In reptiles, the quadrate and articular bones of the skull articulate to form the jaw joint. The squamosal bone lies anterior to the quadrate bone.
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The specific name is derived from Latin quadratus (meaning quadrate) and tabularis (meaning plate shaped) and refers to the quadrate apical plate of the aedeagus.
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For gorgonopsians, it has alternatively been suggested that the isolation of the quadrate was to cause streptostyly (rotatable quadrate) to increase the gape rather than to facilitate hearing.
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Their descendants, the therapsids (including mammalian ancestors), probably had tympanic membranes in contact with the quadrate bones. The stapes remained in contact with the quadrate bone, but functioned as auditory ossicles rather than supports for the brain case. As a result, the quadrate bones of therapsids likely had a dual function in both the jaw joint and auditory system.
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The quadratojugal has a robust horizontal front branch and a thin short vertical branch, only half as tall as the quadrate shaft. There is no clear foramen paraquadraticum, opening between the quadrate and quadratojugal. The quadrate is inclined to the rear and has a depression on its flange contacting the pterygoid. There is no clear opening between the front branches of the pterygoids.
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In some lizards and dinosaurs, the quadrate is articulated at both ends and movable. In snakes, the quadrate bone has become elongated and very mobile, and contributes greatly to their ability to swallow very large prey items.
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The primary head of the quadrate meets the prootic and squamosal. The quadrate and pterygoid are not fused to the braincase and the basipterygoid articulation is free.The dentary is not gracile and has anterior swelling.Parrish, J. Michael.
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The concave rear edge of each squamosal articulates with the convex front edge of each quadrate bone, creating a robust and inflexible "peg-and-socket" joint. Each quadrate is robust and points down and back, but there is no evidence that Jesairosaurus possessed quadratojugals (bones which link the jugal and quadrate). In addition, the quadrate lacks a prominently concave rear edge and outwards-projecting front edge, in contrast to the condition in lepidosauromorphs (reptiles closer to lizards than to crocodiles and dinosaurs).ZAR 07, a referred skull showing details of a pineal foramen.
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The quadrate and caudate lobe lie superior and inferior to this line respectively.
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In most therapsids, including gorgonopsians, therocephalians, and dicynodonts, the quadratojugal is tiny, having lost its contact with the jugal. It usually fuses with the equally small quadrate to form the quadrate-quadratojugal complex. Oddly enough, the cynodont Thrinaxodon retains a separate quadratojugal. In other cynodonts such as Cynognathus, the quadrate-quadratojugal complex remains hidden within the skull, obscured from the side by the large squamosal bone which loosely articulates with it.
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Forewings with quadrate apex. A tooth of scaled found at outer angle. Cilia crenulate.
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The glaucous grey-green leaves are quadrate-rhombic in cross-section and about wide and thick.
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Two large quadrate green sub-apical patches can be seen. Hindwings with large quadrate green patch in cell, another below cell extending to inner margin and to near anal angle. a trilobate patch found beyond cell. Outer area purplish, with some red beyond the green patches.
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A schematic of an anapsid skull showing the location of major dermal bones of the upper skull, including the quadrate bone (q).The quadrate bone is a skull bone in most tetrapods, including amphibians, sauropsids (reptiles, birds), and early synapsids. In most tetrapods, the quadrate bone connects to the quadratojugal and squamosal bones in the skull, and forms upper part of the jaw joint. The lower jaw articulates at the articular bone, located at the rear end of the lower jaw.
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As the dentary bone of the lower jaw continued to enlarge during the Triassic, the older quadrate-articular joint fell out of use. Some of the bones were lost, but the quadrate, the articular, and the angular bones became free-floating and associated with the stapes. This occurred at least twice in the mammaliformes. The multituberculates had jaw joints that consisted of only the dentary and squamosal bones, and the quadrate and articular bones were part of the middle ear.
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The M. protractor pterygoidei et quadrati is a cranial muscle that pulls the streptostylic quadrate dorsorostrally in birds.
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In a small anatomical study it was shown that the epiphysial line passes directly through the quadrate tubercle.
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Because of this, the jaw of Probainognathus remains distinct from that of mammals due mostly to the presence of the articular and the quadrate. Once the dentary-squamosal articulation becomes more established, the former bones involved in jaw articulation, the articular and quadrate, can become integrated into the inner ear as the malleus and incus, respectively. This has not yet happened in the case of Probainognathus, but the reduced size of the quadrate, as well as its loose association with the squamosal and proximity to the stapes indicates the quadrate to incus process is underway. This combination of evidence further solidifies Probainognathus’ phylogenetic placement on the line to Mammalia, and provides a sound evolutionary connection between reptiles and mammals.
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Mounted skull of a python with disarticulated upper and lower jaw joints. In snakes, the columella would be attached directly to the quadrate bone (c). Snakes have lost a tympanic membrane, and hence a distal attachment for the columella. The columella is instead connected to the quadrate bone of the jaw.
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This ventral process connects to the quadratojugal bone, which itself contacts the rear branch of the jugal and forms the rear lower corner of the temporal fenestra. The quadrate bone, which forms the cranium's contribution to the jaw joint, is located inwards from the squamosal's ventral process. The quadrate not only contacts the lower jaw, but also connects to the inner face of the quadratojugal and is overlapped by the 'hood' of the squamosal. The appearance of the quadrate is yet another unique aspect of Vancleavea.
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The aperture is narrowly quadrate. The outer lip is varicose and denticulated. The posterior sinus is moderate. Angas, G.F. 1877.
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In most basal archosauriforms, the quadrate is tall and straight, but in Vancleavea it is short, stout, and arched forwards.
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The tower's ground area has a quadrate shape. The tower is made of sandstone and built in a cuboid-formed shape.
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The quadrate of Almadasuchus is not completely fused to the braincase, but makes connections with two braincase bones, the basisphenoid and the exoccipital. These two attachment points probably made the skull of Almadasuchus completely akinetic. Jungarrsuchus, which is the second most closely related non- crocodyliform crocodylomorph to crocodyliforms, has a quadrate that only attaches to the exoccipital.
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Pachygenelus is an extinct genus of tritheledontid cynodonts. Fossils have been found from the Karoo basin in South Africa and date back to the Early Jurassic. Pachygenelus had both an articular-quadrate and dentary-squamosal jaw joint characteristic of ictidosaurs. Only mammals possess the dentary- squamosal articulation, while all other tetrapods possess the typical arcticular-quadrate articulation.
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The interstices are quadrate. The longitudinal ribs of the body whorl are slightly oblique. The aperture is oblong. The outer lip is incrassate.
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The middle tibiae of C. viduatus are distinctly yellow-brown. The second abdominal segment is yellow with a well-defined quadrate black spot.
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Species on this family can be identified by its mytiliform form, sometimes quadrate, with the hinge edentulous and the umbos anterior or terminal.
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Morganucodontidae and other transitional forms had both types of jaw joint: dentary-squamosal (front) and articular-quadrate (rear). During the Permian and early Triassic the dentary of therapsids, including the ancestors of mammals, continually enlarged while other jaw bones were reduced. Eventually, the dentary bone evolved to make contact with the squamosal, a bone in the upper jaw located anterior to the quadrate, allowing two simultaneous jaw joints: an anterior "mammalian" joint between the dentary and squamosal and a posterior "reptilian" joint between the quadrate and articular. This "twin- jointed jaw" can be seen in late cynodonts and early mammaliforms.
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The quadrate tubercle is a small tubercle found upon the upper part of the femur, that serves as a point of insertion of the quadratus femoris along with the intertrochanteric crest and the linea quadrata. The quadrate tubercle is located about the junction of the upper one-third and lower two-thirds, on the intertrochanteric crest. The size of the tubercle varies; it is not always located on the intertrochanteric crest. Adjacent areas can also be part of the quadrate tubercle, such as the posterior surface of the greater trochanter or the neck of the femur.
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In advanced cynodonts, including the mammaliaforms, have lost the quadratojugal, with the diminutive quadrate connecting to the stapes to function as a hearing structure. In modern mammals, the quadrate bone evolves to become the incus, one of the ossicles of the middle ear. This is an apomorphy of the mammalian clade, and is used to identify the fossil transition to mammals.
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In human anatomy, the quadrate ligament or ligament of Denucé is one of the ligaments of the proximal radioulnar joint in the upper forearm.
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Tibia naked. Forewings with quadrate apex. Outer margin rounded. Inner margin lobed and with slight tufts of hair near base and at outer angle.
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The quadrate interstices are depressed. The outer lip is thin, simple. The aperture is oblong and white on its interior. The siphonal canal is short.
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The specific name is from the Latin words quadratus (meaning quadrate or square) and valvatus (meaning valva) and refers to the shape of the valva.
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The taenioglossate radula has a quadrate rachdian tooth, flanked on each side a trapezoidal lateral tooth and two long marginal teeth. Their larvae are pelagic.
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The base of the shell is nearly flat. The aperture is quadrate. The cylindrical columella is nearly straight. The color of the shell is variable.
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The appendages are attached to the soft ventral integument of the plate. The general outline of the carapace was quadrate with an elongate trapezoidal outline.
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Its wingspan is about 40 mm. The forewings of the male are quadrate, where the costa somewhat excised. Costal neuration slightly distorted. Male pure white.
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It also possessed several unique features, including a high tooth number, long postfrontal, small interpterygoid vacuity, and a specialized interaction between the stapes and quadrate.
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The occipital head of the stapes is largely expanded, with a large hyoid process, but the quadrate head is missing. The quadrate is roughly ear-shaped, with an occipital lamella. Only the posterior end of the lower jaw is preserved, and this lacks any distinctive features, such as teeth. The surangular fossa is present but extremely reduced, and the angular is well exposed laterally.
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Pig tooth Quadrate (also called quadritubercular or euthemorphic) molars have an additional fourth cusp on the lingual (tongue) side called the hypocone, located posterior to the protocone. Quadrate molars appeared early in mammal evolution and are present in many species, including hedgehogs, raccoons, and many primates, including humans. There may be a fifth cusp. In many mammals, additional smaller cusps called conules appear between the larger cusps.
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This specimen shows the dorsal surface of the right pterygoid bone, and a small part of either a palatine or vomer bone. It is 164 mm long. The anterior ramus is narrow and tapering, but the medial margin is thick and the quadrate ramus is almost as wide as it is long. Th quadrate ramus is dorsally curved and bears a groove extending anterolaterally.
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The ground colour is shiny brownish orange, often with a large pale orange, quadrate area mesially on The upper surface. The hindwings are pale yellowish brown.
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The apex is rosy. The spire is short and contains about 5 convex whorls. The rounded-quadrate aperture is iridescent within. The lip is white-margined.
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Bonaparte (1975) additionally described squamosal and quadrate bones similar to those of Euparkeria attached to PVL 3872's braincase, although these were not mentioned by later studies.
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In other tetrapods, such as amphibians and reptiles, homologous bones to those of mammals, such as the quadrate, articular, columella, and entoglossus are part of the splanchnocranium.
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The aperture has a quadrate-rounded shape. The simple peristome is acute. The columella is subtruncate at its base. The umbilicus is rather narrow and funnel-shaped.
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The quadrate bone forms the lower jaw articulation in all classes except mammals. Evolutionarily, it is derived from the hindmost part of the primitive cartilaginous upper jaw.
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Characters that are typically stegosaurid are the inclined quadrate; the vertical plate on the dentary; the depression on the pterygoid flange of the quadrate; the bottom edge of the scapula exceeding the upper edge of the coracoid in length; and the double row of larger neck plates. A basal stegosaurid position is suggested by the horizontal front branch of the quadratojugal combined with a ventral process on the main body.
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Square or quadrate rods were the first rods Leonard attempted to make, but he eventually started making 6 strip or hexagonal rods because of commercial reasons. At that time good quality cane was hard to find. What was available was often full of scorch marks and insect damage. For this reason it was easier to acquire six strips of good quality cane than 4 wider strips for the quadrate rod.
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The skull of Sphenodon, the living tuatara. The quadratojugal is fused to the quadrate and labelled with (12). In most modern reptiles and amphibians, the quadratojugal is a prominent, straplike bone in the skull and provides structural integrity in the postorbital region of the skull. In many reptiles, the inner face of the quadratojugal also connects to the quadrate bone which forms the cranium's contribution to the jaw joint.
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Its posteroventral ramus has missing parts, but the centre is preserved and exhibits a cleft for the ectopterygoid. The quadrate ramus extends back with a narrow shelf on the ventral side. A small facet at its base forms part of the articulation with the basisphenoid, which is common for Triassic archosaurs. The quadrate has a rounded dorsal head which contacts the squamosal, and a high and narrow pterygoid ramus.
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In 2004 Lü and colleagues proposed that the articulation between the quadrate and quadratojugal bones in the skull of Nemegtomaia suggested that these bones were movable in relation to each other, which would have affected how the jaws functioned. In 2015 the Belgian palaeontologist Christophe Hendrickx and colleagues found it unlikely that Nemegtomaia and other oviraptords had bird-like kinesis in their skulls, due to the quadrate bone being immobile.
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Pleuroceras has a planulate shell with a quadrate whorl section, bearing strong radial ribs ending in ventro-lateral tubercles. The venter is tabulate with a strong serrated keel.
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The growth of Bangia is diffuse and intercalary, and each cell is quadrate to rectangular in shape. Primary pitt connections are absent in all but the conchocelis stage.
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This is very similar in shape to the quadratojugals of other large cymbospondylid ichthyosaurs, hence its classification as related to them. It was originally mistaken for the quadrate bone.
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Palpi upturned, with second joint reaching vertex of head, and long third joint. Thorax and abdomen smoothly scaled. Tibia spineless, and not hairy in males. Forewings with quadrate apex.
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In snakes, the articular, surangular, and prearticular bones have fused to form the compound bone. The mandible is suspended from the quadrate bone and articulates at this compound bone.
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The jaw in tetrapods is substantially simplified compared to fish. Most of the upper jaw bones (premaxilla, maxilla, jugal, quadratojugal, and quadrate) have been fused to the braincase, while the lower jaw bones (dentary, splenial, angular, surangular, and articular) have been fused together into a unit called the mandible. The jaw articulates via a hinge joint between the quadrate and articular. The jaws of tetrapods exhibit varying degrees of mobility between jaw bones.
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Protorosaurs also have a gap between the quadrate bones and the jugal bones in the back of the skull near the jaw joint, making their skulls resemble those of lizards.
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Below the posterior end of the mandibular bone, where the series starts turning upward to continue behind the lower jaw and the quadrate, the rays are broader, virgaform to acinaciform.
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Band: Ausgleichungs-Rechnung nach der Methode der kleinsten Quadrate; 2. Band/erster Halbband: Feld- und Landmessung; 2. Band/zweiter Halbband: Höhenmesswung, Tachymetrie, Photogrammerie und Absteckungen; 3. Band/erster Halbband: Landesvermessung, sphär.
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There are also close obvious incremental regular lines over the whole surface. The simple, rounded aperture is quadrate. There is a glaze on the body. The inner lip is slightly thickened.
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The forewings have a subbasal hyaline (glass-like) point in the cell and quadrate antemedial spots in the cell, the latter with a spot below it. There is a lunulate mark just beyond the cell composed of five almost conjoined spots between veins 3 and 8, the two middle ones larger. The hindwings have an oblique dark medial line ending above the tornus and a quadrate discoidal hyaline spot with a short dark line on its outer edge.
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Labelled diagram of the holotype right pelvis On the right side of the skull, the lower portion of the jugal is expanded from the top to the bottom. The quadrate is a large and vertical bone with a large triangular projection on its lateral border. This triangular projection is located on the quadrate shaft and bent to the top. The top surface of the right ectopterygoid—a smalle bone of the palate—is flattened to the palate.
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Its orbitotemporal openings are not relatively long and are similar to those of Procolophon. The jugal is also known to come into contact with the posterolateral extension of the nasal at its anterior end and barely touches the postorbital. The two spines of the quadratojugal are both flattened dorsoventrally, contain evident grooves, and are roughly the same size. Leptopleuron does not have a quadrate foramen as well, but the center part of the quadrate is stretched transversely.
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The subsequent whorls are impressed at the suture. The longitudinal ribs are not numerous (about ten in the body whorl). The few spiral lirae are undeveloped. The oblong- quadrate interstices are depressed.
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The body whorl is ventricose, subangular in the middle. The convex base of the shell is striate. The rotund- quadrate aperture is white within. The oblique columella is concave and dilated above.
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Illustration of the head. Life restoration Some unique traits of Huanansaurus have been established. Several of these are autapomorphies. Of the quadrate bone the lower condyles are positioned behind the upper head.
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The quadrate bone is strongly inclined, causing the jaw joint to be positioned, visible in side view, in front of the cheek horn point, which has not been reported in other ankylosaurids.
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Some of the non- autapomorphic traits of A. sordidus listed above, such as the quadrate depression, medial approximation of the prefrontals, and ridge on the ectopterygoid-jugal articulation, confirm its placement within Baurusuchidae.
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They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine is ovoid to quadrate. The epidermis is opaque yellow tan. All mines cross the midrib and consume 60%-95% of the leaf surface.
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Arista plumose basal half. Densely dusted face has a black shining stripe. Hind femora are black in male. Wings are hyaline with quadrate brownish pterostigma (basal to merge of vein sc with costa).
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The hostel used as its arms those of the Diocese of Lichfield (the cross potent quadrate of St Chad, surrounded by four crosslets patee) with the hostel's own motto, "Non Vestra Sed Vos".
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Creating better movement of their limbs. Body structure of fossilized ProtostegaSkull Structure: Edward Cope described the uniqued Protostega gigas to have a large jugal that reached to the quadrate along with a thickened pterygoid that reached to the mandibular articulating surface of the quadrate. The fossil featured a reduction in the posterior portion of the vomer where the palatines meet medially. Another fossilized specimen showed a bony extension, that would have been viewed as a beak, was lacking in the Protostega genus.
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Holotype quadrate (MTM 2011.43.1) of Pannoniasaurus inexpectatus Pannoniasaurus was a medium-sized mosasauroid, estimated to grow up to a maximum of in length. It exhibited a combination of primitive characteristics, such as having no predental rostrum, the premaxilla-maxilla suture ends anterior to or level with the midline of the fourth maxillary tooth, a nearly straight frontoparietal suture, and a shallow quadrate alar concavity. It also had elongated stapedial pit that was at least three times longer than it was wide.
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The forewings are mustard yellow with a large, quadrate, plumbago-grey marking, with an admixture of mustard yellow, occupying the distal half of the wing except marginal strips along the costa and termen. The inner edge of this marking is bordered by a dull violet-black line. There is a plumbago-grey strigula from the middle of the costa extending very obliquely outwards and merging with the outer corner of quadrate blotch, finely edged with dull violet-black scales along the inner margin immediately below the costa. There is a plumbago-grey subterminal line oblique from the costa at about four- fifths to beyond the outer corner of the quadrate blotch, then directly transverse and expanding to occupy the tornal area, lightened with an admixture of whitish near the costa, the margins edged black.
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Unambiguous character states were listed as follows: "predental rostrum absent; premaxilla-maxilla suture ends anterior to or level with the midline of the fourth maxillary tooth; nearly straight frontoparietal suture; quadrate alar concavity shallow; elongated stapedial pit (at least three times longer than wide); quadrate distal condyle saddle-shaped, upward deflection of quadrate distal condyle absent; mandibular glenoid formed mainly by articular; cervical synapophyses extend below ventral border of centrum; dorsoventrally compressed centra in precaudal vertebrae; two sacrals with large ribs/transverse processes subcircular/oval in cross-section; facet for ilium on tip of sacral transverse processes; very elongated (two times longer than wide) pontosaur-like caudal centra; anteroposteriorly narrow scapula; ilium with posterior iliac process with compressed dorsal end bearing longitudinal grooves and ridges, and spoon- shaped preacetabular process overlapping the pubis".
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Thoracic segments greyish in dorsum with a quadrate orange mark. Pupa semi-ovoid without cremaster. Cocoon is woven using brown, black-speckled silk. Larval host plants are Grewia, Trema, Ziziphus, Hibiscus, Celtis and Xylia.
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A lasting ancestral trait was the quadrate ramus's primitive appearance of the same length and orientation. Some differences were the parasphenoid and pterygoid sutures were elongated, and the “parasphenoid was broader posteriorly than anteriorly”.
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They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine is irregular and oblong to quadrate. The epidermis is opaque, yellow green. All mines cross the midrib and consume 50%-90% of the leaf surface.
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Anteriorly situated pterygoid teeth approaching marginal teeth in size. Quadrate with fused suprastapedial and infrastapedial processes. Distinct projection of dentary anterior to first dentary tooth. Coronoid concave above, posterior wing with medial C-shaped excavation.
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The base of the shell is nearly flat, and sharply carinate at the periphery. The umbilicus is funicular, deep, the verge carinate. The aperture is quadrate, slightly oblique. Its margin is thin, sharp, and simple.
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Another transitional feature of Dimetrodon is a ridge in the back of the jaw called the reflected lamina. The reflected lamina is found on the articular bone, which connects to the quadrate bone of the skull to form the jaw joint. In later mammal ancestors, the articular and quadrate separated from the jaw joint while the articular developed into the malleus bone of the middle ear. The reflected lamina became part of a ring called the tympanic annulus that supports the ear drum in all living mammals.
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There are large quadrate black costal patches found between the subbasal and antemedial as well as the postmedial and submarginal lines. Orbicular and reniform indistinct. An apical white patch found. Hindwings dark fuscous with ochreous cilia.
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Shells of Lytoceras are evolute, round or quadrate in section, covered with crinkled growth lines or riblets, and may have slight constrictions on internal molds. Some have fine striations, (parallel grooves running longitudinally along the flanks).
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Abdomen whitish with fuscous to reddish-brown suffusion. Forewing apex quadrate. There is an outwardly oblique line from the costa. A curved double submarginal line runs from the costa before the apex to the outer angle.
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The lirae are generally subobsolete on the last whorl. The periphery is obtusely angulate. The aperture is rather small, oblique, rounded-quadrate, angled at the base and smooth within. The columella is arcuate above, straightened below.
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The spire elevated. There are about 10 whorls, concave above, swollen and projecting at the periphery, the last obtusely angled. The oblique aperture is quadrate. The outer lip is beveled, strongly 5 or 6 lirate within.
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The axial sculpture consists of very fine close uniform sharp incremental lines. The simple aperture is rounded- quadrate. The thin outer lip is sharp, undulated by the sculpture. The body of the shell is lightly glazed.
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An exploded python skull with disarticulated upper and lower jaws. The quadrate bone (c) is particularly elongated in snakes, to facilitate cranial kinesis. Courtesy of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, Division of Vertebrate Zoology, Yale University.
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Palpi obliquely upturned, where the second joint very broadly fringed with hair and a minute third joint. Thorax and abdomen smoothly scaled and slender. Tibia spineless and no long hairs. Forewings with quadrate or slightly acute apex.
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The forewings are semi-hyaline yellow, the costal area suffused with brown on the basal half. There is an oblique brown line near the base, followed by a band. There is also a fine antemedial line, quadrate conjoined medial spots in and below the cell defined at the sides by brown, as well as a quadrate brown discoidal spot with some yellow in the centre. The postmedial line is brown, slightly waved and excurved between veins 6 and 2, then retracted to the lower angle of cell and oblique and waved to the inner margin.
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The bones forming the jaw joint were very galloanseran-like. The quadrate bone (the cranium's contribution to the jaw joint) connected to the skull roof via two pronounced knobs, which were adjacent to a third smaller knob, the tuberculum subcapitulare. The mandible (lower jaw) connected to the quadrate with a pair of sockets, and the rear end of the lower jaw had a large hooked rearward-facing retroarticular process as well as a smaller inward-facing medial process. All of these characteristics are considered unique to (or at least most common in) galloanserans.
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It was also smoother than that of other ornithosuchids, in which there were ridges on the two branches of the quadratojugal. The quadrate bone, which lies adjacent to the quadratojugal and forms the upper half of the jaw joint), forms a steep angle identical to that of the quadratojugal. The quadrate is also smooth, and it encloses a circular hole (only visible from behind) along its contact with the quadratojugal. Part of the nasal cavity was filled in by sediment, showing that the olfactory bulbs were separated at the midline.
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Further back on the skull, the quadrate bone articulates with the squamosal bone above and the lower jaw below; the long shaft at the rear of the quadrate is very strongly angled, forming an angle of 160° with the jaw margin, like other ctenochasmatids. The jaw joint is directly underneath the eye socket. At the back of the maxilla, the palate form a wide shelf which is deeply notched at the back, forming in part the suborbital fenestra. Small spikes along the midline of the suborbital fenestra represent the palatine bones, which contact the maxilla.
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It indicates it is a soft-bodied animal having an appearance of a smooth discoidal structure connected by a relatively short stem to a quadrate body comprising numerous and regularly aligned linear fibres. The fibres, which are similar in pattern to parallelly arranged muscle fibres, extend laterally across the body, linking adjacent corners. The fibres extend beyond each corner to form an elongate branch, which is divided into smaller dichotomous branches. Smaller branches also arise from the lateral margins of the quadrate body, and also form dichotomously branched fibres.
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In mammals, the articular and quadrate bones have migrated to the middle ear and are known as the malleus and incus. Along with the stapes, these are known as the ossicles and are a defining characteristic of mammals.
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According to Pêgas and colleagues, the articulation between T. sethi articular and quadrate bones (where the lower jaw connected with the skull) indicates a maximum gape of 50 degrees – similar to the 52-degree gape inferred for Quetzalcoatlus.
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The umbilicus is deeply channelled. The aperture is rounded-quadrate. The columella is deeply sinuous, callous, terminating in an acute denticle. The outer lip is sulcate within, subcinereus or ashen-reddish, with scattered obscure spots on the upper whorls.
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Ankylosaurines are defined as being closer relatives to Ankylosaurus than to Shamosaurus. Diagnostic features of ankylosaurines include the nuchal shelf that obscures the occiput in dorsal view, and the quadrate condyle which is obscured lightly by the quadratojugal boss.
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The base of the shell is slightly convex, and concentrically finely lirate. The sculpture is coarser than upon the upper surface. The large aperture is rounded-quadrate. The oblique columella is straightened and a little convex in the middle.
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The spire is high with its lateral outlines nearly straight . There are about 8 whorls, each one a trifle convex, the last angular at the periphery. The base of the shell is a little convex. The aperture is quadrate.
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Shell of Pleuroceras spinatum can reach a diameter of about .These ammonites have a planulate shell with a quadrate whorl section, bearing strong radial ribs ending in ventro- lateral tubercles. The venter is tabulate with a strong serrated keel.
