867 Sentences With "relict" | Random Sentence Generator

" We reached a ridge where dead bristlecones were scattered about in large numbers—a "relict grove.

The assumption about the lone Australian Moggridgea spider had been that it was a relict species of a bygone era, separated from its African relatives by continental drift.

"Based on these and other issues, Nutman said "we stand by our interpretation that there are extremely rare stromatolites in the Isua rocks, preserved in a tiny relict of a 3.7 billion year old shallow sea environment.

We can expect the availability of online resources to be an extremely lagging indicator; a once-dominant dead language would probably still have millions of relict web pages devoted to it, zombie sites and blog posts unread for years.

There were hundred-mile views of the park's "greatest hits" in every direction: We could see the gypsum dunes shimmering on the desert floor, the 45,000-acre relict forest just behind us, El Capitan's noble profile and, rising above it all, Guadalupe Peak.

Some of these mystery animals may be part of explicable migrations or relict populations—there are active, if marginal, debates about whether mountain lions have reappeared in Maine, and whether grizzlies have survived their elimination in Colorado—while others are said to be menagerie escapees.

Its isolation in the phylogeny of the tribe suggests it is a relict taxon, one of many relict plants that grow in the Caucasus.

The freshwater crayfish Astacoides appears to be a Gondwanan relict.

Relict yellow meadow ant nests in an area reverted to woodland.

Along with birches, pines, alders and aspens, many bushes and shrubs spring up in the park, including berry-bearing varieties such as raspberries, rose hips, currants and hawthorns. Wild strawberries grow in the meadows, and mushrooms grow in the forests. There are up to 50 species of relict plants found in the park, including the relict black alder and the relict rock currant.

There are relict populations of the lake chub in the upper Missouri River drainage.

The piano flat spider is classified as At Risk (Relict) by the Department of Conservation.

This moth is classified under the New Zealand Threat Classification system as being "At Risk, Relict".

Throughout much of Africa; relict populations exist north of the Sahara in Algeria, Egypt and Libya.

P. conventus is a relict of colder climatic periods found only in deep, cold, upland lakes.

This moth is classified under the New Zealand Threat Classification system as being "At Risk, Relict".

Neviusia cliftonii (Rosaceae: Kerrieae), an intriguing new relict species from California. Novon 2:4 285-89.

Brewer's Spruce (Picea breweriana) and Kalmiopsis (Kalmiopsis leachiana) are relict species, remaining since the last ice age.

In contrast the east-west disjunct distribution are most likely relict populations of a once continuous range.

In the thermal waters of the Peţa river and lake, having a constant temperature of 30-31°C, live the snail Melanopsis parreyssi (tertiary relict) and the fish Scardinus racovitzae as well as a rare species of subtropical water lily - Nymphaea lotus thermalis - tertiary relict, a natural monument.

They are poorly researched and there is not enough data to assess the qualitative and quantitative parameters even of the main populations of endemic and relict species. There are 218 endemic, 176 relict and rare 294 species. The Araneae are represented by 321 species, or 35% of Bulgaria's total.

The site is known for its relict endemic willow shrimp (Chirocephalus pelagonicus), which survives only in this area.

The castle area and the rocks surrounding it are an important area for the occurrence of relict flora.

A notable example is the thylacine of Tasmania, a relict marsupial carnivore that survived into modern times on an island whereas the rest of its species on mainland Australia had gone extinct between 3000 and 2000 years ago. When a relict is representative of taxa found in the fossil record, and yet is still living, such an organism is sometimes referred to as a living fossil. However, a relict need not be currently living. An evolutionary relict is any organism that was characteristic of the flora or fauna of one age and that persisted into a later age, with the later age being characterized by newly evolved flora or fauna significantly different from those that came before.

They persisted in Europe in the last remaining forests as a relict of the Oligocene: a relict species in a relict habitat. An example of divergent evolution creating relicts is found in the shrews of the islands off the coast of Alaska, namely the Pribilof Island shrew and the St. Lawrence Island shrew. These species are apparently relicts of a time when the islands were connected to the mainland, and these species were once conspecific with a more widespread species, now the cinereus shrew, the three populations having diverged through speciation. In botany, an example of an ice age relict plant population is the Snowdon lily, notable as being precariously rare in Wales.

Gradually however "relict" dinosaurs such as protoceratopsids and sauropods began expanding into lower altitude areas as sea-levels fell.

However, the lake lacks the most common relict crustacean found in the lakes of southern Sweden, the Mysis relicta.

The Relict Lime Grove was discovered in 1928 by A. M. Zharkova, a member of the Russian Geographical Society.

Yet the lake lacks the most common relict crustacean found in the lakes of southern Sweden, the Mysis relicta.

The relict populations on Marlborough Sounds islands are probably due to the introduction of mammalian predators on the mainland.

The invertebrate fauna is poorly studied. There are 80 Bulgarian and 4 local endemics, as well as 34 relict species.

The species shows little genetic variation and the present population may be a relict of a previous, more widespread distribution.

This species has been classified as having the "At Risk, Relict" conservation status under the New Zealand Threat Classification System.

One last relict is an obelisk that commemorates the victims of the Nazi regime who were employees at the factory.

Public access to the Franklin Islands is prohibited in order to safeguard the relict population of stick-nest rats there.

ZooKeys 408 71. This damselfly is known commonly as the Pantepui Relict Damsel.von Ellenrieder, N. & Paulson, D. 2006. Rimanella arcana.

Vegetation and landscape of the Simbruini mountains (Central Apennines). Plant Sociology. 49. 3-64. 10.7338/pls2012491S1/01. There are also mixed stands of beech and silver fir (Abies alba), along with relict stands of Italian black pine (Pinus nigra var. italica) and relict stands of Picea abies and Pinus sylvestris in the northern Apennines.

Water filled caves can be classified as active and relict: active caves have water flowing through them; relict caves do not, though water may be retained in them. Types of active caves include inflow caves ("into which a stream sinks"), outflow caves ("from which a stream emerges"), and through caves ("traversed by a stream").

The isotopic resonance hypothesis (IsoRes)R.A. Zubarev et al., Early life relict feature in peptide mass distribution, Cent. Eur. J. Biol.

The site also contains a relict Roman landscape which is evident in many of the fields; Medieval earthworks are also present.

In the forests of Azerbaijan various relict trees may be observed. One of these forests is Hyrcanian (Hirkan) which is in the south of Azerbaijan. These relict trees’ decorative leaves, strong trunks, large crowns have attracted many naturalists, botanists from all over the world. The climate of Hyrcanian forests of Talysh mountains is humid and warm.

He rejects the possibility that the species is a relict of isolated evolution from earlier European hadrosauroids or descended from American hadrosaurs.

The Cook Strait giant weta was assessed by the Department of Conservation as "At Risk: Relict", with a stable but small population.

This moth is classified under the New Zealand Threat Classification system as being "At Risk, Relict". It has been collected at Riccarton Bush.

A relict sediment is an area of ancient sediment which remains unburied despite changes in the surrounding environment. In pedology, the study of soil formation and classification, ancient soil found in the geologic record is called a paleosol, material formed in the distant past on what was then the surface. A relict paleosol is still found on the surface, and yet is known to have been formed under conditions radically different from the present climate and topography. In mineralogy, a relict mineral is a surviving mineral from a parent rock that underwent a destructive or transformative process.

The relict dace (Relictus solitarius) is a cyprinid fish of the Great Basin of western North America. It is the sole member of its genus. Relict dace coloration is variable, but generally dusky overall, with olive and brassy shades dorsally. An obvious speckling pattern with patches ranging from brown to green, and yellowish narrow stripes appear on the back and belly.

Isabella Wright, Relict of the late Hon. Robert Wright. Esq., Chief Justice of this Province. The same source also adds that on November 24. 1739.

Lake Alakol and Lake Sasykkol, situated in the western (Kazakhstan) part of the valley, are the homes of the rare Dalmatian pelican and relict gull.

Freestun was the son of Edward Freestun and Mary née Lockyer, daughter of William Lockyer. He married Josefa Benita, relict of Charles Pratt, in 1846.

Also as seen in graptolites, many of the taxa that were common during the Hirnantian were eurytopic species, high-latitude immigrants, or endemic, relict faunas.

It occurs in shady spots in the habitat where moisture remains for a longer period of time. The rare plant may be a relict species from a time when the region was cooler and not as dry. There are three occurrences of the plant in the San Andres Mountains and fifteen occurrences in the Sacramento Mountains. The plant, as a relict, may be naturally rare.

In geology, the term relict refers to structures or minerals from a parent rock that did not undergo metamorphic change when the surrounding rock did, or to rock that survived a destructive geologic process. Some geologic processes are destructive or transformative of structures or minerals, and when a process is not complete or does not completely destroy certain features, the left-over feature is a relict of what was there before. For example, relict permafrost is an area of ancient permafrost which remains despite a change in climate which would prohibit new permafrost from forming. Or it could be a fragment of ancient soil or sediment found in a younger stratum.

For example, serpentinite is a kind of rock formed in a process called serpentinization, in which a host mineral produces a pseudomorph, and the original mineral is eventually replaced and/or destroyed, but is still present until the process is complete. Within geomorphology a relict landform is a landform that took form from geomorphic processes that are not active at present. In a Scandinavian context, this is often meant to imply that relict landforms were formed before the last glaciation and survived it under cold- based parts of the ice sheet. Climatic geomorphologist Julius Büdel estimated that 95% of mid-latitude landforms are relict.

It is the only Paleoendemic Ocotea species in the wetter relict forest areas of Macaronesia. Its berries are consumed mostly by the endemic Madeiran pigeon Columba trocaz.

The range is mainly covered with relict warm temperate rainforest and contains several rare and/or endemic species, most notably the Nightcap oak and the Minyon quandong.

In Ohio, meadow voles comprised 90% of the individual prey remains in long-eared owl (Asio otus) pellets on a relict wet prairie,Osborn, Eric D.; Hoagstrom, Carl W. (1989). "Small mammals of a relict wet prairie in Ohio". In: Bragg, Thomas B.; Stubbendieck, James, eds. Prairie pioneers: ecology, history and culture: Proceedings, 11th North American prairie conference; 1988 August 7–11; Lincoln, NE. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska: 247-250.

Helastia angusta is a moth of the family Geometridae. This species is endemic to New Zealand. It is classified as "At Risk, Relict'" by the Department of Conservation.

Helastia clandestina is a moth of the family Geometridae. This species is endemic to New Zealand. It is classified as "At Risk, Relict'" by the Department of Conservation.

Helastia siris is a moth of the family Geometridae. This species is endemic to New Zealand. It is classified as "At Risk, Relict'" by the Department of Conservation.

Helastia expolita is a moth of the family Geometridae. This species is endemic to New Zealand. It is classified as "At Risk, Relict'" by the Department of Conservation.

This snail is limited to patches of algific talus slope habitat. It is a relict species from the last ice age. Much of its remaining habitat is located on the Driftless Area National Wildlife Refuge in Iowa. Known from fossil evidence about 400,000 years old, it is one of many glacial relict species that remain in the Driftless Area, a glacier-eroded plateau that now makes up parts of Iowa, Illinois, Minnesota, and Wisconsin.

He was driven by a Marxist ideology to find the "wild man" to confirm materialism and evolutionary human origins. He believed that the almas were a relict population of the Neanderthals who had survived the Ice Age of the Pleistocene epoch. His expeditions were unsuccessful and his career went into decline. In the late 1960s, Porshnev's idea that relict Neanderthals could explain Asian or Russian bigfoot sightings became known as the "Porshnev theory".

The lower Limpopo River and Save River drain into the Indian Ocean through what remains of this relict incipient rift valley, which now forms part of the South African Lowveld.

Elachista helonoma is a species of moth in the family Elachistidae. This species is endemic to New Zealand. It is classified as "At Risk, Relict'" by the Department of Conservation.

Asaphodes chlorocapna is a species of moth in the family Geometridae. This species is endemic to New Zealand. It is classified as "At Risk, Relict'" by the Department of Conservation.

Boloria kriemhild, the relict fritillary, is a species of fritillary in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in North America. The MONA or Hodges number for Boloria kriemhild is 4468.

Paranotoreas fulva is a species of moth in the family Geometridae. This species is endemic to New Zealand. It is classified as "At Risk, Relict" by the Department of Conservation.

Meterana exquisita is a species of moth in the family Noctuidae. This species is endemic to New Zealand. It is classified as "At Risk, Relict'" by the Department of Conservation.

Meterana grandiosa is a species of moth in the family Noctuidae. This species is endemic to New Zealand. It is classified as "At Risk, Relict'" by the Department of Conservation.

Hierodoris stella is a species of moth in the family Oecophoridae. This species is endemic to New Zealand. It is classified as "At Risk, Relict'" by the Department of Conservation.

Hierodoris torrida is a species of moth in the family Oecophoridae. This species is endemic to New Zealand. It is classified as "At Risk, Relict'" by the Department of Conservation.

Samana acutata is a species of moth in the family Geometridae This species is endemic to New Zealand. It is classified as "At Risk, Relict" by the Department of Conservation.

The Teffedest Mountains have been habitat to the last relict population of painted hunting dog (Lycaon pictus) within Algeria,C. Michael Hogan, 2009. Painted Hunting Dog: Lycaon pictus, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed.

Epichorista tenebrosa is a species of moth in the family Tortricidae. This species is endemic to New Zealand. It is classified as "At Risk, Relict'" by the Department of Conservation.

Ecosystems include a variety of rainforest types, wet sclerophyll forests, mixed eucalypt woodlands, melaleuca gallery forest, and lakes on alluvial plains. Brooklyn also contains a relict population of Bunya Pine.

Sassafras randaiense is a species of deciduous tree in the family Lauraceae belonging to the genus Sassafras. It is a relict species endemic to Taiwan. It is threatened by habitat loss.

This is confirmed in the accounts of the collectors for the 'Thirds of benefices for Perth and Strathearn', and where, in 1572, his "relict" is mentioned (but without giving her name).

The plant is a paleoendemic, its morphology unique among the phacelias, and probably a relict persisting in areas of ultramafic rock substrate in a small section of the Siskiyou-Trinity Mountains.

It is estimated that up to 5,000 pairs breed there, making it the largest breeding colony of relict gulls. Shrinking of the lake and changes in water quality are threatening the colony.

This moth is classified under the New Zealand Threat Classification system as being "At Risk, Relict". This species is under threat as a result of loss of habitat upon which it relies.

It was widely cultivated in the ancient world, but is now a relict crop in mountainous regions of Europe and Asia. Emmer is considered a type of farro food especially in Italy.

1 Oct. 2013."Leaf Gas Exchange of Understory Spruce–fir Saplings in Relict Cloud Forests, Southern Appalachian Mountains, USA." Reinhardt, Keith, and William K. Smith. Tree Physiology 28 (2007): 113-22. (Abstract).

The That Luang dates from 1566. It has been destroyed and ransacked and renovated numerous times. The site is sacred as the Lao believe that the stupa enshrines a relict of Buddha.

If so, it is the most recent known multituberculate to exist. It is probably a relict species that was on New Zealand when it split off from Gondwana 80 million years ago.

Frest T. J. & Johannes E. J. (1992). Distribution and Ecology of the Endemic Relict Mollusc Fauna of Idaho TNC’s Thousand Springs Preserve. Final Report to the Idaho Nature Conservancy, Sun Valley, Idaho.

The American paddlefish is an ancient relict from the Mississippi The Mississippi basin is home to a highly diverse aquatic fauna and has been called the "mother fauna" of North American fresh water.

The appearance of the Dawada is distinctive and has been linked to a relict population. They are mostly an endogamic group which rarely marry outside of their tribe. They speak an Arabic dialect.

The Lazarev Canyon is now home to rare plants - Crimean pine, relict species of Taxus and Serbian rhammondies, and animals like: Chamois, Golden eagles, True owl, Peregrine falcon also, endemic arthropods and bats.

Determination of Endangered Status for the Relict Darter and Bluemask (=Jewel) Darter. Federal Register December 27, 1993. During breeding, the male has bright blue patches on its head and other areas.Etheostoma akatulo. FishBase.

At its top surface are relict gas bubble holes now filled with carbonate. Lower down, the lava has weathered in an "onion-skin" or spheroidal pattern, which is an unusual feature in Orkney.

The Lazar's Canyon is now home to rare plants – Crimean pine, relict species of Taxus and Serbian rhammondies – and animals like: Chamois, Golden eagles, True owl, Peregrine falcon also, endemic arthropods and bats.

"Phylogeny and biogeography of Rhododendron subsection Pontica, a group with a Tertiary relict distribution". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 33: 389–401.Kikvidze Z, Ohsawa M. 1999. "Adjara, East Mediterranean refuge of Tertiary vegetation".

A 2009 expedition aimed to make discoveries in the deeper parts of the reef between below sea level. Relict fauna communities consisting of rock sponges, glass sponges, brachiopods and stalked sea lilies were discovered.

The climate of the ecoregion is mostly of Köppen's humid subtropical (Cfa) to humid warm summer continental (Dfb) type, with wet winters. Some areas of relatively high rainfall have been considered a temperate rainforest relict.

Two genera of Ariopeltinae live in South Africa. Ariopelta capensis and Ariostralis nebulosa are relict primitive species in the Cape Fold Mountains. In the Landdroskop area there are melanistic populations of these slugs.Costandius E. (2005).

The Spanish imperial eagle may be considered an ice age relict due to its isolation.González, L. M. (2008). Origin and formation of the Spanish Imperial Eagle (Aquila adalberti). Journal of Ornithology, 149(2), 151-159.

The Relict Lime Grove is a linden grove in Ubinsky District of Novosibirsk Oblast, Russia. The grove has existed since preglacial times. It is the only place of natural growth of linden in Novosibirsk Oblast.

The relict splitfin (Xenoophorus captivus) is a species of splitfin endemic to the Pánuco River system in Mexico. It feeds on algae. This species grows to in length. It is found in the aquarium trade.

From afar the waterfall looks like a solid column. The excessive humidity around the waterfall gives way to peculiar flora and fauna. One can find abundance of rare, endemic or relict species here. Ochkhomuri waterfall.

Since long petioles are the dominant character state in all closer relatives, Coccinia sessilifolia var. variifolia can either be interpreted as a relict of long-petiolate ancestors or a secondary development of an ancestral character.

Late Quaternary vegetation of the Near East. Wiesbaden: Reichert. The area has multiple representatives of disjunct relict groups of plants with the closest relatives in Eastern Asia, southern Europe, and even North America.Milne RI. 2004.

49 The metarhyolite making up much of the formation is reddish orange in color, but ranges from brick red to light pink. It includes relict phenocrysts of quartz and microcline and most outcrops show drag-folded flow bands. Some outcrops contain relict phenocrysts of albite- oligoclase. All of the phenocrysts have been reoriented about axes parallel to that of the drag-folded flow bands. Phenocryst size is from 0.02 to over 5 mm but typically 0.5 mm and show resorption or recrystallization to aggregates of smaller grains.

The path of the Arkansas River has changed over time. Sediments from the river found in a palaeochannel next to Nolan, a site in the Tensas Basin, show that part of the river's meander belt flowed through up to 5200 BP. Whilst it was previously thought that this relict channel was active at the same time as another relict of Mississippi River's meander belt, it has been shown that this channel of the Arkansas was inactive approximately 400 years before the Mississippi channel was active.

Recent work by the U.S. Geological Survey has interpreted the Carolina bays as relict thermokarst lakes that have been modified by eolian and lacustrine processes. Modern thermokarst lakes are common today around Barrow (Alaska), and the long axes of the lakes are oblique to the prevailing wind direction. These lakes develop by thawing of frozen ground, with subsequent modification by wind and waves. Thus, the interpretation of Carolina Bays as relict thermokarst lakes implies that frozen ground once extended as far south as the Carolina bays.

Trillium reliquum, the relict trillium, Confederate wakerobin, or Confederate trillium, is a monocotyledon species of the genus Trillium, a perennial, flowering, herbaceous plant of the family Liliaceae. It is found only in the southeastern region of the United States: southwest, central and east central Alabama, Georgia, South Carolina and Tennessee. As a relict species, there are a few remaining groups but it was once more abundant when conditions were different. Significant habitat loss has occurred through clearing of forests for agricultural and pine farm uses.

Wawel Cathedral—the Silver Bell Tower with a coned roof and Sigismund Chapel with a small golden dome. St. Leonard's Crypt below the cathedral is a relict of an older temple built in the 11th century.

The relict gull or Central Asian gull (Ichthyaetus relictus) is a medium-sized gull. It was believed to be an eastern race of the Mediterranean gull until 1971 and was traditionally placed in the genus Larus.

Altona Main Cemetery, Altonaer Hauptfriedhof, is located at the Altona Volkspark. Beside a Jewish cemetery, a Mennonite cemetery there are several Lutheran cemeteries. All this is a relict of freedom of belief in the history of Altona.

This moth is classified under the New Zealand Threat Classification system as being "At Risk, Relict". The decline in the area and quality of this species habitat is one of the factors putting this species at risk.

Thus, this palm is restricted by both water and climate to widely separated relict groves. The trees in these groves show little if any genetic differentiation, (through electrophoretic examination), suggesting that the genus is genetically very stable.

Jankaea is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the family Gesneriaceae. The only member of this genus, Jankaea heldreichii, is endemic to Mount Olympus in Greece where it is a relict species from the tertiary period.

He was dead by 15 January 1747 when a Sasine registered on that date referred to "Christian Anderson, relict of Francis Hepburn of Nunraw" (NAS:RS27/132/279). Of their known children are two sons, Patrick and Francis.

The relict species was first described in 1909, by William Thomas Calman. The shrimp are semi-transparent and blind. Adult specimens are approximately long. Their diet probably consists mainly of a small red tubificid worm, Isochaeta israelis.

It is a sparrow in name only, a relict of the old practice of calling more types of small birds "sparrows". A few further bird species are also called sparrows, such as the Java sparrow, an estrildid finch.

Einar Pálsson. Einar Pálsson (1925–1996) was an Icelandic writer. He was born in Reykjavík, Iceland. He is best known for his theories about the origin of the Icelandic Saga literature as relict mythology of pagan ritual landscapes.

The convent was terminated in 1804 due to the secularization. Destructions and burnings happened to the church during the Thirty Years´ war. The relict of Adelaide got lost in that time. In 1642/3, the church was rebuilt.

Alternative names put forth for the last individual of its kind include ender and terminarch. The word relict may also be used, but usually refers to a population, rather than an individual, that is the last of a species.

The nearby Chiffa gorge is a habitat of the endangered Barbary macaque, Macaca sylvanus; this habitat is one of only a few relict locations where populations of this primate are found.C. Michael Hogan, 2008 Sid-Ahmed El-Kebir Tomb.

Relict populations of the West African crocodile persisted in the Draa river until the 20th century."Crocodiles in the Sahara Desert: An Update of Distribution, Habitats and Population Status for Conservation Planning in Mauritania". PLOS ONE. 25 February 2011.

There are also many hanging swamps with button grass reeds and thick, deep black soil. Wollemia nobilis, the "Wollemi pine", a relict of earlier vegetation of Gondwana, is found in remote and isolated valleys of the Wollemi National Park.

Relict populations of the West African crocodile persisted in the Tassili n'Ajjer until the twentieth century."Crocodiles in the Sahara Desert: An Update of Distribution, Habitats and Population Status for Conservation Planning in Mauritania". PLOS ONE. 25 February 2011.

Tsondol is a locality on the Etsin Col River in the west of Inner Mongolia. It is the type locality for the relict gull, a specimen of which was collected by Sven Hedin's expedition team on 24 April 1929.

Compare Elasmotherium, about 15–18 feet in length, with a massive horn on its forehead. (see Relict.) The lion, called "Tigris", is said to be so big that there is a space of 9 cubits between its ears.9 cubits.

The remainder of a dead branch of the Danube river which forms the nature reserve protects various water biotopes, rare waterfowl, aquatic plants and a glacial relict, the tundra vole. The area is significant as an esthetic and research object.

Rhampholeon marshalli seems to inhabit the subcanopy and leaf litter of the relict cloud forests. Major canopy trees include Syzygium and Ficus. These forest are rich in fern and liana species. Forest margins have prickly species of Ilex and Rubus briars.

The relationship between Coenocorypha snipe and the snipes of the genus Gallinago is uncertain. Coenocorypha is sometimes thought to be a relict taxon of an ancient lineage;Tennyson, A., & Martinson, P. (2006). Extinct Birds of New Zealand. Te Papa Press, Wellington .

Relict populations of the West African crocodile persisted in the Chott el Djerid until the early 20th century."Crocodiles in the Sahara Desert: An Update of Distribution, Habitats and Population Status for Conservation Planning in Mauritania". PLOS ONE. February 25, 2011.

Ponticola kessleri, the bighead goby or Kessler's goby, is a species of goby native to Eurasia. The bighead goby is a Ponto-Caspian relict species. It inhabits the fresh and oligohaline waters, with mineralisation from 0-0.5‰ up to 1.5-3.0‰.

Among the relict plants growing in the botanical garden, a special place is occupied by a giant Sequoiadendron. Chernivtsi is located in the center of Chernivtsi Regional Park, which borders zakaznik "Thetzino" in the west and Mount Berda in the north.

It grows in various parts of East Africa and Southeast Asia. The Nymphaea lotus var. thermalis is a tertiary relict variety, endemic to the thermal waters of Europe, for example the Peţa River in Romania or the Hévíz lake in Hungary .

1100 - c. 1750 (Tuckwell Press 1999): 144. A short biography of Lady Roseburn was published in 1925.John A. Fairley, Agnes Campbell, Lady Roseburn, Relict of Andrew Anderson, the King's Printer: A Contribution to the History of Printing in Scotland (D.

Second, the plant could have been transported to Ireland by natural means, most likely being carried on the feet of the Greenland white-fronted goose if by any bird. The goose breeds in Greenland and winters in North America or Ireland, but this hypothesis can only be considered if H. canadense is discovered in Greenland. The third possibility is that the plant is relict in Europe, supported by the fact that several other species considered relict have similar geographic distributions. The plant's occurrence in Newfoundland gives credence to its hardiness, suggesting that it could have withstood the latest glaciation.

The marginal bluff marks the former shoreline position of Lake King and the relict gravel beaches and spits were formed by wave action. The area contains geological features and sites of state geological and geomorphological significance. The extensive 'backswamp' forming Macleod Morass, the escarpment ('marginal bluff') along its western boundary, and relict gravel beaches and spits (e.g. Brownlow's Point) are important features providing evidence of once higher sea levels in Bass Strait. Macleod Morass was originally classified as a 'deep freshwater marsh' but currently only approximately 30% of the morass is still representative of the original classification.

As inferred from relict structures and textures, the Brahma Schist is composed of mafic to felsic-composition metavolcanic rocks. The Rama Schist consists of massive, fine-grained quartzofeldspathic schist and gneiss that likely are probable felsic metavolcanic rocks. On the basis of the presence of relict pillow structures, interlayering of metavolcanic strata, and the large volumes of metavolcanic rocks, the Brahma and Rama schists are interpreted to consist of metamorphosed, volcanic island-arc and associated submarine volcanic rocks. These metavolcanic rocks are locally overlain by the metamorphosed submarine sedimentary rocks of the Vishnu Schist that are interpreted to have accumulated in oceanic trenches.

The relict dace occurs in only a handful of habitats in eastern Nevada, all of which were once covered by the prehistoric Lake Lahontan. Locations include the springs of Buttle and Ruby Valleys, and the drainage systems of Franklin Lake and Gale Lake.

Hummocks are believed to be relict features that were formed under colder conditions when permafrost was likely present in the ground. Bates, Robert L. and Julia A. Jackson, ed. (1984). "hummock." Dictionary of Geological Terms, 3rd Ed. New York: Anchor Books. p. 241.

The insects: an outline of entomology. 5th edition. West Sussex: Wiley Blackwell. The Pediciidae and Tipulidae are sister groups (the "limoniids" are a paraphyletic clade) and the Cylindrotominae appear to be a relict group that was much better represented in the Tertiary.

Because of the proximity of three seas, the Black Sea, the Marmara Sea and the Aegean Sea, Strandzha remained unaffected by the Quaternary glaciation and retained its mild and relatively humid climate. Under those conditions the region has preserved relict species from the Neogene.

It is found in Tanzania, Mozambique, and Zimbabwe. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. It is threatened by habitat loss. In Zimbabwe this species is found in relict montane forests in the Eastern Highlands.

Finally, glaciolacustrine kame terraces are either the relict deltas or bottoms of ancient ice marginal lakes.Bitinas, A. D. Karmaziene, and A. Jusiene, 2004, "Glaciolacustrine kame terraces as an indicator of conditions of deglaciation in Lithuania during the Last Glaciation". Sedimentary Geology. v. 165, no.

2, no. 15, May 1961, pp. 21-22. De Camp also featured Neanderthals in his later fantasy novel The Pixilated Peeress (1991). In the parallel world of that novel the species forms a relict population pushed by humanity into the higher elevations of the Alps.

The natural values portrayed on the totem are: Bonelli's eagle; Lesser horeshoe bat; Stage beetle; Badger; Egyptian mongoose; Lataste's viper; Mottled owl; Eurasian eagle owl; Fire salamander; Tarantula hawk; Marsh fritillary; Genet; and relict forest of Oak, Arbutus, European Holly and Ivy- leaved-fern.

He married Ann, the daughter of John Boles of Wallington, Hertfordshire, and relict of John Burgoyne.Thus in Foss, Judges of England Vol. 5, p. 474, citing H. Chauncy, The Historical Antiquities of Hertfordshire, see 2nd Edition (Griffin, London 1700), Reprint (Mullinger, Bishop's Stortford 1826), Vol.

In its range it is most abundant in North Carolina, but it is rare in general. It is likely a relict species which had a wider distribution in the past.Crawford, D. J., et al. (1988). Allozyme variation within and between populations of Coreopsis latifolia (Asteraceae).

The reserve contains remnant rainforest in a rapidly developing region where much has already been cleared. The lack of emergent canopy species indicates that the reserve was logged previously and the rainforest is of a regenerating transitional type known as Relict Myrtaceous Emergent Vine Forest.

Barrie Rickards' work concentrated on the systematics and biodiversity of graptolites in the Palaeozoic. This led to a better understanding of their paleobiogeography and evolution, the manner of their recovery from mass extinctions, and a more precise understanding of Lazarus taxa, refugia and relict faunas.

A relict from the East German era is the listed Baltic Sea watchtower, one of the two surviving coastal watchtowers on the Baltic Sea. Artists working with ceramics, graphics and pictorial art display their works for tourists in the Art Barn or Kunst-Scheune.

Adjacent territory, especially the Giorgobiani Hill some 200 m south, yielded remains of the settlements of the Late Antiquity. The forested environs of Vartsikhe are parts of the Ajameti Managed Reserve, originally created in 1946 to preserve rare and relict Imeretian oak and zelkova trees.

Late Quaternary vegetation of the Near East. Weisbaden: Reichert, . The area has multiple representatives of disjunct relict groups of plants with the closest relatives in Eastern Asia, southern Europe, and even North America.Kikvidze Z, Ohsawa M. (1999) "Adjara, East Mediterranean refuge of Tertiary vegetation", pp.

In southern Sweden the occurrence of Betula nana in Sund, Ydre is deemed a glacial relict. In general, it favors wet but well-drained sites with a nutrient-poor, acidic soil which can be xeric and rocky. B. nana has a low tolerance for shade.

A relict of the last Ice Age, this forest type covers just over , and is considered the second-most endangered ecosystem in the United States.Chuck Hunter, et al., Partners in Flight: Bird Conservation Plan for the Southern Blue Ridge . December 1999. pp. 16–19.

Carmichaelia williamsii (common name William's broom or giant-flowered broom) is a species of pea in the family Fabaceae. It is found only in the North Island of New Zealand. Its conservation status (2018) is "At Risk (relict)" under the New Zealand Threat Classification System.

Clubiona subsultans has a Palearctic distribution. In Europe it is found in northern and central Europe. In Great Britain this species is confined to relict patches of Caledonian Forest in north-central Scotland, giving rise to the species common name of Caledonian sac spider.

Quercus hartwissiana prefers warm and humid climate and grows on fresh to moist soil from the lowland to a height of 1200 to 1500 m. It is a pre-glacial relict and is considered to be the ancestor of Quercus robur and Quercus petraea.

"Marine Gazetteer: Black Sea". 2005 Accessed 19 Mar 2014. It represents 12.2% of the Black Sea area with a very gentle gradient of 1:1,000. A small part of the abyssal plain is split off by the Danubian fan, a relict alluvial fan of sediment.

"Vegetational patterns and distribution of relict taxa in humid temperate forests and wetlands of Georgia Transcaucasia". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 72: 287–332. Over 70 species of forest snails of the region are endemic.Pokryszko B, Cameron R, Mumladze L, Tarkhnishvili D. 2011.

These two species are the only known members of the subfamily Pseudochelidoninae, and their widely disjunct populations suggest they are relict populations of a more common and widespread ancestor. Known to science only since 1968, it seems to have disappeared. Studies have been done on relict populations in isolated mountain and valley habitats in western North America, where the basin and range topography creates areas that are insular in nature, such as forested mountains surrounded by inhospitable desert, called sky islands. Such situations can serve as refuges for certain Pleistocene relicts, such as Townsend's pocket gopher, while at the same time creating barriers for biological dispersal.

Spermophilus relictus is a species of rodent in the family Sciuridae. It is found in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan. It is sometimes called the relict ground squirrel or the Tien Shan ground squirrel, a name also used for Spermophilus ralli, which is sometimes considered the same species.

The Pine Hills are mostly covered with lush sage and stands of Rocky Mountain ponderosa pine woodland. Many of these are relict stands from wetter times. The climate in this range is similar to the rest of Eastern Montana, hot, wet summers and cold, dry winters.

Year-round watercourses and springs support stands of red river gum, (Eucalyptus camaldulensis refulgens), Melaleuca. and the palm Livistona alfredii. Sheltered gorges along the edge of the Chichester Plateau provide water and protection from fire, and support relict communities of Terminalia, Erythrina, and Ficus.Kendrick, Peter (2001).

The ngaio weevil has a historic range as far away as South Canterbury. The collection of elytra, heads and other body parts in seven cave deposits produced by the extinct laughing owl show it was once widespread and common. It has a relict population on Stephens Island.

These documents are held at Leicestershire, Leicester and Rutland Record Office William Sherrard died circa 1640 and his wife Abigail died in 1657. Her will was written in 1655 and states she was the relict of Lord William Sherrard, barron of Leitrim, in the Kingdom of Ireland.

The Georgia aster is therefore a relict species of this historic ecosystem, and grows in remaining woodlands. 146 populations are estimated to remain. Threats to the survival of the species include elimination of habitat disturbance such as fire. Other threats include road construction and herbicide application.

Most of the reserve landscape is covered with forest. Relict Sosnovskyi pine of Caucasus is spread at 800–1800 m above sea level. It is represented by variety of forms due to tree polymorphism : pyramidal (Pinus Sosnowsky Nakai var. Pyramidalis Kurd.), compact (Pinus Sosnowsky Nakai var.

Chorąży of Inowłódz () was an honorary office in a land in the Polish- Lithuanian Commonwealth. It was created in 1726. Clerical hierarchy for a powiat of Inowłódz was created in 1726. Scholars considers that in a reality it was an addition for a relict castellany of Inowłódz.

More than a dozen bays are shown in this photo in southeastern North Carolina. Several are cleared and drained for farming. Most geologists today interpret the Carolina bays as relict geomorphological features that developed via various eolian and lacustrine processes. Furthermore, multiple lines of evidence, e.g.

The Caucasian salamander (Mertensiella caucasica) is a species of stream- dwelling salamander in the family Salamandridae. This is a salamander of medium size, with a thin, elongated body. It is a relict species, endemic to the south-western Caucasus, in Georgia and Turkey. The subspecies M. c.

Euriphene kiki, or Kiki's nymph, is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Nigeria.Afrotropical Butterflies: Nymphalidae - Tribe Adoliadini The habitat consists of forests. It is known only from the holotype male which was found in a patch of relict forest that has since been destroyed.

The Casa Grande series consists of very deep, well-drained, saline-sodic soils on fan terraces and relict basin floors. These soils formed in alluvium derived from granite, rhyolite, andesite, quartzite, and some limestone and basalt. Slopes generally are 0 to 5 percent. The climate is hot and arid.

The Zlatnianske skalky area was declared a protected area in 1981 to protect the preserved natural forest present in this area. The forests show elements of relict character. The purpose of the protection was scientific and educational research. The area hosts some significant and rare flora and fauna.

The Palkonda hills are relict mountains that can be traced back to the Cambrian period. They have over the course of over 500 million years been eroded by the Penner river and its tributaries. The hills are largely composed of quartzite formations interspersed with lava and slate deposits.

Nature park Golija-Studenica covers and area of . Golija's plants account for 25 percent of Serbia's flora. There are recorded 1091 plant species park, including 117 types of algae, 40 species of mosses, 7 lichens and 75 species of fungi. Many of the species are relict and endemic.

Scientists hypothesize that this is an evolutionary relict of diurnal animals like humans. Sweetness perception may differ between species significantly. For example, even amongst the primates sweetness is quite variable. New World monkeys do not find aspartame sweet, while Old World monkeys and apes (including most humans) all do.

Within these locations, P. suterii has a patchy distribution. The distribution of the species suggests it could be considered a relict species.Sirvid, P. J.; Zhang, Z.-Q.; Harvey, M. S.; Rhode, B. E.; Cook, D. R.; Bartsch, I.; Staples, D. A. 2011: Chelicerata: horseshoe crabs, arachnids, sea spiders.

C.C. 1688) and Damaris Cudworth (P.C.C. 1695). Her mother's stepmother Rebeccah (relict of Mathew Cradock) later married the Emmanuel College Platonist Benjamin Whichcote,Sarah Hutton, 'Whichcote, Benjamin (1609–83), theologian and moral philosopher' in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. whose niece married her father's friend Dr John Worthington (1657).

The population of the western chimpanzee once spanned from southern Senegal all the way east to the Niger River. Today, the largest populations are found in Côte d'Ivoire and in Guinea. Other populations survive in Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Guinea-Bissau. Relict populations live in Ghana, Senegal, and Mali.

Published by Taylor & Francis, Ltd. M. umbrosus is not closely related to any extant North American Microtus species. The species has been considered an ancient relict North American survivor of the subgenus Phaiomys from an early invasion from Asia. It may be included in the formerly extinct genus Neodon.

Balangeroite can develop as loose fibers or compact when in large volumes which can be prismatic. Antigorite flakes are included in relict prismatic balangeroite, while transmission electron microscopy observation shows that fibrous balangeroite is partially replaced by chrysotile. The fibers run a couple of centimeters in the [001].

Acanthobrahmaea is a genus or subgenus of moths in the family Brahmaeidae. It was described by Sauter in 1967. When it is treated as a subgenus, it is part of genus Brahmaea. This moth is an endemic relict species that only occurs in the vicinity of the Monte Vulture in Italy.

At the slightest drought, premature fruit drop is frequent. Ziziphus has several relict species living in temperate areas. These species can not endure the harsh winters of temperate continental climates. The ecological requirements of the genus are mostly those of vigorous species with a great ability to propagate in conducive habitats.

"Geomorphology of the shore terraces of the late Pleistocene Lisan Lake (Israel)". Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology Palaeoclimatology. v. 9, no. 3, p. 183-209.Prieto, F.J.G., 1995, "Shoreline forms and deposits in Gallocanta Lake (NE Spain)". Geomorphology. v. 11, no. 4, p. 323-335. However, not all lake terraces are relict shorelines.

Mineral Investigation Map MI-13. United States Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia, and Mineral Resources Research, Directorate General of Mineral Resources. Saudi Arabia. Between 1300 and 2200 meters elevation, Jabal al-Lawz has relict Mediterranean woodlands of Juniperus phoenicea, with an understory of Achillea santolinoides, Artemisia sieberi, and Astracantha echinus subsp. arabica.

Mason and Tite 1994, 77. A ninth-century corpus of “proto-stoneware” from Baghdad has “relict glass fragments” in its fabric.Mason and Tite 1994, 79-80. The glass is alkali-lime-lead-silica and, when the paste was fired or cooled, wollastonite and diopside crystals formed within the glass fragments.

It is found in a restricted range in the Tassili n'Ajjer Mountains in southern Algeria, and the Tibesti Mountains in northern Chad. It occurs in small areas of sparse relict woodland at montane elevations above the central Saharan desert plains. It is a traditional medicinal plant for the Tuareg people.

Flowering occurs in July and August. The flowers are likely pollinated by bumblebees and honeybees.Flora of North America, Geum geniculatum Michaux, 1803. Bent avens This may be a relict species, limited in distribution to the peaks of three mountains where conditions are cool and wet enough for it to survive.

Scenery in the forest Parkhurst Forest is a woodland to the north-west of Newport, Isle of Wight, England. The site is partly a site of special scientific interest. It consists of both ancient woodland, relict heathland and plantation woodland. The woodland is freehold owned and managed by the Forestry Commission.

In 2017 a program for their reintroduction began within the scope of a wider European program. Among other things, the feeders will be placed along the vultures' migratory route. Over 30 mammalian species are found in the park, including lesser mole-rat, hazel dormouse and the Tertiary relict, European snow vole.

Zeitgeschichten auf Spiegel Online. Retrieved 22 April 2011. A relict of its construction period is the present wine cellar, formally a walk-in safe with a ten-centimetre- thick steel door. The charm of the castle comes not from any medieval origin, but from its wartime history and its young age.

T. tephroleuca prefers fine sand or sandy-loam soils. Its current habitat is predominately shrub-invaded grasslands. This plant is likely a relict, a rare species remaining in a grassland habitat type that was once more common.USFWS. Final rule to determine Dyssodia tephroleuca (Ashy dogweed) to be an endangered species.

This is a shrub covered in fernlike foliage made up of fronds of small leaflets. At the ends of the erect branches of this spreading bush are inflorescences of rose spiraealike flowers. It is a relict of the Eocene and the closest relative of Chamaebatiaria.Kamelin, R. V. Flora Syrdarinskogo Karatau.

Amphipteryx agrioides, the montane relict damsel, is a species of damselfly in family Amphipterygidae. It is found in Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, and possibly Colombia. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests and rivers. It is threatened by habitat loss through deforestation for coffee plantations and cattle ranching.

The La Selle thrush (Turdus swalesi) is a species of bird in the family Turdidae native to Hispaniola (Dominican Republic and Haiti). A skulker of broadleaf and pine forests around 1300m, it is limited to a small and declining population in inland Dominican Republic, as well as a relict population in Haiti.

Stipa borysthenica is a perennial bunchgrass species in the family Poaceae, native to Europe and Asia. It is a common species in a wide area of Kazakhstan and southern parts of Russia. In many European countries (e.g. Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Hungary, Ukraine) it is a post-glacial relict and protected endangered plant.

Abbeville is a small country house in the townland of Abbeville in County Tipperary. It is set in relict parkland. It is a three-bay, three-storey house with one-storey flanking wing walls to either side, built c. 1840, and with an earlier, possibly 17th century, three-bay, three-storey rear wing.

Furthermore, the late Tertiary and the early Quaternary eras saw a period of climatic cooling that drove vegetation bands southwards, and the Arabian Peninsula received an influx of species from Eurasia. With increasing aridity, conditions became inimical for many of these and they retreated to the damper, southwestern mountainous regions, becoming relict populations.

The Blackbutt is the predominant species. The dwarf plum pine is a common Gondwanan relict at the site today. Six and a half hectares of forest around Fiddens wharf was declared a wharf reserve, where no timber could be legally cut. Regular fire discouraged rainforest plant species and favoured the eucalyptus trees.

Born the 14th of May, O.S. 1750, Died the 4th of June, N.S. > 1810. He was the only son of William Windham, esqre., by Sarah, relict of > Robert Lukin, esqre. He married in 1798 Cecilia, third daughter of the late > Commodore Forrest; who erects this Monument in grateful and tender > remembrance of him.

Catocala relicta, the white underwing or relict, is a moth of the family Erebidae. The species was first described by Francis Walker in 1858. It is found in southern Canada, from Newfoundland to Vancouver Island, south to Missouri, and Arizona. Catocala relicta elda Catocala relicta relicta The wingspan is 67–75 mm.

The variety of plant species is high and includes 260 vascular plant species on a territory of less than 4 km2. Of them, 3 are endemic and 16 are relict species. There are specimen from different geographical latitudes which makes it interesting for the scientists. Plant inversion can be observed in the reserve.

Elizabeth Springs contains the threatened saltmarsh pipewort (Eriocaulon carsonii subsp. carsonii), a relict species of tropical Australia that is largely endemic to the artesian springs of the GAB.R.J.-P. Davies et al 2007 They also contain three of the other GAB spring endemics: Eragrostis fenshamii, Fimbristylis sp.RJ Fensham 3743 and Myriophyllum artesium.

The Pagladiya basin has been developed by the actively migrating nature of the stream and resulted a basin of complex migration pattern. The relict of the earlier Pagladiya known as Mora Pagladiya (Dead Pagladiya) can still be seen in the form of abandoned channel passing through Khagrabari and Barama of Baksa District.

Many of these rare species were plentiful at the site, and remain prominent there today. A remarkable feature of this plant community is that a palmetto, Sabal minor, occurs near northern inland wildflowers such as Asarum canadense. Four trillium species are also present.Radford, Albert E. A Relict Plant Community in South Carolina.

Part of it was a mere which was drained in the nineteenth century, and some relict wetland plants survive such as saw sedge and fen wood-rush. Two new lakes have been excavated. Holme Fen, specifically Holme Posts, is believed to be the lowest land point in Great Britain at below sea level.

Boreal owl The vertebrate fauna of Pirin National Park consists of 229 species. The number of mammal species is 45. The distribution of the mammalian species by order is as follows: Insectivora – 5, Chiroptera – 16, Lagomorpha – 3, Rodentia – 7, Carnivora – 9 and Artiodactyla – 4. The European snow vole is a relict species.

