potassium salt of inyronic acid not only occurs in mustard seed, but also in black pepper and in horseradish root. Hydrolysis with baryta, or decomposition by the ferment myrosin, gives glucose, allyl mustard oil and potassium hydrogen sulfate. Sinalbin occurs in white pepper; it decomposes to the mustard oil, glucose and sinapin, a compound of choline and sinapic acid.
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Sodium hypochlorite is most often encountered as a pale greenish-yellow dilute solution referred to as liquid bleach, which is a household chemical widely used (since the 18th century) as a disinfectant or a bleaching agent. In solution, the compound is unstable and easily decomposes, liberating chlorine which is the active principle of such products. Sodium hypochlorite is the oldest and still most important chlorine-based bleach. Its corrosive properties, common availability, and reaction products make it a significant safety risk.
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Hexachlorodisilane is stable under air or nitrogen at temperatures of at least up to 400°C for several hours, but decomposes to dodecachloroneopentasilane and silicon tetrachloride in presence of Lewis bases even at room temperature.Emeleus, H. J., and Muhammad Tufail. "Reaction of Hexachlorodisilane with Bases and Alkyl Halides." Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry 29.8 (1967): 2081-084 :4 Si2Cl6 → 3 SiCl4 \+ Si5Cl12 This conversion is useful in making silicon-based components of use in semiconducting devices including photovoltaic cells.
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Colored mulch can be applied anywhere non-colored mulch is used (such as large bedded areas or around plants) and features many of the same gardening benefits as traditional mulch, such as improving soil productivity and retaining moisture. As mulch decomposes, just as with non-colored mulch, more mulch may need to be added to continue providing benefits to the soil and plants. However, if mulch is faded, spraying dye to previously spread mulch in order to restore color is an option.
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A pyrite cube (center) has dissolved away from a host rock, leaving behind trace gold Iron pyrite is unstable at Earth's surface: iron pyrite exposed to atmospheric oxygen and water decomposes into iron oxides and sulfate. This process is accelerated by the action of Acidithiobacillus bacteria which oxidize pyrite to produce ferrous iron, sulfate, and protons (). These reactions occur more rapidly when pyrite is finely dispersed (framboidal crystals initially formed by sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) in argillaceous sediments or dust from mining operations).
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The molten glob is cut into smaller pieces of uniform size, and are then pressed in a mold. MBTC is applied on the external surface of these containers, and then, the glass is annealed and coated with polyethylene. MBTC is a commonly used organotin compound for on-line chemical vapor deposition because it readily decomposes at or close to the hot glass surface. The tin dioxide coatings formed are transparent to visible light, reflect infrared light, and are highly conductive.
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As the saltpetre decomposes, it oxidises the sulphur to sulfur trioxide, which combines with water to produce sulphuric acid. This was the first practical production of sulphuric acid on a large scale.Sulphur surplus: Up to our necks in a diabolical element, BBC, 18 July 2014 Ward was in many ways quite generous to those living in poverty. He opened hospitals for the poor in Westminster as well as in the City of London and the clinics did not charge people for their service.
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The staged event-driven architecture (SEDA) refers to an approach to software architecture that decomposes a complex, event-driven application into a set of stages connected by queues. It avoids the high overhead associated with thread-based concurrency models (i.e. locking, unlocking, and polling for locks), and decouples event and thread scheduling from application logic. By performing admission control on each event queue, the service can be well- conditioned to load, preventing resources from being overcommitted when demand exceeds service capacity.
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YCl3 is often prepared by the "ammonium chloride route," starting from either Y2O3 or hydrated chloride or oxychloride. or YCl3·6H2O. These methods produce (NH4)2[YCl5]: ::10 NH4Cl + Y2O3 → 2 (NH4)2[YCl5] + 6 NH3 \+ 3 H2O ::YCl3·6H2O + 2 NH4Cl → (NH4)2[YCl5] + 6 H2O The pentachloride decomposes thermally according to the following equation: :: (NH4)2[YCl5] → 2 NH4Cl + YCl3 The thermolysis reaction proceeds via the intermediacy of (NH4)[Y2Cl7]. Treating Y2O3 with aqueous HCl produces the hydrated chloride (YCl3·6H2O).
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Zinc nitride can be obtained by thermally decomposing zincamide (zinc diamine) in an anaerobic environment, at temperatures in excess of 200 °C. The by-product of the reaction is ammonia. > 3Zn(NH2)2 → Zn3N2 \+ 4NH3 It can also be formed by heating zinc to 600 °C in a current of ammonia; the by-product is hydrogen gas. > 3Zn + 2NH3 → Zn3N2 \+ 3H2 The decomposition of Zinc Nitride into the elements at the same temperature is a competing reaction. At 700 °C Zinc Nitride decomposes.
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Nitrous oxide fuel blend propellants are a class of liquid rocket propellants that were intended in the early 2010s to be able to replace hydrazine as the standard storable rocket propellent in some applications. In nitrous-oxide fuel blends, the fuel and oxidizer are blended and stored; this is sometimes referred to as a mixed monopropellant. Upon use, the propellant is heated or passed over a catalyst bed and the nitrous oxide decomposes into oxygen-rich gasses. Combustion then ensues.
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As a wet meadow matures it begins to fill in with vegetation and as this decomposes the soil thickens creating high spots (hummocks) above the water. Shrubs and small trees begin to grow on these. Shrub swamp water comes from run-off, streams and rivers and the water moves in and out of the swamp throughout the year. Consequently, they tend to be drier than wet meadows or forested swamps and permit water intolerant plant species to grow on the hummocks.
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Loew was a versatile researcher and produced several significant technical papers on organic chemistry and enzyme theory. Decades before the work of Buchner, Loew was convinced that the activity of yeasts was not a function of the living cell, but of the enzymes produced by the yeasts. Loew invented a method to produce formaldehyde from methanol by oxidation with atmospheric oxygen and metallic copper as a catalyst. He proposed the name 'catalase' for the enzyme that decomposes hydrogen peroxide to oxygen and water.
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In linear algebra, the Crout matrix decomposition is an LU decomposition which decomposes a matrix into a lower triangular matrix (L), an upper triangular matrix (U) and, although not always needed, a permutation matrix (P). It was developed by Prescott Durand Crout. The Crout matrix decomposition algorithm differs slightly from the Doolittle method. Doolittle's method returns a unit lower triangular matrix and an upper triangular matrix, while the Crout method returns a lower triangular matrix and a unit upper triangular matrix.
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Mural of a Little Nemo in Slumberland comic in downtown Cincinnati, Ohio McCay destroyed many of his original cans of film to create more storage space. Of what film he kept, much has not survived, as it was photographed on 35mm nitrate film, which decomposes and is highly flammable. Mendelsohn's son and a friend, both young animators, discovered the film in Mendelsohn's possession in 1947 and rescued what they could. In some cases, such as The Centaurs, only fragments could be saved.
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SnB2O3F2 crystal system rhombohedral space group P31m 250 nm UV cutoff Z = 1, a = 4.5072 Å, c = 4.7624 Å; stable up to 325 °C. Above this it decomposes to BF3 boric oxide and Sn3[B3O7]F. PbB2O3F2 contains two-dimensional sheets of BFOB pairs connected by four oxygen atoms to adjacent units. crystal system rhombohedral space group P31m 220 nm UV cutoff BaB2O3F2 contains a double chain of -BO-O-BF- See supplementary information for 16 structural diagrams of most known fluoroxoborates.
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Chalconatronite is a carbonate mineral and rare secondary copper mineral that contains copper, sodium, carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen, its chemical formula is Na2Cu(CO3)2•3(H2O). Chalconatronite is partially soluble in water, and only decomposes, although chalconatronite is soluble while cold, in dilute acids. The name comes from the mineral's compounds, copper ("chalcos" in Greek) and natron, naturally forming sodium carbonate. The mineral is thought to be formed by water carrying alkali carbonates (possibly from soil) reacting with bronze.
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Because cyanide is highly reactive and the fact that a punctured grape decomposes rapidly, it is not possible for a grape to be injected with cyanide (or anything else for that matter) and arrive in the U.S. intact, two to three weeks later. This fact led the GAO (General Accounting Office) to investigate to determine whether the scare was a result of poor laboratory processes. The investigation was inconclusive. The Military Chilean government suggested the scare was the work of local Marxist extremists.
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Taking land from the cycle of flooding by putting a dike around it prevents it from being raised by silt left behind after a flooding. At the same time the drained soil consolidates and peat decomposes leading to land subsidence. In this way the difference between the water level on one side and land level on the other side of the dike grew. While floods became more rare, if the dike did overflow or was breached the destruction was much larger.
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Tempering involves a three-step process in which unstable martensite decomposes into ferrite and unstable carbides, and finally into stable cementite, forming various stages of a microstructure called tempered martensite. The martensite typically consists of laths (strips) or plates, sometimes appearing acicular (needle-like) or lenticular (lens-shaped). Depending on the carbon content, it also contains a certain amount of "retained austenite." Retained austenite are crystals which are unable to transform into martensite, even after quenching below the martensite finish (Mf) temperature.
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Magnesocene is a white solid at room temperature. It has a melting point of 176 °C, though at atmospheric pressures it sublimes at 100 °C. Unlike ferrocene, magnesocene displays slight dissociation and subsequent ion association in polar, electron-donating solvents (such as ether and THF). :MgCp2 <=> MgCp+ + Cp- :MgCp2 + MgCp+ <=> Mg2Cp3+ :MgCp2 + Cp- <=> MgCp3- While ferrocene is stable at ambient conditions, magnesocene decomposes rapidly on exposure to oxygen or moisture, and as such must be synthesized and stored under inert conditions.
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Heating the nitrate in air at 400 °C converts it to the white protactinium pentoxide. The polytrioxophosphate Pa(PO3)4 can be produced by reacting difluoride sulfate PaF2SO4 with phosphoric acid (H3PO4) under inert gas atmosphere. Heating the product to about 900 °C eliminates the reaction by-products such as hydrofluoric acid, sulfur trioxide and phosphoric anhydride. Heating to higher temperatures in an inert atmosphere decomposes Pa(PO3)4 into the diphosphate PaP2O7, which is analogous to diphosphates of other actinides.
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YB50 decomposes at ~1750 °C without melting that hinders growth of single crystals from the melt. Small addition of silicon made YB50 to melt without decomposition, and so enabled single-crystal growth from the melt and single-crystal structure analysis. The structure analysis indicated that YB41Si1.2 has not the γ-AlB12-type lattice but a rare orthorhombic crystal structure (space group: Pbam, No. 55) with lattice constants of a = 1.674(1) nm, b = 1.7667(1) nm and c = 0.9511(7) nm.
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Np2O5 is black-brown in color and monoclinic with a lattice size of 418×658×409 picometres. It is relatively unstable and decomposes to NpO2 and O2 at 420-695 °C. Although Np2O5 was initially subject to several studies that claimed to produce it with mutually contradictory methods, it was eventually prepared successfully by heating neptunium peroxide to 300-350 °C for 2–3 hours or by heating it under a layer of water in an ampoule at 180 °C.
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In order to do SCM we have to use discrete wavelet frame (DWF) transformation first to get a series of sub images. The discrete wavelet frames is nearly identical to the standard wavelet transform, except that one upsamples the filters, rather than downsamples the image. Given an image, the DWF decomposes its channel using the same method as the wavelet transform, but without the subsampling process. This results in four filtered images with the same size as the input image.
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Poly(aryl ether sulfone)s are composed of aromatic groups, ether groups and sulfonyl groups. For a comparison of the properties of individual constituents poly(phenylene sulfone) can serve as an example, which consists of sulfonyl and phenyl groups only. Since both groups are thermally very stable, poly(phenylene sulfone) has an extremely high melting temperature (520 °C). However, the polymer chains are also so rigid that poly(phenylene sulfone) (PAS) decomposes before melting and can thus not be thermoplastically processed.
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Its density is 1.2 g/cm3, which makes it slightly heavier than water. The melting points and boiling points are <25 °C (<77 °F) and 118 °C (244 °F) respectively, although the compound decomposes before reaching the boiling point. The relatively low 0,0004 mmHg (at 20 °C) means Demeton-S-Methyl wil vaporize very slowly and mostly stay as a liquid. Demeton-S-Methyl is less stable than its predecessor Demeton, but it is used instead because of the lower toxicity to humans.
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There are two possible structures of hyponitrous acid, trans and cis. trans- Hyponitrous acid forms white crystals that are explosive when dry. In aqueous solution, it is a weak acid (pKa1 = 7.21, pKa2 = 11.54), and decomposes to nitrous oxide and water with a half life of 16 days at 25 °C at pH 1–3: : → + Since this reaction is not reversible, should not be considered as the anhydride of . The cis acid is not known, but its sodium salt can be obtained.
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When heated to or above, indium sulfate decomposes by giving off sulfur trioxide vapour, yielding indium oxide. :In2(SO4)3 -> In2O3 + 3SO3 Alkalis added to indium sulfate solutions precipitate basic salts. For example, potassium hydroxide produces either a basic sulfate, 2In2O3.SO3·nH2O, or KIn3(OH)6(SO4)2 depending on pH. Sodium pyrophosphate causes a slimy precipitate of indium pyrophosphate, In4(P2O7)3·3H2O. Potassium periodate causes a precipitate of a basic indium periodate, 2InO5·In(OH)3·6H2O .
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In the Paraho Direct process, the crushed and screened raw oil shale is fed into the top of the retort through a rotating distributor. The oil shale descends the retort as a moving bed. The oil shale is heated by the rising combustion gases from the lower part of the retort and the kerogen in the shale decomposes at about to oil vapour, shale oil gas and spent shale. Heat for pyrolysis comes from the combustion of char in the spent shale.
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As PBS decomposes naturally into water and , it may be a biodegradable alternative to some common plastics. The scope of PBS application fields is still growing and several areas can be identified but it remains difficult to know precisely in which specific object PBS is actually used. First in the packaging field, PBS could be processed into films, bags, or boxes, for both food and cosmetic packagings. Other applications of PBS could be found as disposable products such as tableware or medical articles.
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When a garlic clove is crushed, the enzyme alliinase is released forming allicin from the cysteine sulfoxide alliin. Allicin breaks down into additional organosulfur compounds. In the presence of oil or organic solvents, among the compounds formed are the isomeric vinyldithiins and ajoene. As shown in the Scheme, allicin (1) decomposes into 2-propenesulfenic acid (2) and thioacrolein (3). Compound 2 reforms allicin while 3 gives Diels-Alder dimers 3-vinyl-4H-1,2-dithiin (4) and 2-vinyl-4H-1,3-dithiin (5).
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An experiment describing catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. A concentrated hydrogen peroxide solution can be easily decomposed to water and oxygen. An example of a spontaneous (without addition of an external energy source) decomposition is that of hydrogen peroxide which slowly decomposes into water and oxygen (see video at right): : 2 H2O2 → 2 H2O + O2 This reaction is one of the exceptions to the endothermic nature of decomposition reactions. Other reactions involving decomposition do require the input of external energy.
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In representation theory, a branch of mathematics, the Gelfand–Graev representation is a representation of a reductive group over a finite field introduced by , induced from a non-degenerate character of a Sylow subgroup. The Gelfand–Graev representation is reducible and decomposes as the sum of irreducible representations, each of multiplicity at most 1. The irreducible representations occurring in the Gelfand–Graev representation are called regular representations. These are the analogues for finite groups of representations with a Whittaker model.
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The tantalum - nitrogen system includes several states including a nitrogen solid solution in Tantalum, as well as several nitride phases, which can vary from expected stoichiometry due to lattice vacancies. Annealing of nitrogen rich "TaN" can result in conversion to a two phase mixture of TaN and Ta5N6. Ta5N6 is thought to be the more thermally stable compound - though it decomposes in vacuum at 2500C to Ta2N. It was reported the decomposition in vacuum from Ta3N5 via Ta4N5, Ta5N6, ε-TaN, to Ta2N.
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The deepest portion of the solid experiencing heat transfer melts and begins phase transition from solid to gas in a foam zone. The gaseous propellant decomposes into simpler molecules in a surrounding fizz zone. Energy is released in a luminous outer flame zone where the simpler gas molecules react to form conventional combustion products like steam and carbon monoxide. The foam zone acts as an insulator slowing the rate of heat transfer from the flame zone into the unreacted solid.
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When diatoms die and their organic material decomposes, the frustules sink to the bottom of the aquatic environment. This remnant material is diatomite or "diatomaceous earth", and is used commercially as filters, mineral fillers, mechanical insecticide, in insulation material, anti-caking agents, as a fine abrasive, and other uses.Diatom Frustule 2 There is also research underway regarding the use of diatom frustules and their properties for the field of optics, along with other cells, such as those in butterfly scales.
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For example, it reacts with hydrochloric acid to form chloroauric acid (): :HCl + (aq) → + Other chloride sources, such as KCl, also convert AuCl3 into . Aqueous solutions of AuCl3 react with aqueous base such as sodium hydroxide to form a precipitate of Au(OH)3, which will dissolve in excess NaOH to form sodium aurate (NaAuO2). If gently heated, Au(OH)3 decomposes to gold(III) oxide, Au2O3, and then to gold metal.N. N. Greenwood, A. Earnshaw, Chemistry of the Elements, 2nd ed.
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Bromoxynil decomposes with a half life of approximately two weeks in soil. Persistence increases in soils with elevated clay or organic matter content, suggesting the compound has somewhat limited bioavailability to microorganisms in these environments. Under aerobic conditions in soils or pure cultures, products of bromoxynil degradation often retain the original bromine groups. The herbicide, and one of its common degradation products (3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoic acid) have been shown to undergo metabolic reductive dehalogenation by the microorganism Desulfitobacterium chlororespirans.
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In 1902, A. Meusser investigated solubility of copper chlorate and found that it melted and started decomposing above 73 °C, giving off chlorine. Copper chlorate decomposes when heated, giving off a yellow gas, which contains chlorine, oxygen and chlorine dioxide. A green solid is left that is a basic copper salt. :2 Cu(ClO3)2 → 2 CuO + Cl2 \+ 3 O2 \+ 2 ClO2 Sulfur is highly reactive with copper chlorate, and it is important not to cross contaminate these chemicals, for example in pyrotechnic making.
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Studies of solid single- and double-base propellant reactions suggest a series of zones or phases as the reaction proceeds from the surface into the solid. The deepest portion of the solid experiencing heat transfer melts and begins phase transition from solid to gas in a foam zone. The gaseous propellant decomposes into simpler molecules in a surrounding fizz zone. Energy is released in a luminous outer flame zone where the simpler gas molecules react to form conventional combustion products like steam and carbon monoxide.
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Uranium hydride is a highly toxic, brownish grey to brownish black pyrophoric powder or brittle solid. Its density at 20 °C is 10.95 g cm−3, much lower than that of uranium (19.1 g cm−3). It has a metallic conductivity, is slightly soluble in hydrochloric acid and decomposes in nitric acid. Two crystal modifications of uranium hydride exist, both cubic: an α form that is obtained at low temperatures and a β form that is grown when the formation temperature is above 250 °C.
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They are a two-car household, and each vehicle emits 10 tons of CO2 over the course of a year. The power used to run the Carbons' home and all its comforts translates into a similar amount. Much of the family's plentiful food supply will have crossed continents by the time it reaches their kitchen, and will have added a tenth to their annual emissions. Yet more are produced by their refuse: buried in a landfill, it heats up as it decomposes and releases greenhouse gases.
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Diazo-transfer reactions are commonly used methods, in which an organic azide, usually tosylazide, and an activated methylene (i.e. a methylene with two withdrawing groups) react in the presence of a base to give an α-diazo-1,3-diketone. The base deprotonates the methylene, yielding an enolate, which reacts with tosylazide and subsequently decomposes in the presence of a weak acid, to give the α-diazo-1,3-diketone. diazo-transfer The necessary requirement of two electron withdrawing groups makes this reaction one of limited scope.
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Cubic zirconium tungstate (alpha-ZrW2O8), one of the several known phases of zirconium tungstate (ZrW2O8) is perhaps one of the most studied materials to exhibit negative thermal expansion. It has been shown to contract continuously over a previously unprecedented temperature range of 0.3 to 1050 K (at higher temperatures the material decomposes). Since the structure is cubic, as described below, the thermal contraction is isotropic - equal in all directions. There is much ongoing research attempting to elucidate why the material exhibits such dramatic negative thermal expansion.
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Solid InH3 is a three- dimensional network polymeric structure, where In atoms are connected by In-H- In bridging bonds, is suggested to account for the growth of broad infrared bands when samples of InH3 and InD3 produced on a solid hydrogen matrix are warmed. Such a structure is known for solid AlH3. When heated above , indium trihydride decomposes to produce indium–hydrogen alloy and elemental hydrogen. As of 2013, the only known method of synthesising indium trihydride is the autopolymerisation of indane below .
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These are generally substituted anthraquinones; many have medicinal applications, being used as purgatives, while one, ruberythric acid, yields the valuable dyestuff madder, the base of which is alizarin. Chrysophanic acid, a dioxymethylanthraquinone, occurs in rhubarb, which also contains emodin, a trioxymethylanthraquinone; this substance occurs in combination with rhamnose in Frangula bark. The most important cyanogenic glucoside is amygdalin, which occurs in bitter almonds. The enzyme maltase decomposes it into glucose and mandelic nitrile glucoside; the latter is broken down by emulsin into glucose, benzaldehyde and prussic acid.
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The consumption of the litterfall by decomposers results in the breakdown of simple carbon compounds into carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O), and releases inorganic ions (like nitrogen and phosphorus) into the soil where the surrounding plants can then reabsorb the nutrients that were shed as litterfall. In this way, litterfall becomes an important part of the nutrient cycle that sustains forest environments. As litter decomposes, nutrients are released into the environment. The portion of the litter that is not readily decomposable is known as humus.
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In the hot, subtropical climate of New Orleans, the corpse decomposes relatively rapidly so that after approximately a year, only bones remain. After that time, the bones or other remains are moved, typically to the ground in the oven tomb, making room for burial of newly deceased in the vacated vault. The deceased are typically commemorated with plaques or other inscriptions on an external surface of the tomb. In this way, large numbers of deceased can be buried in a single tomb, often dozens.
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Performic acid is non-toxic; it does irritate the skin, but less so than peracetic acid. Concentrated acid (above 50%) is highly reactive; it readily decomposes upon heating, and explodes upon rapid heating to 80–85 °C. It may ignite or explode at room temperature when combined with flammable substances, such as formaldehyde, benzaldehyde, or aniline, and explodes violently upon addition of metal powders. For this reason, spilled performic acid is diluted with cold water and collected with neutral, non-flammable inorganic absorbents, such as vermiculite.
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Acids liberate from most metal carbonates. Consequently, it may be obtained directly from natural carbon dioxide springs, where it is produced by the action of acidified water on limestone or dolomite. The reaction between hydrochloric acid and calcium carbonate (limestone or chalk) is shown below: : + 2 → + The carbonic acid () then decomposes to water and : : → + Such reactions are accompanied by foaming or bubbling, or both, as the gas is released. They have widespread uses in industry because they can be used to neutralize waste acid streams.