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Salentijn, L. Biology of Mineralized Tissues: Prenatal Skull Development, Columbia University College of Dental Medicine post-graduate dental lecture series, 2007 Mammalian jaw structures are also set apart by the dentary-squamosal jaw joint. In this form of jaw joint, the dentary forms a connection with a depression in the squamosal known as the glenoid cavity. In contrast, all other jawed vertebrates, including reptiles and nonmammalian synapsids, possess a jaw joint in which one of the smaller bones of the lower jaw, the articular, makes a connection with a bone of the cranium called the quadrate bone to form the articular-quadrate jaw joint. In forms transitional to mammals, the jaw joint is composed of a large, lower jaw bone (similar to the dentary found in mammals) that does not connect to the squamosal, but connects to the quadrate with a receding articular bone.
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In the end of the plate are marked two letters of the standard Latin alphabet from A to the letter Q. Three digit numbers for ordinary, horizontal and quadrate plates of registration of the vehicles will be initiated from number 101.
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The plant is slow growing, long lived and fire- resistant with a crown of strongly reflexed leaves that are quadrate-rhomboid in cross section. It produces an acaroid resin that was used by Indigenous Australians to fix spear heads to shafts.
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Segment 8 has a large triangular basal dorsal spot and a quadrate spot at the base on each side. Segments 9 and 10 are unmarked. Anal appendages are black. This species usually found hawking over shallow streams where it breeds.
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Like L. ferox, the premaxillaries separate the frontals. The temporal fenestra is longer than it is wide. It retains the primitive plesiosaur feature of posterior sloping of the skull. The quadrate is firmly attached, unlike the attachments seen in most polycotylids.
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Some species have jaw bones completely fused, while others may have joints allowing for mobility of the dentary, quadrate, or maxilla. The snake skull shows the greatest degree of cranial kinesis, which allows the snake to swallow large prey items.
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Lateral view of the skull of a Burmese python, with visible kinetic joints labeled. Red = highly mobile, green = slightly mobile, blue = immobile. Red A: the joint between the mandible and quadrate. It is analogous to the joint in mammal jaws.
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The forewings are whitish, slightly ochreous tinged and with a dark fuscous fascia near the base, which is dilated towards the costa into a quadrate spot. The first line is irregular, dark fuscous and runs from before one-fourth of the costa to beyond one-third of the inner margin. It is dilated on the costa and bordering by a moderate dark fuscous quadrate spot beneath the costa. There is a smaller transverse dark fuscous discal spot in the middle, its lower edge connected with the first line near the inner margin by an irregular line.
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Troutstream beetles have a characteristic appearance. They are relatively large, oval, slightly convex, dull black to piceus. Body length ranges between . The head is broad with a quadrate shape and small round eyes. The antenna is filiform, rather short with 11 segments.
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The spire of the claviform, light brown shell is rather low, its protoconch large and rather blunt. The whorls are rather convex, lacking an angle or shoulder. The shell is sculptured overall by raised spiral threads. The body whorl is rather quadrate.
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Veins 3, 4 and 7 to 10 stalked. Vein 11 anastomosing (fusing) with vein 12. Hindwings quadrate, with margin highly crenulate (scalloped) and produced to a point at vein 6, and tail at vein 4. Veins 3, 4 and 6, 7 stalked.
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The sutures are slightly impressed, but scalariform specimens with deep sutures are frequent. The body whorl is rounded at the periphery and on the base. The aperture is rounded-quadrate. The outer lip is bevelled to an edge, very thick and smooth within.
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Adults are similar to Ethmia praeclara, but the forewings are shorter and broader and there are ten more quadrate marginal dots. The hindwings have a much larger apical patch which is extended on the termen as a narrow streak to the middle.
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Bard, J. (2017). Principles of evolution : System, species, and the history of life. London ; New York: Garland Science, Taylor & Francis Group. Despite this new development, the reptilian quadrate-articular jaw joint persists in Probainognathus, and a paired jaw joint is the result.
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Its primitive jaw joint is located between the quadrate and articular bones, and its derived, mammalian jaw joint is located between the squamosal and dentary bones.Prothero, Donald. Evolution: What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters, p. 278 (Columbia University Press, 2013).
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Red B: the joint between the quadrate and the supratemporal. It is highly mobile in most directions, allowing a wider gape (i.e., the snake can open its mouth wider) and greater jaw flexibility. Red C: the joint between the prefrontal and maxilla.
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Champsosaur skulls are actually very similar to lizard skulls, though heavily modified. This has led some researchers to consider champsosaurids as lepidosauromorphs. However, champsosaurs lack the complex quadrate of lepidosaurians. With features of both diapsid groups, the phylogenetic position of Choristodera is highly confused.
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The quadrate ligament reinforces the inferior part of the capsule of the elbow joint and contributes to joint stability by securing the proximal radius against the radial notch and by restricting excessive supination (10–20° restriction) and, to a lesser degree, pronation (5–8°).
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Whorl section is angular quadrate. Distant ribs can be bifurcating or trifurcating on the place of high ventrolateral tubercules. Secondary ribs are bent strongly forward and raised in the middle part of the venter. Size dimorphism is present in the case of this genus.
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Segment 8 has a large triangular basal dorsal spot and a quadrate spot at the base on each side. Segments 9 and 10 are unmarked. Anal appendages are black. Its small size and general dark colours distinguishes it from all other species except Macromia flavocolorata.
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There is a small quadrate hyaline white spot separating the reniform and orbicular. The hindwings are pale whitish yellow with a broad brown outer border, a minute discal dot and a median dark line. Adults are on wing in April and from October to November.
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Cranial nerves X, XI, and XII leave lateral wall of opisthotic through a single foramen. No canal in basioccipital or basispehnoid for basilar artery. Suprastapedial process of quadrate moderately large, distally pointed. Dorsal edge of surangular rounded and longitudinally horizontal...Twenty nine presacral vertebrae present.
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The skull of Yarasuchus is poorly represented, known from only a few isolated pieces. A number of bones were initially identified by Sen (2005), including a jugal, quadrate and part of the quadratojugal, squamosal, both pterygoids and two maxilla that included a portion of premaxilla attached to one of them, as well as an associated tooth. However both maxillae differ from the known maxilla in Teleocrater and instead more closely resemble those of an allokotosaur. Nesbitt and colleagues also regarded the jugal, quadrate and quadratojugal as indeterminate bones, and re- identified the squamosal as a postorbital belonging to a larger individual than the holotype specimen.
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The snout was relatively elongate like in other stahleckeriids, and had a toothless tortoise-like beak at the front. Like some other Triassic dicynodonts, Lisowicia was completely toothless and lacked even the tusks typical of most dicynodonts. Instead, it had a pair of short and thick triangular projections from the maxillary jaw bone behind the beak called caniniform processes, similar to those of the related Ischigualastia and other stahleckeriids. Likewise, comparing the proportions of the quadrate bone at the back of the skull to those of Ischigualastia suggests that Lisowicia had a broad skull that was roughly wide between each quadrate at the jaw joints.
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Several Triassic reptiles reacquire the lower temporal bar, albeit with the jugal forming most of the bar's length. In these reptiles, the quadratojugal is a small L- or T-shaped bone at the rear edge of the skull. Although early rhynchocephalians such as Gephyrosaurus have an incomplete lower temporal bar and a quadratojugal fused to the quadrate, later members of the group such as the modern tuatara (Sphenodon) do have a complete lower temporal bar, albeit with the quadratojugal still fused to the quadrate. All members of the group Archosauriformes, which contains archosaurs such as crocodilians and dinosaurs, have a complete lower temporal bar.
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There does not appear to be an orbital process present on either bone, and the modifications of the proximal condyle permitting wide range of motion against the squamosal, are not readily apparent. Furthermore, the quadratojugal and jugal appear far more robust in the Protoavis specimens themselves, than represented by Chatterjee. The size and development of the quadratojugal seems to contradict Chatterjee's assertion that this bone contacted the quadrate via a highly mobile pin joint. These data render the assertion of prokinesis in the skull of Protoavis questionable at best, and it seems most parsimonious to conclude that the specimen displays a conventional opisthostylic quadrate.
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The quadrate ligament is a fibrous band attached to the inferior border of the radial notch on the ulna and to the neck of the radius. Its borders are strengthened by fibers from the upper border of the annular ligament. The ligament is long, wide, and thick.
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The body is golden brown and the tarsi black. The forewings are grey, the basal half with undulating darker scales. There is an indistinct quadrate spot in the cell and an indistinct subterminal whitish shade, as well as a terminal dark line. The fringe is dark grey.
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The aperture is rounded-quadrate, oblique, less than ½ the total length of the shell. The outer lip is very narrowly black- edged. It isbordered by a series of short fine sulcations, beyond which there is a porcellaneous thickening. The throat is nacreous, iridescent, the reflections mainly green.
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A hook-like ventral projection would have met the quadrate head, and a lateral projection would have overhung the quadratojugal. The fifth projection is broken off and missing. Much of the jugal is preserved, although not the anterior or ascending processes. The posterior process has straight margins.
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The choanae, the internal nostrils, are large and separated by the vomers. The fenestrae postpalatinae are elongated and egg-shaped in profile, as with Hongshanopterus. The quadrate is angled at 150° relative to the jaw edge. The lower jaw has a preserved length of 105 millimetres.
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An irregular transverse series of small quadrate dots is present on the posterior third of the wing. The apex of the wings is orange with orange to ochreous cilia. The tornus and the costa before the apex are brownish. An interrupted subapical dark band is present.
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The articular and quadrate bones evolved to become two of the middle-ear bones in mammals.The Mesozoic Era: Age of Dinosaurs, p. 183 (Britannica Educational Publishing, Rosen Publishing Group, 2010). The transition exemplified by Diarthrognathus suggests that natural selection favored animals with a more powerful bite.
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The reniform is rather large and elongate quadrate. It is slightly constricted centrally and filled with yellowish brown. The hindwings are whitish, thinly spotted with brown scales. The discal spot is brown and an inner second brown spot is present midway between the discal spot and the costal margin.
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Orthildaites is genus of ammonites that lived during the lower Toarcian stage of early Jurassic, during Falciferum subzone. Shell of these ammonites had quadrate whorl section with broad venter and strong keel in the center. Almost stright ribs were curving slightly forward at ventrolateral edge. Coiling has been evolute.
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These are Amaltheus, Amauroceras, and Pleuroceras. Amaltheus is oxyconic, keeled, strigated, and ribbed on the outer flanks. Amauroceras is smooth, compressed, without ribs or stigation, and the keel is reduced. Pleuroceras has a planulate shell with a quadrate whorl section, bearing strong radial ribs ending in ventro-lateral tubercles.
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They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine is found on the upperside of the leaf. The shape is oblong to quadrate and the epidermis is opaque with a yellow tan. The mine is located in a lobe or at the base adjacent to the midrib.
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The quadrate aperture is silvery inside. The outer lip is slightly crenulate inside. The oblique columella is cylindrical, and a little swollen at its base. This species varies in color from dark rose to yellowish-white, sometimes unicolor, sometimes variegated with whitish clouds radiating from the invariably purplish apex.
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Their sculpture contains 7 to 8 spiral striae and incremental lines. The body whorl is obtusely angular at the periphery, rather convex beneath, slightly impressed in the region of the umbilicus. The lightly grooved aperture is subcircular-quadrate and iridescent within. The lip is within a trifle thickened.
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The superiors are sub-quadrate as seen from above, with the corners gently rounded. The inferiors are sloped strongly upwards, broad at base, then tapering rapidly to an acute point. Female is more robust and dull colored. Its thorax is more greenish and abdomen is golden yellow to brown.
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The quadratojugal and quadrate are mainly missing. One squamosal is preserved, forming much of the posterior margin of the skull. Much of the palate is intact, although the vomeronasals are quite degraded due to their length and thinness. The palatines form most of the borders of the choana.
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The dark dorsal area is overlaid avellaneous (dull greyish brown) in the central part and from the apex to vein 5 is an ill-defined, quadrate chrome-yellow area. The hindwings are whitish ochreous, basally shading to pale brown at the apex and greyish fuscous in the anal area.
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Dicynodonts were specialized herbivores that employed a unique “cheek pivot system” of mastication that created powerful shearing action upon closure of the jaw and subsequently ground mouth contents through a system of interlocking ridges and grooves formed from the palate and dentary. Two morphological features, present already in Eodicynodon, made this motion possible. The first was a double convex jaw joint, wherein both the quadrate and articular formed convex condyles. As the jaw closed, the articular condyle of the lower jaw slid anterio-dorsally along the quadrate condyle, resulting in closure of the mouth from back to front as the posterior end of the mandible was elevated dorsally relative to the anterior end.
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The bones of the mandible and quadrate bones can also pick up ground borne vibrations. Because the sides of the jaw can move independently of one another, snakes resting their jaws on a surface have sensitive stereo hearing which can detect the position of prey. The jaw-quadrate-stapes pathway is capable of detecting vibrations on the angstrom scale, despite the absence of an outer ear and the ossicle mechanism of impedance matching used in other vertebrates to receive vibrations from the air. The hyoid is a small bone located posterior and ventral to the skull, in the 'neck' region, which serves as an attachment for muscles of the snake's tongue, as it does in all other tetrapods.
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It is characterized by features of the skull, namely of the quadrate and postorbital bones. The vertebral series also has distinctive characters setting it apart from other abelisaurs, such as reduced processes on the cervical vertebrae and dorsal vertebrae lacking pleurocoels. I. aguadagrandensis was considered the most basal abelisaur described at the time, sharing characters, such as an expansion of the postorbital bone above the orbit and a flange of the same bone inside the orbit, with Abelisauridae and Noasauridae; but it was considered to retain primitive features for Abelisauria, such as an opening in the quadrate bone and a T-shaped postorbital. A subsequent analysis has placed it within Abelisauridae, as a brachyrostran carnotaurine.
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The paired vomer is narrow. The palatine bone and pterygoid are long and parallel to the axis of the skull, the latter diverging behind and extending to the quadrate or to the articular extremity of the mandible; the pterygoid is connected with the maxillary by the ectopterygoid or transverse bone, which may be very long, and the maxillary often emits a process towards the palatine, the latter bone being usually produced inwards and upwards towards the anterior extremity of the basisphenoid. The quadrate is usually large and elongate, and attached to the cranium through the supratemporal (often regarded as the squamosal). In rare cases, (Polemon) the transverse bone is forked, and articulates with two branches of the maxilla.
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The remainder are either few or closely ribbed, crossed by frequent or more distant lirations, acutely echinate at the points of junction, interstices appearing deeply seated, almost smooth, quadrate or oblong. The aperture is oblong. The outer lip is thin. The sinus is deep and wide, situated immediately below the suture.
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The paired pterygoid of Biseridens is the most distinctly visible bone on its palate. It contains an anterior process, a quadrate ramus and a ventromedial process. There is a prominent posterolaterally curving transverse curving process. Similar to other basal therapsids, this process reaches much lower than the level of the palate.
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There are four irregular pale golden-metallic fasciae, with the costal extremities white, the first two margining the orange fascia, the third median, enclosing a dot of ground colour above the middle, the fourth at three-fourths, terminating above in a large quadrate ochreous-white spot. The hindwings are grey.
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External respiratory and anal orifices are on the right central margin of the mantle. Orifice of the combined genital system is behind and below the right eye-peduncle. The shell- plate is internal, flat, calcareous, oblong and sometimes in separate grains. Jaw is smooth, with median projection and quadrate accessory plate.
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This was significant in the relationship of Theriognathus and cynodonts, as well as being the first computer assisted cladistics analysis to support the possible paraphyletic relationship of Therocephalia. A few authors have supported this phylogenetic hypothesis, based on the existence of an enlarged epiterygoid and a quadrate notch in the squamosal.
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Polygrammodes rufinalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It is found in Venezuela. The wingspan is about 46 mm. Adults are brown with a pinkish tinge, the forewings with an indistinct dark antemedial line and a quadrate hyaline spot in the end of the cell and a wedge shaped spot beyond it.
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It is also known after Achille-Louis Foville as the quadrate lobule of Foville.Foville AL. (1844). Traité complêt de l’anatomie, de la physiologie et de la pathologie du système nerveux cérébro- spinal. Paris, France: Fortin, Masson The Latin form of praecuneus was first used in 1868 and the English precuneus in 1879.
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Brancoceratidae is a family of acanthoceratoid ammonites from the middle of the Cretaceous, recognized by their commonly evolute shells with round, oval, or quadrate whorls, strong ribs, usual ventral keels, and at least, umblical tubercles. The family is thought to be derived from the Desmoceratidae (Desmoceratoidea), perhaps from Silesitoides or some allied genus.
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The nares are smaller than the antorbital fenestrae, a primitive feature for ornithurae birds. In addition, Gobipteryx's skull has an articulated rostrum. The jaw hinge is associated with the articulation of the quadrate with the pterygoid processes. The articular region of the mandible contains internal and retroarticular processes and has uniform symphysis.
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The quadrate pebblesnail, scientific name Somatogyrus quadratus, is a species of small freshwater snail with a gill and an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Hydrobiidae. This species is endemic to the United States. Its natural habitat is rivers. This species is possibly extinct because there is no recent survey information.
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The squamosal wing to the parietal is large. There is a deep groove present in the floor of the basioccipital for the basilar artery. The suprastapedial process is fused to the infrastapedial process on the quadrate and the tympanic ala are thick. The stapedial pit is nearly circular to elliptical in form.
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The skin of all squamates is covered in scales. The upper jaw of Squamates is movable on the cranium, a configuration called kinesis. This is made possible by a loose connection between the quadrate and its neighboring bones. Without this, snakes would not be able consume prey that are much larger than themselves.
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A slight ridge is sometimes seen commencing about the middle of the intertrochanteric crest, and reaching vertically downward for about 5 cm. along the back part of the body: it is called the linea quadrata (or quadrate line), and gives attachment to the Quadratus femoris and a few fibers of the Adductor magnus.
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Early mammal (above) vs. pelycosaur (below) jaw configuration with relevance to hearing It has been suggested that early theriodonts (including gorgonopsians) possessed an eardrum, unlike earlier pelycosaurs, because the connection between the quadrate bone (at the jaw hinge) and the pterygoid bone (at the palate) was beginning to reduce, allowing the quadrate to independently vibrate to a degree. This may have allowed the detection of air-borne sounds with a low amplitude of less than , but the eardrum would have been supported by cartilage or ligaments instead of bone. If correct, then the postdentary bones (which in early mammals form the middle ear bones) would have needed to become detached from the dentary (jawbone); the gorgonopsian fossil record seems to indicate the postdentary- dentary connection was reduced.
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It originates on the lateral border of the ischial tuberosity of the ischium of the pelvis. From there, it passes laterally to its insertion on the posterior side of the head of the femur: the quadrate tubercle on the intertrochanteric crest and along the quadrate line, the vertical line which runs downward to bisect the lesser trochanter on the medial side of the femur. Along its course, quadratus is aligned edge to edge with the inferior gemellus above and the adductor magnus below, so that its upper and lower borders run horizontal and parallel.Mcminn (2003), p 166 At its origin, the upper margin of the adductor magnus is separated from it by the terminal branches of the medial femoral circumflex vessels.
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Its quadrate bone differed from that of Odontopteryx toliapica in a more narrowly grooved dorsal head, and a larger and less forward-pointing orbital process. The forward center of the ventral articulation ridge extends upwards and forward, and the pterygoid process is conspicuously expanded to the upper center in Osteodontornis. The socket for the quadratojugal has an intermediate position and the lateral ridge of the slender main shaft is straight and fairly thin. The quadrate of the mysterious Pseudodontornis longirostris skull (which some consider to belong in Pelagornis) is not very well preserved; it agees with Odontopteryx in a broad main shaft and with Osteodontornis in the straight main shaft ridge and its upward-directed ventral articulation ridge's forward center.
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The reptilian quadrate bone, articular bone, and columella evolved into the mammalian incus, malleus, and stapes (anvil, hammer, and stirrup), respectively. In reptiles, the eardrum is connected to the inner ear via a single bone, the columella, while the upper and lower jaws contain several bones not found in mammals. Over the course of the evolution of mammals, one bone from the lower and one from the upper jaw (the articular and quadrate bones) lost their purpose in the jaw joint and migrated to the middle ear. The shortened columella connected to these bones within the middle ear to form a chain of three bones, the ossicles, which serve to effectively transmit air-based vibrations and facilitate more acute hearing.
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Members of the family are usually large and glossy plants with creeping stolons that bear small leaves and tufts of rhizoids. Stems are generally frondose, but may rarely be dendroid. Leaf cell shape is almost always smooth, short, and firm-walled. Marginal cells are typically quadrate to short- rectangular in few to several rows.
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Like the pythons, boas have elongated supratemporal bones. The quadrate bones are also elongated, but not as much, while both are capable of moving freely so when they swing sideways to their maximum extent, the distance between the hinges of the lower jaw is greatly increased.Parker HW, Grandison AGC. 1977. Snakes – a natural history.
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They were placed in short, quadrate tower gates. One could enter by walking through the small bridges over the moat, which were probably drawbridges. Later, instead of making the Poznańska gate taller (which was very common intervention in the Middle Ages) citizens of Łęczyca built another gate next to it. Krakowska was not changed.
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The forewings are pale brownish orange with a large yellowish-white costal patch occupying one-third to three-fifths length of the costa, with a small, round discal stigma, followed by larger quadrate one in the patch. The hindwings are brownish orange, with a broad orange-white streak along the costa to three- fifths length.
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The palate is broad and plate-like. Casea genus has a narrow interpterygoid vacuity that divides the posterior portions of the palate at the midline. The jaw is dominated by a large dentary and a strong medially directed process off the articular bone is present at the level of the articular facets for the quadrate.
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The skull of Gorynychus, a therocephalian synapsid. The tiny quadrate-quadratojugal complex is labelled with q-qj. In synapsids (mammals and their extinct relatives), the quadratojugal undergoes significant transformation during the evolution of the group. Early synapsids such as eothyridids and caseids retained long quadratojugals and in some cases even reacquire quadratojugal-maxilla contact.
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Ardonis chlorophilata is a moth in the family Geometridae first described by Francis Walker in 1863. It is found in Bhutan and India. The wingspan is about 26 mm. The forewings have some dark rufous at the base of the costa, as well as triangular medial and smaller postmedial patches and a quadrate apical patch.
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There is a distinct black-edged orange quadrate spot in the end of the cell, as well as a discoidal black lunule. The postmedial line has an orange spot on the outer side. The hindwings have a discoidal annulate spot and a curved fuscous postmedial line. Both wings have a terminal series of black points.
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In other words, jaw joints and ears do not define any except the most recent groups of mammals. Mammalian and non-mammalian jaws. In the mammal configuration, the quadrate and articular bones are much smaller and form part of the middle ear. Note that in mammals the lower jaw consists of only the dentary bone.
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The body whorl is concave above. The compressed periphery is encircled by two rather obscure carinae. The base of the shell is slightly convex, with a narrow spiral groove bounding a central area which is covered by a thin, radiately rugose, purple and white callus. The aperture is rounded quadrate, nacreous and iridescent within.
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The basicranial facet is concave and elliptical in shape, anteroposteriorly elongated. Posteromedially to this, a small and pointed process is present, only 5 mm in length. This is in direct contrast to Cymbospondylus, which had a very prominent and well-developed posteromedial process. The quadrate ramus had a concave medial surface, but is not otherwise well preserved.
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Adults are sexually dimorphic. There are two distinct forms. The most easily recognized bears exaggerated dark markings on the apical portion of the postmedial line that is contiguous with the subapical dash. The other form most resembles both Paectes asper, but in Paectes nana, the forewing costa is gray with small, faint, dark-gray quadrate spots along the margin.
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The forewings are fuscous brown with a pale yellow quadrate spot about the middle of the wing towards the costa, followed by a large irregular-shaped blotch of the same colour, beyond which are two colon-like dots. The central portion of the costa is orange. The hindwings are fuscous brown, rather paler along the inner margin.
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The neck was relatively long and the skull probably rather small. The skull is somewhat elongated and pointy, measuring 295 by 283 millimetres in the holotype. The top profile of the skull is convex, the rear skull roof curving below the level of the upper rim of the eye sockets. The quadrate is very strongly inclined to the rear.
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Russell (1967) considered the form of the teeth, the shape of the frontal and the large suprastapedial process of the quadrate as evidence of a close relation between Ectenosaurus and Platecarpus. He separated Ectenosaurus from Platecarpus based on the elongated snout, the exclusion of the prefrontals from the narial borders and the fusion of the supra- and infrastepedial processes.
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Hildoceratinae is an extinct subfamily of cephalopods belonging to the family Hildoceratidae. Ammonites of this subfamily had shells with elliptical or quadrate whorl section with keel or tricarinate, bisulcate venter. Ribs were variable, from falcate to strongly angled and from fine to strong. They can be interrupted by spiral groove in midlateral part of the shell.
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Nevertheless, it was proportionally similar to that of Hovasaurus. The skull had an estimated total length of 55 millimeters (2.2 inches). The mandible (lower jaw) was long and slender. The rear part of the mandible, which was formed by the articular bone, bears a facet which connects to the quadrate bone of the cranium to form the jaw joint.
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The inflorescences consist of numerous opposite lateral cylindrical spikes, 15-30 × 2–5 mm, on jointed peduncles. Groups of three bisexual flowers are sitting in the axils of rhombic-quadrate bracts. The opposite bracts are not connate to each other. The obovoid to obpyramidal perianth consists of three connate tepals, the apex with three incurved lobes.
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The socket for the quadratojugal is displaced downwards. The quadrate of P. longirostris is not very well preserved; it agees with Odontopteryx in a broad main shaft but is closer to Osteodontornis in the straight main shaft ridge and its upward-directed ventral articulation ridge's forward center. Its quadratojugal socket differs from both.Ono (1989), González-Barba et al.
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The quadrate is too large to articulate with the squamosal, is preserved differently from the other bones, and was found several meters away. The tooth does not resemble those within the jaws (as revealed by CT data), is larger, and was therefore assigned to Camarasaurus sp. (other teeth assignable to that genus are known from the quarry).
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Gangloff et al. (2005) as an unnamed pachycephalosaurid, possibly a Pachycephalosaurus. Gangloff et al. described the squamosal as having an interdigitated suture with the quadrate, a feature previously described only in Pachycephalosaurus. Sullivan (2006) opined that this "suture" is instead a breakage point in both Alaskacephale and Pachycephalosaurus, so it could not be used to unite the two taxa.
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In certain reptiles, the variation and stability of the morphology of the quadrate bone has help paleontologists in the species-level taxonomy and identification of mosasaur squamates DeBraga, M. and Carroll, R.L., 1993. The origin of mosasaurs as a model of macroevolutionary patterns and processes. In Evolutionary biology (pp. 245-322). Springer US. and spinosaurine dinosaurs.