This species only occurs in the southwestern Bahamas. 18,000 years ago during the last Ice Age and the sea level was much lower, many of the islands of the Bahamas were connected to each other and this species probably existed in an unbroken population, the relict populations now inhabit Andros Island and the Exuma islands.

The Los Osos Oaks State Natural Reserve preserves centuries-old Coast live oaks (Quercus agrifolia) growing atop relict sand dunes in the valley, just outside Los Osos. California State Parks: Los Osos Oaks State Natural Reserve The Elfin Forest Natural Area is on the south side of Los Osos Creek's mouth on Morro Bay.

The leaves with typical stipules belonging to the sub-genus Platanus are very common in Palaeocene formations (60 M years ago). It is thought that the only modern genus, Platanus, is a relict that can be considered a living fossil. It must have been polyploidy, during its evolution judging by the size of its stomata.

Part of a stream of the same name, it flows below the peak of the Bukovik into Perak Creek. Vegetation around the waterfall consists of endemic and relict plants. Nearby trails are frequented by mountain bikers and hikers. In 2002, the waterfall and its surroundings were declared a natural monument by the Sarajevo Canton government.

This moth is classified under the New Zealand Threat Classification system as being "At Risk, Relict". One of the reasons for this classification is that the habitat of this species is under threat from land development. The elimination of the host plants of this species has resulted in their extinction from sites in New Zealand.

This moth is classified under the New Zealand Threat Classification system as being "At Risk, Relict". This species is threatened as a result of change of habitat, in particular the loss of its host species due to farming and urban development. It is also at risk from weed invasion from plants such as sea spurge.

Relict Euxine-Colchic deciduous forests did not survive in this area. Forest mainly consists of alder groves, with wing nut (Pterocarya pterocarpa), ash tree (Fraxinus excelsior) and also Mimosa (Acacia dealbata), alder tree (Alnus barbata), Goat willow (Salix caprea), pear (Pyrus caucasica), wild plum (Prunus divaricata), oleaster (Elaeagnus angustifolia) and Indigo bush (Amorpha fruticosa).

A relict population was protected on private farmland. In 1931, seventeen members of this population were translocated to the first Bontebok National Park. In the 1960s, half of the population died from worm infestations, copper deficiency and related syndromes. In 1961, 61 members of the surviving population were translocated to the current Bontebok National Park.

Aneuretinae is a subfamily of ants consisting of a single extant species, Aneuretus simoni (Sri Lankan relict ant), and 9 fossil species. Earlier, the phylogenetic position of A. simoni was thought to be intermediate between primitive and advanced subfamilies of ants, but recent studies have shown it is the nearest living relative of subfamily Dolichoderinae.

Many of the then-existing species with the strictest ecological requirements became extinct because they could not cross the barriers imposed by the geography, but others found refuge as a species relict in coastal enclaves, archipelagos, and coastal mountains sufficiently far from areas of extreme cold and aridity and protected by the oceanic influence.

Chorismagrion is a monotypic genus of damselflies belonging to the family Synlestidae. The single species of this genus, Chorismagrion risi, known as a pretty relict, is a slender, medium-sized damselfly, mostly black in colour with white markings. It is endemic to north-eastern Australia, where it inhabits streams and large pools in rainforests.

An introduced or relict tree species? New data from cpDNA analysis. Genetics Society, Ecological Genetics Group conference, University of Wales Aberystwyth 2006. U. laevis is rare in the UK, however its random distribution, together with the absence of any record of its introduction, has led at least one British authority to consider it native.

Atolls like Atafu in Tokelau in the Pacific Ocean are landforms associated to tropical climate. No atoll exists outside the tropics. Climatic geomorphology is the study of the role of climate in shaping landforms and the earth-surface processes. An approach used in climatic geomorphology is to study relict landforms to infer ancient climates.

The high ridge-tops are covered in montane grasslands, with relict forests in the valleys. Lower down, the division is covered by lowland rainforests, with areas of savanna where humans have destroyed the forests. The soils in the highland and lowland areas are vulnerable to erosion and leaching when stripped of their plant cover.

Viktor Janka Viktor Janka von Bulcs, often shortened to Viktor Janka (24 December 1837 in Vienna - 9 August 1890 in Budapest) was a Hungarian botanist. He discovered and described several plant species, including the Hungarian crocus (Colchicum hungaricum). The monotypic relict genus Jankaea, the orchid species Himantoglossum jankae and Chamaecytisus jankae are named after him.

Smocza Jama has two entrances, one natural and one artificial — a 19th-century waterwork well. They are connected by three large chambers. A side passage, discovered in 1974, leads under the St. Stanislaus and St. Wenceslaus's Cathedral. In the underground pools lives a rare crustacean troglobiont, Niphargus tatrensis, relict of the Tertiary sea fauna.

The mountain summits are covered with alpine meadows and woody cushion shrublands. Cushion shrubs include alpine juniper (Juniperus communis subsp. nana), Sorbus chamaemespilus, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, and relict Pinus mugo on Maiella mountain. Alpine meadow plants include Gentiana dinarica, Gentiana nivalis, Androsace alpina, Polygala chamaebuxus, Saxifraga oppositifolia, Ranunculus seguieri, and Carlina acaulis.

Fossils of this family have been found from Cretaceous (Campanian) amber in from Alberta and Manitoba, Canada. This extended the known geological age of the Huttoniidae back about 80 million years, supporting the theory of H. palpimanoides being an ousted relict species. They are probably most closely related to the now extinct family, Spatiatoridae.

Within climatic geomorphology one approach is to study relict landforms to infer ancient climates. Being often concerned about past climates climatic geomorphology is considered sometimes to be a theme of historical geology. Climatic geomorphology is of limited use to study recent (Quaternary, Holocene) large climate changes since there are seldom discernible in the geomorphological record.

During that time, the Indo- Malayan region may have had a cooler and drier climate with savanna-like regions. A related species is known from the Siwalik fossils from northern Pakistan. These findings indicate that Hadromys humei is probably a "relict" species. The Manipur bush rat occurs at medium altitudes from above sea level.

In addition, ten rare and relict species have been recorded in the location, indicating that it has refugial qualities for wetland flora. Half of these are now believed to have been extirpated from the location, but others such as Carex elata may offer a source from which to rehabilitate other degraded wetlands in North Macedonia.

Pseudofusulus varians is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Clausiliidae. Genus Pseudofusulus is monotypic genus (contains one species only) with Pseudofusulus varians as its type species. It is a relict species from Atlantic period of the Holocene, inhabiting exclusively nature beech and scree forests in Europe.

An archaic term for a widow is "relict," and this word can sometimes be found on older gravestones. The term widowhood can be used for either sex, at least according to some dictionaries, but the word widowerhood is also listed in some dictionaries. Occasionally, the word viduity is used. The adjective for either sex is widowed.

The relict scorpionfly family Meropeidae (Mecoptera) in Cretaceous amber. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 86:253-263 with three species from the Cenomanian aged Burmese amber. As such, the extant members of this family can be considered living fossils. These insects are also of interest due to their presumed basal position in the order Mecoptera.

The Sri Lankan relict ant (Aneuretus simoni) is a species of evolutionarily ancient ant placed in a tribe of its own within the family Formicidae. The genus is monotypic, with the only species endemic to Sri Lanka, where it is known from just a few locations. It is one of the few ant species considered endangered.

Carpenter, Raymond J., et al. "Leaf fossils of the ancient Tasmanian relict Microcachrys (Podocarpaceae) from New Zealand." American Journal of Botany 98.7 (2011): 1164-1172 The fossil record of Microcachrys is one of many compelling lines of evidence which points to the highly dynamic and changing Southern Hemisphere vegetation through the Cenozoic since the break up of Gondwana.

1Zubarev, R. A.; Kelleher, N. L.; McLafferty, F. W. Electron Capture Dissociation of Multiply Charged Protein Cations. A Non-ergodic Process, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 3265-3266. 2 Zubarev, R. A.; Artemenko, K. A.; Zubarev, A. R.; Mayrhofer, C.; Yang, H.; Fung, E. Y. M. Early life relict feature in peptide mass distribution, Cent. Eur.

Florida map depicting landmass in green belonging to the Hazelhurst deposits of the Miocene or Pliocene epochs. Florida's Hazelhurst terrace and shoreline (formerly the Brandywine) is an ancient relict shoreline or delta present in the southeastern United States's Atlantic seaboard dating from the Late Miocene to Early Pliocene (~11.0 to 7.0 Ma—3.6 to 2.88 Ma).

Pink-colored potassic migmatite is found in veins within the rock. At a few points, much older greenstone and granitoid schist remain in place and never experienced full granitization. Republic of Congo has two relict greenstone belts at Mayoko and Zanago. Greenstone belts have sequences of metamorphic and volcanic rock that preserve ancient tectonics from the Archean.

The Gulf Hammock Wildlife Management Area consists of more than owned by private timber companies. Much of the rest of Gulf Hammock is also held by timber companies. Gulf Hammock is generally flat and low lying, rising to no more than above sea level, except for some relict sand dunes that occur inland from Cedar Key.Vince, et al.

In case of the lake terraces of ancient ice-walled lakes, some proglacial lakes, and alluvium-dammed (slackwater) lakes, they often represent the relict bottom of these lakes.Shaw. E.D., 1915, "Newly discovered beds of extinct lakes in southern and western Illinois and adjacent states". Bulletin no. 20, Illinois State Geological Survey, Champaign, Illinois, p. 139-157.

Now, it remains patchily distributed within historical limits. During surveys in 2013, it was recorded in Gbarpolu County and Bong County in Upper Guinean forests of Liberia. Leopards are rare in northern Africa. A relict population persists in the Atlas Mountains of Morocco, in forest and mountain steppe in elevations of , where the climate is temperate to cold.

Fauna includes relict gondwanan species of invertebrates which are often unique to the remaining mounds. Flora of flooded gums (Eucalyptus rudis), bracken fern (Pteridium esculentum) and rushes (from the plant families Cyperaceae, Juncaceae and Restionaceae) occur around the springs. These are often remnant to climate change of the bioregion and are only otherwise found further south.

The North Island robin is distributed mostly in the centre of the North Island, with small relict populations in the north and south, on Moturua Island in the Bay of Islands, Little Barrier Island, and Kapiti Island.Higgins, P.J. & J.M. Peter (eds) 2003. Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds. Volume 6: Pardalotes to Shrike-thrushes.

Saduria entomon is a benthic isopod crustacean of the family Chaetiliidae. It is distributed along the coasts of the Arctic Ocean and of the northern Pacific Ocean. It is also found in the brackish Baltic Sea, where it is considered a glacial relict. Moreover, it is present in a number of North European lakes, including Ladoga, Vänern and Vättern.

Common understory species include Rhododendron maximum (greater rhododendron) in moister conditions and Kalmia latifolia (mountain laurel) in drier conditions. Several factors have made S. galacifolia an endemic relict species. It reproduces successfully only in disturbed areas. Light and soil conditions that are beneficial to S. galacifolia change to its detriment as forest canopy and understory get re-established.

Some foraminifera have "toothed", flanged, or lipped primary apertures. There may be only one primary aperture or multiple; when multiple are present, they may be clustered or equatorial. In addition to the primary aperture, many foraminifera have supplemental apertures. These may form as relict apertures (past primary apertures from an earlier growth stage) or as unique structures.

Janzen, Martin and Barlow mainly discussed evolutionary anachronisms in the context of seed dispersal and passive defense strategies exhibited by plants that had evolved alongside disappeared megaherbivores. However, some examples have also been described in animal species. John Byers used the name relict behavior for animal behavior examples. Evolutionary anachronisms should not be confused with examples of vestigiality.

Wain Wood is an ancient woodland extending to near Preston in North Hertfordshire. The site is a Site of Special Scientific Interest which was notified in 1986 under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981. The local planning authority is North Hertfordshire District Council. It is a relict of a large forest which extended from Hitchin to Hatfield.

Flora of North America, Solidago ouachitensis, C. E. S. Taylor & R. J. Taylor, 1986. Ouachita Mountains goldenrod Flowering occurs in September and October. Solidago ouachitensis is likely a relict of times when conditions were colder and wetter. It only occurs in the cooler, moister sites in the Ouachita Mountains, usually in wet forest habitat on north-facing slopes.

The Euparagiinae are a small subfamily of rare wasps in the family Vespidae containing the single genus Euparagia. The group had a cosmopolitan distribution in past geological times, but is now a geographically relict taxon known only from the desert regions of the Southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico.Bohart, R.M. 1989. A review of the genus Euparagia (Hymenoptera, Masaridae).

The isolated Knuckles range harbours several relict, endemic flora and fauna that are distinct from central massif. More than 34 percent of Sri Lanka's endemic trees, shrubs, and herbs are only found in these forests. Knuckles Conservation Forest was included in UNESCO natural world heritage list in 2010 as part of Central Highlands of Sri Lanka.

The Hoggar Mountain range typically experiences hot summers, with a cold winter climate. Temperatures fall below freezing in the winter. Rainfall is rare and sporadic year-round. However, since the climate is less extreme than in most other areas of the Sahara, the Hoggar Mountains are a major location for biodiversity, including number of relict species.

The Floridan aquifer underlies portions of five states. Source: USGS Most spring water comes from the Floridan aquifer.Florida Aquifers This water enters the aquifer from local groundwater recharge areas that include the Lake Wales Ridge and other relict islands to the east and north. The water is under pressure and this force pushes water out of spring vents.

Kalmiopsis leachiana. Diversity of topography and geology provide excellent habitat for a wide variety of botanical species. The Kalmiopsis leachiana plant was discovered in 1930 by Lilla Leech in the Gold Basin area. The plant is a relict of the pre-ice age and the oldest member of the Ericaceae Family, and is the namesake of the Kalmiopsis Wilderness.

This is a relict species of isolated glacial mountain habitat, and its very small populations are scattered in widely separated locations. The populations have undergone bottlenecks. Its western and eastern populations are disjunct. Threats to the species include the loss and degradation of its alpine lake habitat from urbanization, particularly in parts of Colorado, pollution, drought, and recreation.

In some cases Western species can be distinguished (e.g. the hornbeam, limited to Western Europe) and eastern species (e.g. the oriental hornbeam, present in Eastern Europe). The last Ice Age, the Würm Glaciation, in the Alps ended about 12,000 years ago, and one can still recognize its influence on vegetation, in particular by means of glacial relict species.

Sights include not only animals, but also rare plants like a relict ginkgo tree which was coeval with the dinosaurs. The zoo also has animal sculptures, including a bronze statue of an elk and a stone statue of an orangutan. The entrance is decorated by a sculpture of many animals. The grounds include pre-war buildings and a fountain.

Its broad fluvial terraces once supported oak savanna and prairies that were maintained by burning; wetter areas supported Oregon ash and black cottonwood. Today, only relict native prairie remain. The poorly drained soils derived from glacio-lacustrine deposits are extensively farmed for grass seed and small grains. Grasses tolerate poor drainage and poor rooting conditions better than other crops.

The hills are very rich in birdlife making it a popular location for birdwatchers and bird photographers. The evergreen forest patch on top of the hill being a favoured wintering location for many migrant species of warblers, flycatchers and thrushes. The forest patch is also home for a relict population of the Nilgiri woodpigeon.Subramanya, S. (2005).

500 million years ago, the entire area was covered by an inland sea and over many centuries, sand and mud fell to the bottom of the sea, creating rock and sandstone. Kata Tjuta's domes are the eroded remains of sedimentary rock from the seabed, while Uluru is a relict of the coarse grained, mineral- rich sandstone called arkose.

McKee, p. 17, 27 About 21 km2 of the bottom of the bay is covered in seagrass; most other parts are dominated by shoal grass (Halodule beaudettei) with occasional rocky outcrops.Bartlett, p. 88 Scattered parts of the bay, mostly near the mouth, contain the relict serpulid worm reefs, which are composed of the remains of serpulid tube worms.

Alpine permafrost also occurred in the Drakensberg during glacial maxima above about .Grab, Stefan; “Characteristics and palaeoenvironmental significance of relict sorted patterned ground, Drakensberg plateau, southern Africa” in Quaternary Science Reviews, vol. 21, issues 14–15, (August 2002), pp. 1729–1744"Inventory of fossil cryogenic forms and structures in Patagonia and the mountains of Argentina beyond the Andes".

Anthophyllite is the product of metamorphism of magnesium-rich rocks, especially ultrabasic igneous rocks and impure dolomitic shales. It also forms as a retrograde product rimming relict orthopyroxenes and olivine, and as an accessory mineral in cordierite-bearing gneisses and schists. Anthophyllite also occurs as a retrograde metamorphic mineral derived from ultramafic rocks along with serpentinite.

Apicoplasts are a relict, nonphotosynthetic plastid found in most protozoan parasites belonging to the phylum Apicomplexa. Among the most infamous Apicomplexan parasites is Plasmodium falciparum, a causative agent of severe malaria. Because apicoplasts are vital to parasite survival, they provide an enticing target for antimalarial drugs. Specifically, apicoplasts' plant-like properties provide a target for herbicidal drugs.

A growing number of bodies display relict or current hydrological modification. Earth, the "ocean planet," is the prime example. Other bodies display lesser modifications, indicating their similarities and differences. This may be defined to include fluids other than water, such as light hydrocarbons on Titan, or possibly supercritical carbon dioxide on Mars, which do not persist in Earth conditions.

Aethalopteryx diksami is a moth in the family Cossidae. It is found in Socotra, Yemen, where it is only known from the central part of Socotra Island from two valleys: the Diksam canyon and the Difarroha valley, which are characterized by the following relict woody vegetation: Dracaena cinnabari, Buxus hildebrandtii, Croton socotranus and numerous other endemic plants.

Ancestors of Scolopendra abnormis likely colonized Mauritius a few million years ago but became extinct there because of introduced predators, with only relict populations surviving on outlying islands. Scolopendra abnormis are unable to swim and probably reached their current habitats by rafting or during ice ages when Round and Serpent Islands were connected to Mauritius through land bridges.

The Ziama Forest was designated a nature reserve in 1932 and approved as a Biosphere Reserve by UNESCO in 1980, covering 1,161.70 km². It is considered by conservationists as a relict of the diminishing Upper Guinean forest formation.APES MAPPER The Ziama Massif Biosphere Reserve is home to more than 1,300 species of plants and more than 500 species of animals."Guinea Highlands".

Lake Kuolimo is closely linked to Finland's largest lake Saimaa, and discharges into it through two separate routes, featuring the rapids of Partakoski and Kärnänkoski. The lakes belong to the Vuoksi river basin, which drains through Lake Ladoga to the Gulf of Finland. Kuolimo is considered a particularly clean-water lake. It is inhabited by a relict population of the Arctic char.

Nannochoristidae is a family of scorpionflies with many unusual traits. It is a tiny, relict family of about eight species, with members of the genus Nannochorista occurring in New Zealand, southeastern Australia, Tasmania, and Chile, so is probably of Gondwanan origin. The adults look like scorpionflies with more pointed, elongated wings. Most mecopteran larvae are eruciform, or shaped like caterpillars.

Geocarpon minimum. Texas Parks and Wildlife. The plant was probably widespread on the North American continent long ago, but the climate changed, and it now exists as a relict species in a narrow strip of hospitable habitat. It grows on sandstone glades and outcrops as well as bare, sparsely vegetated areas where the soil contains relatively large amounts of magnesium and sodium salts.

Mills, J.A. Lavers, R.B. & Lee, W.G. (1984) The Takahe: A relict of the Pleistocene grassland avifauna of New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 7:57–70. They held that climate changes were the main cause of the failure in takahē before European settlement. The environmental variations before the European settlement were not suitable for takahē, and exterminated almost all of them.

The Meeberrie Gneiss is a generally ductilely deformed banded gneiss of monzogranitic composition, and its protolith is interpreted as a set of monzogranite sills or lopolithic intrusions. The gneiss is heavily banded by layers of amphibolite-K-feldspar-quartz of varying grainsize, plus networks of pegmatite veins. Most is strongly deformed, but least-deformed areas show a relict porphyritic to equigranular texture.

The middle salt lake depression plane, particularly areas like Boon Tsaagan Nuur and Orog Nuur are excellent birding areas with endangered birds such as the Dalmatian pelican and relict gull. Both these lakes are protected through the World Ramsar Convention for Wildlife Diversity. Domesticated animals in Bayakhongor include Bactrian camels, horses, sheep, goats, yaks, cattle, and a yak-cattle hybrid called a khainag.

The Kankakee River valley includes sand ridges and relict channel from its path before being straightened between the years 1906 – 1917. The site rests on one of these ridges adjacent to old channel.Meyer, 1936 Until 1917, the marsh supported a productive ecosystem. This dry ridge next to the river and surrounded by the marsh was attractive to human and animal life.

Sayyid Murtada Sharif 'Askari (; 4 May 1914 – 16 September 2007), known as Allamah 'Askari, was a Shiite scholar and a neo-religious thinker. He took a scholarly approach to the history of Islam. 150 So-Called Companions, Recourse to the Prophet and Consecration to his Relict, and Abdullah ibn Saba and Other Historical Legends are some of his more significant books.

Other authors have placed it in its own monotypic family, Zavattariornithidae. DNA- sequencing analysis supports its placement in the corvids, with its closest relatives being the ground jays, magpies, and the piapiac. It has been suggested that the bushcrow is a surviving relict ancestor to several of these relatives. However, its taxonomic situation is still considered to be in flux.

Patches of relict subalpine rainforest cling to the sheltered areas where frost is lessened. Scarlet Rhododendron and Dimorphanthera abound in the gnarled dwarf forest and white beard lichens hang in the branches. Above on the vast alpine plateau, creeping Astelia, cushion plants and mosses can be found near the numerous tarns, along with alpine blueberries (Vaccinium) and asters in rockier areas.

120, 130 (Hathi Trust). a full release being made to John 9 years later by Sir John Gra of all his right in the Yorkshire, Nottinghamshire, Leicestershire and Derbyshire manors, similarly acknowledged by Elizabeth Whitfield, relict of Robert Sampson,Blomefield, History of Norfolk, X, at pp. 130-32 (Internet Archive). and by Sir John again (including the Suffolk manors) in 1435.

At its north end stands the Eschenheimer Turm, a relict of the city fortifications of the late Middle Ages. The Katharinenkirche, the main Protestant church of Frankfurt, stands at Hauptwache; on Bleichstraße the , with its preserved cemetery, is the only green space in the district. The area between Konstablerwache and Alte Gasse is the centre of the gay and lesbian community of Frankfurt.

In continental Europe it occurs much further east than H. wilsonii but these sites are very disjunct and may represent relict populations from a different climatic period. Many of the continental populations are declining or have disappeared in recent times. The specific name is derived from Royal Tunbridge Wells in Kent, England which was one of its disjunct eastern localities in Britain.

The team will attempt to establish the age of the animal remains using radiocarbon dating, and will also try to sequence DNA from crustaceans to find out whether they belong to marine or freshwater species. The sediment cores will also be analysed by geobiologists to study how relict organic matter deposited during marine incursions influences contemporary biodiversity and carbon cycling.

Biochar is hygroscopic. Thus it is a desirable soil material in many locations due to its ability to attract and retain water. This is possible because of its porous structure and high specific surface area.Terra Pretas: Charcoal Amendments Influence on Relict Soils and Modern Agriculture As a result, nutrients such as phosphate, and agrochemicals are retained for the plants benefit.

The species is mainly found along the Western Ghats and in the Nilgiri Hills. Although found mainly in the hills, it is sometimes seen at lower elevations within the Western Ghats. A few relict populations survive on the high elevations hills of the peninsula such as the Biligirirangan Hills and Nandi Hills near Bangalore. Postage stamp in India depicting the Nilgiri Wood Pigeon.

Cardioglossa schioetzi is occurs in and near relict patches of montane forest at elevations of above sea level. It can also occur in secondary vegetation where no trees remain. Some specimens have been found around streams, the presumed breeding habitat of this species. This species is threatened by habitat loss caused by expanding agricultural activities, human settlements, overgrazing, and logging.

Tartarus is a genus of spiders. All four described species are found in caves systems of Western Australia. These are located in the karst area of the Nullarbor Plain. They are likely relict species from a time when the region was much more humid, given the fact that the other members of the family Stiphidiidae in Southern Australia live in forests.

Aboriginal rock art. Entrance to the Amphitheatre Within the lower ten kilometres of the Gorge, visitors can encounter a variety of cultural and natural values that, elsewhere in the region, would require considerable travel to experience; significant Indigenous cultural sites and rock art sites, narrow sandstone canyons, extensive sandstone cliff lines, basalt-capped tablelands and mountain ranges, and relict rainforest vegetation.

When Maguire and Wurdack described the new species, they recognized how unique it was and placed it in its own section, Drosera sect. Meristocaulis, which they authored in the same publication. In a review of the taxonomy of the genus in 1996, botanist Jan Schlauer elevated the section to subgenus rank because of the species' unique, relict characteristics.Schlauer, J. 1996.

Crichton's 1976 novel Eaters of the Dead featured relict Neanderthals as antagonists. In 1975, Crichton wrote The Great Train Robbery, which would become a bestseller. The novel is a recreation of the Great Gold Robbery of 1855, a massive gold heist, which takes place on a train traveling through Victorian era England. A considerable portion of the book was set in London.

In the flarks, for example, Sphagnum cuspidatum is found, whereas the hummocks are preferred by Sphagnum magellanicum. The blanket of peat moss is penetrated by dwarf bushes such as cowberry and blueberry. Bog-rosemary (Andromeda polifolia) is a relict of the ice age. Other such ice age plants include the dwarf birch (Betula nana) and few- flowered sedge (Carex pauciflora).

Gradually however "relict" dinosaurs such as protoceratopsids and sauropods began expanding into lower altitude areas as sea-levels fell. In the southern biome by Lancian time sauropods had replaced both hadrosaurs and ceratopsians in the southern biome. In the north both were still present although hadrosaurs were demoted to a "subordinate" role in dinosaur ecosystems. Edmontosaurus was the dominant northern hadrosaurid.

'Sands of Goravan is the only place in Armenia where relict phog (Calligonum polygonoides), and Fritillaria gibbosa occur. It is a leafless perennial shrub with dense white and green branches up to 1m long. Its roots are important for preventing sand movement. Phog is ecologically tied to one of endemic insect species of Armenia occurring in Goravan sands - Pharaonus caucasicus butterfly.

The Grotto of Casteret is formed in Cretaceous limestone. The ice in the Grande Salle is ponded and has formed as the result of cold air flowing through the system, with areas out of the draught being water.Casteret (1950), pp. 133 The deeper ice is considered to be very old, and possibly relict of a cold period of the Quaternary.

Prunus sunhangii has a disjunct distribution from P. cerasoides. P. sunhangii is found only in association with the relict stands of Metasequoia glyptostroboides of Hunan and Hubei provinces but the more widely distributed P. cerasoides is never found there. The area of occupancy of P. sunhangii is only about 75 km2, so it should be considered endangered under the rules of the IUCN.

Most of arthropod biodiversity is concentrated on Great and Lesser Caucasus ranges. The region has a high level of endemism and a number of relict animals and plants, the fact reflecting presence of refugial forests, which survived the Ice Age in the Caucasus Mountains. The Caucasus forest refugium is the largest throughout the Western Asian (near Eastern) region.van Zeist W, Bottema S. 1991.

Many, if not all current populations are relict. Angiosperms also include many groups of archaic characteristics that appear as vestiges of an old Gondwanan floral background. The bamboo genus Greslania is endemic to New Caledonia and comprises three or four species. They are found only in the southern part of the island where the soil contains heavy metals such as iron.

There are three populations of this plant in New Mexico in Eddy County, and there is a single population in Texas, in Pecos County. The New Mexico and Texas sites are over 160 kilometers apart. The plant is probably a relict species, rare now that conditions have changed since it was more abundant. Today it grows on limestone and gypsum substrates in Chihuahuan Desert scrub vegetation.

Groups of yew trees and individual trees occur also over the whole territory of the national park. Relict species Caucasian rhododendron is also noteworthy, growing on the northern slopes of the Pambak mountains. Rhododendron occurs in the moist meadow vegetation of subalpine zone and stretches westward to Mount Ampasar (the Pambak mountain range) where the largest rhododendron area of Armenia is situated (see Rhododendron Reservation).

Nubbins outside the humid or seasonally-humid tropics are relict landforms formed in a humid and tropical past or form in areas of high subsurface humidity. Examples of localities with nubbins include Southwestern United States, the MacDonnell Ranges in Central Australia and Namaqualand in Southern Africa. While nubbins are typically made up of granite there have also been reports of nubbins made of ignimbrite.

The absence of common reptiles and amphibians, such as fire salamander, common spadefoot and common European viper, is noteworthy. The ichthyofauna of the park is among the richest in Europe with 41 freshwater and brackish water species of fish, as well as 70 marine fish species. There are nine Ponto-Caspian and five boreal relict species. The Ponto-Caspian dates from the ancient Sarmatian Sea.

The helmeted honeyeater (Lichenostomus melanops cassidix) is a passerine bird in the honeyeater family. It is a distinctive and critically endangered subspecies of the yellow-tufted honeyeater, that exists in the wild only as a tiny relict population in the Australian state of Victoria, in the Yellingbo Nature Conservation Reserve. It is Victoria's only endemic bird, and was adopted as one of the state's official symbols.

All the other species became extinct in the fynbos biome (a tiny relict elephant population still survives in the area around the Gouritz River and surrounding areas within the fynbos biome area), although many have been introduced into conservation areas from outside the region. The quagga and bluebuck are extinct, although there is a project (the Quagga Project) to restore plains zebras with quagga-like markings.

Arion is a genus of air-breathing land slugs in the family Arionidae, the roundback slugs. Most species of this Palearctic genus are native to the Iberian Peninsula.Quinteiro, J., et al. (2005). Phylogeny of slug species of the genus Arion: evidence of monophyly of Iberian endemics and of the existence of relict species in Pyrenean refuges. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 43(2), 139-48.

The Neoproterozoic West Congolian Supergroup occurs in the Nyanga syncline with feldspathic sediments overlain by dolomites, cherts and dolomitic limestone with stromatolites. Alluvial diamonds have been found, near the border with the Central African Republic border. A giant granitoid massif known as the Cahillu Massif extends with NS foliation through south-central Congo. At Mayoko a relict greenstone belt occurs, with sub-vertical banded iron formation.

Angolatitan ("Angolan giant") is a genus of sauropod dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous and the first non-avian dinosaur discovered in Angola. Based on a forelimb, it was described in 2011 by Octávio Mateus and colleagues. The only species is Angolatitan adamastor. Angolatitan was a relict form of its time, being a basal titanosauriform sauropod in the Late Cretaceous, when more derived titanosaurs were far more common.

When its surface area was about , its maximum depth was and the average depth . However, the lake has been shrinking sharply over the past decade, to at the present. The shrinking has been attributed to reservoir construction, mining, and agricultural irrigation. Lake Hongjiannao is an important breeding habitat for relict gull, a species classified as "vulnerable" by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).

Dorymyrmex amazonicus is a Neotropical species of ant in the subfamily Dolichoderinae. The species is known only from its type locality in Colombia. The type series was collected in the vicinity of an Amazonian forest relict, outside Leticia, Colombia. All the specimens were collected in open deforested habitat, probably this is an indication of the preference of this species to nest in highly anthropic or disturbed environments.

Rare bird species also breed in the saline lakes of the Ordos, among them Relict Gulls (Larus relictus) breeding at Lake Hongjiannao; for this species the Ordos is home to the world's largest breeding colony. The present status of large mammals in the region is largely unclear. In the past, it was inhabited by wild two-humped Bactrian camels, snow leopards, Przewalski's gazelles, and Przewalski's horses.

Murfatlar murals displayed in Constanța Museum The Basarabi-Murfatlar Cave Complex is a medieval Christian monastery located near the town of Murfatlar (known as Basarabi between 1924–1965 and 1975–2007), Constanța County, Northern Dobruja, Romania. The complex is a relict from a widespread monastic phenomenon in 10th century Bulgaria.Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250, Florin Curta, Cambridge University Press, 2006, , p. 232.

Feral Soay sheep are a relict population of the first sheep brought to northern Europe around 5000BC. They were kept for their wool, which was plucked, not shorn, and made into tweed. Only occasionally were the sheep killed for meat. When the neighbouring island of Hirta became uninhabited, Soay sheep were introduced there too, and more recently they have become widely kept elsewhere as a livestock animal.

Latilobum means "with wide lobe," from Latin latus, "wide". Eriophyllum latilobum occurs primarily in shaded moist positions on steep grassy or sparsely wooded slopes of serpentine soil. The remaining colonies of San Mateo County consist of several hundred plants scattered along a two and one half mile length of Crystal Springs Road. These are most likely the relict fragments of a historically continuous population.

In 1935 one of the world's first children's railways has been established here. One of the remarkable features of the garden is the alley of local relict trees, Zelkova. Apart from usual facilities - the restaurant, snack bar, open-air theatre, etc., in 1887 the Caucasian silkworm rearing station was founded in the territory of the Mushthaid Garden under the supervision of Nikolai Nikolaevich Shavrov (1858 -1915).

Any one of the above three definitions, but also with a relict distribution in refuges. Some paleontologists believe that living fossils with large distributions (such as Triops cancriformis) are not real living fossils. In the case of Triops cancriformis (living from the Triassic until now), the Triassic specimens lost most of their appendages (mostly only carapaces remain), and they have not been thoroughly examined since 1938.

In North America, they died out around 10,000 years ago, while in Europe, the tarpans disappeared in the 19th century. Hunting and habitat restriction have reduced the present-day species to fragmented relict populations. In contrast, domesticated horses and donkeys have gained a worldwide distribution, and feral animals of both species are now also found in regions outside of their original range, such as in Australia.

Up to half a pound (200 g) of seeds may be collected from one ant-heap. Although most ants survive attempts by humans to eradicate them, a few are highly endangered. These tend to be island species that have evolved specialized traits and risk being displaced by introduced ant species. Examples include the critically endangered Sri Lankan relict ant (Aneuretus simoni) and Adetomyrma venatrix of Madagascar.

These were the Bahama woodstar (Nesophlox evelynae), Cuban emerald (Riccordia ricordii), and a species which was later identified as Riccordia bracei. This provided evidence that Brace had discovered a new hummingbird species which lived on New Providence since the Pleistocene. It formed a relict population and probably due to habitat loss and human disturbance (e.g. agriculture) it became extinct at the end of the 19th century.

The reasons for this are the long-term geologic stability of the region, its long ridges and valleys which serve both as barrier and corridors, and their general north- south alignment which allowed habitats to shift southward during ice ages. The mountains also contain a large variety of diverse landscapes, microclimates and soils all constituting microhabitats allowing many refugia areas and relict species to survive and thrive.

Ivö is a place of geological interest as it contains relict landforms and fossils dating to the Campanian age of the Late Cretaceous epoch. These features are exposed at a location known as Ivö Klack which was first described geologically by Gerard De Geer in 1889. The locality contains sedimentary rocks overlying basement gneiss and kaolinite. Ivö Klack started operating as a kaolinite quarry in 1886.

The air temperature on these slopes ranges from "30 degrees F to 55 degrees F spring to fall". This causes a cooler, more moist summer environment than that which may occur a relatively short distance away. The result is a rather boreal ecosystem more associated with that found to the north at the Canada–US border. It can also host relict populations not found elsewhere locally.

The montane forests accommodate more endemic species than the lowland rain forests. Half of the country's flowering plants and 51 percent of the endemic vertebrates are confined to these forests. The isolated Knuckles range harbours several relict, endemic flora and fauna that are distinct from central massif. More than 34 percent of Sri Lanka's endemic trees, shrubs, and herbs are only found in these forests.

January 2008. It was presumed extinct in the 1950s when the last surviving seedling perished. However, in 1970, a single plant was discovered on the same Kauluwai estate where the "last" individual grew, presumably a surviving relict of one of the plants previously cultivated there. Although this tree was destroyed in a fire in 1978, a branch that was removed earlier was grafted onto the related, and also endangered, Kokia kauaiensis.

A widow is a woman whose spouse has died, while a widower is a man whose spouse has died. The state of having lost one's spouse to death is termed Nineteenth Century gravestone illustrating "relict" used to mean "widow." Located in the churchyard of St. Peter's Church in the Great Valley, Chester County, Pennsylvania. widowhood. These terms are not applied to a divorcé(e) following the death of an ex-spouse.

Baronia brevicornis is of particular importance due to its relict nature and uncertain relationship to other subfamilies such as the Parnassiinae. It is now considered to represent the monotypic subfamily Baroniinae. The butterfly was considered as the most primitive extant papilionid taxon and shares some features with the fossil taxon Praepapilio, however a comprehensive 2018 molecular phylogeny suggests that they are a sister group of the remainder of the Papilionidae.

11 He was succeeded by his son, Sir John Dalyngrigge, who was married to Alice, daughter and heir of Sir John Beauchamp of Powick, and relict of Sir Thomas Butler of Sudeley, Gloucestershire.L.S. Woodger, 'Dallingridge, Sir John (d.1408), of Bodiam Castle, Suss.', in J.S. Roskell, L. Clark and C. Rawcliffe (eds), The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1386-1421 (from Boydell and Brewer 1993), History of Parliament Online.

In biogeography and paleontology, a relict is a population or taxon of organisms that was more widespread or more diverse in the past. A relictual population is a population that currently occurs in a restricted area, but whose original range was far wider during a previous geologic epoch. Similarly, a relictual taxon is a taxon (e.g. species or other lineage) that is the sole surviving representative of a formerly diverse group.

Jennings Environmental Education Center is a Pennsylvania state park in Brady Township, Butler County, Pennsylvania in the United States. It is north of Butler on Pennsylvania Route 528. The center contains a relict prairie of , the only publicly protected prairie ecosystem in Pennsylvania. Big Run, a tributary of Slippery Rock Creek, flows through Jennings Environmental Education Center, and it shares a border with Moraine State Park to the south.

The Forest Lapiș with an area of 430,40 haapmsj.anpm.ro Protected areas of Sălaj County; retrieved on May 29, 2012 was declared natural protected area by the Government Decision No.2151 in 2004 (published in Romanian Official Paper Number 152 on April 12, 2005)muntimaramuresului.ro - Government Decision No.2151/2004 ; retrieved on Mai 29, 2012 and is a relict of a much bigger cluster of ancient forests Codrii Silvaniei.

Several unusual invertebrate species can be found in the Killarney valley. Some of these species, including the northern emerald dragonfly (Somatochlora arctica) and several caddisfly and stonefly species are usually found much further north in Europe. They are thought to be relict species that were left behind in Killarney after the last retreat of ice. The northern or moorland emerald dragonfly, the rarest Irish dragonfly, is confined to the park.

The Grande Coupure, or "great break" in continuity,also termed the MP 21 event. with a major European turnover in mammalian fauna about 33.5 Ma, marks the end of the last phase of Eocene assemblages, the Priabonian, and the arrival in Europe of Asian species. The Grande Coupure is characterized by widespread extinctions and allopatric speciation in small isolated relict populations.Called "dispersal-generated origination" in Hooker et al.

Amburla Station is a pastoral lease that operates as a cattle station in Northern Territory, Australia. The property is situated approximately north of Hermannsburg and west of Alice Springs. Amburla occupies an area of . The most productive area of the property are the Mitchell grass plains at the foot of Mount Hay and the relict alluvial plains of the floodout areas of Amburla, Charley and 16 mile Creeks.

Bennett Mountain viewed from the center of Bennett Valley. Both the upper southwest and northeast sideslopes of Bennett Valley have significant oak woodland. Both forested areas have dominant trees that include coast live oak. On the lower slopes and northern valley floor there are considerable numbers of valley oak in relict stands, from a previous dominant cover of these lower elevations prior to agricultural development of the valley floor.

Los Osos Oaks State Natural Reserve is a California State Park in western San Luis Obispo County, in the Central Coast of California region. It preserves centuries-old coast live oaks (Quercus agrifolia) growing atop relict sand dunes. It is located in the Los Osos Valley between San Luis Obispo and Baywood Park-Los Osos, just outside the town of Los Osos. The park was established in 1972.

Of them the European snow vole is a relict. The large mammals include 13 Carnivora and 4 Artiodactyla species. The most typical mammals in the park are the grey wolf, golden jackal, red fox, brown bear, European badger, European polecat, European otter, European pine marten, beech marten, wildcat, wild boar, red deer, roe deer and chamois. The avian species in the park are 122, of which at least 97 are nesting.

The abundance and conspicuousness of the plant opposes this theory, as in the 1950s a few plants were discovered simultaneously in France and Ireland, but more recently the plants are quite abundant, suggesting more recent naturalization of the herb. The majority of evidence is in favor of the relict hypothesis, but future spreading or lack thereof of the plant will better suggest recent introduction or the growth of an autochthon.

Juniperus communis, the common juniper, is a species of small tree or shrub in the genus Juniperus, in the family Cupressaceae. This evergreen conifer has the largest geographical range of any woody plant, with a circumpolar distribution throughout the cool temperate Northern Hemisphere from the Arctic south in mountains to around 30°N latitude in North America, Europe and Asia. Relict populations can be found in the Atlas Mountains of Africa.

The natural distribution of Mysis diluviana comprises the Great Lakes of North America, and many other coldwater lakes across Canada and in northern parts of the United States, including Wisconsin (e.g. Green Lake, Trout Lake, and Geneva Lake) and northern New York State (e.g. Finger Lakes, Lake Champlain). As it inhabits the areas covered by ice sheets during the last glacial period, the species has been called a glacial relict.

The Kuliak languages, also called the Rub languages,Ehret, Christopher (2001) A Historical-Comparative Reconstruction of Nilo-Saharan (SUGIA, Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika: Beihefte 12), Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag, . are a group of languages spoken by small relict communities in the mountainous Karamoja region of northeastern Uganda. Nyang'i is close to extinct (there is one remaining speaker with reasonable fluency), and Soo is moribund. However, Ik is vigorous and growing.

Brook, G. A., P. Srivastava, and E. Marais (2006), Characteristics and OSL minimum ages of relict fluvial deposits near Sossus Vlei, Tsauchab River, Namibia, and a regional climate record for the last 30 ka, Journal of Quaternary Science, 21(4), 347-362, doi:10.1002/jqs.977 Though not petrified, the wood does not decompose because it is so dry. Films partly shot there include The Cell, The Fall, and Ghajini.

Relict populations of the West African crocodile persisted in the Hoggar Mountains until the early 20th century. The park also contains a population of herbivores such as the saharan subspecies of the barbary sheep and the Dorcas gazelle. Vegetation in this area includes trees such as Vachellia tortilis, Vachellia seyal, myrtle and Tamarix aphylla which are scattered throughout the area. Other plants may include Citrullus colocynthis and Calotropis procera.

This species is endemic to the Sierra Nevada in central Mexico. It was historically restricted to six locations in the Iztaccihuatl-Popocatepetl National Park (IPNP) located on the border of the State of Mexico with Puebla. Long ago it disappeared from the heavily polluted Rio Frio where it was first found. A recent research rediscovered a new and relict locality of A. leorae, possibly the last one (Sunny et al. 2014a).

The kirikuchi char, Salvelinus leucomaenis japonicus, is a freshwater fish in the family Salmonidae. It is endemic to the Kii Peninsula of central Honshu in Japan. It is the southernmost population of the char genus Salvelinus and is considered a relict in its region. It is usually considered a subspecies of the whitespotted char Salvelinus leucomaenis but was listed as a separate species in the IUCN Red List (1996).

Sancho was assassinated later that year and Alfonso returned, being crowned king of the reunited kingdom of their father in October 1072. At that time he also claimed to be "Emperor of all Spain". They last appear together in May 1077, and then Alfonso appears alone. This suggests that Agnes had died, although Orderic Vitalis reports that in 1109 Alfonso's 'relict' Agnes remarried to Elias I of Maine.

In the second part of the 18th century a small wooden church was built, with very interesting sculpted pillars and no fresco. Some of the original parts are in a new wooden church built after a dig was built and the waters rose above the church level. After the Romanian Revolution of 1989, a new monastery was built over the remaining of Dridu culture (Quaternary relict ware found there).

The great age of the family is supported by numerous fossil records. All Hymenoptera recorded from the Triassic are classified as Xyelidae, while representatives of other hymenopterous families have been found no earlier than the Jurassic. During the Mesozoic and the Tertiary, the Xyelidae obviously were much more species-rich and more widely distributed than today. Thus, the comparatively few extant species can be regarded a relict group.

Vedda maintains many archaic Sinhalese terms from the 10th to 12th centuries, as a relict of its close contact with Sinhalese, while retaining a number of unique words that cannot be derived from Sinhalese. Vedda has exerted a substratum influence in the formation of Sinhalese. This is evident by the presence of both lexical and structural elements in Sinhalese which cannot be traced to either Indo-Aryan or neighboring Dravidian languages.

Blocks of ice slid off the face of the glacier, carried by enormous volumes of meltwater, to carve this tiny canyon. In the deep shade of the canyon are relict species of Arctic plants left over from its ancient origin. Cedar Lake is an artificial lake formed by damming Cedar Creek. The lake is accessible off Illinois Route 127, south of Murphysboro, and off U.S. 51, south of Carbondale.

View of the Black Forest from Feldberg (2003); being a very reduced relict tract of the once unbroken Hercynian Forest The Hercynian Forest was an ancient and dense forest that stretched eastward from the Rhine River across southern Germany and formed the northern boundary of that part of Europe known to writers of antiquity. The ancient sourcesAristotle, Meteorologia i.13.20; Caesar, vi.25; Tacitus, Germania 28 and 30 and Annales ii.

Antrodiaetidae, also known as folding trapdoor spiders, is a small spider family related to atypical tarantulas. They are found almost exclusively in the western and midwestern United States, from California to Washington and east to the Appalachian mountains. Exceptions include Antrodiaetus roretzi and Antrodiaetus yesoensis, which are endemic to Japan and are considered relict species. It is likely that two separate vicariance events led to the evolution of these two species.

Hawaiioscia is a genus of woodlouse known from the Hawaii, Rapa Nui, and Costa Rica. The genus was originally described from Hawaii on the presence of four troglobitic species on separate islands. A species within this genus was then described from Rapa Nui which lacked troglobtic traits, but only persists in cave-dwelling relict populations. Surprisingly, another species was then described from along the Pacific Coast of Costa Rica.