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Before oxygen was abundant, methane gas could reach concentrations hundreds of times greater than today's 1.8 parts per million. Ultraviolet light decomposes methane molecules in the upper atmosphere, causing hydrogen gas to escape into space. Over time, the irreversible atmospheric escape of hydrogen– a powerful reducing agent -caused Earth to oxidize and reach the GOE tipping point. Other studies about Earth's atmospheric oxygen have considered its second increase around 600 million years ago that acted as a precursor to the rise of animal life.
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The pnictogen hydrides become denser down the group and the M–H bond lengths increase, while the H–M–H bond angle decreases slightly. The standard enthalpies of formation reflect the increasing thermal instability going down the group. Arsine decomposes to arsenic and hydrogen at 250–300 °C, stibine to antimony and hydrogen at room temperature, and bismuthine to bismuth and hydrogen above −45 °C. Arsine and stibine are very easily oxidised to arsenic or antimony trioxide and water; a similar reaction happens with sulfur or selenium.
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A more significant risk may be the failure or abandonment of the leachate collection system. Such systems are prone to internal failure as landfills suffer large internal movements as waste decomposes unevenly and thus buckles and distorts pipes. If a leachate collection system fails, leachate levels will slowly build in a site and may even over-top the containing membrane and flow out into the environment. Rising leachate levels can also wet waste masses that have previously been dry, triggering further active decomposition and leachate generation.
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The highest quality liver of sulfur in solid form is a dark yellow, almost "liver" colored substance. As it ages and is exposed to air, its potency decreases, it will turn lighter yellow and finally white, at which point its reactivity is negligible. Liver of sulfur decomposes to sulfate of potash and carbonate of potash, neither of which has any value as an oxidizer of metal. The reactivity of liver of sulfur with silver and copper quickly creates a dark or colored patina on the metal.
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It seems a quiet day at Angel Investigations until a desperate man arrives, chased by a demon. The gang kills the monster, which decomposes as soon as it dies. The man seems to have fallen victim to a stolen identity scam; he's been approached by a false Angel and is now distrustful of the real thing, so does not want to give up the ancient stone he's found. Angel's worried by the notion of an impersonator, but Cordy's just curious why he didn't impersonate more worthy celebrities.
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This is a recursive method that decomposes a given tree into paths. This stages starts off by finding the longest root-to- leaf path in the tree. It then removes this path by breaking its ties from the tree which will break the remaining of the tree into sub-trees and then it recursively processes each sub-tree. Every time a path is decomposed, an array is created in association with the path that contains the elements on the path from the root to the leaf.
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In fall, the aboveground biomass of N. peltata dies, sinks to the substrate and decomposes, and the plant overwinters as dormant rhizomes. These rhizomes can survive freezing temperatures up to -30°C. During the winter, stolons and stems either on or buried beneath the substrate can remain dormant until spring, and some small submerged leaves measuring 1-2 cm sometimes grow on these stems. After winter, the species requires light and oxygen to produce new growth and floating leaves begin to appear in spring.
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Dioxygen difluoride is a compound of fluorine and oxygen with the molecular formula . It can exist as an orange-colored solid which melts into a red liquid at . It is an extremely strong oxidant and decomposes into oxygen and fluorine even at at a rate of 4% per day: its lifetime at room temperature is thus extremely short. Dioxygen difluoride reacts vigorously with nearly every chemical it encounters – even ordinary ice – leading to its onomatopoeic nickname "FOOF" (a play on its chemical structure and its explosive tendencies).
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Potassium hexachloroplatinate is similarly insoluble, and hexachloroplatinic acid has been used in the determination of potassium ions by gravimetry. When hexachloroplatinic acid is heated, it decomposes through platinum(IV) chloride and platinum(II) chloride to elemental platinum, although the reactions do not occur stepwise: : (H3O)2PtCl6·nH2O PtCl4 \+ 2 HCl + (n + 2) H2O : PtCl4 PtCl2 \+ Cl2 : PtCl2 Pt + Cl2 All three reactions are reversible. Platinum(II) and platinum(IV) bromides are known as well. Platinum hexafluoride is a strong oxidizer capable of oxidizing oxygen.
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One says that a group has the complete reducibility property if every representation decomposes as a direct sum of irreducible representations. But, the non-compactness of the Lorentz group, in combination with lack of simple connectedness, cannot be dealt with in all the aspects as in the simple framework that applies to simply connected, compact groups. Non-compactness implies, for a connected simple Lie group, that no nontrivial finite-dimensional unitary representations exist. Lack of simple connectedness gives rise to spin representations of the group.
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The coherent vortex simulation approach decomposes the turbulent flow field into a coherent part, consisting of organized vortical motion, and the incoherent part, which is the random background flow. This decomposition is done using wavelet filtering. The approach has much in common with LES, since it uses decomposition and resolves only the filtered portion, but different in that it does not use a linear, low-pass filter. Instead, the filtering operation is based on wavelets, and the filter can be adapted as the flow field evolves.
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For instance should one parameter remain constant, and various others fluctuate, the compression decision retains only what is relevant from the constant data, and retains all the fluctuation data. It then decomposes the waveform of the power signal of numerous components, over various periods of the waveform. It concludes the process by compressing the values of at least some of these components over different periods, separately. This real time compression algorithm, performed independent of the sampling, prevents data gaps and has a typical 1000:1 compression ratio.
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Bell Canada cable-repair technicians still use portable acetylene-fuelled torch kits as a soldering tool for sealing lead sleeve splices in manholes and in some aerial locations. Oxyacetylene welding may also be used in areas where electricity is not readily accessible. Oxy- acetylene cutting is used in many metal fabrication shops. For use in welding and cutting, the working pressures must be controlled by a regulator, since above , if subjected to a shockwave (caused, for example, by a flashback), acetylene decomposes explosively into hydrogen and carbon.
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The silicon to silicon bond lengths in the solid vary from 2.3353 and 2.3377 Å, which is shorter than in the substituted cyclopentasilanes or linear silanes. In gas form, those bond lengths, as measured by electron diffraction, increased to 2.342 Å. Cyclopentasilane is sensitive, and starts decomposing when heated over 84°C, when it loses hydrogen and polymerizes. As it is heated more silane is produced, and at 178°C it yields disilane. When heated to over 250°C it decomposes to a silicon hydrogen polymer.
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This property is also of military interest because halogen free smoke is harder to detect. It decomposes into low molecular mass gases so it contributes to higher performance without creating excessive temperatures if used in gun or rocket propellants. The salt is prone to detonation under high temperatures and shock more so than the perchlorate. The EURENCO Bofors company produced LMP-103S as a 1-to-1 substitute for hydrazine by dissolving 65% ammonium dinitramide, NH4N(NO2)2, in 35% water solution of methanol and ammonia.
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Instead of decomposing into a minimal number of cyclic subspaces, the primary form decomposes into a maximal number of cyclic subspaces. It is also defined over F, but has somewhat different properties: finding the form requires factorization of polynomials, and as a consequence the primary rational canonical form may change when the same matrix is considered over an extension field of F. This article mainly deals with the form that does not require factorization, and explicitly mentions "primary" when the form using factorization is meant.
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Brin process is a now-obsolete industrial scale production process for oxygen. In this process barium oxide reacts at 500–600 °C with air to form barium peroxide which decomposes at above 800 °C by releasing oxygen. :2 BaO + O2 ⇌ 2 BaO2 The reaction was discovered by Joseph-Louis Gay-Lussac and Louis-Jacques Thenard in 1811 and Jean-Baptiste Boussingault tried to use this reaction to establish a process to produce oxygen in 1852. The process worked only for a few cycles and then became inefficient.
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In mathematics, specifically in symplectic geometry, the symplectic sum is a geometric modification on symplectic manifolds, which glues two given manifolds into a single new one. It is a symplectic version of connected summation along a submanifold, often called a fiber sum. The symplectic sum is the inverse of the symplectic cut, which decomposes a given manifold into two pieces. Together the symplectic sum and cut may be viewed as a deformation of symplectic manifolds, analogous for example to deformation to the normal cone in algebraic geometry.
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Gold(III) oxide (Au2O3) is the most stable oxide of gold. It is a red-brown, thermally unstable solid that decomposes at 160 °C. The hydrated form is weakly acidic and dissolves in concentrated alkali to form salts that are believed to contain the Au(OH)4− ion. Anhydrous AuO can be prepared by heating amorphous hydrated gold(III) oxide with perchloric acid and an alkali metal perchlorate in a sealed quartz tube at a temperature of around 250 °C and a pressure of around 30 MPa.
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The question of determining this decomposition of the restricted representation of a given irreducible representation of Sn, corresponding to a partition of , is answered as follows. One forms the set of all Young diagrams that can be obtained from the diagram of shape by removing just one box (which must be at the end both of its row and of its column); the restricted representation then decomposes as a direct sum of the irreducible representations of corresponding to those diagrams, each occurring exactly once in the sum.
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Borderline hydrides exhibit bonding characteristics between ionic and covalent bond types. A specific examples of a borderline hydride CuH, copper hydride, that appears as a spongy reddish-brown substance is a moderate reducing agent. It will catalytically oxidize hypophosphorous acid to phosphorous acid at room temperature, and it gives off hydrogen gas when subjected to heat. ZnH2 is also a solid at room temperature that breaks down at 90 °C, but even left alone decomposes over several days to zinc metal and hydrogen gas.
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Rhodizonates tend to have various shades of red, from yellowish to purplish, in transmitted light, with a greenish luster in reflected light. Potassium rhodizonate can be prepared with good yield and purity by oxidizing inositol with nitric acid and reacting the result with potassium acetate in the presence of oxygen. The rhodizonate crystallizes out of the solution due to its relative insolubility in water. Sodium rhodizonate is dark brown and stable when dry, but the aqueous solution decomposes in a few days, even in the refrigerator.
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Chemiluminescence of luminol To exhibit its luminescence, the luminol must be activated with an oxidant. Usually, a solution containing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and hydroxide ions in water is the activator. In the presence of a catalyst such as an iron or periodate compound, the hydrogen peroxide decomposes to form oxygen and water: :2 H2O2 → + 2 H2O :H2O2 \+ KIO4 → KIO3 \+ O2 \+ H2O Laboratory settings often use potassium ferricyanide or potassium periodate for the catalyst. In the forensic detection of blood, the catalyst is the iron present in haemoglobin.
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Most nitrolic acids are laboratory curiosities. One exception is the compound HO2C(CH2)4C(NO2)=NOH, which is produced by the oxidation of cyclohexanone with nitric acid. This species decomposes to adipic acid and nitrous oxide: :HO2C(CH2)4C(NO2)=NOH → HO2C(CH2)4CO2H + N2O This conversion is thought to be the largest anthropogenic route to N2O, which, on a molecule-to- molecule basis, has 298 times the atmospheric heat-trapping ability of carbon dioxide. Adipic acid is a precursor to many nylon polymers.
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The smooth, cold surface created by this paint composes and decomposes itself, creating a split, sections of mysterious mechanical objects.C. Zappia, Romeo Mancini, 1989, Electa Editori Umbri Associati Mancini built new bodies mounted with machine parts that he called Cattedrali (lit. Cathedrals), but these pieces of machinery, these Cattedrali in the end always recalled the shape of the human body, or rather of two opposing human bodies. Cattedrali “in the desert, factories, as places where they concentrate all social value, collectives of positivity and human durationD.
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The production of adducts can proceed via the direct reaction of digallane(6) or more often due to the thermal fragility of digallane(6) (which decomposes to gallium metal and hydrogen above -20 °C) using a tetrahydridogallate salt as a starting point (e.g. LiGaH4) or alternatively via ligand displacement from an existing adduct. Examples are: :Ga2H6 \+ 2 NMe3 → (NMe3)2·GaH3 (-95°C) :LiGaH4 \+ Me3NHCl → LiCl + H2\+ Me3N·GaH3 :Me2NH + Me3N·GaH3 → Me2NH·GaH3 \+ Me3NN.N Greenwood in New Pathways In Inorganic Chemistry, Ed. E.A.V. Ebsworth, A.G. Maddock and A.G. Sharpe.
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Cysteine sulfinic acid is then metabolized further via two divergent pathways: decarboxylated to hypotaurine by sulfinoalanine decarboxylase and oxidized to taurine by hypotaurine dehydrogenase; or transaminated to a putative 3-sulfinylpyruvate intermediate, which decomposes spontaneously into pyruvate and sulfite. Sulfite can then be oxidized to sulfate by sulfite oxidase. Thus CDO is necessary for hypotaurine/taurine and sulfite/sulfate production. The role of CDO may vary between cell types as it can either be used primarily for taurine or sulfate production or for degradation of cysteine.
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Zinc(II) hydride slowly decomposes to metallic zinc and H2 at room temperature, with decomposition becoming rapid if it is heated above 90°C. :ZnH2 → H2 \+ Zn0 It is readily oxidised and is sensitive to both air and moisture; being hydrolysed slowly by water but violently by aqueous acids, which indicates possible passivation via the formation of a surface layer of ZnO. Despite this older samples may be pyrophoric. Zinc hydride can therefore be considered metastable at best, however it is still the most stable of all the binary first row transition metal hydrides (c.f.
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Some materials, notably high-strength steels, aluminium, and titanium alloys, are susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement. If the electrodes used for welding contain traces of moisture, the water decomposes in the heat of the arc and the liberated hydrogen enters the lattice of the material, causing its brittleness. Stick electrodes for such materials, with special low-hydrogen coating, are delivered in sealed moisture-proof packaging. New electrodes can be used straight from the can, but when moisture absorption may be suspected, they have to be dried by baking (usually at ) in a drying oven.
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As this blood decomposes and is resorbed, various pigments are released lending itself to the extreme outward appearance. The appearance (discoloration in purple and blue along with swelling) does not usually indicate a serious injury, and most black eyes resolve within a week. The tissues around the eye are soft and thus bruise easily when compressed against margins of bone which surround and protect the eye socket. The treatment is the same as that for bruises in other parts of the body – cold compresses during the first twenty-four hours.
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Nitrous oxide can also be used to artificially increase the mass of oxygen present in the intake air. This is accomplished by injecting liquid nitrous oxide into the intake, which supplies significantly more oxygen in a given volume than is possible with atmospheric air. Nitrous oxide is 36.3% available oxygen by mass after it decomposes as compared with atmospheric air at 20.95%. Nitrous oxide also boils at at atmospheric pressures and offers significant cooling from the latent heat of vaporization, which also aids in increasing the overall air charge density significantly compared to natural aspiration.
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At the high temperatures and pressures found at depth within the Earth the olivine structure is no longer stable. Below depths of about olivine undergoes an exothermic phase transition to the sorosilicate, wadsleyite and, at about depth, wadsleyite transforms exothermically into ringwoodite, which has the spinel structure. At a depth of about , ringwoodite decomposes into silicate perovskite ((Mg,Fe)SiO3) and ferropericlase ((Mg,Fe)O) in an endothermic reaction. These phase transitions lead to a discontinuous increase in the density of the Earth's mantle that can be observed by seismic methods.
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DMDS is a stable pale yellow liquid which works as an effective product for sulfiding hydroprocessing catalysts because of its high sulfur content and low decomposition temperature. Most refineries utilize DMDS instead of other sulfur spiking agents for catalyst sulfiding because it has more sulfur per pound than dimethyl sulfide (DMS) or di-tertiary-butyl polysulfide (TBPS).Dimethyl Disulfide (DMDS) Once injected to a hydrotreater or hydrocracker, DMDS decomposes to form H2S. The H2S reacts with the metal oxides on the catalyst, converting them to the active metal sulfide form.
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In chemistry, the term chemically inert is used to describe a substance that is not chemically reactive. From a thermodynamic perspective, a substance is inert, or nonlabile, if it is thermodynamically unstable (positive standard Gibbs free energy of formation) yet decomposes at a slow, or negligible rate. Most Group 8 or 18 elements that appear in the last column of the periodic table (Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton, Xenon and Radon) are classified as inert (or unreactive). These elements are stable in their naturally occurring form (gaseous form) and they are called inert gases.
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Liquid water cannot persist on the lunar surface. When exposed to solar radiation, water quickly decomposes through a process known as photodissociation and is lost to space. However, since the 1960s, scientists have hypothesized that water ice may be deposited by impacting comets or possibly produced by the reaction of oxygen-rich lunar rocks, and hydrogen from solar wind, leaving traces of water which could possibly persist in cold, permanently shadowed craters at either pole on the Moon. Computer simulations suggest that up to of the surface may be in permanent shadow.
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Acetoacetic acid may be prepared by the hydrolysis of diketene. Its esters are produced analogously via an reaction between diketene and alcohols, and acetoacetic acid can be prepared by the hydrolysis of these species. In general, acetoacetic acid is generated at 0 °C and used in situ immediately. It decomposes at a moderate rate to acetone and carbon dioxide: :CH3C(O)CH2CO2H → CH3C(O)CH3 \+ CO2 The acid form has a half-life of 140 minutes at 37 °C in water, whereas the basic form (the anion) has a half-life of 130 hours.
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During the fresh stage, maggots fed and multiplied on the corpse. The skin of the upper jaw and mandible stretch into what looks like a smile, and the hair and skin are still securely attached to the skull. After a couple days, the body enters the bloat stage, which is caused by the gases that the bacteria in the intestines give off as they feed on the dead tissues. Next, the body slowly decomposes in the decay stage until it finally reaches the dry stage in which the body has basically become a skeleton.
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Today, the Body Farm covers of land and is surrounded by razor-wire and fences. Instead of just one body, approximately forty bodies are studied at the same time in different scenarios. The information gathered by studying how the body decomposes because of digestive enzymes, bacteria, and insects is most often used to determine the postmortem interval. Knowing the length of time that has passed since death helps a great deal when attempting to reconcile the information gathered at the crime scene with alibis given by possible suspects.
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In other parts of India, the festival of colors is celebrated on the full moon day named Holi, approximately 5 days before. Recently, the media portrayal, especially Bollywood depiction of the festival of colors during Holi festivities has changed the trend as many people in the cities preferring to celebrate Holi rather than Rangapanchami. Rural areas however still celebrate it on the fifth with a gusto. The fire, which shines with its brilliance on Holi, decomposes the raja-tama particles in the atmosphere and this helps activate various Deities in the form of colours.
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This formulation uses the algebra that spacetime generates through the introduction of a distributive, associative (but not commutative) product called the geometric product. Elements and operations of the algebra can generally be associated with geometric meaning. The members of the algebra may be decomposed by grade (as in the formalism of differential forms) and the (geometric) product of a vector with a k-vector decomposes into a -vector and a -vector. The -vector component can be identified with the inner product and the -vector component with the outer product.
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All of the boron-group elements are known to form a trivalent oxide, with two atoms of the element bonded covalently with three atoms of oxygen. These elements show a trend of increasing pH (from acidic to basic). Boron oxide (B2O3) is slightly acidic, aluminium and gallium oxide (Al2O3 and Ga2O3 respectively) are amphoteric, indium(III) oxide (In2O3) is nearly amphoteric, and thallium(III) oxide (Tl2O3) is a Lewis base because it dissolves in acids to form salts. Each of these compounds are stable, but thallium oxide decomposes at temperatures higher than 875 °C.
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Passing gaseous S4N4 over silver metal wool at 250–300 °C at low pressure (1mm Hg) yields cyclic S2N2. The silver reacts with the sulfur produced by the thermal decomposition of the S4N4 to form Ag2S, and the resulting Ag2S catalyzes the conversion of the remaining S4N4 into the four-membered ring S2N2, :S4N4 \+ 8 Ag → 4 Ag2S + 2 N2 :S4N4 → 2S2N2 An alternative uses the less explosive S4N3Cl. S2N2 decomposes explosively above 30°C, and is shock sensitive. It readily sublimes, and is soluble in diethyl ether.
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Meridianiite belongs to the triclinic crystal system, having cell parameters a = 6.7459 Å, b = 6.8173 Å, c = 17.299 Å, a density = 1.512 g/cm3, x-ray diffraction peaks at d-spacings = 5.73, 5.62, 5.41, 4.91, 4.85, 2.988, 2.958 (highest intensity), and 2.940, and is IR active. It produces needle-shaped to broad flat crystals that are clear to colorless-white. Meridianiite decomposes incongruently above 2 °C to produce epsomite (MgSO4·7H2O) and water. Meridaniite and water have an eutectic point at −3.9 °C and 17.3% (mass) of MgSO4.
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If Ω is uncountable, still, it may happen that p(ω) ≠ 0 for some ω; such ω are called atoms. They are an at most countable (maybe empty) set, whose probability is the sum of probabilities of all atoms. If this sum is equal to 1 then all other points can safely be excluded from the sample space, returning us to the discrete case. Otherwise, if the sum of probabilities of all atoms is between 0 and 1, then the probability space decomposes into a discrete (atomic) part (maybe empty) and a non-atomic part.
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In the ungraded situation described above, r0 is irrelevant, but in practice most spectral sequences occur in the category of doubly graded modules over a ring R (or doubly graded sheaves of modules over a sheaf of rings). In this case, each sheet is a doubly graded module, so it decomposes as a direct sum of terms with one term for each possible bidegree. The boundary map is defined as the direct sum of boundary maps on each of the terms of the sheet. Their degree depends on r and is fixed by convention.
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Antimony compounds of the type R5Sb (stiboranes) can be synthesised from trivalent Sb precursors: :Ph3Sb + Cl2 → Ph3SbCl2 :Ph3SbCl2 \+ 2 PhLi → Ph5Sb Asymmetric compounds can also be obtained through the stibonium ion: :R5Sb + X2 → [R4Sb]+[X] :[R4Sb]+[X] + R'MgX → R4R'Sb Just as in the related organobismuth compounds (same group 15), organoantimony(V) compounds form onium compounds and ate complexes. Pentaphenylantimony decomposes at 200 °C to triphenylstibine and biphenyl. It forms a trigonal bipyramidal molecular geometry. In the related Me5Sb all methyl protons are equivalent at -100 °C in proton NMR.
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However, some world networks are too big so they must be simplified before information can be extracted. As a result, an effective way of dealing with this drawback for smaller communities is by using modularity algorithms in order to partition users into even smaller groups. For larger ones, a more efficient algorithm called 'map equation' decomposes a network into modules by optimally compressing a description of information flows on the network. Each community was therefore characterised according to the words they used the most, based on a ranking algorithm.
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In solution, the ferrioxalate complex undergoes photoreduction. In this process, the complex absorbs a photon of light and subsequently decomposes to form and . The iron centre is reduced (gains an electron) from the +3 to the +2 oxidation state, while an oxalate ion is oxidised to carbon dioxide: : 2 []3− \+ hν → 2 []2− \+ 2 + This reaction provides an efficient chemical method for photometry and actinometry, the measurement of light and higher-energy electromagnetic radiation. Potassium ferrioxalate is over 1000 times more sensitive than uranyl oxalate, the compound previously used for these purposes.