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A study by Octávio Mateus e.a. in 2009 recovered Kentrosaurus in a basal position in the Stegosauridae as shown by this cladogram: Earlier analyses had shown Kentrosaurus closer in the tree to Stegosaurus. Basal traits include a prominent paraquadratic foramen at the quadrate in the skull; maxillary teeth with only seven denticles at the margin; and a shoulder spine.
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The penultimate whorl contains 8 close-set spiral rows of smooth ovate granules. The body whorl has ten spiral rows of granules above the acutely angled periphery. The granules of the infrasutural row are much larger and placed axially, the rest spirally ovate. The ten rows on the base have flatter, more quadrate, and more close-set granules.
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Cranial elements The describing authors indicated a number of distinguishing traits. Some of these are autapomorphies, unique derived characters. The quadrate has a flat facet contacting the quadratojugal. The symphysis of the lower jaws, in which they are fused at the front, is extremely thickened at the top front end, while the top surface is expanded to the rear.
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The ascending process had a triangular cross-section at the base, where it articulates with the pterygoid. The quadratojugal is only partial, with a broken dorsal edge. Its process for articulating with the quadrate is clearly visible, and that for the jugal is long and indented. Skull bones The palatines have a robust anterior and fragile posterior.
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In 2001, E. cromptonellus was placed in the Eudimorphodontidae. Kellner in 2015 indicated a basal position in the Pterosauria, the short coracoid suggesting a close affinity to Austriadraco within an Austriadraconidae. According to Kellner, the original describers had incorrectly identified a coracoid as a quadrate bone. The following phylogenetic analysis follows the topology of Upchurch et al. (2015).
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The forewings are pale glaucous grey. The costa is white with a fulvous streak below it and there is a fuscous subbasal shade from the cell to the inner margin, followed by a whitish band. There is also a quadrate semihyaline white spot just beyond the discocellulars. The hindwings are pale glaucous grey with a semihyaline white basal area.
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The forewings are brown over a whitish ground color. There is a quadrate white patch near end of the cell, bordered laterally by black lines. Below this is a second similar patch and a third white irregular oval patch occupying the subterminal area. This patch is outlined in black and connected with the costa by a dark streak.
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The shell is broadly oval to quadrate with the umbones distinctly anterior. The posterior hinge line is straight, the posterior margin truncate, and the anterior hinge line grades into the down-sloping anterior margin. It is prominent posteriorly, where the shell is conspicuously decussate. The surface has a sculpture of fine concentric striae and bolder radiating lines.
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The skull is long and narrow with a long braincase. The intraorbital region is broad; zygomatic arches are slender and not widely spreading; incisive foramina are relatively short and widest in the middle; the palate is low with slender or incomplete lateral pits, and posterior median ridge sloping and grooved; the interpterygoid fossa is wide and quadrate.
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Zatracheidids are recognized by their wide and flat skulls with a greatly enlarged preorbital region that is distinguished by the large internarial fontanelle, with corresponding large premaxillae. A correspondingly large intervomerine fontanelle is found on the palate. The quadratojugal is expanded, and in Acanthostomatops and Zatrachys, bears discrete spiky projections. The quadratojugal also obscures the quadrate in dorsal profile.
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The describing authors established some derived or apomorphic traits relative to the Paraves. The jugal bone is pneumatised. The rear branch of the lacrimal bone is short, with less than 15% of the length of the descending branch, measured from the inner corner downwards. The quadrate bone is part of the outer edge of the foramen paraquadraticum.
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Antennae, head and abdomen pale brown; thorax darker brown with a little greenish pubescence posteriorly; beneath, the palpi, thorax and abdomen pale greyish brown. Female upperside: forewing with the violet area duller and confined to the immediate base of the wing; a quadrate white spot at the end of the discoidal cell; a tripartite subcostal spot; another elongated spot from the third median to the upper discoidal nervule, placed outwardly below it; a large quadrate discal spot, completely tilling the interspace between the first and third median nervules. Hindwing with no violet gloss at the base, otherwise as in the male. Underside: forewing with the cell orange but outwardly terminated by a large white spot; the other spots as on the upperside Hindwing as in the male, but all the markings mores obscure.
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Chatterjee argues that the temporal region displays a streptostylic quadrate with orbital process for attachment of the M. protractor pterygoidei et quadrati, with associated confluence of the orbits with the temporal fenestrae, thus facilitating prokinesis. He further asserts that the braincase of Protoavis bears a number of characters seen in Ornithurae, including the structure of the otic capsule, the widespread pneumatization of the braincase elements, a full complement of tympanic recesses, and the presence of an epiotic. Of this material, only the quadrate and orbital roof, in addition to limited portions of the braincase are preserved with enough fidelity to permit any definitive interpretation. The quadrates of TTU P 9200 and TTU P 9201 are not particularly alike; a fact not easily explained away if the material is conspecific, as Chatterjee insists.
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The wingspan is 17–18 mm. The forewings are white with a short oblique dark fuscous mark on the base of the costa and a suffused dark fuscous elongate blotch extending along the basal fourth of the dorsum, as well as an irregular sinuate-dentate dark fuscous line from one-fifth of the costa to the anterior edge of a quadrate fuscous blotch on the middle of the dorsum not reaching half across the wing. There is an irregular slightly curved dark fuscous line from the middle of the costa to four-fifths of the dorsum, and another from three-fourths of the costa to the tornus, these connected on the dorsum by a quadrate dark fuscous blotch. Seven large blackish marginal dots are found around the posterior part of the costa and termen.
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The postorbital is small compared to the orbit, with a large dorsal orbital rim extending out from the top of the bone. The quadratojugal seems more robust than that of other ophthalmosaurines, but has a thin anterior surface which articulates with the postorbital. There is a concave area which a ligament would connect to the quadrate process. The squamosal is present but incomplete.
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The bone forms an ancestral component of the dermal roof and is typically thin compared to other skull bones. The squamosal bone lies ventral to the temporal series and otic notch, and is bordered anteriorly by the postorbital. Posteriorly, the squamosal articulates with the quadrate and pterygoid bones. The squamosal is bordered anteroventrally by the jugal and ventrally by the quadratojugal.
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In non-mammalian synapsids, the jaw is composed of four bony elements and referred to as a quadro-articular jaw because the joint is between the articular and quadrate bones. In therapsids (advanced synapsids including mammal), the jaw is simplified into an articulation between the dentary and the squamous part of the temporal bone, and hence referred to as a dentary-squamosal jaw.
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It consists of premaxillary and lateral teeth, incomplete left lacrimal, maxillary process of the left jugal, partial right quadratojugal, jugal process of the right ectopterygoid and the quadrate ramus to the right pterygoid. Although the specimen seems to represent a smaller individual. Its affinity to Alectrosaurus is somewhat unresolved since the specimen lacks hindlimb material, making direct comparisons with Alectrosaurus quite complicated.
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The whole surface bears numerous low, smooth spiral striae, which are often subobsolete on the body whorl, and it is then nearly smooth. The base of the shell is concave in the middle. The aperture is rounded-quadrate, smooth within or finely lirate. The columella is slightly sinuous, bidentate at base, expanding in a callus above, which slightly impinges upon the umbilicus.
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The skull's quadrate bone measured almost at its widest and was nearly high.Howard (1957), Olson (1985: pp.199–200), Ono (1989), Mayr (2008), Mayr et al. (2008) Like its relatives, O. orri had a stout but extremely light-boned body, feet that were presumably webbed as in its aquatic relatives, and long and probably very narrow wings resembling those of an albatross.
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Acronicta quadrata, the quadrate dagger moth, is a moth of the family Noctuidae. In Canada, it occurs across the wooded area north to the southern edge of the Boreal forest. From western Quebec, west to the Rocky Mountains in Alberta and north-western British Columbia. It is widespread in the western parts of the United States The wingspan is 30–40 mm.
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The posterior processes of the pterygoids are curved inward to join the quadrate. The posterior pterygoid process extends upward in a thin plate, including a large infra-temporal vacuity. The length of each interpterygoid vacuity is approximately three times greater than its width, or equal to about a third of the skull length. The interpterygoid vacuities set back in posterior half of skull.
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Oblique axial striae crowd between the granules on the spire, but are obsolete on the base. The aperture is quadrate oblique. The outer lip is crenulate, toothed just within the margin opposite each spiral lira, within this thickened and wrinkled, and in the throat lirate and nacreous. The basal lip is crenulate, thickened within with 5 teeth gradually enlarging towards the columella.
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A small butterfly, 26 to 36 mm in wingspan. The basal half or more of the cell in upper forewing is blue, with blue spots present in the apex and termen. Females: The upper forewing has a yellow discal patch above the blue area. The upper hindwing blue area is small and reduced to discal quadrate spots in 3 and 4.
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The holotype specimen of Thanatotheristes degrootorum (TMP 2010.5.7) is based on a right maxilla, right jugal, right postorbital, right surangular, right quadrate, right laterosphenoid, left frontal, and both dentaries. The length of the skull has been approximated to be . It was smaller than the closely related Daspletosaurus, but the holotype individual was not osteologically mature at the time of death.
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The ground color of the forewings is white with a large quadrate dorsal purplish coppery blotch at the posterior half from near the base to the tornus. The costal area has four blackish spots at the base and there is one distinct spot at the dorsum. The hindwing ground colour is whitish, but darker towards the margin. The larvae feed on Bourreria costaricensis.
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Mature specimens carry their flowering racemes on branched stems some distance from the ground, and the pods are consequently conspicuous. The flower spikes grow from the leaf axils and are 5 to 10 cm long. Their elongate, flattened, brown to reddish brown pods measure up to 30 cm by 4 cm. The shape of their seeds is variable, from elliptic to almost quadrate.
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No canal or groove in floor of basioccipital or basisphenoid for basilar artery. Suprastapedial process of quadrate distally expanded. Dorsal edge of surangular thin lamina of bone rising anteriorly to posterior surface of coronoid...At least 31, usually 42–45 presacral vertebrae present. Length of presacral series exceeds that of postsacral, neural spines of posterior caudal vertebrae elongated to form distinct fin.
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The holotype fossil, SAM-PK-1070, is preserved in negative relief and has a partial skull, mandibles, axial skeleton, pectoral and pelvic girdles, osteoderms, and femur elements. The preserved femurs include a complete left and partial right. Partial skull elements present are the maxilla, quadrate, parabasisphenol, jugal, quadratojugal, mandible, and the palate. Little of the skull roof remains in this specimen.
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Von Franz was passionately interested in nature and gardening. In order to meet her love for nature, she acquired a piece of land at the borders of a large forest above Bollingen. There, in 1958, she built a quadrate tower following the example of C. G. Jung. The tower was meant to be a hermitage, having neither electricity nor a flushing cistern.
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Semaeostomeae (literally "flag mouths") is an order of large jellyfish characterized by four long, frilly oral arms flanking their quadrate mouths. The umbrella is domed with scalloped margins, and the gastrovascular system consists of four unbranched pouches radiating outwards from the central stomach; no ring canal is present. They usually possess eight tentacles; four are per-radical and four are inter-radical.
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The dermal roofing elements of Proganochelys include a large nasal, a fully roofed skull, a flat squamosal, and an absent pineal foramen. Palatal characteristics include paired vomers, and a dorsal process containing premaxilla. An open interpterygoid vacuity along with a prominent elongated quadrate are notable basicranial elements. Overall, Pragonchelys is characterized by having few chelonian features and having a relatively generalized amniote skull.
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It is a medium sized damselfly with black=capped blue eyes. Its thorax is black on dorsum and there are a pair of narrow and slightly curved azure blue antehumeral stripes. Base is azure blue on the sides, marked with a black stripe which occupies half of the posterior border of the thorax. Wings are transparent with black, quadrate shaped pterostigma.
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Wankel designed a Wankel Diesel engine with two clover-shaped housings and a compressor in between. Unlike in a regular Wankel engine, the rotary pistons are not shaped like a Reuleaux triangle, but like a bulgy quadrate. The compressor rotor has the shape of an ellipse. Despite the unusual design, this engine was functional under test conditions on a test bed.
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Oligokyphus is an extinct genus of advanced herbivorous cynodonts of the late Triassic to early Jurassic periods. Originally considered to be an early mammal, it is now classified as a Mammaliamorph (nearly a mammal) because Oligokyphus does not have the mammalian jaw attachments and it retains a vestigial joint between the quadrate bone and the squamosal bone in the skull.
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Notably, this bone is seen to connect with the pterygoid at the quadrate flange. Leptopleuron has also been identified to have vomerine dentition with short and long pairs of fangs. The tail fangs are at the anterior end of the vomer while the posterior end holds the short fangs. The palatine can only be seen in dorsal view and not in palatal view.
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An analysis carried out at the time of its description featuring a data matrix of 135 characters and 32 terminal taxa recovered Eremiasaurus heterodontus as a sister taxon to the Plotosaurini, a tribe now seen as synonymous with the Mosasaurini. A close relation to (or even inclusion within) the Mosasaurini is supported by the presence of an internarial bar keel, the exclusion of the prefrontals from the narial borders, narial embayments in the frontal and the presence of a quadrate ala groove. Eremiasaurus differs from the closely related Mosasaurus and Plotosaurus in having the infrastapedial and suprastapedial processes of the quadrate fused, possessing a very large and rounded stapedial pit, large pterygoid teeth and the glenoid condyle of the humerus being gently domed. Cladogram of Eremiasaurus and related taxa within the Mosasaurinae modified from D.V. Grigoriev, 2013:Grigoriev, D. V. (2013).
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Restoration of Dimorphodon macronyx, considered a close relative of Parapsicephalus by some authors A 2017 analysis of Parapsicephalus found little support for it being placed in the Dimorphodontia: its skull was comparatively longer; the snout is slightly upturned with outward-projecting teeth, as in rhamphorhynchids; the quadrate is not as vertical; the antorbital fenestra is offset below the nostril instead of being at the same level; and, although the top of the skull is convex in both, the condition in Parapsicephalus is not quite as extreme. Thus, affinities with the Rhamphorhynchidae were considered more probable. Within the Rhamphorhynchidae, unlike the scaphognathines, the antorbital fenestra is more than twice as long as it is tall, and has a concave back margin; the angle of the quadrate is also more than 120°. This implies that Parapsicephalus is a member of the Rhamphorhynchinae.
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B. lesueur skulls are short and broad with large palatal vacuities, inflated auditory bullae, and short, broad nasals. The mandible is relatively short and deep compared to other relatives. The dental formula for all the modern potoroines is I 3/1 C 1/0 PM 1/1 M 4/4. Molars are bunodont and quadrate, and the premolars have 9-11 fine, vertical ridges.
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The protoconch itself is globular, plain, the next beautifully but microscopically cancellate, the remainder longitudinally acutely costate, angled above. They are crossed by, in full-grown specimens, on the upper whorls, two, on the body whorl four, spiral raised ribs. The interstitial spacesare quadrate, smooth and acutely echinate at the points of junction. The number of the ribs on the body whorl is eleven to twelve.
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Vertex of head whitish. Forewings with rufous costa. A bright verditer-greenish sub-basal patch found below cell and spot above it in cell and spot above it in cell. There is a quadrate patch found in end of cell another from below it to inner margin, and one beyond cell, a slightly sinuous dark postmedial line terminating at outer angle in a crimson mark.
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They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine has the form of a rather small, oblong or quadrate blotch occurring upon the lower side of the leaf, usually placed on the space between two lateral veins. The lower epidermis on the mining part is greenish-white in the early stage and brownish in fully developed stage, with many weak, longitudinal ridges in the tentiformed stage.
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Traces of a postmedial line can be seen. A curved and waved purplish-grey submarginal line present angled below costa, and on the hindwings becoming postmedial. Ventral side of forewings with yellow basal half, brown outer area, bright reddish brown inside the postmedial line. This postmedial line is prominent, angled and purple, or with a quadrate sinus below costa and often waved towards inner margin.
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Fragum unedo Fragum unedo can grow to 6.5 cm (2.5 in) in length but 4 cm (1.5 in) is a more usual size. The two domed valves are equal in size and asymmetric, with the beaks in front of the mid line. The outline is sub-quadrate with steeply sloping dorsal margins. The posterior margin is long and almost straight while the anterior margin is evenly rounded.
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The postorbitals are quite small, and there is weak sculpturing on the posterior processes. The squamosals, which form the posterior margins of the upper temporal fenestrae, are large and triradiate, with forked anterior processes. Their lateral processes just descend to meet the lower jaw. The quadratojugal is barely exposed at all, but the quadrate is just noticeable near the location of the occipital condyle.
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The size of an adult shell varies between 8 mm and 12 mm. The small, solid shell is globose-conical, sculptured with fine, shallow, revolving alternate grooves and elevations. The yellowish shell is shining and delicately variegated with oblique zigzag dusky lines. The two colors are about in equal proportions with a series of somewhat conspicuous quadrate dusky and yellow spots just below the suture.
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The maxilla and prefrontals of the specimen are only partly known, although the jugals, basioccipitals, supraoccipital crest, and left quadrate are close to complete. The preserved skull length is , and the total approximate skull is long. The specimen is unique among Khunnuchelys, as the ventral edge is generally well-preserved. The ventral edge shows that the skull of Khunnuchelys is arched from the front to the back.
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A number of unique characters, or autapomorphies, set Luskhan apart from all other plesiosaurs. Among thalassophoneans, Luskhan is unique for having seven teeth in the premaxilla. The first of these is procumbent (angled forwards) such that it is nearly horizontal, and the space between it and the subsequent tooth is also widened. A roughened, hook-like projection develops on the squamosal from its suture with the quadrate.
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A notch is present between the maxilla and premaxilla bones of the upper jaw, accommodating the fourth dentary tooth when the jaw is closed. The procumbent first dentary teeth fit between the first and second premaxillary teeth. This close fit allows the serrated edges of the teeth shear with one another. The articulation between the articular and quadrate bones at the jaw joint is well developed.
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The base of the shell is very flatly rounded with 7 concentric narrow lirae, the inner 4 closer than the rest, which are separated by 4 to 6 interlirate striae. The umbilicus is narrow, minutely axially incised. The aperture is oblique and roundly quadrate. The outer lip is slightly convex, thin, and smooth within The margin is sinuously convex below the suture, and concave towards the periphery.
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The Tetragonoceratidae is a small family of nautilitids constituting a part of the superfamily Tainocerataceae in which shells are coiled with a generally quadrate whorl section. Coiling is either gyroconic or evoluute with a slight dorsal impression. Flanks diverge from the umbilical to the ventral shoulders so as to make the whorl sections widest close to the venter. Nodes made develop on the flanks and shoulders.
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The basal margin is decidedly expanded and curved. The columella is very oblique, concave and toward the insertion, its edge scarcely reflexed, simple, bearing a single triangular projection or tooth below the middle, and terminating in a very strong, quadrate, biplicate tooth at its base. The parietal wall is wrinkled. The umbilicus penetrates deeper than the insertion of the columella and is bordered by a plicate rib.
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These relatively small snakes rarely exceed 30 cm in length; only Trilepida macrolepis and Leptotyphlops occidentalis grow larger. The cranium and upper jaws are immobile and no teeth are in the upper jaw. The lower jaw consists of a much elongated quadrate bone, a tiny compound bone, and a relatively larger dentary bone. The body is cylindrical with a blunt head and a short tail.
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Ligumia recta is a species of freshwater mussel, an aquatic bivalve mollusk in the family Unionidae, the river mussels. This species is found in eastern North America. It is native to the drainages of the Mississippi River, the drainages of the Great Lakes, and some Gulf Coast drainages. The black sandshell can be up to 10 inches (25 cm) long, and is elongate and quadrate in shape.
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Canal or deep groove in floor of basioccipital and basispehnoid for basilar artery. Suprastapedial process of quadrate large, bluntly terminated and with parallel sides. Dorsal edge of surangular rounded and longitudinally horizontal...Twenty-nine or less presacral vertebrae present. Length of presacral series less than that of postsacral, neural spines of posterior caudal vertebrae at most only slightly elongated, do not form an appreciable fin.
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The anatomy of Anasazisaurus is poorly known. The skull is somewhat poorly preserved, lacks the lower jaw, beak, and quadrate, and was only recently fully prepared. It has a sort of tab or flange of bone, from the nasals, that rises between and above the eyes and folds back under itself. This unique crest allows it to be distinguished from similar hadrosaurs, like Gryposaurus.
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The outer sides of the two praemaxillae run more parallel compared to the snouts of later forms which are strongly diverging to behind. The cutting edge of the bone core of the upper beak is limited to the front of the praemaxilla. Each praemaxilla has six (conical) teeth. The quadrate, and with it the entire back of the skull, is inclined to the front.
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The first example of cranial kinesis was in the chondrichthyans, such as sharks. There is no attachment between the hyomandibular and the quadrate, and instead the hyoid arch suspends the two sets of jaws like pendulums. This allows sharks to swing their jaws outwards and forwards over the prey, allowing the synchronous meeting of the jaws and avoiding deflecting the prey when it comes close.
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A flattened body shape and a crevice-dwelling ecology generally characterize species in the group. In part because of their habitat specialization, all of the known species and subspecies are allopatric, and several have small geographic distributions.Dorsal scales are heteromorphic, not imbrication, and some are conical or developed into enlarged tubercles separated by small granular scales. Ventral scales are flat, quadrate, and arranged in transverse rows.
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The aperture is quadrate and very oblique, the basal portion smooth inside. The columella is pearly, anteriorly terminating in a solid tubercle, and ascending with a semicircular sweep. The thin operculum is horny, multispiral with a central nucleus. Tectus royanus is allied to Tectus pyramis (Born, 1778), an Indo-Pacific species, but differs in colour and in sculpture, which is much finer than that in T. pyramisW.
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Amphitorna perexcisa is a moth in the family Drepanidae. It was described by Warren in 1923. It is found in Malaysia and on Borneo, Bali, Java and Sumatra. Adults are similar to Amphitorna excisa, but the hooking of the hindwing margin and forewing postmedial is less extreme, the hooking of the postmedial is more quadrate in the next species and adults are slightly paler and browner.
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Adults are green with traces of waved lines on the wings. The forewings have a slight subbasal line and a large rufous quadrate patch on the costal area, bounded on the inner side by an oblique black line, and on outer side by a black line. The hindwings have three indistinct lines on the basal half and a series of prominent black specks on the postmedial line.
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The porta hepatis or transverse fissure of the liver is a short but deep fissure, about 5 cm long, extending transversely beneath the left portion of the right lobe of the liver, nearer its posterior surface than its anterior border. It joins nearly at right angles with the left sagittal fossa, and separates the quadrate lobe in front from the caudate lobe and process behind.
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There are three projections coming from the main body, which can be identified as the anterior postorbital joint, the lateral postcotyloid joint and the inner ramus. However, only the lower part of the postorbital joint is preserved. The precotyloid opening is absent, but this feature is very variable in both Hadrosauroidea and Hadrosauridae. Maxillar tooth Two quadrate bones are preserved (specimens AMNH FARB 30659 and 30660).
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Larger allosauroids are found to have a lower CFL muscle-to-body-mass proportion that smaller allosauroids. In addition to body similarities, allosauroids are also united by certain skull features. Some of the defining ones include a smaller mandibular fenestra, a short quadrate bone, and a short connection between the braincase and the palate. Allosauroid skulls are about 2.5 to 3 times longer as they are tall.
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The forewings are cupreous brown, the costal area fulvous yellow to the postmedial line and with a sinuous dark antemedial line defined by white marks on each side with a small quadrate white spot beyond it in the cell. There is a quadrate hyaline-white patch in the end of the cell and a slight pale discoidal striga. The postmedial line is excurved between veins 5 and 2, then retracted to the lower angle of the cell and angled outwards on vein 2, with a trifid hyaline patch beyond it from the costa to vein 5, two spots before it between veins 6 and 5, a patch in its sinus and a patch beyond it extending to the termen above the tornus. There are two spots beyond it above and below vein 2 and one before it in the submedian interspace, as well as a dark terminal line.
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From the polypyodont replacement and the substantial growth of the adult skulls of Sinoconodon, it is inferred that this taxon lacked the lactation and determinate growth of living mammals. In other aspects Sinoconodon is more primitive; precise post-canine occlusion is lacking, the mandibular symphysis is deep, the jaw articulation lies below a line projected through the apices of the teeth, the pterygoparoccipital foramen is large and the post-canine teeth cannot be divided into molars and premolars. The jaw articulation and braincase of Sinoconodon are compared with those of the two cynodont therapsids Probainognathus and Thrinaxodon. It is concluded that in the transition from therapsid to mammal the medial surface of the groove in the squamosal housing the quadrate was lost and, as a result, in Sinoconodon, Morganucodon and Dinnetherium the hollow medial surface of the quadrate abutted directly against the paroccipital process.
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Male. Plate X figure 5.—The primary wings deep bluish black, with the summits clearer; a greyish blue oblique band commences about the middle of the inner margm and extends to the median nervure between the first and second median nervules; this band has on its outer side, between the second and third median nervules, a quadrate white spot. The secondary wings are entirely bluish black, with the outer margin between the dentations narrowly bordered with scarlet; a transverse curved band of four longitudinal scarlet spots, with the anterior part more obscure, runs across the wing; the three first from the inner margin are of an equal size, but the fourth is smaller and somewhat quadrate. The under surface of the primary wings is black, with the summits clearer, and with two white spots between the first and third nerrales, nearer the median nervure than the outer margin.
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Based on what is known of Gorgodon—the squamosal, quadrate, and pterygoid bones of the back of the skull, the maxilla and premaxilla bones that make up the front of the skull, and several teeth—Gorgodon had a relatively large temporal fenestra and a pair large, conical caniniform teeth at the front of the jaw. Other distinguishing features of Gorgodon include the fused connection between the quadrate and squamosal bones and a long transverse process of the pterygoid (a projection extending from the pterygoid bone on the underside of the skull). Olson classified Gorgodon as a very early therapsid because it had a heterodont dentition and large temporal fenestra not seen in the most basal synapsids but present in therapsids. He placed it in the family Phthinosuchidae because its teeth seemed similar to those of Phthinosaurus, an enigmatic therapsid from the Middle Permian of Russia that is most likely a dinocephalian.