It's Art, Dad is a self-released compilation album of early recordings by The Clientele. It was released in very limited quantities on the band's 2005–2006 tour dates as well as the band's website. It comprises various recordings from the band's early days (1991 through 1996).Music Arcades Review These songs include the founding member Innes Phillips, who left The Clientele in 1996 to form his own band, The Relict.

Broomistega is the only rhinesuchid known from the Triassic Period. Its presence in the Early Triassic indicates that rhinesuchids survived the Permo-Triassic Mass Extinction about 252 million years ago. However, compared to the diversity of rhinesuchids that existed in the Permian Period, Broomistega is a very rare component of the Early Triassic Karoo fauna. It may have been the last surviving representative of the group, making it a relict taxon.

PLOS ONE 10(2): e0117171. (Fulltext) The sister group of this clade is the core of the Nepetinae, the more or less robust and typically aromatic catmints (Nepeta) and their close relativesDrepanocaryum, Hymenocrater, Lophanthus, Marmoritis: Drew & Sytsma (2012). which occur mainly in and around western Asia. The monotypic and highly distinct Cedronella (Canary balm) of Macaronesia is slightly more distant and seems to be a basal relict within the subtribe.

It climbs by means of aerial rootlets which cling to the substrate. Leaves thin, glossy, light green, entire or with wavy margins, 10–12 cm x 6–9 cm, often rounded and rarely oblong-elliptic, deeply or shallowly lobed, cordate or cuneate at the base. A rare relict species of the Greater Caucasus (Balakan, Zagatala, Gakh, Sheki and Khachmaz regions), Talysh (Astara, Lankaran, Masalli regions). Outside Azerbaijan - Eastern Transcaucasia, Iran.

Richea is an Australian endemic genus with nine species restricted to Tasmania including Richea gunnii. There are two Richea species occurring on mainland south-eastern Australia. The high endemism of Richea in Tasmania indicates a long historical presence and this could indicate that Tasmania with its cooler climate has become a refuge for Richea which is a relict from the breakup of Gondwana.Reid, Hill, Brown, Hovenden, James, Robert, Michael, Mark (2005).

Downloaded on 01 September 2015. Calocedrus rupestris is a medium-sized tree growing up to about 25 meters tall, with a trunk up to 1.2 meters in diameter. Many of the specimens observed in the wild were estimated to be some 600 to 800 years old, on the basis of preliminary year-ring observations. It occurs together with other lime-adapted species in highly endemic relict coniferous forest.

Galearis rotundifolia occurs in arctic and boreal climates. In the northern part of its range it is scattered in several habitat types, and in the southern part it is less common and mainly restricted to moist, shady areas. In the Rocky Mountains of Montana, Idaho and Wyoming, for example, it can be found along steams and in wet but well-drained limestone soils in shady spruce forests and woods. It is a glacial relict species.

Dobzhansky mentioned the example of the Californian redwood, which is highly adapted, but a relict species in danger of extinction. Elliott Sober commented that adaptation was a retrospective concept since it implied something about the history of a trait, whereas fitness predicts a trait's future. :1. Relative fitness. The average contribution to the next generation by a genotype or a class of genotypes, relative to the contributions of other genotypes in the population.

The Bermuda rock skink (Plestiodon longirostris, formerly known as Eumeces longirostris). For example, on the Canary Islands, there are a large number of relict plant species that were formerly distributed in Europe and North Africa. Of the 88 critically endangered species on the Canary Islands, many are the result of range reductions on the islands. The island of New Caledonia is also a prime example as many of the species on the island are paleoendemics.

The Queensland tropical rain forests ecoregion (WWF ID:AA0117) covers a portion of the coast of Queensland in northeastern Australia and belonging to the Australasian realm. The forest contains the world's best living record of the major stages in the evolutionary history of the world’s land plants, including most of the world's relict species of plants from the ancient supercontinent of Gondwana. The history of the evolution of marsupials and songbirds is also well represented.

Heirs referred to as primary heirs are always entitled to a share of the inheritance, they are never totally excluded. These primary heirs consist of the spouse relict, both parents, the son and the daughter. All remaining heirs can be totally excluded by the presence of other heirs. But under certain circumstances, other heirs can also inherit as residuaries, namely the father, paternal grandfather, daughter, agnatic granddaughter, full sister, consanguine sister and mother.

Vosseledone charrua, the Charrua octopus, is a species of octopus, the only species in the monotypic genus Vosselodeone, in the family Megaleledonidae. It was described by Francisco J. Palacio in 1978 from specimens collected off southern South America in the South Atlantic Ocean. It was distinguished from closely related taxa by its well developed ink sac and its degenerate radula. It appears to be restricted to consolidated substrates made up of relict corals.

Mearns's squirrel is known from only three sites in the Sierra de San Pedro Mártir in Baja California, Mexico. The region is surrounded by areas of chaparral and desert, isolating the tree squirrel from its closest relatives elsewhere, and indicating that it is likely a relict population isolated by forest fragmentation during the Pleistocene. The three sites all consist of pine and fir forests at altitudes of , and cover an area of no more than .

Instead, they demonstrate that some of these islands have actually risen during the Late and Middle Pleistocene. This is evidenced by relict, Pleistocene wave-cut platforms and beach sediments that now lie well above current sea level. For example, they have been found on Flores Island at elevations of 15-20, 35-45, ~100, and ~250 meters above current sea level. Three tectonic plates intersect among the Azores, the so-called Azores Triple Junction.

The station currently produces approximately 1,000,000 rainbow, brown and brook trout annually. In cooperation with the Kentucky Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources, fish are stocked into over 100 different public fishing waters in the state. No private waters are stocked.Wolf Creek National Fish Hatchery website Wolf Creek NFH is also working toward the recovery of several threatened or endangered species, including the Relict darter (endangered), Spotfin chub (threatened), and the Blackside dace (threatened).

Most of the lake's relict species (like the Arctic char) date from that time. Subsequently, it was a bay of Yoldia Sea and then became connected to Ancylus Lake, discharging from the north end of its extent. At about 8000 BP an accident of the uneven Scandinavian isostatic land rise brought Vättern above Ancylus and the two became distinct. The annual post-glacial rebound today is in northeastern Motala and in southern Jönköping.

"Late Quaternary channel avulsions on the Danube deep-sea fan, Black Sea", Marine Geology, September 2001; 179(1-2) : 25-37 The fan is a relict from Pleistocene times when the sea level was lower, and at present, little fluvial sediment is being added to the fan; most of material is deposited in the river estuaries.Ross, D. A., E. T. Degens, and J. MacIlvaine (1970) "Black Sea: recent sedimentary history", Science, vol. 170, no.

Blue Ridge Mountains) and the Ozarks. A number of genera (Sarracenia, Uvularia etc.) are shared only with the Canadian floristic province of the Circumboreal region. Moreover, as has long been noted (e.g. by Joseph Gerhard Zuccarini and especially by Asa Gray), a large number of relict genera (Liriodendron, Hamamelis, Stewartia etc.) are shared with the relatively distant Eastern Asiatic Region (comprising Japan, Korea, and the east of China) and sometimes Southeast Asia.

The Guanahatabey region in relation to Taíno and Island Carib groups The Guanahatabey (also spelled Guanajatabey) were an indigenous people of western Cuba at the time of European contact. Archaeological and historical studies suggest the Guanahatabey were archaic hunter-gatherers with a distinct language and culture from their neighbors, the Taíno. They might have been a relict of an earlier culture that spread widely through the Caribbean before the ascendance of the agriculturalist Taíno.

The set of shared derived characters listed in the description section above demonstrate that Stenophlebiidae is clearly a monophyletic group (clade). Before the advent of cladistic classification Stenophebiidae was classified within the odonate suborder Anisozyoptera, which was later recognized to be a paraphyletic grade. In modern classifications the taxon Anisozygoptera is therefore either abandoned or restricted to the Recent relict family Epiophlebiidae. Bechly (1996) established a new suborder Stenophlebioptera for Stenophlebiidae and its closest relatives.

International trade in B. lidderdalii is restricted under CITES Appendix II. Habitat loss due to excessive felling of forests may be a significant threat regionally. The Thai subspecies, found in northern Thailand around Chiang Mai is considered to be a relict population and hundreds of specimens were collected annually for the specimen. It is now believed to be extinct, probably due to loss of the population and damage to its habitat by forest fire.

MEYRICK or MERRICK family, of Hascard, Fleet, and Bush, Pembs., and Wigmore, Worcs. at Welsh Biography Online (web site of the National Library of Wales) accessed 20 March 2008 He married secondly to Jane (c.1563 – Nov 1643), daughter of Sir Thomas Palmer of Wingham, Kent, widow and relict of Sir William Meredith, 1st Baronet of Stainsty, county Denbigh, Wales, who by her marriage to Vaughan was styled Countess of Carbery, and who survived him.

The Bornean yellow muntjac (Muntiacus atherodes) is restricted to the moist forests of Borneo where it lives alongside the common muntjac. It is similar to its much more common cousin and was only recently recognised as a separate species. Apart from the color difference, its antlers, which are just in length, are smaller than those of the common muntjac. It has not been extensively studied and has been described a relict species.

The tundra vole (Microtus oeconomus) or root vole is a medium-sized vole found in Northern and Central Europe, Asia, and northwestern North America, including Alaska and northwestern Canada. In the western part of the Netherlands, the tundra vole is a relict from the ice age and has developed to the subspecies Microtus oeconomus arenicola. It has short ears and a short tail. Its fur is yellowish brown with paler sides and white underparts.

Taxus canadensis, the Canada yew or Canadian yew, is a conifer native to central and eastern North America, thriving in swampy woods, ravines, riverbanks and on lake shores. Locally called simply "yew", this species is also referred to as American yew or ground-hemlock. Most of its range is well north of the Ohio River. It is, however, found as a rare ice age relict in some coves of the Appalachian Mountains.

In a 2013 study, researchers reported that they found Barbary macaques in relatively small and fragmented habitats in 10 sites, and that the species no longer occurred in four localities. This could be attributed to habitat degradation, hunting activities, the impact of livestock grazing, and disturbance by people. As deforestation for agriculture and overgrazing continues, the remaining forest becomes increasingly fragmented. Consequently, the Barbary macaque is now restricted to small, fragmented relict habitats.

The dry sandy soils are poor of nutrients but relict flora from the glaciation grasslands grow favorably. These plants are found otherwise only in southeast-European, inner-Asiatic (Pontic Steppe) areas and in the Mediterranean respectively. The effective surface of the protected landscape is rather small at 1.27 square kilometers. Explanation sign The Sand Dunes can be found between the suburbs Gonsenheim and Mombach and stretches up to the floodplains beginning in Mombach.

They are often used as key beds to correlate the strata in which they are found. The regional persistence of tonsteins and relict phenocrysts indicate that they formed as the result of the diagenetic alteration of volcanic ash falls in an acidic (low pH) and low-salinity environment, consistent with a freshwater swamp.Potter, P. E., J. B. Maynard, and P. J. Depetris (2005) Mud and Mudstones Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, Berlin. 297 pp. . pp. 141–142.

The California Department of Fish and Game acquired the land in 1994 and by 1996, became the Canebrake reserve, named after Canebrake Creek, a tributary of South Fork Kern River. A nature trail crosses Canebrake Creek, is wheelchair accessible, and has views of cottonwood-willow forest with several willow species (Salix gooddingii, S . lasiandra, and S . laevigata) and Fremont cottonwood (Populus fremontii) that intergrade with a relict stand of Joshua trees (Yucca brevifolia).

A relict from the early days of electrification is the old transformer station by the sports field. This was built around 1914 and was to be demolished in 1991. The society arranged however for the electricity company responsible, the SVO, to transfer the building to the society for its use and care. With the support of the parish of Hermannsburg it was restored and now acts as a home for bats and owls.

In the interior there is a relict lake, Lake Mogil'noe (or Molginoye), which is separated from Kildin Strait by an isthmus through which seawater filters that replenishes the lake. The brackish lake holds a unique species of cod (Gadus morhua kildinensis) that has adapted to it. The island is long by and wide at the widest part. Kildin Strait, which separates it from the mainland, is long and varies in width from to about .

It is a relict population that is believed to be a remnant from when the Anaxyrus hemiophrys, or its ancestors, range was larger.Lanoo (2005) The range of territory covered by Anaxyrus hemiophrys is fairly large although it has been shown to be declining in southern regions of Alberta.Hamilton et al. (1980) In Canada Anaxyrus hemiophrys' range extends from a small southern patch in the Northwest Territories down through eastern and central Alberta.

"Shelton p. 181 Years later, when Andrew Jackson was corresponding with Edward Livingston he wrote "Present me in the most respectful terms to your aged sister [Janet]. Says to her, if I ever should be within one hundred miles of her dwelling I will visit and have the high honor of shaking by the hand the revered relict of the patriotic Genrl. Montgomery, who will ever live in the hearts of his countrymen.

297–315 in: Ohsawa M, Wildpret W, Arco MD (eds.) Anaga Cloud Forest, a comparative study on evergreen broad-leaved forests and trees of the Canary Islands and Japan. Chiba: Chiba University Publications. Over 70 species of forest snails of the region are endemic. Some relict species of vertebrates are Caucasian parsley frog, Caucasian salamander, Robert's snow vole and Caucasian grouse; they are almost entirely endemic groups of animals such as lizards of genus Darevskia.

The area around Cape Espenberg includes a series of relict beach ridges like those found farther north at Cape Krusenstern. These deposits are found mainly in the coastal plain, where they form a system of lagoons and barrier bars or spits. The rolling uplands lie inland and to the south of the coastal plain. The Serpentine Hot Springs and Trail Creek Caves are in this region of limestone, marble and other minerals.

There are numerous folk architecture monuments in the town, i.e. in Piskořov, which creates the village monument zone referring to the valuable folk architecture of so-called Osoblaha type houses. In Biskupice it is located the atypical field baroque chapel from the 18th century. In Česká Ves there is the last relict of the German evangelic region settlement – a local evangelic cemetery which is completely different from other cemeteries in Osoblažsko region.

As continental crust weathers and erodes, it degrades into mainly sands and clays. Many of these particles end up in streams and rivers that then dump into the ocean. Of all the sediment in the stream load, 80% is then trapped and dispersed on continental margins. While modern river sediment is often still preserved closer to shore, continental shelves show high levels of glacial and relict sediments, deposited when sea level was lower.

Carya myristiciformis, the nutmeg hickory, of the Juglandaceae or walnut family, also called swamp hickory or bitter water hickory, is found as small, possibly relict populations across the Southern United States and in northern Mexico on rich moist soils of higher bottom lands and stream banks. Little is known of the growth rate of nutmeg hickory. Logs and lumber are sold mixed with other hickories. The nuts are an oil-rich food for wildlife.

State and federal fish and wildlife agencies, and environmental associations are attempting to conserve the remaining intact ecoregion. The U.S. Forest Service efforts include timber harvest conservation measures in areas with endangered tree species and high endemic and relict species plant communities. Much of the range is within the Los Padres National Forest, Angeles National Forest, and San Bernardino National Forest. Mixed conifer and closed-cone pine forests have been heavily impacted by air pollution.

Their range in southern Australia, like other regional ant species, appears like that of a relict ant. Jack jumpers have been found in dry sclerophyll forests, at elevations ranging from , averaging . Rove beetles in the genus Heterothops generally thrive in jack jumper nests and raise their brood within their chambers, and skinks have been found in some nests. Worker dragging a pebble Populations are dense in the higher mountain regions of Tasmania.

The Somali golden-winged grosbeak is typically found between 1,060 and 2,800 metres ASL in forested wadis and areas of scrub, namely in relict East African Juniper (Juniperus procera) forests. The juniper fruit appear to form the bulk of its diet. This bird is the least-known of the golden-winged grosbeaks. Even before the start of the Somali Civil War in the late 1980s, little ornithological fieldwork was being done in this country.

The shape of the tarsus suggests a bird that hunts on the wing, and the mammalian fauna of the time suggests a diet of small- to medium-sized rodents and insectivora, which may have been supplemented with reptiles in open areas. Olson suggests two possible origins for B. borrasi: either it diverged from B. urubitinga in Cuba, or it evolved on the mainland and eventually became extinct there, leaving a relict population in Cuba.

Protorthodes incincta, the banded Quaker moth, is a moth in the family Noctuidae. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded in the western Great Plains and dry open forests of the Rocky Mountain region, with range extensions into the Great Basin, the American Southwest, and eastward in relict prairie areas into the Great Lakes region. The length of the forewings is 11–14 mm. Adults are highly variable in appearance.

Hawaiioscia rapui is a species of woodlouse endemic to the island of Rapa nui. The specific epithet honors Sergio Rapu Haoa, a humanitarian, archaeologist, anthropologist, and politician of Rapanui descent who aided research terms studying this species. It persists as a relict population near the mouths of caves on the island, and is in dire need of conservation. It faces threats such as habitat reduction, non-native species competition, and global climate change.

The blue-throated roller occurs in western sub-Saharan Africa from Guinea to Cameroon, south to northern Angola, and west to south-eastern Uganda. It is also found on Bioko Island. The blue-throated roller tends to remain high up in the tops of trees and hunts above the canopy of primary and secondary rainforest, plantations, gallery forests and relict forest patches in cleared regions. They prefer clearings, riversides and giant emergent trees.

Another defining characteristic is the adaptations of the fore limbs of nymphs for underground life. The relict family Tettigarctidae differs from the Cicadidae in having the prothorax extending as far as the scutellum, and by lacking the tympanal apparatus. The adult insect, known as an imago, is in total length in most species, although the largest, the empress cicada (Megapomponia imperatoria), has a head-body length around , and its wingspan is .Flindt, R. (2006).

The vampire squid (Vampyroteuthis infernalis, lit. "vampire squid from Hell") is a small cephalopod found throughout temperate and tropical oceans in extreme deep sea conditions. Unique retractile sensory filaments justify the vampire squid's placement in its own order, Vampyromorphida, as it shares similarities with both octopuses and squid, but is now known to be more closely related to octopuses. As a phylogenetic relict, it is the only known surviving member of its order.

GeologyShop, "Folkestone & Hythe Landslips; the Warren, Copt Point, Castle Hill and the relict seacliffs between Hythe and Lympne". The Warren was still a popular picnic spot in Edwardian times and a nearby tea chalet served hundreds of visitors daily.Jill Batchelor, "A buddleia waiting to start into growth again", 23 January 2005. The land was then defended from coastal erosion with the intentional effect of stopping any more landslips to the land beyond the line.

Prestonella has a relict distribution in the south of the southern Africa and it is the only Recent African member of Bulimulidae s.l.Fearon J. L., Barker N. P. & Herbert D. G. (2011). "The genetic diversity and conservation biology of the rare terrestrial snail genus Prestonella". Proceedings of the Congresses of the Southern African Society for Systematic Biology Organised by the Southern African Society for Systematic Biology Grahamstown 19-21st January 2011, , page 36. PDF.

The old pine tree () as a relict, endemic tree, was one of the decorations of the Šar Mountains with its huge size. The pine was over 25 meters high, 1.5 meters wide, and had a bark thickness of 10 cm, and it was in good health prior to its destruction. It was visited by various state delegations. King Aleksandar Karađorđević had a memorial plaque placed by it in 1926 with the year of planting.

In fact, the six life zones of the park (a rare phenomenon for such a small area) support 22 forest and 16 grass ecosystems. There are more than 1300 species of herbaceous plants and 145 species of trees living in them. About 40 percent of them are relict or endemic. Moreover, the park is the habitat of many rare plants (like the Crimean wild juniper) which are extinct in their natural habitat.

During deglaciation in southern Sweden glacier ice was mostly warm- based with some lesser parts being cold-based. At present various lakes in the South Swedish highlands contain planktonic crustacean species that are relics from the time the Weichselian Ice Sheet left the area about 12,000 years ago. Lake Sommen stands out for having as much as three glacial relict crustcean species. These species are Pallasea quadrispinosa, Mysis affinis and Limnocalanus macrurus.

Smaller mammals are abundant, including rock hyrax Procavia capensis, Cape hare Lepus capensis, many mice, gerbils and jirds' and three species of fox, Rüppell's fox Vulpes rueppelli, pale fox Vulpes pallida and fennec fox Fennecus zerda. Other predators are found in the region including a relict population of African wild dog Lycaon pictus as well as striped hyena Hyaena hyaena and golden jackal Canis aureus, primarily in the southern portion of the region.

Aeolian lakes are lakes produced by wind action. They are found mainly in arid environments although some aeolian lakes are relict landforms indicative of arid paleoclimates. Aeolian lakes consist of lake basins dammed by wind-blown sand; interdunal lakes that lies between well-oriented sand dunes; and deflation basins formed by wind action under previously arid paleoenvironments. Moses Lake, Washington, is an example of a lake basins dammed by wind-blown sand.

Herring, mackerel and hake are the more common of the country's marine fish.Davies (1994) pp. 286–288 The north facing high grounds of Snowdonia support a relict pre-glacial flora including the iconic Snowdon lily – Gagea serotina – and other alpine species such as Saxifraga cespitosa, Saxifraga oppositifolia and Silene acaulis. Wales has a number of plant species not found elsewhere in the UK, including the spotted rock-rose Tuberaria guttata on Anglesey and Draba aizoides on the Gower.

The palm species on New Caledonia grow in areas that are likely former Pleistocene refugia of lowland rainforests. Islands are also a refuge for relict lineages of animals. Bermuda has a high diversity of species and home to one species of terrestrial vertebrate, the skink Plestiodon longirostris, which is the only extant lineage of mainland North American Plestiodon lineages. The Scorpion of Montecristo (Euscorpius oglasae) from the small Italian island of the same name is likely a paleoendemic species.

Botanist Aaron Aaronsohn, while trekking around Rosh Pina during his 1906 field trip, discovered wild-growing emmer (Triticum dicoccoides), whom he considered to be the "mother of wheat", an important find for agronomists and historians of human civilization. Geneticists have proven that wild emmer is indeed the ancestor of most domesticated wheat strands cultivated on a large scale today with the exception of durum wheat; einkorn, a different ancient species, is currently just a relict crop.

Diagram showing the Cody Scarp Extent of Cody Scarp in Florida The Cody Scarp or Cody Escarpment is located in north and north central Florida United States. It is a relict scarp and ancient persistent topographical feature formed from an ancient early Pleistocene shorelines of ~1.8 million to 10,000 years BP during interglacial periods. The Cody Scarp has a slope of 5% to 12%. The Cody Scarp runs from just east of the Appalachicola River to Alachua County.

It is a relict endemic European species with a disjunct distribution, having had a much wider distribution before the climate changes of the Tertiary and Quaternary periods. This fern has an unusual life cycle, with a perennial gametophyte phase with an active vegetative reproduction. The gametophyte has the ability to tolerate darker and drier habitats than does the sporophyte. The sporophyte form is found in only 16 locations in the UK although the gametophyte form is more widespread.

Flora of mosses and lichens are very diverse. As part of the coastal flora, there are many valuable medicinal, technical and food plants, many relict and endemic species. About 200 species are listed in the IUCN Red List as rare and threatened extermination. There are mountainous tundra areas, conifers and coniferous-deciduous forests, and forest-steppe, which is sometimes called the Far Eastern Prairie, where many ancient plant species have been preserved, including ferns, lotus, and the Chosenia willow.

P. brazzeana is the only known species in the genus Pentadiplandra, and has been assigned its own family named Pentadiplandraceae. Analyses of the development of the flower and anatomic features suggest that Pentadiplandra is a relict genus branching off near the base of the core Brassicales. It has many characters in common with the American genus Tovaria. Current insights in the relationships of the Brassicaceae, based on a 2012 DNA-analysis, are summarized in the following tree.

The paleobotanical record of La Gomera reveals that laurisilva rain forests have existed on this island for at least 1.8 million years. Millions of years ago, laurel forests were widespread around the Mediterranean Basin. The drying of the region since the Pliocene and cooling during the ice ages caused these rainforests to retreat. Some relict Mediterranean laurel forest species, such as sweet bay (Laurus nobilis) and European holly (Ilex aquifolium), are fairly widespread around the Mediterranean basin.

Rock formations and forest. Cave du Diable entrance. The forest is a relict of the ancient forested cover, though as deforestation progressed, this was not identified as a distinct unity until the 12th century. when it formed part of the vast tracts belonging to the counts of Valois, an immense forested expanse that reached from Retheuil, Chaudin and Buzancy as far as the River Marne, but was reduced and fragmented by increasing agricultural uses during the Middle Ages.

All of the subalpine fir groves in northwest California are more than from the next closest subalpine fir stand, which is in southern Oregon on Mount Ashland. In addition, the headwaters of the Salmon River in the wilderness also hold a relict stand of Pacific silver fir, which is the southernmost stand in the range of the species. Common wildlife include the black-tailed deer and black bear. Less commonly seen species are badger and wolverine.

James Howie AM prebendary of the same. Dame Emma Elizabeth Puleston of Albrighton Hall, Shropshire relict of Sir Richard Puleston Bart and Anna, Eleanora, Frances, and Elizabeth Hawkshaw, daughters of the late Lieut Colene John Stewart Hawkshaw of Divernagh Co. Armach, caused this new monument to be erected in memory of the above named bishops. The said Sir Richard Puleston and Lieut. Colonel John Steward Hawkshaw having been Lineally descended from the above named Edward Parry.

The area is inhabited by moose, marten, squirrel, hare (white and other) as well as numerous planktonic and marshy- coastal birds. Kuybyshev Reservoir is home to fish such as bream, pike-perch, carp and others. Ulyanovsk Oblast also has a concentrated wasp population. The protected areas are found on the territory of region: national park Sengiley Mountains, the guarding zone of state preserve “Volga wooded plain”, the monuments of nature Undory mineral source, relict forests etc.

The Des Lacs River was formed by catastrophic meltwater release from two large glacial lakes about 10,000 years ago. The Des Lacs river is perennial, exhibiting many old oxbow lakes, meander scars, and relict channels. Prior to settlement, numerous riverine wetlands, ponds, and marshes were maintained by periodic flooding. With settlement of the region, the Des Lac river was significantly modified by drainage and channelization, and by construction of many low head dams along the river.

The blue-capped ifrit (Ifrita kowaldi), also known as the blue-capped ifrita, is a small and insectivorous passerine species currently placed in the monotypic family, Ifritidae. Previously, the ifrit has been placed in a plethora of families including Cinclosomatidae or Monarchidae. Blue-capped ifrits are considered an ancient relict species endemic to New Guinea. This corvoid species originally dates back to the Oligocene epoch, on a series of proto-Papuan islands, with minimal known evolutionary divergences.

Bürgerrechtsbewegung Solidarität (BüSo), or the Civil Rights Movement Solidarity, is a German political party founded by Helga Zepp-LaRouche, relict of U.S. political activist Lyndon LaRouche. Helga Zepp-LaRouche The BüSo is part of the worldwide LaRouche movement which, according to the Berliner Zeitung, operates in Germany as the Schiller Institute, the LaRouche Youth Movement, and the BüSo. The newspaper wrote in 2007 that the movement had around 300 followers in Germany at that time.Nordhausen, Frank.

Vandenboschia boschiana is found in deep shade on damp acid rocks, usually sandstone, of sheltered canyons, grottos and rock shelters at an altitude of 150 to 800 m. The rock outcrops are generally found within mesic upland forests. This fern is dependent upon a constantly high air humidity which places severe restrictions on its distribution in the current climate of eastern North America. In fact V. boschiana is believed to be a relict of milder pre-glacial conditions.

The sand mining company was never fined by the Department of Mines and Energy for these environmental incidents and continues operating. Flinders Swamp and its drainage lines is home to the rare acid frog (Litotia cooloolensis) and the area includes habitats for relict populations of the burrowing skink (Anomalopus truncatus). View of the Sibelco-owned Yarraman mine site.The Keyholes are a series of clear, freshwater lakes at the northern end of the 18 Mile Swamp popular with visiting canoeists.

Taatsiin Tsagaan Lake (, Taatsiin Tsagaan Nuur) is a large saline lake in Övörkhangai Province in the Gobi Desert of southern Mongolia. and the nearby Böön Tsagaan Lake, Adgiin Tsagaan Lake, and Orog Lake, are collectively designated a Ramsar wetland of international importance under the name "Valley of the Lakes". These lakes are known to be an important staging area for migratory waterfowl, and it has been suggested that they might be a breeding area for the rare Relict Gull.

Island oak hybridizes with canyon live oak (Quercus chrysolepis). This species is a relict. Though it is now limited to the islands, it was once widespread in mainland California, as evidenced by the many late Tertiary fossils of the species found there. Recently, it was found that in Santa Catalina Island, which is part of Channel Islands of California, there was a high genetic variability in a population of Q.tomentella, but this variation was not evenly distributed.

The southern edge of mountains have a sub-Mediterranean character. Various evergreen bushes are found in the deepest valleys of the canyons and sunny slopes, and in the higher valleys deciduous Shibljak shrubs are common. In the mountains over 100 medicinal herbs are found, including species of the genus Primula, Satureja and Sideritis. Because of its altitude and its favored habitat, the range is one of the centers of arcto-alpine relict flora of the Balkan Peninsula.

Today emmer is primarily a relict crop in mountainous areas. Its value lies in its ability to give good yields on poor soils, and its resistance to fungal diseases such as stem rust that are prevalent in wet areas. Emmer is grown in Armenia, Morocco, Spain (Asturias), the Carpathian mountains on the border of the Czech and Slovak republics, Albania, Turkey, Switzerland, Germany, Greece and Italy. It is also grown in the U.S. as a specialty product.

This may be due to ongoing persecution and trapping by local gamekeepers. In England, pine martens are extremely rare, and long considered probably extinct. A scat found at Kidland Forest in Northumberland in June 2010 may represent either a recolonisation from Scotland, or a relict population that has escaped notice previously. There have been numerous reported sightings of pine martens in Cumbria, however, it was not until 2011 that concrete proof - some scat that was DNA-tested - was found.

The ecoregion is in the neotropical realm, in the tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests biome. The portion of the ecoregion to the south and west of Lake Maracaibo is viewed as a Pleistocene refugium for woody plant families, and is the only area north of the Andes still holding remnants of Brazil and Colombia's Amazonian flora. The forested lower slopes of the Onia River basin south of the lake have a number of relict plant species.

This makes it likely that T. mullamullangensis is a relict species from the time when the now arid region was much more humid. First photo of the N37 cave spider discovered and photographed by Bill Crowle under the cairn built at the end of N37, (Mullamullang). Two miles underground along a large passage of many rockpiles, sanddunes and lakes, and about 300 ft under the surface. The black & white image Bill Crowle made can be seen on the right.

The fourhorn sculpin (Myoxocephalus quadricornis) is a species of fish in the family Cottidae. It is a demersal fish distributed mainly in brackish arctic coastal waters in Canada, Greenland, Russia, and Alaska, and also as a relict in the boreal Baltic Sea. There are also freshwater populations in the lakes of Norway, Sweden, Finland and Karelia (NW Russia) and in Arctic Canada (Nunavut and Northwest Territories). The deepwater sculpin Myoxocephalus thompsonii of continental North American freshwater lakes (e.g.

Harmless After the type locality has been dried up almost completely, deforested and thus made barely inhabitable for licorice gouramis, the species appears to have adjourned into the formerly extended nature protection area “Selangor Forest”. But despite its protected status this area too has been drained in large parts and has been transformed to plantations. P. harveyi tries to survive in some of the drainage canals and in remaining black water swamps of the relict jungle.

Cneorum tricoccon Cneoraceae is a Mediterranean relict shrub family that evolved under tropical conditions during the Cenozoic era. It is a dicot that generally favours higher altitudes and is rich in tannin. It produces both hermaphrodite and male flowers but the male flowers produce more fertile pollen, leading to a fruit. There are two genera and six species in tropical Africa, South and Southeast Asia, northern Australia, the Canary Islands, the northwestern Mediterranean, Cuba and China.

The St. Francis River near the Arkansas-Missouri border The St. Francis Lowlands ecoregion is flat to irregular and has many relict channels. Ecoregion 73c is mainly composed of late-Wisconsinan age glacial outwash deposits and, in contrast to Ecoregion 73b, is partly covered by undulating sand sheets. Sand blows and sunk lands occur and have been attributed to the 1811–12 New Madrid earthquakes. Loess, which veneers older outwash deposits in Ecoregion 73g, is absent.

Overflow of these lakes into nearby, lower valleys caused large floods and new rivers to form. These new rivers – formed about 2 million years ago – included the present-day Ohio and Scioto Rivers, which are associated with the most direct evidence of the Teays. The present Ohio- Mississippi river system contains some distinctive relict fish populations descended from Jurassic Period fishes of the Teays, such as the primitive bowfin (Amia calva) and various gars (Lepisosteus spp).

The Driftless Area National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1989 to protect native flora and fauna, including endangered and threatened species such as the Iowa Pleistocene snail. The refuge conserves the algific talus slope habitat and other local habitat such as cold, moist sinkholes. Other glacial relict snails occur on the refuge, including the Midwest Pleistocene vertigo (Vertigo hubrichti). Rare plants include the northern blue monkshood (Aconitum noveboracense), which thrives in the same cool talus habitat as the snail.

He married Margaret Browne, relict of Andrew Betham of Blebo, in 1655, but his wife died 12 August 1656. Though Cargill's very stringent views were not generally accepted by his countrymen, both he and his friend Cameron took a great hold on the popular sympathy and regard. Personally, Cargill was an amiable, kind-heart man, very self-denying, and thoroughly devoted to his duty. Wodrow ascribes some of his extreme sentiments to the influence of others.

The eastern end of St Martha's Hill is notified as part of Colyers Hanger Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI).Natural England SSSI details search page, giving map, citation and other details for Colyers Hanger SSSI (search for "Colyers Hanger") This area was included in the SSSI for its heathland vegetation communities, including several characteristic acidic grassland plants. Other parts of the hill also have relict heathland vegetation. The western end of St Martha's Hill is registered common land.

A population of M. trogontherii in north east Siberia developed higher tooth plate count after 0.8 mya, reaching M. primigenius morphology by 400,000 years ago. M. primigenius replaced M. trogontherii in Europe around 200 kya. Relict populations of M. trogontherii may have persisted in Mongolia and North China well into the Last Glacial Period, with teeth of M. trogontherii like morphology in Shanxii being dated to 33.858–24.857 ka BP and Inner Mongolia to c. 33.7 ka BP.

There are some woods in the district which are secondary. For example, Elsea Wood at Northorpe (Grid Ref. TF097184), through which the line of the Roman road, King Street runs towards Bourne, from the south, is entirely on the Roman carriageway and verges so will be Post-Roman. However, Bourne Wood appears in part at least, to be primary, a relict of the wildwood, which developed naturally as the climate warmed after the latest glacial period.

There are 651 species and subspecies of vascular plants. Around 65% of the forests are dominated by oak, and 30% - by beech. The forests are more that 200 years old. Relict plant species include Strandzhan oak (Quercus hartwissiana), cherry laurel (Laurocerasus officinalis), pontic rhododendron (Rhododendron ponticum), Pontic daphne (Daphne pontica), Colchic holly (Ilex colchica), Rose-of-Sharon (Hypericum calycinum), Caucasian whortleberry (Vaccinium arctostaphylos), oleaster-leafed pear (Pyrus elaeagrifolia), common medlar (Mespilus germanica), Pontic fritillary (Fritillaria pontica), etc.

Many societies in the region began to collapse. Remnant populations of Mississippian peoples began migrating across and down the Mississippi. The post de Soto entrada Transylvania Phase (1550-1700 CE) of the Tensas Basin saw the increasing spread of Mississippian influences diffusing southward from Arkansas and northwestern Mississippi into traditional Plaquemine territory. The Jordan Mounds site on a relict channel of the Arkansas River in northeastern Louisianas Morehouse Parish was constructed during the protohistoric period between 1540 and 1685.

The habitat is mostly barren and exposed to full sun and harsh winter weather. This is one of several goldenrods that are relict species, plants that were more common when conditions were colder and wetter. As glaciers receded, the area became warmer and drier, and plants such as this goldenrod were left in areas that most resemble the alpine climate to which it was adapted. It now persists in the high mountain peaks that have the harshest winter conditions.

A 2002 study conducted the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service documented the occurrence of seven species of fish in the immediate vicinity of the island, with round whitefish, trout-perch, and lake chub predominating. Like many other islands in the Great Lakes, Scarecrow Island is a relict of the Wisconsin glacial period. A melting Ice Age glacier dumped a large quantity of rocks and gravel onto a gouged-out surface that became part of the bed of Lake Huron.

In terms of biodiversity, the only comparable temperate deciduous forest regions in the world are in central China, Japan and in the Caucasus Mountains. Both the Appalachians (along with the neighbouring Appalachian mixed mesophytic forests ecoregion) and central China contain relict habitats of an ancient forest that was once widespread over the Northern Hemisphere. There are species, genera, and families of plants that occur only in these two locations. The Great Smoky Mountains are particularly rich in biodiversity.

The relict leopard frog (Lithobates onca) is a species of frog in the family Ranidae, endemic to the United States. It is found along the Colorado river in extreme northwestern Arizona, and adjacent Nevada and southwestern Utah, although its present range seems to be restricted to the Lake Mead National Recreation Area. Its natural habitat is freshwater springs and their outlets. It is threatened by habitat loss to agriculture and water development as well as invasive species.

Megalyroidea is a small hymenopteran superfamily that includes a single family, Megalyridae, with eight extant genera (plus around a dozen extinct ones) and 49 described species. Modern megalyrids are found primarily in the southern hemisphere, though fossils have only been found in the northern hemisphere. The most abundant and species-rich megalyrid fauna is in Australia. Another peak of diversity appears to be in the relict forests of Madagascar, but most of these species are still undescribed.

It apparently breeds in Korea and eastern Russia and is probably a relict species that had a wider distribution in prehistoric times. Some think that this species is extinct, although occasional sightings are reported, including a number of reports made between 1985 to 1991 from the interior wetlands of China. Due to the persistent reports of the species' survival, it is listed as critically endangered. However, the crested shelduck has not been definitively sighted since 1964.

Per its Creole tradition, it has reduced and simplified many forms of Sinhala such as second person pronouns and denotations of negative meanings. Instead of borrowing new words from Sinhala, Vedda created combinations of words from a limited lexical stock. Vedda also maintains many archaic Sinhala terms prior to the 10th to 12th centuries, as a relict of its close contact with Sinhala. Vedda also retains a number of unique words that cannot be derived from Sinhala.

This disjunct distribution was probably caused by the cleaving of the species' geographical range during Pleistocene glaciation, leaving two relict ranges.Helenium virginicum. Flora of North America. Helenium virginicumis similar to and often mistaken for Helenium autumnale, the common sneezeweed. It is a perennial herb generally growing to a maximum height between 70 centimeters and 1.1 meters (28-44 inches), but it is known to reach 1.7 meters (68 inches or 5 2/3 feet) at times.

In some cases there are variations due to the rain shadow effect. The laurisilva forests of Macaronesia are a type of mountain cloud forest with relict species of a vegetation type which originally covered much of the Mediterranean Basin when the climate of that region was more humid. The species have evolved to adapt to the islands’ conditions and many are endemic. The islands have a unique biogeography, and are home to several distinct plant and animal communities.

Analysis of South China tiger skulls showed that they differ in shape from tiger skulls of other regions. Because of this phenomenon the South China tiger is considered a relict population of the "stem" tiger. Results of a phylogeographic study indicate that southern China or northern Indochina was likely the center of Pleistocene tiger radiation. In 2017, the Cat Classification Taskforce of the Cat Specialist Group subsumed all mainland Asian tiger populations to P. t. tigris.

In the eastern hemisphere, they can be found from Spain to Japan. Many species are found throughout Europe and Asia with the southern edge of their range in northern Thailand and northern India. Snakeflies have a relict distribution, having had a more widespread range and being more diverse in the past; there are more species in Central Asia than anywhere else. In the southern parts of their range, they are largely restricted to higher altitudes, up to around .

Monophyletic Holostei were also recovered by at least two nuclear gene analyses, in an independent study of fossil and extant fish, and in an analysis of ultraconserved genomic elements. The extant ray-finned fish of the subclass Actinopterygii include 42 orders, 431 families and over 23,000 species. They are currently classified into two infraclasses, Chondrostei (holosteans) and Neopterygii (teleost fishes). Sturgeons, paddlefish, bichirs and reed fish compose the thirty-eight species of chondrosteans, and are considered relict species.

When cut as ornamentals, the flowers also last for years, provided that they are kept dry. For this reason, it is one of several species which are given the nickname "Everlasting". (The other plants commonly given this name include species of Syncarpha, Helichrysum and Edmondia) The flowers remain on the bushes and become gradually more pale through the summer.Description and cultivation ;Taxonomy The genus, and its sole surviving species, is an archaic and outlying relict plant.

These metasedimentary rocks were originally composed of particles of quartz, clay, and volcanic rock fragments that have become metamorphosed into various schists. The Vishnu Schist exhibits relict graded bedding and structures indicative of turbidite deposits that accumulated in oceanic trenches and other relatively deep-marine settings. The Brahma Schist has been dated to about 1.75 billion years ago. The felsic metavolcanic rocks that comprise the Rama Schist have yielded an age of 1.742 billion years ago.

Names of all railway companies have been left in German. For railway companies that are no longer in existence, see the List of former German railway companies. The bulk of the railway network in Germany belongs to DB Netz, a subsidiary of Deutsche Bahn AG – this situation is a relict from the time when the Deutsche Bundesbahn and Deutsche Reichsbahn had a monopoly. The stations and halts on the DB Netz network are run by DB Station&Service.

Algeria has a number of protected areas including National Parks and nature reserves. An example of such a protected area is the Djebel Babor Nature Reserve within the Djebel Babor Mountains;National Wildlife Federation, 2001 the Djebel Babor is also one of the few relict habitats for the endangered Barbary macaque, Macaca sylvanus.C. Michael Hogan, 2008 The national parks in Algeria are: Ahaggar, Belezma, Chréa, Djurdjura, El Kala, Gouraya, Tassili n'Ajjer, Taza, Théniet El Had, and Tlemcen.

This plant has survived the last glacial period as a relict organism. It is sometimes offered as an ornamental, but is difficult to cause to flower. The best success comes from a well- aerated, wet medium consisting partly or entirely of sphagnum; flowing water is advisable. The name "God's cowslip" and the species epithet deorum refer to the presence of this species on Musala, "God's Mountain", though it is much more common above Malyovitsa, where it is the dominant plant in suitable spots.

The western shore of the lake is much more sparsely populated, with County Road 304 following that shoreline. The SS Bjoren is a wood-fueled steamboat that travels on the Byglandsfjorden in the summers between the villages of Ose (on the Åraksfjorden), Bygland, and Byglandsfjord. Prior to the opening of the roads along the shoreline, steamboat travel was the main method of transportation for those travelling north through Setesdal. There is a special relict species of salmon that live in Byglandsfjorden, called bleke.

The Arabian Golden-winged Grosbeak is typically found between 1,060 and 2,800 metres ASL in forested wadis and areas of scrub. Its range encompasses Dhofar in Oman, the Mahra of eastern Yemen, and the mountains of northern YemenMartins (1987) to Saudi Arabia. It ranges as far north as Al Hara near Ta'if, where one or two birds were seen on April 26–27, 1996.Davidson & Kirwan (1996) In southwestern Saudi Arabia it is resident in relict East African Juniper (Juniperus procera) forests.

The ecoregion mostly consists of evergreen subtropical moist forests, with a canopy made up of Ocotea pretiosa and O. catharinense (Lauraceae), Campomanesia xanthocarpa (Myrtaceae), and Mimosa scabrella and Parapiptadenia rigida (both Leguminosae). Brazilian araucaria (Araucaria angustifolia) forms an emergent layer, growing up to in height. The forests are significant from an evolutionary perspective, as a relict of mixed coniferous and broad-leafed forests that were once much more widespread, and are home to many taxa characteristic of the Antarctic flora.

In the middle of the park there is a three-hectare large manor pond with five small islands and a limestone bottom. The pond originates from a relict lake. Peter Ludvig Constantin von Ungern-Sternberg had the lake reshaped into a pond in the 19th century. The soil that was left over from the widening and deepening of the lake was piled up in the middle of the pond to form five islands that were decorated with various sculptures and connected with bridges.

300 Thus, the genetic line was lost. Attempts have been made to recreate the tarpan, which resulted in horses with outward physical similarities, but nonetheless descended from domesticated ancestors and not true wild horses. Periodically, populations of horses in isolated areas are speculated to be relict populations of wild horses, but generally have been proven to be feral or domestic. For example, the Riwoche horse of Tibet was proposed as such, but testing did not reveal genetic differences from domesticated horses.

Ratus sanila is known only by the discovery of some 7 subfossil fragments of jaw dated to over 3000 years old. The molars of this particular species are broad and have a very complex structure of the cusp. The diastema is also longer than in other species of the genus Rattus suggesting a separate species which may be a relict of an archaic or ancestral dispersal of Rattus stock to New Guinea and Australia. This species probably still survives in some primary forest.

This feature was not seen on the speculated nobility style instruments because they used a more tension of theirs and valued the relict nature of their instruments. The commoners did all the innovations that made the Koto not only a sturdy instrument, but more sonically adept. The makura ito was used in paper so the fine silk was in abundance in Japan. As of the beginning of the 19th century, an ivory called makura zuno became the standard for the koto.

The ecoregion is divided into two sub-regions, chiefly based on the amount of precipitation. The understory of evergreen mesomorphic broadleaf shrubs is characteristic for both sub-regions. Notable species in the understory include various rhododendrons such as Pontic rhododendron (Rhododendron ponticum); Black Sea holly (Ilex colchica), cherry laurel (Laurocerasus officinalis), Caucasus (Buxus colchica) and common box (Buxus sempervirens), Caucasian whortleberry (Vaccinium arctostaphylos), etc. From a European perspective, the majority of these count as relict species from the Tertiary period.