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Mn2O7 arises as a dark green oil by the addition of concentrated H2SO4 to KMnO4. The reaction initially produces permanganic acid, HMnO4 (structurally, HOMnO3), which is dehydrated by cold sulfuric acid to form its anhydride, Mn2O7. :2 KMnO4 \+ 2 H2SO4 → Mn2O7 \+ H2O + 2 KHSO4 Mn2O7 can react further with sulfuric acid to give the remarkable manganyl(VII) cation , which is isoelectronic with CrO3 :Mn2O7 \+ 2 H2SO4 → 2 + H2O Mn2O7 decomposes near room temperature, explosively so above 55 °C. The explosion can be initiated by striking the sample or by its exposure to oxidizable organic compounds.
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Oftentimes, scavenger communities differ in consistency due to carcass size and carcass types, as well as by seasonal effects as consequence of differing invertebrate and microbial activity. Competition for carrion results in the inclusion or exclusion of certain scavengers from access to carrion, shaping the scavenger community. When carrion decomposes at a slower rate during cooler seasons, competitions between scavengers decrease, while the number of scavenger species present increases. Alterations in scavenging communities may result in drastic changes to the scavenging community in general, reduce ecosystem services and have detrimental effects on animal and humans.
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Triethylamine is prepared by the alkylation of ammonia with ethanol: :NH3 \+ 3 C2H5OH → N(C2H5)3 \+ 3 H2O The pKa of protonated triethylamine is 10.75,David Evans Research Group and it can be used to prepare buffer solutions at that pH. The hydrochloride salt, triethylamine hydrochloride (triethylammonium chloride), is a colorless, odorless, and hygroscopic powder, which decomposes when heated to 261 °C. Triethylamine is soluble in water to the extent of 112.4 g/L at 20 °C. It is also miscible in common organic solvents, such as acetone, ethanol, and diethyl ether.
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Target costing is an approach to determine a product's life-cycle cost which should be sufficient to develop specified functionality and quality, while ensuring its desired profit. It involves setting a target cost by subtracting a desired profit margin from a competitive market price. A target cost is the maximum amount of cost that can be incurred on a product, however, the firm can still earn the required profit margin from that product at a particular selling price. Target costing decomposes the target cost from product level to component level.
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Phosphorus trioxide reacts with water to form phosphorous acid, reflecting the fact that it is the anhydride of that acid. : P4O6 \+ 6 H2O → 4 H3PO3 It reacts with hydrogen chloride to form H3PO3 and phosphorus trichloride. : P4O6 \+ 6 HCl → 2 H3PO3 \+ 2 PCl3 With chlorine or bromine it forms the corresponding phosphoryl halide, and it reacts with iodine in a sealed tube to form diphosphorus tetraiodide. P4O6 reacts with ozone at 195 K to give the unstable compound P4O18.. 380px P4O18 decomposes above 238 K in solution with the release of O2 gas.
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The electrochemical reduction of chlorinated chemicals such as chlorinated hydrocarbons and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) can be carried out by electrolysis in appropriate solvents, such as mixtures of water and alcohol. Some of the key components of an electrolytic cell are types of electrodes, electrolyte mediums, and use of mediators. The cathode transfers electrons to the molecule, which decomposes to produce the corresponding hydrocarbon (hydrogen atoms substitute the original chlorine atoms) and free chloride ions. For instance, the reductive dechlorination of CFCs is complete and produces several HFCs plus chloride.
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Small band gap fullerenes are highly reactive and bind to other fullerenes or to soot particles. Solubility of in some solvents shows unusual behaviour due to existence of solvate phases (analogues of crystallohydrates). For example, solubility of in benzene solution shows maximum at about 313 K. Crystallization from benzene solution at temperatures below maximum results in formation of triclinic solid solvate with four benzene molecules ·4H6 which is rather unstable in air. Out of solution, this structure decomposes into usual face-centered cubic (fcc) in few minutes' time.
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As it slowly decomposes, it supplies nutrients, particularly potassium, phosphorus, and nitrogen, that are necessary for the production of cellular components such as carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and proteins; these nutrients are often a limiting factor in growth and maturation. This provides for the growth of the trees, ferns, and smaller ground plants. When earthworms are introduced into areas where they previously did not reside, the earthworms break up the organic layer. They often mix the nutrients into the soil, out of the reach of all but the deeper tree roots.
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Copper does not react with hydrogen even on heating, thus copper hydrides are made indirectly from copper(I) and copper(II) precursors. Examples include the reduction of copper(II) sulfate with sodium hypophosphite in the presence of sulfuric acid, or more simply with just hypophosphorous acid. Other reducing agents, including classical aluminium hydrides can be used. :4 Cu2+ \+ 6 H3PO2 \+ 6 H2O → 4 CuH + 6 H3PO3 \+ 8 H+ The reactions produce a red-colored precipitate of CuH, which is generally impure and slowly decomposes to liberate hydrogen, even at 0 °C.
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Vitis vulpina has a relatively long lifespan with a moderate growth rate. Typically the vine will reach a maximum height of about 83 feet. Contrary to the name "Frost Grape," the plant does not do well in cold temperatures below -23 degrees F. The only benefit of the frost on the grape is further ripening of these grapes between the months of September and October. The berry (grape) is round and very tart/acidic, becoming sweet after a frost due to a drop in acid levels as the grape decomposes.
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Alternatively, the original West/Denk NHSi [tBuN-CH=CH-tBuN]Si is exceptionally stable even after heating for 4 months at 150 °C dissolved in toluene in a sealed NMR tube. It is also unreactive with Lewis bases and triethylsilane a silylene scavengers, but it does react with air and water (see below) and decomposes at its melting point 220 °C. On the other hand, the saturated NHSi with no backbone substitutions, [tBuN-CH2CH2-tBuN]Si:, is far more reactive as a Lewis acid and far less stable, decomposing at 25 °C.
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Colloidal solutions of technetium(IV) chloride are oxidized to form Tc(VII) ions when exposed to gamma rays. Technetium tetrachloride can be synthesized from the reaction of Cl2(g) with technetium metal at elevated temperatures between 300-500 °C: :Tc + 2 Cl2 → TcCl4 Technetium tetrachloride has also been prepared from the reaction of technetium(VII) oxide with carbon tetrachloride in a bomb reaction vessel at elevated temperature and pressure: :Tc2O7 \+ 7 CCl4 → 2 TcCl4 \+ 7 COCl2 \+ 3 Cl2 At 450 °C under vacuum, TcCl4 decomposes to TcCl3 and TcCl2.
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Like the other oxygen fluorides, O3F2 is endothermic and decomposes at about 115 K with the evolution of heat, which is given by the following reaction: :2 O3F2 -> O2 + 2O2F2 O3F2 is safer to work with than ozone, and can be evaporated, or thermally decomposed, or exposed to electric sparks, without any explosions. But on contact with organic matter or oxidizable compounds, it can detonate or explode. Thus, the addition of even one drop of ozone difluoride to solid anhydrous ammonia will result in a mild explosion, when they are both at 90 K each.
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Ratovantany, also known as Andriantompo, is a self-creating Malagasy deity associated with the earth. He is most prominently featured in the Malagasy creation myths, where he makes a deal with the sky god Zanahary to create humanity; having crafted human beings from soil, Ratovantany reclaims the corpse upon death and decomposes it, while the soul belongs to Zanahary and thus the sky or the sun. Unlike Zanahary, Ratovantany appears to not have been a prominent deity to any Malagasy peoples, though this creation myth is ubiquitous in Malagasy cultures.
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The chemical compound 1,2-dioxetanedione, or 1,2-dioxacyclobutane-3,4-dione, often called peroxyacid ester, is an unstable oxide of carbon (an oxocarbon) with formula CO. It can be viewed as a double ketone of 1,2-dioxetane (1,2-dioxacyclobutane), or a cyclic dimer of carbon dioxide.Alfred Hassner (1985): Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds: Small Ring Heterocycles, Part 3: Oxiranes, Arene Oxides, Oxaziridines, Dioxetanes, Thietanes, Thietes, Thiazetes, and Others, Volume 42. John Wiley & Sons. In ordinary conditions, it quickly decomposes to carbon dioxide (CO) even at , but can be detected by mass spectrometry and other techniques.
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The original synthesis used a cyclopentadienyl anion and tris(acetylacetonato)rhodium(III); numerous other approaches have since been reported, including gas-phase redox transmetalation and using half-sandwich precursors. Octaphenylrhodocene (a derivative with eight phenyl groups attached) was the first substituted rhodocene to be isolated at room temperature, though it decomposes rapidly in air. X-ray crystallography confirmed that octaphenylrhodocene has a sandwich structure with a staggered conformation. Unlike cobaltocene, which has become a useful one-electron reducing agent in research, no rhodocene derivative yet discovered is stable enough for such applications.
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When khat leaves dry, the more potent chemical, cathinone, decomposes within 48 hours, leaving behind the milder chemical, cathine. Thus, harvesters transport khat by packaging the fresh leaves and stems in plastic bags or wrapping them in banana leaves to preserve their moisture and keep the cathinone potent. It is also common for them to sprinkle the plant with water frequently or use refrigeration during transportation. When the khat leaves are chewed, cathine and cathinone are released and absorbed through the mucous membranes of the mouth as well as the lining of the stomach.
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The reagent competes with the carbonyl for the reactive intermediate, rapidly sequestering [CF3]− in a reversibly-generated -ate complex [(CF3)2Si(CH3)3]−. This -ate complex is unable to react directly with the carbonyl, resulting in powerful inhibition of the chain reaction by the reagent. This inhibitory process is common to all anion-initiated reactions of the reagent, with the identity of the counter- cation (M+) playing a major role in controlling the overall rate. The reagent has largely supplanted trifluoromethyllithium, which is not isolable and rapidly decomposes to yield lithium fluoride and difluorocarbene.
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Pocket gophers form above-ground mounds, which moves soil from the lower soil horizons to the surface, exposing minimally weathered rock to surface erosion processes, speeding soil formation. Pocket gophers are thought to play an important role in the downslope transport of soil, as the soil that forms their mounds is more susceptible to erosion and subsequent transport. Similar to tree root effects, the construction of burrows-even when backfilled- decreases soil density. The formation of surface mounds also buries surface vegetation, creating nutrient hotspots when the vegetation decomposes, increasing soil organic matter.
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A Hong Kong boxer gets himself involved in Buddhism and black magic while in Thailand to avenge his brother, crippled by a Thai boxer fighting dirty. He sees apparitions of a Buddhist monk, who eventually reveals himself as his twin brother in a past life, but is now trapped in a state between life and death by the dark magic of a wizard. When his physical body decomposes, the boxer will die too. With no other choice, he is forced to become a monk and defeat the black magician to break the spell.
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Low CEC is a major concern when an athletic field is constructed with 100% sand because substantial amounts of nutrients will be unavailable to the turf. The pure sand base will not hold on to nutrients until there is substantial organic matter incorporated into the soil to keep nutrients from leaching. Eventually, organic matter levels will rise as the plants begin to mature and dead vegetative matter decomposes. The best way to avoid this problem is to incorporate some type of organic matter into the root zone mix during construction.
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1,2-Dichloroethane, ClCH2CH2Cl (also known as ethylene dichloride, EDC), can be prepared by halogenation of ethane or ethylene, inexpensive starting materials. When EDC in gas phase is heated to 500 °C at 15–30 atm (1.5 to 3 MPa) pressure, it decomposes to produce vinyl chloride and anhydrous HCl. This production method is cheaper than preparing EDC from acetylene, which is why it has become the major route to vinyl chloride since the late 1950s. :ClCH2CH2Cl → CH2=CHCl + HCl The thermal cracking reaction is highly endothermic, and is generally carried out in a fired heater.
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Heating solutions of ammonium molybdate gives ADM. Upon heating, solid ammonium dimolybdate decomposes to molybdenum trioxide: : (NH4)2Mo2O7 → 2 MoO3 \+ 2 NH3 \+ H2O In terms of its chemical structure, the anion is a polymeric consisting of distorted octahedral Mo centers liked by tetrahedral molybdate centers.Armour, A. W.; Drew, M. G. B.; Mitchell, P. C. H. "Crystal and molecular structure and properties of ammonium dimolybdate" Journal of the Chemical Society, Dalton Transactions,1975, p1493-p1496. When prepared in the absence of water as its tetrabutylammonium salt, dimolybdate adopts the centrosymmetric structure observed for dichromate.
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Orthocarbonic acid is highly unstable. Calculations show that it decomposes spontaneously into carbonic acid and H2O:Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives IUPAC Recommendations on Organic & Biochemical Nomenclature : H4CO4 → H2CO3 \+ H2O Orthocarbonic acid is one of the group of carboxylic ortho acids that have the general structure of RC(OH)3.The term ortho acid is also used to refer to the most hydroxylated acid in a set of oxoacids. Researchers at the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology predict that orthocarbonic acid is stable at high pressure; hence it may form in the interior of planets.
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Sanderling (Calidris alba) feeding in the wrack zone Role in coastal food webs Organic debris that accumulates in the wrack zone is considered a cross-boundary subsidy, linking the marine system to the terrestrial system by providing resources that form the base of coastal food webs. Terrestrial invertebrates such as isopods, amphipods, polychaetes, and shore flies feed on seaweed and other dead material. These invertebrates provide food for shore birds and other predators on the beach. In addition, when organic debris decomposes, it delivers nutrients to the soil, promoting the growth of coastal vegetation.
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In Southeast Asia, peatswamp forests and soils are being drained, burnt, mined, and overgrazed, contributing severely to climate change. As a result of peat drainage, the organic carbon that was built up over thousands of years and is normally under water is suddenly exposed to the air. It decomposes and turns into carbon dioxide (CO2), which is released into the atmosphere. Peat fires cause the same process to occur and in addition create enormous clouds of smoke that cross international borders, such as happens every year in Southeast Asia.
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This can happen under higher pressure or temperature, which usually occurs when ignited in a confined space. A low explosive is usually a mixture of a combustible substance and an oxidant that decomposes rapidly (deflagration); however, they burn more slowly than a high explosive, which has an extremely fast burn rate. Low explosives are normally employed as propellants. Included in this group are petroleum products such as propane and gasoline, gunpowder (including smokeless powder), and light pyrotechnics, such as flares and fireworks, but can replace high explosives in certain applications, see gas pressure blasting.
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The representation theory of the cyclic group is a critical base case for the representation theory of more general finite groups. In the complex case, a representation of a cyclic group decomposes into a direct sum of linear characters, making the connection between character theory and representation theory transparent. In the positive characteristic case, the indecomposable representations of the cyclic group form a model and inductive basis for the representation theory of groups with cyclic Sylow subgroups and more generally the representation theory of blocks of cyclic defect.
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In mathematics, two positive (or signed or complex) measures μ and ν defined on a measurable space (Ω, Σ) are called singular if there exist two disjoint sets A and B in Σ whose union is Ω such that μ is zero on all measurable subsets of B while ν is zero on all measurable subsets of A. This is denoted by \mu \perp u. A refined form of Lebesgue's decomposition theorem decomposes a singular measure into a singular continuous measure and a discrete measure. See below for examples.
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The representation on bispinors will induce a representation of on , the set of linear operators on U. This space corresponds to the Clifford algebra itself so that all linear operators on U are elements of the latter. This representation, and how it decomposes as a direct sum of irreducible representations, is described in the article on Dirac algebra. One of the consequences is the decomposition of the bilinear forms on . This decomposition hints how to couple any bispinor field with other fields in a Lagrangian to yield Lorentz scalars.
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US practice is to fit both at the regulator. The flashback arrestor prevents shock waves from downstream coming back up the hoses and entering the cylinder, possibly rupturing it, as there are quantities of fuel/oxygen mixtures inside parts of the equipment (specifically within the mixer and blowpipe/nozzle) that may explode if the equipment is incorrectly shut down, and acetylene decomposes at excessive pressures or temperatures. In case the pressure wave has created a leak downstream of the flashback arrestor, it will remain switched off until someone resets it.
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A Go endgame begins when the board is divided into areas that are isolated from all other local areas by living stones, such that each local area has a polynomial size canonical game tree. In the language of combinatorial game theory, it happens when a Go game decomposes into a sum of subgames with polynomial size canonical game trees. With that definition, Go endgames are PSPACE-hard. This is proven by converting the Quantified Boolean Formula problem, which is PSPACE-complete, into a sum of small (with polynomial size canonical game trees) Go subgames.
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HgF4 is produced by the reaction of elemental mercury with fluorine: :Hg + 2 F2 → HgF4 HgF4 is only stable in matrix isolation at ; upon heating, or if the HgF4 molecules touch each other, it decomposes to mercury(II) fluoride and fluorine: :HgF4 → HgF2 \+ F2 HgF4 is a diamagnetic, square planar molecule. The mercury atom has a formal 6s25d86p6 electron configuration, and as such obeys the octet rule but not the 18-electron rule. HgF4 is isoelectronic with the tetrafluoroaurate anion, , and is valence isoelectronic with the tetrachloroaurate (), tetrabromoaurate (), and tetrachloroplatinate () anions.
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They are released into the environment when the fish decomposes or is eaten. Some recent research indicates some fish may expel viable myxospores while still alive. Myxospores are extremely tough: "it was shown that Myxobolus cerebralis spores can tolerate freezing at −20°C for at least 3 months, aging in mud at 13°C for at least 5 months, and passage through the guts of northern pike Esox lucius or mallards Anas platyrhynchos without loss of infectivity" to worms. Triactinomyxons are much shorter-lived, surviving 34 days or less, depending on temperature.
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Trioxidane (also systematically named μ-trioxidanediidodihydrogen), also called hydrogen trioxide or dihydrogen trioxide, is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula (also written as or ). It is one of the unstable hydrogen polyoxides. In aqueous solutions, trioxidane decomposes to form water and singlet oxygen: :400px The reverse reaction, the addition of singlet oxygen to water, typically does not occur in part due to the scarcity of singlet oxygen. In biological systems, however, ozone is known to be generated from singlet oxygen, and the presumed mechanism is an antibody-catalyzed production of trioxidane from singlet oxygen.
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As a Lewis base it can lose a fluoride ion to Lewis acids, yielding the difluorooxychloronium(V) cation (ClOF2+). Compounds with this include: ClOF2BF4, ClOF2PF6, ClOF2AsF6, ClOF2SbF6, ClOF2BiF6, ClOF2VF6, ClOF2NbF6, ClOF2TaF6, ClOF2UF6, ClOF2, (ClOF2)2SiF6, ClOF2MoOF5, ClOF2Mo2O4F9, ClOF2PtF6. Functioning as a Lewis acid, it can gain a fluoride ion from a strong base to yield a tetrafluorooxychlorate(V) anion: ClOF4− ion. These include KClOF4, RbClOF4, and CsClOF4. This allows purification of ClOF3, as at room temperature a solid complex is formed, but this decomposes between 50 and 70 °C.
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Because of its cost and radioactivity, experimental chemical research is seldom performed with radon, and as a result there are very few reported compounds of radon, all either fluorides or oxides. Radon can be oxidized by powerful oxidizing agents such as fluorine, thus forming radon difluoride (). It decomposes back to its elements at a temperature of above , and is reduced by water to radon gas and hydrogen fluoride: it may also be reduced back to its elements by hydrogen gas. It has a low volatility and was thought to be .
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It is stable up to 13 K [N]/[Ne]/[He] Formed from a gas beam generated from a radio-frequency electric discharge in mixtures of neon, nitrogen and helium blown into superfluid He. Additional inert gas stabilises more nitrogen atoms. It decomposes around 7 K with a blue green light flash. Excited nitrogen atoms in the N(2D) state can be relative long lasting, up to hours, and give off a green luminescence. [H2]/[He], or [D2]/[He] when dihydrogen or dideuterium is absorbed into superfluid helium, filaments are formed.
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As the grass grows it accumulates silica, making it unpalatable to livestock except for early in its life cycle. It creates a dense layer of litter, and because of the silica content, the litter decomposes more slowly than that of other plants. This litter suppresses native plant growth while encouraging the germination of its own seed, and after a few years it creates an enormous load of dry fuel that can lead to wildfires. Stands of medusahead vary in density from several hundred to 2,000 plants per square foot.
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More recently, there are efforts to incorporate preference information into the solution process of EMO algorithms (see Deb and Köksalan, 2010). Grey system theory based methods In the 1980s, Deng Julong proposed Grey System Theory (GST) and its first multiple-attribute decision-making model, called Deng's Grey relational analysis (GRA) model. Later, the grey systems scholars proposed many GST based methods like Liu Sifeng's Absolute GRA model, Grey Target Decision Making (GTDM) and Grey Absolute Decision Analysis (GADA). Analytic hierarchy process (AHP) The AHP first decomposes the decision problem into a hierarchy of subproblems.
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Aspirin decomposes rapidly in solutions of ammonium acetate or the acetates, carbonates, citrates, or hydroxides of the alkali metals. It is stable in dry air, but gradually hydrolyses in contact with moisture to acetic and salicylic acids. In solution with alkalis, the hydrolysis proceeds rapidly and the clear solutions formed may consist entirely of acetate and salicylate. Like flour mills, factories that make aspirin tablets must pay attention to how much of the powder gets into the air inside the building, because the powder-air mixture can be explosive.
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Much of the mantle consists of olivine and its high-pressure polymorphs. At the top of the transition zone, it undergoes a phase transition to wadsleyite, and at about 520 km depth, wadsleyite transforms into ringwoodite, which has the spinel structure. At the top of the lower mantle, ringwoodite decomposes into bridgmanite and ferropericlase. The most common mineral in the upper mantle is olivine. For a depth of 410 km, an early estimate of 0.13 percentage of water by weight (wt%) was revised upwards to 0.4 wt% and then to 1 wt%.
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Resident spores in the soil are swallowed by grubs during their normal pattern of feeding on roots. This ingestion of the spore by the host activates reproduction of the bacteria inside the grub. Within 7–21 days the grub will eventually die and as the grub decomposes, billions of new spores are released into the soil. Milky spore in the soil is not harmful to beneficial insects, birds, bees, pets, or people; and milky spore, like other bacteria, is highly survivable in drought conditions but suffers in temperatures of Zone 5 and colder.
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Geosmin is produced by various blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) and filamentous bacteria in the class Actinomyces, and also some other prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The main genera in the cyanobacteria that have been shown to produce geosmin include Anabaena, Phormidium, and Planktothrix, while the main genus in the Actinomyces that produces geosmin is Streptomyces. Communities whose water supplies depend on surface water can periodically experience episodes of unpleasant-tasting water when a sharp drop in the population of these bacteria releases geosmin into the local water supply. Under acidic conditions, geosmin decomposes into odorless substances.