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Massetognathus was a medium- sized cynodont, which documents different ontogenetic stages. It had the largest size of any cynodont in the Chañares assemblage with an approximate skull length ranging from the smallest being to the largest . The Middle Triassic Probainognathus and Massetognathus are the earliest non-mammalian cynodonts in the fossil record that show the initial steps of several phylogenetic transformations of the quadrate and can be characterized by several features: The rotation of the dorsal plate relative to the trochlea exhibits a progressively greater rotation more closely related to mammals, squamosal contact and medial expansion of the squamosal were crucial factors in the transforming the quadrate and the articulation of the cranium. The maxillae extend far out dorsally (with a downward slope) to a point about opposite the lower margins of the orbits, then curving downward and inward, present a broad ventral surface lateral to the tooth rows.
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Limb bone osteohistology of Brasilitherium riograndensis Brasilitherium is a transitional taxon that sets the stage for development of different critical features. Brasilitherium has specialized their basicranium which allows them to start specializing in the middle ear and hearing. Brasilitherium has a stapedial process of the quadrate which is a derivation of the middle ear. Paleontologists looked at endocasts in order to study the increase in size of olfactory bulbs.
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It differs from the crepuscularia group in its tone of colour as well as in the shape and position of the postmedian line. The female is much more whitish than the male and shows a stronger, darker quadrate spot between the postmedian and subterminal lines of the forewing. Abnormal form nigra Bankes is unicolorous blackish except a very small patch of white distally to the cell.Prout , L.B. 1912–16. Geometridae.
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The describers assigned Cacibupteryx to the Rhamphorhynchidae. Although there is little overlapping material with contemporaneous Nesodactylus from the same location, the two are clearly different as proven by details of the elbow and quadrate. Cacibupteryx is one of the most complete Oxfordian pterosaurs, and demonstrates additional Oxfordian pterosaur diversity. Phylogenetic analyses have found it to be a member of the subfamily Rhamphorhynchinae, closely related to Rhamphorhynchus and Nesodactylus.
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It possesses an autapomorphic nasal bone with dorsal midline crest, and an autapomorphic frontal longitudinal ridge that reaches the midline contact between the prefrontals. Its medial supratemporal rim is crest-shaped, and the ridge along the ectopterygoid-jugal suture is notched at its caudal portion. A lateral depression is present on the quadrate bone. The palatine bar is autapomorphically crested on its ventral surface, and cylindrical in its dorsal portion.
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C.trimicrodon with a human for scale The holotype is IWCMS 2002.189.1, 2, 4: three pieces, more or less contiguous, of the front part of a snout. As paratypes have been referred: IWCMS 2002.189.3, a partial posterior skull roof; IWCMS 2003.2, a left quadrate; IWCMS 2003.4, a possible partial jugal; ICWMS 2002.237, a 44 millimeter (1.7 in) long fragment of the first phalanx of the wing finger; IWCMS 2002.234.
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The forelimbs, on the other hand, were used for movement due to the rotation of; the humerus, however, the femur was not able to rotate. Another unique feature of Hyperodapedon was the large eyes with sclerotic plates, which allowed for good sense of vision. They had large nasal capsules to sense smell. Since Hyperodapedon lacked a tympanum, it was believed that they could sense sound by the skin near the quadrate.
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The 10–25 × 6–12 mm shell is slender with the whorls often not very convex and nearly always with flat sutures. It is brown, irregularly striated (surface ornamented with strong spiral striae which cross-cut the radial growth striae – this can lead to the development of quadrate plates) and the apertural height is about 50% of the shell height. The umbilicus is closed.Species summary for Stagnicola fuscus.
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Cilia white, basal halves brown; on the forewing interrupted also with brown at the apices of the veins. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen dark brown; shafts of the antennas white ringed, thorax with a little bluish pubescence; beneath: palpi, thorax and abdomen white. Female upperside: milky brown, bluish at the base of the wings. Forewing: a large dark brown discocellular transverse spot and a small quadrate white patch beyond.
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The forewings are light yellow with a slight sprinkling of brown scales and the veins are more or less marked in brown. The basal portion of the costa is shaded with purple brown. The lines are brown and the orbicular is round and more or less filled with purple brown. The reniform is a quadrate purplish blotch, the lower portion of which is usually lost in some brown scaling.
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The inner scleral ring diameter is 18 millimeters, and the outer diameter is around 35 millimeters. The articular and the prearticular cannot be distinguished, which might indicate they are fused. The splenial is bound by the dentary, which keeps it from being visible on the ventral edge of the mandible. The quadrate and the quadratojugal are appressed on the right side, and there is a quadratojugal foramen present.
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There are several physical similarities between the two. The maxilla of the specimen lacks a lateral lamina that would conceal the medial wall of the fossa in lateral view similar to Sphenosuchus. The quadrate is similar as well in that it has a distinct lateral ridge along the anterior margin. Another new specimen of an early Crocodylomorph was found in Arizona at the Petrified Forest National Park from the Upper Triassic.
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Xuanhuaceratops niei is known only from four fragmentary skeletons recovered from the Houcheng Formatio of Hebei Province, China. These skeletons share a number of distinct features with a potential close relative, Chaoyangsaurus, discovered in the adjacent province of Liaoning, with the exception of several cranial formations. Chief among these is the presence of an additional premaxillary tooth, although other differences in the quadrate and scapula have also been noted.
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The squamosals articulate with many skull bones, including those of the skull roof, those of the ventral skull, and those of the braincase. Like the postorbitals, the squamosals are triradiate, with a ventral, anterior and medial process. There are thirteen preserved elements of the palate of Europasaurus, including the quadrate, pterygoid and ectopterygoid. The quadrates articulate with the palate and braincase bones, as well as the external skull bones.
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Sewa orbiferata is a moth in the family Drepanidae. It was described by Francis Walker in 1862. It is found in northern India, northern Myanmar, Malaysia, Borneo, Java and China (Sichuan, Zhejiang, Fujian). Adults are white, the forewings with four cinereous obliquely quadrate spots on the costa and an irregular broad discal transverse band, which is transversed by two short wavy streaks and a submarginal series of small spots.
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While initially thought to have been an apex predator of the Paleocene ecosystem in which it lived, analysis of the cranial elements of Titanoboa possess unique features relative to other boids. These features include high palatal and marginal tooth position counts, low- angled quadrate orientation, and reduced palatine-pterygoid and ptery. This has pointed to the genus being dominantly piscivorous; a trait unique to Titanoboa among all boids.Head et al.
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The postdentary trough is a skeletal feature seen in Mesozoic mammals. It is found on the inside of the lower jaw (dentary), at the back behind the molar teeth. It is the hollow in which the postdentary bones and Meckel's cartilage sit. These bones form the middle ear in later mammal groups (see Evolution of mammalian auditory ossicles), they include the incus (quadrate), malleus (articular), ectotympanic (angular) and prearticular.
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The forewings are fuscous brown suffused with purple. There is an antemedial white spot in the cell and a whitish band from the cell to the inner margin, as well as quadrate black spots in the middle of the cell and on the discocellulars with a quadrate white spot between them and a smaller spot below the cell. The postmedial line is fuscous, incurved and with a quadrifid yellowish white patch beyond it from the costa to vein 5, bent outwards and slightly defined by white between veins 5 and 2, then retracted to the lower angle of the cell and excurved to the inner margin, with a yellowish-white spot beyond it in the submedian interspace and a small spot above the inner margin. The hindwings are yellowish white with some diffused fuscous below the base of the cell, an oblique fuscous band from the upper angle of the cell to above the tornus and a small dark lunule beyond the cell.
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The forewings are reddish ferruginous, with black-and-golden-metallic markings and a small black basal patch, the outer edge moderately straight, indented in the middle, where there are a few golden-metallic scales. There is a narrow outwardly oblique golden-metallic fascia, from the costa at one-fourth to beyond the inner margin at one-third, sometimes hardly reaching the inner margin. An irregular black quadrate spot is found on the costa immediately beyond, reaching more than half way across the wing and there is a second, similar to first, golden- metallic fascia, not so oblique as the first, immediately beyond the quadrate spot, sometimes broken, from the middle of the costa to the middle of the inner margin. A small roundish ochreous-white spot is found on the costa at three-fourths, the lower half reddish tinged, reaching nearly half way across the wing and a golden-metallic patch of scales is found beneath, but slightly anterior.
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However, this species was later recognized as distinct from Gavialis on the basis of certain aspects of the known cranial material, in particular the large foramen aerum of the quadrate formed from the epithelial tube that connects the pneumatic chambers of the quadrate and articular. Another diagnostic feature thought to distinguish the species from Gavialis was the narrow interfenestral bar of the parietal bone that is relatively smooth and unsculptured when compared to other gavialoids such as Thoracosaurus. The name Thecachampsoides was proposed for the species G. minor in 1986. A close relationship between T. minor and Eosuchus lerichei was always evident, yet it was not until 2006 that the name Eosuchus was applied to the T. minor specimens, specifically on the basis of a fairly complete specimen called NJSM 15437 from the Vincetown Formation in New Jersey, of which there is a visibly exposed braincase which aids greatly in the taxonomic classification of the genus.
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The frontal would have formed the upper edge of the orbit (eye socket), but it is poorly preserved. The long front branch of the slender jugal forms most of the lower edge of the orbit. The shorter rear branch of the jugal would have formed part of the lower edge of the infratemporal fenestra. The quadrate is straight, has a triangular pterygoid flange on its front edge, and generally resembles that of Euparkeria.
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The radula is broad and generally rather short. The median, lateral and marginal teeth are always present, and the formula is invariably ∞.5.1.5.∞. The central teeth contain no cusps. The median tooth consists of a narrow oblong quadrate basal plate, frequently with accessory plates of various forms, to the lower end of which is attached the oval body of the tooth,—a simple plate without cusp, bearing supporting wings at the sides.
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The most recent order of reptiles, squamates, are recognized by having a movable quadrate bone (giving them upper-jaw movement), possessing horny scales and hemipenes. They originate from the early Jurassic and are made up of the three suborders Lacertilia (paraphyletic), Serpentes, and Amphisbaenia. Although they are the most recent order, squamates contain more species than any of the other reptilian orders. Squamates are a monophyletic group included, with the Sphenodontia (e.g.
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NKX3-2 plays a role in the development of the axial and limb skeleton. Mutations disrupting the function of this gene are associated with spondylo-megaepiphyseal-metaphyseal dysplasia (SMMD). Nkx3-2 in mice also regulates patterning in the middle ear. Two small bones in the middle ear, the malleus and incus, are homologous to the articular and quadrate, the bones of the proximal jaw joint in fish and other non-mammalian jawed vertebrates.
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The forewings are dark fuscous with some pale ochreous-yellowish suffusion towards the costa near the base and before the apex, as well as a pale ochreous-yellowish median fascia, the lower half narrow, the upper half enlarged into a quadrate blotch, the lower portion of this blotch marked with a dark fuscous dot and small transverse posterior spot. The hindwings are dark fuscous.Transactions of the Entomological Society of London. 1910: 447.
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On some new Eupterotidae. - Novitates Zoologicae 38(2): p. 251 The forewings of the females are apple-green with an oblique postmedian band, costal region, a large quadrate patch in and beyond the cell, a series of markings in the basal one-fifth of the wing, and patches and cloudings in the apical and outer one-third of the wing purplish mauve-grey. There is a round chocolate subbasal patch on the costa.
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The lacrimal is located above their joint, enclosing the fossa that surrounds the antorbital fenestra. There is a ridge directed downwards and backwards on the side of the jugal, like in Zupaysaurus; this same ridge is horizontal in Sinosaurus and Dilophosaurus. The same is also true of the joint between the jugal and quadratojugal. The quadratojugal tapers to a point underneath the infratemporal fenestra, where it is joined at the back to the quadrate.
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The squamosal bones were slender and projected downwards to meet the quadrate bones, as in most lizards; unlike the Iguania and Teiidae, however, they lacked upward projections. Living geckoes lack the postorbital and squamosal bones, and they also have relatively shorter jugal bones than Eichstaettisaurus. On the palate of E. schroederi, the ectopterygoid bones overlapped the pterygoid bones at their rear. Unlike A. brevipes, E. schroederi lacked bone ornamentation and osteoderms on the skull roof.
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The radula has about 26 rows of teeth and 7 median rows, with a large number of uncini. The rhachidian tooth has a subquadrate body with winged sides and a long triangular cusp with convex sides, which are serrated. The body of the first lateral is nearly quadrate, with a broad triangular cusp, serrated on the distal and part of the proximal margin. The second lateral is oblong and serrated like the first one.
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These indicate that it probably had a small beak on the tip of the snout. It was fairly basal among silesaurids, and retained some dinosaur-like features absent in advanced silesaurids, such as a supratemporal fossa and a quadrate which overlaps the squamosal. On the other hand, it also retains primitive features contrasting with dinosaurs, including two hip vertebrae, a closed hip socket, a crurotarsal ankle, and a non- vestigial fifth toe of the foot.
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Only a few species, such as Gobipteryx minuta, were fully toothless and had beaks. They also had simple quadrate bones, a complete bar separating each orbit (eye hole) from each antorbital fenestra, and dentaries (the main toothed bones of the lower jaw) without forked rear tips. A squamosal bone is preserved in an indeterminate juvenile specimen, while a postorbital is preserved in Shenqiornis and Pengornis. In modern birds these bones are assimilated into the cranium.
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In mammals, the articular bone evolves to form the malleus, one of the mammalian ossicles of the middle ear. This is an apomorphy of the mammalian clade, and is used to determine the fossil transition to mammals. It is analogous to, but not homologous to the articular process of the lower jaw. After the loss of the quadrate-articular joint, the squamosal and dentary bones form the new jaw joint in mammals.
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The length of the shell attains 4 mm, its diameter 1.5 mm. (Original description) This species is very distinctly characterized by its ovate-fusiform form and the coarse style of its sculpture. The longitudinal ribs and the twelve transverse lirae are about equally thick, produced into acute nodules at the points of intersection, and the quadrate interstices are very deeply pitted. The shell contains 5½ slightly convex whorls, including 1½ vitreous whorl in the protoconch.
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The wings are canary yellow with rosy markings, the forewings with the costa dotted with black brown and with a brownish blotch at the base of the costa and two brown stigmata, both very large for the size of the wing, the first oblong, the second quadrate. The two together occupying the whole of the cell. The lines are rosy and there is a broad rosy submarginal band. Below the stigmata is another rosy line.
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Forward slide of the lower jaw was limited by the second morphological feature unique to dicynodonts, a pivot point created between the dentary groove and palatal notch upon closure of the jaw. The lower jaw would then move so that the articular condyle slid anterio-ventrally along the quadrate condyle, which would cause the mandible to pivot in such a way that the front of the mouth closed and the back opened.
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The temple stands on a rectangular modest (chabutara). The plan of the main structure is of the shape of cross quadrate (combination of cross and rectangle), where the rectangle form the sanctum and the cross edges form the four balconies (one on each side).Image:Nandi Temple Structure The temples walls are like balcony walls and do not complete cover the sanctum completely. The roof rests on the pillars (one at each corner).
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Sahitisuchus can be also distinguished from other sebecids by a combination of characters. As in Lorosuchus, there is a shallow ventrolateral depression in its infraorbital jugal region. A shallow elliptical depression is present near the cranio-mandibular articulation on the posterior surface of the quadrate, and the dorsal edge of supratemporal fossa is rough and rugose, as seen in Sebecus. The exoccipital posterior processes are sharp, half moon-shaped and directed medially, as in Ayllusuchus.
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The falciform ligament functions to attach the liver to the posterior portion of the anterior body wall. The visceral surface or inferior surface is uneven and concave. It is covered in peritoneum apart from where it attaches the gallbladder and the porta hepatis. The fossa of gall bladder lies to the right of the quadrate lobe, occupied by the gallbladder with its cystic duct close to the right end of porta hepatis.
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Monifeith 2 rear Monifieth 2 is another class II cross slab of grey sandstone, 0.45 metres tall by 0.3 metres wide by 0.08 metres thick. It has substantial areas of wear to the rear. The front again features a notched quadrate cross, with the central section featuring an angular knotwork design. The arms also have knotworks, whereas the shaft features a spiral design above a small keywork and the head has a further spiral design.
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A prominent feature is the forward sloping of the quadrate and quadratojugal bones at the back of the skull. The sloping bones open up a space called the otic recess, which is positioned behind the lower temporal fossa, a hole on the side of the skull behind the eye sockets. Members of Bathyotica also lack a postfrontal bone. In 2012, the genus Parringtonia was redescribed and found to be closely related to Erpetosuchus.
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Both of these traits are autapomorphies of Rugarhynchos. The quadrate is steeply angled to the rest of the skull (like Chanaresuchus and Doswellia) and also has a large, hooked upper portion (like Vancleavea and allokotosaurians). The middle of the pterygoid had a diagonal ridge with two rows of teeth stretching along its underside. This is intermediate between proterochampsids (which have one row of teeth on their pterygoid ridge) and Doswellia (which has at least three).
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The species is also known from the Mount Laurel and Merchantville Formations of Delaware, implying that the species ranged across the eastern coast of North America during the Middle to Late Maastrichtian. This species is differentiated from other species by the narrow and oblique shape of its quadrate, the broadly rounded and posteriorly rounded external nares and the lack of anterior ridges on its frontal as well as its pterygoid preserving nine teeth.
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After an empirical beginning, which lasted from 1963 to 1970, Devalle began to utilize geometry in a much more systematic way, for executional precision and truth in design obsessed him. Along with this work with photography there appeared tables that developed the creative process—real diaries of the sequence. Orthogonals, diagonals, and curves became autonomous subjects and in themselves created "effective surprises" ("Dal quadrato al cerchio", 1974, "Cinque quadrate in un quadrato", 1973).
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The body whorl is encircled by three prominent, equidistant carinae, one subsutural, composed of rounded or radiating knobs followed by two or three beaded lirulae, two at the periphery, prominently beaded, with a beaded riblet between them. The base of the shell is encircled by 5 more or less beaded, equal lirae. The entire surface is microscopically obliquely striate, and in some places decussated by microscopic spiral striae. The oblique aperture is rounded-quadrate.
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The forewings are light greyish ochreous irregularly sprinkled fuscous and dark fuscous, with some irregular mottling along the costa, dorsum, and termen. There is a quadrate blotch of rather dark fuscous suffusion on the costa beyond the middle, touching a small spot on the end of the cell. A small cloudy rather dark fuscous spot is found on tornus, and a larger spot in the disc rather beyond this. The hindwings are light grey.
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Life restoration Sinornithomimus was a small ornithomimid measuring in length and weighing about with a relatively short neck and head for a member of that group. Genus List for Holtz 2012 Weight Information Autapomorphies (unique derived traits) included the possession of a quadrate with a depression having within a smaller opening which is divided by a vertical sheet of bone; and a depression on the lateral side of the posterior process of the parietal bone.
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The forewings are amber brown with the basal third faintly blotched with carmine. Slightly before the middle of the costa is a small, ocherous-white, quadrate spot edged with carmine and at the outer third the costa is excavated and bordered with a white, carmine-edged, lunate mark. The remainder of the costa is very narrowly edged fuscous. In the cell at the basal third is a fuscous spot surrounded by a few carmine scales.
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The wingspan is about 16 mm. The forewings are dark purplish fuscous, with ochreous markings. There is a large somewhat cuneiform spot lying on the inner margin at the base, extending to beyond one-third, separated from the costa by a thick streak of ground colour. A large elongate- quadrate patch is found on the middle of the costa, extending more than half across the wing, the posterior edge faintly curved inwards.
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Form 2. Upperside: ground colour white, often more or less irregularly suffused on parts of the wing with salmon buff; markings similar to those in the male, but very much broader. Forewing: base and costal area heavily irrorated with greyish-blue scales. Hindwing: the terminal spots at apices of the veins large and quadrate, often united into a continuous band which then encloses an anteciliary series of spots of the ground colour.
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Adults are dark fuscous, suffused with purple, the forewings with the antemedial line slightly defined by grey on the inner side. There is a quadrate white spot in the end of the cell. The postmedial line is defined by grey on the outer side, with two dentate white marks below the costa, strongly excurved between veins 5 and 2, then retracted to below the angle of the cell, then excurved again. The hindwings have traces of a discoidal spot.
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The lower front side of the quadrate bone was hollowed out by a tear-shaped depression, the contact surface with the quadratojugal. Both the neck vertebrae and the front dorsal vertebrae had relatively flexible ball-in-socket joints. The balls, on the front side of the vertebral centra, had a wide rim, a condition by Britt likened to a Derby hat. The tail base was stiffened in the vertical plane by high and in side view wide neural spines.
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Shartegosuchids can also be diagnosed by the position of the teeth in their lower jaws, which are never found behind the mandibular fenestrae (holes found near the back of the jaw). The edges of the teeth are denticulated, or ridged. The shape and position of several bones of the skull, including the frontal, nasal, lacrimal, and quadrate, are also distinctive. Unlike most other archosaurs, shartegosuchids lack an antorbital fenestra, an opening in the skull in front of the eyes.
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Callistomordax was distinguished from other temnospondyls by characters such as a single co-ossified frontal (normally paired in tetrapods), a pterygoid with both a broad and flat quadrate ramus and a slender and narrow palatine ramus, and lateral compression of the palatal and symphyseal fangs. It shares a number of metoposaurid synapomorphies such as deeply sloping postparietals and tabulars but also retains more primitive features found in earlier diverging temnospondyls and a number of probable homoplasies.
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The forewings are reddish ochreous, much paler in males. The costa is moderately pale fleshy white, from the base to two-thirds, broadest on the basal portion. There is a deep red somewhat quadrate patch on the inner margin at one-sixth, reaching half across the wing. A similar patch is found at about the middle and there is a thick, deep red streak from the upper edge of the first spot, longitudinally continued to beyond the second spot.
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Colbert found Nesodactylus to have had longer wings and more robust limbs and longer legs than related Rhamphorhynchus, although of a similar size and overall anatomy. He classified it as a rhamphorhynchid and more precisely as a member of the Rhamphorhynchinae. In 1977 James A. Jensen and John Ostrom by mistake referred to it as Nesodon (1977). Although there is little overlapping material with contemporaneous Cacibupteryx, the two are clearly different based on details of the elbow and quadrate.
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Unlike in either Odontopteryx or Osteodontornis, the quadrate of P. longirostris had a socket for the quadratojugal that was displaced dorsally. However its relationships may be, there can be no doubt that the mysterious skull was from one of the large pelagornithids, and the living bird must have had a wingspan of more than 5, quite possibly as much as 6 m (16–20 ft).Hopson (1964), Olson (1985: p.198), Ono (1989), Matsuoka et al.
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The eye sockets were rectangular and longer front to back than top to bottom, although this may have been exaggerated by postmortem crushing. The skull roof was flat and lacked a bony crest, and the quadrate bone that formed the articulation with the lower jaw was distinctly curved. The lower jaw was long and straight, lacking the downward curve seen in other hadrosaurids, and possessing a heavy ridge running its length. The predentary was wide and shovel-like.
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In many mammals, including humans, the squamosal fuses with the periotic bone and the auditory bulla to form the temporal bone, then referred to as the squama temporalis. In mammals, the quadrate bone evolves to form the incus, one of the ossicles of the mammalian ear. Similarly, the articular bone evolves to form the malleus. The squamosal bone migrates and lengthens to become a new point of articulation with the lower jaw (at the dentary bone).
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In 1925, Janensch named a new species of Ceratosaurus, C. roechlingi, based on fragmentary remains from the quarry "Mw" encompassing a quadrate bone, a fibula, fragmentary caudal vertebrae, and other fragments. This specimen stems from an individual substantially larger than the C. nasicornis holotype. Restoration of C. nasicornis by Joseph M. Gleeson from 1901, made under supervision of Charles R. Knight. In their 2000 monograph, Madsen and Welles confirmed the assignment of these finds to Ceratosaurus.
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However, from appearance, archosaurs resemble more of crocodiles than of birds.Clark, JAMES M. "Patterns of evolution in Mesozoic Crocodyliformes." In the shadow of the dinosaurs: early Mesozoic tetrapods (1994): 84-97. Orthosuchus resembles a primitive form of crocodilian by some of its traits: the fusion midline together at the parietal, the form of the secondary palate, the fusion of pterygoid and quadrate, the extension of coracoid, radius, and ulna, and the form of tuber on the calcaneum.
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The Tainocerataceae are a superfamily in the cephalopod order Nautilida characterized by straight to loosely coiled shells, generally to a degree such that the width is greater than the height, to quadrate whorl section. Many bore spines, ribs, frills, wings, or nodes. In early forms, the siphuncle is generally near ventral, but more variable (usually central) in advanced forms. The Tainocerataceae are derived from the Oncocerida through the Rutoceratidae which first appear in the Lower Devonian.
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In modern birds, the quadratojugal bone is a thin and rodlike element of the skull. Upon ossification, the jugal and quadratojugal bones fuse to form the jugal bar, which is homologous to the lower temporal bar of other diapsids. The sections of the jugal bar derived from the jugal and quadratojugal articulate with the postorbital and squamosal bones, respectively. This facilitates cranial kinesis, by allowing the quadrate bone to rotate during opening of the upper jaw.
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Baldwinonus trux is known from a fragment of a right maxilla or upper jaw bone, part of a quadrate bone, and several vertebrae. The maxilla contains 25 tooth sockets, some with teeth. There are sockets for five precaniniform teeth at the front of the jaw, two caniniform teeth behind them, and eight postcaniniform teeth at the back of the jaw. The margin of the jaw is straight for most of its length but curves upward toward the front tip.
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The genus Kudoa is identified by the possession of four or more shell valves composed of a fragile membrane and arranged in a quadrate or stellate pattern. The maximum number of shell valves in any described Kudoa species is 13. Each of these valves has a polar capsule. The genus Kudoa was originally part of the genus Chloromyxum because of the distribution of their polar capsules, however, it was later determined to be a separate genus.
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On the quadrate bone, the notch at the opening separating it from the quadratojugal bone, is located at a very low position, at three quarters of the shaft length measured from the top of the element. This is unique for the Hadrosauridae as a whole. The surangular bone of the lower jaw has only a short ascending branch, not reaching the coronoid process. The sixth tot thirteenth back vertebrae have neural spines that are inclined to the front.
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The anterior skull roof (composed of the parietals) is lanceolate (shaped like a lance head). The pineal foramen (a depression between the orbits and the temporal fenestrae) is triangular and has raised edges. The vomer (a palatal bone close to the tip of the snout) barely extends posteriorly past the internal nares (opening for the nostrils on the inside of the skull). The region of the pterygoid (another of the palatal bones) that borders the quadrate is squared off.
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The denseness of the medullary bone indicated this last fact as it is a feature of living egg-laying female pelicans. The features of the femur allowed it to be classified as a pelican, but quite different from living species. Some foot bones (phalanges) have also been found. An incomplete quadrate bone and axis vertebra without a spine from a mine of the same age in Polk County in central Florida are tentatively considered to be the same species.