649: As a forfeited person, Isobel might not be listed as an heir in later contracts, but was "relict" of Kilspindie in 1536. Katrine's sister Janet was married to Hugh Rig of Carberry, a lawyer who acted for Isobel Hoppar after Kilspindie's death, and was said to have been an advisor and flatterer of Regent Arran before the battle of Pinkie. George Buchanan wrote that Hugh was notable more for his large size and strength than his knowledge of military tactics.

The isolation has significant implications for these natural habitats. The American Southwest region began warming up between ∼20,000–10,000 years BP and atmospheric temperatures increased substantially, resulting in the formation of vast deserts that isolated the Sky Islands. Endemism, altitudinal migration, and relict populations are some of the natural phenomena to be found on sky islands. The complex dynamics of species richness on sky islands draws attention from the discipline of biogeography, and likewise the biodiversity is of concern to conservation biology.

It's a relict species left behind in the area after the last Ice Age, and are consequently indicative of pristine environmental conditions. Although they were once widespread, they now are confined to isolated populations in inland freshwater lakes that have a suitable habitat. They are isolated in their respective lakes since the last Ice age. They are extremely sensitive to environmental changes when they are as far south as Ireland, where they are at the southern edge of their species range.

Dean Peter Beck was part of the performance, reading out an introduction and a reflection. The concert was one of the highlights of the 2011 Christchurch Arts Festival. In 2015, Relict Furies by Farr and Paul Horan had its premiere at the Edinburgh International Festival. Described as "a masterful portrayal of grief and desolation and one of the most moving tributes to those who lived through World War I", it also played as part of the New Zealand Festival in March 2016.

The gulf bottom surrounding the Corossol structure is characterized by a relict cuesta landscape consisting of partially eroded, gently inclined sedimentary rock layers that decreases southwards into a flat topography. The cuestas consist of steep northward-facing scarps and gentle southward-dipping slopes. Along its north side, the crater is truncated by a steep scarp of one of these cuestas and a wide and deep basin. Distinct long and wide streamlined glacial lineations cut across the southern half of the Corossol structure.

The park, which is accessed from Whitefoot Lane, extends to and is unusual for an urbanised area in that its central area of open grassland is surrounded by relict ancient woodland. This wood includes ash, hornbeam and oak trees. The woodland’s shrub layer has been found to include some wild service tree, a rare species in the UK that is almost exclusively found in ancient woods and hedgerows. The area has been managed since 1999 by the borough’s environmental taskforce.

Building this estate required the destruction of one of the last large areas of relict woodland in North Kent. The area towards Gillingham is known as Rainham Mark, named after an old ecclesiastical boundary: and Macklands is an older part of the town to the north. The Macklands Arms public house was named after Macklands Manor House. The manor house was home to members of the Mackay family, who owned a printing company in Chatham, which has now become CPi Books.

The central and southern portions are warmer, with some of their valleys having semi-continental climates that support a number of sub-Arctic steppe-like meadow species. This area has been described as perhaps being a relict of the Ice Age Mammoth steppe, along with certain areas along the northwestern border between Mongolia and Russia. The short summers are cool but comparatively mild as the polar day generally keeps temperatures above . Some frosts and snowfalls occur, and fog is common.

Certainly the most ambiguous aspect of the relations of Ural owl is the Père David's owl which has both historically and currently been considered either an isolated subspecies of the Ural owl or a distinct species. It is thought that the Père David's is likely a glacial relict of the mountainous forest of western China where plant and animal life often remain reminiscent of pre-glacial life.Stresemann, E. (1923). Zoologische Ergebnisse der Walter Stötznerschen Expeditionen nach Szetschwan, Osttibet und Tschili.

Gamow, G., (1953), Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, 39 In this paper, Gamow determined the density of the relict background radiation, from which a present temperature of 7 K was predicted – a value which was slightly more than twice the presently-accepted value. In 1967, he published reminiscences and recapitulation of his own work as well as the work of Alpher and Robert Herman (both with Gamow and also independently of him).Alpher, R. A., Gamow G., Herman R., (1967), Proc. Natl. Acad Sci.

However, it recovered Eorasaurus in an unresolved polytomy with Koilamasuchus, Fugusuchus, erythrosuchids and a clade composed of Euparkeriidae, Proterochampsia and Archosauria. This provides further support of archosauriform affinities for Eorasaurus, and so also supports the presence of archosauriform and archosauromorph ghost lineages extending back into the Permian period, at least into the middle Wuchiapingian of the late Permian. Under these results, Teyujagua would represent a relict taxon that survived the end-Permian extinction from a prior evolutionary history in the late Permian.

The Gahagan Site is located on the western side of the Red River, about half way in between Natchitoches and Shreveport. It was once located on an relict river channel, but much of the site has been destroyed by the meandering of the river. The site was occupied between 900 and 1200 CE. It consisted of a platform mound, a cone shaped burial mound, and a habitation area surrounding a centrally located plaza, with another small mound located about a quarter mile away.

Isolated patches are found as far south as the Hudson Valley of New York and Pennsylvania, as well as Washington, D.C. High elevation stands are also in mountains to North Carolina, New Mexico, and Colorado. The most southerly stand in the Western United States is located in Long Canyon in the City of Boulder Open Space and Mountain Parks. This is an isolated Pleistocene relict that most likely reflects the southern reach of boreal vegetation into the area during the last Ice Age.

The racer goby (Babka gymnotrachelus) is a species of goby native to fresh, sometimes brackish, waters, of the Black Sea basin. It is a Ponto-Caspian relict species. The species is placed a monotypic genus, Babka, which was once considered a subgenus of genus Neogobius, but was then elevated to genus- status based on the molecular analysis.Stepien C.A., Tumeo M.A. (2006): Invasion genetics of Ponto-Caspian gobies in the Great Lakes: a "cryptic" species, absence of founder effects, and comparative risk analysis.

In aggressive interactions between them, the larger Cyprinodon species dominated Megupsilon, which seemed to restrict its distribution to shallow, highly vegetated parts of the spring. Liu and Echelle (2013) theorized that the restricted habitat may have influenced its evolution. They also offered a contrary hypothesis that this species is a relict of a larger group of Megupsilon species in which miniaturization and absence of pelvic fins were characteristic. Miniaturization and absence of pelvic fins in Catarina pupfish may be linked with each other.

Despite its large distribution there, the crowned eagle is now rare in many parts of West Africa. The crowned eagle inhabits mainly dense woodlands, including those deep within rainforest, but will sometimes also be found in relict patches, wooded escarpments, riparian strips of Acacia, heavily wooded hillsides, and rocky outcrops throughout its range. The crowned eagle may be found from an altitude of sea-level to at least . Owing to lack of current suitable habitat, the eagle's range is often somewhat discontinuous.

Little is known of his life but the majority of his work dates to between 1530 and 1576. He is known to have been a canon at the Augustinian Priory of St Andrews until the Scottish Reformation (1559–60). After leaving the priory at the Reformation he seems to have married and had two children. He was dead some time before 1592, as his wife's will of that date describes her as Peebles's "relict", and mentions two lawful sons, Andrew and Thomas.

Fossil of the extinct species Gymnogyps amplus from the La Brea Tar Pits The genus Gymnogyps is an example of a relict distribution. During the Pleistocene epoch, this genus was widespread across the Americas. From fossils, the Floridan Gymnogyps kofordi from the Early Pleistocene and the Peruvian Gymnogyps howardae from the Late Pleistocene have been described. A condor found in Late Pleistocene deposits on Cuba was initially described as Antillovultur varonai, but has since been recognized as another member of Gymnogyps, Gymnogyps varonai.

The Houston Toad (Anaxyrus houstonensis) is an endangered species occurring in the East Central Texas forests. This ecoregion is an outlier of relict loblolly pine-post oak upland forest occurring on some dissected hills. It is the westernmost tract of southern pine in the United States. The pines mostly occur on gravelly soils that formed in Pleistocene high gravel, fluvial terrace deposits associated with the ancestral Colorado River, and sandy soils that formed in Eocene sandstones (such as the Weches Formation).

This biogeographical puzzle has been a topic of academic debate since the middle of the 19th century. Conflicting, and as yet unresolved theories centre on whether the Irish populations are a relict, surviving from before the last ice age or whether they have been transported there in the last 10,000 years. Many of the species are also very restricted in their distribution in Ireland, and have become the centre of intense conservation efforts in recent years, for example the Irish Fleabane.

Fossil jaw of the extinct primate Gigantopithecus blacki Bigfoot proponents Grover Krantz and Geoffrey H. Bourne believed that Bigfoot could be a relict population of Gigantopithecus. All Gigantopithecus fossils were found in Asia, but according to Bourne, many species of animals migrated across the Bering land bridge and he suggested that Gigantopithecus might have done so, as well. Gigantopithecus fossils have not been found in the Americas. The only recovered fossils are of mandibles and teeth, leaving uncertainty about Gigantopithecus's locomotion.

Panorama of the cape Cape Le Grand map Cape Le Grand National Park is a national park in Western Australia, south-east of Perth and east of Esperance. The park covers an area of The area is an ancient landscape which has been above sea level for well over 200 million years and remained unglaciated. As a result, the area is home to many primitive relict species. Established in 1966, the park is managed by the Department of Parks and Wildlife.

The sandy grizzled skipper (Pyrgus cinarae) is a species of skipper (family Hesperiidae). It has a restricted range in southeastern Europe with a small relict population in central Spain. As with many Pyrgus species, this can be difficult to identify in the field. It is quite large for the genus (wingspan 30–32 mm) and the underside of the hindwings are usually paler olive-brown than most of its congeners with large white markings but identification generally requires scrutiny in the hand.

Kings Canyon > contains some 60 rare or relict plant species and a total of 572 different > plant species and 80 species of birds. It is a 'living plant museum' and is > notable for its stands of cycads & permanent rock pools. There are some > well-preserved Aboriginal paintings and engravings in the area... The national park is categorised as an IUCN Category II protected area. On 25 March 1986, it was listed on the now-defunct Register of the National Estate.

This bird is relatively large with a long tail. Its bill is strikingly short while the throat is whitish and darker underparts. Sichuan treecreeper sings aloud with a rapid and high-pitched trill. This species is believed to be a relict species breeding in open old- growth stands of the conifer Faber's fir (Abies fabri) at high altitude (2,500-2,830 m), although it is thought to undertake localized altitudinal migrations in the winter (occurring down to at least 1,600 m).

Mattio Lovat was born in Casale, at the territory of Belluno, in 1761, in Italy. A son of poor parents, he was a shoemaker. On November 13, 1802 he went to Venice, where a younger brother named Angelo conducted Mattio to the house of a widow, the relict of Andrew Osgualda, with whom he lodged, until September 21, 1803. On the mentioned day, he made an attempt to crucify himself, in the middle of the street called Cross of Biri.

Both glassfrogs and the Allophrynidae are closely related to Leptodactylidae. Recently, an undescribed species of frog, which probably belongs to the genus Allophryne, was discovered in Peru . This suggests the genus is actually more widespread and more species await discovery. As A. ruthveni was assumed to be a northwestern Amazonian endemic, the Peruvian frog indicates the Allophrynidae might have been more widespread in prehistoric times, only later on disappearing from most of the Amazon Basin, and are actually a relict group.

It is said that Awoonor wrote a great number of his poems as if he was envisioning his own demise. But he is a peculiar and unique writer, one who strives, almost too hard, to bring his ancestry and culture into his poems, sometimes even borrowing words from the local Ewe dialect. Being such a strong and avid practitioner of the traditional religion meant that he was of a relict species. Especially for one so highly educated, it was an even rarer phenomenon.

Expansion into Africa appears to have occurred later, as most derived forms are found there. An alternative scenario would be African origin for the entire "sturnoid" group, with the oxpeckers representing an ancient relict and the mimids arriving in South America. This is contradicted by the North American distribution of the most basal Mimidae. As the fossil record is limited to quite Recent forms, the proposed Early Miocene (about 25–20 mya) divergence dates for the "sturnoids" lineages must be considered extremely tentative.

In Pirin, there are more than 100 bird species and over 1100 plant species among which is the symbol of the mountain: the edelweiss. There are 42 mammal species: chamois, bears and others. The most precious parts of Pirin are designated reserves. "Bayuvi Dupki - Djinjiritsa" is a biosphere reserve under the auspices of UNESCO, where unique formations of white and Macedonian and Bosnian pine trees are to be found, together with more than 27 Bulgarian and 43 Balkan relict species.

In total, there are 1,800 plant species. The mountain is inhabited by 175 strictly protected plant species, 247 Balkan endemites and 18 plants which can be found only on Šara. The park includes the endemic relict Macedonian Pine and white-bark pine, as well as the mugo pine and Alpine rose. Other perennial plants include King Alexander's yarrow (Achillea alexandri-regis), Nikolić's silene (Heliosperma nikolicii), Bornmuellera dieckii, Šar carnation (Dianthus scardicus Wettst.), Doerfler's cinquefoils and Macedonian meadow saffron (Colhicum macedonicum).

A landscape largely of granite surrounds the mesa of Tapeats sandstone and Martin and Redwall limestones, a relict of an ancient and more extensive version of the Colorado Plateau. Steep canyons cut through the mesa. Views to the south and east include Apache Creek Wilderness and parts of the Granite Mountain, Woodchute, and Sycamore Canyon wilderness areas. Pinyon pine and Utah juniper dominate the southern slopes of the mesa, while ponderosa pine and alligator juniper are more prevalent on northern slopes.

She was an early advocate of prairie preservation, writing and speaking in its support. In 1944, she and J. M. Aikman released a report identifying possible areas of preservable prairie in Iowa and Hayden became director of the "Prairie Project". She systematically developed a database of information relevant for decisions about land acquisition, working with the State Conservation Commission (SCC) to purchase areas of relict prairie. She was an active member of the Ecological Society of America for many years.

The Granite Gorge Metamorphic Suite consists of lithologic units, the Brahma, Rama, and Vishnu schists, that have been mapped within the Upper, Middle, and Lower Granite Gorges of the Grand Canyon. The Vishnu Schist consists of quartz-mica schist, pelitic schist, and meta-arenites. They exhibit relict sedimentary structures and textures that demonstrate that they are metamorphosed submarine sedimentary rocks. The Brahma Schist consists of amphibolite, hornblende-biotite-plagioclase schist, biotite-plagioclase schist, orthoamphibole-bearing schist and gneiss, and metamorphosed sulfide deposits.

The geographic range of I. horvathi in central and southern Europe, in mountainous areas of southern Austria, northeastern Italy, western Slovenia, and western Croatia, is fragmented, and believed to be a relict of a much larger range during the last ice age. The small, fragmented range of this species is the main cause of concern for the survival of this species, which is why it is given Near threatened status in the IUCN Red List and is also legally protected in the countries in which it lives.

According to Wood et al. (2005) and Rosa et al. (2007), such relatively recent population movements from West Africa changed the pre- existing population Y chromosomal diversity in Central, Southern and Southeastern Africa, replacing the previous haplogroups in these areas with the now dominant E1b1a lineages. Traces of ancestral inhabitants, however, can be observed today in these regions via the presence of the Y DNA haplogroups A-M91 and B-M60 that are common in certain relict populations, such as the Mbuti Pygmies and the Khoisan.

Selborne Hill is one of the highest points in the county of Hampshire, England. It is one of the East Hampshire Hangers, a line of prominent hills on the eastern scarp slope of the Hampshire Downs, and reaches above sea level. Its prominence of 53 metres qualifies it as one of the county's Tumps. Selborne Hill lies above the village of Selborne on the edge of the Hampshire Downs, its crown playing host to Selborne Common, an area of woodland and relict wood-pasture.

Mountain nyala are endemic to the Ethiopian highlands east of the Rift Valley, between 6°N and 10°N. Their former range was from Mount Gara Muleta in the east to Shashamene and the northern Bale Zone to the south. Up to half of the total population of the mountain nyala occurs in the area of Gaysay, in the northern part of the Bale Mountains National Park. Smaller relict populations occur in Chercher, mountains such as Chilalo in Arsi Zone, and the western Bale.

Current research indicates that the island was formed from relict Pleistocene limestone platforms linked by Holocene sand and beach deposits and intervening patches of sabkha. Marawah is located west of the city and capital, Abu Dhabi. The island is around from east to west and about from north to south. There are three islands in proximity to Marawah: the small island of Al Fiyah to the west, the island of Junaina to the southeast, and the island of Abu al Abyad in the east.

Tail of Lion Island Lion Island is a small uninhabited island in the River Thames in England on the reach above Old Windsor Lock, near Old Windsor, Berkshire. The island is a thin wooded strip separated by a narrow channel on the north bank. It is just above Old Windsor Weir and the head of New Cut which leads to Old Windsor Lock. The island is the relict of three long parallel islands which existed at this point before the creation of the Old Windsor Lock cut.

In some locations this sharp boundary is lacking and the landward end of strandflat is diffuse. On the seaward side, the strandflat continues underwater down to depths of , where a steep submarine slope separates it from older low relief paleic surfaces. These paleic surfaces are known as bankflat, and make up much of the continental shelf. At some locations, the landward end of the strandflat or the region slightly above contains relict sea caves partly filled with sediments that predate the last glacial period.

The disposition of the Veiki moraines reflects the last glacier movements before an ice sheet retreats, and their final form is given by the melting of dead-ice and the development and sedimentation of glacial lagoons between dead-ice cored rims during interstadial periods. In the case of the Veiki moraines of Sweden, the interstadial during which the lagoons sedimented is believed to have occurred in the early Weichsel glaciation. Thus, the Veiki moraines of Sweden are a relict landform that has largely survived later glacier action.

The site was once an impressive mound complex, with seven platform mounds surrounding a central plaza and an associated village area. It was once located on the Arkansas River, which has a relict channel nearby. The site was constructed during the protohistoric period (1540 to 1685) after Native Americans in the area were first contacted by Europeans of the Hernando de Soto Expedition of the early 1540s. The builders were an intrusive group in the area, possibly from the Mississippi River area to the east.

California is one of the richest and most diverse parts of the world, and includes some of the most endangered ecological communities. California is part of the Nearctic realm and spans a number of terrestrial ecoregions. California's large number of endemic species includes relict species, which have died out elsewhere, such as the Catalina ironwood (Lyonothamnus floribundus). Many other endemics originated through differentiation or adaptive radiation, whereby multiple species develop from a common ancestor to take advantage of diverse ecological conditions such as the California lilac (Ceanothus).

This plant is the only Eutrema in the lower 48 states and only one of two that occur in North America; its nearest close relative is Eutrema edwardii, a plant of the Arctic. E. penlandii is a small alpine climate species, possibly a relict from the last ice age which persists in the high, cold fens of the Rocky Mountains. Today the plant only occurs in the Mosquito Range, a ridge of mountains in the Rockies.Mohlenbrock, R. H. This land: a guide to central national forests.

The last of the remaining "southern herd" in Texas were saved before extinction in 1876. Charles Goodnight's wife Molly encouraged him to save some of the last relict bison that had taken refuge in the Texas Panhandle. Extremely committed to save this herd, she went as far as to rescue some young orphaned buffaloes and even bottle fed and cared for them until adulthood. By saving these few plains bison, she was able to establish an impressive buffalo herd near the Palo Duro Canyon.

Various inscriptions record earlier generations of his family in the Edmonton, Middlesex and coastal Dorset localities. These people may be his parents: from a tomb in Edmonton churchyard, "Mary relict of Daniel Mocher, 1759".William Robinson, The history and antiquities of the parish of Edmonton London 1819 On 21 July 1801 The Times reported under Deaths: "At his seat on Enfield Chase after a short illness General Flower Mocher, Colonel of the 9th regiment of Dragoons."Deaths The Times, Tuesday, 21 July 1801; pg.

Thus, the man-hewn caves at Bodorna are known to have served as a shelter for the populace of the Aragvi valley when the Turco- Mongol army of Timur penetrated the Georgian highlands in the 1390s. South of the village is a 15 m. high column whose origin is not completely clear. It resembles a human figure, that of a monk, and may be a man-made structure, hewed from a natural, denudational relict, for cult purposes in the early Christian period, possibly the 5th-6th centuries.

The reserve can only be accessed with a special permission, issued by the Ministry of Environment and Water of Bulgaria, for conducting research or for specialized tourism under strict rules and routes. The nearest village is Brashlyan in the Municipality of Malko Tarnovo. Within the territory of the reserve there are 462 species of plants: 421 herbaceous, 26 relict and 9 Balkan endemic species. The reserve is characterized by forests of Fagus orientalis, Carpinus betulus, Quercus frainetto, Quercus cerris and different species of oak.

Shaytan-Tau Nature Reserve () (from the Turkic "Devils Mountain") is a Russian 'zapovednik' (strict nature reserve) located along the Shaytantau ridge of the Southern Urals. The ridge contains limestone reefs which are of Cambrian age, almost 500 million years old. The main purpose of the reserve is to conserve representative Dubravnaya steppe and low-lying bog habitats of relict and endemic species of plants and animals. The area is the youngest (and smallest) federal reserve in the Urals, being set aside for protection on October 9, 2014.

The fact that other Dravidian languages only exist further south in India has led to several speculations about the origins of the Brahui. There are three hypotheses regarding the Brahui that have been proposed by academics. One theory is that the Brahui are a relict population of Dravidians, surrounded by speakers of Indo-Iranian languages, remaining from a time when Dravidian was more widespread. A second theory is that they migrated to Baluchistan from inner India during the early Muslim period of the 13th or 14th centuries.

The most common local endemics are Rila primrose (Primula deorum) and Rila oak (Quercus protoroburoides), and from the Bulgarian ones – Jasione bulgarica, Alopecurus riloensis, Silene velenovskyana and Rila violet (Viola orbelica). Balkan endemic species include Bulgarian avens (Geum bulgaricum), yellow mountain lily (Lilium jankae), Fritillaria gussichiae, etc. The number of relict species is 110, or 7.86% of the park's vascular flora, including 77 glacial and 33 Tertiary relicts. 96 species are registered in the Red Book of Bulgaria and 14 are included in the IUCN Red List.

New South Wales State Heritage boundaries Willandra's archaeological record demonstrates continuous human occupation of the area for at least 40,000 years. It was part of the history of inland exploration (Burke and Wills expedition) and of the development of the pastoral industry in western New South Wales. The area contains a relict lake system whose sediments, geomorphology and soils contain an outstanding record of low-altitude, non-glaciated Pleistocene landscape. The area contains outstanding examples of lunettes including Chibnalwood Lunette, the largest clay lunette in the world.

This "relict stress" theory implies that the ringing rock boulders act much like a guitar string. When a guitar string is limp it does not resonate, but a plucked string will provide a range of sounds depending on the level of applied tension. Likewise, a ringing rock boulder will only emit a dull thud if the boulder is de-stressed; however, boulders will resonate at various frequencies depending on the level of residual stress. The boulders continue to ring when removed from the boulder fields.

In 1984, Arendt and Arendt estimated that about 1000-1200 Montserrat Orioles were present on the island, but that number was likely an underestimate (Evans 1990). Initial surveys suggested that much of the population had survived the eruptions, with healthy numbers remaining in the Centre Hills and a smaller relict population in the South Soufrière hills. These surveys were confirmed by scientists publishing in the journal Bird Conservation International who extrapolated that the population must contain around 4,000 individuals.Arendt, W., Gibbons, D., & Gray, G. (1999).

Buxton Heath is a biological Site of Special Scientific Interest north of Norwich in Norfolk. It is a Nature Conservation Review site, Grade 2, and part of the North Valley Fens Special Area of Conservation. This site has areas of dry acidic heath on glacial sands, but the main ecological interest lies in the mire along the valley of a small stream. There are a number of rare relict mosses, liverworts and fungi, and uncommon invertebrates include one species not previously recorded in Britain.

Study of the species diet is limited to the relict population discovered at Two Peoples Bay, and is found to be similar to that of Potorous tridactylus. Gilbert's potoroo is primarily mycophagous, a diet that consists of multiple species of truffle-like fungi. It may also consume fleshy fruits as seeds have been found in the scat, but it is not known how important this is to its diet. Australia has the majority of fungal varieties and the Gilbert's potoroo eats a variety of them.

Kiel Castle (left rear) about 1900 The preserved Rantzau building, a relict of the old Kiel Castle Kiel Castle () in Kiel in the north German state of Schleswig-Holstein was one of the secondary residences of the Gottorf dukes. The castle exhibited a very varied architectural history and in the more recent architectural period became one of the most important secular buildings in Schleswig-Holstein. The castle burned down during the Second World War and its ruins were largely carried away and replaced by a new building.

Sir John is believed to be depicted as a lesser figure in a 1759 painting by George Stubbs showing the 3rd Duke of Richmond out hunting (this hangs in the front hall at Goodwood House). He died in 1772 and his relict Dame Susanna remained at Lavant House until her death in 1788 when the house was put on the market by her eldest son, Sir Thomas Miller, who had by then moved to live in Hampshire.The European Magazine, and London Review, volume 14 (1788), p. 79.

Further speculation from comparative summary statistical associations support that Hypatia is a relict fragment of the hypothetical impacting body assumed to have produced the chemically-dissimilar Libyan desert glass. If this association holds, Hypatia may have impacted Earth approximately 28 million years ago. Its unusual chemistry has prompted further speculation that Hypatia may predate the formation of the Solar System. In 2018 Georgy Belyanin of the University of Johannesburg and colleagues found compounds including polyaromatic hydrocarbons and silicon carbide associated with a previously- unknown nickel phosphide compound.

The most common vernacular name for this order is gladiators, although they also are called rock crawlers, heelwalkers, mantophasmids, and colloquially, mantos. Their modern centre of endemism is western South Africa and Namibia (Brandberg Massif), although a relict population, and Eocene fossils suggest a wider ancient distribution. Mantophasmatodea are wingless even as adults, making them relatively difficult to identify. They resemble a cross between praying mantids and phasmids, and molecular evidence indicates that they are most closely related to the equally enigmatic group Grylloblattodea.

Jankaea heldreichii is endemic to the northern and eastern slopes of Mount Olympus in Greece. It typically grows in damp cracks and crevices on limestone rocks on the northern and eastern sides of the mountain, especially near streams. Its altitudinal range is between but it is most common between . It is a relict species from the tertiary period; it once had a more widespread distribution but as the climate changed, suitable habitat for the plant dwindled, and it became confined to its present range.

It has many unusual relict characteristics not found in most other Drosera species, including woody rhizomes, operculate pollen, and the lack of circinate vernation in scape growth. All of these factors, combined with molecular data from phylogenetic analysis, contribute to the evidence that D. regia possesses some of the most ancient characteristics within the genus. Some of these are shared with the related Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula), which suggests a close evolutionary relationship. The tentacle- covered leaves can capture large prey, such as beetles, moths, and butterflies.

This exposure includes a narrow coal sequence, which was once worked commercially. During the Pleistocene Ice Age, a small ice-cap existed on Ben Lomond, which was the only plateau in the north-east to be glaciated. The effects of these glaciers account for much of the contrast between the alpine scenery of Ben Lomond and that of the other mountains in the north-east. The most notable relict periglacial depositional features are the blockfields, which cover over a quarter of the Ben Lomond plateau.

Sayenqueraghta, a Seneca chief, urged the nations to withdraw from the war. Brant criticized Sayenqueraghta's advice, invoking the memory of Sir William to convince the council to remain loyal to the Crown. According to Daniel Claus, a British Indian agent and Sir William's son-in-law, Brant was "in every respect considered and esteemed by them [the Iroqouis] as Sir William's Relict [i.e. widow], and one word from her is more taken notice of by the Five Nations than a thousand from any white man without exception".

Gnetophyta is a division of plants, grouped within the gymnosperms (which also includes conifers, cycads, and ginkgos), that consists of some 70 species across the three relict genera: Gnetum (family Gnetaceae), Welwitschia (family Welwitschiaceae), and Ephedra (family Ephedraceae). Fossilized pollen attributed to a close relative of Ephedra has been dated as far back as the Early Cretaceous."Morphology and affinities of an Early Cretaceous Ephedra". Though diverse and dominant in the Paleogene and the Neogene, only three families, each containing a single genus, are still alive today.

Holcus mollis is favoured by conditions in woodland clearings and at the early stages of coppicing. Growth and flowering are restricted as the tree canopy develops. It is often a relict of former woodland vegetation, surviving in open grassland and grassy heaths after woodland clearance despite being a shade lover. It is found mostly on moist, freely-drained acid soils, normally light to medium texture and high in organic matter; it is absent from areas of calcareous or base rich soil, and often grows with bracken.

Excavations showed that from the 8th century BC until its abandonment in the 10th century Tharros was inhabited, first by Phoenicians, then by Punics and then by Romans. The town was the capital of the medieval Giudicato of Arborea, a Roman/Byzantine relict state from the 9th century until 1070 when Orzocorre I of Arborea relocated to Oristano under pressure of Saracen raiders. The town was effectively abandoned at this time or shortly thereafter. The site was then used for centuries as a quarry.

Few of the relict goldenrods remain as far south as this one. Other plants in this barren habitat include mainly grasses and sedges, but there are some other rare mountain herbs and trees including Heller's blazingstar (Liatris helleri), red spruce (Picea rubens), cliff avens (Geum radiatum), sandmyrtle (Kalmia buxifolia). The very habitat where the plant persists is an area popular for hiking and sightseeing, and much of it has been converted to roads, trails, parking lots, and other utilities. Remaining habitat is vulnerable to trampling.

The replacement building, now a Crowne Plaza franchise is in a similar architectural vogue. However, the development of the golf course and the main buildings has had an adverse effect on the condition of the gardens and relict features of the Talbot and Brassey era, with the consequent loss of rare and interesting trees across the estate. The gardens used to be quite special. Of particular note is the wide use of pulhamite in the Victorian hard landscaping, as found at Batsford Arboretum and elsewhere.

She took a more major role in Sound Horizon's album Moira and performed in the corresponding live concerts in 2008 and 2009. Haruka Shimotsuki held a solo concert, : Haruka Shimotsuki Solo Live Lv.1 on August 10, 2006. Her second solo concert, Haruka Shimotsuki solo live Lv.2: , was held on July 13, 2008. Besides singing, composing and writing the lyrics for the opening and ending themes for the PC visual novel Relict: Toki no Wasuremono, she also composed about seven background music tracks for the game.

Paratettigarcta zealandica, fore and hindwing Sanmai kongi from the upper Middle–lower Upper Jurassic Daohugou beds, China The Tettigarctidae, known as the hairy cicadas, are a small relict (mostly extinct) family of primitive cicadas. Along with more than 20 extinct genera, Tettigarctidae contains a single extant genus, Tettigarcta, with two extant species, one from southern Australia (T. crinita) and one from the island of Tasmania (T. tomentosa). Fossil taxa include Paratettigarcta from the Miocene of New Zealand, Meuniera from the Paleocene of France,Piton, L., 1936a.

Fossils closely resembling Wollemia that are thought to be related to it are widespread in Australia, New Zealand and Antarctica from Cretaceous era sediments, but Wollemia nobilis is the sole living member of its genus. These trees remained common throughout eastern Australia until around 40 million years ago but then gradually declined in range and abundance. Before the relict population was discovered in Wollemi National Park, the most recent known fossils of the genus date from approximately 2 million years ago in Tasmania.James E Eckenwalder.

In France it is present at lower elevations in some karst regions such as near Glun, in the Ardèche department and near Nîmes. This vole is considered to be a glacial relict species and since the retreat of the most recent glaciation, suitable habitat became fragmented. It is restricted to petricolic soils, and it is found at lower altitudes where these soils are present. Its presence in any location is due to the suitability of the microhabitat rather than the suitability of the temperature.

This hummingbird is known from a single skin purchased in Bogotá in 1909. Nothing more is known of the bird, and though the skin is most commonly thought to come from either the Eastern or Central Andes of Colombia, other specimens from Bogotá have come from as far away as Ecuador. Since the bird has not been seen alive, it is assumed to have a relict population if it still survives. Some have suggested that the bird is just a hybrid, though the skin is very distinct.

Tertiary relict juniper and oak forests are located in the forest zone, which are rather dense in Khosrov and Khachadzor districts of the reserve. Juniper polycarpous There are three species of juniper in the reserve: Juniper communis, Juniper polycarpous and Juniper oblonga. Juniper sparse forest occupy not big areas where Juniper polycarpous dominate. Usually juniper is accompanied by Georgian maple (Acer ibericum), iguana hackberry (Celtis glabrata), Fenzl's almond (Amygdalus fenzliana), Rhamnus, Georgian honeysuckle (Lonicera iberica), wayfaring tree (Viburnum lantana), mastic tree (Pistaca mutica), pear (Pyrus), rowan (Sorbus).

Wetter areas supported Oregon ash, Douglas-fir, bigleaf maple, black cottonwood, and an understory of poison-oak, hazel, and Indian plum, with some Ponderosa pine to the south. Today, only relict native prairie remains. The poorly drained soils derived from glacial lake deposits are extensively farmed for grass seed and small grains, as grasses tolerate poor drainage and poor rooting conditions better than other crops. Historically, seasonal wetlands and ponds were common, but many streams are now channelized, and the wetlands have been reclaimed for grain crops.

Studenchishte Marsh is the last remains of a previously extensive wetland habitat on the eastern shore of ancient Lake Ohrid in North Macedonia. It is also the final major coastline wetland at Lake Ohrid and one of only seven marshes with relict communities that still exist in North Macedonia.Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning of the Republic of Macedonia (2014) Fifth National Report to the Convention on Biological Diversity, Skopje, North Macedonia. With several millennia of natural history, it is a site of key conservation interest.

Haemaphysalis hispanica is a tick species found in Europe. It is a relict parasite of the European rabbit, Oryctolagus cuniculus. It may have no role in transmitting pathogens to humans, but it is of importance in the epidemiology of certain diseases by maintaining the etiologic agent in a tick–vertebrate–tick cycle that can be intruded into by immature or adult stages of species that sometimes parasitize humans. H. hispanica is related to species parasitizing carnivores in Asia and Madagascar, and hyraxes in the Ethiopian Faunal Region.

300px Flora of Inhul River Park numbers about 600 species of plants, including 20 species listed in the Red Book of Ukraine (according to the second edition of the Red Book of Ukraine), four species listed in the European Red List of Threatened Species, five species included in the World Red List of Threatened Species, one species included in the list of Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats, 12 species included in the Regional list of preservation of Mykolaiv region. Here, in addition to the typical steppe, meadow-steppe, meadow, forest and rock species there are many Southern Buh coast and Black Sea coast endemics such as Caragana Scythian (Caragana scythica), Greenweed Scythian (Genista scythica), Milk Vetch of Odessa (Astragalus odessana) as well as relict, rare and endangered species of unique phytogenofond. For example, several clumps of relict species Gymnospermium odessanum were found here in recent two years. In spring various landscape formations are wonderfully decorated with [Potentilla arenaria], [Aurinia saxatilis], several species of violets, Corydalis solida, Scilla bifolia, Tulipa hypanica, Iris humilis and in summer – with the rainbow mosaic of the motley grass steppe.

High up on the sides of several bluffs are rare habitats called goat prairies by locals, because they are so steep it would seem only goats could graze on them. These patches of prairie grow only on slopes between 40 and 50 degrees which face south to southwest. This orientation catches prodigious amounts of sunlight, which in winter means the ground thaws daily and freezes nightly, retarding the establishment of any woody plants. The park also contains a relict stand of northern white cedar on Queen's Bluff, well south of its normal distribution.

On its discovery the Laysan finch was an endemic resident of the small island of Laysan, along with the Laysan rail (Porzana palmeri), the Laysan honeycreeper (Himatione fraithii), the Laysan duck (Anas laysanensis), and the Laysan millerbird (Acrocephalus familiaris familiaris). Populations were introduced to several islands, including Pearl and Hermes Atoll, where the species persists, and Midway Atoll, where it survived until the introduction of rats. The fossil record shows that the finch once had a greater range in Hawaii, reaching as far as Oahu, and that birds on Laysan represent a relict population.

Drunken trees are not a completely new phenomenon—dendrochronological evidence can date thermokarst tilting back to at least the 19th century. The southern extent of the subarctic permafrost reached a peak during the Little Ice Age of the 16th and 17th centuries, and has been in decline since then. Permafrost is typically in disequilibrium with climate, and much of the permafrost that remains is in a relict state. However, the rate of thawing has been increasing, and a great deal of the remaining permafrost is expected to thaw during the 21st century.

California fan palm (Washingtonia filifera) groves, part of the natural community of oasis riparian woodland, are located at permanent water sites of both Santa Rosa and San Jacinto Mountains. The fan palm is a relict species, although not listed under the Endangered Species Act. Associated plants in the oasis woodland include honey mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa), arrow weed, and deer grass. Justicia californica in the Santa Rosa Mountains The largest plant category in the national monument is collectively known as desert scrub and includes Sonoran Cresosote Scrub and Sonoran Mixed Woody and Succulent Scrub vegetation communities.

The Dubuque region is relatively far south for the white pine to thrive. White Pine Hollow, part of the Driftless Area, is a patch of north-facing algific talus slope land, a subset of dolomite karstland with many sinkholes, caverns, and other sharp changes in elevation. The conifer population may have established itself here at a time when the climate of Iowa was colder than it is today, and this grove could be a relict of what was once a much larger population. White Pine Hollow contains over 625 species of plants.

Vihren seen above the forests The wildlife is alpine. The flora of Vihren's slopes consists of herbaceous plants and lichens. Vihren is home to a number of habitats, including alpine and sub-alpine open calcareous grasslands that at inclination of 30–45° at altitude over 2,500 m on the marble bedrock forms phytocenosis dominated by Sesleria korabensis, and alpine and sub-alpine closed calcareous grasslands on very rocky bedrock. With less abundance is the relict plant Carex rupestris; some plant communities have an abundance of Carex kitaibeliana and Sesleria coerulans.

Gleying immediately below the A horizon is likely to be related to the processes of soil formation in the modern soil. At great depth, gleying is likely to be relict or related to processes that are more geological than pedological. Much the same kind of problem exists in some deeply weathered soils in which the deepest material penetrated by roots is very similar to the weathered material at much greater depth. In Scottish law, the solum is the area of ground that lies inside the walls or foundations of a building.

Most known blockfields are located in the northern hemisphere. Examples can be found in Abisko National Park in Sweden, Snowdonia National Park in Wales, the Great End-Scafell Pike ridge in England and Hickory Run Boulder Field and River of Rocks in the Appalachian Mountains of the United States. All examples except the first one are outside present day subpolar climate areas, and have thus traditionally been seen as relict landforms from past times when these areas were under periglaciation. The term "felsenmeer" comes from the German meaning 'sea of rock'.

The giant pika has been found in North America from the Irvingtonian (1.8–0.3 Ma, Lower–Middle Pleistocene) throughout Middle Pleistocene to Late Pleistocene (0.1–0.0Ma) locations. The last occurrence of the giant pika is known from early the Holocene of eastern North America (a cave at Elba in the Niagara Escarpment, Ontario) and its radiometric date is 8670±220 years BP (14C age) or 10251-9140 BP (calibrated date). It is possible that it survived in the rocky areas along the Niagara Escarpment as a relict population.

Other important year for the protection of the Spanish parks is 1975. The Protected Natural Spaces Act is passed which creates three new classifications of protected spaces —Integral Reserves of Scientific Interest, Natural Parks and Natural Parks of National Interest—, in addition to national parks. This law also brings with it the reclassification of several parks, with the notorious expansion of Doñana and Ordesa y Monte Perdido. In the beginning of the 80s, the Garajonay National Park is created, one of the best world representations of the laurel, relict vegetation of the Tertiary Era.

Pirin is noted for its rich flora and fauna, as well as for the presence of a number of relict species. Much of the area is forested, with some of the best preserved conifer woods in Bulgaria, holding important populations of the Balkan endemic species Macedonian pine, Bosnian pine and Bulgarian fir. Animals include many species of high conservation value, such as brown bear, gray wolf, wildcat, European pine marten, wild boar, red deer, roe deer, chamois, etc. The combination of favourable natural conditions and varied historical heritage contribute makes Pirin an important tourist destination.

The first papers to discuss or describe Saharastega considered it to be part of the group Edopoidea, an early branch of temnospondyl amphibians. Most edopoids lived in the Carboniferous, but Saharastega (and its equally unusual contemporary Nigerpeton) survived until the late Permian as a relict of the early temnospondyl radiation. Saharastega shares some seemingly unique features with edopoids (particularly the shape of the lacrimal bone), and particularly resembles the cochelosaurids, but also is dissimilar from edopoids in many ways. In the original papers, Saharastega was generally placed at the very base of Edopoidea.

The Early Renaissance French Château de Vallery, in Vallery, in the département of Yonne in the Burgundy region of France, was built in 1548 for Jacques d'Albon de Saint-André, marquis de Fronsac, a court favorite of Henri II and maréchal de France. It was never completed, and what remains of it have been mutilated.Patrimoine de France: château de Vallery The site he chose was the ancient château-fort of Vallery, dating in part to the early thirteenth century; he purchased it 16 April 1548.Relict walls and fortified towers remain at the site.

Sir John Melton (died 1640) was an English merchant, writer and politician. Monument to Sir John Melton in All Hallows Church, Tottenham Melton was appointed Secretary to the Council of the North in 1635, by Charles I of England.This made him keeper of the Great Seal for the North of England]. The same page gives family details: He was thrice married, first to Elizabeth, relict of Sir Ferdinando Heyborne, by whom he had four children (of which Francis and Elizabeth survived him); his second wife was Catherine, daughter of Alan Currance, Esq.

A relict (or relic) plant or animal is a taxon that persists as a remnant of what was once a diverse and widespread population. Relictualism occurs when a widespread habitat or range changes and a small area becomes cut off from the whole. A subset of the population is then confined to the available hospitable area, and survives there while the broader population either shrinks or evolves divergently. This phenomenon differs from endemism in that the range of the population was not always restricted to the local region.

The peatland landscape above the headland of Akraberg at the southern tip of Suðuroy features relict peat cuttings of various age – from the 1950s and perhaps centuries before – as well as mounds of peat. The removal of dried peat from the torvløð and the continued use of the platforms led to a gradual increase in torvlað height. General comparisons are made with peat mounds from the British Isles. These features are of unknown antiquity, but they have been associated with the possible pre-Viking presence of Irish monks or priests (papar).

Sea cave formation along a fault on Santa Cruz Island, California, United States A sea cave, also known as a littoral cave, is a type of cave formed primarily by the wave action of the sea. The primary process involved is erosion. Sea caves are found throughout the world, actively forming along present coastlines and as relict sea caves on former coastlines. Some of the largest wave-cut caves in the world are found on the coast of Norway, but are now 100 feet or more above present sea level.

Most sea caves are small in relation to other types. A compilation of sea-cave surveys as of July 2014 ( Long sea caves of the world ) shows 2 over 1000 meters, 6 over 400 meters, nine over 300 meters, 25 over 200 meters, and 108 over 100 meters in length. In Norway, several apparently relict sea caves exceed 300 meters in length. There is no doubt that many other large sea caves exist but have not been investigated due to their remote locations and/or hostile sea conditions.

The Red Barn at Blindley Heath with pond Blindley Heath is the southernmost portion of the parish, a hamlet separated by fields from the village of Godstone. The Blindley Heath Site of Special Scientific Interest is the best known example of a relict damp grassland on Weald Clay in Surrey and has several ponds and a stretch of the Ray Brook. It is also a Local Nature Reserve and is managed by the Surrey Wildlife Trust. There is an active C of E church to St John the Evangelist built in 1842.

It was hypothesised that the Orkney voles were a relict population, left behind when the land-bridge connecting Scotland and Orkney had disappeared, by the date that the more competitive Microtus agrestis had reached Northern Scotland. This theory has now been rejected on palaeontological, ecological, biological and geological grounds. It is now accepted that they were introduced to the Orkney archipelago by humans in Neolithic times, possibly concealed in animal fodder. The oldest known radiocarbon-dated fossil of the species in Orkney is 4,600 years old: this marks the latest possible date of introduction.

The Ziama Massif is a 116 200 hectares-large Biosphere Reserve, which is considered to be a relict of the once continuous West African rainforest belt. It is home to 1 300 vascular plant species, 124 mammal species, and 286 bird species. The Ziama Massif provides shelter to the threatened West African rainforest megafauna, such as the forest elephant, the forest buffalo, the pygmy hippopotamus, the bongo antelope, and the critically endangered western chimpanzee. The Dicéké Classified Forest is a 64 000 hectares-large forest reserve, which is characterized by lowland and swamp forests.

The continental shelves are covered by terrigenous sediments; that is, those derived from erosion of the continents. However, little of the sediment is from current rivers; some 60–70% of the sediment on the world's shelves is relict sediment, deposited during the last ice age, when sea level was 100–120 m lower than it is now.Pinet 84–86, Gross 43. Sediments usually become increasingly fine with distance from the coast; sand is limited to shallow, wave-agitated waters, while silt and clays are deposited in quieter, deep water far offshore.

It was part of the history of inland exploration (Burke and Wills expedition) and of the development of the pastoral industry in western New South Wales. The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales. The area contains a relict lake system whose sediments, geomorphology and soils contain an outstanding record of low-altitude, non-glaciated Pleistocene landscape. The area contains outstanding examples of lunettes including Chibnalwood Lunette, the largest clay lunette in the world.

This species is not closely related to any of Australia’s other Grevillea species. However, it does have phylogenetic resemblance with other Grevillea species that are found within semi-arid and temperate arid regions of south western Australia, such as Grevillea decipiens, Grevillea sparsiflora, and Grevillea acuaria. G. kennedyana is not well adapted for deep sandy soils because of this, the species is seen as a relict species that has been effected by the expansions of the arid interior of Australia. G. kennedyana was named after Mrs Mary B. Kennedy of Wonnaminta by Ferdinand von Mueller.

The only endemic plant lineage on Madagascar old enough to be a possible Gondwana relict appears to be Takhtajania perrieri (Winteraceae). Most extant plant groups have African affinities, consistent with the relatively small distance to the continent, and there are also strong similarities with the Indian Ocean islands of the Comoros, Mascarenes, and Seychelles. There are however also links to other, more distant floras, such as those of India and Malesia. After their separation from Africa, Madagascar and India moved northwards, to a position south of 30° latitude.