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More than 30 such complexes have been synthesized and characterized. Whereas the xenon fluorides are well characterized, with the exception of dichloride XeCl2 and XeCl4, the other halides are not known. Xenon dichloride, formed by the high-frequency irradiation of a mixture of xenon, fluorine, and silicon or carbon tetrachloride, is reported to be an endothermic, colorless, crystalline compound that decomposes into the elements at 80 °C. However, may be merely a van der Waals molecule of weakly bound Xe atoms and molecules and not a real compound.
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Metam sodium is an organosulfur compound (formally a dithiocarbamate), which is used as a soil fumigant, pesticide, herbicide, and fungicide. It is one of the most widely used pesticides in the United States, with approximately 60 million pounds used in 2001.2000-2001 Pesticide Market Estimates , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Metam sodium is the sodium salt of methyl dithiocarbamate. Metam sodium can be prepared from methylamine, carbon disulfide, and sodium hydroxide; or from methyl isothiocyanate and sodium thiolate. Upon exposure to the environment, metam sodium decomposes to form methyl isothiocyanate.
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Since the Virasoro algebra comprises the generators of the conformal group of the worldsheet, the stress tensor in string theory obeys the commutation relations of (two copies of) the Virasoro algebra. This is because the conformal group decomposes into separate diffeomorphisms of the forward and back lightcones. Diffeomorphism invariance of the worldsheet implies additionally that the stress tensor vanishes. This is known as the Virasoro constraint, and in the quantum theory, cannot be applied to all the states in the theory, but rather only on the physical states (compare Gupta–Bleuler formalism).
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Pyrolysis of PTFE is detectable at , and it evolves several fluorocarbon gases and a sublimate. An animal study conducted in 1955 concluded that it is unlikely that these products would be generated in amounts significant to health at temperatures below . Products like non-stick coated cookware have had their PFOA removed since 2013 and prior to this products containing PFOA weren't found to be major sources of exposure. While PTFE is stable and nontoxic at lower temperatures, it begins to deteriorate after the temperature of cookware reaches about , and decomposes above .
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In representation theory, the category of representations of some algebraic structure has the representations of as objects and equivariant maps as morphisms between them. One of the basic thrusts of representation theory is to understand the conditions under which this category is semisimple; i.e., whether an object decomposes into simple objects (see Maschke's theorem for the case of finite groups). The Tannakian formalism gives conditions under which a group G may be recovered from the category of representations of it together with the forgetful functor to the category of vector spaces.
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Dimethylcarbamoyl chloride is a clear, colorless, corrosive and flammable liquid with a pungent odor and a tear-penetrating effect, which decomposes rapidly in water. Because of its unpleasant, toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic properties, it has to be used under extreme precautions. DMCC behaves like an acyl chloride whose chlorine atom can be exchanged for other nucleophiles. Therefore, it reacts with alcohols, phenols and oximes to the corresponding N,N-dimethylcarbamates, with thiols to thiolourethanes, with amines and hydroxylamines to substituted ureas, and with imidazoles and triazoles to carbamoylazoles.
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300x300px Due to the facile elimination of N2, most isodiazenes can only be isolated in a matrix at cryogenic temperatures. A small number of highly hindered derivatives with tertiary R groups (e.g., R1= R2 = t-Bu, stable at –127 °C, decomposes at –90 °C; R1—R2 = C(CH3)2CH2CH2CH2(CH3)2C, stable up to –78 °C) are isolable by preparation and chromatography or filtration at low temperature as red solutions. Isodiazenes have been observed to serve as ligands in transition metals complexes, including those of molybdenum and vanadium.
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Decomposition may separate the foot from the body because the ankle is relatively weak, and the buoyancy caused by air either inside or trapped within a shoe would allow it to float away. According to Simon Fraser University entomologist Gail Anderson, extremities such as the hands, feet, and head often detach as a body decomposes in the water, although they rarely float. However, finding feet and not the rest of the bodies has been deemed unusual. Finding two feet has been given a "million to one odds" and has thus been described as "an anomaly".
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Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is well suited for this purpose. In the presence of a fiber preform, CVD takes place in between the fibers and their individual filaments and therefore is called chemical vapor infiltration (CVI). One example is the manufacture of C/C composites: a C-fiber preform is exposed to a mixture of argon and a hydrocarbon gas (methane, propane, etc.) at a pressure of around or below 100 kPa and a temperature above 1000 °C. The gas decomposes depositing carbon on and between the fibers.
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Cocaine hydrochloride ("powder cocaine"), for example, cannot be smoked, as it decomposes at the high temperatures produced by smoking. Free base cocaine, on the other hand, in which the cocaine alkaloid, which contains a nitrogen (which acts as a Lewis base) is "freed" from the hydrochloride salt, has a melting point of 98°C and is volatile (i.e. tends to vaporize) at temperatures above 90°C, and is therefore, unlike the hydrochloride salt, actively smokable. After inhalation the alkaloid is absorbed into the blood stream and rapidly transported throughout the body.
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Aluminium triacetate, formally named aluminium acetate, is a chemical compound with composition . Under standard conditions it appears as a white, water- soluble solid that decomposes on heating at around 200 °C. The triacetate hydrolyses to a mixture of basic hydroxide / acetate salts, and multiple species co-exist in chemical equilibrium, particularly in aqueous solutions of the acetate ion; the name aluminium acetate is commonly used for this mixed system. It has therapeutic applications for its anti-itching, astringent, and antiseptic properties, and, as an over-the-counter preparation like Burow's solution, it is used to treat ear infections.
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One quality this explosive has, that PETN does not, is a positive oxygen balance, which means that ETN possesses more than enough oxygen in its structure to fully oxidize all of its carbon and hydrogen upon detonation. This can be seen in the schematic chemical equation below. :2 C4H6N4O12 -> 8 CO2 \+ 6 H2O + 4 N2 \+ 1 O2 Whereas PETN decomposes to: :2 C5H8N4O12 -> 6 CO2 \+ 8 H2O + 4 N2 \+ 4 CO The carbon monoxide (CO) still requires oxygen to complete oxidation to carbon dioxide (CO2). A detailed study of the decomposition chemistry of ETN has been recently elucidated.
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If in addition there is a Virasoro element ω in the even part of V2, and the usual grading restrictions are satisfied, then V is called a vertex operator superalgebra. One of the simplest examples is the vertex operator superalgebra generated by a single free fermion ψ. As a Virasoro representation, it has central charge 1/2, and decomposes as a direct sum of Ising modules of lowest weight 0 and 1/2. One may also describe it as a spin representation of the Clifford algebra on the quadratic space t1/2C[t,t−1](dt)1/2 with residue pairing.
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Rabbit used to check for leaks at former sarin production plant (Rocky Mountain Arsenal), 1970 The most important chemical reactions of phosphoryl halides is the hydrolysis of the bond between phosphorus and the fluoride. This P-F bond is easily broken by nucleophilic agents, such as water and hydroxide. At high pH, sarin decomposes rapidly to nontoxic phosphonic acid derivatives. The initial breakdown of sarin is into isopropyl methylphosphonic acid (IMPA), a chemical that is not commonly found in nature except as a breakdown product of sarin (this is useful for detecting the recent deployment of sarin as a weapon).
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In practical use, such conditions are impossible to attain, and blasts produce moderate amounts of toxic gases such as carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides (NOx). The fuel component of ANFO is typically diesel, but kerosene, coal dust, racing fuel, or even molasses have been used instead. Finely powdered aluminium in the mixture will sensitise it to detonate more readily. ANFO is classified as a blasting agent, meaning that it decomposes through detonation rather than deflagration at a velocity higher than the speed of sound in the material but cannot be detonated with a No. 8 blasting cap without a sensitizer.
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Greenwood and Earnshaw, pp. 1108–9 Lanthanum oxalate does not dissolve very much in alkali-metal oxalate solutions, and [La(acac)3(H2O)2] decomposes around 500 °C. Oxygen is the most common donor atom in lanthanum complexes, which are mostly ionic and often have high coordination numbers over 6: 8 is the most characteristic, forming square antiprismatic and dodecadeltahedral structures. These high-coordinate species, reaching up to coordination number 12 with the use of chelating ligands such as in La2(SO4)3·9H2O, often have a low degree of symmetry because of stereo-chemical factors.
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Monoammonium phosphate is soluble in water and crystallizes from it as the anhydrous salt in the tetragonal system, as elongated prisms or needles. It is practically insoluble in ethanol.Dejun Xu, Xing Xiong, Lin Yang, Zhiye Zhang, and Xinlong Wang (2016): "Determination of the Solubility of Ammonium Dihydrogen Phosphate in Water-Ethanol System at Different Temperatures from 283.2 to 343.2 K". Journal of Chemincal Engineering Data, volume 61, issue 1, pages 78–82. Solid monoammonium phosphate can be considered stable in practice for temperatures up to 200 °C, when it decomposes into gaseous ammonia and molten phosphoric acid .
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After the configuration decomposes into particles, the scaffolding intercepts those particles, and uses them as the input to a system of Boolean circuits constructed within the scaffolding. These circuits can be used to compute arbitrary functions of the initial configuration. The scaffolding then translates the output of the circuits back into a system of moving particles, which converge on the initial region and collide with each other to build a copy of the transformed state. In this way, Schaeffer's system can be used to apply any function to any bounded region of the state space, showing that this automaton rule is physically universal.
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Dumping food waste in a landfill causes odour as it decomposes, attracts flies and vermin, and has the potential to add biological oxygen demand (BOD) to the leachate. The European Union Landfill Directive and Waste Regulations, like regulations in other countries, enjoin diverting organic wastes away from landfill disposal for these reasons. Starting in 2015, organic waste from New York City restaurants will be banned from landfills. In countries such as the United States and the United Kingdom, food scraps constitute around 19% of the waste buried in landfills, where it biodegrades very easily and produces methane, a powerful greenhouse gas.
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This gives Scar the ability to use alchemy despite being a taboo for his people's religion, as Ishbalans believe that only God has the right to create. However, instead of fully transmuting what he comes in contact with, he simply decomposes it into individual elements, completely obliterating the object. When Scar awakens after the incident and discovers his brother's arm attached to his own, he kills the doctors treating him, Winry Rockbell's parents, in a blind rage. Using his new ability, Scar tries to kill the state alchemist Edward Elric in Eastern Headquarters, but escapes upon being ambushed by the military.
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The bitterness of beer is measured according to the International Bitterness Units scale, with one IBU corresponding to one part- per-million of isohumulone. When beer is exposed to light, these compounds can decompose in a reaction catalyzed by riboflavin to generate free-radical species by the homolytic cleavage of the exocyclic carbon-carbon bond. The cleaved acyl side-chain radical then decomposes further, expelling carbon monoxide and generating 1,1-dimethylallyl radical. This radical can finally react with sulfur-containing amino acids, such as cysteine, to create 3-methylbut-2-ene-1-thiol, a thiol which causes beer to develop a "skunky" flavor.
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Seeds that lack an aril appear to be dispersed by the wind (anemochory) for capsules that open, in the other cases they are freed when the fruit decomposes. Many Fumarioideae species have explosive fruits (ballistic), while Rupicapnos and Sarcocapnos species are chasmophytes, growing on rocks, and their fruit's peduncles and pedicels are geotropic and they lengthen so that the seeds bury into the base of the plant. The Papaveroideae typically grow in cooler and wooded areas, forming part of the undergrowth. They have adapted to arctic and alpine habitats and to arid, Mediterranean areas, many species are ruderal and segetal (growing in cornfields).
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Treating Eu2O3 with aqueous HCl produces hydrated europium chloride (EuCl3·6H2O). This salt cannot be rendered anhydrous by heating. Instead one obtains an oxychloride. Anhydrous EuCl3 is often prepared by the "ammonium chloride route," starting from either Eu2O3 or hydrated europium chloride (EuCl3·6H2O) by heating carefully to 230 °C. These methods produce (NH4)2[EuCl5]: ::10 NH4Cl + Eu2O3 → 2 (NH4)2[EuCl5] + 6 NH3 \+ 3 H2O ::EuCl3·6H2O + 2 NH4Cl → (NH4)2[EuCl5] + 6 H2O The pentachloride decomposes thermally according to the following equation: :: (NH4)2[EuCl5] → 2 NH4Cl + EuCl3 The thermolysis reaction proceeds via the intermediary of (NH4)[Eu2Cl7].
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Harary proved that a balanced graph is polarized, that is, it decomposes into two positive subgraphs that are joined by negative edges.Frank Harary (1953) On the Notion of Balance of a Signed Graph, Michigan Mathematical Journal 2(2): 153–6 via Project Euclid In the interest of realism, a weaker property was suggested by Davis:James A. Davis (May 1967) "Clustering and structural balance in graphs", Human Relations 20:181–7 :No cycle has exactly one negative edge. Graphs with this property may decompose into more than two positive subgraphs called clusters. The property has been called the clusterability axiom.
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M23 is the point stabilizer of the action of the Mathieu group M24 on 24 points, giving it a 4-transitive permutation representation on 23 points with point stabilizer the Mathieu group M22. M23 has 2 different rank 3 actions on 253 points. One is the action on unordered pairs with orbit sizes 1+42+210 and point stabilizer M21.2, and the other is the action on heptads with orbit sizes 1+112+140 and point stabilizer 24.A7. The integral representation corresponding to the permutation action on 23 points decomposes into the trivial representation and a 22-dimensional representation.
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Flesh Doll The media image of beauty has left many men and women broken. Some become anorexic or bulimic, while others go under the knife in search of the perfect look. Flesh Dolls are the incarnation of those who suffer from cosmetic surgery addiction and have died as a result of it. As one of the many Noctum universe creatures the Flesh Dolls stalk our world with a twisted sense of vengeance and a depraved need. Their flesh constantly decomposes and falls off, and in order to keep themselves “beautiful” they hunt and kill young women/men, whom they flay.
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By adding compounds that normally fluoresce in UV light the colour of the emitted light could be altered.Preparation and Thermolysis of Some 1,2-Dioxetanes, Canadian Journal of Chemistry, 1975, 53(8): 1103-1122, Karl R. Kopecky, John E. Filby, Cedric Mumford, Peter A. Lockwood, and Jan-Yih Ding. The luminescence of glowsticks and luminescent bangles and necklaces involves 1,2-dioxetanedione (CO), another dioxetane derivative that decomposes to carbon dioxide. Other dioxetane derivatives are used in clinical analysis, where their light emission (which can be measured even at very low levels) allows chemists to detect very low concentrations of body fluid constituents.
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Mercurous chloride decomposes into mercury(II) chloride and elemental mercury upon exposure to UV light. :Hg2Cl2 → HgCl2 \+ Hg The formation of Hg can be used to calculate the number of photons in the light beam, by the technique of actinometry. By utilizing a light reaction in the presence of mercury(II) chloride and ammonium oxalate, mercury(I) chloride, ammonium chloride and carbon dioxide are produced. :2 HgCl2 \+ (NH4)2C2O4 Hg2Cl2(s) \+ 2 [][Cl−] + 2 CO2 This particular reaction was discovered by J. M. Eder (hence the name Eder reaction) in 1880 and reinvestigated by W. E. Rosevaere in 1929.
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Fluoride catalyzes the formation of the perfluorinated polyethers such as Krytox. The initial step entails nucleophilic attack at the middle carbon to give the perfluoropropoxide anion, which in turn attacks another monomer. This process generates a polymer terminated by an acyl fluoride, which is hydrolyzed to the carboxylic acid which is decarboxylated with fluorine. The net polymerization reaction can be represented as: :n+2 CF3CFCF2O → CF3CF2CF2O(CF(CF3)CF2O)nCF2CF3 \+ CO Upon heating above 150 °C, HFPO decomposes to trifluoroacetyl fluoride and difluorocarbene: :CF3CFCF2O → CF3C(O)F + CF2 The epoxide of tetrafluoroethylene is even more unstable with respect to trifluoracetyl fluoride.
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The deepest portion of the solid experiencing heat transfer melts and begins phase transition from solid to gas in a foam zone. The gaseous propellant decomposes into simpler molecules in a surrounding fizz zone. Endothermic transformations in the foam zone and fizz zone require energy initially provided by the primer and subsequently released in a luminous outer flame zone where the simpler gas molecules react to form conventional combustion products like steam and carbon monoxide. The heat transfer rate of smokeless propellants increases with pressure; so the rate of gas generation from a given grain surface area increases at higher pressures.
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The bones of the back and legs are taken away; the fleshy carcase is then slashed and treated with salt, and preferably seasoned with asafoetida also; to protect it from putrefaction it is rolled up and kept for a night to get rid of the moisture in the meat. It is then hung on poles to expose it to the air and dry it through oxidation. The carcase is protected from damp weather at all costs, otherwise it is infected by fungus and decomposes. When ready, the meat is cut into pieces of about 1 sq ft (0.093 m2) each.
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The electronic properties of ordered, crystalline solids are determined by the distribution of the electronic states with respect to energy and momentum—the electronic band structure of the solid. Theoretical models of photoemission from solids show that this distribution is, for the most part, preserved in the photoelectric effect. The phenomenological three-step model for ultraviolet and soft X-ray excitation decomposes the effect into these steps: # Inner photoelectric effect in the bulk of the material that is a direct optical transition between an occupied and an unoccupied electronic state. This effect is subject to quantum-mechanical selection rules for dipole transitions.
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After time, temperature, and various inorganic and organic additives (including the amount of air contact) determining the final degree of polymerization, the xanthate is acidified to regenerate the cellulose and release dithiocarbonic acid that later decomposes back to carbon disulfide and water.see Viscose Viscose manufactured from bamboo is promoted as having environmental advantages over viscose made with cellulose extracted from wood pulp. Bamboo crops may be grown on marginal land unsuitable for forestry; demand for bamboo has sometimes led to clearing forests to plant bamboo. But this is less common since Chinese forestry policy reforms in the 1990s.
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Although the synthesized version of amygdalin is the (R)-epimer, the stereogenic center attached to the nitrile and phenyl groups easily epimerizes if the manufacturer does not store the compound correctly. Amygdalin is hydrolyzed by intestinal β-glucosidase (emulsin) and amygdalin beta-glucosidase (amygdalase) to give gentiobiose and L-mandelonitrile. Gentiobiose is further hydrolyzed to give glucose, whereas mandelonitrile (the cyanohydrin of benzaldehyde) decomposes to give benzaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide. Hydrogen cyanide in sufficient quantities (allowable daily intake: ~0.6 mg) causes cyanide poisoning which has a fatal oral dose range of 0.6–1.5 mg/kg of body weight.
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Isoamyl nitrite decomposes in the presence of base to give nitrite salts and the isoamyl alcohol: :C5H11ONO + NaOH → C5H11OH + NaNO2 Amyl nitrite, like other alkyl nitrites, reacts with carbanions to give oximes. Amyl nitrites are also useful as reagents in a modification of the Sandmeyer reaction. The reaction of the alkyl nitrite with an aromatic amine in a halogenated solvent produces a radical aromatic species, this then frees a halogen atom from the solvent. For the synthesis of aryl iodides diiodomethane is used, whereas bromoform is the solvent of choice for the synthesis of aryl bromides.
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Acetone causes the precipitation of the hydrous solid salt, which is green. At 490K it slowly decomposes to nitrogen and nickel metal powder, losing a half of the nitrogen in four hours. Nickel azide is complexed by one azo group when dissolved in water, but in other solvents, the nickel atom can have up to four azo groups attached. Nickel azide forms a dihydrate: Ni(N3)2 and a basic salt called nickel hydroxy azide Ni(OH)N3. Nickel amide, Ni(NH2)2 is a deep red compound that contains Ni6 clusters surrounded by 12 NH2 groups.
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Perxenic acid Perxenic acid is the unstable conjugate acid of the perxenate anion, formed by the solution of xenon tetroxide in water. It has not been isolated as a free acid, because under acidic conditions it rapidly decomposes into xenon trioxide and oxygen gas: : 2 + 6 → 2 + 4 + Its extrapolated formula, H4XeO6, is inferred from the octahedral geometry of the perxenate ion () in its alkali metal salts. The pKa of aqueous perxenic acid has been indirectly calculated to be below 0, making it an extremely strong acid. Its first ionization yields the anion , which has a pKa value of 4.29, still relatively acidic.
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Perxenic acid and the anion are both strong oxidizing agents, capable of oxidising silver(I) to silver(III), copper(II) to copper(III), and manganese(II) to permanganate. The perxenate anion is unstable in acidic solutions, being almost instantaneously reduced to . The sodium, potassium, and barium salts are soluble. Barium perxenate solution is used as the starting material for the synthesis of xenon tetroxide (XeO4) by mixing it with concentrated sulfuric acid: : Ba2XeO6 (s) + 2 H2SO4 (l) → XeO4 (g) + 2 BaSO4 (s) + 2 H2O (l) Most metal perxenates are stable, except silver perxenate, which decomposes violently.
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Perhaps one of the most studied materials to exhibit negative thermal expansion is zirconium tungstate (). This compound contracts continuously over a temperature range of 0.3 to 1050 K (at higher temperatures the material decomposes). Other materials that exhibit NTE behaviour include other members of the family of materials (where A = or , M = or ) and and , though and only in their high temperature phase starting at 350 to 400 K. also is an example of controllable negative thermal expansion. Cubic materials like and also and are especially precious for applications in engineering because they exhibit isotropic NTE i.e.
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This chemical was synthesized by mixing argon and hydrogen fluoride on a caesium iodide surface at 8 K (−265 °C), and exposing the mixture to ultraviolet radiation. This caused the gases to combine. The infrared spectrum of the resulting gas mixture shows that it definitely contains chemical bonds, albeit very weak ones; thus, it is argon fluorohydride, and not a supermolecule or a mixture of argon and hydrogen fluoride. Its chemical bonds are stable only if the substance is kept at temperatures below 27 K (−246 °C); upon warming, it decomposes into argon and hydrogen fluoride.
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The polyvagal theory is another way to describe the pathways in the autonomic nervous system that mediate HRV. The polyvagal theory highlights three main ordinal processes, inactive response to an environmental threat, the active response to an environmental threat, and the fluctuation between the connect and disconnect to an environmental threat. This theory decomposes heart rate variability based on frequency domain characteristics with an emphasis on respiratory sinus arrhythmia and its transmission by a neural pathway that is distinct from other components of HRV. There is anatomic and physiological evidence for a polyvagal control of the heart.
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Molecular hydrogen (H2) is produced from the dissociation of H2O or other hydrogen-containing compounds in the lower atmosphere and diffuses to the exosphere. The exospheric H2 then decomposes into hydrogen atoms, and the atoms that have sufficient thermal energy can escape from the gravitation of Mars (Jean escape). The escape of atomic hydrogen is evident from the UV spectrometers on different orbiters. While most studies suggested that the escape of hydrogen is close to diffusion-limited on Mars, more recent studies suggest that the escape rate is modulated by dust storms and has a large seasonality.