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Male Legs orange buff ringed with brown; pectus buff; palpi orange buff, extreme tip of third segment brown; head orange buff; antennae pale brown; thorax orange buff with black dots on tegulae and patagia; abdomen buff washed with a darker shade. Forewing deep orange buff, nervures orange, the whole wing sown with dark brown dots and spots, a quadrate dark brown patch in cell and a larger irregular one on discocellulars. Hindwing semihyaline buff. Female Similar but larger.
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Dromaeosaurid fossil displayed in Hong Kong Science Museum. Dromaeosaurids are diagnosed by the following features; short T-shaped frontals that form the rostral boundary of the supratemporal fenestra; a caudolateral overhanging shelf of the squamosal; a lateral process of the quadrate that contacts the quadratojugal; raised, stalked, parapophyses on the dorsal vertebrae, a modified pedal digit II; chevrons and prezygapophysis of the caudal vertebrae elongate and spanning several vertebrae; the presence of a subglenoid fossa on the coracoid.
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The age of this formation is disputed; it could be as old as the Aptian but also as young as the Campanian. The holotype consists of a partial skeleton with skull. It contains the snout, a quadrate bone, the lower jaws, two neck vertebrae, four back vertebrae, the breastbone, belly ribs, the right shoulderblade, two humeri, a radius, two thighbones, a shinebone, the left ilium, the right pubic bone and the left ischium. The skeleton is not articulated.
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The wings are golden ochraceous, the forewings paler towards the inner margin and the base of the wing crossed by a broad imperfect greyish-brown 8-shaped figure. There is a quadrate spot closing the cell, and a second large oblique S-shaped figure crossing the disc. This figure is formed by an angulated discal stripe united just about its central angle to a 3-shaped submarginal stripe. Neither of these stripes extend to the costal or inner margins.
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Braun studied mathematics at the University of Marburg from 1933 to 1937. In 1937 she worked with Carl Ludwig Siegel in Frankfurt to study the decomposition of quadratic forms into sums of squares. Her dissertation, Über die Zerlegung quadratischer Formen in Quadrate, was also supervised by Georg Aumann. After completing that work, he took her on as a scientific assistant before she became a professor in her own right teaching the theory of Hermitian forms in 1940.
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Together with turtles, the tuatara has the most primitive hearing organs among the amniotes. There is no eardrum and no earhole, they lack a tympanum, and the middle ear cavity is filled with loose tissue, mostly adipose (fatty) tissue. The stapes comes into contact with the quadrate (which is immovable), as well as the hyoid and squamosal. The hair cells are unspecialised, innervated by both afferent and efferent nerve fibres, and respond only to low frequencies.
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Damiani (2001) disagreed with Bjerring's arguments in favor of regarding Selenocara as a genus distinct from Wetlugasaurus. The author stated that in Wetlugasaurus groenlandicus the occipital condyles clearly lie well forward of the quadrate condyles; in addition, Damiani did not consider other characters listed by Bjerring to be of signifact taxonomic importance. Damiani maintained W. groenlandicus as a species belonging to the genus Wetlugasaurus. On the other hand, Novikov (2016) maintained Selenocara as a genus distinct from Wetlugasaurus.
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The synovial membrane of the elbow joint is very extensive. On the humerus, it extends up from the articular margins and covers the coronoid and radial fossae anteriorly and the olecranon fossa posteriorly. Distally, it is prolonged down to the neck of the radius and the superior radioulnar joint. It is supported by the quadrate ligament below the annular ligament where it also forms a fold which gives the head of the radius freedom of movement.
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The quadrate bone is C-shaped, with the open part pointed backwards and upper and lower tips presumably articulating with the rear edge of the quadratojugal bone. Referred maxilla fragments are low and thick, covered in grooves, and curve sharply inwards above the tooth row. If these fragments are correctly referred to Eilenodon, they indicate that this genus had an unusually low and flat snout. The maxillary teeth only have one wear facet, a horizontal one.
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The forewings are pale yellowish green shot with pink and mottled with darker green and yellow. There is a large dark green inner marginal spot at the base, a dark green wedge-shaped spot at the costa and a large quadrate dark green spot at the apex. The hindwings are yellow with a green border and a dark green spot at the tornus. It is similar to Batocnema coquerelii, but the general pattern is paler and less contrasting.
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All dinocephalians are distinguished by the interlocking incisor (front) teeth. Correlated features are the distinctly downturned facial region, a deep temporal region, and forwardly rotated suspensorium. Shearing contact between the upper and lower teeth (allowing food to be more easily sliced into small bits for digestion) is achieved through keeping a fixed quadrate and a hinge- like movement at the jaw articulation. The lower teeth are inclined forward, and occlusion is achieved by the interlocking of the incisors.
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In the lineage most closely related to mammals, the jaws of Hadrocodium (about 195M years ago in the very early Jurassic) suggest that it may have been the first to have a nearly fully mammalian middle ear: it lacks the trough at the rear of the lower jaw, over which the eardrum stretched in therapsids and earlier mammaliformes. The absence of this trough suggests that Hadrocodium’s ear was part of the cranium, as it is in mammals, and that the former articular and quadrate had migrated to the middle ear and become the malleus and incus. Hadrocodium’s dentary has a "bay" at the rear which mammals lack, a hint that the dentary bone retained the same shape as if the articular and quadrate had remained part of the jaw joint. However, several studies have cast doubt on whether Hadrocodium did indeed possess a definitive mammalian middle ear; Hadrocodium likely had an ossified connection between the middle ear and the jaw, which is not visible in the fossil evidence due to limited preservation.
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A large hole may be present between the frontal bones and the basisphenoid (Psammophis, Coelopeltis); the maxillary may be much abbreviated and movable vertically, as in the Viperidae; the pterygoids may taper and converge posteriorly, without any connection with the quadrate, as in the Amblycephalidae; the supratemporal may be much reduced, and wedged in between the adjacent bones of the cranium; the quadrate may be short or extremely large; the prefrontals may join in a median suture in front of the frontals; the dentary may be freely movable, and detached from the articular posteriorly. The deviation from the normal type is much greater still when we consider the degraded wormlike members of the families Typhlopidae and Glauconiidae, in which the skull is very compact and the maxillary much reduced. In the former this bone is loosely attached to the lower aspect of the cranium; in the latter it borders the mouth, and is suturally joined to the premaxillary and the prefrontal. In both the transverse bone and the supratemporal are absent, but the coronoid element is present in the mandible.
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Tainoceratidae is a family of late Paleozoic and Triassic nautiloids that are a part of the order Nautilida, characterized by large, generally evolute shells with quadrate to rectangular whorl sections. Shells may bear ribs or nodes, or both. Tainoceratidae forms the larger of the two branches of the superfamily Tainocerataceae derived from the earlier family Rutoceratidae around the end of the Devonian or early in the Mississippian (Lower Carboniferous). The other branch is the family Koninckioceratidae, which is confined to the Paleozoic.
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Anomocephalus exhibits palatal teeth and the morphology of the teeth is consistent with a high-fiber herbivorous diet. Cisneros and colleagues suggested that Anomocephalus had an incipient propaliny during the occlusions due to the longitudinal dimensions of each facet of the quadrate being twice as large as the transversal dimension. They suggest that this would allow for forward and backward movement of the lower jaw during chewing. Propaliny is also suggested to be linked to improved capability for processing plant material.
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However, given that it was never formally published, it remained an invalid nomen nudum. In 2015, a bonebed designated as Z183 was discovered within of the approximate location described by Parrington. This bonebed contained at least three individuals of different sizes, represented by 27 bones, all of which were mixed in with the remains of an allokotosaurian; new elements not known previously included the maxilla, quadrate, braincase, axis, sacral vertebrae, humeri, ischia, and calcaneum. They were stored at the National Museum of Tanzania.
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Grypoceras is a coiled nautiloid cephalopod from the Triassic of western North America, southern Asia, and Europe that belongs to the nautilid family Grypoceratidae. Named by Alpheus Hyatt in 1883, the shell of Grypoceras is essentially involute with a subtriangular cross section, widest across the umbilical shoulders, with flanks fairing toward a narrow flattened venter. Sutures on flanks are with smooth, deep lobes and with shallow ventral lobes. The earlier, related Domatoceras is evolute, with a more quadrate whorl section.
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Skin of Lacerta agilis, showing overlapping scales made of keratin A young 300px Lizards typically have rounded torsos, elevated heads on short necks, four limbs and long tails, although some are legless. Lizards and snakes share a movable quadrate bone, distinguishing them from the rhynchocephalians, which have more rigid diapsid skulls. Some lizards such as chameleons have prehensile tails, assisting them in climbing among vegetation. As in other reptiles, the skin of lizards is covered in overlapping scales made of keratin.
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The postcanine teeth are shorter and broader than the incisors and precanines. Toward the back of the skull the tips of the teeth flatten. The lower jaw is thin and curves upward to the arch of the cheek, except for a large coronoid process that extends to the articular-quadrate jaw joint at the back of the skull. The lower jaw has three small incisors angled slightly forward, a large canine tooth projecting upward, and thirteen small, blunt postcanine teeth.
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Diagram of the fossil Like many early snakes, Sanajeh did not have the wide gape seen in boids, pythons, and caenophidians. Therefore, it could not consume prey as large as that which many modern snakes can. Living snakes that have narrow gapes, including uropeltids, Anomochilus, Cylindrophis, and Anilius, have diets that are limited to smaller animals such as ants, termite larvae, annelids, and amphisbaenians and caecilians. The short supratemporal and broad, short quadrate indicate that the oral gape of Sanajeh was narrow.
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Though one of the earliest described stylonurines, described shortly after the description of Stylonurus itself, it has no close relations to that genus. Indeed, there are numerous and apparent differences. For instance, the eyes of Stylonurus are located on the posterior half of the carapace and those of Stylonurella are on the anterior half. Furthermore, there are noticeable differences between Stylonurella and its closest relative, Parastylonurus, for instance the widely different shapes of the carapaces (quadrate in Stylonurella and subrounded in Parastylonurus).
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The upper jaw of T. sethi was primarily composed of premaxillae and maxillae; the suture which formed the border between these bones is not visible. As in all members of its clade, the jaws were edentulous (toothless). The rostrum (snout) was long from the tip of the premaxilla to the joint where the quadrate bone of the skull connected with the articular bone of the lower jaw. The front of the premaxillae had sharp upper and lower edges, unique to this species.
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Neither preservation nor phylogenetic bracketing are stable enough to determine whether a postfrontal bone was present, or instead lost (which is the situation in dinosaurs). Also like dinosaurs, the quadrate partially overlaps part of the squamosal in lateral view. The front tip of the jugal is pointed, wedging between a wide lower banch of the lacrimal and a presumably sloping rear portion of the maxilla. The ectopterygoid has a curved jugal process and a deep ventral fossa, similar to Lewisuchus and theropod dinosaurs.
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A pair of crests runs between the quadrate and the pterygoid on each lateral side of the braincase. The lower jaw is U-shaped, to match the upper jaw; the dentary bears twenty-one teeth on each side. The dentary becomes broader transversely than dorsoventrally as it turns the corners of the U-shape, due to wide and vascularised dentary shelves and alveolar margins. The two dentary bones are interdigitating at their symphysis, meaning that the lower jaw is entirely inflexible.
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Over the centuries, Marienburg Castle has been remodelled and enlarged several times, but the oldest parts dating from the High Middle Ages are well-preserved. Some buildings were added in the 15th, 17th and 18th century. One of the barns was transformed into a lecture hall. The castle keep, reaching a height of 31 metres, has an almost quadrate basis measuring 8.55 x 8.75 metres, firing slits and a tent roof.Zimmermann, Margret: Burgen und Schlösser im Hildesheimer Land, p. 69.
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The only G. elginensis specimen is a natural mold of a nearly complete skull and mandible, associated left humerus, and an isolated metapodial or proximal phalanx. The G. locusticeps holotype is a skull lacking the tip of premaxilla, right quadrate, left temporal arch, and mandible. Two occurrences of this species exist in the fossil record. Analyses of G. elginensis and G. locusticeps indicate affinities to each other, but each also shares many characteristics with other taxa, including Pelanomodon, Oudenodon, and Ptychognathus (Lystrosaurus).
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The about 7 whorls are concave below the sutures, convex and swollen at the periphery and on the lower edge of each whorl of the spire. The whole surface is finely spirally lirate, the lirae about as wide as the interstices, which are delicately obliquely striate. The aperture is oval-quadrate, iridescent within and measures less than half the length of shell. The peristome is edged by a row of crimson dots, with a porcellaneous internal thickening which is iinely crenulate.
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Some of the cranial features of Stenaulorhynchus include afrontal bone that is broader than it is long, the presence of a pineal foramen and a lack of ornamention on the jugal bone. Their postorbital The occipital condyles are significantly anterior to the quadrates and the quadrate and articular fit tightly together to form a jaw joint that wouldn't have allowed for much rotation. They area also known for their beak, formed at the front of their upper and lower jaws.
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The jugal below and behind the orbit bears the same shape as in hadrosaurids, with a high rear process, and articulated with the quadratojugal and quadrate that are also very similar to more derived taxa. As in other ornithopods, the is a tri- radiate bone surrounding sides of the orbit, and . Contact between the postorbital and the excludes the flattened and wide from the supratemporal fenestra. In Ouranosaurus and related taxa the are small, and articulates with the broadened and textured lacrimal.
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The Trigonoceratoidea are a superfamily within the Nautilida that ranged from the Devonian to the Triassic, thought to have contained the source for the Nautilaceae in which Nautilus is found. Trigonoceratoidea are characterized by open-spiraled, gyroconic, to closed, nautiliconic shells in which the Whorl section is quadrate in primitive forms; the venter typically narrow to acute, the dorsum broad. In some advanced forms, the venter may become concave or broad and rounded, and in some, the surfaces may be strongly lirate.
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Skull of Kayentatherium wellesi The tritylodont's skull has a high sagittal crest. They retained the reptilian joint between the quadrate bone of the skull and the articular bone of the lower jaw—the retention of the vestigial reptilian jawbones is one of the reasons they are technically regarded to not be mammals, but are instead mammaliamorphs. The back of the skull had huge zygomatic arches for the attachment of its large jaw muscles. They also had a very well-developed secondary palate.
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Thalattosaurus alexandrae Thalattosaurs are diapsid reptiles, meaning that they have temporal fenestrae, two holes in the head behind the orbit (eye socket). However, many thalattosaurs have a vestigial upper temporal fenestra which is slit-like, and some have it fully closed up by surrounding bones. Thalattosaurs lack a quadratojugal bone, leaving the lower temporal fenestra open from below. They also lack postparietal and tabular bones, while the squamosal bone is small, the supratemporal bone is extensive, and the quadrate bone is large.
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Caudipteryx had a short, boxy skull with a beak-like snout that retained only a few tapered teeth in the front of the upper jaw. It had a stout trunk, long legs and was probably a swift runner. Caudipteryx has a short tail stiffened toward the tip, with few vertebrae, like in birds and other oviraptorosaurs. It has a primitive pelvis and shoulder, and primitive skull details in the quadratojugal, squamosal, quadrate, jugal, and mandibular fenestra (in the cheek, jaw, and jaw joint).
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The only known specimen of Rugarhynchos is NMMNH P-16909, a partial skeleton consisting of several bones scattered over a small area. The largest component is a mostly complete right side of a skull. It was originally described as pertaining to part of the snout, until further preparation revealed that it included most of the skull. Other cranial fragments include a right quadrate, left premaxilla, left maxillary fragments, and a partial right quadratojugal which was originally considered another maxillary fragment.
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Stocker (2013) diagnosed Wannia scurriensis using five unambiguous autapomorphies (unique traits) and additionally by a unique combination of characters. Unlike all other phytosaurs, the basitubera, areas at the base of the skull in front of its attachment point with the neck, are widely separated mediolaterally. A distinctive ridge is present on the lateral surface of the jugal bone. A thickened shelf is present along the posteroventral edge of an expanded "wing" formed by the pterygoid bone and the quadrate bone.
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Probainognathus skull The jaw of Probainognathus is of particular phylogenetic importance. Morphologically, the dentary makes up most the lower jaw, and it curves and extends down posteriorly to the area of the articular and jaw articulation. Correspondingly, in the upper jaw, the squamosal bone becomes situated next to the quadrate. The posterior end of this enlarged dentary fits into a small nook in the squamosal of the upper jaw, and displays the beginning of the evolution of the squamosal-dentary jaw joint.
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The spinal column was largely articulated, the remainder consisted of disarticulated bones. Parts of the skeleton had been exposed on the desert surface and had suffered erosion damage. Additionally, several specimens have been assigned as paratypes: MNN GDF 501 to 508 include a snout, a quadrate from the back of the skull, three dentaries (tooth-bearing bones of the lower jaw), an axis (second neck vertebra), a rear cervical vertebra, and a rear dorsal vertebra. MNN GDF 510 to MNN GDF 511 comprise two caudal vertebrae.
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The quadrate bone at the back of the skull was long, and had two pneumatic (air-filled) foramina (holes) on the inner side. Partial teeth, EBPM The skull roof (formed by the frontal and parietal bones) was broad and formed a "shelf", which overhung the short supratemporal fenestrae at the top rear of the skull. The jaw articulated far behind the occipital condyle (where the neck is attached to the skull) compared to other theropods. The condyle was broad and low, and had pneumatic cavities.
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Between the frontals and the parietals the skull roof over a limited distance has not closed yet, resulting in a conspicuous diamond-shaped opening, a fontanelle that was first mistaken for damage inflicted on the fossil during the first preparation. On its inner side the supratemporal fenestra has no depression, being bounded by a high edge of the parietal. The jugal has no front vertical branch towards the lacrimal. The quadrate bone has on its front edge a large wing-like expansion, touching the pterygoid.
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Reconstructed Theiophytalia skull mounted on a Camptosaurus skeleton cast, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid Detailed comparisons by Brill and Carpenter (2006) also showed that the skull differed in a number of key features from that of Camptosaurus, namely: a longer, heavier, and more rugose snout; a wider dorsal process on the maxilla; a proportionally smaller antorbital fenestra; and stouter quadrate, with a bulbous articulation for the lower jaw. Compare the skull image with that of Camptosaurus. Therefore, they put it into its own genus and species.
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The three small bones in the middle ear of mammals including humans, the malleus, incus, and stapes, are today used to transmit sound from the eardrum to the inner ear. The malleus and incus develop in the embryo from structures that form jaw bones (the quadrate and the articular) in lizards, and in fossils of lizard-like ancestors of mammals. Both lines of evidence show that these bones are homologous, sharing a common ancestor. Among the many homologies in mammal reproductive systems, ovaries and testicles are homologous.
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Sinoconodon rigneyiPaleofile.com (net, info) . is an ancient mammaliamorph or early mammal (depending on systematic approach) that appears in the fossil record of the Lufeng Formation of China in the Sinemurian stage of the Early Jurassic period, about 193 million years ago. While in many traits very similar to non-mammalian synapsids, it possessed a special, secondarily evolved jaw joint between the dentary and the squamosal bones, which had replaced the primitive tetrapod one between the articular and quadrate bones, a trait commonly used to define mammals.
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The forewings are whitish ocherous, evenly dusted with fine brown spots, and rosy tinged along the fold and in the apical third of the wing. There is an oblique brown bar from the basal third of the costa nearly to the dorsum, which is broadest on the fold. A quadrate brown patch is found at the apical third of the costa, and beneath it on the middle of the wing is a nearly circular golden-brown and rosy tinged spot.Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences.
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Crocodyliforms appeared in the Late Triassic and began a major evolutionary radiation in the Jurassic, making Almadasuchus one of the last non- crocodyliform crocodylomorphs. Almadasuchus is considered a transitional form between crocodyliforms and earlier archosaurs with respect to its braincase. In nearly all diapsid reptiles the braincase is weakly connected to other bones that make up the back of the skull, making this region flexible or kinetic. In crocodyliforms, the braincase is strongly sutured to a bone called the quadrate, making the skull completely immovable or akinetic.
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The other two skulls were assigned to another new genus, Repelinosaurus. The holotype was temporarily stored, prepared and studied at the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris, and is permanently housed at the Savannakhet Dinosaur Museum in Laos. LPB 1993-3 is relatively complete, although the left portion of the orbit is damaged and it is missing the stapes and quadrate bones, as well as poorly preserving the preparietal, prootic and epipterygoid bones. The top surfaces of the snout and head are also partly weathered and eroded.
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Restoration of the skull Europelta is a medium-sized nodosaurid, approximately four and a half meters in length.Matthew Piper, "Utah paleos: Euro dinosaur find hints at continental history", The Salt Lake Tribune, 2 December 2013 Europelta is distinguished from other ankylosaurs by the following diagnostic traits: Its quadrate bone is shorter and mediolaterally wider than in any other ankylosaur. The rear margin of the skull is concave in dorsal view. In lateral view, the sacrum of Europelta is arched dorsally, describing an arc of about 55°.
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Otherwise, the rear part of the skull is rather simple, without any pronounced crests or bosses, although the lacrimal and postorbital bones did have rugose patches in some genera. Aerosteon and Murusraptor possessed a pneumatic quadrate, as in a few allosauroids (Sinraptor, Mapusaurus) and tyrannosauroids. The dentary, which is only known in Australovenator, is long and graceful, with the first tooth smaller than the rest (as in tyrannosauroids). The mandible as a whole has only a single meckelian foramen, as in carcharodontosaurians, tyrannosaurids, and ornithomimids.
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The supraoccipitals are small and triangular, with a short vertical nuchal keel on the occiput; large flanges extend off this to each side. The paraoccipital processes, which contact both the squamosals and the quadrate condyles, are marked with a series of striations. The occipital condyles are ventrally deflected and are formed almost entirely by the basioccipitals. Each side of the skull has three Eustachian foramina present - two on each basioccipital, one anterior and one posterior, and one between basisphenoid and otoccipital in the basal tuber.
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It was small, possessing a single large spike and firmly connecting to the quadrate bone of the jaw joint. The discovery of a quadratojugal in weigeltisaurids reveals that the bone which formed the rear edge of the temporal fenestra was the squamosal bone. The squamosal of Rautiania was tall and slightly slanted backwards; it was fringed with large spines oriented outwards, as is typical for weigeltisaurids. The upper edge of the temporal fenestra is formed by the parietal bone, which differs in structure between Rautiania species.
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Hindwing: a large somewhat quadrate terminal black-centred claret-red patch in interspaces 1 and 2, and a subterminal series of broad claret-red lunules that extends from interspaces 3 to 7, followed by ill- defined anteciliary red spots in each interspace. Cilia of both forewings and hindwings white, alternated with black. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen brownish black; the head, thorax and abdomen at base on the upperside sprinkled with golden-green scales. The female is similar to the male but the markings are more prominent.
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Adults are greenish fuliginous (sooty) with black veins and a black longitudinal streak in the cell on the forewings. The spaces between the veins from the base to the disc of the forewings are greenish yellowish white and there is a transverse discal row of yellowish-white lunules, as well as a marginal row of small spots. The hindwings have yellowish-white spaces between the veins at the base. There is a discal transverse row of conical spots and a marginal row of quadrate spots.
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Tails of Uropeltidae These are small snakes, with adults growing to between 20 and 75 cm in length. They are adapted to a fossorial way of life, which is apparent in their anatomy. The skull is primitive and inflexible, with a short, vertical quadrate bone and rigid jaws; the coronoid bone is still present in the lower jaw. The orbital bones are absent, the supratemporal is vestigial and the eyes are small and degenerate, not covered by a brille, but by large polygonal shields.
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At least a couple of the corrections (the anterior tympanic recess, and the relatively kinetic quadrate-squamosal contact) make Troodon more bird-like then Chatterjee made out in his Protoavis paper, but overall these particular corrections seem to have little bearing on the avian features of Protoavis. Currie and Zhao do not explicitly state whether or not they consider Protoavis to be a theropod, however they suggest that although Protoavis has characters suggesting avian affinities, most of these are also found in theropod dinosaurs.
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The jaws of early synapsids, including the ancestors of mammals, were similar to those of other tetrapods of the time, with a lower jaw consisting of a tooth-bearing dentary bone and several smaller posterior bones. The jaw joint consisted of the articular bone in the lower jaw and the quadrate in the upper jaw. The early pelycosaurs (late Carboniferous and early Permian) likely did not have tympanic membranes (external eardrums). Additionally, their massive stapes bones supported the braincase, with the lower ends resting on the quadrates.
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The head of the quadrate is not fused with the paroccipital process, contrary to the situation in Shamosaurus. The neck of the occipital condyle is long and sticking out to behind, like with nodosaurids, not obliquely to below as in typical ankylosaurids. The tubera basilaria, appending processes of the rear lower braincase, form a large wedge directed to below. The pterygoid is elongated from the front to the rear and has a saddle-shaped process on its outer edge oriented to behind and sideways.
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Skull cast of SAM-PK-K1332 and skull diagram reconstruction The skull of Heterodontosaurus was small but robustly built. The two most complete skulls measured (holotype specimen SAM-PK-K337) and (specimen SAM-PK-K1332) in length. The skull was elongated, narrow, and triangular when viewed from the side, with the highest point being the sagittal crest, from where the skull sloped down towards the snout tip. The back of the skull ended in a hook-like shape, which was offset to the quadrate bone.
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Its front edge formed the rear rim of a supratemporal fenestra, a hole in the upper part of the skull behind the orbits. The rear part of the squamosal connected to the quadrate and had a triangular horn-like structure similar to that of Doswellia. The postorbital is missing in the fossil, but its position relative to other bones can be inferred by the space it left behind. It would have been tightly connected to the jugal, squamosal, and frontal, leaving no space for an infratemporal fenestra.
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Gerrothorax is thought to have lifted its skull to around 50° above horizontal through the flexing of the atlanto-occipital joint between the occipital condyles of the skull and the atlas vertebra of the neck. As the skull is raised, the quadrate bone pushes forward and causes the lower jaw to protrude outward. Other stereospondyls probably also lifted their skulls, but they are not as well adapted for such movement. D.M.S. Watson was the first to suggest skull lifting as a means of feeding in temnospondyls.
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In some respects Protohadros was intermediate in morphology to more derived hadrosaurids. Like these it did have pleurokinesis, a cranial joint system that produced the food-grinding action, but only partially in that the quadrate at the back of the skull was still relatively immobile. Protohadros' rear legs were probably longer than the front pair, and it could move on all fours or walk and run on its hind legs only. Protohadros was first described as the most basal member of the Hadrosauridae, hence its generic name.