The extant population of Pinus torreyana is restricted to trees growing in a narrow strip along the Southern California coast in San Diego. There is also a population of the variety Pinus torreyana var. insularis in two groves on Santa Rosa Island, a California Channel Island off the coast of Santa Barbara. The presence of Torrey pines along the semi-arid coast of San Diego and Santa Rosa Island (rainfall less than 15 inches per year) is probably a relict population of a much more extensive Ice Age distribution.

The deposit is interpreted as an olistostrome, a giant underwater landslide possibly triggered by an earthquake some time after 614 million years ago. A dolerite dyke of Ordovician age intrudes the melange at Trwyn y Gorlech in the north whilst an olivine dolerite dyke of Tertiary age is seen at Cafn Enlli in the southeast. Further dykes occur in the cliffs at Ogof y Gaseg and at Ogof Hir. A thin spread of glacial till stretches across the centre of the island, a relict of the late Devensian Irish Sea Icesheet.

European Last Glacial Maximum refugia, 20 kya. In biology, a refugium (plural: refugia) is a location which supports an isolated or relict population of a once more widespread species. This isolation (allopatry) can be due to climatic changes, geography, or human activities such as deforestation and overhunting. Mountain gorilla Present examples of refuge species are the mountain gorilla, isolated to specific mountains in central Africa, and the Australian sea lion, isolated to specific breeding beaches along the south- west coast of Australia, due to humans taking so many of their number as game.

They occur in regions with less than 1000 mm average annual rainfall. These dry lowland forests are dominated by palms such as Latania species and Dictyosperma album, and by the palm-like screw-pines (Pandanus species). There also are sclerophyllous trees such as species in the family Combretaceae, for example Terminalia bentzoe. Semi-dry sclerophyllous forests occur between the coastal areas and an altitude of 360 metres on Mauritius and Rodrigues. On Réunion only small relict patches remain at altitudes up to 750 metres on the western slopes.

With the last recorded sighting dating to 1988, the species was thought to be extinct until early 2016, when a relict population was discovered in an undisclosed location. Atelopus ignescens was formerly abundant along streams, rivers and ponds of the páramo surrounding the Ecuadorian capital city of Quito. The species started to decline in the 1980s, probably due to the chytridiomycosis that ravaged other amphibian species around the world, and prior to its rediscovery had been listed as extinct by the IUCN. Other threats include habitat destruction, pollution, climate change, and invasive rainbow trout.

The state of Florida is home to a relict population of northern caracaras that dates to the last glacial period, which ended around 12,500 BP. At that point in time, Florida and the rest of the Gulf Coast was covered in an oak savanna. As temperatures increased, the savanna between Florida and Texas disappeared. Caracaras were able to survive in the prairies of central Florida as well as in the marshes along the St. Johns River. Cabbage palmettos are a preferred nesting site, although they will also nest in southern live oaks.

Considerable debate of the validity of this species followed, with proposals for synonymising them with A. africanus or recognising multiple species from the Laetoli and Hadar remains. The skull KNM-ER 1470 (now H. rudolfensis) was at first dated to 2.9 million years ago, which cast doubt on the ancestral position of both A. afarensis or A. africanus, but it has since been re-dated to about 2 million years ago. Palaeoartist Walter Ferguson has proposed splitting A. afarensis into "H. antiquus", a relict dryopithecine "Ramapithecus" (now Kenyapithecus), and a subspecies of A. africanus.

Easington is a ward and former Mediaeval village in the south-west of the market town of Banbury. Easington, which was a rural estate attached to the former Calthorpe Manor, was first mentioned in 1279. Its demesne lands were subsequently leased out over the years. In 1505 the Easington estate was leased out for a rent fee for 15 years to Anne, the relict of the lord, Sir William Danvers and after her death in 1520 a new lease for 40 years was made to the local mercer, William Pierson.

Village is located in the vicinity of delta of Tandzut river (not to be confused with identically named Tandzut river in Lori province). Other sources indicate different river names: river Tsapatagh running through the village and river Shishkert (or river Shampyrt) on south-east from the village. In the surroundings of the village there is a 3312 hectare large sanctuary with unique relict juniper and oak open woodlands with typical fauna and flora. Climate is somewhat milder than on western shores and fruit trees like apricots can be grown.

Any of the first three definitions, but the clade also has a low taxonomic diversity (low diversity lineages). Oxpeckers are morphologically somewhat similar to starlings due to shared plesiomorphies, but are uniquely adapted to feed on parasites and blood of large land mammals, which has always obscured their relationships. This lineage forms part of a radiation that includes Sturnidae and Mimidae, but appears to be the most ancient of these groups. Biogeography strongly suggests that oxpeckers originated in eastern Asia and only later arrived in Africa, where they now have a relict distribution.

The Nature Reserve has the largest grove of the rarest plant in Georgia - the Caucasian zelkova - a tree that has survived from the Tertiary period and was considered to have already disappeared from the face of the earth, but in 1946 it was rediscovered on the banks of the Alazani. These relict trees can reach height of 30 m with a trunk diameter of 90 cm. The Georgian oak, the field maple and the other are mixed together. The undergrowth is represented by hawthorn, privet, medlar, privet and wild rose.

The settled along , a relict distributary bayou of the Mississippi River. According to , who was in Louisiana from 1719 to 1738, ( is 'steer' or 'ox' in French, thus means 'land of oxen') was named in that period, presumably due to the presence of domestic or feral cattle there, and not because of bison ( in French). This settlement was called and by Spanish officials, but was also called (Spanish for 'land of oxen'). Saint Bernard, the patron saint of colonial governor , was used in documents to identify the area.

Contrarily, host shift more often occurs to move away from shrinking host populations, such as relict populations left behind by a regressing host area (below). Recent studies have proposed to discriminate between two different types of evolutionary change in host specificity. According to this view, host switch can be a sudden and accidental colonization of a new host species by a few parasite individuals capable of establishing a new and viable population there. After a switch of this type, the new population is more-or- less isolated from the population on the donor host species.

Bennett accepted the validity of the original collection location, though he admitted that the poor documentation of the specimens raised the issue of credibility. He suggested that they represented a relict population inhabiting small and isolated thickets of vegetation on the banks of permanent watercourses. He speculated that the population had been adversely affected by the advent of extensive cattle grazing and changes in fire regime since European settlement of the Roper region. He also raised the possibility of birds surviving along rivers north of the Roper in eastern Arnhem Land.

It is also home to great biodiversity in a wide range of organism groups. There are several glacial relict species in Lake Vättern – a number of crustaceans and a few fish species (including grayling (Thymallus thymallus) – which have adapted to lake living after the last glacial period and post-glacial rebound. The insects along the shores of Lake Vättern are also notable, more reminiscent of the rivers of Northern Sweden than lakes in the south of the country. On a stretch of just a few kilometers there are four different hardiness zones and extensive biodiversity.

They were sprawling, bulky, possibly cold-blooded, and had small brains. Some, such as Dimetrodon, had large sails that might have helped raise their body temperature. A few relict groups lasted into the later Permian but, by the middle of the Late Permian, all of the pelycosaurs had either died off or evolved into their successors, the therapsids. Moschops was a tapinocephalian from the Middle Permian of South Africa The therapsids, a more advanced group of synapsids, appeared during the Middle Permian and included the largest terrestrial animals in the Middle and Late Permian.

Sugarloaf Mountain's geology is tied to the formation of Florida's sand ridges, specifically the Lake Wales Ridge. The mountain consists of relict sand ridges and dunes formed in a marine shoreline environment approximately 2 million years ago during the Pleistocene epoch. Since the Pleistocene, the sands comprising the mountain have probably been uplifted due to isostatic rebound of the crust beneath the Florida Platform. The uplift is attributed to the karstification/erosion of the platform, which is reducing the weight on the underlying basement rock, triggering a process similar to post glacial rebound.

It has been argued that Iwo Eleru man was an archaic hybrid or part of a relict archaic Homo population.Christopher M. Stojanowski, 'Iwo Eleru's place among Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene populations of North and East Africa', Journal of Human Evolution, 75 (2014), p. 86.Michael F. Hammer, August E. Woerner, Fernando L. Mendez, Joseph C. Watkins and Jeffrey D. Wall, 'Genetic evidence for archaic admixture in Africa', Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Vol. 108, No. 37 (13 September 2011), p. 15126.

Muggleswick, Stanhope and Edmundbyers Commons and Blanchland Moor is a Site of Special Scientific Interest in County Durham and Northumberland, England. It consists of two separate areas, the larger--encompassing the upland areas of Muggleswick, Stanhope and Edmundbyers Commons--in the Derwentside and Wear Valley districts of north Durham, the smaller--Blanchland Moor--in the Tynedale district of south-west Northumberland. The site has one of the most extensive areas of dry heath in northern England. There are also areas of wet heath, acid grassland, flushes, relict juniper woodland and small areas of open water.

In the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, Jabrayil, Zanghelan, Steppe Plateau, Zuvand regions of republic which have arid climate, a specific mountainous xerophytic vegetation is developed. The species of thyme (Thymus) are very typical of those arid regions. The following species are specific there: Lactuca, Berberis, Zygophyllum atriplicoides, Astragalus szovitsii, Salvia dracocephaloides, Pyrethrum, Marrubium, Achillea, Phlomis, etc. In Eldar Oyugu which is located in the northwest of Azerbaijan has also arid climate and there is an isolated spot of typical thin forest formed by Pinus eldarica, which is an endemic relict of the tertiary period.

Styloniscus manuvaka is a species of terrestrial isopod endemic to the islands of Rapa Nui and Rapa Iti. It's specific epithet translates roughly to "Canoe Bug" in reference to the original authors hypothesis which holds this species colonized these islands alongside ancient Polynesians via transplanted "Canoe Plants" such as Banana, Taro, and Sugar Cane. The species currently survives only as relict populations in caves. This species is in dire need of conservation, and is threatened by a combination of habitat loss, non-native species, and global climate change.

Elsewhere it has been levelled but its outline is still identifiable. An earlier report (OPW 1969) recorded traces of an outer fosse and suggested that the original entrance may have been at SE). # A medieval earthen ringfort situate near the western boundary with Cormeen.(Archaeological Inventory of County Cavan where it is described as- Situated on level low-lying ground on the W bank of the Woodford River, with a small relict channel of the river just to its W. This is a circular grass- covered raised area (diam. c.

Sea of Japan, where most reports of the crested shelduck come from The crested shelduck has been collected near Vladivostok in Russia and near Busan and Kunsan in Korea. It has been proposed that the species breeds in far-eastern Russia, northern North Korea, and northeast China and winters in southern Japan, southwest Korea, and along the east China coast as far south as Shanghai.BirdLife International, 2001, pp. 399–552 (PDF) It is believed to have a relict range, or to have been more widespread in historic times.

Recent multigene analysis indicates the odobenids and otariids diverged from the phocids about 20–26 million years ago, while the odobenids and the otariids separated 15–20 million years ago. Odobenidae was once a highly diverse and widespread family, including at least twenty species in the subfamilies Imagotariinae, Dusignathinae and Odobeninae. The key distinguishing feature was the development of a squirt/suction feeding mechanism; tusks are a later feature specific to Odobeninae, of which the modern walrus is the last remaining (relict) species. Two subspecies of walrus are widely recognized: the Atlantic walrus, O. r.

Laurel forest in Madeira The Madeira firecrest is endemic to the main island of Madeira. It occurs mainly at higher levels from 600–1,550 m (1,950–4,900 ft) in all types of forests and scrub, but with a preference for tree heaths. Although it is strongly adapted to endemic tree heaths, it also breeds in broom, relict laurel forest, oak-dominated deciduous forest and stands of the introduced Japanese cedar, Cryptomeria japonica. It is absent from the alien eucalyptus and acacia plantations which have replaced much of the endemic Madeiran laurel forest.

Procaris noelensis is a species of shrimp, a single specimen having been described by Bruce & Davie from a freshwater/tidally influenced cave system on Christmas Island in 2006. This species is widely separated geographically from other members of its genus and may be a relict species from the Mesozoic fauna of the Tethys Ocean, with Christmas Island being its refugium. This theory is reinforced by the fact that it was found living in sympatry with a hippolytid shrimp and an atyid shrimp, the latter coming from another ancient lineage and often found inhabiting anchialine systems.

Prestwick Carr sits within a low lying basin of peat to the north west of Newcastle- upon-Tyne. Within the site there are a range of wetland habitats including tall fen with soft rush and reed canary-grass, Common alder and downy birch dominated carr and a raised bog which is now surrounded by a coniferous forestry plantation. These wetlands were more extensive in the past but drainage has reduced their extent. The remaining open water supports a variety of aquatic species and the relict raised bog supports the rare bog rosemary.

The Privy Council Registers record that "the late Robert Lawder of The Bass" had loaned two thousand pounds to Queen Mary and Darnley. This had not been repaid, and Sir Robert's curator and executor [and son-in-law] David Preston of Craigmillar was now suing Sir John Stewart of Traquair as one of those who had guaranteed the loan. The argument was that "the said laird of Craigmillar and Elizabeth Hay, Lady Bass, relict and executrix of the said Robert" expected Sir John Stewart to pay up. They won this round.

The areas of settlement in Southern Italy became so thoroughly Hellenised that Roman writers such as Ovid and Polybius referred to the region as Magna Graecia ("Great Greece"). To this day, some of the Griko people in Southern Italy still speak Griko and Calabrian Greek, Doric Greek-influenced dialects with a substantial Latin adstrate, and worship in the Greek Byzantine Catholic Church instead of the Latin rite more usual among other Italians. In Modern Greek, Southern Italy is referred to as Kato Italia (lit. "Lower Italy") and the relict Greek dialects there as Katoitalika.

In Scotland it is Listed as vulnerable, the main threats to Osmia uncinata are the reduction of available habitat, the loss of the open areas within the forest and increased shading of the forage plants. Dead pine wood should be retained to provide nest sites, and the natural regeneration of the forest should be encouraged. As this species has a boreo-alpine distribution, the relict populations in Scotland are probably going to be negatively affected by anthropogenic climate change. Measures taken to conserve other species found in Caledonian forest should benefit this species.

In 1975, Raju joined a team of BNHS members on a study expedition in the Eastern ghats of Vishakapatnam. In 1981 and again in 1983, Raju accompanied Dillon Ripley and Salim Ali for short collection trips. During these trips, they mist-netted an Abbott's babbler, a species the known only from north-east in India and Southeast Asia. This relict population was found to be distinctive and was described as a subspecies that named was after Krishna Raju by Bruce Beehler and Dillon Ripley as Malacocincla abbotti krishnarajui.

Since 1980 A. granulatus has been protected under the Wildlife Act 1953, making it illegal to collect or own specimens without a permit. Its conservation status is considered to be Relict and Conservation Dependent, as it only survives on islands that are maintained as rodent-free. Future conservation efforts, including any captive breeding programme, are impeded by the lack of knowledge of its basic biology, particularly the biology of its larvae. Providing artificial habitat to replace the lack of decomposing logs may assist this species and help with population monitoring.

Chrea is a town in Algeria, located in Blida Province, Ouled Yaïch District, in a mountainous area named Tell Atlas, near Blida. In its municipality is situated the Chréa National Park, one of the largest national parks of the country, and a ski resort.Algerians forget fighting to go skiing, BBC News, accessed on December 19, 2008. Within the national park is one of the few relict populations of the endangered primate, the Barbary macaque, Macaca sylvanus; this species of primate originally had a much wider range in Northern Algeria and Morocco.

Old Norwegian Sheep on the coast of Norway The first sheep brought to Europe by the earliest farmers are thought to have been short-tailed sheep. Initially, in the Neolithic Age, these were small, double-coated, naturally moulting, brown sheep, of which the Soay is believed to be a relict. By the Iron Age, these had been replaced throughout northern and western Europe by somewhat larger sheep, still short-tailed, but with a fleece of more uniform texture and variable in colour. Sheep brought later from southern Europe were long-tailed, white-fleeced and larger.

As a member of the tribe Lampropeltini, L. extenuata is ultimately derived from Old World rat snakes that crossed the Bering Land Bridge into North America more than 20 million years ago. More recently, L. extenuata is a relict of the Miocene "Florida Island", separated from the mainland by higher sea levels. It is closely related to the kingsnakes and still bears a resemblance to the mole kingsnakes which are also found in Florida. One fossil species, Stilosoma vetustum, dates from the late Miocene, some 5-10 million years ago.

"Forest snail faunas from Georgian Transcaucasia: patterns of diversity in a Pleistocene refugium". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 102: 239–250 Some relict species of vertebrates are Caucasian parsley frog, Caucasian salamander, Robert's snow vole, and Caucasian grouse, and there are almost entirely endemic groups of animals such as lizards of genus Darevskia. In general, species composition of this refugium is quite distinct and differs from that of the other Western Eurasian refugia. The natural landscape is one of mixed forest, with substantial areas of rocky ground above the treeline.

The rivers and lakes harbour various relict freshwater fish, including the endemic Spanish minnowcarp and Luciobarbus microcephalus, and among reptiles, the Caspian turtle and European pond turtle. Other reptiles include Hermann's tortoise, Greek tortoise and pond slider, as well as four species of sea turtle. Also recorded in Spain are the common chameleon and about sixty species of lizard, worm lizard, gecko and skink, many being endemic to the Canary Islands and Balearics, and some occurring in the Spanish enclaves in North Africa. Sixteen species of snake are similarly listed for Spain.

Sir John continued a widower for some years, his wife's mother, Mary Moundeford, taking charge of his house. In 1631 he married Elizabeth, daughter of Edward Brabazon, 1st Baron Ardee and Mary Smythe, sister of William Brabazon, 1st Earl of Meath, and relict of Sir John Brereton, King's Serjeant-at-law (Ireland). Brereton was her second husband, her first having been George Montgomery, Bishop of Clogher. Bramston's marriage with her was the revival of an old attachment which he had formed as a very young man, but which Lord Ardee had refused to countenance.

Among the threatened species in the rivers stand out the European eel, the iberian barbel, the Squalius alburnoides, the Cobitis calderoni and, potentially, the Chondrostoma lemmingii. Conversely the set of invasive species of fish includes pike, black bullhead catfish, pumpkinseed, zander, common bleak and black-bass. ;Vegetation The summer drought is characteristic of the Madrid region's climate. (part of the transnational Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe world heritage site) is a relict forest featuring a particular case of microclimate, allowing for Eurosiberian species that do not grow in the region in normal conditions.

The relict species M. subapenninum represents the last stage of evolution of Metaxytherium, showing an increase in body size and in tusk size and a rostral reinforcement responding to a long-term climatic cooling.Silvia Sorbi, Daryl P. Domning, Stefano Claudio Vaiani and Giovanni Bianucci Metaxytherium subapenninum (Bruno, 1839) (Mammalia, Dugongidae), the Latest Sirenian of the Mediterranean Basin Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 32(3):686-707. 2012 These aquatic herbivores lived in warm coastal waters and inland waterways, feeding on seagrass.Paleobiology Database Metaxytherium subapenninum lived in the early and late Pliocene of Italy and Spain (age range: 3.6 to 2.588 million years ago).

Forests cover 80% of the park's area, with old-growth forest forming 30% of them. These woods are the last remaining temperate forests with evergreen laurel undergrowth in Europe. The park has the highest number of vertebrate species of all protected areas in Bulgaria, including 66 species of mammals, 269 species of birds, 24 species of reptiles, 10 species of amphibia and 41 species of freshwater fish, as well as 70 species of marine fish in the waters of the Black Sea. The invertebrate fauna is poorly researched and includes 84 Bulgarian endemic species, of which 4 are local, and 34 relict species.

The two main bastions were connect by a wall 100 "paços" long, three and half "braças" high and six "palmos" thick, this wall closed the isthmus in its more narrow part. A third bastion, the smallest of the three, was situated on the north side up on the peninsula, on this bastion were mounted three pieces of artillery. All the artillery had been recovered by a relict of a Danish ship. Another wall of the same dimension of the previous one, connected on the south side this third bastion with the main bastion of ‘Santa Cruz’.

They form monogamous pair bonds to raise their young, laying their eggs in small nests in trees or amongst rocks. They are diurnal and like all New Zealand passerines, for the most part, are sedentary. New Zealand wrens, like many New Zealand birds, suffered several extinctions after the arrival of humans in New Zealand. Two species became extinct after the arrival of the Māori and the Polynesian rat and are known today only from fossil remains; a third, Lyall's wren, became extinct on the main islands, surviving only as a relict population on Stephens Island in the Cook Strait.

Eventually, it became common to arrange supposed species and subspecies to "species groups" (not superspecies, but an informal phenetic arrangement) as pioneered by B.C.S. Warren,Warren (1936) and attempt to resolve their true nature by and by. As molecular phylogenetic studies add to the available data, it is becoming clear that most "varieties" that have at least been commonly considered subspecies in the latter 20th century are indeed lineages distinct enough to warrant some formal degree of recognition. Another result of recent research is confirmation of the theory that this genus contains many glacial relict taxa, e.g., in the brassy ringlet group (E.

These "relict" species include the compsognathid dinosaur Sinosauropteryx and the anurognathid pterosaur Dendrorhynchoides. It also has the earliest and most primitive known members of groups that spread all around the world by the Late Cretaceous, including neoceratopsians, therizinosaurs, tyrannosaurs, and oviraptorids. Northeastern Asia may have been the center of diversification of these dinosaur groups. The Jehol Biota was not entirely isolated, however, because it also includes animals which were known from all around the world at the same time, including discoglossid frogs, paramacellodid lizards, multituberculate mammals, enantiornithine birds, ctenochasmatid pterosaurs, iguanodontian ornithopods, titanosauriform sauropods, nodosaurid ankylosaurs, and dromaeosaurid theropods.

According to ecologist Rosemary Lowe- McConnell, "the Malagarasi and the Rungwa River are assumed to be relict headwaters of the extended pre-rift Zaire system". The Malagarasi pre-dates Lake Tanganyika and was in pre-rift times a tributary of the Congo River to its west. Lake Tanganyika has since said to have "undergone both transgression and regression, depositing new sediments, altering the delta, and changing the course of the river". Over its history, the lake level has altered dramatically between 100 and 200 metres; historical accounts from the late nineteenth century indicate that it was about higher than it is today.

Supporters of the megaflood hypothesis note that the streamlined forms seen in the Athabasca Valles are inconsistent with a glacial hypothesis. They are unlikely to be drumlins, which are streamlined and teardrop-shaped in all three dimensions. In the Athabasca Valles, many relict features (including crater rims) still appear on the top of streamlined forms. Because Martian gravity is weaker, Martian glaciers would have to be much thicker than their terrestrial counterparts in order to overcome frictional basal forces and begin flowing (with estimated thicknesses up to 4–5 km); such theoretical glaciers would have covered such landforms.

The mountain range has varied flora and fauna with a number of endemic and relict species and some of the best preserved forests in the country. The biodiversity and the pristine landscapes are protected by Rila National Park which covers much of the mountain; the rest lies within Rila Monastery Nature Park. In addition, there are five nature reserves: Parangalitsa, Central Rila Reserve, Rila Monastery Forest, Ibar and Skakavitsa. The most recognisable landmark of the mountain range is the Rila Monastery, Bulgaria's largest and most important monastery, founded in the 10th century by Saint John of Rila.

Due to the strong divergence in dental anatomy, they may have split before characteristic Neanderthal dentition evolved about 300,000 years ago. The more divergent Denisovan mtDNA has been interpreted as evidence of admixture between Denisovans and an unknown archaic human population, possibly a relict H. erectus or H. erectus-like population about 53,000 years ago. Alternatively, divergent mtDNA could have also resulted from the persistence of an ancient mtDNA lineage which only went extinct in modern humans and Neanderthals through genetic drift. Modern humans contributed mtDNA to the Neanderthal lineage, but not to the Denisovan mitochondrial genomes yet sequenced.

The patches of relict montane forest found in the Nyanga, Bvumba, Himalaya and Chimanimani Mountains are the primary habitats. They can be found in the cool, damp interior of the forest, mostly in the undercanopy and on the forest margins. These forest patches are surrounded by vast expanses of montane grassland, but are often so far apart as to be isolated from one another, but forest along the numerous mountain streams may link these very limited habitats. Marked specimens surveyed over a long time appeared not to travel far at all, usually less than 15 m.

Among the grasses are native wildflowers such as blue dicks (Dichelostemma capitatum), soap plant (Chlorogalum parviflorum) and checker mallow (Sidalcea malviflora). Another notable relict population is the seaside woolly sunflower which is present in only a few other East Bay locations. Overall, the diverse flora includes about 150 species of flowering plants, of which 92 are native species. There are very few trees on the island: on the northeast side of the island near the shell middens are two clusters of old California buckeyes (Aesculus californica), a single red willow (Salix laevigata) and some blue elderberry (Sambucus mexicana).

By his first wife, Marion, daughter of Alexander Guthrie, town clerk of Edinburgh, and widow of David Borthwick of Lokhill, lord advocate, he had two sons—John, lord Menmuir, who died unmarried in January 1601, and David Lindsay, 1st Lord Balcarres—and three daughters: Catherine, married first to Sir John Lindsay of Woodhead, and secondly to John Brown of Fordel; Margaret, to Sir John Strachan of Thornton; and Janet, to Sir David Auchmutie of Auchmutie. By his second wife, Jane née Lauder, relict of both Sir James Forrester of Corstorphine and John Campbell of Calder, he had no issue.

Jabal Aja has been designated an Important Plant Area because of the richness of its plant life and the presence of many endemic and relict plant species. The reserve offers a refuge to plants from the Mediterranean and Irano-Turanian Regions in an area that otherwise forms part of the Saharo-Arabian Region. About 355 species of plant have been recorded in the reserve, including the plants found in the adjoining desert area of An Nafud. The plains have deep sandy-loam soils and the dominant plant is Haloxylon salicornicum, with the desert gourd being common and Asphodelus tenuifolius occurring in depressions.

Najas flexilis is similar in hardiness and survived the last glaciation as fossil evidence shows. The attempted creation of the Corrib-Mask Canal lowered water levels in the herb's Irish area, and if the plant was underwater before then, the relict hypothesis would be disproven. An 1841 map shows that the distribution of H. canadense stops short of the lakeshore by . However, the plant clearly occurs below an older shore line of uncertain age; the shore line is certainly post-glacial, but it may be old enough for the plant to migrate down to its current occurrence.

The Eastern Himalayas is the region encompassing Bhutan, northeastern India, and southern, central and eastern Nepal. The region is geologically young and shows high altitudinal variation. It has nearly 163 globally threatened species including the one-horned rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis), the Wild Asian water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis (Arnee)) and in all 45 mammals, 50 birds, 17 reptiles, 12 amphibians, 3 invertebrate and 36 plant species. Conservation International 2006 Ecosystem Profile: Eastern Himalayas Region, 2005 The relict dragonfly (Epiophlebia laidlawi) is an endangered species found here with the only other species in the genus being found in Japan.

His son John Hepburn, a Royalist and Episcopalian, held the castle of The Bass against Oliver Cromwell, and was heavily fined and imprisoned. John Hepburn of Waughton was forced to resign Edrington in charter 1948 dated 1 March 1648 to James Scott, a merchant-burgess of Edinburgh. Scott was dead by June 1653 when his widow, Jeanette Archibald, was described as his relict in a charter of that date. It then passed to another of his family, probably his son, Patrick Scott, who also became a merchant-burgess of Edinburgh,Edinburgh Burgess Rolls, 10/1/1655, Scottish Record Society, Edinburgh.

Wood's cycad at the Durban Botanic Gardens, once endemic to oNgoye Forest This relict patch of transitional Afromontane-coastal forest is home to rare and endemic species. It was home to the giant Wood's cycad which is extinct in the wild since the early 1900s, but the oNgoye dwarf cycad, Ground cycad and Natal grass cycad still occur. It is home to the endemic race ornatus of the Red bush squirrel, the endemic race woodwardi of Woodward's barbet, two undescribed dwarf chameleons similar to the Qudeni dwarf chameleon,Tolley, K. and Burger, M. 2007. Chameleons of Southern Africa.

Alternatively, the geographical distribution of tropical South American turtles during the Miocene can be explained as a relict of an extensive distribution reached during the Eocene or Oligocene and modified subsequently by the uplifting of the Andes and the changes in the pattern of the main river systems.Cadena & Jaramillo, 2015, p.199 The occurrence of Purussaurus and Mourasuchus in the early Middle Miocene Patajau and Kaitamana beds of the Castilletes Formation represent early records for lineages previously known from younger Laventan and Huayquerian faunas. These records expand the temporal range of high diversity gavialoid-caimanine assemblages into the early Middle Miocene.

Neotibicen bermudianus, also colloquially known as the Bermuda cicada is a presumably extinct species of annual cicada endemic to the island of Bermuda. Populations of this species were historically abundant on Bermuda, but they plummeted sharply in the middle twentieth century after the decline of their preferred host: the Bermuda cedar. It is currently uncertain if this species is permanently extinct or if their numbers have been reduced substantially and relict populations still exist on the archipelago. Neotibicen lyricen, the lyric cicada; of the Eastern United States, is the most closely related species of Neotibicen behaviorally, morphologically, and genetically to the Bermuda cicada.

Madagascar's high species richness and endemicity are attributed to its long isolation as a continental island since the Mesozoic era. Once part of the Gondwana supercontinent, Madagascar separated from continental Africa and from the Indian subcontinent around 150–160 and 84–91 million years ago, respectively. The Madagascan flora was therefore long seen predominantly as a relict of an old Gondwanan vegetation, separated by vicariance through the continental break-up. Molecular clock analyses however suggest that most plant and other organismal lineages immigrated via across-ocean dispersal, given that they are estimated to have diverged from continental groups well after Gondwana broke up.

The Agua Tibia Research Natural Area (ATRNA), located within the wilderness, comprises of bigcone Douglas-fir—canyon live oak forest. The area was set aside for the study of this forest type in the Peninsular Range province and with emphasis on forest succession, long-range ecological changes and the effects of resource management practices. Bigcone Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga macrocarpa) is a relict species and is endemic to Southern California. This population on the ATRNA is unique for its relatively great age, size, genetic purity, placement near the southern extent of the species' range, and for its remoteness and lack of disturbance by man.

The ironcolor shiner is found in the pools and slow stretches of clear, oligotrophic creeks and small rivers which have sandy beds but which have well-developed submerged vegetation. They can also occur in swamps over soft substrates in Illinois. They occur in areas vegetated with plants such as bladderwort, pondweed and Elodea while the presence of sand appears to be important for spawning. They are not normally found in groundwater supplied streams but there is a relict, disjunct population in the San Marcos River basin in Texas which occurs in the spring-fed upper reaches of the river.

Brahui may or may not be a language isolate and many origins have been hypothesized for it including Iranian and Dravidian. spoken in southern Pakistan, primarily in Kalat in Balochistan. The Brahui population of Balochistan has been taken by some as the linguistic equivalent of a relict population, perhaps indicating that Dravidian languages were formerly much more widespread and were supplanted by the incoming Indo-Aryan languages. However it has now been demonstrated that the Brahui could only have migrated to Balochistan from central India after 1000 CE. The absence of any Avestan, an older Iranian language, loanwords in Brahui supports this hypothesis.

Tourists will see astonishing lakeshore scenery, impassable tall thickets of bulrush, secondary wet meadows and the thick cover of royal fern. From the birdwatching tower, one can observe migratory birds, some of which are rare species that seek out safe havens in the thickets of peatland vegetation. Paliastomi-Pichori Boating Time: 3 hours The route starts at the entrance of Paliastomi Lake. Tourists will see the beautiful shores of Paliastomi Lake and an amazing view of the Pichori River mouth. At the resting areas, tourists have the opportunity to see Kolkheti’s wetland relict forests that are spread along the river bank.

Banksia, a grevilleoid Proteaceae, is an example of a plant with a Gondwanan distribution The adjective "Gondwanan" is in common use in biogeography when referring to patterns of distribution of living organisms, typically when the organisms are restricted to two or more of the now- discontinuous regions that were once part of Gondwana, including the Antarctic flora. For example, the plant family Proteaceae, known from all continents in the Southern Hemisphere, has a "Gondwanan distribution" and is often described as an archaic, or relict, lineage. The distributions in the Proteaceae is, nevertheless, the result of both Gondwanan rafting and later oceanic dispersal.

The Eurasian beaver (Castor fiber) or European beaver is a beaver species that was once widespread in Eurasia, but was hunted to near-extinction for both its fur and castoreum. At the turn of the 20th century, only about 1,200 beavers survived in eight relict populations in Europe and Asia. It has been reintroduced to much of its former range, and now occurs from Spain, Central Europe, Great Britain and Scandinavia to a few regions in China and Mongolia. It is listed as least concern on the IUCN Red List, as it recovered well in most of Europe.

The thorn-tailed rayadito (Aphrastura spinicauda) is a species of bird in the family Furnariidae. It is found in temperate forests and subtropical dry shrubland south of 35°S, though in shaded areas with relictual forests it can occur as far north as 28°S.Vergara Pablo M. and Marquet Pablo A.; "On the seasonal effect of landscape structure on a bird species: the thorn-tailed rayadito in a relict forest in northern Chile" in Landscape Ecology; Volume 22, Number 7 (2007), pp. 1059-1071 Some sources suggest it may formerly have occurred in the Falkland Islands.

A tiny land snail, the Iowa Pleistocene snail, is smaller than a shirt button, at about 5 millimeters (1/4 inch) in diameter. Considered a glacial relict species, it has survived only on these small areas where temperature, moisture and food are suitable. The snail was known only from fossil records and thought to be extinct until 1955, when a scientist discovered it alive in leaf litter in northeast Iowa, eating birch and maple leaves. Because of the fragile nature of the habitat and the small size of the total population, this snail was placed on the federal endangered species list.

A monument to his wife Elizabeth Carteret (1663–1717) was in Westminster Abbey until 1847 when having become dilapidated it was removed (all but the inscription) by Lord John Thynne, Sub-Dean of the Abbey and representative of the Carteret family, who re-erected it at his country house of Haynes Park in Bedfordshire. The inscription (which still survives in Westminster Abbey) is as follows: :Near this place lyeth buried Dame Elizabeth Carteret daughter of Sr. Edward Carteret, Knt., Gent. Usher of ye Black Rod in the reign of K. Charles the Second Relict of Sr. Philip Carteret Bart.

Calamagrostis purpurascens is native from arctic Greenland, to much of Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Newfoundland, Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Ontario, Quebec, Saskatchewan, and Yukon Territory) and the western and northern U.S. (Alaska, California, Colorado, Idaho, Minnesota, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, South Dakota, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming). It is rare and scattered in the southern U.S. states, such as Louisiana, where it is a post-glacial relict. Further south, C. purpurascens is also known in Chile, where it was recorded by Rodolfo Amando Philippi in 1860. Philippi gave it the name Deyeuxia robusta, now relegated to synonymy.

It measured 14 feet by 8 feet and a rent of forty shillings a year was due for it by the Parry family, which was split fifty-fifty between the Prebendary and Churchwardens of St. Audeons. It acquired the name of the "Bishop of Ossory's Chapel". Many generations of the Parrys were buried in this tomb, which, having become defaced by time, was, on the repair of the Church in 1848, surmounted with an inscribed white marble slab at the expense of Dr. John Parry's representatives, Dame Emma Elizabeth Puleston of Albrighton Hall, Shropshire, relict of Sir Richard Puleston, Bart.

Land mollusca of North America (north of Mexico). Vol. 2., Part 2. The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Monograph 3. 2(2): 771-790; 801-808. Alan Solem (1976) considered this snail to be merely a form of Succinea ovalis, citing similarities in genitalia and radula, and attributing shell differences to, possibly, a marked genetic mutation. Grimm (1981) considered it to be a distinct species due to external morphological differences (color and shell shape).Grimm F. W. (1981). "A review of the Chittenango ovate amber snail, Succinea chittenangoensis, Pilsbry, 1908 - a Pleistocene relict now greatly restricted in distribution".

These flora types are continuing to be extensively cleared on private property for grazing both immediately outside the park and throughout the country. The park contains a number of isolated, relict plant communities that demonstrate shifts in the pattern of vegetation arising from long-term environmental change. In January 1975 a bushfire ravaged the region which later became national park, making the average age of the vegetation considerably younger than similar protected areas. This makes the park a less attractive option for release of certain animals such as the black-eared miner, which use older trees and mallee bushes as habitat.

The impenetrable nature of the Hercynia Silva hindered the last concerted Roman foray into the forest, by Drusus, during 12..9 BCE: Florus asserts that Drusus invisum atque inaccessum in id tempus Hercynium saltum (Hercynia saltus, the "Hercynian ravine-land") Compare the inaccessible Carbonarius Saltus west of the Rhine patefecit.Florus, ii.30.27. The isolated modern remnants of the Hercynian Forest identify its flora as a mixed one; Oscar DrudeDrude, Der Hercynische Florenbezirk (Leipzig) 1902 identified the plant societies in the relict forested areas. identified its Baltic elements associated with North Alpine flora, and North Atlantic species with circumpolar representatives.

The Black Mountains are located at the northernmost end of the Wet Tropics World Heritage Area, where world heritage listed wet tropical forests meet drier savanna woodlands - making it a natural refuge for once more widespread, now isolated relict fauna. Queensland's Department of Environment and Resource Management advises, for instance, the relatively small, unusual "Black Mountain" environment is the world's only habitat for at least three animals: the Black Mountain boulderfrog or rock haunting frog (Cophixalus saxatilis); the Black Mountain skink (Carlia scirtetis); and the Black Mountain gecko (Nactus galgajuga). This makes the area one of Australia's most restricted habitats for endemic fauna.

Spruce fir stand near the summit of Clingmans Dome The spruce-fir forest—also called the "boreal" or "Canadian" forest—is a relict of the ice ages, when mean annual temperatures in the Smokies were too cold to support a hardwood forest. While the rise in temperatures between 12,500 and 6,000 years ago allowed the hardwoods to return, the spruce-fir forest has managed to survive on the harsh mountain tops, typically above . About of the spruce-fir forest are old-growth. The spruce-fir forest consists primarily of two conifer species—red spruce (Picea rubens) and Fraser fir (Abies fraseri).

The main plant communities of the Northern Triangle temperate forests are broadleaf forests and mixed forests. The forests are diverse, blending plants characteristic of the tropical floras of the Eastern Himalayas with those of Assam, the Indian subcontinent and Indochina and the temperate floras of the Himalayas and China and even some relict plants of the ancient continent of Gondwana. Furthermore the Northern Triangle Temperate forests have been little explored by scientists since the work of Frank Kingdon-Ward in the 1920s and 1930s and their biodiversity is likely underestimated. The broadleaf forests lie between 1830 and 2100 meters elevation.

The Nili Tholus cinder cone in the Nili Patera caldera on Mars. Nili Patera is a 50 km diameter caldera at the center of the Syrtis Major Volcanic Complex. It and Meroe Patera located to the south are the primary named calderas within a nested caldera complex developed by multiple eruption and collapse events. In the Northeast quadrant of Nili Patera is a 630 m tall volcanic cone named Nili Tholus, on and around this cone is a light-tone lava flow of chemically evolved lava with multiple occurrences of relict silica sinter deposits created by a formerly active hot spring system.

Distribution map of the five Homopus tortoise species in southern Africa, showing the greater padloper (brown) Its habitat is primarily the summer-rainfall grasslands, savanna and bushveld of the highveld plateau of southern Africa. It is found as far north as the central Orange Free State, and as far east as the Lesotho border. It is restricted to regions of high altitude, with rainfall over 250 mm per annum. In addition, there is a sparse relict population of greater padlopers that extends into the high escarpment on the edge of the Karoo, where the climate is relatively humid.

The extent of their differences from other swallows and the wide geographical separation of these two martins suggest that they are relict populations of a group of species that diverged from the main swallow lineage early in its evolutionary history. Like other early hirundine lineages, these martins nest in self-excavated burrows, rather than adopted nest holes or mud nests. Their physical characteristics and breeding behaviour suggest that they may be the most primitive of the swallows. The genus name Pseudochelidon (Hartlaub, 1861) comes from the Ancient Greek language prefix ψευδο/pseudo, meaning "false", and χελιδον/chelidôn, meaning "swallow".

Panbiogeographic tracks of the ratite birds, the southern beech Nothofagus, and the New Zealand frog Leiopelma Panbiogeography is a discipline based on the analysis of patterns of distribution of organisms. The method analyzes biogeographic distributions through the drawing of tracks, and derives information from the form and orientation of those tracks. A track is a line connecting collection localities or disjunct areas of a particular taxon. Several individual tracks for unrelated groups of organisms form a generalized ('standard') track, where the individual components are relict fragments of an ancestral, more widespread biota fragmented by geological and/or climatic changes.

While there are many endemic plants in northwest California, the endemic and relict conifers are of particular interest and importance because there is so much diversity in such a small area. There are 3,540 vascular plant taxa (species, subspecies, and variations) of plants—and as many as 38 species of conifers depending on where one delineates northwest California Sawyer, John O. (2006). Northwest California. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press The Klamath Mountains fosters one of the most diverse temperate coniferous forests on Earth and the Bigfoot Trail is in place to visit and celebrate that diversity.

The D. crocata, D. ninnii, D. dubrovninnii, D. hungarica, and D. longirostris are the five species still found in Central Europe after the last glacial period. They are also abundantly found in North African countries like Morocco and Egypt, but also in Ethiopia, the Iberian Peninsula, and Australia. In the United States, Dysdera crocata is found from New England down to Georgia, and all the way across the country in California. At least two species inhabit South America: D. solers in Colombia- possibly a relict species from the post-miocene era- and D. magna in Brazil, Uruguay, and the central area of Chile.

Fossils of species similar to modern devils have been found, but it is not known whether devils are descended from these species or co-existed with them. It is unclear when Tasmanian devils became locally extinct from the Australian mainland; most evidence suggests they had contracted to three relict populations around 3000 years ago. A tooth found in Augusta, Western Australia, has been dated to 430 years ago, but archaeologist Oliver Brown disputes this and considers the devil's mainland extinction to have occurred around 3000 years ago. This disappearance is usually blamed on dingoes, which are absent from Tasmania.

Dense forest vegetation covers mountain slopes in the park, while Alpine pastures grow in the higher areas. The various climatic influences, as well as the large differences in altitude are the main contributing factors for the diversity of flora and fauna. The fact that this region is a kind of "geographical crossroads" where major changes of climate have occurred through history is a direct reason for the existence of an enormous number of relict and endemic species. Remnants of the life that existed in the Ice age or in the Tertiary coexist in one diverse environment, concealed between the jagged cliffs and peaks.

The show centers on FBI special agents Fox Mulder (David Duchovny) and Dana Scully (Gillian Anderson) who work on cases linked to the paranormal, called X-Files. In this episode, Mulder and Scully investigate seemingly cannibalistic murders in New Jersey. The two later come across what seems to be an evolutionary relict which may have inspired tales of the Jersey Devil. Chris Carter was inspired to write "The Jersey Devil" after reading an essay by E. O. Wilson regarding ants; Carter, in turn, wrote a story that posed whether mankind was hellbent on its own extinction.

The piemonte zone, remnant of the Piemontese Ocean from the Late Jurassic, is home to the majority of the serpentines of the Western Alps. The Balangero mine is located in the Lanzu Ultramafic Massif which is in the inner part of the piemonte zone. The Lanzu Ultramafic Massif is believed to have been involved in the subduction processes that were affiliated with the closure of the Piemontese Ocean in the late Jurassic. The earliest generation of metamorphic veins and in particular type 1 Vein that constitute relict prismatic balangeroite (often includes antigorite flakes) were formed during prograde high pressure metamorphism.

Currently, the species is listed as of least concern, but population reductions have been reported. Forest loss and fragmentation are affecting the temperate forests of southern South America at an increasing rate, so these practices also represent a threat for the Magellanic woodpecker. The distribution of the species has contracted and was fragmented as a consequence of native forest clearance, especially in south-central Chile, where the species now is restricted to protected and relict areas. Changes in structural forest components after timber extraction, forest conversion to exotic plantations, and fragmentation due to forest clearance are the main threats to their populations.

The estate was originally known as "Hill". In St Mary's Church, Bishops Lydeard, is a monument inscribed as follows: :"In a vault near this place lyeth the body of Elizabeth Periam, relict of John Periam of Hill, Esq, and dau(ghter) of John Southey of Fitzhead, Esq. ...she ....died lamented May 14, 1767, aged 68 ... Sarah, dau of John Periam of Milverton and heir to her brother John Periam of Hill, married 1719 died 21 June 1771 aet 74 wife of Thomas Lethbridge". John I Periam (1657-1711) of Milverton was the father of Sarah Periam, the wife firstly of Thomas Lethbridge (d.

This Research Natural Area includes Brown's Flat, a locally unique mountain meadow that supports a relict grove of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex C. Lawson). In addition to Fern Canyon, the reserve's research facilities include over 50 gauged watersheds, a lysimeter complex, two major dams and reservoirs—San Dimas Dam and Big Dalton Dam—and three plantations of domestic and introduced trees. Studies at San Dimas have provided valuable information on air pollution, fire effects, erosion, hydrology, and plants and animals in southern California watersheds. The area also provides opportunities for ecological research to many nearby colleges, universities and governmental agencies.

Also present within the Vishnu Basement Rocks, are thin, discontinuous, and unnamed lenses of ultramafic rocks. They are found in several places within the Inner Gorge, such as at River Miles 81, 83, and 91; Salt Creek; Granite Park; and Diamond Creek. These ultramafic rocks occur typically as tectonic fault-bounded slivers, which are often associated with tectonic shear zones and exhibit coarse-grained relict cumulate textures. These rocks are interpreted to be the tectonically dismembered parts of the bases of large 1.74 and 1.71 billion years ago plutons that have intruded the Granite Gorge Metamorphic Suite.

Astrobatrachus is a genus of frogs in the family Nyctibatrachidae that is endemic to the Western Ghats of India. It is the only member of the subfamily Astrobatrachinae and is represented by a single species, Astrobatrachus kurichiyana, commonly known as the starry dwarf frog. It was discovered in the shola cloud forests of the Wayanad Plateau, and is considered a relict species due to its very small range restricted to certain refugia habitats. It is genetically highly different from both Nyctibatrachus and Lankanectes, with their last common sister species hypothesized to have existed several millions of years ago.