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Urnula craterium grows singly or clustered together, usually attached to sticks and branches (especially oak) that are partially buried in the ground. The teleomorph state is saprobic, and decomposes hardwood; the anamorph state is parasitic, and causes a canker of various hardwoods, including oaks, hickories, basswood and beech. It is often found in deciduous forests, although it is sometimes inconspicuous due to its dark color, and because it may be partially covered with leaf litter. One of the first fleshy fungi to appear from March to May, U. craterium has been dubbed a "harbinger of spring", and is sometimes encountered under melting snow.
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Trioxidane readily decomposes into water and singlet oxygen, with a half-life of about 16 minutes in organic solvents at room temperature, but only milliseconds in water. It reacts with organic sulfides to form sulfoxides, but little else is known of its reactivity. Recent research found that trioxidane is the active ingredient responsible for the antimicrobial properties of the well known ozone/hydrogen peroxide mix. Because these two compounds are present in biological systems as well it is argued that an antibody in the human body can generate trioxidane as a powerful oxidant against invading bacteria.
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Robert Bunsen and Augustus Matthiessen obtained pure barium by electrolysis of a molten mixture of barium chloride and ammonium chloride. The production of pure oxygen in the Brin process was a large-scale application of barium peroxide in the 1880s, before it was replaced by electrolysis and fractional distillation of liquefied air in the early 1900s. In this process barium oxide reacts at with air to form barium peroxide, which decomposes above by releasing oxygen: :2 BaO + O2 ⇌ 2 BaO2 Barium sulfate was first applied as a radiocontrast agent in X-ray imaging of the digestive system in 1908.
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Ceramics in this area are associated with both hunter-gatherers and pastoralists, although interaction between pastoralists and hunter-gatherer groups blurs these lines and makes it much harder for archaeologists to distinguish the two from each other. Marshall argues that the amount of dung that accumulates in corrals can also distinguish pastoralist and hunter-gatherer sites. However, dung is organic material which decomposes over time. Marshall suggests that when archaeologists select a site that might have been a pastoralist site, that they choose a site that is away from the water sources because some things, like phosphate minerals, will be better preserved.
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This compound is used as a component in the production of fire-extinguishing compounds, pharmaceuticals, dyes, pigments, and it is also a basic fertilizer, being a source of ammonia. Ammonium bicarbonate is still widely used in the plastics and rubber industry, in the manufacture of ceramics, in chrome leather tanning, and for the synthesis of catalysts. It is also used for buffering solutions to make them slightly alkaline during chemical purification, such as high-performance liquid chromatography. Because it entirely decomposes to volatile compounds, this allows rapid recovery of the compound of interest by freeze-drying.
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Many animals (e.g., dogs) have a much more concentrated urine and it contains a higher urea amount than normal human urine; this can prove dangerous as a source of liquids for consumption in a life-threatening situation (such as in a desert). Urea can cause algal blooms to produce toxins, and its presence in the runoff from fertilized land may play a role in the increase of toxic blooms. The substance decomposes on heating above melting point, producing toxic gases, and reacts violently with strong oxidants, nitrites, inorganic chlorides, chlorites and perchlorates, causing fire and explosion.
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As the mandelic acid salt (generic methenamine mandelate, USP) it is used for the treatment of urinary tract infection. It decomposes at an acidic pH to form formaldehyde and ammonia, and the formaldehyde is bactericidal; the mandelic acid adds to this effect. Urinary acidity is typically ensured by co-administering vitamin C (ascorbic acid) or ammonium chloride. Its use had temporarily been reduced in the late 1990s, due to adverse effects, particularly chemically-induced hemorrhagic cystitis in overdose, but its use has now been re-approved because of the prevalence of antibiotic resistance to more commonly used drugs.
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Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) is a general linear model which blends ANOVA and regression. ANCOVA evaluates whether the means of a dependent variable (DV) are equal across levels of a categorical independent variable (IV) often called a treatment, while statistically controlling for the effects of other continuous variables that are not of primary interest, known as covariates (CV) or nuisance variables. Mathematically, ANCOVA decomposes the variance in the DV into variance explained by the CV(s), variance explained by the categorical IV, and residual variance. Intuitively, ANCOVA can be thought of as 'adjusting' the DV by the group means of the CV(s).
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The general mechanism is shown below. The resonating arrow (1) shows a resonance contributor of the diazo compound with a lone pair of electrons on the carbon adjacent to the nitrogen. The diazo compound then does a nucleophilic attack on the carbonyl-containing compound (nucleophilic addition), producing a tetrahedral intermediate (2). This intermediate decomposes by the evolution of nitrogen gas forming the tertiary carbocation intermediate (3). Initial steps in the Buchner–Curtius–Schlotterbeck reaction mechanism The reaction is then completed either by the reformation of the carbonyl through an 1,2-rearrangement or by the formation of the epoxide.
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Iodine pentoxide easily oxidises carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide at room temperature: :5 CO + I2O5 → I2 \+ 5 CO2 This reaction can be used to analyse the concentration of CO in a gaseous sample. I2O5 forms iodyl salts, [IO2+], with SO3 and S2O6F2, but iodosyl salts, [IO+], with concentrated sulfuric acid. Iodine pentoxide decomposes to iodine (vapor) and oxygen when heated to about 350 °C.G. Baxter and G. Tilley, "A Revision of the Atomic Weights of Iodine and Silver," The Chemical News and Journal of Industrial Science; Volumes 99-100, Royal Society Anniversary Meeting, December 3, 1909, p. 276.
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Adjacent to the house itself is the Alpengarten auf dem Schachen on about one hectare, an alpine botanical garden at about 2000m altitude, which contains over 1,000 plant species from the Alps to the Himalayas. It is maintained by the Botanischer Garten München- Nymphenburg, open during teh summer months daily from 8 am to 5 pm, admission cost 2.50 euros as of 2018. Although the Wetterstein Mountains are primarily limestone, the limestone and dolomite weather differently: dolomite decomposes into a shard and splinter debris on which some plants thrive particularly well. Lime weathers chemically, calcifications arise, in which water quickly seeps away.
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In this approach, the ideal image is regarded as a signal. The image displayed on the screen is taken as samples, at each (x,y) pixel position, of a filtered version of the signal. Ideally, one would understand how the human brain would process the original signal, and provide an on-screen image that will yield the most similar response by the brain. The most widely accepted analytic tool for such problems is the Fourier transform; this decomposes a signal into basis functions of different frequencies, known as frequency components, and gives us the amplitude of each frequency component in the signal.
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Hydrogen peroxide is thermodynamically unstable and decomposes to form water and oxygen with a ΔH ~~o~~ of –2884.5 kJ/kg and a ΔS of 70.5 J/(mol·K): :2 → 2 + The rate of decomposition increases with rise in temperature, concentration, and pH, with cool, dilute, acidic solutions showing the best stability. Decomposition is catalysed by various compounds, including most transition metals and their compounds (e.g. manganese dioxide (MnO2), silver, and platinum). Certain metal ions, such as or , can cause the decomposition to take a different path, with free radicals such as the hydroxyl radical (HO·) and hydroperoxyl (HOO·) being formed.
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Iodine trifluoride (IF3) is an unstable yellow solid that decomposes above −28 °C. It is thus little-known. It is difficult to produce because fluorine gas would tend to oxidise iodine all the way to the pentafluoride; reaction at low temperature with xenon difluoride is necessary. Iodine trichloride, which exists in the solid state as the planar dimer I2Cl6, is a bright yellow solid, synthesised by reacting iodine with liquid chlorine at −80 °C; caution is necessary during purification because it easily dissociates to iodine monochloride and chlorine and hence can act as a strong chlorinating agent.
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One particularly intriguing mode of reactivity is the ring insertion of cyclohexyne into cyclic ketones. The reaction is initiated by the alkoxide-mediated generation of the reactive cycloalkyne species in situ, followed by the α-deprotonation of the ketone to yield the corresponding enolate. The two compounds then undergo a formal [2+2]-photocycloaddition to yield a highly unstable cyclobutanolate intermediate which readily decomposes to the enone product. This reaction was utilized as the key step in Carreira's total synthesis of guanacastapenes O and N. It allowed for the expedient construction of the 5-7-6 ring system and provided useful synthetic handles for subsequent functionalization.
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The Greek Byzantinist Demetrios Polemis reconstructed Kamateros as "John Doukas Kamateros", who was "almost always called Doukas", identifying him with a number of persons named "John Doukas" or "John Kamateros", and giving him a high lineage as a cousin of Emperor Manuel I Komnenos. Polemis gave him a military, diplomatic, and civilian career that spanned almost the entire second half of the century, and led him to occupy, according to Polemis' assessment, "perhaps the most outstanding place among officials of his time". However, these identifications have been disputed by other scholars. Patricia Karlin-Hayter notably decomposes Polemis' figure into six or seven different people.
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For example, the Künneth standard conjecture, which states the existence of algebraic cycles πi ⊂ X × X inducing the canonical projectors H(X) → Hi(X) ↣ H(X) (for any Weil cohomology H) implies that every pure motive M decomposes in graded pieces of weight n: M = ⊕GrnM. The terminology weights comes from a similar decomposition of, say, de-Rham cohomology of smooth projective varieties, see Hodge theory. Conjecture D, stating the concordance of numerical and homological equivalence, implies the equivalence of pure motives with respect to homological and numerical equivalence. (In particular the former category of motives would not depend on the choice of the Weil cohomology theory).
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For this reason, Planck's constant was often called the quantum of action. In order for the old quantum condition to make sense, the classical motion must be separable, meaning that there are separate coordinates q_i in terms of which the motion is periodic. The periods of the different motions do not have to be the same, they can even be incommensurate, but there must be a set of coordinates where the motion decomposes in a multi-periodic way. The motivation for the old quantum condition was the correspondence principle, complemented by the physical observation that the quantities which are quantized must be adiabatic invariants.
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The reaction mechanism of the Bartoli indole synthesis is illustrated below using o-nitrotoluene (1) and propenyl Grignard (2) to form 3,7-dimethylindole (13). The mechanism of the Bartoli indole synthesis The mechanism begins by the addition of the Grignard reagent (2) onto the nitroarene (1) to form intermediate 3. Intermediate 3 spontaneously decomposes to form a nitrosoarene (4) and a magnesium salt (5). (Upon reaction workup, the magnesium salt will liberate a carbonyl compound (6).) Reaction of the nitrosoarene (4) with a second equivalent of the Grignard reagent (2) forms intermediate 7. The steric bulk of the ortho group causes a [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement forming the intermediate 8.
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Drunkenness likely became a serious threat to survival and a mutant gene for an enzyme that decomposes alcohol into something safe and makes people's faces turn red, alcohol dehydrogenase, gradually spread throughout the rest of China. Today, most Northwestern Europeans can drink milk after weaning. Around 11,000 years ago, as agriculture was replacing hunting and gathering in the Middle East, people invented ways to reduce the concentrations of lactose in milk by fermenting it to make yogurt and cheese, archeological, chemical, and genetic evidence suggests. People lost the ability to digest lactose as they matured and as such lost the ability to consume milk.
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At the target, each capsule decomposes into 4,000 delivery microcapsules of 10−10 kg and of 30 micrometer radius that allow intact entry to planetary atmospheres. For missions that do not encounter dense gas zones, such as interstellar transit to mature planets or to habitable zones about stars, the microcapsules can be launched directly from 1 au using 10−9 kg sails of 1.8 mm radius to achieve velocities of 0.0005 c to be decelerated by radiation pressure for capture at the targets. The 1 mm and 30 micrometer radius vehicles and payloads are needed in large numbers for both the bundled and swarm missions.
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Cyanase catalyzes the metabolic conversion of toxic cyanate to carbamate (H2NCOO−). The enzyme does this by first catalyzing the conversion of cyanate to carbamate, which then spontaneously decomposes to carbon dioxide and ammonia: # cyanate (OCN−) + HCO3− \+ H+ \rightleftharpoons carbamate (H2NCOO−) + CO2 # carbamate (H2NCOO−) + H+ \rightleftharpoons NH3 \+ CO2 (spontaneous) The resulting net reaction is: :cyanate (OCN−) + HCO3− \+ 2 H+ \rightleftharpoons NH3 \+ 2 CO2 Cyanase enzyme catalyzes the reaction of bicarbonate and cyanate forming carbamate, to be rapidly decomposed into carbon dioxide and ammonia. The two adjacent anion binding sights signified by the catalytic Arg 96 residues on different monomers allow this reaction to occur in the pocket. Created on ChemDraw.
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As the 18th century progressed, Continental natural philosophers increasingly accepted the Newtonians' willingness to forgo ontological metaphysical explanations for mathematically described motions. Newton built the first functioning reflecting telescope and developed a theory of color, published in Opticks, based on the observation that a prism decomposes white light into the many colours forming the visible spectrum. While Newton explained light as being composed of tiny particles, a rival theory of light which explained its behavior in terms of waves was presented in 1690 by Christiaan Huygens. However, the belief in the mechanistic philosophy coupled with Newton's reputation meant that the wave theory saw relatively little support until the 19th century.
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Carbon dioxide occupies a different binding site on the hemoglobin. At tissues, where carbon dioxide concentration is higher, carbon dioxide binds to allosteric site of hemoglobin, facilitating unloading of oxygen from hemoglobin and ultimately its removal from the body after the oxygen has been released to tissues undergoing metabolism. This increased affinity for carbon dioxide by the venous blood is known as the Bohr effect. Through the enzyme carbonic anhydrase, carbon dioxide reacts with water to give carbonic acid, which decomposes into bicarbonate and protons: :CO2 \+ H2O → H2CO3 → HCO3− \+ H+ The sigmoidal shape of hemoglobin's oxygen- dissociation curve results from cooperative binding of oxygen to hemoglobin.
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As is customary in planetary science, this mixture is referred to as icy even though it is a hot, dense fluid. This fluid, which has a high electrical conductivity, is sometimes called a water–ammonia ocean. The mantle may consist of a layer of ionic water in which the water molecules break down into a soup of hydrogen and oxygen ions, and deeper down superionic water in which the oxygen crystallises but the hydrogen ions float around freely within the oxygen lattice. At a depth of 7,000 km, the conditions may be such that methane decomposes into diamond crystals that rain downwards like hailstones.
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A chemical explosive is a compound or mixture which, upon the application of heat or shock, decomposes or rearranges with extreme rapidity, yielding much gas and heat. Many substances not ordinarily classed as explosives may do one, or even two, of these things. A reaction must be capable of being initiated by the application of shock, heat, or a catalyst (in the case of some explosive chemical reactions) to a small portion of the mass of the explosive material. A material in which the first three factors exist cannot be accepted as an explosive unless the reaction can be made to occur when needed.
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The reaction occurring between double bonds and ozone is known as ozonolysis when one molecule of the gas reacts with the double bond: A generalized scheme of ozonolysis The immediate result is formation of an ozonide, which then decomposes rapidly so that the double bond is cleaved. This is the critical step in chain breakage when polymers are attacked. The strength of polymers depends on the chain molecular weight or degree of polymerization: The higher the chain length the greater the mechanical strength (such as tensile strength). By cleaving the chain, the molecular weight drops rapidly and there comes a point when it has little strength whatsoever, and a crack forms.
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Mixing water or an alcohol with the borohydride converts some of it into unstable hydride ester, which is more efficient at reduction, but the reductant eventually decomposes spontaneously to produce hydrogen gas and borates. The same reaction can also occur intramolecularly: an α-ketoester converts into a diol, since the alcohol produced attacks the borohydride to produce an ester of the borohydride, which then reduces the neighboring ester. The combination of NaBH4 with carboxylic acids results in the formation of acyloxyborohydride species, such as STAB. These can perform a variety of reductions not normally associated with borohydride chemistry, such as alcohols to hydrocarbons and nitriles to primary amines.
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Shale oil is extracted by pyrolysis, hydrogenation, or thermal dissolution of oil shale. The pyrolysis of the rock is performed in a retort, situated either above ground or within the rock formation itself. As of 2008, most oil shale industries perform the shale oil extraction process after the rock is mined, crushed and transported to a retorting facility, although several experimental technologies perform the process in place (in-situ). The temperature at which the kerogen decomposes into usable hydrocarbons varies with the time-scale of the process; in the above-ground retorting process decomposition begins at , but proceeds more rapidly and completely at higher temperatures.
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HC(O)F decomposes autocatalytically near room temperature to carbon monoxide and hydrogen fluoride: :HC(O)F -> HF + CO Because of the compound’s sensitivity, reactions are conducted at low temperatures and samples are often stored over anhydrous alkali metal fluorides, e.g. potassium fluoride which absorbs HF. Benzene (and other arenes) react with formyl fluoride in the presence of boron trifluoride to give benzaldehyde. In a related reaction, formyl chloride is implicated in Gattermann-Koch formylation reaction. The reaction of formyl fluoride/BF3 with perdeuteriobenzene (C6D6) exhibits a kinetic isotope effect of 2.68, similar to the isotope effect observed in Friedel-Crafts acetylation of benzene.
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In mathematics, ancient Egyptian multiplication (also known as Egyptian multiplication, Ethiopian multiplication, Russian multiplication, or peasant multiplication), one of two multiplication methods used by scribes, was a systematic method for multiplying two numbers that does not require the multiplication table, only the ability to multiply and divide by 2, and to add. It decomposes one of the multiplicands (preferably the smaller) into a sum of powers of two and creates a table of doublings of the second multiplicand. This method may be called mediation and duplation, where mediation means halving one number and duplation means doubling the other number. It is still used in some areas.
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Organobismuth(V) complexes may be accessed directly from organobismuth(III) through oxidative addition to a halogen then displacement of the newly formed bismuth-halogen bond for a bismuth-carbon bond with an alkyl or aryl lithium or Grignard reagent. Alternatively, treatment of the organobismuth(III) with thionyl chloride also affords the dihalo-oranobismuth(V) complex. thumb Bi(V) easily forms an onium ion for example: : Ph5Bi + BPh3 → Ph4Bi+[BPh4]− or an ate complex for example: : Ph5Bi + PhLi → Li+[Ph6Bi−] The thermal stability of R5M compounds decrease in the order As > Sb > Bi and aryl compounds are more stable than alkyl compounds. Me5Bi decomposes explosively at 20 °C.
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The structure contains stacked layers, that contain B3O3 rings joined together with BO3 triangles. A larger ring, part of 3 small rings and three triangles, with B9O9 surrounds sodium atoms. A fluorine sticks out from each ring towards the sodium in the adjacent sheet. The crystal structure is monoclinic with space group C2. Formula weight 181.23; a = 11.39 Å b = 6.521 Å c = 8.030(6) Å β = 114.18° V=544.2 Z=4 Density=2.212; It decomposes by losing BF3 when heated to 400 °C; It is pyroelectric, but not ferroelectric CaB4O6F2 SrB4O6F2 BaB4O6F2 The structure contains stacked layers, that contain B3O3 rings joined together with BO3 triangles.
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Thin films are often deposited to protect an underlying work piece from external influences. The protection may operate by minimizing the contact with the exterior medium in order to reduce the diffusion from the medium to the work piece or vice versa. For instance, plastic lemonade bottles are frequently coated by anti-diffusion layers to avoid the out-diffusion of CO2, into which carbonic acid decomposes that was introduced into the beverage under high pressure. Another example is represented by thin TiN films in microelectronic chips separating electrically conducting aluminum lines from the embedding insulator SiO2 in order to suppress the formation of Al2O3.
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In a fishing village in South Ulfland, a fisherman catches a flounder and discovers the green pearl inside. The pearl changes hands a number of times, impelling each new owner to strange excesses of conduct, until the final owner offends a minor magician, who takes him deep into the forest and casts a spell of paralysis on him. His body decomposes and merges with the forest floor; in the Spring, beautiful flowers with strangely evocative odors sprout at the site. Aillas and Dhrun divide their time between Watershade, Aillas' placid castle on the island of Troicinet, and his new capital Doun Darric in South Ulfland.
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More generally, given a submanifold N of a manifold M and a point p \in N, we get a short exact sequence involving the tangent spaces: :T_p N \to T_p M \to T_p M / T_p N The Quotianifold, the above sequence splits, and the tangent space of M at p decomposes as a direct sum of the component tangent to N and the component normal to N: :T_p M = T_p N \oplus N_p N := (T_p N)^\perp Thus every tangent vector v \in T_p M splits as v = v_\parallel + v_\perp, where v_\parallel \in T_p N and v_\perp \in N_p N := (T_p N)^\perp.
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400px The main use of calcium cyanamide is in agriculture as a fertilizer. In contact with water, it decomposes and liberates ammonia: : CaCN2 \+ 3 H2O → 2 NH3 \+ CaCO3 It was used to produce sodium cyanide by fusing with sodium carbonate: : CaCN2 \+ Na2CO3 \+ 2 C → 2 NaCN + CaO + 2 CO Sodium cyanide is used in cyanide process in gold mining. It can also be used in the preparation of calcium cyanide and melamine. Through hydrolysis in the presence of carbon dioxide, calcium cyanamide produces cyanamide: :CaCN2 \+ H2O + CO2 → CaCO3 \+ H2NCN The conversion is conducted in slurries, consequently most commercial calcium cyanamide is sold as an aqueous solution.
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Cyanogen is typically generated from cyanide compounds. One laboratory method entails thermal decomposition of mercuric cyanide: :2 Hg(CN)2 → (CN)2 \+ Hg2(CN)2 Alternatively, one can combine solutions of copper(II) salts (such as copper(II) sulfate) with cyanides; an unstable copper(II) cyanide is formed which rapidly decomposes into copper(I) cyanide and cyanogen. :2 CuSO4 \+ 4 KCN → (CN)2 \+ 2 CuCN + 2 K2SO4 Industrially, it is created by the oxidation of hydrogen cyanide, usually using chlorine over an activated silicon dioxide catalyst or nitrogen dioxide over a copper salt. It is also formed when nitrogen and acetylene are reacted by an electrical spark or discharge.
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Mechanistic and structural studies support binding of ACC and oxygen to an iron center located in the active site of ACC oxidase. The ring-opening of bound ACC is believed to result in the elimination of ethylene together with an unstable intermediate, cyanoformate ion, which then decomposes to cyanide ion and carbon dioxide. Cyanide ion is a known deactivating agent for iron- containing enzymes, but the cyanoformate ion intermediate is believed to play a vital role to carry potentially toxic cyanide away from the active site of ACC oxidase. Cyanoformate was recently identified in condensed media as a tetraphenylphosphonium salt with a weak carbon-carbon bond.
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The interpretation of water as a compound explained the inflammable air generated from dissolving metals in acids (hydrogen produced when water decomposes) and the reduction of calces by inflammable air (a combination of gas from calx with oxygen to form water). Despite these experiments, Lavoisier's antiphlogistic approach remained unaccepted by many other chemists. Lavoisier labored to provide definitive proof of the composition of water, attempting to use this in support of his theory. Working with Jean-Baptiste Meusnier, Lavoisier passed water through a red-hot iron gun barrel, allowing the oxygen to form an oxide with the iron and the hydrogen to emerge from the end of the pipe.