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They each connected to a thick yet complex stapes which possessed a conspicuous footplate, stapedial foramen, and a dorsal process. A knob on the outer edge of the stapes likely connected to a characteristic spur on the quadrate. What can be seen of the lower jaw indicates that it was primarily formed by the dentary in its front half, and the low, elongated surangular and angular in its rear half. The coronoid had a low peak and the tall articular had a small retroarticular process.
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The forewings are yellowish brown with a dark-edged hyaline (glass-like) spot in the cell, conjoined to one below. There is a quadrate spot in the end of the cell and a dark postmedial line running out to an angle on vein 5, then retracted to below the angle of the cell, with a series of hyaline spots on its outer edge. The outer area is fuscous brown. The hindwings are fuscous brown with a dark antemedial line, angled on vein 5 and with an irregular hyaline band beyond it.
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The forewings are pale rufous, the inner area whitish and irrorated with a few black scales. The antemedial line is absent and the orbicular and reniform are grey defined by fuscous, the former round, the latter irregularly quadrate. The terminal half of the costa has a series of small dark spots and the postmedial line consists of a series of black points and traces of a minutely dentate line between them, slightly excurved from the costa to vein 4, then oblique. There is a terminal series of prominent black points.
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Both the quadrate and the corresponding facet on the mandible are very large and strongly built. The numerous teeth of Acerosodontosaurus are conical, sharply pointed, and somewhat recurved. They are slightly longer towards the front of the skull, but otherwise are similar in size and shape throughout the skull and jaw, in contrast to the condition in earlier diapsids like Petrolacosaurus. Currie (1980) estimated that 37 teeth were present in the maxilla and 32 were in the preserved portion of the mandible, based on both preserved teeth and empty tooth sockets.
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Its precise relationships are not all too clear; the quadrate bone is unique in some respects but apparently shares more apomorphies with the family Hesperornithidae - the "typical" Hesperornithes - in cladistic analysis.Mortimer (2004) Consequently, it might be considered a fossil hesperornithid with a different feeding specialization. Though it was heavily built like many (flying and flightless) diving birds, it weighed perhaps 1.5 or 2 kg. This raises the possibility that the Hesperornithes not only included flying members (see also Enaliornis), but that their families might have evolved flightlessness independently.
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The forewings are ochreous whitish, irregularly suffused with rather thick streaks of smoky fuscous, especially along the costa and towards the termen. All veins are more or less outlined with black and there is a moderately large quadrate, ferruginous spot at the posterior extremity of the cell. There are some ferruginous scales just below the base of vein 2, as well as a moderate ferruginous band along the termen to the apical fifth of the costa, obliterating the lines along the veins. There is a sharp black line along the termen.
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The arms comprise: argent on a cross quadrate gules the arms of the City of Bristol between in pale and a sun in splendour (for Wills) and an open book proper, leaved and clasped or, and inscribed with the words Nisi quia Dominus, and in fesse to the sinister a dolphin embowed (for Colston), and to the dexter a horse courant (for Fry), both of the third. The inscription on the book is the Latin opening of the 124th Psalm, "If the Lord Himself had not (been on our side...)".
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There are three large quadrate blackish lateral spots. The forewings have irregular dark transverse bands which are usually much better developed in the olive or ochreous specimens than in the reddish ones. The terminal area has a greyish tinge, usually in distinct contrast with the remainder of the wing and clearly defined proximally by a regular blackish submarginal line running from the apex to the tornus. In the typical form, the stigma is a prominent silvery white reversed comma with its curve towards the base of the wing and its extremities towards the termen.
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Hindwing: uniform, irrorated with black scales at base, a large black subcostal spot before the apex, and in a few specimens indications of black scaling on the termen anteriorly. The underside of the forewing is white, slightly irrorated with black scales at the base of cell and along costa. The apex is light ochraceous brown with a large black spot in outer half of interspace 1 and another quadrate black spot at base of interspace 3. The hindwing is light ochraceous brown, closely irrorated with minute black scales.
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The aperture is narrowly oblong. The siphonal canal is slightly prolonged. J.C. Melvill (1910) Descriptions of Twenty-nine Species of Marine Mollusca from the Persian Gulf, Gulf of Oman, and North Arabian Sea; The Annals and magazine of natural history; zoology, botany, and geology being a continuation of the Annals combined with Loudon and Charlesworth's Magazine of Natural History; 8th ser. vol. VI It differs from Daphnella omaleyi (Melvill, 1899) in its quadrate sculpture, two acute keels existing on the lower whorls, one on the upper, crossing six remote yet regular ribs.
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Race lepitoides ranges from southern India to Sri Lanka, and differs from lepita as follows: :Hindwing: tornus narrowly produced, dentate or even, subcaudate. :Upperside: ground colour darker brown. :Forewing: the orange-yellow streak in cell divided from the spot in the apex of the cell, the large discal spot smaller, the subcostal and subapical spots more distinctly double, the latter pure white. :Hindwing: the transverse short band narrower and more horizontal; a diffuse quadrate pale spot in the middle of interspace 7, larger in the female than in the male.
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Rajasaurus was then formally described in 2003 by geologist Jeffrey A. Wilson and colleagues. The holotype specimen of Rajasaurus comprises a partial skeleton, GSI Type No. 21141/1-33, which includes the maxillae, premaxillae, braincase, and quadrate bone on the skull; and spine, hip bone, legs, and tail in post-cranial remains. It is the first Indian theropod to have preserved these post-cranial remains. It is possible Rajasaurus, Lametasaurus, and Indosaurus are synonymous, though this cannot be confirmed due to fragmentary remains, and the Lametasaurus specimen has been lost.
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On the frontals near the midline is a path for the olfactory tract which is a part of smelling. The rims of the supratemporal fossae, depressions on either side of the top of the skull, form a low sagittal crest along the middle of the top of the skull. The front rims of the fossae are unusually steep. Abelisaurids, typically, had elongated fenestrae (holes in the skull) below the quadrate bone near the bottom of the skull, but Rajasaurus had elongated supratemporal fenestrae near the top of the skull.
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It has a long and tapering posterior process (rear branch) and a shorter ascending process (upper branch) separated by a triangular antorbital fenestra which forms a 40 degrees angle. The maxilla also has an unusually long anterior process (forward branch), forming the "stem" of the Y shape. It is uncertain whether the front edge of the maxilla formed part of the naris (like Batrachotomus) or contacted the premaxilla (like other loricatans). The possible quadratojugal fossil is thick and sharply angled, apparently contacting a long jugal but not the quadrate, unlike its relatives.
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Dentition The skull is in good preservation and is nearly complete, missing only the ventral lacrimal, the posterior jugal, the postorbital, the anterior edge of the quadrate, and the anterior surangular bones. Jianchangosaurus possesses 27 maxillary teeth and approximately 25 to 28 dentary teeth. The researchers observed, however, that at front of the upper jaw the premaxilla is edentulous and they hypothesized that it was covered by a rhamphotheca. This is also supported by the presence of a series of foramina along the buccal margin on the lateral surface of the premaxilla.
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The wings are black with red markings. There is a large annular spot at the base of the forewings, from the subcostal to the submedian. There is also a quadrate spot from vein 3 to the costa, filled in with black, which is crossed by the discocellular. A red line runs from the outer costal angle of this spot to the yellow apex, then forming large subterminal lunules between the veins to vein 3, and below it twice angled to the submedian where it joins the basal spot.
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This ridge was positioned further back than the other ridges (near the intersection of the pterygoid, quadrate, and squamosal bones) and extends down along the rear face of the cheek. The inner edge of the outer wall of the cavity was formed by a ledge which most studies simply label 'membrane'. This convention exists as a result of the old and likely incorrect hypothesis that otic notches housed eardrums. Under this hypothesis, the inner ledge may have attached to a membrane stretching along the inner cavity of the ear.
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The third skull was assigned to another new genus, Counillonia. The specimens were temporarily stored, prepared and studied at the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris, and is permanently housed at the Savannakhet Dinosaur Museum in Laos. The larger of the two specimens, LPB 1993-2, was made the holotype of Repelinosaurus. It is a partial skull missing portions from the left back side including the postorbital bar, the zygomatic arch, the quadratojugals, quadrate bones and part of the squamosal, as well as the external portion of the tusks and the stapes.
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The dentary projects somewhat posteriorly, forming the edge of the external mandibular fenestra. Both angular and surangular extend to the top of the coronid process, and the surangular forms much of the jaw articulation. The articular has a glenoid for the quadrate condyles; it is saddle-shaped, with no anterior or posterior lip, although there is a prominent attachment crest posteroventral to the jaw joint. The teeth have subconical crowns that curve in towards the centre of the mouth; all are fairly small and not very worn, indicating relatively little use.
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Skeleton of Probactrosaurus, the taxon just outside Hadrosauromorpha Probactrosaurus was selected as the outgroup to Hadrosauromorpha because of numerous differences that Norman (2014) thought to be significant. The tooth crowns in the dentary are asymmetrical and have multiple vertical ridges; there is a foramen in the surangular; and the quadrate bone has a more prominent depression for the articulation of the jugal. None of these features are found in the skulls of the more derived hadrosauromorphans. The premaxilla contacts the prefrontal, and the jugal contact with the ectopterygoid bone of the palate is reduced.
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Inferiorly, a few fibres attached to the neck of the radius support a fold of the synovial membrane without interfering with the movements at the joint. The fibrocartilage on the upper part of the ligament is continuous with the hyaline cartilage of the radial notch. At the posterior attachment the ligament widens to reach above and below the radial notch. A thickened band which extends from the inferior border of the annular ligament below the radial notch to the neck of the radius is known as the quadrate ligament.
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The jugal is a large element extending from the anterior border of the orbit back at least as far as the ear opening. The upper side of the quadrate is thin, with plate-like bone extending up and forward as if to connect with the skull just above the otic notch. The septomaxillae are small, triangular elements, fully twice as long as wide, and form nearly the entire posterior border of the naris. It extends back between the nasals and the maxilla, but are apparently separated from the lachrymals by a considerable space.
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Illustration showing skull form above The skull of Casea had a larger orbit and was relatively wide, with the bone being pitted and the teeth long and blunt. Their common features are enumerated by Olson and include a very short snout, proportionally very small skulls, a barrel shaped body and a reduced phalangeal formula. The structure of the skull has no lower temporal arcade, along with many other characters of the skeleton that justifies a suborbital position. These specimens show a loose union of the squamosal with the quadrate.
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As a member of Dicynodontia, Sangusaurus was an herbivore. It has been noted that the dicynodont masticatory system showed a range of variations on the general dicynodont theme. Kenneth D. Angielczyk, P. John Hancox & Ali Nabavizadeh (2018) provided the first in-depth study of the masticatory system of Sangusaurus. The system emphasizes an orthal jaw motion in which “[t]he articular surfaces of the jaw joint form a single posteroventrally sloping surface; translating the quadrate and the articular results in a primarily orthal movement of the jaw symphysis.
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Romer had collected additional fragments of bone from the holotype locality, but was unsure if they belonged to Luperosuchus or the dicynodont collected with it. After rediscovering and examining these fragments, Nesbitt & Desojo determined that many of the identifiable pieces were consistent with loricatan archosaurs, and so referred them to the holotype of Luperosuchus. These additional pieces include portions of the maxilla, quadrate, fragments of the braincase and the atlas intercentrum, the only postcranial material for Luperosuchus. A second specimen, PULR 057, was reported in 2009 by Desojo & Arcucci and was referred to this genus.
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Glanosuchus represents an early stage in the development of the mammalian middle ear. Modern mammals have three bones in the middle ear (the malleus, incus, and stapes) that transfer sound energy from the eardrum to the fluid of the inner ear. The malleus and incus of mammals developed from the articular and quadrate of early therapsids. Studies of the bones of Glanosuchus show that it had a very thin plate of bone that acted as an eardrum, receiving sounds and transferring them to a small air-filled cavity.
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Arms: Azure on a Mount in base Vert a Pascal Lamb proper on a Chief per pale Agent and Gules a Saxon Crown Or between two Roses counterchanged barbed and seeded proper. Crest: On a Wreath of the Colours in front of a two bladed Airscrew in pale winged and issuant Or two Swords in saltire points upward proper. Supporters: On the dexter side a Lion and on the sinister a Stag Argent each charged on the shoulder with a Cross potent quadrate Gules. Motto: 'UNITAS EFFICIT MINISTERIUM'.
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As in S. insolitus, Sisteronia has prominent opisthotic facets on the basioccipital, and an expanded sacculus impression on the opisthotic, as seen in Acamptonectes and mature individuals of "P." australis. Sisteronia possesses a U-shaped supraoccipital, like "P." australis, "P." hercynicus and "Ophthalmosaurus" natans, and an anteroposteriorly shortened quadrate condyle as also present in Ophthalmosaurus icenicus and S. insolitus. Finally, the humerus of Sisteronia has a facet for a posterior accessory element, as seen in "Ophthalmosaurus" monocharactus, "P." hercynicus, "P." americanus and "P." sp. from Texas and the Northwest Territories.
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Basal Varanopids are small, slender animals specialized for a specific feeding niche. H. scholtzi have six main features that are Varanopid autapomorphies, placing them firmly in the family. These are their slender, elongated quadratojugals; anterodorsal sloping of the quadrate; parasphenoid dentition; elongate hyoids; plate-like interclavicle heads; and their recurved and serrated teeth with a labiolingual compression. They also have three main autapomorphies unique to the species; these are the trunk osteoderms, ornamentation on the surangular and angular, and a longitudinal median groove ventrally placed on the dorsal centra surface.
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Porpodryas is a genus of moth in the family Gelechiidae. It contains the species Porpodryas prasinantha, which is found in French Guiana.funet.fi The wingspan is about 31 mm. The forewings are whitish irregularly sprinkled grey and dark fuscous with seven small narrow oblique semi-oval blackish spots along the costa, the space between the third and fourth suffused dark grey, beneath this space an adjacent quadrate grey spot partly edged blackish, edged beneath by a discal dark grey streak mixed with light green and extended to the end of the cell.
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All non-mammalian amniotes use this system including lizards, crocodilians, dinosaurs (and their descendants the birds) and therapsids; so the only ossicle in their middle ears is the stapes. The mammalian jaw joint is composed of different skull bones, including the dentary (the lower jaw bone which carries the teeth) and the squamosal (another small skull bone). In mammals, the quadrate and articular bones have evolved into the incus and malleus bones in the middle ear. The mammalian middle ear contains three tiny bones known as the ossicles: malleus, incus, and stapes.
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The frequency range and sensitivity of the ear is dependent on the shape and arrangement of the middle-ear bones. In the reptilian lineage, hearing depends on the conduction of low-frequency vibrations through the ground or bony structures (such as the columella). By modifying the articular bone, quadrate bone, and columella into small ossicles, mammals were able to hear a wider range of high-frequency airborne vibrations. Hearing within mammals is further aided by a tympanum in the outer ear and newly evolved cochlea in the inner ear.
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The wingspan is about 15 mm. The forewings are shining white with a small fuscous mark on the base of the costa and a subcostal groove on the basal third, containing a fine whitish expansible hairpencil. An elongate fuscous spot extends along the dorsum from the base to one-fourth and there is a cloudy dark fuscous dot in the disc at one-fourth, with some scattered fuscous scales before and beyond it. Two quadrate fuscous dorsal blotches reach half across the wing, the first about the middle, the second pre-tornal.
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Monifeith 1 frontThe stone is an upright slab of grey sandstone, 0.72 metres tall, 0.36 metres wide and 0.15 metres thick. It is dressed, with designs carved in relief including both Christian and Pictish symbols, defining it as a Class II cross slab under J. Romilly Allen and Joseph Anderson's classification system. The front face of the stone bears a notched Quadrate cross decorated with keywork designs, surrounded by a thick border around the edge of the stone. The rear face is unique in having double disc symbols both with and without Z-rod ornamentation.
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All of the specimens have thus far been found in Emery County, Utah, in a layer of rock known as the Mussentuchit Member of the Cedar Mountain Formation. Measuring up to long, Eolambia is a large member of its group. While it closely approaches the Asian hadrosauroids Equijubus, Probactrosaurus, and Choyrodon, in traits of the skull, vertebrae, and limbs, it may actually be more closely related to the North American Protohadros. This grouping, based on the straightness of the quadrate bone and scapula, would represent an isolated, endemic radiation of hadrosauroids.
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Contrary to previous authors, he found instead that Eolambia was the sister group of Probactrosaurus. This close relationship was based on two shared characteristics: the quadrate being straight save for the top end, which is curved backwards; and the top and bottom margins of the scapular blade being nearly parallel. Wenjie Zheng and colleagues added Jintasaurus to the group in 2014, while José Gasca and colleagues recovered the original group in 2015. However, McDonald extensively revised his phylogenetic dataset further in preparation for the 2017 description of the FMNH specimens.
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The forewings are dark fuscous, purple shining and with yellow markings. There is an elongate spot immediately beneath the costa at one-third and an irregular quadrate spot immediately beneath on the inner margin before the middle, as well as a large irregular ovate spot just before the apex, beneath which is a smaller spot suffused with three or four lines of ground colour. The hindwings are orange yellow with a narrow fuscous hindmarginal band, broadest at the anal angle. The larvae feed on Amyema species and Grevillea striata.
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Sturgeon skull – a, Rostrum; b, nasal capsule; c eye-socket; d, foramina for spinal nerves; e, notochord; g, quadrate bone; h, hyomandibular bone; i, mandible; j. basibranchials; k, ribs; l, hyoid bone; I, II, III, IV, V, branchial arches Sturgeons retain several primitive characters among the bony fishes. Along with other members of the subclass Chondrostei, they are unique among bony fishes because their skeletons are almost entirely cartilaginous. Notably, however, the cartilagineous skeleton is not a primitive character, but a derived one; sturgeon ancestors had bony skeletons.
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It indicated that the fossil also included a partial forelimb and osteoderms (bony scutes),Bonaparte, JF (1971), Annotated list of the South American Triassic tetrapods, in SH Haughton (ed.), Second Gondwana Symposium, Proceedings and Papers [1970]. Council of Scientific and Industrial Research [Praetoria] 2: 665-682. but these remains have not been located by modern paleontologists and are thus considered missing. Bones from the right side of the skull were also considered missing until 2015, when quadratojugal, quadrate, surangular, articular, and angular bones from the right side of the skull were rediscovered.
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The holotype specimen of Eilenodon robustus was collected in 1976 near Fruita in western Colorado, an area known for its Morrison Formation outcrops. This specimen, LACM 120462, was described in 1981 and consists of the rear part of both mandibles of the lower jaw as well as a right quadrate. Additional bone fragments, including a quadratojugal, vertebrae, and ribs, have also been reported from this locality but not described. Four more specimens of Eilenodon found in various parts of Colorado and Eastern Utah between 1977 and 1993 were described in 2003 by John Foster.
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The horizontal process is parallel to the tooth row of Europasaurus, similar to in Camarasaurus but unlike in Giraffatitan and Abydosaurus. There is a prominent ventral flange on the anterior arm of the bone, which is a possibly synapomorphy of Brachiosauridae, although it is also found in some Camarasaurus individuals. The two quadratojugal processes diverge at a nearly right angle (90º), although the dorsal process curves as it follows the shape of the quadrate. Squamosals found from Europasaurus show the same approximate shape in lateral view as Camarasaurus, that of a question mark.
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They are similar in shape to those of Giraffatitan and Camarasaurus, and have well developed articular surfaces. A single shaft is present for a majority of the quadrates length, with a pterygoid wing along the medial side. Pterygoids are the largest of the sauropod palate bones, and it has a triradiate shape, like the postorbitals. An anterior projection contacts the opposite pterygoid, while a lateral wing contacts the ectopterygoid, and a posterior wing supports the quadrate and basipterygoid (a bone that provides connection between the palate and the braincase).
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The ectopterygoid bones are three-pronged; the lateral processes close off the back of the suborbital fenestra, the anterior processes join the process of the palatal shelf, and the posterior process overlaps the pterygoid bone and forms part of the pterygo-ectopterygoid fenestra, which is separated from the suborbital fenestra by a bar of the pterygoid; the same bar is seen in Gnathosaurus, albeit much shorter. As for the pterygoid itself, it was expanded along the midline and projected backwards to connect to the basisphenoid bone and quadrate.
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The top of the braincase consists of the strongly-fused frontal bone and parietal bone, which curve sharply downwards near the back so as to produce a rounded back of the skull. At the back of the skull, the basisphenoid is short, wide, and platelike, and has a wide U-shaped notch at the front end. At either side of the notch is a stout basisphenoid process, which contacts the pterygoid bone and quadrate. Meanwhile, at the back, the basisphenoid becomes narrower and is overlapped by the basioccipital bone.
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Reconstruction of Triarthrus eatoni, showing the appendages Pyrite preserved Triarthrus eatoni - ventral sideTriarthrus is an average size trilobite (up to about ) and its moderately convex body is about twice as long as wide (excluding spines). Like in all Olenidae, the headshield (or cephalon) of Triarthrus has opisthoparian sutures, and the right and left free cheeks that they define are yoked. The cephalon in Triarthrus is semicircular. The central raised area (or glabella) is approximately quadrate, and considerably wider than the posterior margin of the fixed cheeks (or fixigenae).
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These are not part of the "higher waterbirds" but of the Galloanserae, a basal lineage of neognath birds. Some features, mainly of the skull, support this hypothesis. For example, the pelagornithids lack a crest on the underside of the palatine bone, while the Neoaves – the sister clade of the Galloanserae which includes the "higher waterbirds" and the "higher landbirds" – have such a crest. Also, like ducks, geese and swans pelagornithids only have two and not three condyles on the mandibular process of the quadrate bone, with the middle condyle beakwards of the side condyle.
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There is a moderate oblique dark grey fascia from the costa before the middle, suffused blackish anteriorly and on the costa, with an irregular projection on the dorsum posteriorly, bearing a small blackish-grey projecting spot beneath the black second discal stigma. A quadrate dark grey blotch is found on the costa at two-thirds and there is an irregular blackish-grey blotch towards the apex, as well as a marginal series of cloudy blackish dots around the apical part of the costa and termen. The hindwings are whitish-grey.Exotic Microlep.
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The external nares were long, narrow and horizontally positioned; the same was true of the larger antorbital fenestrae, a pair of bony openings in front of the eyes. The rear of the skull is poorly known but for a short quadrate bone, which had broad condyles (round protrusions) away from the centre of attachment and—like in the spinosaurid Baryonyx—had a large foramen (opening) separating it from the quadratojugal bone. The lower jaws were greatly elongated and narrow, forming a rigid structure as their dentaries touched each other at the midline, reinforcing the mandible against torsional (bending and twisting) forces.
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The forewings are dark brown with a cupreous gloss and a faint curved dark antemedial line with a slight whitish spot before it in the cell. There is a small quadrate white spot in the end of the cell defined on each side by black-brown. There is also a slight whitish postmedial bar from below the costa to the discal fold, then a very faint dark line, retracted to below the angle of the cell, then excurved. The hindwings are dark brown with a cupreous gloss and a fine pale line at the base of the cilia followed by a dark line.
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The forewings are ochreous white, with somewhat oblique blackish subbasal and antemedial bands, the latter confluent with a spot on its outer side below the cell. There are somewhat quadrate blackish spots in the end of the cell and on the discocellulars, confluent on the median nervure, and a band from the lower angle of the cell to the inner margin. The terminal area is broadly blackish with a cupreous gloss and an ochreous-white postmedial bar on it from the costa to vein 6. The hindwings are ochreous white with a faint diffused dark subbasal band and a blackish discoidal spot.
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The intertrochanteric crest is a bony ridge located on the posterior side of the head of the femur, stretching obliquely downward and medially from the summit of the greater trochanter to the lesser trochanter. Together with the intertrochanteric line on the anterior side of the head, the crest marks the transition between the neck of the femur and the shaft of the femur. An elevation between the middle and proximal third of the crest is known as the quadrate tubercle.Platzer (2004), p 192 The upper half of the crest forms the posterior border of the greater trochanter.
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Features that distinguish Cacops from other dissorophids include a large dorsal process of the quadrate and a shortened posterior skull. The skull is very box-like and its cheeks aligned almost at a right angle to the skull table. The external cranial ornamentation is noticeable on the skull table and on top of the ridges that border the numerous depressions. One significant ontogenetic change in Cacops is a more evenly distributed ornamentation in the adults. Like other dissorophids, the temporal region of Cacops’ skull was dominated by the tympanic embayment, which likely housed a large tympanum.
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Fraxinisaura does not preserve a quadrate, sternum, or metatarsal V, bones which are useful for determining whether a reptile is a lepidosauromorph or not. However, it does possess an entepicondylar foramen of the humerus as well as pleurodont dentition, both of which are characteristic lepidosauromorph features. The shape of the maxilla also links it to Marmoretta, helping to fill the small ghost lineage which lies between Marmoretta (from the mid to late Jurassic) and other basal lepidosauromorphs (which appeared in the Triassic). This classification scheme was supported by a phylogenetic analysis using the data matrix of Ezcurra et al. (2014).
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The forewings are yellow ochreous with fuscous lines. The first is indistinct and the second is black dotted on the costa, followed by three semi- transparent whitish dots on the upper third and abruptly curved outwards on the middle third, thence strongly broken inwards and obsolete to beneath the middle of the disc, where it is continued to the inner margin. There is a fuscous discal mark, preceded by a quadrate semi-transparent whitish spot, beneath which is another similar anteriorly dark-edged spot preceding the second line. There are three dark fuscous dots on the costa posteriorly.
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The last common ancestor of woodpeckers (Picidae) was incapable of climbing up tree trunks or excavating nest cavities by drilling with its beak. The first adaptations for drilling (including reinforced rhamphotheca, frontal overhang and processus dorsalis pterygoidei) evolved in the ancestral lineage of piculets and true woodpeckers. Additional adaptations for drilling and tapping (enlarged condylus lateralis of the quadrate and fused lower mandible) have evolved in the ancestral lineage of true woodpeckers (Hemicircus excepting). The inner rectrix pairs became stiffened, and the pygostyle lamina was enlarged in the ancestral lineage of true woodpeckers (Hemicircus included), which facilitated climbing head first up tree limbs.
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Bill Edwards, Clarence "Sam" Carlson and Ebenezer Green produced quadrate rods and others even made bamboo rods which had pentagonal and octagonal cross- sections. He did not make only the rods, the H.L. Leonard rod company made machinery to produce cane/ bamboo fly rods. The most important of these was the beveler. Some of the greatest fly rod makers learned their craft under Leonard and later opened their own rod shops. The company would continue to make rods for almost eight decades under various ownership, including surviving a fire in 1964 which virtually destroyed the shop.