In Caracas, Venezuela there is a 100-year-old ceiba tree in front of the San Francisco Church known as La Ceiba de San Francisco and is an important element in the history of the city. The towering specimen near the town of Sabalito, Costa Rica, is a relict tree called "la ceiba" by residents and a survivor of one of the highest terrestrial rates of tropical deforestation.One Tree By Gretchen C. Daily and Charles J. Katz Jr. Ceiba pentandra produces a light and strong fiber (kapok) used throughout history to fill mattresses, pillows, tapestries, and dolls. Kapok has recently been replaced in commercial use by synthetic fibers.

The Montezuma swordtail is one of nine species of swordtail found only in the Pánuco River basin The Pánuco River basin is rich in fish. There are almost 100 fish species, including a few that were introduced. There are many endemics: six Nosferatu cichlid species, five Tampichthys minnows, nine "northern swordtails" (genus Xiphophorus), three Gambusia species, two Ictalurus catfish, the bluetail goodeid (Ataeniobius toweri), dusky splitfin (Goodea gracilis), relict splitfin (Xenoophorus captivus), pygmy shiner (Notropis tropicus), checkered pupfish (Cualac tessellatus), broadspotted molly (Poecilia latipunctata), Tamasopo cichlid (Herichthys tamasopoensis), Calabazas shiner (Notropis calabazas) and fleshylip buffalo (Ictiobus labiosus). Additionally, a couple of still- undescribed species are known from this river basin.

Tertiary relict yew and Caucasian rhododendron (Rhododendron caucasicum) are the gems of the national park. The small well conserved yew forest located in the basin of the River Polad was designated as a reservation in 1958 (see Akhnabat Yew Grove Reservation). The second smaller yew forest has been located on the upper stream of the River Aghstev in the gorge Frolova Balka of the Pambak Mountains. Botanists N. Troitski in 1939 and A. Takhtajan in 1954 reported that this younger forest consisting of 100- to 180-, sometimes 220-year-old trees stretched for 4–5 km from the seventh kilometer of Dilijan highway towards Fioletovo village.

The Pontic rhododendron is the symbol of the park and an important relict species with a highly disjunct areal in Europe where it inhabits only the north-western Iberian Peninsula and Strandzha. There are 56 endemic plant species, including local endemics (Veronica turrilliana and Anthemis jordanovii), western Black Sea coast endemics (Silene caliacrae and Lepidotrichum uechtrizianum), 6 Bulgarian endemics (Pyrus bulgarica, Oenanthe millefolia, Galium bulgaricum, Veronica krumovii, among others) and 40 Balkan endemics, such as Saponaria stranjensis. 113 species are listed in the Red Book of Bulgaria, including several species that within Bulgaria can only be found in the park — Ophrys reinholdii, Verbascum bugulifolium, Sideritis syriaca, Cistus laurifolius, among others.

The fruit is a two-parted capsule containing two seeds, one in each half. The richness of Iran's flora and the variety of its vegetation results from the variety and richness of its physical-geographic and natural-historic conditions and from its compound history influenced by the remote florist regions. Relict genera of the tertiary period can be frequently found in all the zones of North of Iran especially in Talysh. They are the Persian iron tree (Parrotia persica), the Lenkoran acacia (Albizia julibrissin), the basket oak (Quercus castaneifolia), the Caucasian persimmon (Diospyros lotus), the evergreen shrub Ruscus hyrcana, the box tree (Buxus hyrcana), etc.

It has been described as "a relict of incomparable interest for the cultural archaeology of the twelfth century"Salvador Martínez 1975, 398, quoted in Barton 2006, 459: "un resto de la arqueología cultural del siglo XII de incomparable interés". and "a splendid reflection of its time and, in this regard, full of gold also as literature".Rico Manrique 1969, 72–73, quoted in Barton 2006, 459: "un espléndid reflejo de su tiempo y, de tal sentido, de hartos quilates también como literatura". Stylistically, the Poem is indebted to the parallelism of the poetry of the Hebrew Bible and to the classical models of Virgil and Ovid.

Microcachrys has been called one of the most spectacular cases of paleoendemism. It is a known relictual plant, being widespread in the past but now having a very restricted distribution.Carpenter, Raymond J., et al. "Leaf fossils of the ancient Tasmanian relict Microcachrys (Podocarpaceae) from New Zealand." American Journal of Botany 98.7 (2011): 1164-1172 The only extant species today, Microcachrys tetragona, produces a very distinctive pollen grain compared with other members of its family, Podocarpaceae, and records of fossil pollen from the genus have been recorded from all over the Southern Hemisphere throughout the Cenozoic, being found in Antarctica,Truswell, E. M., and M. K. Macphail.

Hardwood forests of this extent are becoming increasingly rare in the Virginia and Chesapeake Bay coastal plain due to prevalent forestry practices and fragmentation of natural areas for development and agriculture. The size and continuity of this hardwood stand enhance its viability and its value in providing a large, unfragmented natural area for diverse organisms. Within a relatively short time (50–100 years), this forest will also comprise a substantial occurrence of old-growth forest with inestimable scientific, biological, and aesthetic values. Currently, trees greater than diameter at breast height (dbh) are common, and very large relict tree specimens are scattered throughout the site.

The dunefields have a history extending well over 100 000 years, and have probably been formed from sand supplied by the Fitzroy River. The dunefields contain a wide range of constructional and erosional landforms, including relict parabolic dunes, large active elongate parabolic dunes, inter-dune corridors, inter-dune sandplains, lakes, swamps, steams, beach ridges and swales. The terrestrial fauna of the place is diverse with approximately one third of the Australian mainland birds and bat species represented and approximately one quarter of the macropod species. The amphibian fauna is representative of north-eastern Australia and is moderately diverse in containing 12 percent of the Australian species.

In this location the pink vent fish preferentially takes large limpets, and the removal of these is likely to have a significant effect on biodiversity, enabling other organisms such as the larvae of tube worms to settle, a thing they are normally prevented from doing by the limpets. It has been suggested that vent communities represent relict populations and that the organisms found around vents are more closely related to those at other vent systems than they are to the creatures of the surrounding deep sea floor. Vent fauna need good dispersal characteristics so as to be able to colonise newly formed vent systems.

The climate is mild humid; near Batumi, annual rainfall level reaches 4,000 mm, which is the absolute maximum for the continental western Eurasia. The dominating natural landscapes of Colchis are temperate rainforests, yet degraded in the plain part of the region; wetlands (along the coastal parts of Colchis Plain); subalpine and alpine meadows. Colchis has a high proportion of Neogene and Palaeogene relict plants and animals, with the closest relatives in distant parts of the world: five species of Rhododendrons and other evergreen shrubs, wingnuts, Caucasian salamander, Caucasian parsley frog, eight endemic species of lizards from the genus Darevskia, the Caucasus adder (Vipera kaznakovi), Robert's snow vole, and endemic cave shrimp.

There may be as many as 50 endangered painted hunting dogs (Lycaon pictus) in the Tibesti, although some regard these relict populations as extirpated, partially due to the Darfur refugee turmoil and other Sudan generated conflicts. Bats are heavily represented in the Tibesti, including the desert long-eared bat (Otonycteris hemprichii), greater mouse-tailed bat (Rhinopoma microphyllum), Hamilton's tomb bat (Taphozous hamiltoni), Mauritian tomb bat (Taphozous mauritianus) and the trident bat (Asellia tridens). The Cape hare (Lepus capensis), desert hedgehog (Paraechinus aethiopicus), olive baboon (Papio anubis), rock hyrax (Procavia capensis) and the Saharan striped polecat (Ictonyx libyca) also populate the area. Reptile and amphibian fauna is poor in the Tibesti range.

The Baetic System is home to a number of Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub plant communities, including shrublands, oak woodlands, broadleaf forests, and coniferous forests, which vary with elevation, soils, and topography. The Baetic System, together with the Rif Mountains of Morocco, which face the Baetic Ranges across the Alboran Sea, is one of the Mediterranean basin's ten biodiversity hotspots, known to ecologists as the Baetic-Rifan complex. The Baetic mountains are home to a rich assemblage of Mediterranean plants, including a number of relict species from the ancient laurel forests, which covered much of the Mediterranean basin millions of years ago when it was more humid.

The other recently-surviving member of this lineage is the possibly now extinct Chinese paddlefish (Psephurus gladius) endemic to the Yangtze River basin in China. The American paddlefish is often referred to as a primitive fish or a relict species because it retains some morphological characteristics of its early ancestors, including a skeleton that is almost entirely cartilaginous and a paddle-shaped rostrum (snout) that extends nearly one-third their body length. It has been referred to as a freshwater shark because of its heterocercal tail or caudal fin resembling that of sharks. The American paddlefish is a highly derived fish because it has evolved with adaptations such as filter feeding.

Malpaís de Güímar on Tenerife, Canary Islands Malpaís is a term used in the Southwestern United States, Spain, Mexico, and other Spanish-speaking regions for a rough and barren landscape that consists of relict and largely uneroded lava fields exhibiting recognizable lava flows, volcanic cones, and other volcanic landforms. This type of volcanic landscape is extremely rough and difficult to traverse. It is characteristic of an arid environment because in more humid climates, lava fields are quickly destroyed by weathering and erosion. While the term describes many xeric places, it is strongly associated with Spanish-speaking countries and the Southwestern United States, where Spanish settlers named this landform.

Hirkan National Park is located in the Lenkoran Lowland and the Talysh Mountains, and is 99% covered by forests in a primarily mountainous region, and is strictly protected. Hirkan National Park preserves relict and endemic plants species of Tertiary period. Forests of Hirkan account for 150 out of 435 types of trees and bushes. One can come across such types of trees, included into the Red Book of Azerbaijan as, Hirkan box tree, iron tree, chestnut leave oak, fig-tree, Hirkan pear-tree, Silk Acacia, Caucasus palm-tree, Caspian gleditsia, butcher's broom, alder-tree, such animals as the Persian leopard, the Talysh pheasant, golden eagle, etc.

Described in 1882 by Isaac Bayley Balfour, the species is generally described as endemic to the island of Socotra, although some sources (1887) state that it was present on the African continent in Djibouti. It is quite abundant on the dry parts of the island of Socotra, associated with Croton socotranus in the plains, and on calcareous soils to 500 m elevation. The species is well- adapted to dry sites. It is widely distributed in several vegetation types but has a rather fragmented distribution; over large areas there are only isolated trees or small relict populations, whilst in other areas it is relatively abundant.

He was not reinstated, and died in extreme poverty in May 1658. His wife Katherine and children (one of whom, his son Patrick, was at the University) were given help by the Kirk Session of Cambuslang in January 1659 and June 1662 (just at the time of the Restoration, two years too late for Patrick). There was a collection among churches in Lothian in October 1660 for her "on account of her necessitous and indigent condition, especially considering she is a minister’s relict, and a minister’s daughter, and has the approbation of a good Christian". The following year she got £60 from Parliament, and there the record ends.

The novel is set in the 10th century. The Caliph of Baghdad, Al-Muqtadir, sends his ambassador, Ahmad ibn Fadlan, on a mission to assist the king of the Volga Bulgars. Ahmad ibn Fadlan never arrives, as he is conscripted by a group of Vikings to take part in a hero's quest to the north; he is taken along as the thirteenth member of their group to comply with a soothsayer's requirement for success. In the north, the group battles with the 'mist-monsters', or 'wendol', a tribe of vicious savages (suggested by the narrator to have been possibly relict Neanderthals) who go to battle wearing bear skins.

The formation of hematitic jasperoids is considered to be the product of highly oxidised metasomatism of the wall rocks to a shear zone. The presence of carbonate alteration, talc-carbonated high-magnesian basalts and ultramafic rocks and the remnant mineralogy being restricted to hematite, silica, and sulfides indicates oxidising fluid chemistry. Relict volcaniclastic textures in some jasperoids indicate that aluminosilicates have been replaced pervasively by silica + hematite. Transitional forms and poorly developed analogs are present in some gold camps within the Yilgarn craton where deep, reduced methane and carbonate bearing alteration fluids mix with shallower oxidised fluids, resulting in purple-pinkish carbonate flooding alteration within basalts and ultramafic rocks.

A feeding Knysna elephant by Hylton Herd (SANParks) Major Philip Jacobus Pretorius armed for an elephant hunt. Leather suit and .475 cordite Express rifle, "a treasure of a gun" (Pretorius 1947). Addo bush in the background by Homer LeRoy Shantz (1919) A fanciful scene in the Tsitsikamma Forest, strangely showing Asian elephants by Samuel Daniell circa 1801 The Knysna elephants are a very small number of African bush elephants (Loxodonta africana), a relict population of large herds which roamed the Tsitsikamma Forest and surrounding regions at the southern tip of Africa until the 1800s and 1900s, when contact with European farmers and hunters led to their near extinction.

Another major theory concerning the origin of pimple and prairie mounds argues that they are either coppice dunes or nebkhas formed by the accumulation of wind-blown sediments around clumps of vegetation. For example, based on grain-size data of and optically stimulated luminescence ages obtained from pimple mounds in the south-central United States, Seifert and othersSeifert, C.L., R.T. Cox, S.L. Forman, T.L. Foti, T.A. Wasklewicz, and A.T. McColgan (2009) Relict nebkhas (pimple mounds) record prolonged late Holocene drought in the forested region of south-central United States. Quaternary Research. 71(3):29-339. concluded that these mounds consisted of wind blown sediments that accumulated during prolonged late Holocene droughts.

Fossil leaf of Liquidambar from Pliocene of Italy This genus is known in the fossil record from the Cretaceous to the Quaternary (age range: 99.7 to 0.781 million years ago).Fossilworks The genus was much more widespread in the Tertiary, but has disappeared from Europe due to extensive glaciation in the north and the east–west oriented Alps and Pyrenees, which have served as a blockade against southward migration. It has also disappeared from western North America due to climate change, and also from the unglaciated (but nowadays too cold) Russian Far East. There are several fossil species of Liquidambar, showing its relict status today.

A young Arctic charr from Lake Inari in northern Finland, a relative of the Sommen charr Model of a Sommen charr in Naturum Sommen The Sommen charr () is a population or subspecies of Arctic charr found in Lake Sommen. It is one of twenty-two species of fish found in the lake. This population and other Arctic charrs in southern Sweden are regarded as relict populations at the southern edge of the natural distribution of Arctic charrs. Survival of Arctic charrs at the southern edge of their natural range is explained by Lake Sommens having a great depth () with cold and oxygen-rich bottom waters.

Because the definition of a Lazarus taxon is ambiguous, some like R. B. Rickards, do not agree with the existence of a Lazarus taxon. Rickards and Wright questioned the usefulness of the concept of a Lazarus taxon. They wrote in "Lazarus taxa, refugia and relict faunas: evidence from graptolites" that anyone could argue that any gap in the fossil record could potentially be considered a Lazarus effect because the duration required for the Lazarus effect is not deﬁned. They believed accurate plotting of biodiversity changes and species abundance through time, coupled with an appraisal of their palaeobiogeography was more important than using this title to categorize species.

The upper surface is shiny, waxy, and olive green in color, the lower gray-green and coated with glandular hairs. The fruit is an acorn with a hairy cap up to 2.5 centimeters (1 inch) wide and a blunt-ended nut 2 to 3 centimeters (0.8-1.2 inches) long. Cluster of clonal individuals Quercus palmeri usually grows in small populations, some of which are actually cloned growths of a single plant. One such clone in the Jurupa Mountains in Riverside County, California, named the Jurupa Oak, was determined to be over 13,000 years old, a single individual living as a relict from the Pleistocene.

Other flora include Gustavia hexapetala, Cariniana pyriformis, Faramea capillipes, Ochoterenaea colombiana, Miconia mocquerysii and Vochysia lehmannii. In the western and southern parts of the ecoregion, which has been degraded by logging, agriculture and livestock grazing, there is secondary growth of the genera Casearia, Cecropia, Croton, Inga, Isertia, Jacaranda, Trema and Vismia. Isolated species along the Onia River include Faramea capillipes associated with other lowland tropical forest species such as Tapirira guianensis, Diplasis karataefolia, Maprounea guianensi, Olyra micrantha, Leandra solenifera, Miconia barbinervis, Miconia nervosa, Mouriri myrtifolia, Abuta pahni and Psychotria capitata inudata. Relict plant species in Catatumbo and eastern Colombia include Ochoterineae colombiana, Miconia mocquerysii, Palicourea buntingii and Vochysia lehmannii.

It was recorded by the Mahawamsa, the historic chronicle of Sri Lanka to have invaded Sri Lanka in 1247 in search of Buddha's relict that Sri Lanka already had. According to Sri Lankan sources he was a Javaka chieftain and a sea pirate from the kingdom of Tambralinga. Although King Parakramabahu II (1236–70) from the Sinhalese Kingdom of Dambadeniya was able to defeat him, Chandrabhanu moved north and secured the Tamil throne for himself around 1255. Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan of the Pandyan Empire in Tamilakkam intervened in 1258 and made Chandrabhanu submit to Pandyan rule, annually offering precious jewels and elephants in tribute.

The Wettersteinwald ("Wetterstein Forest") is a nature reserve in the eastern part of the Wetterstein Mountains in Bavaria with an area of 42.6 hectares. It lies in the province of Upper Bavaria and covers a forested area owned by the state. It belongs to the first reserves designated in 1978 under the Forest Act for Bavaria (BayWaldG), Article 12a (Waldgesetz für Bayern (BayWaldG), Artikel 12a).Datenbank Naturwaldreservate in Deutschland The area is dominated by Swiss Pine, Mountain Pine and Spruce and it is also home to several species of beetle that were thought to have become extinct or lost; the so-called ancient forest relict species (Urwaldreliktarten).

Five principalities of Karabakh (Gyulistan, Jaraberd, Khachen, Varand, Dizaq), the last relict of Armenian statehood (16th century) Old portrait of an early 20th-century Armenian family in Karabakh Princedom Khachen existed until 16th–17th century and has broken up into five small princedoms ("melikdoms"): # Giulistan or Talish Melikdom included the territory from Ganja to the bed of the River Tartar. # Dzraberd or Charaberd Melikdom was situated in the territory stretching from the River Tartar to the River Khachenaget. # Khachen Melikdom existed in the territory from the River Khachenaget to the River Karkar. # Varanda Melikdom included the territory from Karkar to the southern side of Big Kirs mountain.

Atelopus varius, the Costa Rican variable harlequin toad or clown frog, is a small Neotropical true toad from the family Bufonidae (Crump 1986). Once ranging from Costa Rica to Panama, A. varius is now listed as critically endangered and has been reduced to a single remnant population near Quepos, Costa Rica (rediscovered in 2003) and has only relict populations in western Panama (IUCN). Recent variation in air temperature, precipitation, stream flow patterns, and the subsequent spread of a pathogenic chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis) linked to global climate change have been the leading cause of decline for A. varius (Lips et al. 2003 and Pounds et al. 2006).

De Deckker 1986Ponder 1986 Recent work has demonstrated that the GAB hydrobiid snails have evolved in three separate radiations, one in Queensland and two in South Australia, with the Queensland hydrobiids and those of South Australia being completely unrelated. The Elizabeth Springs, on its own and collectively with the other significant discharge springs comprising the GAB springs, are notable examples of the endemism exhibited by GAB artesian springs. Elizabeth Springs has one endemic snail and one endemic fish.Ponder 2004 It also has four endemic GAB artesian spring plant species as well as five relict spring plant species, plants that have survived from when inland Australia was wetter.

Spelt (Triticum spelta), also known as dinkel wheat or hulled wheat, is a species of wheat that has been cultivated since approximately 5000 BC. Spelt was an important staple food in parts of Europe from the Bronze Age to medieval times. Now it survives as a relict crop in Central Europe and northern Spain, and has also found a new market as a health food. Spelt is sometimes considered a subspecies of the closely related species common wheat (Triticum aestivum), in which case its botanical name is considered to be Triticum aestivum subsp. spelta. Like common wheat it is a hexaploid wheat, which means it has six sets of chromosomes.

The tepuis are often referred to as the Galápagos Islands of the mainland, having a large number of unique plants and animals not found anywhere else in the world. The floors of the mesas are poor in nutrients, which has led to a rich variety of carnivorous plants, such as Drosera and most species of Heliamphora, as well as a wide variety of orchids and bromeliads. The weathered, craggy nature of the rocky ground means no layers of humus are formed. It has been hypothesized that endemics on tepuis represent relict fauna and flora that underwent vicariant speciation when the plateau got fragmented over geological time.

The first three chapters retell Ahmad ibn Fadlan's personal account of his journey north and his experiences in encountering the Rus', the early Ukrainian peoples, whilst the remainder is based upon the story of Beowulf, culminating in battles with the 'mist-monsters', or 'wendol', a relict group of Neanderthals. Crichton wrote and directed the suspense film Coma (1978), adapted from the 1977 novel of the same name by Robin Cook, a friend of his. There are other similarities in terms of genre and the fact that both Cook and Crichton had medical degrees, were of similar age, and wrote about similar subjects. The film was a popular success.

A relict population of Brachystelma natalense is conserved here, besides the only South African population of the red sunbird bush, Metarungia pubinervia. The vulnerable aquatic plant Hydrostachys polymorpha is found on one of the Molweni's waterfalls, while the Bootlace lily, Drimia flagellaris, discovered in 2005, is endemic to the reserve's cliff faces. The distinctive subspecies floribunda of Crassula multicava is endemic to scarp forest and gorge bottoms of this area. It is home to several species of African violet of the genus Streptocarpus, and includes the core range of the nominate subspecies of S. molweniensis, a vulnerable and declining species only described in 1996.

The West African giraffe is currently not found in the W National Park, but further north in Niger, where it has its last relict population. Environmental issues in Niger include destructive farming practices as a result of population pressure. Illegal hunting, bush fires in some areas and human encroachment upon the flood plains of the Niger River for paddy cultivation are environmental issues. Dams constructed on the Niger River in the neighboring countries of Mali and Guinea and also within Niger itself are also cited as a reason for a reduction of water flow in the Niger River—which has a direct effect upon the environment.

Deep River has 12 dams or relict dam structures and is the source river of the Randleman lake project that covers 3000 acres (12 km²) of property on the river near U.S. Route 220. The river crosses the Fall Line of North Carolina, an area where rivers are quite rocky and have a moderately high gradient. This gradient was used to power mills along the river to support the early textile industry in North Carolina. The river, popular with canoeists, was a center of a great deal of activity during the American Revolution at places such as Franklinville and the House In The Horseshoe.

An important book about the plants and flowers, from the beach of the Aegean Sea up to the upper regions of Mount Olympus, was written in 1980 by the Swedish botanist Arne Strid. Most of those found in lower altitude are the common Mediterranean and central European species. Jankaea heldreichii, a plant relict of the Ice age, is of particular interest to botanists. The intense diversity of the landscape, the varying orientation of the slopes and their position in relation to the sea affect locally Olympus' climate and so a local microclimate prevails, combined with the geological background and the soil favor the growth of particular vegetation types and biotopes.

Within the swallow family, the white-eyed river martin is one of only two members of the river martin subfamily Pseudochelidoninae, the other being the African river martin Pseudochelidon eurystomina of the Congo basin in Africa. These two species possess a number of distinctive features which mark them out from other swallows and martins, including their robust legs and feet, and stout bills.Turner & Rose (1989) pp. 86–88. The extent of their differences from other swallows and the wide geographical separation of the two martins suggest that they are relict populations of a group of species that diverged from the main swallow lineage early in its evolution.

American paleontologist Storrs Olson suggested in 1973 that it was related to the "Rallus assemblage", which included the genera Rallus and Hypotaenidia (now lumped with Gallirallus), based on the structure of the skeleton. In particular he suggested it was part of a pro-Rallus group that included the Indian Ocean genus Dryolimnas, and the Australasian Lewinia. Olson suggested the pro-Rallus rails have a relict distribution and would have been present in Africa and South America, where the ancestors of the Inaccessible Island rail came from. The most recent comparative morphological study to include the genus, in 1998, placed it in a subtribe Crecina of the crakes.

Raw material and animal remain sourcing in the southern Caucasus suggest that modern humans were able to use extensive social networks to acquire resources from a greater area in leaner times, whereas Neanderthals likely restricted themselves to more local sources since most of their stone artefacts were drawn from within . Modern humans appear to have used more complex food extraction methods, whereas Neanderthals gathered what was abundant. Consequently, in especially lean times, any competition may have been devastating on relict Neanderthal communities. The stalled lithic technology of Neanderthals could indicate a lower capacity for inventiveness, which would have put them at a disadvantage against modern humans in a changing environment.

The Olympic marmot is thought to have originated during the last glacial period as an isolated relict population of the hoary marmot in the Pleistocene ice-free refugia. The Olympic marmot deviates from the typical Petromarmota marmots in the shape and large size of its mandible (jawbone), in differences of the dorsal (back) region, and having 40 chromosomes instead of 42, all of which are characteristics that resemble the subgenus Marmota. Some of the differences of the Olympic marmot's jawbone from the typical Petramarmota are also evident in the Vancouver Island marmot (M. vancouverensis), which evolved separately, but also occurs in a restricted range with a small population.

The bay of Sudak, Crimea Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge is on the Black Sea connecting Europe to Asia. One of the longest suspension bridges in the world. The Black Sea is divided into two depositional basins—the Western Black Sea and Eastern Black Sea—separated by the Mid-Black Sea High, which includes the Andrusov Ridge, Tetyaev High, and Archangelsky High, extending south from the Crimean Peninsula. The basin includes two distinct relict back-arc basins which were initiated by the splitting of an Albian volcanic arc and the subduction of both the Paleo- and Neo-Tethys Oceans, but the timings of these events remain uncertain.

Dodonidia helmsii was once widespread in New Zealand, including the Wellington and Auckland area, but has become significantly rarer over the last 50 years. There are two causes: the increasing rarity in lowland areas of the sedges that are its food plant, and the introduction of predatory wasps to New Zealand that prey on its larvae. Forest ringlets have disappeared from forest below 400 m altitude, but are still found at 600 m or higher, the altitudinal limit for the German and common wasps. This species has been classified as having the "At Risk, Relict" conservation status under the New Zealand Threat Classification System.

Some rainforest relict species do occur, however, such as Anthocercis sylvicola, Albany pitcher plant (Cephalotus follicularis) and wild plum (Podocarpus drouynianus). The poorer, lateritic soils, about a quarter of the region, are vegetated by medium forest of jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata), which can grow up to 40m tall, and marri (Corymbia calophylla) (up to 60m). Other significant vegetation forms include low woodland of E. marginata and Banksia species (8%); Agonis flexuosa woodlands or scrub on Holocene marine dunes (5%); and swamps supporting sedges (5%) or low woodlands of Melaleuca (4%). As of 2007, the Warren is known to contain 1865 indigenous vascular plant species, and a further 419 naturalised alien species.

The ancestors of the modern P. luridipennis population would have been unable to survive on Lundy during the ice age. As such, the species must either be a relict species (a species once more widespread), a species which is not unique to Lundy with other undiscovered populations, or the result of comparatively recent speciation on or near Lundy. One climactic and geological study suggests "that the ancestors of Lundy cabbage and its beetles may have had the opportunity to colonise Lundy across land during a few hundred years around 10,800 years ago or may subsequently have been aided by [now gone] 'stepping stone' land to the north east" of the island.

Although warm Cloud forests disappeared during the glaciations, they re- colonized large areas every time the weather was favorable again. Most of the Cloud forests are believed to have retreated and advanced during successive geological eras, and their species adapted to warm and wet gradually retreated and advanced, replaced by more cold-tolerant or drought-tolerant sclerophyll plant communities. Many of the then existing species became extinct because they could not cross the barriers posed by new oceans, mountains and deserts, but others found refuge as species relict in coastal areas and Islands. Some species are well adapted to Tropical dry or deciduous forests, including Monsoon forests and Dry Monsoon forest.

The bigeye shiner is a common species in upland streams of the middle Mississippi River system, including the eastern highlands of Kentucky, Tennessee, and northern Alabama, the Ozark and Ouachita highlands of Missouri, Arkansas, and Oklahoma, and subhighland regions of northern Louisiana and southeastern Kansas. In Ohio, siltation of stream bottoms and higher water turbidity that accompanied agricultural development of the lowland parts of the state may have eliminated remaining relict populations and threatened established, larger populations. Dams also can separate populations and ultimately fragment the habitat to where a population can no longer survive. Dams are also responsible for temperature and flow variability, sediment accumulation, and altered dissolved oxygen.

Snakeflies are a group of predatory insects comprising the order Raphidioptera with two extant families: Raphidiidae and Inocelliidae, consisting of roughly 260 species. In the past, the group had a much wider distribution than it does now; snakeflies are found in temperate regions worldwide but are absent from the tropics and the southern hemisphere. They are a relict group and have been considered living fossils, as species from the early Jurassic period (140 million years ago) closely resemble modern-day species. An adult snakefly resembles a lacewing in appearance but has a notably elongated thorax which, together with the mobile head, gives the group their common name.

Many of the then existing species became extinct because they could not cross the barriers posed by new oceans, mountains and deserts, but others found refuge as species relict in coastal areas and islands. When the large landmasses became drier and with a harsher climate, this type of forest was reduced to those boundary areas. Although some remnants of archaic rich flora still persisted in coastal mountains and sheltered sites, their biodiversity was reduced. The location of the New Caledonian Islands in the Pacific Ocean moderated these climatic fluctuations, and maintained the relatively humid and mild climate which has allowed these communities to persist to the present day.

Crewe's second wife, Julia Fasey (Peter Lely) He married twice: #on 20 July 1598, Julia, daughter and coheiress of John Clipsby or Clippesby of Clippesby, Norfolk, who died on 29 July 1603 ; #on 12 April 1607, Julia, daughter of Edward Fasey of London, relict of Sir Thomas Hesketh, knight, who died on 10 August 1629. Julia Fasey was the widow of a prosperous Gray's Inn lawyer with a flourishing practise. It enabled Ranulph to buy an estate at Barthomley in Cheshire from Sir Christopher Hatton.Catalogue Note from the portraits of Randlph and Julia Crewe By his first wife, he had two sons, Clipsby Crew and John Crew, who were both MPs.

As Gimbutas' beliefs evolved, she put increasing emphasis on the patriarchal, patrilineal nature of the invading culture, sharply contrasting it with the supposedly egalitarian, if not matrilineal culture of the invaded, to the point of formulating essentially a feminist archaeology. Her interpretation of Indo-European culture found genetic support in remains from the Neolithic culture of Scandinavia, where DNA from bone remains in Neolithic graves indicated that the megalith culture was either matrilocal or matrilineal, as the people buried in the same grave were related through the women. Likewise, there is a tradition of remaining matrilineal traditions among the Basque, a people whose language and culture is widely supposed to be descended from a pre indo-european relict.

The 4 April 1996 issue of Nature published a correspondence in which commentators suggested that a new word, endling, be adopted to denote the last individual of a species. The 23 May issue of Nature published several counter-suggestions, including ender, terminarch, and relict. The word endling appeared on the walls of the National Museum of Australia in Tangled Destinies, a 2001 exhibition by Matt Kirchman and Scott Guerin, about the relationship between Australian peoples and their land. In the exhibition, the definition, as it appeared in Nature, was printed in large letters on the wall above two specimens of the extinct Tasmanian tiger: "Endling (n.) The last surviving individual of a species of animal or plant".

Considering that in the Paleogene the genus (or very close relatives) were found in North America and Europe, it may well be that the present distribution is a relict of a formerly Holarctic range. The Paleogene was warmer than our time, and the climate in today's temperate latitudes was by then indeed more like that in today's Southeast Asia. Afrocorynus contains presently two described species, which are only known to occur in the mountains and hills that extend on the southern coast of South Africa, between Mosselbay in the west, Grahamstown in the east, and the Karoo inland. Hispodes occurs in similar habitat extending eastwards and inland, with the single described species (H.

MacLean and Hornsey both grew up in Hampshire, England, and began collaborating musically while still in school, after MacLean saw that Hornsey had written the name of the band Felt on his pencil case. The band formed in 1991, with Innes Phillips sharing singing and songwriting duties with MacLean; their original name was The Butterfly Collectors. The band recorded an album's worth of material but failed to get any label interest. Innes left the band (and would go on to found The Relict); the rest of the group re-formed in 1997, after which they moved to London and released a number of singles that were eventually collected on Suburban Light (2000).

In 1996, the IUCN classified this species as "extinct in the wild", the very first amphibian to be given that designation by the IUCN. Israel continued to list it as an endangered species in the slim hope that a relict population may be found in the Golan Heights or in southern Lebanon. Following the rediscovery of the species in 2011, the IUCN now considers the frog to be critically endangered as its known habitat occupies less than 2 km2. In 2000, a scientist from the Lebanese nature protection organisation A Rocha claimed he had seen a frog species which could be Latonia nigriventer in the Aammiq Wetland south of the Beqaa Valley in Lebanon.

Very curiously Elizabeth was buried, according to her wishes, in the same tomb in Molland Church as her second husband James Courtenay, who had already been buried therein together with his first wife Susanna Sandford. This is made clear by her mural slate memorial tablet im Molland Church on the east wall of the north aisle which reads as follows: To ye memory of Mrs Shapcote ye wife of Philip Shapcote of Knowstone Esq. who was second wife & relict of James Courtenay Esq. and now lyes in (thistle?) interr(ed) in ye same grave with him according to his passionate desires & her pro(mise) to him in testimony of their mutual love.

The Danube Canyon (also known as the Viteaz Canyon) is a large submarine canyon, off the coast of Romania, which indents the shelf in the northwestern part of the Black Sea. It developed seawards during the late Pleistocene seaward along the Danube valley."The Danube submarine canyon (Black Sea): morphology and sedimentary processes", Marine Geology, Volume 206, Issues 1-4, 31 May 2004, Pages 249-265 The canyon continues into the most recent central channel in the relict Danube fan at the bottom of the Black Sea and has been the major route of the transport of the deposit from Danube river to the Danube fan. Near the shelf break zone the canyon is approximately 350m deep.

Map of the Littorina Sea around 7000 years BP. Note the reduced area of Finland due to higher sea levels. Isostatic adjustment bought by deglaciation is reflected in the shoreline changes of the Baltic Sea and other nearby bodies of water. In the Baltic Sea uplift has been greatest at the High Coast in the western Bothnian Sea. Within the High Coast the relict shoreline at 286 m in Skuleberget is at present the highest known point on Earth to have been uplifted by postglacial isostatic rebound. North of the High Coast at Furuögrund off the coast of Skellefteå lies the area with the highest uplift rates at present with values of about 9 mm/yr.

In the Mediterranean there are other areas with species adapted to the same habitat, but which generally do not form a laurel forest, except very locally in the southernmost tip of the Iberian Peninsula. The most important is ivy, a climber or vine that is well represented in most of Europe, where it spread again after the glaciations. The Portugal laurel (Prunus lusitanica) is the only tree that survives as a relict in some Iberian riversides, especially in the western part of the peninsula, particularly the Extremadura, and to a small extent in the northeast. In other cases, the presence of Mediterranean laurel (Laurus nobilis) provides an indication of the previous existence of laurel forest.

Ivy is a relict plant and one of the survivors of the laurel forest (laurisilva) flora in Europe that originally covered much of the Mediterranean Basin when the climate of the region was more humid in the Tertiary era. Laurisilva forests around the Mediterranean disappeared approximately ten thousand years ago at the end of the Pleistocene era, when the climate of the Mediterranean Basin became harsher and drier. Today laurisilva forest persists in some oceanic and island enclaves and Macaronesian islands in the North Atlantic Ocean, where climatic extremes have been moderated. Ivies occur as opportunistic species across wide distributions with close relatives and few species, indicating the recent divergence of the species.

Tyrannosaurid fossils have been found in Alaska, which may have served as a land bridge allowing dispersal between the two continents. Non-tyrannosaurid tyrannosauroids like Alectrosaurus and possibly Bagaraatan were contemporaneous with tyrannosaurids in Asia, while they are absent from western North America. Eastern North America was divided by the Western Interior Seaway in the middle of the Cretaceous and isolated from the western portion of the continent. The absence of tyrannosaurids from the eastern part of the continent suggests that the family evolved after the appearance of the seaway, allowing basal tyrannosauroids like Dryptosaurus and Appalachiosaurus to survive in the east as a relict population until the end of the Cretaceous.

The Manfred Complex is a heavily attenuated and discontinuous series of ultramafic to mafic cumulates contained within a matrix or wall-rocks of mixed Dugel and Meeberrie Gneisses. The rock types are primarily pyroxene gabbro to amphibolite, with rare serpentinised peridotite and dunite, occasionally containing relict igneous or metamorphic olivine. These boudins of material range from centimetre-scale to ~100m thick and one kilometre long and, based on their position within anticlines and synclines in the Mount Narryer area, are interpreted to have intruded subparallel to bedding and are now strung out by shearing. The Manfred Complex is interpreted to represent an early Archaean mafic to ultramafic layered intrusion which has been disaggregated.

The biological property of Ammopiptanthus evergreen broadleaf has been viewed as an ancestral trait that identifies it as a Tertiary relict taxon. The vegetation in northwest China was dominated by evergreen and/or deciduous broadleaf forests in the early Tertiary period according to the fossil evidence. When subsequent changes made the climate colder and drier from the early Miocene (24–16 Ma) in Central Asia, the forests were gradually replaced by steppe and then by desert. Today, their habitats are stony and/or sandy deserts where the climate is arid (annual precipitation ranges from 100–160 mm) and the temperature varies from below -30 °C in the winter to +40 °C in the summer.

Mount Graham summits are headwaters for numerous perennial streams that tumble through five major botanical zones. Located between the southern Rocky Mountains and Mexico's Sierra Madre Occidental, and biologically isolated for millennia, the higher elevations have provided refuge for relict populations of plants and animals with adaptive strategies rooted in Pleistocene ice age environmental conditions. Of particular note are stands of the oldest conifer trees in the U.S. Southwest and associated habitats for threatened and endangered species, especially the Mount Graham Red Squirrel.T. W. Swetnam and P.M. Brown "Oldest known conifers in the Southwestern United States: Temporal and Spatial patterns of Maximum Age," In M.R. Kaufmann, W.H. Moir, and R.L. Bassett, eds.

Troglosironidae is found exclusively on the island of New Caledonia, although the possibility exists that they could inhabit nearby islands as well. They can be found in leaf litter across the island, in both low and high elevations. The family is believed to be an ancient relict of a once-widespread group that managed to survive on the island, as opposed to a more recent group that dispersed across the ocean, as the dispersal ability of Cyphophthalmi in general is regarded as poor. Species in the north of the island and the south of the island form 2 distinct lineages, indicated by morphological differences in the sternum of species collected from the 2 different regions.

Another best practice is to leave dead wood lying, for the benefit of invertebrates. In Savernake fallen trees are left to decay and dead standing trees (monoliths) are generally left standing. In 2003 White Park cattle were introduced into Savernake Forest, to forage freely in the Red Vein Bottom area, a semi-open area of relict wood pasture which had not been grazed in more than 60 years. Such controlled grazing should recreate the naturally open glades ideal for the ancient oak and beech and their specialist lichen and fungal communities, as well as rare woodland and grassland flora; the exact wildlife features for which Savernake Forest is designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest.

It has been taken by some as the linguistic equivalent of a relict population, perhaps indicating that Dravidian languages were formerly much more widespread and were supplanted by the incoming Indo-Aryan languages. Certainly some Dravidian place-names are found in now Indo-Aryan regions of central India, and possibly even as far northwest as Sindh. However, it is now argued by Elfenbein that the Brahui could only have migrated to Balochistan from central India after 1000, because of the lack of any older Iranian (Avestan) loanwords in Brahui. The main Iranian contributor to Brahui vocabulary, Balochi, is a western Iranian language like Kurdish, and moved to the area from the west only around 1000.

While members of the family Triaenochychidae are well represented in western North America, Chile, South Africa, New Zealand, Australia, Korea, and Japan, F. deprehendor is the first species found in the eastern United States. The Appalachian millipede genus Choctella shows a similar distribution, suggesting they both stem from the same Gondwanan fauna. Certain aspects of its anatomy (such as position and form of the eye tubercle, and the male genitalia) make it likely that it is most closely related to genera in other parts of the world, such as Monomontia in South Africa or Hendea in New Zealand. F. deprehendor is thus likely an ancient relict, suggesting a wide distribution of the family before the current distribution of continents.

Fishermens huts Cudden Point is a prominent headland, owned by the National Trust which can be clearly seen from most of Mount's Bay.Ordnance Survey: Landranger map sheet 203 Land's End Together with Little Cudden and Piskies Cove, the area is designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) and is listed, for its national importance, in the Geological Conservation Review. The SSSI notification reads: > ″This is the best example in Cornwall of a mildly metamorphosed, > differentiated tholeiitic intrusive greenstone that retains good relict > igneous textures and mineralogy. It is characteristic of relatively large > intrusive dolerite-gabbro sills in Cornwall and unique in that it is of > tholeiitic composition and not alkaline.

Amphibians include numerous toads and frogs. Toads which can be found in the region include: the Great Plains toad (Anaxyrus cognatus); the green toad (Anaxyrus debilis); the Arizona toad (Anaxyrus microscaphus); the New Mexico spadefoot (Spea multiplicata stagnalis); and the Colorado River toad (Incilius alvarius), also known as the Sonoran Desert toad. Frog representation includes: western barking frog (Craugastor augusti); the canyon tree frog (Hyla arenicolor); the Arizona treefrog (Hyla wrightorum); the western chorus frog (Pseudacris triseriata); Chiricahua leopard frog (Lithobates chiricahuensis); and the relict leopard frog (Lithobates onca). There are quite a few salamanders throughout the region, including: the Arizona tiger salamander (Ambystoma mavortium nebulosum) and the painted ensatina (Ensatina eschscholtzii picta).

Jack pine is a species of somewhat smallish pine with a distribution that spans almost across North America. Its cones open only after trees have been cleared away by forest fires or, after logging, in the summer sun. The ice age climate was somewhat drier overall and almost all of its present-day range was covered by solid ice as late as 10,000 to 15,000 years ago. Pollen analysis shows that the jack pine was almost non-existent between the Appalachian Mountains and the Great Plains during this period, with the possible exception of tiny isolated relict populations, which presents a mystery as to where the Kirtland's warbler survived duting this period.

With two of the three recognised species already on the IUCN Red List, the Dasyornithidae are increasingly vulnerable to habitat destruction by ever more fierce and frequent bush fires. The Rufous Bristlebird D. broadbenti is still comparatively common in its core areas of western Victoria and far south-east South Australia, but the ranges of the other two species have contracted since European settlement to relict populations found almost entirely within national parks and reserves with appropriate weed eradication and fire management regimes. The latter are essential for bristlebirds: with their small rounded wings they are poor flyers and prefer to run than to fly. Large and unchecked bushfires can cause local extinctions, compounding population fragmentation.

Present-day oxisols are found almost exclusively in tropical areas, in South America and Africa, almost always on highly stable continental cratons. In Southeast Asia, oxisols are found on remnants of the Cimmerian microcontinent, and on the Shan–Thai Terrane. In Thailand, rhodic ferralsols, called Yasothon soils, are said to have formed under humid tropical conditions in the early Tertiary, on an extensive plain later uplifted to form the Khorat Plateau. Characterized by a bright red color, these relict soils occur on uplands in a great semicircle around the southern rim, overlying associated gravel horizons said to have been cleared of sand by termites, in a prolonged and still on-going process of bioturbation.

Phylogenetic analysis of morphological characteristics and gene sequences has supported the basal position within the genus long suspected of D. regia, often regarded as the most ancient of all extant Drosera species. Its distinct morphology and unique relict characteristics, ones it likely shared with the common ancestor of all Drosera such as the operculate pollen, led early researchers to suggest its ancient position in the genus. The first cladistic analysis based on rbcL and morphological data confirmed these ideas and suggested that D. regia formed a clade sister to all other Drosera surveyed, with Dionaea muscipula forming a sister clade to all Drosera.Williams, S. E., Albert, V. A., and Chase, M. W. 1994.

Common Wall Lizard The climate and habitats in Ventnor support species that are rare in the UK, including some that are particularly associated with warmer and more southerly locations and are not established in much of the rest of the country. The town has the largest and oldest British colony of common wall lizards; whether these are a relict native population or were released in the 1920s is debated. A wall specially designed as a habitat has been built at the Botanic Garden, and small tunnels for the lizards installed beneath a local road. The Isle of Wight is one of the principal British refuges of the once ubiquitous UK red squirrel population.

Krasnokamianka (; ; ; all meaning "Red Stone Place"), also known as Kiziltash or Kyzyltash, is a village located in the Feodosiya municipality of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, a territory recognized by a majority of countries as part of Ukraine and incorporated by Russia as the Republic of Crimea. Population: Mountain slopes are forested tracts Kyzyltash pubescent oak, sessile oak and hornbeam ordinary, common relict plants listed in the Red book: high juniper, pistachio tupolistnaya, many species of orchids. The highest peak in the vicinity Krasnokamianka - Sandyk - Kaya (Stone forehead) - 698 meters above sea level. In late 1950, the Council of Ministers of USSR adopted a decision on the establishment of central database storage of nuclear weapons - TSBH, i.e.

In the 1830s Kidd seemed to be perpetually moving and unsettled even though he was still quite prolific. Later critics write: "William Kidd…gave more promise in his youth than was fulfilled in after-years, on account of neglecting his own interest" which suggests that he spent much of his time drinking and carousing. This is mirrored by Walter Armstrong who says: "Kidd was vulgar, reckless, and a bit of a genius…" However, on 6 September 1842, in Old Church, Saint Pancras, London, Kidd married Jane Lindsay Carphin, née Hay, relict of John Carphin and began a new domestic life. The Carphin family was also from Edinburgh and had moved to London about the same time as Kidd.