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This approach causes the outside layer of the medium to dry long before the interior, leading the surface to wrinkle and crack over time. Siopis’ skilful use of form and colour within this body of work evokes associations with skin and flesh. The physical changes visible on the surface of her works serve as a direct metaphor for the all too real effects of time and circumstance on the human body which ages, wrinkles and eventually decomposes. Challenging the conventions of Western art history that idealize the female nude, Siopis suggests female body parts in states of decay, decomposition and excess, both confrontational and vulnerable at the same time.
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The gas is swept into a glass tube and decomposed by means of heating around 250–300 °C. The presence of As is indicated by formation of a deposit in the heated part of the equipment. On the other hand, the appearance of a black mirror deposit in the cool part of the equipment indicates the presence of antimony (the highly unstable SbH3 decomposes even at low temperatures). The Marsh test was widely used by the end of the 19th century and the start of the 20th; nowadays more sophisticated techniques such as atomic spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma, and x-ray fluorescence analysis are employed in the forensic field.
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To control emissions a cupola may be fitted with a cap that is designed to pull the gases into a device to cool the gases and remove particulate matter. The shell of the cupola, being usually made of steel, has refractory brick and plastic refractory patching material lining it. The bottom is lined in a similar manner but often a clay and sand mixture ("bod") may be used, as this lining is temporary. Finely divided coal ("sea coal") can be mixed with the clay lining so when heated the coal decomposes and the bod becomes slightly friable, easing the opening up of the tap holes.
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Polonium hydride is a more covalent compound than most metal hydrides because polonium straddles the border between metals and metalloids and has some nonmetallic properties. It is intermediate between a hydrogen halide like hydrogen chloride and a metal hydride like stannane. It should have properties similar to that of hydrogen selenide and hydrogen telluride, other borderline hydrides. It is very unstable at room temperature and must be stored at freezer temperatures to prevent reversion to elemental polonium and hydrogen; this is because it is an endothermic compound, like the lighter hydrogen telluride and hydrogen selenide, and decomposes into its constituent elements, releasing heat in the process.
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ICG is metabolized microsomally in the liver and only excreted via the liver and bile ducts; since it is not absorbed by the intestinal mucous membrane, the toxicity can be classified as low. Administration is not without risks during pregnancy. It has been known since September 2007 that ICG decomposes into toxic waste materials under the influence of UV light, creating a number of still unknown substances. A study published in February 2008, however, shows that ICG (the substance without UV effect) is basically, as such, of only minor toxicity. The intravenous LD50 values measured in animals are 60 mg/kg in mice and 87 mg/kg in rats.
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The abyssal zone has temperatures around through the large majority of its mass. Due to there being no light, there are no plants producing oxygen, which primarily comes from ice that had melted long ago from the polar regions. The water along the seafloor of this zone is actually devoid of oxygen, resulting in a death trap for organisms unable to quickly return to the oxygen-enriched water above. This region also contains a much higher concentration of nutrient salts, like nitrogen, phosphorus, and silica, due to the large amount of dead organic material that drifts down from the above ocean zones and decomposes.
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B is now su(2)\oplus u(1) and V is the 2D doublet representation of su(2) with a zero u(1) charge. Now, A is a nonzero intertwiner to the u(1) part of B. Alternatively, V could be a 2D doublet with a nonzero u(1) charge. In this case, A would have to be zero. Yet another possibility would be to let B be u(1)_A\oplus u(1)_B \oplus u(1)_C. V is invariant under u(1)_B and u(1)_C and decomposes into a 1D rep with u(1)_A charge 1 and another 1D rep with charge -1.
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It is prepared by the reaction of hydrogen peroxide and lithium hydroxide. This reaction initially produces lithium hydroperoxide:E. Dönges "Lithium and Sodium Peroxides" in Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd Ed. Edited by G. Brauer, Academic Press, 1963, NY. Vol. 1. p. 979. :LiOH + H2O2 → LiOOH + 2 H2O This lithium hydroperoxide has also been described as lithium peroxide monoperoxohydrate trihydrate (Li2O2·H2O2·3H2O). Dehydration of this material gives the anhydrous peroxide salt: :2 LiOOH → Li2O2 \+ H2O2 \+ 2 H2O Li2O2 decomposes at about 450 °C to give lithium oxide: :2 Li2O2 → 2 Li2O + O2 The structure of solid Li2O2 has been determined by X-ray crystallography and density functional theory.
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For example, a great many fields in physics and engineering lead to such equations and frequently solutions with particular physical properties are used as basis functions, often orthogonal. As an example from physics, the time-dependent Schrödinger equation in quantum mechanics describes the change of physical properties in time by means of a partial differential equation, whose solutions are called wavefunctions. Definite values for physical properties such as energy, or momentum, correspond to eigenvalues of a certain (linear) differential operator and the associated wavefunctions are called eigenstates. The spectral theorem decomposes a linear compact operator acting on functions in terms of these eigenfunctions and their eigenvalues.
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The XLR99 used anhydrous ammonia and liquid oxygen as propellant, and hydrogen peroxide to drive the high-speed turbopump that delivered propellants to the engine. It could burn of propellant in 80 seconds; Jules Bergman titled his book on the program Ninety Seconds to Space to describe the total powered flight time of the aircraft. The X-15 reaction control system (RCS), for maneuvering in the low-pressure/density environment, used high-test peroxide (HTP), which decomposes into water and oxygen in the presence of a catalyst and could provide a specific impulse of 140 seconds. The HTP also fueled a turbopump for the main engines and auxiliary power units (APUs).
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The fruits of F. yoponensis contain more vitamin C than any other fruit available to the monkeys on Barro Colorado Island. Various invertebrates live in water-filled holes into which leaf litter falls; as it decomposes it provides food for the animals. The leaves of F. yoponensis soften quickly after falling into the holes and are then eaten by Scirtid beetle larvae, leaving only a skeleton behind. An experiment in the rainforest, where leaves of F. yoponensis were added to an artificial pool containing 650 ml of water found that sixteen species lived in them, with the mosquito Culex mollis being the most abundant.
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Pressure and temperature in the lower mantle range from 24-127 GPa and from 1900-2600 K. It has been proposed that the composition of the lower mantle is pyrolitic, containing three major phases of bridgmanite, ferropericlase and calcium-silicate perovskite. The high pressure in the lower mantle has been shown to induce a spin transition of iron-bearing bridgmanite and ferropericlase, which may affect both mantle plume dynamics and lower mantle chemistry. The upper boundary is defined by the sharp increase in seismic wave velocities and density at a depth of . At a depth of 660 km, ringwoodite (γ-(Mg,Fe)2SiO4) decomposes into Mg-Si perovskite and magnesiowüstite.
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The reaction occurring between double bonds and ozone is known as ozonolysis when one molecule of the gas reacts with the double bond: A generalized scheme of ozonolysis The immediate result is formation of an ozonide, which then decomposes rapidly so that the double bond is cleaved. This is the critical step in chain breakage when polymers are attacked. The strength of polymers depends on the chain molecular weight or degree of polymerization, the higher the chain length, the greater the mechanical strength (such as tensile strength). By cleaving the chain, the molecular weight drops rapidly and there comes a point when it has little strength whatsoever, and a crack forms.
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Proposed mechanism of DNA scission by kedarcidin chromophore–induced 4'-H abstraction The unifying mechanism of bioactivity in all enediyne antibiotics is the Bergman cyclization, wherein the enediyne portion undergoes spontaneous cycloaromatization to generate a para-benzyne biradical activated toward homolytic abstraction of hydrogen from suitable donors, including the deoxyribose sugars of DNA. This generates a carbon-centered free radical on DNA, which undergoes oxidation by molecular oxygen. The resulting peroxide decomposes to form single- or double-stranded breaks in DNA, ultimately leading to cell death. With considerable sequence selectivity, kedarcidin chromophore binds and cleaves DNA preferentially at TCCTn-mer sites, producing single-strand breaks.
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The action of this detector is based upon the fact that only the tip of a platinum wire a few thousandths of an inch in diameter is immersed in an electrolyte solution, and a small D.C. voltage bias is applied to the cell thus formed. Platinum is used because other metals are too quickly dissolved in the acid. The applied bias current decomposes the solution by electrolysis into tiny gas bubbles that cling to the metal point insulating the metal tip from the solution thus reducing the bias current. An incoming R.F. current can flow better in the direction across the point that makes the point more negative.
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Also known as a Jersey upline, an upline is a line deployed by the diver, and fixed to the bottom, usually on a wreck, to serve as a position and depth control during offshore ascents in moderate currents, where the diver wants to prevent excessive drift during decompression. The bio-degradable natural fibre line is carried on a spool and deployed connected to an inflatable decompression buoy or lift bag at the end of the dive, and the bottom end tied off to the wreck. After completing decompression and surfacing, the diver cuts the line free at the buoy, and the line sinks and naturally decomposes over a few months.
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Algal blooms result from the overgrowth of algae that dies in large numbers, sinks to the bottom, and decomposes by using available oxygen in the water and leaving little for other species, causing the system to suffer as a whole. To date the primary target for water remediation tactics in Long Island Sound have been nutrients entering from waste water treatment facilities and watersheds such as the Connecticut River watershed. The Connecticut River begins in Canada and extends though New England, carrying pollutants from all of the communities it passes into the Sound, at a rate of 18,400 cubic feet per second. Long Island Sound sustains significant populations of fish and nurseries.
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The reaction can be demonstrated by starting with solutions of potassium cyanate and ammonium chloride which are mixed, heated and cooled again. An additional proof of the chemical transformation is obtained by adding a solution of oxalic acid which forms urea oxalate as a white precipitate. Alternatively the reaction can be carried out with lead cyanate and ammonia. The actual reaction taking place is a double displacement reaction to form ammonium cyanate: :{Pb(OCN)2} + {2NH3} + 2H2O -> {Pb(OH)2} + {2NH4(OCN)} Ammonium cyanate decomposes to ammonia and cyanic acid which in turn react to produce urea: :{NH4(OCN)} -> {NH3} + HOCN <=> {(NH2)2CO} Complexation with oxalic acid drives this chemical equilibrium to completion.
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The onion architecture proposed by Jeffrey Palermo in 2008 is similar to the hexagonal architecture: it also externalizes the infrastructure with proper interfaces to ensure loose coupling between the application and the database. It decomposes further the application core into several concentric rings using inversion of control. The clean architecture proposed by Robert C. Martin in 2012 combines the principles of the hexagonal architecture, the onion architecture and several other variants; It provides additional levels of detail of the component, which are presented as concentric rings. It isolates adapters and interfaces (user interface, databases, external systems, devices) in the outer rings of the architecture and leaves the inner rings for use cases and entities,.
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The anion is also an excellent ligand. For example, with Ni(II) sources, it forms [Ni(MoS4)2]2−. Much of the chemistry of the thiomolybdate results from studies on salts of quaternised organic cations, such as [NEt4]2[MoS4] and [PPh4]2[MoS4] (Et = C2H5, Ph = C6H5). These organic salts are soluble in polar organic solvents such as acetonitrile and dmf. The thermal decomposition of [NH4]2[MoS4] leads to molybdenum trisulfide (MoS3), ammonia (NH3) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S), beginning at 155 °C till 280 °C. : (NH4)2MoS4 -> MoS3 \+ 2 NH3 \+ H2S MoS3 then decomposes again to molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) in a broad temperature range from 300 °C to 820 °C.
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DyCl3 is often prepared by the "ammonium chloride route", starting from either Dy2O3 or the hydrated chloride DyCl3·6H2O. These methods produce (NH4)2[DyCl5]: :10 NH4Cl + Dy2O3 → 2 (NH4)2[DyCl5] + 6 NH3 \+ 3 H2O :DyCl3·6H2O + 2 NH4Cl → (NH4)2[DyCl5] + 6 H2O The pentachloride decomposes thermally according to the following equation: :(NH4)2[DyCl5] → 2 NH4Cl + DyCl3 The thermolysis reaction proceeds via the intermediacy of (NH4)[Dy2Cl7]. Treating Dy2O3 with aqueous HCl produces the hydrated chloride DyCl3·6H2O, which cannot be rendered anhydrous by heating. Instead one obtains an oxychloride: :DyCl3 \+ H2O → DyOCl + 2 HCl Dysprosium(III) chloride is a moderately strong Lewis acid, which ranks as "hard" according to the HSAB concept.
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However, in the presence of light, these solutions rapidly photodecompose to form a mixture of chloric and hydrochloric acids. Photolysis of individual ClO2 molecules result in the radicals ClO and ClOO, while at room temperature mostly chlorine, oxygen, and some ClO3 and Cl2O6 are produced. Cl2O3 is also produced when photolysing the solid at −78 °C: it is a dark brown solid that explodes below 0 °C. The ClO radical leads to the depletion of atmospheric ozone and is thus environmentally important as follows: :Cl• + O3 ⟶ ClO• + O2 :ClO• + O• ⟶ Cl• + O2 Chlorine perchlorate (ClOClO3) is a pale yellow liquid that is less stable than ClO2 and decomposes at room temperature to form chlorine, oxygen, and dichlorine hexoxide (Cl2O6).
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Although the concern for a thiomersal-autism link was originally derived from indirect evidence based on the known potent neurotoxic effects of methylmercury, recent studies show these feared effects were likely overestimated. Ethylmercury, such as in thiomersal, clears much faster from the body after administration than methylmercury, suggesting total mercury exposure over time is much less with ethylmercury. Currently used methods of estimating brain deposition of mercury likely overestimates the amounts deposited due to ethylmercury, and ethylmercury also decomposes quicker in the brain than methylmercury, suggesting a lower risk of brain damage. These findings show that the assumptions that originally led to concern about the toxicity of ethylmercury, which were based on direct comparison to methylmercury, were flawed.
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It was first reported in 1930 by Ruff and Krug who prepared it by fluorination of chlorine; this also produced ClF and the mixture was separated by distillation. :3 F2 \+ Cl2 → 2 ClF3 The molecular geometry of ClF3 is approximately T-shaped, with one short bond (1.598 Å) and two long bonds (1.698 Å). This structure agrees with the prediction of VSEPR theory, which predicts lone pairs of electrons as occupying two equatorial positions of a hypothetic trigonal bipyramid. The elongated Cl-F axial bonds are consistent with hypervalent bonding. Pure ClF3 is stable to 180 °C in quartz vessels; above this temperature it decomposes by a free radical mechanism to its constituent elements.
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Investigators concluded that the most likely cause of the lander's failure was a spurious sensor signal associated with the craft's legs falsely indicating the craft had touched down when in fact it was some 40 meters above the surface. When the landing legs unfolded they made a bouncing motion that accidentally set off the landing sensors, causing the descent engines to shut down prematurely and the lander to fall. Another possible reason for failure was inadequate preheating of catalysis beds for the pulsing rocket thrusters. Hydrazine fuel decomposes on the beds to make hot gases that are forced out of the rocket nozzles, generating thrust; in crash review tests cold catalysis beds caused misfiring and instability.
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This intermediate can spontaneously rearrange to form the arylamidonium ion and a carbonium ion which can interact directly with DNA to produce DNA adducts. In addition to esterification by acetylation, the N-hydroxy derivative can be O-sulfated by cytosolic sulfur transferase enzyme giving rise to the N-acetyl- N-sulfoxy product. In addition, the cytosolic N,O-aryl hydroxamic acid acyltransferase enzyme catalyzes the transfer of the acetyl group from the N atom of the N-OH-2-AAF to the O atom of the N-OH group to produce N-acetoxy-2-aminofluorene (N-OH-2-AF). This reactive metabolite spontaneously decomposes to form a nitrenium ion which will also react with DNA.
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The compound forms colorless crystals that are only stable at low temperatures. Above −35 °C, an explosive decomposition may occur. In the gas phase, generated boron triazide decomposes at room temperature within 60 minutes via loss of nitrogen gas to form boron nitrides with formulas BN3 and BN. These reactions can also be initiated photochemically by UV radiation in the compounds absorption range at about 230 nm. : B(N3)3 → BN3 \+ 3 N2 : B(N3)3 → BN + 4 N2 In contact with water, it undergoes hydrolysis to hydrazoic acid and boron trioxide. : 2 B(N3)3 \+ 3 H2O → 6 HN3 \+ B2O3 Reaction with other azides like sodium azide or lithium azide yields the corresponding tetraazidoborate complexes.
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1958, "618", 251–266.() Large scale operations for the fine chemical industry produce almost 150,000 tonnes of Koch acids and their derivatives annuallyWeissermel, K., Jargen-Arpe, H. In "Syntheses involving carbon monoxide", Industrial Organic Chemistry; VCH Publishers: New York, NY; pp. 141–145. () but also generate a great deal of waste, motivating ongoing attempts to use metal, solid acid, and other novel catalysts to enable the use of milder reaction conditions. Formic acid, which readily decomposes to carbon monoxide in the presence of acids or relatively low heat, is often used instead of carbon monoxide directly; this procedure was developed shortly after the Koch reaction and is more commonly referred to as the Koch–Haaf reaction.
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The full jhator procedure (as described below) is elaborate and expensive. Those who cannot afford it simply place their deceased on a high rock where the body decomposes or is eaten by birds and animals. In 2010, a prominent Tibetan incarnate lama, Metrul Tendzin Gyatso, visited the sky burial site near the Larung Gar Buddhist Institute in Sertar County, Sichuan, and was dismayed by its poor condition. With the stated goal of restoring dignity to the dead and creating a better environment for the vultures, the lama subsequently rebuilt and improved the platform where bodies are cut up, adding many statues and other carved features around it, and constructed a large parking lot for the convenience of visitors.
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An onion ring is a form of appetizer or side dish commonly found in the United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and some parts of Asia, mainland Europe, and Latin America. They generally consist of a cross-sectional "ring" of onion (the circular structure of which lends itself well to this method of preparation) dipped in batter or bread crumbs and then deep fried; a variant is made with onion paste. While typically served as a side dish, onion rings are often eaten by themselves. The cooking process decomposes propanethial oxide in the onion into the sweet- smelling and tasting bispropenyl disulfide, responsible for the slightly sweet taste of onion rings.
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A survey of 20 trees on BCI with a diameter at breast height of 20 cm or more found that 75% had lianas growing on them. Various invertebrates live in water-filled holes which form in ridges of the trunk of P. elegans when they die and fall over, and in tree hollows that exist when the tree is alive. Leaf litter collects in the water and as it decomposes animals feed on the debris. An experiment, where leaves of P. elegans were added to an artificial pool containing 650 ml of water in the rainforest, found that 17 species lived in them, with the mosquito Culex mollis being the most abundant.
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Peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence (CL) was first reported by Rauhut in 1967 [1] in the reaction of diphenyl oxalate. The emission is generated by the reaction of an oxalate ester with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of a suitably fluorescent energy acceptor. This reaction is used in glow sticks. glowsticks using peroxyoxalate CL The three most widely used oxalates are bis(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)oxalate (TCPO), Bis(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl-6-carbopentoxyphenyl)oxalate (CPPO) and bis(2,4-dinitrophenyl) oxalate (DNPO). Other aryl oxalates have been synthesized and evaluated with respect to their possible analytical applications [2]. Divanillyl oxalate, a more eco-friendly or "green" oxalate for chemiluminescence, decomposes into the nontoxic, biodegradable compound vanillin and works in nontoxic, biodegradable triacetin [16] .
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At room temperature, hexamethyltungsten decomposes, releasing methane and trace amounts of ethane. The black residue is purported to contain polymethylene and tungsten, but the decomposition of W(CH3)6 to form tungsten metal is highly unlikely. The following equation is the approximate stoichiometry proposed by Wilkinson and Shortland: : → 3 + + W Like many organometallic complexes, WMe6 is destroyed by oxygen. Similarly, acids give methane and unidentified tungsten derivatives, while halogens give the methyl halide and leave the tungsten halide. A patent application was submitted in 1991 suggesting the use of W(CH3)6 in the manufacture of semiconductor devices for chemical vapor deposition of tungsten thin films; however, to date it has not been used for this purpose.
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It is unstable in air and decomposes in water or at 190 °C. Half sandwich compounds are also known, such as (η8-C8H8)ThCl2(THF)2, which has a piano-stool structure and is made by reacting thorocene with thorium tetrachloride in tetrahydrofuran. The simplest of the cyclopentadienyls are Th(C5H5)3 and Th(C5H5)4: many derivatives are known. The former (which has two forms, one purple and one green) is a rare example of thorium in the formal +3 oxidation state; a formal +2 oxidation state occurs in a derivative. The chloride derivative [Th(C5H5)3Cl] is prepared by heating thorium tetrachloride with limiting K(C5H5) used (other univalent metal cyclopentadienyls can also be used).
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In ammonium difluorophosphate the difluorophosphate ion has these interatomic dimensions: P–O length 1.457 Å, P–F length 1.541 Å, O–P–O angle 118.7°, F–P–O 109.4° and F–P–F angle 98.6°. Hydrogen bonding from ammonium to oxygen atoms causes a change to the difluorophosphate ion in the ammonium salt. In potassium difluorophosphate the ion has dimensions: P–O length 1.470 Å, P–F length 1.575 Å, O–P–O angle 122.4°, F–P–O 108.6° and F–P–F angle 97.1°. On heating the salts that are not of alkali or alkaline earths, difluorophosphates decompose firstly by giving off POF3 forming a monofluorophosphate (PO3F2−) compound, and then this in turn decomposes to an orthophosphate compound.
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Compared to baking soda or potash, hartshorn has the advantage of producing more gas for the same amount of agent, and of not leaving any salty or soapy taste in the finished product, as it completely decomposes into water and gaseous products that evaporate during baking. It cannot be used for moist, bulky baked goods however, such as normal bread or cakes, since some ammonia will be trapped inside and will cause an unpleasant taste. It has been assigned E number E503 for use as a food additive in the European Union. It is commonly used as an inexpensive nitrogen fertilizer in China, but is now being phased out in favor of urea for quality and stability.
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This is important because initiator decomposes continuously during the polymerization, not just at the start, and polymer chains arising from initiator decomposition cannot, therefore, have a narrow length distribution. These mechanistic features lead to an average chain length that increases linearly with the conversion of monomer into polymer. In contrast to other controlled radical polymerizations (for example ATRP), a RAFT polymerization does not achieve controlled evolution of molecular weight and low polydispersity by reducing bi-radical termination events (although in some systems, these events may indeed be reduced somewhat, as outlined above), but rather, by ensuring that most polymer chains start growing at approximately the same time and experience equal growth during polymerization.
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However, if a perfluorocarbon contains double or triple bonds (perfluoroalkenes or -alkynes), a very reactive towards ligand accepting result, even less stable than corresponding hydrocarbons. Difluoroacetylene, which decomposes even under liquid nitrogen temperatures, is a notable example. If such a molecule is asymmetric, then the more fluorinated carbon is attacked, as it holds positive charge caused by the C–F bonds and is shielded weakly (similarly to that how unsaturated hydrocarbons attacked by HF add hydrogen to the more hydrogen-rich atom per Markovnikov's rule). Perfluorinated compounds, as opposed to perfluorocarbons, is the term used for molecules that would be perfluorocarbons—only carbon and fluorine atoms—except for having an extra functional group (even though another definition exists).