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The suspensorium (jaw joint) is shifted forwards, which has the effect of twisting the quadrate bones forwards and closing up the squamosal embayments (large emarginations along the rear of the skull also known as "otic notches"). The arrangement of the cranial bones is generally similar to that of other early temnospondyls. The nasal bones (on the upper surface of the snout) are long, while the frontal and parietal bones (at the rear of the skull) are wide, which are traits related to the skull proportions. The lacrimal bones (on the side of the snout) are isolated, contacting neither the nares nor the orbits.
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Worn teeth from the lower jaw have not yet been discovered, but they are expected to show opposing tooth-to-tooth wear. The ability to raise their heads well above the ground does not necessarily mean they browsed on items there, and the short neck of Nigersaurus would have restricted the browsing range compared to other diplodocoids. The adductor muscle of the jaw appears to have attached to the quadrate instead of the supratemporal fenestra. Both this and the other mastication muscles were likely weak, and Nigersaurus is estimated to have had one of the weakest bites of the sauropods.
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Its tooth positions increase during the lifetime of the animal, ranging from thirty-three in younger individuals to forty-eight in the holotype specimen. The teeth are stacked in a tooth battery, with up to three teeth per position. The battery forms a sharp cutting edge, bending inwards, with one or sometimes two teeth per position contributing to the attrition surface. More to behind, the lower jugal bones and quadrate bones flare out sidewards, so that the skull is much wider at its rear lower edges than at the top surface, resulting in a trapezium-shaped profile in posterior view.
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The back of the skull was more lightly built than in some other larger theropods due to extensive skull openings, yet the jaws were deep to support the proportionally large teeth. The lacrimal bone formed not only the back margin of the antorbital fenestra, a large opening between eye and , but also part of its upper margin, unlike in members of the related Abelisauridae. The quadrate bone, which was connected to the lower jaw at its bottom end to form the jaw joint, was inclined so that the jaw joint was displaced backwards in relation to the occipital condyle.
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Xinpusaurus is a thalattosaur, a group of triassic marine reptiles with long, paddle-like tails and short legs with independently movable digits. Specifically, it is a member of the group thalattosauroidea, which are characterized by their downturned premaxillae. Xinpusaurus had a short neck, a massive quadrate, and one of the few braincases preserved in thalattosaurs. The lower jaws of this genus show two different forms of dentary-surangular sutures, either a v-shaped suture with the surangular cutting into the dentary from the side (type 1) or an oblique suture with the surangular underlying the dentary (type 2).
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Luskhan also exhibits some more "primitive" traits which resemble non-brachauchenine thalassophoneans, consistent with it being among the earliest brachauchenines. Like Pliosaurus, the squamosal bones overlap the rear processes of the jugal bones; it also excludes them, as in most plesiosaurs, from the border of the temporal fenestrae. There is also a bulb on each squamosal, as well as a ridge extending upwards from the rear surface. As in Pliosaurus westburyensis, the processes of the pterygoid bones that articulate with the quadrate bone are thick, and there is a U-shaped notch on the bottom of the supraoccipital bone.
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The coronoid process (a site for jaw muscle attachment) is unusually short compared to that of other kingoriids. The dentary also has a short horizontal shelf about halfway up its side, representing a greatly reduced lateral dentary shelf (a site of attachment for the external lateral adductor, an important jaw muscle in dicynodont feeding). The reflected lamina of the angular is relatively short, surrounded by a concave lateral exposure on each side. The articular has a curved, convex upper surface that contacts the condyles of the quadrate and extends beyond them, facilitating palinal (backwards) motion of the lower jaw, typical of dicynodonts.
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Very little skull material is known for the group as a whole. The only skull bones which can be confidently referred to this group consist of a few pterygoid and postorbital fragments belonging to Yarasuchus as well as some fragmentary material considered to belong to Teleocrater. These bones include a maxilla (tooth-bearing bone of the middle of the snout), frontal (part of the skull roof above the eyes), and a quadrate (part of the cranium's jaw joint). Although these fragments make it difficult to reconstruct the skull of aphanosaurs, they do show several notable features.
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The quadrate is vertically oriented. The coronoid process of the lower jaw is strongly protruding. The side of the braincase largely consists of cartilage instead of bone, so that many brain nerves must have had their exits in a single large opening, rather than separate small ones. The inner ear is very large compared with the skull as a whole and differs from that of all other known Dinosauria in the ear vestibule not being separated from the brain cavity, the floor for the cochlea not being made of bone and the vestibule being so large that the semicircular canals are shortened.
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The quadrate bone and the back end of the jugal bar were bound in a complex scaffolding that connected the squamosal bone with the lower end of the postorbital process. This scaffolding consisted of two bony bridges, the temporal bar and the orbitozygomatic junction, which gave the appearance of the temporal opening being divided similarly to diapsid skulls, though this structure is comparable to bridges over the temporary fossa in modern birds. The mandible (lower jaw) is one of the best preserved parts of the skull. It was robust, especially at the front third of its length.
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Hindwing with a minute silvery ocellus in interspace 1 and a small black spot in interspace 5. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen brown above; antennae excepted, ochraceous yellow beneath. Upperside of female differs from the male in the forewing as follows: five inner discal ochraceous spots and the discal band terminating in an ochraceous spot; on the hindwing a discontinuous transverse line, followed by a postdiscal row of large hastate (spear-shaped) spots; a subterminal series of quadrate spots and a terminal series of lunular marks between the veins bright ochraceous. Underside as in the male, but the ground colour uniformly paler ochraceous.
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In these cases, the stapes either is also missing or, in the absence of an eardrum, connects to the quadrate bone in the skull, although, it is presumed, it still has some ability to transmit vibrations to the inner ear. In many amphibians, there is also a second auditory ossicle, the operculum (not to be confused with the structure of the same name in fishes). This is a flat, plate-like bone, overlying the fenestra ovalis, and connecting it either to the stapes or, via a special muscle, to the scapula. It is not found in any other vertebrates.
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There is a red-brown streak below the basal half of costa and a diffused red-brown subbasal line from the cell to the inner margin, as well as a red-brown spot in the cell towards its extremity with an elliptical red-brown spot below it in the submedian interspace. There is also a quadrate discoidal patch with yellowish striga in the centre and a strong, waved red-brown postmedial line. The subterminal line is red-brown, joined above the inner margin by an oblique bar from the angle of the postmedial line at vein 2. The terminal line is red-brown.
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The type and only species of the genus is Sirindhorna khoratensis. The taxon is known from the holotype specimen NRRU3001-166, an articulated braincase, as well as a number of disarticulated referred specimens. The material known from these referred specimens consists of three more partial braincases, one with an articulated postorbital, one right premaxilla, a left and right maxilla, a right jugal, surangular, and quadrate, one predentary, a right and left dentary, and assorted teeth. The generic name is dedication to Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn for her contribution to the support and encouragement of palaeontology in Thailand.
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In this way it could transmit sound from the outside world to the brain. The configuration of the stapes is intermediate between non-amniote tetrapods and amniotes. On the one hand, its connection to the otic notch is unusual, since true reptiles and other amniotes have lost an otic notch, forcing the tympanum and stapes to shift downwards towards the quadrate bone of the jaw joint. On the other hand, the thin, sensitive structure of Seymouria's stapes is a specialization over most non-amniote tetrapods, which have a thick stapes useless for hearing yet useful for reinforcing the skull.
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Installation of Ilya Kabakov for Skulptur Projekte Münster 1997 Drei rotierende Quadrate (Three rotary squares) by George Rickey Skulptur Projekte Münster (English: Sculpture Projects Münster) is an exhibition of sculptures in public places in the town of Münster (Germany). Held every ten years since 1977, the exhibition shows works of invited international artists for free in different locations all over town, thereby confronting art with public places. After every exhibition, the city buys a few of the exhibited sculptures which are then installed permanently. The 4th exhibition in 2007 took place from 16 June to 30 September.
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The shape of these bones varies across the bird families. The lower mandible is supported by a bone known as the inferior maxillary bone—a compound bone composed of two distinct ossified pieces. These ossified plates (or rami), which can be U-shaped or V-shaped, join distally (the exact location of the joint depends on the species) but are separated proximally, attaching on either side of the head to the quadrate bone. The jaw muscles, which allow the bird to close its beak, attach to the proximal end of the lower mandible and to the bird's skull.
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Living mammal species can be identified by the presence in females of mammary glands which produce milk. Other features are required when classifying fossils, since mammary glands and other soft-tissue features are not visible in fossils. Paleontologists therefore use the ossicles as distinguishing bony features shared by all living mammals (including monotremes), but is not present in any of the early Triassic therapsids ("mammal-like reptiles"). left Early amniotes had a jaw joint composed of the articular (a small bone at the back of the lower jaw) and the quadrate (a small bone at the back of the upper jaw).
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The wingspan is about 17 mm. The forewings are grey-whitish with the extreme costal edge white and with three irregular oblique dark fuscous marks from the costa between the base and the middle. There are triangular dark fuscous spots on the costa at the middle and four-fifths, becoming brownish beneath. A large irregular edged pinkish-brown patch extends on the dorsum from the base to beyond the middle and reaches more than half across the wing, with a broad quadrate lobe almost reaching the median costal spot, a small round whitish spot in the middle of the dorsal edge of this.
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It consists of a very fragmentary skeleton with skull elements, including a right quadrate, a left frontal, a piece of the left maxilla, a fragment of the dentarium, a chevron, the upper parts of both ischia, the middle shaft of the right pubis, most of the second right metatarsal, a pedal phalanx and several loose teeth. The elements were not articulated, dispersed over a surface of about two square metres, and strongly weathered. The remains were mixed with the ribs of Hadrosauroidea. Though its exact size is hard to establish, Labocania was probably a medium-sized carnivore, about long.
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Although Head had specifically redefined the Hadrosauridae, based on shared characteristics, to include Protohadros, Horner and colleagues adapted a taxon-based definition that excluded Protohadros and thus Eolambia. They also identified additional characteristics differentiating Eolambia from hadrosaurids: there are coarse denticles on the teeth of the dentary, and the coronoid process is weakly expanded. Quadrate of Eolambia Variance in recovered phylogenetic positions for Eolambia persisted in following years. In the 2009 description of Levnesovia, Hans-Dieter Sues and Alexander Averianov found that Protohadros occupied an intermediate position relative to Altirhinus and Probactrosaurus, being the sister group of Fukuisaurus.
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The ability of the quadrate to slide antero- posteriorly over the articular propaliny however the holotype skull provided by Stovall had damaged the articulating surface. Propaliny is evident two other captorhinids, one called Moradisaurus shares membership in the subfamily Moradisaurinae with Labidosaurikos. The morphology of the articular for Moradisaurus does indicate Labidosaurikos may have been capable of propaliny because articular fragments show great similarity to Moradisaurus than more basal captorhinids. Other osteological evidence for herbivorous feeding via propaliny in Labidosaurikos is vaulted skull roof, a feature that is significantly different from Labidosaurus, Captorhinus, and other more basal captorhinids.
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These groups were based on how developed the rostrum was on the premaxilla, the size of the suprastapedial process of the quadrate and if the haemal arches were fused to the centra of the caudal vertebrae. Prognathodon was placed alongside Platecarpus in a "microrhynchous" group. The two other groups were the "megarhynchous" (including Tylosaurus and Hainosaurus) and the "mesorhynchous" (including Mosasaurus and Clidastes) groups. Dollo realized that Plioplatecarpus shared characters with the "microrhynchous" group in 1894 and abandoned his previous two family-system, starting to use only one family of mosasaurs, the Mosasauridae, and placing Prognathodon as closely related to Platecarpus and Plioplatecarpus.
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Like other euharamiyidans. the ear bones of Vilevolodon had not achieved full separation from the mandible. As the transition of the middle ear away from the dentary via the modification of the quadrate and articular bones into and incus and malleus respectively is a hallmark for mammalian recognition, the preservation of an ear structure in the Vilevolodon holotype is not only crucial to its placement as a euharamiyidan, but has important phylogenetic implications as well. The holotype features a malleus connected anterior to Meckels's cartilage, and the ectotympanic features an anterior limb and a straight reflected lamina.
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Uniquely among troodontids, the postorbital bone is slender and radiates into three processes. Like Zanabazar, there is a pneumatic diverticulum in the jugal bone where an air sac was present within the bone; there is also a pneumatic opening on the rear side of the quadrate bone, as in other troodontids. Unlike Sauronithoides, Zanabazar, and Stenonychosaurus, the crest separating the parietal bones does not participate in the border of the supratemporal (upper) temporal fenestra at the back of the skull. Characteristic of troodontids, Liaoningvenator has a pitted groove on the outer edge of its shallow and triangular lower jaw.
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Bjerring listed the quadrate condyles which were about level with the occipital condyles (both transversally and horizontally), the orbitofacial openings wholly visible through the orbitopalatine openings when viewed ventrally, and the long axes of each orbitofacial opening directed toward the ipsilateral auditive incisure as the characters justifying the exclusion of S. groenlandica from the genus Wetlugasaurus. Bjerring stated that the generic name is derived from the Greek words selene, i.e. moon, and kara, i.e. head; the name honors paleontologist Eigil Nielsen, who went among contemporary Greenland explorers by the sobriquet of Månen, the Danish word for the Moon.
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The other markings are jet black, consisting of a costal irregular, and a median quadrate spot at the base, a wedge-shaped oblique larger mark at one- sixth of the costa and a round dot below the fold at one-fifth. There is also an irregular dark grey mark on two-thirds of the costa and a patch of irregular jet-black irroration with bluish reflections in the apex. A curved series of brownish-grey raised scales is found before the upper part of the termen. The hindwings are glossy golden whitish, irrorated with pale tawny.
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These traits suggest that Triopticus was a very visually-oriented animal. Otherwise, the structure of the brain is generally similar to other archosauriforms, although it superficially resembles that of Stegoceras. Despite the heavy similarity of Triopticus to pachycephalosaurs, there are a number of traits that indicate its archosauriform identity. In Triopticus, the parabasisphenoid bone is horizontal, the posttemporal fenestrae at the back of the braincase are not sealed off at all, and the region where the squamosal bone and quadrate bone come into contact is not externally visible, all of which indicate that it is not a basal dinosaur.
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In mammals the jaws are made up of the mandible (lower jaw) and the maxilla (upper jaw). In the ape there is a reinforcement to the lower jaw bone called the simian shelf. In the evolution of the mammalian jaw, two of the bones of the jaw structure (the articular bone of the lower jaw, and quadrate) were reduced in size and incorporated into the ear, while many others have been fused together. As a result, mammals show little or no cranial kinesis, and the mandible is attached to the temporal bone by the temporomandibular joints.
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Right maxilla of AMNH FARB 30653 (reversed) in lateral view. Maxillary foramina indicated by arrows A complete skull articulated is not known from the multiple specimens, however, numerous elements are known such as the right maxilla, dentary, jugal, squamosal and two lacrimals, quadrate and a complete predentary. In a lateral view, the right maxilla of specimen AMNH FARB 30653 is triangular in shape with various foramina on the surface. On the inner side 26 alveolar foramen are preserved and 22 alveoli are filled with teeth but the total count may be unknown due to incompleteness, the surface of this side is rather flat.
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The lateral surface of the quadrate is flat and on the anterior border a cut for the quadratojugal can be identified, however, most of its articular borders are lost except a small dorsal area and a long bottom surface. A right dentary is represented by specimen AMNH FARB 30654, a partial element with a badly eroded dental battery. It preserves about 15 alveoli of which none is filled with teeth. The total dentary teeth count on Gilmoreosaurus was probably less than 30 and the tooth row is oriented to the lateral sides as seen in other hadrosauroids, unlike the more advanced hadrosaurids.
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Forewing: a black spot, variable in size and intensity, in some specimens absent altogether, at apex of cell; a subterminal quadrate black spot in interspace 1 and another (sometimes faintly marked or absent) further outwards in interspace 2; disc faintly, dorsal margin broadly very pale salmon pink. Hindwing: the whole surface sparsely irrorated with minute black scales; a small black discocellular spot. Cilia of both forewings and hindwings pale salmon pink. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen black, the antennae speckled with white, the head and thorax covered with greenish-fuscous hairs; beneath: the palpi green, thorax and abdomen white.
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Behind the jugal is the quadratojugal, which has traditionally been depicted as hypertrophied and occupying the location of the back portion of the jugal; it is actually a small, half moon-shaped bone wedged between the jugal and the quadrate and situated below the elongate infratemporal fenestra. Overall, the infratemporal fenestra is shaped similarly to the eye socket. The quadrates are strap-like, and wrap around from the back to the bottom of the skull. Although mostly obscured, the removal of the parietal during preparation has exposed part of the endocast of the brain, which has a large flocculus and cerebrum.
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The parietal foramen (a hole which holds the "third eye" in modern tuataras) is teardrop-shaped. The postorbital, jugal, and squamosal bones on the side of the head curve upwards to form the bar between the upper and lower temporal fenestrae. The jugal lacks a "subtemporal extension" forming the bottom edge of the lower temporal fenestra, leaving the hole open from the bottom as if it was an arch. The squamosal also forms a large portion of the part of the skull behind the lower temporal fenestra, along with a thin and tall quadratojugal and a curved quadrate which probably supported a tympanic membrane (eardrum).
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The forewings are brown, irregularly sprinkled with dark fuscous and with an undefined quadrate patch of dark fuscous suffusion resting on the costa before the middle and sometimes a suffused dark fuscous streak along the dorsum from near the base to three-fourths. There is a small dark fuscous spot near the base in the middle, and two connected by a line on the angles of the cell. A band of whitish suffusion is found before the termen from the dorsum reaching three-fourths of the way across the wing, above this a blotch of dark fuscous suffusion towards the costa. The hindwings are fuscous.
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The squamosal appeared to have a concave formation on the surface at the upper end of the quadrate. In Cope's fossil the mandible was preserved almost perfectly and from this he recorded that the jaw was very similar to the Chelonidae and the dentary had a broad for above downward with a concave surface, marked by deep pits in the dentary. Cope concluded that these animals were most likely omnivores and consumed a diet of hard shelled crustacean creatures, due to the long symphysis of its lower jaw. Along with probably consisted of seaweed and jellyfish or scavenged on floating carcasses as well, like modern turtles.
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The diagnostic features of the genus Leptorophus are a long triangular skull, anterior parts of nasal and vomer elongated, a very close prefrontal and postfrontal, elongated narial openings, a maxilla extended posteriorly, quadrate condyles posterior to occipital condyles, and a vomer with long posteromedial process. The autopamorphic features of the genus Schoenfelderpeton are an overall broad skull with an enlarged otic notch, a wider posterior skull table, supratemporal anteriorly pointed, possible subdivided postfrontal, very short humerus, represented only by midshaft ossification. These diagnostics of Schoenfelderpeton indicated it is the most neotenic of the branchiosaurids. There are several potential branchiosaurids that are as of yet too inadequately characterized to classify.
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Life restoration, based on known material and European greenfinches The holotype is an almost complete cranium with both pterygoids but lacking mandible, quadrate bones, and the palatine process of maxilla. The paratypes include a proximal fragment of a right humerus, a distal fragment of a right humerus with a prominent fragmented epicondyle, a left ulna lacking the epiphyseal plate, an almost complete right ulna lacking the olecranon and a complete left carpometacarpus. The cranium length is 34,89 mm, the cranium width is 17,47 mm and the cranium height is 14,31 mm. The maxilla length is 19,10 mm, the maxilla width is 9,67 mm, and the maxilla height is 6,71 mm.
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"A continental assemblage of tetrapods from the Upper Cretaceous beds of El Brete, northwestern Argentina (Sauropoda-Coelurosauria-Carnosauria-Aves)". Mémoires de la Société Géologique de France, Nouvelle Série 139: 19-28 The holotype, PVL 4061, was found in a layer of the Lecho Formation of Salta Province, Argentina, dating from the late Cretaceous period, more precisely the early Maastrichtian stage, about seventy million years ago. It consists of a partial skeleton with skull. It contains the maxilla, the quadrate bone, two neck vertebrae, two neck ribs, the centrum of a back vertebra, two hand claws, a finger phalanx and the second right metatarsal bone.
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Amaltheidae is a family of eoderoceratoidean ammonitids from the Lower Jurassic consisting of genera characterised by stigated discoidal oxycones—narrow involute shells with narrowly rounded to angular venters that bear a series of grooves, or ridges, along broad flanks, which according to the Treatise L, 1957, evolved into strongly ribbed planulates (discoidal evolute shells) with quadrate whorls, typically with crenulated keels; involving all together four genera. Donovan in Donovan et al. (1981) retains the Amaltheidae in the sense of Arkell, et al. 1957, as shown in the Treatise but synonymizes Pseudoamaltheus with Amaltheus, (a subgenus in the Treatise), reducing the number of valid genera to three.
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The German blazon reads: Das Stadtwappen zeigt in einem spätgotischen Rundschild auf rotem Grund winkelmäßig angeordnet abwechselnd je 16 in gold und blau gehaltene Quadrate. Darunter befindet sich die gräfliche Krone. The town's arms might in English heraldic language be described thus: Gules a chevron countercompony Or and azure throughout, in base a crown of the second. The whole coat of arms refers to Kirchberg's former allegiance to the “Further” County of Sponheim. The chevron countercompony (that is, chequered in two rows) refers to the “chequy” arms borne by the Counts, with the squares here in the same tinctures as they were in theirs.
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Unfortunately, the palate is mostly obscured by the tightly occluded lower jaw, leaving only the pterygoids and the basicranium (the part of the skull underneath the braincase) readily visible. The pterygoids are relatively long and narrow, and straight for much of their length like those of Compsodon and Dicynodontoides. The two pterygoids meet at a median pterygoid plate positioned relatively far back on the skull, which also results in the rami that contact the quadrate being angled at approximately 60 degrees to the skull's long axis. The occiput is poorly preserved and few details can be discerned, but the overall structure appears typical for dicynodonts, as is the basicranium.
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195,198), Goedert (1989), González-Barba et al. (2002) or in Late Miocene deposits of the Monterey Formation,Olson (1985: p.198) quite a few additional specimensIncluding upper and lower beak fragments and an atlas vertebra: Hopson (1964) dating from about the same time were found in California. Roughly contemporary specimens were described from the Haranoyan-Tozawan boundary in Japan – a complete right quadrate bone (NSM PV-18696) from the Middle Miocene Nagura Formation at Chichibu, Saitama, an Early Miocene right mandible piece (Mizunami Fossil Museum (MFM) 28351) found in the Oi Formation at Misato, Mie, and some additional material of about the same age from the Mizunami Group at Mizunami, Gifu.
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The forewings are red brown with a dark antemedial line, with a yellow band on its inner side from below the costa to the inner margin. There is a black spot in the middle of the cell and discoidal lunule, with a quadrate white patch between them. There is also a dark postmedial line, with a dentate yellow mark on its outer edge below the costa, as well as three minute dentate spots between veins 5 and 2, and a lunule below the angle of the cell. The hindwings are yellow with a dark discoidal bar and some brown suffusion below the end of the cell.
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Paul, G.S., 2010, The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs, Princeton University Press p. 306 No autapomorphies were given but a unique combination of diagnostic characteristics includes a high and sharp ascending branch of the maxilla, a short rear branch of the maxilla, relatively few tooth positions (twenty-seven in the maxilla), a transversely wide lower quadrate with a weak paraquadratic notch, a gracile upper arm, and an ischium that at the lower end of its rear edge curves towards its expanded tip. Mo et al. (2007), who described the specimen, performed a phylogenetic analysis that suggests Nanningosaurus was a basal lambeosaurine, although they stressed the support for this was tentative.
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The darker colour has the appearance of a large quadrate patch overflowing the wing from the dorsum, the whole of which it occupies from near the base to the tornus, its anterior margin tending obliquely outwards towards the costa and its upper and outer margins running parallel with the outline of the wing. There are also one or two small streaks connecting it above with the costa. Throughout this patch are a great number of shining metallic steel-grey spots, having a rosy tinge in some varieties. There are one or two spots visible on the pale basal portion of the wing and also along the termen.
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Prysten House, Finewell Street, 1498, is the oldest surviving house in Plymouth, and built from local Plymouth Limestone and Dartmoor granite During the Hundred Years' War a French attack (1340) burned a manor house and took some prisoners, but failed to get into the town. In 1403 the town was burned by Breton raiders. On 12 November 1439, the English Parliament made Plymouth the first town incorporated. In the late fifteenth century, Plymouth Castle, a "castle quadrate", was constructed close to the area now known as The Barbican; it included four round towers, one at each corner, as featured on the city coat of arms.
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The basal one-fourth of the forewings of the males is cream white, with an oblique chocolate streak, below which is a looped zigzag line which forms a white stigma just below the streak. There is an antemedian dark-chocolate transverse band and the central one-third of the wing is pale chocolate, becoming paler distad. The outer one-third is creamy grey with a crenulate postdiscal brown line, a dark-chocolate spot before the tornus and a quadrate dark-chocolate patch between vein seven and half-way between veins six and five. The hindwings are orange with a postmedian transverse crenulate dark band beyond which is a similar lunate one.
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The story of the Sculpture Projects in Münster goes back to the 1970s when George Rickey placed his kinetic sculpture, ”Drei rotierende Quadrate” in the German city of Münster. At the time there was a significant public outcry against placement of the artwork. To address this dissatisfaction and to attempt to bridge understanding about art in public places, Klaus Bussmann (then director of the Westfälisches Landesmuseum in Münster) undertook a series of lectures and presentations in 1977 at the museum. It was as an extension of this outreach program that the idea for Sculpture Projects Münster was born with Bussmann and Kasper König (curator at Museum Ludwig) as the project’s founders.
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Ciurcopterus possessed walking legs that were similar to those of Slimonia in bearing distal serrations. The telson (the posteriormost segment of its body) was wide and possessed dorsal median carinae. The type A genital appendage (one of the morphs of eurypterid genital appendages, equipped with clasping organs) was undivided and the pretelson (the segment immediately preceding the telson), lacking dorsal median carina (keels running down the center of the dorsal side), is laterally expanded. Other than the type species C. ventricosus, defined by its quadrate (square-shaped) pretelson and the narrow and elongated telson, one other species has been assigned to the genus; C. sarlei.
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The earliest mammals were generally small animals, and were likely nocturnal insectivores. This suggests a plausible source of evolutionary pressure: with these small bones in the middle ear, a mammal has extended its range of hearing for higher-pitched sounds which would improve the detection of insects in the dark. The evidence that the malleus and incus are homologous to the reptilian articular and quadrate was originally embryological, and since this discovery an abundance of transitional fossils has both supported the conclusion and given a detailed history of the transition. The evolution of the stapes (from the columella) was an earlier and distinct event.