Although humid forests of warmer climates retreated during the glaciations, they re- colonised large areas every time the climate was favourable again. Most of the humid forests are thought to have retreated and advanced during successive geological eras, and their species adapted to warm and wet gradually retreated and advanced, replaced by more cold-tolerant or drought-tolerant sclerophyll plant communities. Many of the then existing species became extinct because they could not cross the barriers posed by new oceans, mountains and deserts, but others found refuge as relict species in coastal areas and Islands. When the large landmass of the Australian continent developed a drier and harsher climate, this type of forest was reduced to those boundaries areas.

Warren Halt was reopened 22 years later by the South Eastern and Chatham Railway and remained open until the evening of 19 December 1915 when a large landslip resulted in the entire undercliff supporting the Main Line moving towards the sea causing approximately 1.5 million cubic metres of chalk to slip or fall burying Warren Halt. The railway watchman was able to stop the 6.10pm Ashford to Dover service as it emerged from Martello Tunnel, hauled by D class, no. 493. The station as well as the affected section of the South Eastern Main Line remained closed until 1919.GeologyShop, "Folkestone & Hythe Landslips; the Warren, Copt Point, Castle Hill and the relict seacliffs between Hythe and Lympne".

Its radiant orange stigmas were held as a relict glow of an undying and unrequited passion. The tragedy and the spice would be recalled later: For the ancient Mediterraneans, saffron gathered around the Cilician coastal town of Soli was of top value, particularly for use in perfumes and ointments. Herodotus and Pliny the Elder, however, rated rival Assyrian and Babylonian saffron from the Fertile Crescent as best—to treat gastrointestinal or renal upsets. Greek saffron from the Corycian Cave of Mount Parnassus was also of note: the color offered by the Corycian crocus is used as a benchmark in the Argonautica of Apollonius Rhodius and similarly with its fragrance in the epigrams of Martial.

Elizabeth was buried, according to her wishes, in the same tomb in Molland Church as her second husband James Courtenay, who had already been buried therein together with his first wife Susanna Sandford. This is made clear by her mural memorial tablet of stone covered with slate-coloured gesso in Molland Church on the east wall of the north aisle which reads as follows: > To ye memory of Mrs Shapcote ye wife of Philip Shapcote of Knowstone Esq. > who was second wife & relict of James Courtenay Esq. and now lyes in this > isle interr(ed) in ye same grave with him according to his passionate > desires & her pro(mise) to him in testimony of their mutual love.

An arc of mountains, known as the Gibraltar Arc, wraps around the northern, western, and southern sides of the Alboran Sea. The Gibraltar Arc is made up of the Baetic Cordillera of southern Spain and the Rif Mountains of Morocco. These mountains, known to ecologists as the Baetic-Rifan complex, comprise one of the Mediterranean's biodiversity hotspots; like the Alboran Sea, the Baetic- Rifan complex represents a transition between the Mediterranean and Atlantic (Macaronesian) ecological zones. The moderating influence of the Atlantic has allowed many relict species in the Baetic and Rif mountains to survive the climatic fluctuations of the last few million years that have caused them to become extinct elsewhere around the Mediterranean basin.

The Iowa Pleistocene Snail was believed extinct until it was discovered on algific talus slopes in northeast Iowa in 1955. Placed on the Endangered Species List in 1977, Congress created the Driftless Area National Wildlife Refuge in 1989 to protect this species, as well as threatened and some relict species.Driftless Area National Wildlife Refuge, United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Retrieved July 24, 2007 Much of this refuge was carved out of pre-existing protected areas, most notably the Upper Mississippi River National Wildlife and Fish Refuge. The Northern monkshood is a threatened wildflower in the buttercup family (Ranunculaceae) occurring in the Driftless Area as well as in New York State and receives similar protection.

Translated paper Outdated restoration of a prosauropod-like, quadrupedal Erlikosaurus. Therizinosaurs were often depicted this way until they were definitively identified as theropods Paleontologist Gregory S. Paul concluded in 1984 that segnosaurs did not possess any theropodan features, but were instead derived, late-surviving Cretaceous prosauropods with adaptations similar to those of ornithischians. He found segnosaurs similar to prosauropods in the morphology of their snout, mandible, and hindfoot, and to ornithischians in their cheek, palate, pubis, and ankle, and similar to early dinosaurs in other respects. He proposed that ornithischians were descended from prosauropods, and that the segnosaurs were an intermediate relict of this transition, which supposedly took place during the Triassic period.

Leadbeater's possum (Gymnobelideus leadbeateri) is a critically endangered possum largely restricted to small pockets of alpine ash, mountain ash, and snow gum forests in the Central Highlands of Victoria, Australia, north-east of Melbourne. It is primitive, relict, and non-gliding, and, as the only species in the petaurid genus Gymnobelideus, represents an ancestral form. Formerly, Leadbeater's possums were moderately common within the very small areas they inhabited; their requirement for year-round food supplies and tree- holes to take refuge in during the day restricts them to mixed-age wet sclerophyll forest with a dense mid-story of Acacia. The species was named in 1867 after John Leadbeater, the then taxidermist at the Museum Victoria.

By 1207 Fulk III married Maud (Matilda), daughter and heir of Robert le Vavasour, and relict of Theobald Walter, 1st Chief Butler of Ireland, who died late in 1205 in Ireland.W. Farrer and C.T. Clay, Early Yorkshire Charters, XI: The Percy Fee (Cambridge University Press, 1963 edition), p. 130 (Google). Theobald (of Warrington), who was granted his Irish office in 1185 in service to Prince John's Lordship of Ireland, assisted his brother Hubert Walter in receiving the surrender of John's supporters in Lancaster in 1194. John, after his accession to the throne in 1199, in 1200 deprived Theobald of his lands and offices and did not restore them to him until 1202.

During the Mesozoic era (252 to 66 mya), there was a large and diverse fauna of Raphidioptera as exemplified by the abundant fossils that have been found in all parts of the world. This came to an abrupt end at the end of the Cretaceous period, likely as a result of the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event (66 mya) when an enormous asteroid is thought to have hit the Earth. This seems to have extinguished all but the most cold-tolerant species of snakefly, resulting in the extinction of the majority of families, including all the tropical and sub-tropical species. The two families of present-day Raphidioptera are thus relict populations of this previously widespread group.

In July 2013, the Iraqi Council of Ministers approved the designation of the Central Marshes of Iraq as the country’s first National Park, as a joint effort by Iraq’s Ministry of Water Resources, Ministry of Environment, and Ministry of Municipalities with support from Nature Iraq, and Iraqi environmental conservation organization. Despite expectations, the planned National Park has not yet been approved by the Council of Ministers. In January 2014, the ‘Ahwar of Southern Iraq and the Relict Landscape of the Mesopotamian Cities’ was successfully nominated for inscription of the property on the World Heritage List. The nomination covers a vast area, spanning between the governorates of Al Muthanna, Dhi Qar and Maysan.

Vegetation in the wilderness is predominantly chaparral, although there are regions of conifers, including big cone Douglas fir, especially on north- facing slopes, such as the northern exposure of Madulce Peak.From the Dick Smith Wilderness description page at the Los Padres National Forest web site Streams contain riparian vegetation, and there are some stands of oak trees. A relict population of great basin sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) is visible along Highway 33 at the Bear Canyon trailhead; several populations of this species are left over from the last glacial epoch, when it was more widespread due to the cooler climate then. Wildlife that may be encountered in the wilderness includes coyotes, black bears, and mountain lions.

It is mostly found in Appalachia; many of its stations there were known to natives, who picked and ate the berries, before botanists became aware of them in the 1920s. A relict species nearly exterminated by the last ice age, box huckleberry is self-sterile, and is found in isolated colonies which reproduce clonally by extending roots. One colony in Pennsylvania was once estimated to be as many as 13,000 years old; more recent estimates have an upper bound of about 8,000 years, which would make it the oldest woody plant east of the Rocky Mountains. Another colony in Pennsylvania, about 1,300 years old, has been protected by the Hoverter and Sholl Box Huckleberry Natural Area.

To the west of the grassy section is a small grouping of Jewish gravestones and some Aboriginal graves, marked with sapling branches at each corner, and north of these is the Chinese Shrine. Native vegetation has re-established in these areas. A few relict trees, including mangoes, line the main track to the Chinese shrine for a short distance. Chinese shrine, 2010 The Chinese shrine comprises a rectangular concrete platform approximately long by wide lying in a north–south direction, at the southern end of which, and facing to the north, is an upright concrete memorial tablet, on which are written in large script the Chinese characters Tjin Ju Tsai: "Respect the dead as if they are present".

The Rolling Downs Group is a stratigraphic group present in the Eromanga and Surat Basins in the northwestern to southwestern parts of Australia, which was deposited between the mid Barremian to early Turonian of the Cretaceous period. It primarily consists of nearshore shallow marine sediments deposited in the Eromanga Inland Sea, though the uppermost and terminal members, the Winton Formation and the Griman Creek Formation represents freshwater deposits. It is notable for its fossil content including many dinosaurs and mammals, as well as opal. A relict species of dicynodont was suggested to have been found in these rocks, but is more likely to be misidentified pieces of a Cenozoic marsupial from younger sediments.

UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Paris. Page 14. The World Heritage Committee identifies three categories of cultural landscape, ranging from (i) those landscapes most deliberately 'shaped' by people, through (ii) full range of 'combined' works, to (iii) those least evidently 'shaped' by people (yet highly valued). The three categories extracted from the Committee's Operational Guidelines, are as follows:UNESCO (2005) Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Paris. Page 84. # "A landscape designed and created intentionally by man"; # an "organically evolved landscape" which may be a "relict (or fossil) landscape" or a "continuing landscape"; and # an "associative cultural landscape" which may be valued because of the "religious, artistic or cultural associations of the natural element".

Cloudberry, Rubus chamaemorus: a relict plant of the Ice Age Ice-sheets covered most of Ireland until 13,000 years ago when the Holocene began. The majority of Ireland's flora and fauna has only returned as the ice sheets retreated and sea level rose accompanied by post-glacial rebound when 10,000 years ago the climate began to warm. At this time there was a land bridge connecting Wales and the east coast of Ireland since sea levels were over 100 metres lower than they are today (water being frozen into the ice caps covering northern Asia and North America). Plants and animals were able to cross this land-bridge until about 7,500 years ago, when it was finally covered by the rising sea level as warming continued.

Theories have decreased significantly since the early 1960s, when spacecraft began studying the planet and it became clear that its environment is extreme compared to Earth's. However, there is ongoing study as to whether life could have existed on the Venusian surface before a runaway greenhouse effect took hold, and related study as to whether a relict biosphere could persist high in the modern Venusian atmosphere. With extreme surface temperatures reaching nearly and an atmospheric pressure 90 times that of Earth, the conditions on Venus make water-based life as we know it unlikely on the surface of the planet. However, a few scientists have speculated that thermoacidophilic extremophile microorganisms might exist in the temperate, acidic upper layers of the Venusian atmosphere.

This type of the spruce forest (Aremonio-Piceetum) is a relict boreal vegetation that existed in the ice ages, and which stretched far further to south than today's southern border. The land favors podzol soil, high elevation which is required for this type of trees in these latitudes (900 – 1100 m, and Štirovača is at 1100 m) and a relief position, so these forests occur in sinkholes, bays and gorges of Croatian highlands. This is because unique microclimate conditions are present, most notably the cold air is accumulated and frost areas prevail throughout the year because of the appearance of temperature inversions, and thus the conditions are created for spruce to become more competitive when compared to other tree species.

As seen on Viking and MOC imagery, the streamlined forms of the Athabasca Valles often have up to ten distinct layers exposed by later catastrophic erosion, with each layer having a thickness of up to 10m. They are often paralleled by grooves that are up to 10m tall, fading out from the streamlined forms within a few hundreds of meters. These grooves are interpreted to be depositional, and are dimensionally consistent with similar features observed within the Channeled Scablands of Washington State. In support of the megaflooding hypothesis, some authors have interpreted the platy and ridged terrains (described by others as characteristic lava textures) as relict sections of the underlying Medusae Fossae Formation that have been exhumed by aeolian processes.

The coastline of the Gulf of Morrosquillo is shared by the departments of Sucre and Cordoba on the north of Colombia. The main city on the gulf is Tolú; five kilometers away from Tolú is "Las Playas del Francés" (French's Beaches) distinguished because of its wide white sand beaches. Seventeen kilometers away from Tolú is located the tourist town of Coveñas, where besides the beautiful beaches it is possible to taste the local food and enjoy of the ecotourism by a canoe trip in La Cienaga La Caimanera, a relict of the native animals and plants.El Golfo del Morrosquillo - Donde Viajar It is an idyllic site with temperature ranging from 70 degrees - 90 degrees, water temperature will also range from 70 - 84.

The Khoisan click languages of Africa do not form a language family and so do not, as a family, have a homeland. However, limited genetic evidence from some Khoisan-language speakers in southern Africa suggest an origin "along the African rift and a possible wider East African range." Thus, the Bushmen of the Kalahari who occupy the largest geographic region where click languages are spoken are viewed as a relict population far removed from the place where click languages probably originated. The Khoe languages, Tuu languages, Kx'a languages, Hadza language and Sandawe language (the latter two being Tanzanian language isolates) are frequently grouped together in the catch all Khoisan categorization, despite the lack of a definitive recent common origin of these languages in a common language family.

There are between 2475 and 2600 identified species, including 1703 insects, but their actual number is estimated to be 6500–7000. The main hotspots are Rila Monastery Forest Reserve, the area around the Fish Lakes to the east and the Kalin reservoir, as well as the areas around the river Radovichka and Bukovo bardo. There are 96 rare, 85 endemic and 146 relict species; 116 are included in worldwide or European lists of endangered animals. Some of the endangered species include beetles: Calosoma sycophanta, Carabus intricatus, Morimus funereus; net-winged insects: Libelloides macaronius; ants: Formica lugubris, Formica pratensis, Formica rufa; butterflies: Parnassius apollo, Parnassius mnemosyne, Euphydryas aurinia, Polyommatus eroides, Apatura iris, Carterocephalus palaemon, Colias caucasica, Erebia rhodopensis, Charissa obscurata, Limenitis populi, Melitaea trivia, Zerynthia polyxena, etc.

In Madagascar, the genus Beilschmiedia is particularly important in the island flora, and their species were isolated when the island was separated from the African continent. The genus Beilschmiedia is present in a greater climatic distribution area than other genera of Lauraceae, Beilschmiedia species grow well in moist, well-drained ground, and tolerate a variety of soil types, and attain a maximum in tropical and wetter areas of distribution, but their pattern of speciation results in some cases from the product of aridification of the habitat. Some Beilschmiedia species are adapted to drier conditions than the typical Lauraceae. Some endangered relict species are living in temperate areas and are distributed in Mediterranean climate, and tropical and subtropical lowland forests and montane rainforest.

It may be that during the ice ages, which lasted much longer than interglacials, it had a more stable distribution and habitat, and the species exists as a relict during geologically brief periods of warming global temperatures. It is quite possible colonisation by Europeans actually temporarily boosts populations of the bird. Most of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan was once covered in vast tracts of old growth white pine (Pinus strobus), the final stage of succession in the woodlands of that region, but these were all harvested by the early 19th century for construction in the growing cities and towns around the Great Lakes and along the East Coast. This created the conditions for the extensive woodlots of jack pine, a pioneer species, found today.

Stappitzer See, view towards Mallnitz The lake arose during the last glacial period (Würm glaciation), when the retreat of glaciers led to a Sturzstrom landslide of debris damming up the waters in the Mallnitz valley. After many thousand years of a continuous sedimentation process, Stappitzer See confined by several debris cones is a relict from the ice age. Plans for a reservoir power station developed by the Österreichische Draukraftwerke AG (present-day Verbund AG) in the 1970s failed due to environmental impacts and local opposition. The lake is a resting area for numerous bird species such as the black-throated loon and the western yellow wagtail, as well as a breeding ground for the little grebe, the Alpine swift, and the Eurasian crag martin.

In Africa, the native range of the redbelly tilapia covers the northern half of the continent. In tropical West to Central Africa, from coastal southern Morocco and the Senegal River to the central Congo River basin, its range is almost continuous. In northeastern Africa the redbelly tilapia occurs throughout much of the Nile basin, from its delta in northern Egypt to Lake Albert in DR Congo–Uganda, as well Lake Turkana in Ethiopia–Kenya; it is not native to the other African Great Lakes, although it has been introduced to some of them. In the Maghreb and Sahara where fewer aquatic habitats are available, the range is much more spotty but with several relict populations in seasonal rivers, lakes and oases (gueltas).

The distribution range of the nominate form is restricted to a locality known as the Palm Valley, an area where the Finke River passes through the MacDonnell Ranges. The isolated occurrence of this palm found over one thousand kilometres away from its nearest known relative at the time – the subspecies rigida – had been supposed to be a relict population. The isolation of the population was supposed to have resulted from the increased aridity of the continent since the Miocene period, around fifteen million years before the present day, or conveyed by a river or other means of dispersal. An analysis of molecular evidence found a separation from L. rigida was strongly indicated to have occurred around fifteen thousand years ago.

It is one of the nine distinguished languages of Pakistan. The Brahui population of Balochistan has been taken by some as the linguistic equivalent of a relict population, perhaps indicating that Dravidian languages were formerly much more widespread and were supplanted by the incoming Indo- Aryan languages. However it has now been demonstrated that the Brahui could only have migrated to Balochistan from central India after 1000 CE. The absence of any Avestan, an older Iranian language, loanwords in Brahui supports this hypothesis. The main Iranian contributor to Brahui vocabulary, Balochi, is a western Iranian language like Kurdish, and moved to the area from the west only around 1000 CE.J. H. Elfenbein, A periplous of the 'Brahui problem', Studia Iranica vol. 16 (1987), pp. 215–233.

The St. Clemens church in Büsum Büsum originally was part of the Catholic bishopric of Hamburg and Bremen, but turned to Protestantism during the reformation in Dithmarschen in the Middle Ages. Büsum's late gothic St. Clemens church, named for Pope Clement I as the patron saint of fishermen, was built between 1434 and 1442. As a relict of Büsum's past as a pirate nest, the St. Clemens church houses a baptismal font and other items raided from the island Pellworm by the pirate Cord Widderich and presented as a consecration gift to the church in Büsum. About Büsum's pirate Cord Widderich A carved portrait of Martin Luther from 1564 marks the switch from Catholicism to Protestantism during the late Middle Ages.

The finescale dace occupies the regions ranging across the southern and northwest parts of Canada to areas of Minnesota, and more southward to the areas that lie near the Great Lakes Basin. The populations have been shown to inhabit areas in Minnesota including Brule Lake, as well as those bodies of water occupying the Lake Superior drainage areas of St. Louis and Cook counties. This species has also been found to live in the Great Lakes drainage stream regions of Wisconsin (although rarely seen in southern parts of Wisconsin). Although more northernly distributed, they have been seen to exist as Glacial relict populations in the Sand Hills of Nebraska, the Black Hills of South Dakota, Colorado, and parts of Wyoming.

Conservation efforts for the Northern bald ibis in Syria began with the discovery of an unreported relict colony of this species in early 2002 in the Palmyra desert. The bald ibises still breeding in Syria, discovered during an extensive biodiversity survey carried out as part of a FAO cooperation project, are the last living descendants of those depicted in Egyptian hieroglyphs from 4500 years ago. The discovery was made possible through the use of traditional ecological knowledge of the Bedouin nomads. Following the discovery in Syria, a successful community-based ibis breeding intensive protection program was established in Palmyra during years 2002–2004, in parallel with an extensive capacity building program in the benefit of the local community and staff from the Syrian Steppe Commission.

There is much debate and concern over the future stability of cays in the face of growing human populations and pressures on reef ecosystems, and predicted climate changes and sea level rise. There is also debate around whether these islands are relict features that effectively stopped expanding two thousand years ago during the late Holocene or, as recent research suggests, they are still growing, with significant new additions of reef sediments. Understanding the potential for change in the sediment sources and supply of cay beaches with environmental change is an important key to predicting their present and future stability. Despite, or perhaps because of all the debate around the future of cays, there is consensus that these island environments are very complex and somewhat fragile.

One might question how such a lizard could be present on such a vast number of otherwise small and isolated islets, however, the modern distribution likely does not reflect an exceptional colonising ability of this species to sally forth over marine distances, or that Arawak peoples somehow spread these creatures over the various cays. Instead, what is now a collection of islands was previously connected, only eight to ten millennia ago, in a much larger island stretching from Puerto Rico to Anegada, and since the Eemian era remained such a large island throughout the last ice age. This is an example of vicariant distribution as opposed to overwater dispersal; the modern distribution consists of relict populations reflecting the former geography.

Two considerations are worthy of note: First, the time at which the ancestor of the piping guans diverged from Penelope has been roughly dated to the Burdigalian, some 20-15 mya, which leaves a considerable gap during which no surviving piping guan lineage evolved (Pereira et al. 2002). Secondly, it is notable that in the Late Pliocene, rising sea levels transformed much of the South American lowlands into brackish lagoon habitat unsuitable for piping guans. Thus, the present distribution is apparently a relict, and extinction of populations/displacement by the more resilient Penelope guans seems to have played as much or possibly more of a role in shaping the diversity of piping guans of our time than emergence of new lineages (Grau et al. 2005).

Schematic E-W section showing the Eagle Ford Shale among the geological strata beneath the DFW Metroplex The Eagle Ford was deposited in an inland sea (or epeiric sea) that covered much of modern-day Texas. The Texas shelf during the Cenomanian-Turonian was bounded by the Ouachita Uplift to the north, the Sabine Uplift to the East, relict reef margins of the Stuart City Formation and the Sligo Formation to the southeast, and the Western Interior Seaway to the west. The East Texas and South Texas regions were divided by an extension of the Llano Uplift known as the San Marcos Arch. Primary basins active during Eagle Ford deposition were the East Texas and Brazos Basins in East Texas and the Maverick Basin in South Texas.

The Himalayan relict dragonfly (Epiophlebia laidlawi) is one of four species of Epiprocta in the family Epiophlebiidae. They have at one time been classified as a suborder Anisozygoptera, considered as intermediate between the dragonflies and the damselflies, partly because the hind wings and fore wings are very similar in size and shape, and partly because the insect at rest holds them back over the body as damselflies do. These attributes now are known to be misleading however; the genus Epiophlebia shares a more recent ancestor with dragonflies and became separated from other Anisoptera in and around the uplifting Himalayas. The species was first described from a larva collected in June 1918 by Stanley Kemp in a stream just above Sonada in the vicinity of Darjeeling.

Portbraddon Cave (also spelled Portbradden, Portbraddan) is a relict sea cave located near Portbraddon, County Antrim on the north coast of Northern Ireland. Its location above the present-day high water mark makes it important archaeologically, as it would have been inhabited as far back as the Mesolithic. In the 1930s the cave was the subject of an archaeological dig by Andrew McLean May, who made a number of notable finds. During the course of the excavations, which went as deep as below the modern floor level, May encountered: iron objects, including the barrel of a muzzle-loading pistol; pottery and flint tools, some of which showed Mesolithic characteristics; fireplaces and animal bones and ultimately the original water-worn floor of the cave.

Three species are relict — boreal owl, white-backed woodpecker and Eurasian three-toed woodpecker. The park's rarest residents are lesser spotted eagle with a single nesting pair, booted eagle, golden eagle with 2 to 5 pairs, short-toed snake eagle with two pairs, saker falcon, peregrine falcon with three pairs, western capercaillie, hazel grouse, rock partridge, corn crake, Eurasian woodcock and stock dove. There are 11 reptile and 8 amphibian species. There are Central European species (fire salamander, yellow-bellied toad, smooth snake), Palearctic (common toad, European green toad, common frog), Euro-Siberian (European tree frog, common European viper, grass snake, viviparous lizard), Irano-Turanian (marsh frog), Southern European (agile frog), Euro-Mediterranean (European green lizard), Mediterranean (common wall lizard) and Balkan (Erhard's wall lizard).

Ntumbachushi Falls (also spelled Ntumbacusi and Ntumbacushi) are situated on the Ngona River in Luapula Province, Zambia where it runs over the edge of the northern Zambian plateau into the valley of the Luapula River. The main falls occur where the river splits into two channels to form two parallel waterfalls each about 10 m wide with a drop of about 30 m, and separated by a distance of 50 m. A small patch of relict rainforest grows in the spray from the falls. During and immediately after the rainy season, November to April, the water coming over the edge may have a depth of up to 1 m, but in the later dry season the flow may reduce to a produce a 'bridalveil' effect.

49 and which was a relict part of the Great North Wood. In 1809, the Croydon Canal opened, however, the large number of locks (28) meant it was not a commercial success, and it was bought by the London & Croydon Railway Company who used the alignment to construct the London Bridge to Croydon railway line opening in 1839. The ponds in the Dacres Wood Nature Reserve and the retaining wall of the footpath opposite the station outside the pub are about the only physical evidence of the canal which still exist.Dacres Wood When the Crystal Palace was moved from Hyde Park to Sydenham in 1854, many large homes were built on the western end of Forest Hill along with Honor Oak.

The plateau uplifted from an extensive plain composed of remnants of the Cimmerian microcontinent, and terranes such as the Shan–Thai Terrane, either late in the Pleistocene or early in the Holocene Epoch, approximately Year 1 of the Holocene calendar. Much of the surface of the plateau was once classified as laterite, and layers that can easily be cut into brick-shaped blocks are still so called, but the classification of soils as various types of oxisols is more useful for agriculture. Oxisols of the type called rhodic ferralsols, or Yasothon soils, formed under humid tropical conditions in the early Tertiary. When portions of the plain uplifted as a plateau, these relict soils, characterized by a bright red color, wound up on uplands in a great semicircle around the southern rim.

Deciduous forests cover 80% of the park's area and belong to 28 forest and 18 bush habitats. This variety is due to the lower river valleys, the sea coast and the karstic terrain. These include forests of oriental beech (Fagus orientalis), sessile oak (Quercus petraea), Strandzhan oak (Quercus hartwissiana), Hungarian oak (Quercus frainetto), common hornbeam (Carpinus betulus), oriental hornbeam (Carpinus orientalis) and small-leaved lime (Tilia cordata) with undergrowth of pontic rhododendron (Rhododendron ponticum), Caucasian whortleberry (Vaccinium arctostaphylos), cherry laurel (Prunus laurocerasus), Black Sea holly (Ilex colchica), Himalayan meadow primrose (Primula rosea) and common heather (Calluna). There are 64 relict plant species, 6 of which cannot be found elsewhere in the European Union — Strandzhan oak, Caucasian whortleberry, Colchic holly, twin-flowered daphne (Daphne pontica), tutsan (Hypericum androsaemum) and H. calycinum.

Nowadays, the last remaining significant coastline wetland at Lake Ohrid is Studenchishte Marsh, which is located on the eastern shore near the city of Ohrid. Despite degradation from a variety of sources such as large-scale disposal of construction waste, major land conversion, disruption of water connections to Lake Ohrid, beach urbanization and loss of reed belts, Studenchishte Marsh is still an important buffer to prevent lake eutrophication and a key habitat for biodiversity, including relict plants and endemic species. These values, and the comparative rareness of similar habitats in Macedonia (now North Macedonia), prompted an expert team in 2012 to recommend designation of a 63.97-hectare area at Studenchishte Marsh to be protected as a Natural Monument under Macedonian law.Spirovska, M., et al. (2012) Blato-13_02_2012%20%20lektorirano-final.

The Danube fan is a relict sedimentary feature in the northwestern part of the bottom of the Black Sea. It crosses three of its four major physiographic provinces: basin slope, basin apron, and the Euxine abyssal plain) and splits the abyssal plain into two inequal parts.Chapter: "Bathymetry and Microtopography of Black Sea: Structure" of the 20th Memoir The Black Sea -- Geology, Chemistry, and Biology of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists (1974) The fan was deposited by the Danube (mostly), Dniester, Southern Bug, and Dnieper rivers. It extends from the shelf break zone an approximately 200m isobath"Environmental Degradation of the Black Sea: Challenges and Remedies", editors Șükrü T. Beșiktepe, Ümit Ünlüata, Alexandru S. Bologa, 1999, p.40 for about 150 km downslope and reaches the depth of about 2,200 m within the abyssal plain.

In 1080, the castle was first mentioned in a Saxon chronicle. Eisenach itself followed in a document dating to 1150 where it was referred to as "Isinacha". During the 1180s, the town was established by the construction of three independent market settlements around the Saturday's market (today's Karlsplatz), the Wednesday's market (today's Frauenplan) and the Monday's market (today's Marktplatz). Due to its convenient location at a bottleneck between the Thuringian Forest in the south and the Hainich mountains in the north, Eisenach benefitted from substantial west-east trade along Via Regia from Frankfurt to Erfurt and Leipzig and became a rich merchant town. During the second half of the 12th century, the town walls were erected (the Nikolaitor is an important relict of this wall) and Eisenach got a planned grid of streets and alleys.

Cloud forests are believed to have retreated and advanced during successive geological eras, and their species adapted to warm and wet conditions were replaced by more cold-tolerant or drought-tolerant sclerophyll plant communities. Many of the late Cretaceous – early Tertiary Gondwanan species of flora became extinct, but some survived as relict species in the milder, moister climate of coastal areas and on islands. Thus Tasmania and New Caledonia share related species extinct on the Australian mainland, and the same case occurs on the Macaronesia islands of the Atlantic and on the Taiwan, Hainan, Jeju, Shikoku, Kyūshū, and Ryūkyū Islands of the Pacific. Although some remnants of archaic flora, including species and genera extinct in the rest of the world, have persisted as endemic to such coastal mountain and shelter sites, their biodiversity was reduced.

Borgholm Castle ruin, part of the historic Halltorp estate Old oak forest in Halltorps Hage Halltorp was one of the earliest manor on the island of Öland, Sweden, dating from the 11th century AD. In early documents it is known as Hauldtorp, and it is cited as one of the early Viking era settlements of Öland. From early times it has functioned as a royal farm associated with the Swedish Crown and was considered one of the finest hunting preserves on the island. There is a relict oak forest on the present grounds which contains numerous trees that are centuries old. Halltorp is in an area rich in history and biodiversity, and most of the southern part of the island of Öland has been designated as a World Heritage Site.

The involvement of the bishops was, according to their letter, "by custom" (sicut consuetudo). This custom had been formalised by the Third Council of Toledo in 589, which mandated annual provincial councils of bishops and fiscal agents (actores fiscalium patrimoniorum) so that the latter would be just in their dealings with the people. The circumstances and tenor of the letter strongly suggest that the tax was levied on the entire rate-paying (predominantly Roman) population of the province, while the "patrimonial" nature of the levy indicates that it went to the royal treasury. It may be a relict of the one third of land, in the form of land taxes, that went to the Visigothic king at the time of the conquest, while the remaining two thirds went to his followers.

The mammal species within Rila National Park and its surroundings are 62 and include taxa of high conservation value, such as brown bear, gray wolf, wildcat, least weasel, European pine marten, marbled polecat, wild boar, red deer, roe deer, chamois, European ground squirrel, as well as the glacial relict European snow vole. The bird species are 156; of the 120 are nesting within Rila National Park. These include three relicts — boreal owl, Eurasian pygmy owl and Eurasian three-toed woodpecker, and species that require special conservation measures like short-toed snake eagle, golden eagle, peregrine falcon, black stork, Eurasian woodcock, western capercaillie, hazel grouse, rock partridge, grey-headed woodpecker, black woodpecker, white-throated dipper, wallcreeper and Alpine chough among others. There are 18 reptile, 10 amphibian and 12 fish species.

The Upper Shiawassee River is bordered by alternating east-west trending moraines, glacial till, and outwash plains. The moraines and outwash plains contain sand and gravel deposits that are more permeable than the fine- grained glacial till and lake clays found in the downstream. The upper half of the watershed has variable (high) relief and is generally well-drained with numerous shallow aquifers that contribute groundwater flow to the headwaters of the Shiawassee River. The Lower Shiawassee is bordered by a low-relief till plain overlain by relatively impermeable and are poorly-drained fine-grained glacial lake clays and relict beach deposits that were deposited over a several thousand-year period when glacial Lake Saginaw covered much of the area, after the most recent retreat of the ice at the end of the Wisconsin glaciation.

On his 1906 field trip to Mount Hermon, while trekking around the Upper Galilee in the area of Rashaya in what is now Lebanon,Valkoun, J., "The geographical distribution of wild wheats in their historical setting and current context" in The Linnean "Wheat Taxonomy: the legacy of John Percival", Special Issue 3, 2001. Page 82.] The geographical distribution of wild wheats in their historical setting and current context he discovered Triticum dicoccoides, whom he considered to be the "mother of wheat", an important find for agronomists and historians of human civilization. Geneticists have proven that wild emmer is indeed an ancestor of most domesticated wheat strands cultivated on a large scale today with the exception of durum wheat, while einkorn, a different ancient species, is currently just a relict crop.

Ulmus laevis Pall., variously known as the European white elm, fluttering elm, spreading elm, stately elm and, in the United States, the Russian elm, is a large deciduous tree native to Europe, from FrancePhotographs of U. laevis (L'Orme lisse) in France: in the Forêt du Romersberg, Moselle, (bottom of page), and near Walbourg, Bas-Rhin, (top of page); Archive Krapo arboricole northeast to southern Finland, east beyond the Urals into Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan, and southeast to Bulgaria and the Crimea; there are also disjunct populations in the Caucasus and Spain, the latter now considered a relict population rather than an introduction by man, and possibly the origin of the European population.Fuentes-Utrilla, P., Squirrell, J., Hollingsworth, P. M. & Gil, L. (2006). Ulmus laevis (Pallas) in the Iberian Peninsula.

In areas where relict populations of red squirrels survive, such as the islands of Anglesey, Brownsea and the Isle of Wight, programs exist to eradicate gray squirrels and prevent them from reaching these areas in order to allow red squirrel populations to recover and grow. Although complex and controversial, the main factor in the eastern gray squirrel's displacement of the red squirrel is thought to be its greater fitness, hence a competitive advantage over the red squirrel on all measures. The eastern gray squirrel tends to be larger and stronger than the red squirrel and has been shown to have a greater ability to store fat for winter. The squirrel can, therefore, compete more effectively for a larger share of the available food, resulting in relatively lower survival and breeding rates among the red squirrel.

Gilbert's potoroo was one of first species noticed as disappearing after British colonisation, and remarkable in its rediscovery at the end of the twentieth century. The relict population at Two Peoples Bay, around forty individuals, had survived the factors that caused the mass decline of Australian mammals in a critical weight range of species smaller and larger than themselves. The earliest records of the species are found in the letters and field notes of John Gilbert, repeated by Gould and later authors, as the only source of information on the living species. John Gould published the existing name in the Nyungar language as "Grul-gyte" (1841) and later "Ngil-gyte" (1863), the second name matching Gilbert's own field notes as the name reported to him at King George Sound.

Over 74% of the artesian springs in Queensland are extinct (no longer flowing) and all the artesian springs in New South Wales are extinct or badly damaged. Elizabeth Springs was listed on the Australian National Heritage List on 4 August 2009 having satisfied the following criteria. Criterion A: Events, Processes Elizabeth Springs is one of a suite of important artesian discharge springs in the Great Artesian Basin for endemic fish, invertebrates (including hydrobiid gastropod molluscs) and plants, and has also been ranked by CSIRO as a nationally "significant" semi-arid and arid refugia in Australia for regional endemics of aquatic invertebrates (isopods, ostracods, and hydrobiid molluscs) and fish. GAB artesian springs are important for illustrating the role of evolutionary refugia for relict species,Morton et al, 1995, p.

In the last decades of the 20th century geologists identified a few Hadean rocks from western Greenland, northwestern Canada, and Western Australia. In 2015, traces of carbon minerals interpreted as "remains of biotic life" were found in 4.1-billion-year-old rocks in Western Australia. The oldest dated zircon crystals, enclosed in a metamorphosed sandstone conglomerate in the Jack Hills of the Narryer Gneiss Terrane of Western Australia, date to 4.404 ± 0.008 Ga. This zircon is a slight outlier, with the oldest consistently-dated zircon falling closer to 4.35 Ga—around 200 million years after the hypothesized time of the Earth's formation. In many other areas, xenocryst (or relict) Hadean zircons enclosed in older rocks indicate that younger rocks have formed on older terranes and have incorporated some of the older material.

All agree that the Black Forest, which extended east from the Rhine valley, formed the western side of the Hercynian. Across the Rhine to the west extended the Silva Carbonaria and the forest of the Ardennes. All these old- growth forests of antiquity represented the original post-glacial temperate broadleaf forest ecosystem of Europe. Relict tracts of this once-continuous forest exist with many local names: the Black Forest, the Ardennes, the Bavarian Forest, the Vosges, the Eifel, the Jura Mountains, the Swabian Jura, the Franconian Jura, the Polish Jura, the Palatinate Forest, the Teutoburg Forest, the Argonne Forest the Odenwald, the Spessart, the Rhön, the Thuringian Forest, the Harz, the Rauhe Alb, the Steigerwald, the Fichtelgebirge, the Erzgebirge, the Riesengebirge, the Bohemian Forest, and the forested Carpathians.

The Rainforests of the Atsinanana is a World Heritage Site that was inscribed in 2007 and consists of 13 specific areas in six national parks in the eastern part of Madagascar: # Marojejy National Park # Masoala National Park # Zahamena National Park # Ranomafana National Park # Andringitra National Park # Andohahela National Park The Rainforests of the Atsinanana are distributed along the eastern part of the island. These relict forests are critically important for maintaining ongoing ecological processes necessary for the survival of Madagascar’s unique biodiversity, which reflects the island’s geological history. Having completed its separation from all other land masses more than 60 million years ago, Madagascar’s plant and animal life evolved in isolation. The rainforests are inscribed for their importance to both ecological and biological processes as well as their biodiversity and the threatened species they support.

Several Neanderthal-like fossils in Eurasia from a similar time period are often grouped into H. heidelbergensis, of which some may be relict populations of earlier humans, which could have interbred with Denisovans. This is also used to explain an approximately 124,000 year old German Neanderthal specimen with mtDNA that diverged from other Neanderthals (except for Sima de los Huesos) about 270,000 years ago, while its genomic DNA indicated divergence less than 150,000 years ago. Sequencing of the genome of a Denisovan from Denisova Cave has shown that 17% of its genome derives from Neanderthals. This Neanderthal DNA more closely resembled that of a 120,000 year old Neanderthal bone from the same cave than that of Neanderthals from Vindija Cave, Croatia, or Mezmaiskaya Cave in the Caucasus, suggesting that interbreeding was local.

That awareness, not only that he was a relict specimen as an individual, but that the entire culture was suffering entropy, may have come through his poems in a manner that would suggest at first that he was writing about his mortal end. Besides the personal and cultural lament, Awoonor also shrewdly decried what he would have considered the decadent spectre of Western influences (religions, social organisation and economic philosophy) on the history and fortunes of African people in general. He would lambast the thoughtless exuberance with which Africans themselves embraced such things, and gradually engineered what he would have considered a self-degradation that went far beyond a loss of cultural identity. He would often construct his writings to look at these things through the lens of his own Ewe culture.

"Fossil" meteorites are sometimes discovered by geologists. They represent the deeply weathered remains of meteorites that fell to Earth in the remote past and were preserved in sedimentary deposits sufficiently well that they can be recognized through mineralogical and geochemical studies. One limestone quarry in Sweden has produced an anomalously large number (more than a hundred) fossil meteorites from the Ordovician, nearly all of which are deeply weathered L-chondrites that still resemble the original meteorite under a petrographic microscope, but which have had their original material almost entirely replaced by terrestrial secondary mineralization. The extraterrestrial provenance was demonstrated in part through isotopic analysis of relict spinel grains, a mineral that is common in meteorites, is insoluble in water, and is able to persist chemically unchanged in the terrestrial weathering environment.

This species, the only Dolomedes known from the Chatham Islands, is classified as having a relict population status, due to it surviving in less than 10% of its previously known habitat. It was probably present on the main Chatham Island prior to human settlement, as it is found on mouse-free Houruakopara Island which is only 200 m offshore. The other two islands in its current range, Mangere and Rangatira, are now free of introduced mammals and have restricted access to maintain their predator-free status; Rangatira was farmed up to the 1960s, but cats, mice, and rats were never introduced there. The Rangatira spider was first described from specimens collected on Pitt Island, but despite substantial surveys it has not been seen there since the early 1900s.

Perhaps a warm period during the Quaternary enabled the rice rat to disperse northward and when the climate cooled, relict populations were able to survive in the north as commensals in corn-cultivating Native American communities.Richards, 1980, pp. 429–430 Some subfossil animals are slightly larger than living marsh rice rats, possibly because environmental constraints were relaxed in commensal populations.Richards, 1980, pp. 426, 429 In Tamaulipas and southern Texas, the ranges of the marsh rice rat and the related Oryzomys couesi meet;Schmidt and Engstrom, 1994, p. 914 in parts of Kenedy, Willacy and Cameron counties, Texas, and in far northeastern Tamaulipas, the two are sympatric (occur in the same places).Schmidt and Engstrom, 1994, p. 916 In experimental conditions, they fail to interbreedSchmidt and Engstrom, 1994, pp.

Sheridan was the eldest child of former Chief Secretary for Ireland Thomas Sheridan and his wife Helen Appleby. Appleby was the daughter of Thomas Appleby of Linton-on- Ouse, Yorkshire, although she was rumoured by contemporaries to be an illegitimate child of James II,Geoghegan, V. Sheridan, Sir Thomas, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography and the Sheridans were consistent supporters of Stuart interests. They were an old Irish family originally from County Cavan; Sheridan's grandfather, Dionysius or Denis Sheridan, had converted to Protestantism in his youth and became vicar of Killasher under the patronage of Bishop Bedell. The extended family were part of a relict group of Protestant Ormondist Tories who continued to adhere to the Jacobite cause in Ireland.O Ciardha (2002) Ireland and the Jacobite cause, 1685-1766, Four Courts, p.

Fritware refers to a type of pottery which was first developed in the Near East, where production is dated to the late first millennium AD through the second millennium AD. Frit was a significant ingredient. A recipe for “fritware” dating to c. 1300 AD written by Abu’l Qasim reports that the ratio of quartz to “frit-glass” to white clay is 10:1:1.A.K. Bernsted 2003, Early Islamic Pottery: Materials and Techniques, London: Archetype Publications Ltd., 25; R.B. Mason and M.S. Tite 1994, "The Beginnings of Islamic Stonepaste Technology," Archaeometry 36.1: 77 This type of pottery has also been referred to as “stonepaste” and “faience” among other names.Mason and Tite 1994, 77. A ninth-century corpus of “proto-stonepaste” from Baghdad has “relict glass fragments” in its fabric.Mason and Tite 1994, 79-80.

The bezoar ibex is found in the mountains of Asia Minor and across the Middle East. It is also found on some Aegean islands and in Crete, where it is accepted that the goats constitute relict populations of very early domestic animals that were taken to the Mediterranean islands during the prehistoric period and now live as feral populations. The bezoar ibex, if not the sole progenitor of the modern domestic goat, is at least its main progenitor.A Natural History Of Domesticated Mammals By Juliet Clutton-Brock, Natural History Museum (London, England) Edition: 2, illustrated, revised Published by Cambridge University Press, 1999 , 978-0-521-63495-3 The archaeological evidence traces goat domestication as far back as 10,500 years Before Present, and DNA evidence suggests 10,000 years BP.

The Shoalwater Bay Military Training Area represents the largest coastal wilderness between Nadgee in southern New South Wales and the Cape Melville/Starcke Holding Area on Cape York Peninsula.The place is significant in demonstrating a range of coastal, sub-coastal and aquatic landscapes and ecosystems, which occur in a relatively natural state and which generally, exhibit a high degree of integrity and diversity. As such, the place is of national importance to the maintenance and demonstration of geomorphological, ecological and biological processes of the coastal and coastal hinterland environment. The place is of geomorphological significance as an example of the evolution of sandy landscapes in the humid tropics/sub-tropics and contains some of the finest examples on the Queensland coast of a variety of relict parabolic dunes, inter-dune sand plains, dunes on tombolo barriers and strand plains.

This population is believed to be a relict from the Pleistocene epoch when the climate was cooler and wetter. Small, isolated populations also occur east of the Pacific Coast such as in the inland coniferous rainforests of British Columbia's Columbia Mountains (interior wet-belt), just west of the Canadian Rockies, and have been seen at lower elevations near creeks and damp areas of Mount Revelstoke National Park. Small populations of banana slugs have also been seen along creek and damp areas of the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada mountains to the north of Yosemite National Park in California. Slug densities in these outlying areas in the Columbia Mountains, Sierra Nevada Mountains, and areas south of Santa Cruz are low compared to densities in the coastal coniferous rainforest belt and are rather restricted to damp areas near creeks, ravines, and gullies.

Piperia yadonii was named for Vern Yadon, former longtime director of the Pacific Grove Museum of Natural History. The Monterey Peninsula, where all colonies of Yadon's piperia occur, is recognized to have a high degree of species endemicism. Species with more northern ranges often reach their southern limits on the Peninsula; species with more southern affinities reach their northern limits there as well. On the Monterey Peninsula some taxa comprising habitat for P. yadonii, such as the coastal closed-cone pines and cypresses are relict stands, e.g. species that once extended more widely in the mesic climate of the late Pleistocene period, but then retreated to small pockets of cooler and wetter conditions along the coast ranges during the hotter, drier early Holocene period between 6000 and 2000 BC.C.I. Millar, Reconsidering the Conservation of Monterey Pine.

The Miller Hotel, located at 197 W. Third St. in Long Pine, Nebraska, was built in 1895 as a single family house and was expanded into a hotel in 1914. As of 1989, when it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, it was the only hotel building surviving in Long Pine, out of 10 known to have existed. It became the only historic site in Brown County, Nebraska to be listed on the National Register. It was deemed significant "on a regional level...for its association with the commercial development of Long Pine and with the building boom of second generation hotels that occurred on a statewide basis during the first quarter of the twentieth century" and on a statewide level "as an extraordinarily well preserved relict example of the Longitudinal Block hotel".