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Stumps from the lumber era and lily pads in the bog natural area at Black Moshannon State Park The bogs at the park contain large amounts of sphagnum moss; this decomposes very slowly, causing layers of dead moss to build up at the bottom of the bog, creating peat. In 1994, of bog at the state park were protected as the "Black Moshannon Bog Natural Area"; this was originally conceived as part of the State Parks 2000 strategic plan of the DCNR, and fourteen years later the total area of bog protected as a Natural Area had increased to . Most bogs exist in glaciated areas, but Black Moshannon State Park is on the Allegheny Plateau. This area was not covered by glaciers during the last ice age.
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For the presence of this mineral it is necessary that the silica percentage of the rock should be low, since leucite is incompatible with free quartz and reacts with it to form potassium feldspar. Because it weathers rapidly, leucite is most common in lavas of recent and Tertiary age, which have a fair amount of potassium, or at any rate have potassium equal to or greater than sodium; if sodium is abundant nepheline occurs rather than leucite. In pre-Tertiary rocks leucite readily decomposes and changes to zeolites, analcite and other secondary minerals. Leucite also is rare in plutonic rocks and dike rocks, but leucite syenite and leucite tinguaite bear witness to the possibility that it may occur in this manner.
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Bidirectional GAN (BiGAN) aims to introduce a generator model to act as the discriminator, whereby the discriminator naturally considers the entire translation space so that the inadequate training problem can be alleviated. To satisfy this property, generator and discriminator are both designed to model the joint probability of sentence pairs, with the difference that, the generator decomposes the joint probability with a source language model and a source-to-target translation model, while the discriminator is formulated as a target language model and a target-to-source translation model. To further leverage the symmetry of them, an auxiliary GAN is introduced and adopts generator and discriminator models of original one as its own discriminator and generator respectively. Two GANs are alternately trained to update the parameters.
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In factory farming, chickens are routinely administered with the feed additive Roxarsone, an organoarsenic compound which partially decomposes into inorganic arsenic compounded in the flesh of chickens, and in their feces, which are often used as a fertilizer. The compound is used to control stomach pathogens and promote growth. In a 2013 sample conducted by the Johns Hopkins School of Public Health of chicken meat from poultry producers that did not prohibit roxarsone, 70% of the samples in the US had levels which exceeded the safety limits as set by the FDA. The FDA has since revised its stance on safe limits to inorganic arsenic in animal feed by stating that "any new animal drug that contributes to the overall inorganic arsenic burden is of potential concern".
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Tunnelling effects, whereby large items (including monitoring boreholes) create bypass shortcuts into the interior of the landfill, can extend this variability to greater depths in localised zones. Such phenomena can give the impression that bioactivity and gas composition is changing much more radically and rapidly than is actually the case, and any series of isolated time-point measurements is likely to be unreliable due to this variance. Landfill gas often contains significant corrosives such as hydrogen sulphide and sulphur dioxide, and these will shorten the lifespan of most monitoring equipment as they react with moisture (this is also a problem for landfill gas utilization schemes). Physical settlement as waste decomposes makes borehole monitoring systems vulnerable to breakage as the weight of the material shifts and fractures equipment.
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In the formal language theory of computer science, left recursion is a special case of recursion where a string is recognized as part of a language by the fact that it decomposes into a string from that same language (on the left) and a suffix (on the right). For instance, 1+2+3 can be recognized as a sum because it can be broken into 1+2, also a sum, and {}+3, a suitable suffix. In terms of context-free grammar, a nonterminal is left-recursive if the leftmost symbol in one of its productions is itself (in the case of direct left recursion) or can be made itself by some sequence of substitutions (in the case of indirect left recursion).
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However, if heated to above 350 °C perchlorate decomposes and releases reactive chlorine and oxygen. Thus, the Viking and Phoenix thermal processing of the soils would have destroyed the very organics they were attempting to detect; thus the lack of detection of organics by Viking, and the detection of chlorinated organic species, may reflect the presence of perchlorates rather than the absence of organics. Of particular relevance, some microorganisms on Earth grow by the anaerobic reductive dissimilation of perchlorate and one of the specific enzymes used, perchlorate reductase, is present in all known examples of these microorganisms. Also, perchlorates are toxic to humans, so understanding the chemistry and distribution of perchlorate on Mars might become an important prerequisite before the first human mission to Mars.
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The Art Deco auditorium is musty and rusted; > holes in the roof illuminate a floor strewn with chunks of ceiling. It’s as > if the place was evacuated in a hurry sometime in the 1930s and simply left > to the raccoons, one of which decomposes unbothered in a corner. Standing on > a weatherworn stage framed by faded crimson curtains, the seven members of > Dropkick Murphys are arrayed in stark tableau, black clad and casting long > shadows on the piles of junk behind them. They’re here to film the video for > “The State of Massachusetts,” the single from their new album, The Meanest > of Times (Born & Bred, released on September 18), and as tall Tim Brennan > plucks a tricky Celtic melody on his banjo, they lurch into motion.
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Melamine was first synthesized by the German chemist Justus von Liebig in 1834. In early production, first calcium cyanamide was converted into dicyandiamide, which was heated above its melting temperature to produce melamine. Today most industrial manufacturers use urea in the following reaction to produce melamine: : 6 (NH2)2CO → C3H6N6 \+ 6 NH3 \+ 3 CO2 In the first step, urea decomposes into cyanic acid and ammonia: : (NH2)2CO → HNCO + NH3 Cyanic acid polymerizes to cyanuric acid, which condenses with the liberated ammonia forming melamine. The released water reacts with cyanic acid, which helps to drive the reaction: : 6 HNCO + 3 NH3 → C3H6N6 \+ 3 CO2 \+ 3NH3 The above reaction can be carried out by either of two methods: catalyzed gas-phase production or high pressure liquid-phase production.
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The protocol architecture decomposes a telecommunications gateway located at the boundary between the public switched telephone network and an Internet Protocol (IP) network, such as the Internet, into a media gateway controller (MGC) on the IP network, providing call and device control, and multiple media gateways (MGs) that handle the actual media conversion to the analog or digital circuits of the PSTN, or simply connect residential telephones. Other implementations of the architecture refer to the controller as a softswitch. Communication between multiple media gateway controllers is handled by other protocols, such as the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP). Shortly after its publication, SGCP was merged with the Internet Protocol Device Control (IPDC) proposal sponsored by Level3 Communications in the Fall of 1998.
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If the test tube is equipped with a one-holed stopper and hose, warm oxygen can be drawn off. The reaction is as follows: :2 KClO3(s) → 3 O2(g) \+ 2 KCl(s) Heating it in the absence of a catalyst converts it into potassium perchlorate: :4 KClO3 → 3 KClO4 \+ KCl With further heating, potassium perchlorate decomposes to potassium chloride and oxygen: :KClO4 → KCl + 2 O2 The safe performance of this reaction requires very pure reagents and careful temperature control. Molten potassium chlorate is an extremely powerful oxidizer and spontaneously reacts with many common materials such as sugar. Explosions have resulted from liquid chlorates spattering into the latex or PVC tubes of oxygen generators, as well as from contact between chlorates and hydrocarbon sealing greases.
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Bubbling increased dramatically in the preceding days, described as producing, "fountains". The miners experienced increasing frequency of breathing difficulties but did not report it to the overman(manager.) Gas was blowing drilling dust back out of the hole without drillers needing to drive the drill bit back and forth to clear the dust for several days prior. These were all indications that they were approaching a dangerous type of fault, one containing an igneous intrusion, one in which a piece of rock protrudes across the fault, grinding the coal as it is dragged through the opposing side of the fault, causing the accumulation, production, adsorption and absorption of carbon dioxide as the coal decomposes, forming a pocket of highly compressed black damp.
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Vitamin K is a fat- soluble vitamin that is stable in air and moisture but decomposes in sunlight. It is a polycyclic aromatic ketone, based on 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone, with a 3-phytyl substituent. It is found naturally in a wide variety of green plants, particularly in leaves, since it functions as an electron acceptor during photosynthesis, forming part of the electron transport chain of photosystem I. The best-known function of vitamin K in animals is as a cofactor in the formation of coagulation factors II (prothrombin), VII, IX, and X by the liver. It is also required for the formation of anticoagulant factors protein C and S. It is commonly used to treat warfarin toxicity, and as an antidote for coumatetralyl.
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Endocyclic double bonds tend to predominate over exocyclic ones, unless no syn hydrogen is available in the ring. Selenium in these reactions is almost always stereogenic, and the effect of epimerization at selenium (which is acid-catalyzed and occurs readily) on the elimination reaction is nearly unknown. In one example, separation and warming of selenoxides 1 and 2 revealed that 2 decomposes at 0 °C, while 1, which presumably has more difficulty accessing the necessary syn conformation for elimination, is stable to 5 °C. (3)File:SelenMech2.pngKinetic isotope effect studies have found a ratio of pre-exponential factors of AH/AD of 0.092 for sulfoxide elimination reactions, indicating that quantum tunneling plays an important role in the hydrogen transfer process.
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In terms of representation theory, what has happened is that the two conjugate 2-dimensional spin representations of the spin group SU(2) = Spin(3) (as it sits inside the 3-dimensional Clifford algebra) have tensored to produce a 4 dimensional representation. The 4 dimensional representation descends to the usual orthogonal group SO(3) and so its objects are tensors, corresponding to the integrality of their spin. The 4 dimensional representation decomposes into the sum of a one-dimensional trivial representation (singlet, a scalar, spin zero) and a three-dimensional representation (triplet, spin 1) that is nothing more than the standard representation of SO(3) on R^3. Thus the "three" in triplet can be identified with the three rotation axes of physical space.
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For example, benzaldehyde decomposes into benzoic acid and benzyl alcohol, the Cannizzaro reaction. In the autumn of 1855, Cannizzaro became professor of chemistry at the University of Genoa, and, after further professorships at Pisa and Naples, he accepted the chair of inorganic and organic chemistry at Palermo. There, he spent ten years studying aromatic compounds and continuing to work on amines, until in 1871 when he was appointed to the chair of chemistry at the University of Rome. Apart from his work on organic chemistry, which includes also an investigation of santonin, Cannizzaro rendered great service to chemistry with his 1858 paper Sunto di un corso di Filosofia chimica, or Sketch of a course of chemical philosophy, in which he insisted on the distinction, previously hypothesized by Avogadro, between atomic and molecular weights.
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Cyclohexanehexone can be viewed as the neutral counterpart of the rhodizonate anion . The singly charged anion has been detected in mass spectrometry experiments, formed by oligomerization of carbon monoxide through the formation of molybdenum carbonyls. According to X-ray diffraction analysis, the reagent traded under the name "cyclohexanehexone octahydrate" or equivalent names is actually dodecahydroxycyclohexane dihydrate—the geminal diol derivative of the six ketone groups with an additional two molecules of water—a solid that decomposes at 95 °C. In 1966, Howard E. Worne of Natick Chemical Industries patented compounds with formulas C10O8 and C14O10, which can be described as the fusion of two or three molecules of C6O6, claimed to be produced by the action of ultraviolet radiation on a hot water solution of the parent compound.
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Ammonium thiocyanate is stable in air; however, upon heating it isomerizes to thiourea: :400px The equilibrium mixtures at 150 °C and 180 °C contain 30.3% and 25.3% (by weight) thiourea, respectively. When heated at 200 °C, the dry powder decomposes to ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and carbon disulfide, leaving a residue of guanidinium thiocyanate. NH4SCN is weakly acidic due to the ammonium ion; it reacts with alkali hydroxides, such as sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide to form sodium thiocyanate or potassium thiocyanate, along with water and ammonia. The thiocyanate anion, specifically, reacts with ferric salts to form a deep-red ferric thiocyanate complex: : 6 SCN− \+ Fe3+ → [Fe(SCN)6]3− Ammonium thiocyanate reacts with several metal ions including copper, silver, zinc, lead, and mercury, forming their thiocyanate precipitates, which may be extracted into organic solvents.
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Polylactic acid monomer Mardi Gras will unlikely be cancelled due to its popularity, cultural significance, and economic importance, but a concerted effort can still be made to curb the negative environmental effects of the beads. One suggested avenue is to replace currently used plastics with polylactic acid (PLA), an environmentally much more friendly material. This polymer can be degraded naturally into lactic acid via hydrolysis or self-hydrolysis, which decomposes whole PLA products in as quickly as a month. A second way is to “recycle” by purchasing used beads rather than buying new ones, which can also translate into cost savings for individual purchasers or re-sellers who buy the beads in large quantities; recycling also provides an environmentally friendly method of "disposal" for those who initially purchased Mardi Gras beads.
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InCl3 is a Lewis acid and forms complexes with donor ligands, L, InCl3L, InCl3L2, InCl3L3. For example, with the chloride ion it forms tetrahedral InCl4−, trigonal bipyramidal InCl52−, and octahedral InCl63−. In diethyl ether solution, InCl3 reacts with lithium hydride, LiH, to form LiInH4. This unstable compound decomposes below 0 °C, and is reacted in situ in organic synthesis as a reducing agentMain Group Metals in Organic Synthesis vol 1, ed. Hisashi Yamamoto, Koichiro Oshima, Wiley VCH, 2004, and to prepare tertiary amine and phosphine complexes of InH3.The Group 13 Metals Aluminium, Gallium, Indium and Thallium: Chemical Patterns and Peculiarities, Simon Aldridge, Anthony J. Downs, Wiley, 2011, Trimethylindium, InMe3, can be produced by reacting InCl3 in diethyl ether solution either with the Grignard reagent MeMgI or methyllithium, LiMe.
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VCl3 is prepared by heating VCl4 at 160–170 °C under a flowing stream of inert gas, which sweeps out the Cl2. The bright red liquid converts to a purple solid. Heating of VCl3 decomposes with volatilization of VCl4, leaving VCl2.Young, R. C.; Smith, M. E. "Vanadium(III) Chloride" Inorganic Syntheses volume IV, page 128–130, 1953. Upon heating under H2 at 675 °C (but less than 700 °C), VCl3 reduces to greenish VCl2. :: 2 VCl3 \+ H2 → 2 VCl2 \+ 2 HCl Comproportionation of vanadium trichloride and vanadium(V) oxides gives vanadium oxydichloride: :V2O5 \+ VOCl3 \+ 3 VCl3 → 6 VOCl2 Vanadium trichloride catalyses the pinacol coupling reaction of benzaldehyde (PhCHO) to 1,2-diphenyl-1,2-ethanediol by various reducing metals such as zinc:Vanadium-Catalyzed Pinacol Coupling Reaction in Water Xiaoliang Xu and Toshikazu Hirao J. Org. Chem.
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In mathematics, the Vogel plane is a method of parameterizing simple Lie algebras by eigenvalues α, β, γ of the Casimir operator on the symmetric square of the Lie algebra, which gives a point (α: β: γ) of P2/S3, the projective plane P2 divided out by the symmetric group S3 of permutations of coordinates. It was introduced by , and is related by some observations made by . generalized Vogel's work to higher symmetric powers. The point of the projective plane (modulo permutations) corresponding to a simple complex Lie algebra is given by three eigenvalues α, β, γ of the Casimir operator acting on spaces A, B, C, where the symmetric square of the Lie algebra (usually) decomposes as a sum of the complex numbers and 3 irreducible spaces A, B, C.
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The main reactivity associated with chromocene follow from it being highly reducing and the lability of the Cp ligands. The complex exhibits diverse reactions, usually involving displacement of one cyclopentadienyl ring. Carbonylation has been examined in detail, leads ultimately to chromium hexacarbonyl. An intermediate is cyclopentadienylchromium tricarbonyl dimer: :2 Cr(C5H5)2 \+ 6 CO → [Cr(C5H5)(CO)3]2 \+ "(C5H5)2" Chromocene provides a convenient route for preparing the anhydrous form of chromium(II) acetate, a useful precursor to other chromium(II) compounds. The reaction involves the displacement of cyclopentadienyl ligands by the formation of cyclopentadiene: : 4 CH3CO2H + 2 Cr(C5H5)2 → Cr2(O2CCH3)4 \+ 4 C5H6 Chromocene decomposes on contact with silica gel to give the Union Carbide catalyst for ethylene polymerization, although other synthetic routes exist for the formation of this important catalyst.
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Other xenon compounds may be derived from xenon difluoride. The unstable organoxenon compound can be made by irradiating hexafluoroethane to generate radicals and passing the gas over . The resulting waxy white solid decomposes completely within 4 hours at room temperature. The XeF+ cation is formed by combining xenon difluoride with a strong fluoride acceptor, such as an excess of liquid antimony pentafluoride (): : + → + Adding xenon gas to this pale yellow solution at a pressure of 2–3 atmospheres produces a green solution containing the paramagnetic ion, which contains a Xe−Xe bond: ("apf" denotes solution in liquid ) : 3 Xe(g) \+ (apf) \+ (l) 2 (apf) \+ (apf) This reaction is reversible; removing xenon gas from the solution causes the ion to revert to xenon gas and , and the color of the solution returns to a pale yellow.
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Sodium (NaHCO3) or baking soda, also a component in fire extinguishers, is often generated from sodium carbonate. Although NaHCO3 is itself an intermediate product of the Solvay process, the heating needed to remove the ammonia that contaminates it decomposes some NaHCO3, making it more economic to react finished Na2CO3 with CO2: :Na2CO3 \+ CO2 \+ H2O → 2NaHCO3 In a related reaction, sodium carbonate is used to make sodium bisulfite (NaHSO3), which is used for the "sulfite" method of separating lignin from cellulose. This reaction is exploited for removing sulfur dioxide from flue gases in power stations: :Na2CO3 \+ SO2 \+ H2O → NaHCO3 \+ NaHSO3 This application has become more common, especially where stations have to meet stringent emission controls. Sodium carbonate is used by the cotton industry to neutralize the sulfuric acid needed for acid delinting of fuzzy cottonseed.
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Several universities in Britain have used animal remains to understand human taphonomy but there are currently no facilities that use human remains. Pigs are commonly studied but they are only useful in this field to a certain extent since they don't carry the same illnesses or obtain the same injuries as humans that affect cause of death or how the body decomposes. Professor Sue Black has argued that human body farms are unnecessary as they frequently use old people's bodies which are not as representative of the average murder victim and animal bodies are just as good. The UK can use the research provided by the facilities in other parts of the world, their climate is different from that in the US and bodies decay differently in differing environments and weather and with different flora and fauna that contribute to decomposition.
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Growth accounting decomposes the growth rate of an economy's total output into that which is due to increases in the contributing amount of the factors used—usually the increase in the amount of capital and labor—and that which cannot be accounted for by observable changes in factor utilization. The unexplained part of growth in GDP is then taken to represent increases in productivity (getting more output with the same amounts of inputs) or a measure of broadly defined technological progress. The technique has been applied to virtually every economy in the world and a common finding is that observed levels of economic growth cannot be explained simply by changes in the stock of capital in the economy or population and labor force growth rates. Hence, technological progress plays a key role in the economic growth of nations, or the lack of it.
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BiH3 is prepared by the redistribution of methylbismuthine (BiH2Me):Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. "Inorganic Chemistry" Academic Press: San Diego, 2001.. :3 BiH2Me → 2 BiH3 \+ BiMe3 The required BiH2Me, which is also thermally unstable, is generated by reduction of methylbismuth dichloride, BiCl2Me with LiAlH4. As suggested by the behavior of SbH3, BiH3 is unstable and decomposes to its constituent elements according to the following equation: :2 BiH3 → 3 H2 \+ 2 Bi (ΔHf' ~~o~~ gas = −278 kJ/mol) The methodology used for detection of arsenic ("Marsh test") can also be used to detect BiH3. This test relies on the thermal decomposition of these trihydrides to the metallic mirrors of reduced As, Sb, and Bi. These deposits can be further distinguished by their distinctive solubility characteristics: arsenic dissolves in NaOCl, antimony dissolves in ammonium polysulfide, and bismuth resists both reagents.
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The self adjoint unitary F gives a map of the K-theory of A into integers by taking Fredholm index as follows. In the even case, each projection e in A decomposes as e0 ⊕ e1 under the grading and e1Fe0 becomes a Fredholm operator from e0H to e1H. Thus e → Ind e1Fe0 defines an additive mapping of K0(A) to Z. In the odd case the eigenspace decomposition of F gives a grading on H, and each invertible element in A gives a Fredholm operator (F + 1) u (F − 1)/4 from (F − 1)H to (F + 1)H. Thus u → Ind (F + 1) u (F − 1)/4 gives an additive mapping from K1(A) to Z. When the spectral triple is finitely summable, one may write the above indexes using the (super) trace, and a product of F, e (resp.
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The reactor design in question begins producing power when hydrogen gas at a sufficient temperature and pressure is admitted to the core (made up of granulated uranium metal) and reacts with the uranium metal to form uranium hydride. Uranium hydride is both a nuclear fuel and a neutron moderator; apparently it, like other neutron moderators, will slow neutrons sufficiently to allow for fission reactions to take place; the U-235 atoms within the hydride also serve as the nuclear fuel. Once the nuclear reaction has started, it will continue until it reaches a certain temperature, approximately , where, due to the chemical properties of uranium hydride, it chemically decomposes and turns into hydrogen gas and uranium metal. The loss of neutron moderation due to the chemical decomposition of the uranium hydride will consequently slow — and eventually halt — the reaction.
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While at the level of manifolds and Lie groups, the construction of the projective plane P2(K ⊗ K′) of two normed division algebras does not work, the corresponding construction at the level of Lie algebras does work. That is, if one decomposes the Lie algebra of infinitesimal isometries of the projective plane P2(K) and applies the same analysis to P2(K ⊗ K′), one can use this decomposition, which holds when P2(K ⊗ K′) can actually be defined as a projective plane, as a definition of a "magic square Lie algebra" M(K,K′). This definition is purely algebraic, and holds even without assuming the existence of the corresponding geometric space. This was done independently circa 1958 in and by Freudenthal in a series of 11 papers, starting with and ending with , though the simplified construction outlined here is due to .
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Anhydrous iron(III) chloride may be prepared by union of the elements: :2 {Fe_(s)} + 3 Cl2_(g) -> 2 FeCl3_(s) Solutions of iron(III) chloride are produced industrially both from iron and from ore, in a closed-loop process. #Dissolving iron ore in hydrochloric acid #:Fe3O4_(s) {+~} 8 HCl_(aq) -> FeCl2_(aq) {+~} 2 FeCl3_(aq) {+~} 4 H2O_(l) #Oxidation of iron(II) chloride with chlorine #:2 FeCl2_(aq) {+~} Cl2_(g) -> 2 FeCl3_(aq) #Oxidation of iron(II) chloride with oxygen #:4FeCl2_(aq) {+~} O2 {+~} 4HCl -> 4FeCl3_(aq) {+~} 2H2O_(l) Small amounts can be produced by reacting iron with hydrochloric acid, then with hydrogen peroxide. The hydrogen peroxide is the oxidant in turning ferrous chloride into ferric chloride Anhydrous iron(III) chloride cannot be obtained from the hydrate by heating. Instead, the solid decomposes into HCl and iron oxychloride.
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The most significant trait of bridging hydrogens in NMR spectra is their upfield shift. Due to the increased number of bonds that the hydrogen atom is part of, the higher electron density around hydrogen shields the 1H nucleus, causing its chemical shift to appear at negative ppm. Characterization of the dimethylcyclodecyl ion by Sorensen in 1978 relied on low-temperature NMR, as the ion slowly decomposes at above -70 °C, and showed the bridging hydrogen at δ -3.9. McMurry's characterization of the more stable in- bicyclo[4,4,4]-tetradecyl cation showed two broad 12 proton peaks at δ 2.5 and 1.9, and a broad proton singlet at δ -3.46. Depending on the length of bridging chains in a similar bridged bicyclo[3,3,1]-nonyl cations the upfield shift of the bridging hydrogen can vary from δ -6.50 to 0.07.
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Darzens halogenation is the chemical synthesis of alkyl halides from alcohols via the treatment upon reflux of a large excess of thionyl chloride or thionyl bromide (SOX2) in the presence of a small amount of a nitrogen base, such as a tertiary amine or pyridine or its corresponding hydrochloride or hydrobromide salt. The reaction is named after its creator, Auguste Georges Darzens, who first reported it in 1911. The addition of the amine and use of a large excess of the thionyl halide as compared to the usual halogenation protocol makes this reaction effective for a wide range of alcohols including those that are difficult to halogenate, such as cyclohexanol, which normally decomposes to form cyclohexene if reacted with only SOCl2. The reaction takes place through an SN2 mechanism but is also often used in the description of SNi mechanisms.
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The Skinny Client Control Protocol (SCCP) is a proprietary network terminal control protocol originally developed by Selsius Systems, which was acquired by Cisco Systems in 1998. SCCP is a lightweight IP-based protocol for session signaling with Cisco Unified Communications Manager, formerly named CallManager. The protocol architecture is similar to the media gateway control protocol architecture, in that is decomposes the function of media conversion in telecommunication for transmission via an Internet Protocol network into a relatively low-intelligence customer-premises device and a call agent implementation that controls the CPE via signaling commands. The call agent product is Cisco CallManager, which also performs as a signaling proxy for call events initiated over other common protocols such as H.323, and Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) for voice over IP, or ISDN for the public switched telephone network.
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Anhydrous nitric acid may be made by distilling concentrated nitric acid with phosphorus pentoxide at low pressure in glass apparatus in the dark. It can only be made in the solid state, because upon melting it spontaneously decomposes to nitrogen dioxide, and liquid nitric acid undergoes self-ionisation to a larger extent than any other covalent liquid as follows: :2 HNO3 \+ H2O + [NO2]+ \+ [NO3]− Two hydrates, HNO3·H2O and HNO3·3H2O, are known that can be crystallised. It is a strong acid and concentrated solutions are strong oxidising agents, though gold, platinum, rhodium, and iridium are immune to attack. A 3:1 mixture of concentrated hydrochloric acid and nitric acid, called aqua regia, is still stronger and successfully dissolves gold and platinum, because free chlorine and nitrosyl chloride are formed and chloride anions can form strong complexes.
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In mathematics, a Fourier transform (FT) is a mathematical transform that decomposes a function (often a function of time, or a signal) into its constituent frequencies, such as the expression of a musical chord in terms of the volumes and frequencies of its constituent notes. The term Fourier transform refers to both the frequency domain representation and the mathematical operation that associates the frequency domain representation to a function of time. The Fourier transform of a function of time is a complex- valued function of frequency, whose magnitude (absolute value) represents the amount of that frequency present in the original function, and whose argument is the phase offset of the basic sinusoid in that frequency. The Fourier transform is not limited to functions of time, but the domain of the original function is commonly referred to as the time domain.
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While the tónos of monotonic orthography looks similar to the oxeîa of polytonic orthography in most fonts, Unicode has historically separate symbols for letters with these diacritics. For example, the monotonic "Greek small letter alpha with tónos" is at U+03AC, while the polytonic "Greek small letter alpha with oxeîa" is at U+1F71. The monotonic and polytonic accent however have been de jure equivalent since 1986, and accordingly the oxeîa diacritic in Unicode decomposes canonically to the monotonic tónos—both are underlyingly treated as equivalent to the multiscript acute accent, U+0301, since letters with oxia decompose to letters with tonos, which decompose in turn to base letter plus multiscript acute accent. For example: U+1F71 GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA ➔ U+03AC GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH TONOS ➔ U+03B1 GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA, U+0301 COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT.
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When iodide is added to a solution of hexacyanoferrate(III), the following equilibrium exists: : 2 [Fe(CN)6]3− \+ 2 I− ⇌ 2 [Fe(CN)6]4− \+ I2 Under strongly acidic solution, the above equilibrium lies far to the right hand side, but is reversed in almost neutral solution. This makes analysis of hexacyanoferrate (III) troublesome as the iodide and thiosulfate decomposes in strongly acidic medium. To drive the reaction to completion, an excess amount of zinc salt can be added to the reaction mixture containing potassium ions, which precipitates the hexacyanoferrate(II) ion quantitatively: : 2 [Fe(CN)6]3− \+ 2 I− \+ 2 K+ \+ 2 Zn2+ → 2 KZn[Fe(CN)6] + I2 The precipitation occurs in slightly acidic medium, thus avoids the problem of decomposition of iodide and thiosulfate in strongly acidic medium, and the hexacyanoferrate(III) can be determined by iodometry as usual.
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It is an unstable compound in air and outright decomposes in water or at 190 °C. Half-sandwich compounds are also known, such as 2(η8-C8H8)ThCl2(THF)2, which has a piano-stool structure and is made by reacting thorocene with thorium tetrachloride in tetrahydrofuran. The simplest of the cyclopentadienyls are and : many derivatives are known. The first (which has two forms, one purple and one green) is a rare example of thorium in the formal +3 oxidation state. In the derivative [ThIII{η5-C5H3(SiMe3)2}3], a blue paramagnetic compound, the molecular geometry is trigonal planar around the thorium atom, which has a [Rn]6d1 configuration instead of the expected [Rn]5f1. [ThIII{η5-C5H3(SiMe3)2}3] can be reduced to the anion [ThII{η5-C5H3(SiMe3)2}3]−, in which thorium exhibits a rare +2 oxidation state.
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According to the aforementioned patent application, the reactor design in question begins producing power when hydrogen gas at a sufficient temperature and pressure is admitted to the core (made up of granulated uranium metal) and reacts with the uranium metal to form uranium hydride. Uranium hydride is both a nuclear fuel and a neutron moderator; apparently it, like other neutron moderators, will slow neutrons sufficiently to allow for fission reactions to take place; the uranium-235 atoms within the hydride also serve as the nuclear fuel. Once the nuclear reaction has started, it will continue until it reaches a certain temperature, approximately , where, due to the chemical properties of uranium hydride, it chemically decomposes and turns into hydrogen gas and uranium metal. The loss of neutron moderation due to the chemical decomposition of the uranium hydride will consequently slow — and eventually halt — the reaction.
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This drawing can be constructed in linear time from a 1-planar embedding of the graph.. The 1-planar graphs have bounded book thickness,. but some 1-planar graphs including K2,2,2,2 have book thickness at least four.. 1-planar graphs have bounded local treewidth, meaning that there is a (linear) function f such that the 1-planar graphs of diameter d have treewidth at most f(d); the same property holds more generally for the graphs that can be embedded onto a surface of bounded genus with a bounded number of crossings per edge. They also have separators, small sets of vertices the removal of which decomposes the graph into connected components whose size is a constant fraction of the size of the whole graph. Based on these properties, numerous algorithms for planar graphs, such as Baker's technique for designing approximation algorithms, can be extended to 1-planar graphs.
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NMF decomposes a non-negative matrix to the product of two non-negative ones, which has been a promising tool in fields where only non-negative signals exist, such as astronomy. NMF is well known since the multiplicative update rule by Lee & Seung, which has been continuously developed: the inclusion of uncertainties , the consideration of missing data and parallel computation , sequential construction which leads to the stability and linearity of NMF, as well as other updates including handling missing data in digital image processing. is able to preserve the flux in direct imaging of circumstellar structures in astromony, as one of the methods of detecting exoplanets, especially for the direct imaging of circumstellar disks. In comparison with PCA, NMF does not remove the mean of the matrices which leads to unphysical non-negative fluxes, therefore NMF is able to preserve more information than PCA as demonstrated by Ren et al.
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Empty clathrate hydrates are thermodynamically unstable (guest molecules are of paramount importance to stabilize these structures) with respect to ice, and as such their study using experimental techniques is greatly limited to very specific formation conditions; however, their mechanical stability renders theoretical and computer simulation methods the ideal choice to address their thermodynamic properties. Starting from very cold samples (110–145 K), Falenty et al. degassed Ne-sII clathrates for several hours using vacuum pumping to obtain a so-called ice XVI, while employing neutron diffraction to observe that (i) the empty sII hydrate structure decomposes at T ≥ 145 K and, furthermore, (ii) the empty hydrate shows a negative thermal expansion at T < 55 K, and it is mechanically more stable and has a larger lattice constant at low temperatures than the Ne-filled analogue. The existence of such a porous ice had been theoretically predicted before.
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The contact copying process was used in the early days of photography and sunlight-exposed blueprints; it is still used in amateur photography, silkscreen printing, offset printing, and photochemical machining, such as the manufacture of Printed circuit boards. By the early 20th century, blueprinting (producing white lines) or diazo blue line printing used contact-rollers rather than flat-glass exposure. Silkscreen printing and photochemical machining originally were based on gum bichromate photosensitive materials, where exposure to intense ultraviolet light made previously-soluble gum or gelatin colloids insoluble; after exposure, the exposed surface was washed in water and the unexposed coating dissolved, leaving the hardened gum or gelatin to resist the passage of the silk-screen ink or the metal-etching solution. Offset printing can use either a negative plate, where the hardened, exposed photosensitive coating attracts ink and repels water, or a positive plate, where the exposed photosensitive coating decomposes or exposes the metal, water-attracting surface.
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Krypton difluoride is primarily a powerful oxidising and fluorinating agent: for example, it can oxidise gold to its highest-known oxidation state, +5. It is more powerful even than elemental fluorine due to the even lower bond energy of Kr–F compared to F–F, with a redox potential of +3.5 V for the KrF2/Kr couple, making it the most powerful known oxidising agent, though could be even stronger: : 7 (g) + 2 Au (s) → 2 KrFAuF (s) + 5 Kr (g) KrFAuF decomposes at 60 °C into gold(V) fluoride and krypton and fluorine gases: : KrFAuF → (s) + Kr (g) + (g) can also directly oxidise xenon to xenon hexafluoride: : 3 + Xe -> \+ 3 Kr is used to synthesize the highly reactive BrF cation. reacts with to form the salt KrFSbF; the KrF cation is capable of oxidising both and to BrF and ClF, respectively. is able to oxidise silver to its +3 oxidation state, reacting with elemental silver or with to produce .
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Although free water cannot persist in illuminated regions of the Moon, any such water produced there by the action of the solar wind on lunar minerals might, through a process of evaporation and condensation, migrate to permanently cold polar areas and accumulate there as ice, perhaps in addition to any ice brought by comet impacts. The hypothetical mechanism of water transport / trapping (if any) remains unknown: indeed lunar surfaces directly exposed to the solar wind where water production occurs are too hot to allow trapping by water condensation (and solar radiation also continuously decomposes water), while no (or much less) water production is expected in the cold areas not directly exposed to the Sun. Given the expected short lifetime of water molecules in illuminated regions, a short transport distance would in principle increase the probability of trapping. In other words, water molecules produced close to a cold, dark polar crater should have the highest probability of surviving and being trapped.
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Mustard gas is the organic compound with formula (ClCH2CH2)2S. In the Depretz method, mustard gas is synthesized by treating sulfur dichloride with ethylene: : SCl2 \+ 2 C2H4 → (ClCH2CH2)2S In the Levinstein process, disulfur dichloride is used instead: : 8 S2Cl2 \+ 16 C2H4 → 8 (ClCH2CH2)2S + S8 In the Meyer method, thiodiglycol is produced from chloroethanol and potassium sulfide and chlorinated with phosphorus trichloride: : 3 (HOCH2CH2)2S + 2 PCl3 → 3 (ClCH2CH2)2S + 2 P(OH)3 In the Meyer-Clarke method, concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl) instead of PCl3 is used as the chlorinating agent: : (HOCH2CH2)2S + 2 HCl → (ClCH2CH2)2S + 2 H2O Thionyl chloride and phosgene, the latter of which (CG) is also a choking agent, have also been used as chlorinating agents, with the added possibility of both agents producing additional mechanisms of toxicity if they remain as impurities in the finished product. Mustard gas is a viscous liquid at normal temperatures. The pure compound has a melting point of and decomposes before boiling at .
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Barium chlorate can be produced through a double replacement reaction between solutions of barium chloride and sodium chlorate: :BaCl2 \+ 2 NaClO3 → Ba(ClO3)2 \+ 2 NaCl On concentrating and chilling the resulting mixture, barium chlorate precipitates. This is perhaps the most common preparation, exploiting the lower solubility of barium chlorate compared to sodium chlorate. The above method does result in some sodium contamination, which is undesirable for pyrotechnic purposes, where the strong yellow of sodium can easily overpower the green of barium. Sodium-free barium chlorate can be produced directly through electrolysis: :BaCl2 \+ 6 H2O → Ba(ClO3)2 \+ 6 H2 It can also be produced by the reaction of barium carbonate with boiling ammonium chlorate solution: :2 NH4ClO3 \+ BaCO3 \+ Q → Ba(ClO3)2 \+ 2 NH3 \+ H2O + CO2 The reaction initially produces barium chlorate and ammonium carbonate; boiling the solution decomposes the ammonium carbonate and drives off the resulting ammonia and carbon dioxide, leaving only barium chlorate in solution.
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Symmetries often give rise to superselection sectors (although this is not the only way they occur). Suppose a group G acts upon A, and that H is a unitary representation of both A and G which is equivariant in the sense that for all g in G, a in A and ψ in H, : g (a\cdot\psi) = (ga)\cdot (g\psi) Suppose that O is an invariant subalgebra of A under G (all observables are invariant under G, but not every self-adjoint operator invariant under G is necessarily an observable). H decomposes into superselection sectors, each of which is the tensor product of an irreducible representation of G with a representation of O. This can be generalized by assuming that H is only a representation of an extension or cover K of G. (For instance G could be the Lorentz group, and K the corresponding spin double cover.) Alternatively, one can replace G by a Lie algebra, Lie superalgebra or a Hopf algebra.
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Various accessories for SMAW The choice of electrode for SMAW depends on a number of factors, including the weld material, welding position and the desired weld properties. The electrode is coated in a metal mixture called flux, which gives off gases as it decomposes to prevent weld contamination, introduces deoxidizers to purify the weld, causes weld-protecting slag to form, improves the arc stability, and provides alloying elements to improve the weld quality. Electrodes can be divided into three groups—those designed to melt quickly are called "fast- fill" electrodes, those designed to solidify quickly are called "fast-freeze" electrodes, and intermediate electrodes go by the name "fill-freeze" or "fast- follow" electrodes. Fast-fill electrodes are designed to melt quickly so that the welding speed can be maximized, while fast-freeze electrodes supply filler metal that solidifies quickly, making welding in a variety of positions possible by preventing the weld pool from shifting significantly before solidifying.
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Black snake experiment Three chemical reactions occur when the snake is lit. Sodium bicarbonate breaks down into sodium carbonate, water vapor, and carbon dioxide: : 2 NaHCO3(s) → Na2CO3(s) + H2O(g) + CO2(g) Burning sucrose or ethanol (reaction with oxygen in the air) produces carbon dioxide gas and water vapor: : C12H22O11(s) + 12 O2(g) → 12 CO2(g) + 11 H2O(g) : C2H5OH(l) + 3 O2(g) → 2 CO2(g) + 3 H2O(g) Some of the sucrose does not burn, but merely decomposes at the high temperature, giving off elemental carbon and water vapor: : C12H22O11(s) → 12 C(s) + 11 H2O(g) The carbon in the reaction makes the snake black. The overall process is exothermic enough that the water produced in the reactions is vaporized. This steam, in addition to the carbon dioxide product, makes the snake lightweight and airy and allows it to grow to a large size from a comparably small amount of starting material.
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When concentrated solutions of calcium chlorate and potassium chloride are combined, potassium chlorate precipitates: : Ca(ClO3)2 \+ 2 KCl → 2 KClO3 \+ CaCl2 This is the second step of the Liebig process for the manufacture of potassium chlorate. Solutions of calcium chlorate react with solutions of alkali carbonates to give a precipitate of calcium carbonate and the alkali chlorate in solution: : Ca(ClO3)2 \+ Na2CO3 → 2 NaClO3 \+ CaCO3 On strong heating, calcium chlorate decomposes to give oxygen and calcium chloride: : Ca(ClO3)2 → CaCl2 \+ 3 O2 Cold, dilute solutions of calcium chlorate and sulfuric acid react to give a precipitate of calcium sulfate and chloric acid in solution: : Ca(ClO3)2 \+ H2SO4 → 2 HClO3 \+ CaSO4 Contact with strong sulfuric acid can result in explosionsPubChem - Calcium Chlorate: Experimental Properties due to the instability of concentrated chloric acid. Contact with ammonium compounds can also cause violent decomposition due to the formation of unstable ammonium chlorate.
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In water, chloramine is pH-neutral. It is an oxidizing agent (acidic solution: , in basic solution ): : NH2Cl + 2 H+ \+ 2 e− → + Cl− Reactions of chloramine include radical, nucleophilic, and electrophilic substitution of chlorine, electrophilic substitution of hydrogen, and oxidative additions. Chloramine can, like hypochlorous acid, donate positively charged chlorine in reactions with nucleophiles (Nu−): : Nu− \+ NH3Cl+ → NuCl + NH3 Examples of chlorination reactions include transformations to dichloramine and nitrogen trichloride in acidic medium, as described in the decomposition section. Chloramine may also aminate nucleophiles (electrophilic amination): : Nu− \+ NH2Cl → NuNH2 \+ Cl− The amination of ammonia with chloramine to form hydrazine is an example of this mechanism seen in the Olin Raschig process: : NH2Cl + NH3 \+ NaOH → N2H4 \+ NaCl + H2O Chloramine electrophilically aminates itself in neutral and alkaline media to start its decomposition: : 2 NH2Cl → N2H3Cl + HCl The chlorohydrazine (N2H3Cl) formed during self-decomposition is unstable and decomposes itself, which leads to the net decomposition reaction: : 3 NH2Cl → N2 \+ NH4Cl + 2 HCl Monochloramine oxidizes sulfhydryls and disulfides in the same manner as hypochlorous acid, but only possesses 0.4% of the biocidal effect of HClO.
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Ga2S3 can prepared by reacting the elements at high temperature or as a white solid by heating Ga in a stream of H2S at high temperature (950 °C). It may also prepared by a solid state reaction of GaCl3 and Na2S. The method of production can determine the polymorphic form produced, the reaction of Ga(OH)3 with H2S at different temperatures is reported to produce a different polymorph depending on the temperature, α- 1020 K, β- 820 K and γ- above 873 K Semiconductors: Data Handbook 3d Ed., Otfried Madelung, Springer, 2004, Ga2S3 disproportionates at high temperature forming the non-stoichiometric sulfide, Ga4Sx (4.8 < x < 5.2) Ga2S3 dissolves in aqueous acids and decomposes slowly in moist air forming H2S. Ga2S3 dissolves in aqueous solutions of potassium sulfide, K2S to form K8Ga4S10 containing the (Ga4S10)8− anion which has an adamantane, molecular P4O10 structure. Ternary sulfides MIGaS2, MIIGa2S4 and MIIIGaS3 respectively have been of interest due to their unusual electrical properties and some of these can be prepared by reactions of Ga2S3 with metal sulfides e.g.
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Bronopol is used in consumer products as an effective preservative agent, as well as a wide variety of industrial applications (almost any industrial water system is a potential environment for bacterial growth, leading to slime and corrosion problems - in many of these systems bronopol can be a highly effective treatment). The use of bronopol in personal care products (cosmetics, toiletries) has declined since the late 1980s due to the potential formation of nitrosamines. While bronopol is not in itself a nitrosating agent, under conditions where it decomposes (alkaline solution and/or elevated temperatures) it can liberate nitrite and low levels of formaldehyde and these decomposition products can react with any contaminant secondary amines or amides in a personal care formulation to produce significant levels of nitrosamines (due to the toxicity of these substances, the term 'significant' means levels as low as 10s of parts per billion). Manufacturers of personal care products are therefore instructed by regulatory authorities to avoid the formation of nitrosamines which might mean removing amines or amides from the formulation, removing bronopol from a formulation, or using nitrosamine inhibitors.
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Although it has a large nuclear spin (+), nuclear magnetic resonance studies can use this isotope at a resonating frequency of 11.7 MHz. alt=A graph showing the energetics of caesium-137 (nuclear spin: I=+, half-life of about 30 years) decay. With a 94.6% probability, it decays by a 512 keV beta emission into barium-137m (I=11/2-, t=2.55min); this further decays by a 662 keV gamma emission with an 85.1% probability into barium-137 (I=+). Alternatively, caesium-137 may decay directly into barium-137 by a 0.4% probability beta emission. The radioactive 135Cs has a very long half-life of about 2.3 million years, the longest of all radioactive isotopes of caesium. 137Cs and 134Cs have half-lives of 30 and two years, respectively. 137Cs decomposes to a short-lived 137mBa by beta decay, and then to nonradioactive barium, while 134Cs transforms into 134Ba directly. The isotopes with mass numbers of 129, 131, 132 and 136, have half-lives between a day and two weeks, while most of the other isotopes have half-lives from a few seconds to fractions of a second.
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In recent years, the word detritus has also come to be used in relation to aquariums (the word "aquarium" is a general term for any installation for keeping aquatic animals). When animals such as fish are kept in an aquarium, substances such as excreta, mucus and dead skin cast off during moulting are produced by the animals and, naturally, generate detritus, and are continually broken down by micro-organisms. Modern sealife aquariums often use the Berlin Method, which employs a piece of equipment called a protein skimmer, which produces air bubbles which the detritus adheres to, and forces it outside the tank before it decomposes, and also a highly porous type of natural rock called live rock where many bentos and bacteria live (hermatype which has been dead for some time is often used), which causes the detritus-feeding bentos and micro-organisms to undergo a detritus cycle. The Monaco system, where an anaerobic layer is created in the tank, to denitrify the organic compounds in the tank, and also the other nitrogen compounds, so that the decomposition process continues until the stage where water, carbon dioxide and nitrogen are produced, has also been implemented.
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