Walbaum, 1792, is recognized and cited as the authority. The family Polyodontidae comprises five described species: three extinct species from western North America, one recently extinct species from China (the Chinese paddlefish, Psephurus gladius), and one extant species, the American paddlefish (Polyodon spathula), native to the Mississippi River Basin in the United States, American paddlefish are the only living species in the genus Polyodon. They are often referred to as primitive fish, or relict species, because of morphological characteristics they retain from some of their early ancestors as evidenced in the fossil record which dates them back to the Late Cretaceous, 70 to 75million years ago. Some of their primitive characteristics include a skeleton composed primarily of cartilage, and a deeply forked heterocercal caudal fin similar to that of sharks, although they are not closely related.

Although in modern times speakers of various Dravidian languages have mainly occupied the southern portion of India, Dravidian speakers must have been widespread throughout the Indian subcontinent before the Indo-Aryan migration into the subcontinent. According to Horen Tudu, "many academic researchers have attempted to connect the Dravidians with the remnants of the great Indus Valley Civilisation, located in Northwestern India... but [i]t is mere speculation that the Dravidians are the ensuing post–Indus Valley settlement of refugees into South and Central India." The most noteworthy scholar making such claims is Asko Parpola, who did extensive research on the IVC-scripts. The Brahui population of Balochistan in Pakistan has been taken by some as the linguistic equivalent of a relict population, perhaps indicating that Dravidian languages were formerly much more widespread and were supplanted by the incoming Indo-Aryan languages.

However, the fossil record indicates that the golden jackal likely colonised the European continent from Asia during the Upper Holocene or late Pleistocene. In 2015, during an attempt to understand the genetic identity of the rapidly expanding jackal populations in Europe, an international team of researchers examined 15 microsatellite markers and a 406 base-pair fragment of the mtDNA control region from the tissue samples of 97 specimens throughout Europe and Asia Minor. The results showed that jackals from Europe have much lower haplotype diversity than those in Israel (where they have admixed with dogs, grey wolves and African wolves), and that they mostly descend from populations originating from the Caucasus. The highest level of haplotype diversity was found in Peloponnesian jackals, which may represent another relict population of Europe's original golden jackals prior to their extirpation elsewhere.

The precise, absolute age of the Corossol structure remains undetermined. It geological setting and cross-cutting relationships indicate that it was created long after the Middle Ordovician (470 million years ago) and before the accumulation of glacial till and creation of streamlined lineations, which are interpreted as subglacially produced mega-scale glacial lineations, on its surface. The relict cuestas and evidence of fluvial erosion observed on the outer walls of the structure, imply it was formed during one of the periods of regional lowstand of sea level prior to the Quaternary glaciations. In 2013, it was stated that the Corossol structure is related to a proposed impact event that is hypothesized to have taken place at the start of the Younger Dryas Episode and it supports the hypothesis that a meteorite impact triggered this cooling episode.

Leopard attacking an ostrich on a mosaic from Roman Syria Its range seems to have been continuous in prehistoric times, but with the drying- up of the Arabian Peninsula, it disappeared from the inhospitable areas of the Arabian Desert, such as the Rub' al Khali. In historic times, the bird seems to have occurred in two discrete relict populations: a smaller one in the southeast of the Arabian PeninsulaPaul Yule, Die Gräberfelder in Samad al-Shān (Sultanat Oman) Materialien zu einer Kulturgeschichte, Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, Orient-Abteilung, Orient-Archäologie vol. 4, Rahden 2001. Ostrich eggs came to light at ʿIbrī/Selme, Maṣīrah grave Mas22, Samad al-Shan graves S101110, S2174, S2184, S21112, S21118, mostly of the 2nd millennium BC Wadi Suq Period and a larger one in the area where today the borders of Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Iraq and Syria meet.

Swan Island's natural vegetation includes areas of coastal scrub, relict patches of coastal woodland and extensive areas of saltmarsh. The island is part of the Swan Bay and Port Phillip Bay Islands Important Bird Area, identified as such by BirdLife International because of its importance for orange-bellied parrots, waders and seabirds. It is ornithologically notable for the critically endangered orange-bellied parrot, for which the saltmarsh serves as one of its few regular wintering sites. Sand Island contains saltmarsh-fringed lagoons bordered in the east by colonising shrubs and grasses on newly formed dunes; its accreting eastern beach, now connected to Swan Island, forms an important high tide roosting area for the migratory waders that feed on the Swan Bay mudflats at low tide, while the lagoons are much used by black swans and other waterbirds.

The narratives on Nathaniel Batts living a solitary life on the island and having a close friendship with Kickowanna is not confirmed by review of primary sources. The narrative appears to originate from the book “Literature in the Albemarle” by Bettie Freshwater Pool, published in 1915, who recounts the “Legend of Batz’s Grave,” a story about a trader named Jesse Batz who fell in love with a Chowanoke maiden named Kickowanna. Ms. Pool referenced a Col. R. B. Creecy’s book entitled “Grandfather’s Tales” written in 1902 as her source. Col. Creecy was born in 1813 at Drummond’s Point on the Albemarle Sound and lived till at least 1905. Nathaniel was dead by December 1679, for on December 5, 1679, Joseph Chew, who married the relict of the dec’d, applied to administer the estate of Nathaniel Batts.

This resulting isolation, in many cases, can be seen as only a temporary state; however, some refugia may be longstanding, thereby having many endemic species, not found elsewhere, which survive as relict populations. The Indo- Pacific Warm Pool has been proposed to be a longstanding refugium, based on the discovery of the "living fossil" of a marine dinoflagellate called Dapsilidinium pastielsii, currently found in the Indo-Pacific Warm Pool only. In anthropology, refugia often refers specifically to Last Glacial Maximum refugia, where some ancestral human populations may have been forced back to glacial refugia (similar small isolated pockets on the face of the continental ice sheets) during the last glacial period. Going from west to east, suggested examples include the Franco-Cantabrian region (in northern Iberia), the Italian and Balkan peninsulas, the Ukrainian LGM refuge, and the Bering Land Bridge.

Some families that have few species, but are distributed too in the Americas, showing its ancient related origin, are typically in wet areas and occur as relict species in wet Islands wideworld, with several families including Phyllanthaceae, Hernandiaceae, Lauraceae, Ebenaceae with Mauritius ebony, Diospyros tesselaria. The increasing disappearance of young calvaria trees, is suggested due to Cylindraspis tortoises, fruit bats or the broad-billed parrot could have been dispersing the seeds. The Tambalacoque (Sideroxylon grandiflorum), often called the dodo tree, is also threatened with extinction, although this is principally as a result of unripened seed destruction by the introduced crab-eating macaque (Macaca fascicularis) rather than any connection to a reliance on the dodo to assist with seed germination after the seeds passed through the extinct bird's digestive tract. In the Mascarenes, the angiosperms with 22 species have 21 endemic.

Captives at Alice Springs Desert Park, located in the bats earlier range The ghost bat was once widely distributed throughout Australia, and became restricted to a sparser population across northern regions. The species was recorded three more times in the twenty years that followed its discovery, two at Alice Springs and one in the Pilbrara. Attempts to survey the distribution range began in 1961, when its earlier status as a relict and rare species was revised to indicate it was more widespread and disappearing in regions where it was known within living memory; Hedley Finlayson interviewed Pitjanjarra elders (Anangu people) who knew of the species in the Musgrave, Mann and Tomkinson Ranges and not seen for forty years. The species had been observed across the central regions of Australia, and the desiccated remains have been found on cave floors in the Flinders Ranges.

Of particular note were the only detailed behavioral and anatomical observations of Steller's sea cow, a large sirenian mammal that once ranged across the Northern Pacific during the Ice Ages, but whose surviving relict population was confined to the shallow kelp beds around the Commander Islands, and which was driven to extinction within 30 years of discovery by Europeans. Based on these and other observations, Steller later wrote De Bestiis Marinis ('On the Beasts of the Sea'), describing the fauna of the island, including the northern fur seal, the sea otter, Steller's sea lion, Steller's sea cow, Steller's eider and the spectacled cormorant. Steller claimed the only recorded sighting of the marine cryptid Steller's sea ape. In early 1742, the crew used salvaged material from the St. Peter to construct a new vessel to return to Avacha Bay and nicknamed it The Bering.

In primates, the combination of opposing thumbs, short fingernails (rather than claws) and long, inward-closing fingers is a relict of the ancestral practice of gripping branches, and has, in part, allowed some species to develop brachiation (swinging by the arms from tree limb to tree limb) as a significant means of locomotion. Prosimians have clawlike nails on the second toe of each foot, called toilet-claws, which they use for grooming. The primate collar bone is a prominent element of the pectoral girdle; this allows the shoulder joint broad mobility. Compared to Old World monkeys, apes have more mobile shoulder joints and arms due to the dorsal position of the scapula, broad ribcages that are flatter front-to-back, a shorter, less mobile spine, and with lower vertebrae greatly reduced - resulting in tail loss in some species.

In 1829, the authorities permitted him to extend his surname: The London Gazette announced this: Whitehall, 22 January 1829.The London Gazette, Friday, 23 January 1829, no. 18543 :The King has been pleased to give and grant unto Thomas Challoner Bisse of Portnall-park, in the parish of Egham, in the county of Surrey, , Lieutenant-Colonel-Commandant of the 4th Royal Regiment of Surrey Local Militia, His Majesty's royal licence and authority, that he may (in testimony of his respect for the memory of his maternal great-aunt Lydia, widow and relict of George Challoner, of Hales-hall, in the parish of Cheadle, in the county of Stafford, under whose will he derives considerable property) assume and use the surname of Challoner, in addition to and after that of Bisse, and also bear the arms of Challoner quarterly with those of Bisse, ...

Gara-Gel State Reserve or Qaragol State Reserve was established on the area of 240 hectares in 1987 for protection and preservation of rare ecological system of the lake of glacial origin and natural complexes surrounding the water basin. The lake feeds mainly from rains and spring water. Lake Ishigli-Gara- Gel is situated at a height of 2, 658 m above sea level in the southern part of the Karabakh volcanic plateau near the foothills of several mountains with a height of 3, 200-3, 500 m. the lake is a relict water reservoir, which was formed in the crater of an extinct volcano. The length of the lake is 1,950 m, its maximum width is 1, 250 m, length of its coastline is 5, 500 m, maximum depth – 7.8 m, volume of water – 10 million m3, area of the lake 13 km2.

However, the sites where it was recorded are almost 200 km apart and separated by the much lower elevation of the Ganges valley near Rishikesh. If the species was not an ice age relict that originally evolved in lower-lying areas during a globally colder climate and was only encountered by Europeans in the last vestiges of its range and at the time of its extinction, the distance between the records argues for the species being a short-distance seasonal migrant with a fairly contiguous breeding distribution but disjunct winter quarters. As indicated by climate data from Mussoorie and Nainital, the records seem to suggest the species was present in these localities during the coldest (late January) and up to the hottest (late May to early July) time of the year. However, it was notably absent during the wet season (late June to mid-September).

This interpretation is consistent with the optically stimulated luminescence dates, which suggest that the Carolina bays are relict features that formed when the climate was colder, drier, and windier. Quaternary geologists and geomorphologists argue that the features of the Carolina bays can be readily explained by known terrestrial processes and repeated modification by eolian and lacustrine processes. Also, Quaternary geologists and geomorphologists have found a correspondence in time between when the active modification of the rims of Carolina bays most commonly occurred and when adjacent sand dunes were active during the Wisconsin glaciation between 15,000 and 40,000 years (Late Wisconsin) and 70,000 to 80,000 years BP (Early Wisconsin). In addition, Quaternary geologists and geomorphologists have found that the orientations of the Carolina bays are consistent with the wind patterns that existed during the Wisconsin glaciation, as reconstructed from the orientations of parabolic dunes in river valleys.

Poorly soluble hydrous ferric oxides are deposited at the surface of ice after the ferrous ions present in the unfrozen saltwater are oxidized in contact with atmospheric oxygen. The more soluble ferrous ions initially are dissolved in old seawater trapped in an ancient pocket remaining from the Antarctic Ocean when a fjord was isolated by the glacier in its progression during the Miocene period, some 5 million years ago when the sea level was higher than today. Unlike most Antarctic glaciers, the Taylor glacier is not frozen to the bedrock, probably because of the presence of salts concentrated by the crystallization of the ancient seawater imprisoned below it. Salt cryo- concentration occurred in the deep relict seawater when pure ice crystallised and expelled its dissolved salts as it cooled down because of the heat exchange of the captive liquid seawater with the enormous ice mass of the glacier.

On the east coast, the Eastern Bristlebird occupies a wider range of habitats in relict pockets of far south-east Queensland and northern New South Wales, and coastal fringes south of Sydney to the Victorian border. The Rufous Bristlebird's range is dense coastal shrub and heathland in far south-west Victoria and extreme east South Australia. The least-shy member of the family, the newly discovered subspecies caryochrous, occurs in open eucalyptus forest with dense understorey in the Otway range, but is also found in car parks, tracks and gardens along the edges of its dense habitat. Gould's description of the Eastern Bristlebird's habitat as "reed-beds and thickets, particularly such as are overgrown with creepers and vegetation" captures the density of coastal heath scrub and grasslands favoured by the Dasyornithidae, although not the fire-dependence of these environments, which require burning to prevent the trees shading out the grass component.

Such sightings in modern context, when able to be investigated further, have been universally identified as introduced domestic cats gone feral -- natural selection tends favour proportions, markings and behaviours more commonly associated with actual wild species, after only a few generations in the wild.. The domestic cat was introduced to Australia some hundreds of years ago, and have dispersed (and been dispersed) nationally, with only some islands remaining free from the declared pest. Thylacoleo, an animal of similar size and predatory habits, did live in Australia as recently as the late Pleistocene period, perhaps coexisting with the very first humans that arrived at Australia who were the ancestors of modern Australian Aboriginals. However, scientists estimate that Thylacoleo became extinct 30,000 years ago. Modern sightings of an animal described as remarkably like Thylacoleo have led some researchers to speculate that a small relict population has somehow survived in remote areas.

A forest in SichuanBamboo forest in Lushan, China1000-year-old Cercidiphyllum japonicumThe Eastern Asiatic Region (also known as Oriasiaticum, Sino-Japanese Region, East Asian Region, Temperate Eastern Region) is the richest floristic region within the Holarctic Kingdom and situated in temperate East Asia. It has been recognized as a natural floristic area since 1872 August Grisebach's volume Die Vegetation der Erde and later delineated by such geobotanists as Ludwig Diels, Adolf Engler (as Temperate Eastern region), Ronald Good (as Sino-Japanese Region) and Armen Takhtajan. The Eastern Asiatic Region is dominated by very old lineages of gymnosperms and woody plant families and is thought to be the cradle of the Holarctic flora. Moreover, this floristic region wasn't significantly glaciated in the Pleistocene, and many relict Tertiary genera (such as Metasequoia glyptostroboides, ancestors of which were once common throughout the Northern Hemisphere up to subpolar latitudes) found refuge here.

The circulation of hydrothermal fluids through young oceanic crust causes serpentinization, alteration of the peridotites and alteration of minerals in the gabbros and basalts to lower temperature assemblages. For example, plagioclase, pyroxenes, and olivine in the sheeted dikes and lavas will alter to albite, chlorite, and serpentine, respectively. Often, ore bodies such as iron-rich sulfide deposits are found above highly altered epidosites (epidote-quartz rocks) that are evidence of (the now-relict) black smokers, which continue to operate within the seafloor spreading centers of ocean ridges today. Thus there is reason to believe that ophiolites are indeed oceanic mantle and crust; however, certain problems arise when looking closer. Compositional differences regarding silica (SiO2) and titania (TiO2) contents, for example, place ophiolite basalts in the domain of subduction zones (~55% silica, <1% TiO2), whereas mid-ocean ridge basalts typically have ~50% silica and 1.5–2.5% TiO2.

Also related to the origins of haplogroup N is whether ancestral haplogroups M, N and R were part of the same migration out of Africa, or whether Haplogroup N left Africa via the Northern route through the Levant, and M left Africa via Horn of Africa. This theory was suggested because haplogroup N is by far the predominant haplogroup in Western Eurasia, and haplogroup M is absent in Western Eurasia, but is predominant in India and is common in regions East of India. However, the mitochondrial DNA variation in isolated "relict" populations in southeast Asia and among Indigenous Australians supports the view that there was only a single dispersal from Africa. Southeast Asian populations and Indigenous Australians all possess deep rooted clades of both haplogroups M and N. The distribution of the earliest branches within haplogroups M, N, and R across Eurasia and Oceania therefore supports a three-founder-mtDNA scenario and a single migration route out of Africa.

Engraving of the 13th century Fakr ad-Din Mosque built by Fakr ad-Din, the first Sultan of the Sultanate of Mogadishu Tradition and old records assert that southern Somalia, including the Mogadishu area, was inhabited very early by hunter-gatherers of Khoisan descent. Although most of these early inhabitants are believed to have been either overwhelmed, driven away or, in some cases, assimilated by later migrants to the area, physical traces of their occupation survive in certain ethnic minority groups inhabiting modern-day Jubaland and other parts of the south. The latter descendants include relict populations such as the Eile, Aweer, the Wa-Ribi, and especially the Wa-Boni. By the time of the arrival of peoples from the Cushitic Rahanweyn (Digil and Mirifle) clan confederacy, who would go on to establish a local aristocracy, other Cushitic groups affiliated with the Oromo (Wardai) and Ajuuraan (Ma'adanle) had already formed settlements of their own in the sub-region.

Due in part to its geography and climate, the Monterey Peninsula has not only a high degree of species endemism, but also presents a unique combination of non-endemic species due to overlap of species with more northerly versus more southerly ranges. Some taxa, such as the coastal closed- cone pines (which include Monterey Pine) and the Monterey Cypress are relict stands, i.e. species that once extended more widely in the mesic climate of the late Pleistocene epoch, but then retreated to small pockets of cooler and moister conditions along the coast ranges during the hotter, drier early and middle Holocene epoch between 6000 and 2000 BC.C.I. Millar, Reconsidering the Conservation of Monterey Pine. Fremontia 26(3):12–16 (1998) According to the maps of the United States Geological Survey, the highest elevation of the peninsula, 250 meters (825 feet) above sea level, is on the north-south ridge that runs the length of the peninsula.

Although Coon spent some time planning the logistics, in the end neither materialised. Coon believed that cryptid "Wild Men" were relict populations of Pleistocene apes and that, if their existence could be proved scientifically, they would lend support to his theory of the separate origins of human races. Cultural historian Colin Dickey has argued that the search for Sasquatch and Yeti are inextricably linked to racism: "For an anthropologist like Coon, invested in finding some sort of scientific basis to justify his racism, Wild Men lore offered a compelling narrative, a chance to prove a scientific basis for his white supremacy." It has also been speculated that the Yeti expeditions that Coon was involved with were cover for American espionage in Nepal and Tibet, since both he and Slick had links to US intelligence agencies, and Byrne was allegedly involved in the extraction of the 14th Dalai Lama from Tibet by the CIA in 1959.

The vestry book of St. Audeon's Church, Dublin states at 16 April 1681 that in a recess on the northern side of the church door, a corner of the north-west part of the church (now the vestibule) was railed off with "a rail and banister", for the Parry family burial place. It measured 14 feet by 8 feet and a rent of forty shillings a year was due for it by the Parry family, which was split fifty-fifty between the Prebendary and Churchwardens of St. Audeons. It acquired the name of the "Bishop of Ossory's Chapel". Many generations of the Parrys were buried in this tomb, which, having become defaced by time, was, on the repair of the Church in 1848, surmounted with an inscribed white marble slab at the expense of Dr. John Parry's representatives, Dame Emma Elizabeth Puleston of Albrighton Hall, Shropshire, relict of Sir Richard Puleston, Bart.

William Lang, aged 52 (the patriarch) was drowned in 1840 while travelling from Newcastle to Sydney in a small coastal vessel. Cecily Mitchell puts his death in April 1830 and offers the following description of the circumstances surrounding his death: > "William Lang was to make a visit to Sydney to attend the May meeting of the > Sydney College Committee. He could not get a berth on the usual packet so > accepted passage on a very small vessel. During the night a southerly gale > blew up, the vessel wrecked and William was drowned." In the Weekly Register, 10 August 1844: " DEATH: On 5th inst. At the residence of her son, Mr Andrew Lang, of Dunmore, Hunter's River, in the 75th year of her age, Mrs Mary Dunmore Lang, relict of Mr William Lang of Sydney, and mother of Dr. Lang." Andrew Lang married Emily Caswell in Maitland Presbyterian Church on 8 November 1849 at the age of 45. Emily Caswell was from the nearby property of Ballicara.

These animals were unknown to the rest of the world, but familiar to and used by the local Bon-po people, Peissel and his crew obtained blood samples from the herd for DNA testing; the samples were given to Steven Harrison, a geneticist at the Royal Agricultural College in Cirencester, England. The horse was named by European explorers after its home region, Riwoqê County, in Kham, northeastern Tibet. A British equine psychologist accompanying the expedition, Dr. Ignasi Casas, theorized that the Riwoche horse was a relict population of wild horses due to living in near-complete isolation from other breeds for a very long time. Other hypotheses suggested that it is might be an evolutionary link between the prehistoric horse and the domesticated horse,"Resurrecting the dead" Down to Earth February 14, 1996 but testing did not reveal genetic divergence from other horses, which was in line with news reports that the horses were domesticated, used as pack and riding animals by the local residents.

They also did not find it feasible to assume that the layered deposits were consistent with the materials comprising their valley walls, but did note that some canyon wall landslide material would inevitably become incorporated into these layered deposits in the case of a depositional origin. Notably, Nedell and co-workers could not firmly support or oppose a volcanic origin for the deposits, identifying no calderas associated with any of the layered deposits, including Ganges Mensa. However, they noted that the presence of some central structure—either volcanic and/or relict—could account for the large sizes of these layered deposits relative to the amount of debris one might typically expect to deposit in a lacustrine environment. Goro Komatsu and Robert G. Strom of the University of Arizona submitted an abstract to the 21st Lunar and Planetary Science Conference in 1990 to discuss recent observations about the geology of layered terrains on the mesa with possible volcanic intrusions.

32 Ideology and status of Sanskrit : contributions to the history of the Sanskrit language by Jan E M Houben who call themselves immigrants.P. 45 The Brahui language, an old Dravidian language spoken in parts of Baluchistan and Sind by Sir Denys Bray Holding this same view of the Brahui are many scholars Ancient India; Culture and Thought By M. L. Bhagi such as L.H. Horace Perera and M.Ratnasabapathy.P. 23 Ceylon & Indian History from Early Times to 1505 A.D. By L. H. Horace Perera, M. Ratnasabapathy The Brahui population of Pakistan's Balochistan province has been taken by some as the linguistic equivalent of a relict population, perhaps indicating that Dravidian languages were formerly much more widespread and were supplanted by the incoming Indo-Aryan languages. However, it has been argued that the absence of any Old Iranian (Avestan) loanwords in Brahui suggests that the Brahui migrated to Balochistan from central India less than 1,000 years ago.

The vestry book of St. Audeon’s Church, Dublin states at 16 April 1681 that in a recess on the northern side of the church door, a corner of the north-west part of the church (now the vestibule) was railed off with "a rail and banister," for the Parry family burial place. It measured 14 feet by 8 feet and a rent of forty shillings a year was due for it by the Parry family, which was split fifty- fifty between the Prebendary and Churchwardens of St. Audeons. It acquired the name of the "Bishop of Ossory's Chapel". Many generations of the Parrys were buried in this tomb, which, having become defaced by time, was, on the repair of the Church in 1848, surmounted with an inscribed white marble slab at the expense of Dr. John Parry's representatives, Dame Emma Elizabeth Puleston of Albrighton Hall, Shropshire, relict of Sir Richard Puleston, Bart.

Reports date back to pre-settlement days when the local Cree had a legend about people who ventured into the monster's territory vanishing without a trace. There is speculation that the Monster sightings may be attributed to sightings of an unusually large lake sturgeon, or a relict population of prehistoric plesiosaurs. There was also a report of man seeing the creature while on the Lake with his grandson and daughter. They say they saw the Monster about 12 metres away, saying "Its head came up, its back came up and it sort of rolled over we never saw the tail and its head looked like a seahorse." Gord Sedgewick - Fisheries Biologist, Ministry of Environment has written: Much has been reported and written over the years about the Turtle Lake “monster” (although nothing has been reported in recent years). Over the years, people fishing in the open water have reported sightings of a big “thing” swimming near their boat.

Douglas claims in his monograph on the birds of South Westland (c. 1899) that he shot and ate two raptors of immense size on the Haast River valley or Landsborough River (possibly during the late 1870s or 1880s): > The expanse of wing of this bird will scarcely be believed. I shot two on > the Haast, one was from tip to tip, the other was , but with all their > expanse of wing they have very little lifting power, as a large hawk can > only lift a duck for a few feet, so no one need get up any of those legends > about birds carrying babies out of cradles, as the eagle is of doing. In light of Douglas' generally trustworthy, detailed observations and measurements as a surveyor, it has been hypothesised by paleozoologist, Trevor H. Worthy, that the dead birds may have represented a biological relict or remnant of the otherwise extinct Haast's eagle.

This lordship was held of the Montforts soon after the Conquest, by the de Bukenham family which took its name from the manor. William de Bukenham, son of Sir Ralph de Bukenham, had a charter for free-warren here, in Ellingham, and Illington, 38th Henry III and before this, in the 4th of King John, a fine was levied between William de Bukenham tenant, and Petronilla de Mortimer, petent, of the advowson of the church of Bukenham-Parva, and the moiety of a mill. In the 3d year of King Edward I Simon de Nevyle was lord, and had the assize of bread and beer of his tenants, and was patron of the church. In 1300, Hubert Hacon held it, and presented; after this, Margery, relict of Roger Cosyn of Elyngham-Magna, presented in 1313, as lady of the manor; and in 1323, John Polys of Wilton; but in 1337, Sir Simon de Hederset, Knt.

Cockfield Hall Charles was the son of Sir William Blois, of Grundisburgh Hall and his first wife Martha Brooke (died 1657), daughter of Sir Robert Brooke (1572-1646) of Cockfield Hall and his wife Elizabeth. However as his mother died very soon after his birth, Charles's father remarried to Jane Barnardiston (daughter of Sir Nathaniel Barnardiston (1588-1653) of Kedington, Suffolk), who had previous been married to Charles's uncle John Brooke, brother of Martha. Jane was therefore the only mother that he knew.E. Farrer, 'The Blois MSS', Proceedings of the Suffolk Institute of Archaeology and Natural History XIV Part 2 (1911), pp. 147-226, at p. 150 (Society's pdf). The principal heir to Cockfield Hall, his uncle Robert Brooke, died in 1669 in a bathing accident in the river Rhone in France. Charles's father Sir William Blois dying in 1676 (when Abigail Hodges, Sir William's sister, disputed the estate with Jane Blois, the relict),Will and Sentence of Sir William Blois of City of London (both P.C.C. 1676, Bence quire).

The Macedonian side of Lake Ohrid was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO at the 3rd Session of the World Heritage Committee in 1979UNESCO World Heritage Committee (1979) Report of the Rapporteur on the Third Session of the World Heritage Committee. and holds that status under Criterion VII as a superlative natural phenomenon related to its refuge function for relict and world-unique freshwater species, and its rich bird life. The lake became part of a mixed Natural and Cultural World Heritage Site in 1980 when the city of Ohrid in Macedonia was also designated with UNESCO status for its architectural, artistic and religious values. Concern over current and potential deterioration of the World Heritage Site prompted invitation of a joint Reactive Monitoring Mission by the World Heritage Centre, IUCN and ICOMOS in April 2017, which identified a wide range of pressures including from transport infrastructure, traffic, tourism developments, overfishing, sewerage, solid waste disposal, invasive species, both legal and illegal construction, and management of water levels. The mission report devised 19 recommendations for Macedonia, which were incorporated under Decision 41 COM 7B.

Plescia observed the outflow channels of Elysium Planitia, noting the presence of streamlined islands, but highlighted the absence of regional-scale anastomosis in its channels, distinguishing them morphologically from those of the circum- Chryse region. He speculated that the streamlined islands were indicative of a relict bedrock floor that preceded the formation of the volcanic "Cerberus Plains", and that the characteristic anastomosing channels of the Chryse channels had been buried under flood lava flows. David H. Scott and Mary G. Chapman of the United States Geological Survey published an examination of Elysium Planitia in 1991, including an updated geologic map of the region, proposing that Elysium Planitia was a basin that held a paleolake, interpreting the features in what they dubbed the "Elysium Basin" as sedimentary in origin. In 1992, John K. Harmon, Michael P. Sulzer, Phillip J. Perillat (of the Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico) and John F. Chandler (of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics near Boston, Massachusetts) reported the creation of large-scale radar reflectivity maps made of the Martian surface when Mars and Earth were in opposition in 1990.

Steller's sea cow was discovered in 1741 by Georg Wilhelm Steller, and was named after him. Steller researched the wildlife of Bering Island while he was shipwrecked there for about a year; the animals on the island included relict populations of sea cows, sea otters, Steller sea lions, and northern fur seals. As the crew hunted the animals to survive, Steller described them in detail. Steller's account was included in his posthumous publication De bestiis marinis, or The Beasts of the Sea, which was published in 1751 by the Russian Academy of Sciences in Saint Petersburg. Zoologist Eberhard von Zimmermann formally described Steller's sea cow in 1780 as Manati gigas. Biologist Anders Jahan Retzius in 1794 put the sea cow in the new genus Hydrodamalis, with the specific name of stelleri, in honor of Steller. In 1811, naturalist Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger reclassified Steller's sea cow into the genus Rytina, which many writers at the time adopted. The name Hydrodamalis gigas, the correct combinatio nova if a separate genus is recognised, was first used in 1895 by Theodore Sherman Palmer.

Because of the changes in the Earth's climate over the last fifty million years, soils formed under tropical rainforest (or even savanna) have become exposed to increasingly arid climates which cause former oxisols, ultisols or even alfisols to dry out in such a manner that a very hard crust is formed. This process has occurred so extensively in most parts of Australia as to restrict soil development - the former soil is effectively the parent material for a new soil, but it is so unweatherable that only a very poorly developed soil can exist in present dry climates, especially when they have become much drier during glacial periods in the Quaternary. In other parts of Australia, and in many parts of Africa, drying out of former soils has not been so severe. This has led to large areas of relict podsols in quite dry climates in the far southern inland of Australia (where temperate rainforest was formerly dominant) and to the formation of torrox soils (a suborder of oxisols) in southern Africa.

The first generation came a few decades before and especially during the three political visits of Kaiser Wilhelm II to Constantinople (Istanbul), the capital city of the Ottoman Empire (on 21 October 1889, and on 5 October 1898, as the guest of Sultan Abdülhamid II; and on 15 October 1917, as the guest of Sultan Mehmed V). The Taksim German Hospital was opened in 1852. Most of the initial German settlers in Istanbul were craftsmen, industrialists and soldiers. Baron Colmar Freiherr von der Goltz, also known as Goltz Pasha, who was the chief advisor of the Ottoman Army for many years; and General Otto Liman von Sanders, who was a successful commander of the Ottoman Army during World War I, may be the most famous of them in the military field. Haydarpaşa Terminal Some of the most beautiful Bosporus villas, such as the Krupp and Huber Villa; or the German Fountain (1900) and Haydarpaşa Railway StationEmporis: Haydarpaşa Train Station, Istanbul (1908) in Istanbul are still a relict of the German influence in the late Ottoman Empire.

Adult in the Magadan Nature Reserve, Russia, a part of the species' breeding range Steller's sea eagle breeds on the Kamchatka Peninsula, the coastal area around the Sea of Okhotsk, the lower reaches of the Amur River and on northern Sakhalin and the Shantar Islands, Russia. The majority of birds winter south of their breeding range, in the southern Kuril Islands, Russia and Hokkaidō, Japan. The Steller's sea eagle is less prone to vagrancy than the white-tailed eagle, as it lacks the long-range dispersal typical of juveniles of that species, but vagrant eagles have been found in North America, at locations including the Pribilof Islands and Kodiak Island, and inland in Asia to as far as Beijing in China and Yakutsk in Russia's Sakha Republic, and south to as far as Taiwan. The large body size (see also Bergmann's rule) and distribution of Steller's sea eagle suggests it is a glacial relict, meaning it evolved in a narrow subarctic zone of the northeasternmost Asian coasts, which shifted its latitude according to ice age cycles, and never occurred anywhere else.

The Central Asian Flyway covers at least 279 migratory waterbird populations of 182 species, including 29 globally threatened species and near-threatened species that breed, migrate and spend the non-breeding winter period within the region. Species such as the Baer's pochard :critically endangered - Northern bald ibis, white-bellied heron, Baer's pochard and :endangered - greater adjutant and :vulnerable - black- necked crane, Indian skimmer, lesser adjutant, masked finfoot, Socotra cormorant, wood snipe and :near threatened - black-headed ibis, lesser flamingo, pygmy cormorant, white-eyed gull are completely or largely restricted to the Central Asian Flyway range. Sociable lapwingIn addition, the breeding range of some species including the :critically endangered - Siberian crane, slender-billed curlew, sociable lapwing, spoon-billed sandpiper and :endangered - red-breasted goose, Nordmann's greenshank, white-headed duck and :vulnerable - spot-billed pelican, Dalmatian pelican, lesser white-fronted goose, marbled duck, relict gull, and :near-threatened - black-winged pratincole, ferruginous duck, corn crake and Asian dowitcher are largely restricted to the region although the non-breeding ranges overlap with adjoining flyways.

The once vast Forêt de Rouvray (, "Forest of Rouvray", from Gallo-Romance ROBORETU “oak wood″ or more probably French rouvre “sessile oak” and old suffix -ey (ill spelled as -ay, modern -aie), meaning a “collection of the same trees”Rouvray, Yonne, has a similar derivation.) was a forest that extended from west of Paris in the Île-de-France region westwards into Normandy, virtually unbroken, threaded by the winding loops of the River Seine, traversed by forest traces and dotted with isolated woodland hamlets, as far as Rouen.General accounts are Léon de Vesly, "Exploration de la forêt de Rouvray," Bulletin archéologique du Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques. (1902); Notice archéologique sur les forêts de Rouvray et de La Londe. 1922. A rural relict is the 5 100 ha of the protected Forêt Domaniale de la Londe-Rouvray, at Les Essarts, Normandy, near Saint-Étienne-du-Rouvray, south of Rouen, on an upland massif above the left bank of the Seine, which makes a wide arc enclosing it.

The Great Seal of Scotland, no.2185 confirmed at Edinburgh 27 March 1650, describes him as the "son and heir of Lord Archibald Achesone, Royal Secretary to Charles 1st." Sir John Scot (1754) states that this son died after his first year of marriage, to an English heiress, without issue. After his first wife died, Sir Archibald remarried in 1622, Margaret, daughter of Sir John Hamilton and Johanna Everard, by whom he had a son, George (1629-1685).Scot, Sir John, of Scotstarvet,1754 By his first wife he had a daughter, Jean, who married Sir Lewis Lauder of Over Gogar & Alderston, Knt., (c1599-c1640), Sheriff-Principal of Edinburgh and son of Sir Alexander Lauder of Haltoun, Knt.Crawford, Donald, editor, Journals of Sir John Lauder, Lord Fountainhall, 1665-1676, Edinburgh, 1900, p.191.The Great Seal of Scotland, no.1614, confirmed 17 March 1645. They had at least three known children. Jean was still living on 3 April 1663 as "relict of Sir Lewes Lauder of Over Gogar".

Strong aeromagnetic anomalies in the Strait that curve from Victoria to Discovery Bay (west of Port Townsend) led to early speculation that the LRF, and the eastern limit of the Crescent Formation, ran down Discovery Bay and the west side of Puget Sound, following the edge of a relict continental margin just as the Tofino Fault follows the present margin.;. This alignment through Discovery Bay is what calls the "Cenozoic truncation scar". More recent interpretations of marine seismic reflection studies align the Goldstream arm of the LRF with the Southern Whidbey Island Fault (SWIF), with splays branching towards Discovery Bay.. Discovery of Crescent Formation basalt in an exploration well on Whidbey Island (just east of Port Townsend) has led some writers to locate this extension of the LRF onto the southern part of Whidbey Island, just where the SWIF is found.. While the eastern contact of the Crescent Formation is believed to not extend east Whidbey Island, and may double-back westward under Seattle,. active faulting on the SWIF extends southeast to where it connects with the Rattlesnake Mountain Fault Zone.

J. R. Stewart and C. B. Stringer, 'Human Evolution Out of Africa: The Role of Refugia and Climate Change', Science 225, 1317 (2012), p. 1320. In 2014 Christopher Stojanowski of Arizona State University summarised the three dominant explanations for Iwo Eleru man's atypical cranial shape: the first, that Iwo Eleru was a hybrid with archaic African populations; the second, that Iwo Eleru man was a member of a relict archaic population that was replaced by more modern humans upon the onset of the Holocene era; and the third, that Iwo Eleru man was part of a population that diverged from the rest of North Africa's populations during a time of acute aridness in the Sahara desert that made it impassable until the arrival of the African humid period.Stojanowski, 'Iwo Eleru's place among Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene populations of North and East Africa', p. 87. In 2014 Peter J. Waddell of Massey University argued that Iwo Eleru man descended from a lineage 200–400 kya and whose extinction may have been caused by humans.

Styrax officinalis resin was mainly used in antiquity Since Antiquity, storax resin has been used in perfumes, certain types of incense, and medicines. There is some degree of uncertainty as to exactly what resin old sources refer to. Turkish sweetgum (Liquidambar orientalis) is a quite unrelated tree in the family Altingiaceae that produces a similar resin traded in modern times as storax or as Levant storax, like the resins of other sweetgums, and a number of confusing variations thereupon. Turkish sweetgum is a relict species that occurs only in a small area in SW Turkey (and not in the Levant at all); presumably, quite some of the "storax resin" of the Ancient Greek and the Ancient Roman sources was from this sweetgum, rather than a Styrax, although at least during the former era genuine Styrax resin, probably from S. officinalis, was imported in quantity from the Near East by Phoenician merchants, and Herodotus of Halicarnassus in the 5th century BC indicates that different kinds of storax were traded.

The glass is alkali-lime-lead-silica and, when the paste was fired or cooled, wollastonite and diopside crystals formed within the glass fragments.Mason and Tite 1994, 80. The lack of “inclusions of crushed pottery” suggests these fragments did not come from a glaze.Mason and Tite 1994, 87. The reason for their addition would have been to release alkali into the matrix on firing, which would “accelerate vitrification at a relatively low firing temperature, and thus increase the hardness and density of the [ceramic] body.” Whether these “relict glass fragments” are actually “frit” in the more ancient sense remains to be seen. Iznik pottery was produced in Ottoman Turkey as early as the 15th century AD.M.S. Tite 1989, "Iznik Pottery: An Investigation of the Methods of Production," Archaeometry 31.2: 115. It consists of a body, slip, and glaze, where the body and glaze are “quartz-frit.”Tite 1989, 120. The “frits” in both cases “are unusual in that they contain lead oxide as well as soda”; the lead oxide would help reduce the thermal expansion coefficient of the ceramic.

The Bonakouamouang Chimney – situated in Douala, Cameroon in the district of Akwa neighborhood of Bessegue – is a relict of the waterworks built by the Germans at the beginning of the 19th century. The waterworks was part of the first phase of industrial investments aimed at the urbanisation of Kamerunstadt (Douala). The supply of running water was necessary to allow the implementation of the major development works which would radically transform the traditional village of Douala into an urban agglomeration of administrative and commercial buildings, private residences, places of worship and schools. The urban plan of von Brautisch, head of Kamerunstadt district under the government of Jesko von Puttkamer (1895-1907), changed the local way of life and economy: wide streets were opened up, the Bonaku (Akwatown) marshes were drained, an embankment was built providing a route between Bonanjo and Akwa, the harbour area was expanded... henceforward denying fishermen any direct access to the river. The railway infrastructure created from the beginning of the 20th century was to develop communications with the country’s interior. Thus the Besséké valley became home to the first station on the town’s left bank, in the port area.

Casa de la Dehesa, seat of the Environmental Studies Center The idea of the Green Belt came in the early 1990s in order to provide a comprehensive solution to the problems of the urban periphery of Vitoria-Gasteiz and the general state of disrepair that the area presented. When the project began, on the outskirts of the city coexisted with high ecological value areas such as forests or Zabalgana Armentia that, although affected by problems of erosion, fire ... had managed to survive the urban and industrial expansion of the city, with gravel pits, dumps and other degraded sites that threatened the fragile survival of relict existing natural enclaves. The area offered a precarious and insecure to stay and ride, having become a physical and social barrier between the urban and rural adjacent. To address existing problems and convert and / or enhance the value, if any, the suburbs, and residual clearly undervalued, Environmental Studies Center of the City of Vitoria-Gasteiz decided to undertake a large-scale project that encompasses all the periphery of the city and provide a solution to both areas operated as natural enclaves.

At least six other non-human primate species have been reported in the region. A documentary film tells the story of the discovery "in live" of this unknown population of chimpanzees, and the scientific researches that have been led in the area by Dr Anne Laudisoit and her team : "MBUDHA, in the chimpanzees' footsteps" (directed by Caroline Thirion, produced by Gedeon Programmes, Clair-obscur Productions and Ushuaïa TV). Anne Laudisoit, Justin Asimonyio Anio, Michel Komba Yendema, Bienvenu Ndjoku, Jérôme Nd’za, and Ngbathe Gustave Ndjango (2016): Relict, refuge and fragmented altitude forest: Fauna and flora inventory, and ecological notes on an isolated chimpanzee population (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) - Part I Scientific Expedition Report, 06 – 20th March 2016, Rethy and LogoHealth Area, Djugu Territory. Online document, accessed on 2019-03-26.Anne Laudisoit, Justin Asimonyio Anio, Michel Komba Yendema, Bienvenu Ndjoku, Claude Mande, Falay Dadi, Jérôme Dz’na Yokpa, Gustave Ndjango Ngbathe, Jean Ngadjo Ndjaikpa, Naasson Lossa Uwale, David Maki Mbivo, Carine Mauwa, et Erik Verheyen (2016): Foret relique fragmentee d’altitude (rafale) en territoire de Djugu: Description floristique, inventaires faunistiques et notes ecologiques sur une population de chimpanzes isolee (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) Rapport d’Expedition Scientifique - Expedition Biodiversite en Ituri.

Rod Fensham, pers. comm., 28/10/2008 Elizabeth Springs also contains five other relict plant species, which are not recorded within 500 km of the springs: Isotoma fluviatilis, Pennisetum alopecuroides, Plantago gaudichaudii, Schoenus falcatus and Utricularia caerulea. Criterion B: Rarity Extant artesian springs in the GAB are a geographically rare phenomenon, each one covering a tiny area within the basin. Over 74% of the GAB springs in Queensland are extinct (no longer flowing) and all the GAB artesian springs in New South Wales are extinct or badly damaged.Ponder 1989, p.416Wilson 1995, p.12 Elizabeth Springs is regarded as one of the most important GAB artesian springs because of its isolation, relative intactness and the extinction of other springs in far Western Queensland.Ponder 2006Zeidler pers. comm. 2005 Criterion D: Principal characteristics of a class of places The GAB is the world's largest example of an artesian basin and associated artesian springs.Harris 1992 p 157 GAB artesian springs are the primary sources of permanent fresh water within the arid zone since at least the late Pleistocene (the last 1.8 million years) and are therefore a unique feature of the arid Australian landscape.

Swift Run in High Rock picnic area In the 19th and early 20th centuries, almost all of Pennsylvania's forests were clear cut, with only a few isolated tracts of virgin forest surviving. The land that became Snyder Middleswarth Natural Area was purchased by the state in 1902, as part of a larger 14,000 acre (56.66 km) parcel. On April 12, 1921 the governor signed the law creating "Snyder-Middleswarth State Forest Park", making it Pennsylvania's ninth state park. By 1923 the park had a telephone and some structures, and in 1937 the state named it a "Forest Monument" as an "area of botanical or historic interest". Early in the park's history a fire tower was built just west of it, but this was eventually abandoned and only the foundations remained by 1992. Snyder-Middleswarth was still a "State Forest Park" on the official 1965 Pennsylvania Department of Highways Snyder County map. In November 1967, the park was named a National Natural Landmark, as an "outstanding example of a relict forest composed predominantly of hemlock, birch, and pine, with scattered oaks". In 1980 an airplane carrying the New York Times crashed with one fatality.

Its name is derived from a soak known as Pine Hill Soak which is located near the conservation park's southern boundary. The conservation park was proclaimed on 17 September 1987. As of 2012, access to the conservation park for the purpose of petroleum exploration under the Petroleum and Geothermal Energy Act 2000 was not permitted. In 1992, the conservation park was described as follows. The land contains a field of “relict sand dunes and associated swale depressions.” The former landform supported a brown stringybark “open forest” with desert banksia being the “dominant shrub species” while the latter landform supported a “woodland of river red gum … and South Australian blue gum … with an open understorey of grasses, sedges and herbs.” The conservation park contains native pine which is “an occurrence close to the southern limit of this species' distribution” and which was considered as “suitable habitat” for the red-tailed black cockatoo - a species considered to be “threatened” at the time and which is “dependant on brown stringybark for food and nesting resources.” Further, visitation to the conservation park was described as “low.” The conservation park is classified as an IUCN Category III protected area.

She made this suggestion based on the fact that this species is rare, that it grew well in the cooler temperatures of North Carolina, and her belief that the species was only found on the east bank of the Apalachicola and was unable to disperse to the west bank with the animals she thought might be the main dispersal agents today, squirrels. She theorised than during the last interglacial (the geologically short periods between ice ages) and the proceeding ones, the species grew further north. According to her theories, because there might have been an unknown and now extinct animal in the past which was better suited to eat and defecate the seeds, or otherwise move the seeds, the species was now "stuck" behind the Apalachicola which served as a refuge habitat for a relict population during the long periods of glacial conditions which characterised the Pleistocene. She further supposed that because the arils contain terpenes which are usually toxic for mammals, and the seed's shell is so thin that mammal molars would crush the seeds, that the purported extinct animal might not be a mammal and instead suggested some unknown species of large tortoise as the extinct ecological partner.