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There are quadrate blotches of irregular dark grey mottling on the costa at two-thirds and the dorsum towards the tornus, representing a fascia broadly interrupted in the middle. There is also a dentate white marginal line around the apex, edged dark fuscous and preceded by some fuscous irroration. The hindwings are white, with an oblique dark grey mark from the costa just before the apex and with the costa dilated on the anterior two-thirds, with a dense projecting fringe of white and grey scales. The costal third from the base to beyond the middle is pale ochreous-yellowish, with long expansible whitish hairs.
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The wingspan is about 21 mm. The forewings are shining white, with the markings rather dark grey and a median dash near the base, as well as a thick subdorsal streak from near the base to two-fifths, expanded downwards in the middle to rest on the dorsum. There is an irregular streak from the costa at one-fourth to a quadrate blotch on the dorsum beyond the middle. There is a second discal stigma forming a small transverse mark and an irregular rather curved streak from above the middle of the disc passing just beyond this to a transverse pre-tornal spot narrowed on the dorsum.
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The wingspan is about 22 mm. The forewings are shining, white, a narrow, delicate, shade of fawn-ochreous along the costa, a stronger shade of fawn-grey along the dorsum, occupying the space below the fold, and slightly overlapping the fold at its outer half; in this broad fawn-grey shade are two conspicuous brown dorsal blotches. The first quadrate, scarcely before the middle, some scattered scales of the same colour extending obliquely inward on to the cell. The second, somewhat triangular, extending to the tornus, sending out a slender, fluctuate line of the same colour obliquely inward across the cell, ending below the middle of the costa.
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The bottom margin of the jugal bears a strong flange beneath the level of the infratemporal fenestra; this is also seen in Equijubus, Probactrosaurus, Protohadros, and several other hadrosauroids. Connecting to the jugal from above is the postorbital, which has a roughened surface where it borders the eye sockets (like Protohadros), but the side of the bone is otherwise smooth. At the back of the skull, the quadrate articulates with the squamosal with a joint that is D-shaped when viewed from the top. The left and right squamosals would have contacted each other extensively, being only separated at the back by a small process of the parietal.
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The evolution of major temnospondyl clades: an inclusive phylogenetic analysis, Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 11:6, 673-705, DOI: 10.1080/14772019.2012.699006 Rhineceps fossils are differentiated from other rhinesuchids by the following traits “presence of a vomerine depression immediately anterior to cultriform process of the parasphenoid; ectopterygoids with enlarged tusks at their anterior end; transverse vomerine tooth row anteriorly convex; quadrate condyles projected behind the tip of the tabular horns; vomers with a continuous raised field of denticles; parasphenoid plate wider than long; well-developed transversely wide ‘pockets’; internarial vacuity between nasals and premaxillae; mandible with two anterior meckelian foraminae; chordatympanic foramen located on the suture between the articular and the prearticular.”.
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Ectomesenchyme (also known as mesectoderm):Kalcheim, C. and Le Douarin, N. M. (1998). The Neural Crest (2nd ed.). Cambridge, U. K.: Cambridge University Press. odontoblasts, dental papillae, the chondrocranium (nasal capsule, Meckel's cartilage, scleral ossicles, quadrate, articular, hyoid and columella), tracheal and laryngeal cartilage, the dermatocranium (membranous bones), dorsal fins and the turtle plastron (lower vertebrates), pericytes and smooth muscle of branchial arteries and veins, tendons of ocular and masticatory muscles, connective tissue of head and neck glands (pituitary, salivary, lachrymal, thymus, thyroid) dermis and adipose tissue of calvaria, ventral neck and face Endocrine cells: chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla, glomus cells type I/II.
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Size comparison of the holotype and paratype to an 1.8 m tall human Adasaurus was a medium-sized dromaeosaurid. The holotype has an estimated length of with a weight of . The comparatively larger pedal elements of the paratype indicate a gently bigger size in this latter specimen. Aside from the reduced pedal ungual II, Adasaurus can be recognised by the following additional traits: expanded projection of the maxillary; recurved lacrimal; lower jaw with a prominent surangular foramen; irregular triangular projection on the quadrate shaft; pleurocoels are present on the anterior sacral vertebrae; and the anterior border of the anterior blade in the ilium is relatively shortened.
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The greenside darters have an elongated body with a long and rounded snout. The dorsum is greenish-brown, with six or seven dark quadrate saddles and the sides with five to eight dark green, typically U- or W-shaped blotches. The nape, cheeks, opercle, and belly are completely scaled, with the breast naked. The anal fin has six to 10 rays (usually eight) and 13-16 pectoral fin rays, and both are bright green in breeding males; caudal fins are yellowish to clear; dorsal fin rays number 12-15, with red basal bands; breeding males have intensely bluish-green nasal and oral areas and sometimes black on the head.
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The wingspan is about 21 mm. The forewings are yellow, irregularly mottled and streaked crimson, especially on the veins. The costal edge is dark fuscous, shortly interrupted with pale yellow at two-fifths and two-thirds and with some fuscous suffusion towards the base of the costa, and two or three suffused dark fuscous marks beyond this. There is a slender oblique dark fuscous streak from one-third of the dorsum to above the middle of the disc, then curved over around the end of the cell to its lower angle, connected above by a quadrate blotch of fuscous suffusion with the median portion of the costa.
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The wingspan is 14–16 mm. The forewings are ochreous brown, lighter towards the base and costa and with the markings snow white. There is a streak along the costa from near the base to the middle and an elongate blotch along the costa from beyond the middle to four-fifths, as well as an irregular median longitudinal streak from the base to three-fourths, the lower margin forming quadrate projections at the base, the middle, and the apex. There is also a white spot on the inner margin at one-third and another at two-thirds, as well as an irregular submarginal streak from the apex to the anal angle.
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The quadrate and the maxillary and palatopterygoid arches are more or less movable to allow for the distension required by the passage of prey, often much exceeding the size of the mouth. For the same reason, the rami of the lower jaw, which consist of dentary, splenial, angular, and articular elements, with the addition of a coronoid in the boas and a few other small families, are connected at the symphysis by a very extensible elastic ligament. The hyoid apparatus is reduced to a pair of cartilaginous filaments situated below the trachea, and united in front. There are various modifications according to the genera.
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Although Newton originally considered Parapsicephalus as being a species of Scaphognathus, Arthaber remarked that it was actually more similar to Dimorphodon instead. The prevailing view since Arthaber's renaming of Parapsicephalus as a distinct genus has been that Parapsicephalus represents some kind of rhamphorhynchid, although several phylogenies by Brian Andres and colleagues supported Arthaber's hypothesis of it being closely affiliated with Dimorphodon. Characters which support this placement include the convex top of the skull, the pear-shaped eye socket, the angle of the quadrate, and the thick jugal. The topology recovered by Andres and Myers in 2013, showing Parapsicephalus as a dimorphodontian, is reproduced below.
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The forewings are fuscous brown with a slight cupreous gloss with traces of a whitish antemedial line from the cell to the inner margin with a more or less distinct spot beyond it in the cell. There is a quadrate white spot in the end of the cell and a postmedial line forming an elliptical white spot. The hindwings are fuscous brown with a cupreous gloss with a faint dark discoidal lunule and a postmedial line with a small white spot below the costa, then a slight, whitish and bent outwards between veins 6 and 2, then bent inwards to below the end of the cell and more distinct and oblique to above the tornus.The moths of India.
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In 1340 French attackers, who had been successfully burning towns along the coast by surprise, burned a manor house and took some prisoners, but failed to get into the town; by the time they reached Plymouth, they had lost the advantage of surprise. In 1403, the town was briefly occupied and burnt by Breton raiders. In the late fifteenth century Plymouth Castle, a "castle quadrate", was constructed close to the area now known as The Barbican; it included four round towers, one at each corner, as featured on the city coat of arms. The castle served to protect Sutton Pool, which is where the fleet was based in Plymouth prior to the establishment of Plymouth Dock.
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Plicidentine was once considered to characterize "labyrinthodont" amphibians such as temnospondyls, but it is now known to occur in some extinct amniotes as well. The supratemporal bones at the rear of the skull roof formed small horns, and the palate (roof of the mouth) was covered in small cones known as denticles. Denticles reached almost as far back in the mouth as the large, robust quadrate bones which formed the upper part of the jaw joint. Preserved portions of the braincase were generally similar to those of other reptiles, with the exception of a large opening (likely for the hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve) at the front edge of the base of the braincase.
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The quadrate bone of the jaw joint is vertical, rather than slanted as in basal reptiliomorphs such as seymouriamorphs and embolomeres.A color-coded diagram of the skull of Westlothiana lizziaeThe bones of the skull roof (the upper part of the skull, behind the eyes) were characteristic in several ways. They were loosely attached to those of the cheek region (namely the squamosal bones), as with amniotes and most reptiliomorphs, except for basal groups in which this area retains a large otic notch rather than contact. The skull roof was primarily composed of the characteristically large and wide parietal bones, which extended to the outer edge of the skull roof, an area known as the temporal region of the skull.
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On 18 May 1843 the university received a grant of arms: These are alternatively described (bringing out the origin of the various elements) as "Argent S. Cuthbert's cross (formée quadrate) gules; on a canton the arms of Bishop Hatfield: Azure, a chevron or, between three lions rampant argent". It is interesting that Bishop Hatfield, the founder of Durham College, Oxford, is commemorated in the arms rather than Bishop Van Mildert. This was not the only attempt to draw a link between the college and the university. In an undated letter to "Mr Grey" (not the Earl), Thorp wrote: Early university calendars also contained a note setting out the link between the college and the university.
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The quadrate ligament was first described by the French anatomist Jean-Paul-Louis Denucé in 1854, but its function and even presence has been disputed in anatomical literature ever since. It received little attention before Nomina Anatomica Parisiensia recognized it as a functional structure in 1955. , nevertheless, found no evidence of the ligament, and described it as "nothing more than a thin fibrous layer" of the joint capsule — somewhat in line with Denucé's note that the ligament could be considered a simple extension of the synovial recess or an extension of the annular ligament. , on the other hand, described the ligament as having an anterior border denser and stronger than the posterior, with a thin central portion.
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Potamornis is a prehistoric bird genus that dated back to the late Maastrichtian age of the late Cretaceous period. Its scrappy remains were found in the Lance Formation at Buck Creek, USA, and additional possible remains were found in the upper Hell Creek Formation of Montana, dated to the Danian age of the Paleogene period, though these may have been reworked.Mortimer (2004) A single species was named and described in 2001: Potamornis skutchi.A. Elzanowski, G.S. Paul, and T.A. Stidham, 2001, "An avian quadrate from the Late Cretaceous Lance Formation of Wyoming", Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 20(4): 712-719 This was almost certainly a member of the Hesperornithes, the hefty and toothed flightless diving birds of the Mesozoic seas.
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The interparietal articulates inferiorly with the exoccipital and the opisthotic with the tabular forming the outer portion of the occiput. Above the interparietal is articulation with the parietal and the squamosal. As part of the articulation with the quadrate is a long process lying against the squamosal externally and the opisthotic internally. The exoccipitals are small and form the lateral walls of the foramen magnum Broom, R. “On the Structure of the Mammal-Like Reptiles of the Sub-Order Gorgonopsia.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Containing Papers of a Biological Character 218 (1930): 345–371.. Sauroctonus progressus Battail & Surkov describe Scylacops as the closest overall morphological relative to the Russian gorgonopsine Sauroctonus progressus.
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The forewings are dull fuscous with obscure markings. There is a moderately broad outwardly oblique transverse whitish-ochreous fascia, from the costa at one-sixth to the dorsum at one-fifth, where it becomes confluent with a moderate ochreous- whitish dorsal streak, somewhat suffused, from near the base to the tornus. There is an obscurely-edged ochreous-whitish transverse fascia, from the costa at five-sixths to the tornus, separated from the dorsal streak by a patch of ground colour. There are four or five quadrate spots of ochreous white on the costa, between the posterior edge of the previous fascia and the apex, separated by similar-sized spots of ground colour.
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Furthermore, although overlapping materials between the genera are limited to their partial skulls, according to Godefroit et al. (2012) Kundurosaurus can be differentiated from Kerberosaurus on the basis of the rostrocaudally longer and more robust dorsal maxillary process, more robust and more curved downwards nasal, much more robust and proportionally higher quadrate and the strong ridge extends obliquely along the lateral side of the exoccipital condyloid in Kundurosaurus. Additionally, the frontals of Kerberosaurus are particularly narrow and do not participate in the orbital margin, the rostral margin of the parietal is depressed around the contact area with the frontals, and Kerberosaurus has hook-like palatine process. Scapula Jugals Right nasals On the other hand, Xing et al.
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However the species also has distinct vein structures, and an overall head shape which is less quadrate, features not found in Inocellia. The size of the specimen is also notably smaller than other species of Inocellia, the fore wing being only long and wide. Dr. Carpenter therefore placed the species in Inocellia and noted his reservations regarding the placement but did not feel that the differences were enough to warrant creation of a new genus. Though they did not move the species to a new genus, Horst Aspöck, Ulrike Aspöck and Hubert Rausch in the 1991 work Die Raphidiopteren der Erde also noted the very odd nature of the species and questioned its placement in Inocellia.
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This has been shown to be correlated to mandible size; in species where the males have large mandibles the "nuptial gift" is small or absent, while it is large in species where males lack the exaggerated mandibles. Two genera, Chloroniella and Chloronia, are unusual in that the males lack large mandibles and do not produce "nuptial gifts". The antennae of males are also noticeably elongated, even longer than the mandibles. Corydalinae is distinguished from closely related clades by the following synapomorphies (with exceptions in a few species): quadrate head with a postocular spine, ridge, and plane, non- pectinate antennae, four crossveins between the radius and the radial sector, and distinctive male terminalia with a well developed ninth gonostylus.
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Artist's impression of Titanoceratops Skeletal reconstruction, holotype material in white, with human for scale The skull measures from the tip of the snout to the quadrate, and the restored frill extends its length up to making it a candidate for the longest skull of any land animal. Titanoceratops was as large as the later triceratopsins Triceratops and Torosaurus, with an estimated weight of and a mounted skeleton measuring long and tall at the back. In 2016 Gregory S. Paul gave a lower estimation of 6.5 meters (21.3 ft) and 4.5 tonnes (4.9 short tons). Tom Holtz (2012) noted that it is extremely similar to its closely related contemporaries Eotriceratops and Ojoceratops, which may all be synonymous.
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A projection from the quadrate bone into the lateral temporal fenestra (opening behind the eye) gave this a reniform (kidney-shaped) outline. The foramen magnum (the large opening at the back of the braincase) was about half the breadth of the occipital condyle, which was itself cordiform (heart-shaped), and had a short neck and a groove on the side. Life restoration showing hypothetical feathers and crest-shape The mandible was slender and delicate at the front, but the articular region (where it connected with the skull) was massive, and the mandible was deep around the mandibular fenestra (an opening on its side). The mandibular fenestra was small in Dilophosaurus, compared to that of coelophysoids.
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Finally, its quadrate distal articular surface is not separated into two condyles by a sulcus, and has only a very shallow depression at the centre. Like other geosaurins, P. manselii have large robust teeth, with moderate to strong mediolateral compression. Other notable characters of P. manselii are the presence of a separation between premaxilla and nasal approximately subequal to the midline length of the premaxilla, carinae formed by a keel and true microscopic denticles, and a long mandibular symphysis to which 9 out of 13 dentary teeth are adjacent. In dorsal view, the lateral margins of the prefrontals have an inflexion point directed posteriorly at an angle of approximately 70 degrees from the anteroposterior axis of the skull.
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Though Slimonia itself is very well known, the other genus of the family, Salteropterus, is less well known with its fossils only preserving the telson and the metastoma (a large plate part of the abdomen). As such it is difficult to establish exactly which traits distinguish the family as a whole from the other pterygotioid eurypterid families (Pterygotidae and Hughmilleriidae), even though several defining traits are known of Slimonia. Many of the unique traits of Slimonia are found in the carapace (the "head"), which is not known in Salteropterus. Among these is the quadrate (square) shape of the carapace itself and the placement of the compound eyes on the frontal corners. 1955\. Merostomata.
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Upperside: dull brown, slightly darker towards the apex of the forewing; also a more or less quadrate whitish spot beyond the apex of the cell on the same wing; in some specimens this spot is slightly diffuse. Underside: pale, silky, brownish white; forewings and hindwings crossed by numerous, very slender, short, sinuous, transverse, dark brown strigae which are outwardly slenderly edged with brownish white of a shade paler than that of the ground colour; both wings with an anteciliary dark brown line with on the inner side a similar edging. Forewing, in addition, with an oval white spot beyond the cell. Cilia of both forewings and hindwings of the same shade as the ground colour of the wings.
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The portion of the tympanic cavity formed by the quadrate is not multi-fenestrated like in protosuchians, notosuchians and baurusuchids, and lacks the characteristic oblong concavity of baurusuchids. In Sahitisuchus it shows only two openings, as seen in Sebecus, Hamadasuchus and recent species. As in Sebecus, the only other sebecid known from this part of the skeleton, the diapophysis is divided by the neurocentral suture and in lateral view, the centrum shows a medial constriction and a trapezoidal shape, with anterior and posterior articulations inclined anteriorly. In comparison to Sebecus, Sahitisuchus has more robust and broader diapophyses, and the length of the third cervical centrum is nearly equal compared to the axis.
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The forewings are white with black markings. There is a dot on the base of the costa, a small spot on the base of the dorsum, a quadrate spot on the costa near the base with the lower angles projecting, an oblique mark in the disc beyond this, a dot beneath the costa before the middle and dots representing the stigmata, the discal approximated, a small spot between them, the plical slightly before the first discal. A short mark is found beneath the costa at two-thirds, and one just above the tornus. There is a dash towards the termen in the middle and some black scales and slight fuscous suffusion at the apex.
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The wingspan is 17–18 mm. The forewings are shining white, the dorsal half whitish-fuscous. There is a fine dark fuscous dash near the base above the middle and a subquadrate dark fuscous blotch on the middle of the dorsum reaching anteriorly half across the wing, its upper anterior angle somewhat produced and preceded in the disc by a small dark fuscous mark. A quadrate dark fuscous blotch is found on the dorsum before the tornus, not reaching half across the wing, the upper anterior angle connected with a dark fuscous transverse mark in the disc from which an indistinct fuscous line runs towards the middle of the costa, not reaching it.
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The wingspan is about 18 mm. The forewings are white, the dorsal three-fifths suffused pale brownish, on the posterior third darkened to form a quadrate fuscous blotch, a dark brown streak sprinkled blackish from the base of the costa to the anterior angle of this blotch. There is a very fine black dash representing the plical stigma and a short almost longitudinal fuscous line from beneath the costa at one-sixth. Suffused dark fuscous spots are found just beneath the costal edge before and beyond the middle, where two curved oblique brownish-grey interrupted lines or series of dots run to the dorsum at two-thirds and the tornus, the second acutely indented above the middle.
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The wingspan is about 15 mm. The forewings are white, on dorsal three-fifths slightly tinged ochreous and irregularly sprinkled fuscous and with a longitudinal dark fuscous dash from the base of the costa. There is some dark fuscous suffusion towards the dorsum before the middle, an oblique series of three indistinct fuscous dashes crossing the disc above this and a very oblique dark fuscous line from the costa before the middle to the upper angle of the cell, as well as a cloudy dot on the lower angle. A curved dark fuscous line is found from the costa at two-thirds to the tornus, limiting a quadrate fuscous pre-tornal blotch reaching half across the wing.
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A diagnosis is a statement of the anatomical features of an organism (or group) that collectively distinguish it from all other organisms. Some, but not all, of the features in a diagnosis are also autapomorphies. An autapomorphy is a distinctive anatomical feature that is unique to a given organism or group. According to Ezcurra (2007), and Bristowe and Raath (2004) Coelophysis can be distinguished based on the following features: the absence of an offset rostral process of the maxilla; the quadrate is strongly caudally; a small external mandibular fenestra, which is 9–10% of the mandibular length; and the anteroposterior length of the ventral lacrimal process is greater than 30% of its height.
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The specimen which Langston designated as the holotype was discovered by Rainier Zangerl, Bill Turnbull and Charles Barber on a Field Museum expedition in 1946 and was given catalogue number FMNH P 27383. It consists of less than one half of the skull, a number of vertebrae, and significant portions of the fore- and hindlimbs. Preserved cranial material includes a partial quadrate, left maxilla, teeth, jugal, lacrimal, nasal (with the namesake crest), postorbital, frontal, prefrontal, parietal, squamosal, and paroccipital process and a portion of the predentary bone. The specimen was likely washed out to sea by a river, where it eventually sank and was buried in the silty carbonate sediments of the Mississippi embayment.
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Meanwhile, in accordance with the results of Horner and colleagues, Albert Prieto-Márquez and Mark Norell found in 2010 that Eolambia was instead the sister group of Protohadros. He also noted features of Eolambia that were convergent upon hadrosaurids: the presence of a single tooth carina; the nearly-square outer corner of the predentary; and the midpoint of the quadratojugal notch (which articulates with the quadratojugal) being located roughly halfway up the surface of the quadrate (being located less than 60% of the bone's height down from the top). In 2012, Holtz classified Eolambia as a primitive member of the Styracosterna along with Altirhinus. In 2012, McDonald conducted a phylogenetic analysis of iguanodonts incorporating data from new Eolambia specimens.
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In Alick Walker's first paper looking at the origin of birds and crocodiles it is suggested that they could in fact have a close common ancestor with Sphenosuchus. The evidence being similarities in several features including: quadrate articulation, inner ear regions, pneumatic spaces connected with the middle ear, the palatal structure, occiput and odd bsipterygoid process, and the upper temporal bar positioning in the skull. According to these findings Walker thought that the conclusion that birds and crocodiles could be more closely related than previously thought could not be ignored. In 1990 Walker revised his previous work with a new, more comprehensive paper regarding Sphenosuchus and the relationship with modern crocodiles and birds.
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Others view Eotitanosuchus as quite distinct from other basal therapsids and perhaps closer to the Gorgonopsia but gorgonopsian specializations are either not present in Eotitanosuchus or, as is more often the case, the state of the characters is unknown. This genus is characterized by many primitive features of the septomaxilla, the postorbital, the parietal, the interparietal, the basioccipital, the quadrate rami of the pterygoid and the vomers of the skull. The length of the dorsal process of the premaxilla (front jawbone) and the postorbital twisting (rear side of the skull) constitute specializations that indicate it is not a direct gorgonopsian ancestor. These features, however, are shared by the anteosaur and biarmosuchid lineages.
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Adults are orange, the forewings with some black markings at the base. The antemedial line is conjoined to a quadrate patch below the cell and there is a large discocellular mark connected with the costa by a semicircular mark and with the inner margin by a line. The postmedial line is angled outwards on vein 6 and sharply dentate inwards on vein 5, then excurved and conjoined to the dark marginal area, which is broad at the costa, narrowing to near the margin at vein 2, then expanding again. The hindwings have a sinuous ante- and postmedial line, the latter conjoined towards the inner margin to the dark marginal area, which is broad towards the costa, narrows at vein 2, then expands again.
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The genus is named for the Judean Hills where the holotype of Judeasaurus tchernovi was discovered ("Judea lizard"), and the etymology of the species name honours Eitan Tchernov for his contributions to the paleontology of Israel. Haber and Polcyn (2005, p. 249) diagnose Judeasaurus tchernovi as a varnoid lizard: Haber and Polcyn (2005, 251-254) compare Judeasaurus with other marine varanoids (Adriosaurus and Pontosaurus), basal mosasauroids (including Tethysaurus, Haasiasaurus, and Halisaurus) and with members of the paraphyletic Aigialosauridae, and determined that Judeasaurus "represents a new taxon within Varanoidea, related to mosasauroids based on its fused frontals and circular quadrate." An affiliation with another group of Late Cretaceous marine varanoids, the Dolichosauridae, is proprosed but this relationship remains unresolved due to the poorly understood nature of dolichosaurs.
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Descriptions of material from Erpetosuchus in the early 2000s were accompanied by further analyses incorporating Gracilisuchus. In a 2000 description of North American material, Paul Olsen, Hans-Dieter Sues, and Mark Norell recovered Gracilisuchus as more derived than Stagonolepis but more basal than Postosuchus, Erpetosuchus, and crocodylomorphs. Later, in a 2002 revision of the genus, Benton and Walker found contrasting hypotheses for the position of Gracilisuchus: as being more derived than a group containing Ornithosuchus and rauisuchians (Saurosuchus, Batrachotomus, Prestosuchus); or being in a polytomy with Ornithosuchus and rauisuchians. In both cases, it was more basal than the same group in Olsen and colleagues' analysis, being united by a ridge on the squamosal bone above the supratemporal fenestra and the absence of a foramen on the quadrate.
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Phlaocyon minor is an extinct species of canid mammal known from the Miocene- Oligocene (Arikareean NALMA, more than ) of the United States (Wyoming, South Dakota, Nebraska, Wyoming, and Texas.) The type specimen of P. minor is a partial maxilla, a partial dentary, and limb fragments found in Oglala Lakota County, South Dakota (: paleocoordinates ). referred half a dozen other specimens to P. minor, including a nearly complete skull and a mandible from Wyoming. P. minor is the most basal member of Phlaocyon but it can still be distinguished from more primitive borophagines such as Archaeocyon, Rhizocyon, and Cynarctoides. Characters placing it in Phlaocyon includes robust and shortened premolars, a quadrate first upper molar, and widened talonid on the first lower molar.
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The liver, viewed from above, showing the left and right lobes separated by the falciform ligament The liver, viewed from below, surface showing four lobes and the impressions The liver is grossly divided into two parts when viewed from above – a right and a left lobe - and four parts when viewed from below (left, right, caudate, and quadrate lobes). The falciform ligament makes a superficial division of the liver into a left and right lobe. From below, the two additional lobes are located between the right and left lobes, one in front of the other. A line can be imagined running from the left of the vena cava and all the way forward to divide the liver and gallbladder into two halves.
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Proa is distinguished from other basal hadrosauriforms (especially other iguanodontids) in having a predentary that reaches the rostral margin, with divergent lateral processes. It can also be diagnosed by a unique combination of characters: dentary tooth row convex dorsally in lateral view; dentary tooth row extending caudal to the base of the coronoid process; platform between the dentary tooth row and the base of the coronoid process; coronoid process expanded along rostral and caudal margins; maxilla lacks a rostrodorsal process; quadrate straight in lateral view; ilium with dorsal margin convex dorsally, non-pendant supraacetabular process, and postacetabular process that tapers without a break in slope along its dorsal margin; cranial pubic process concave along its dorsal margin but lacks expansion of distal end.
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Life restoration of Paraburnetia sneeubergensis Proburnetia, a biarmosuchian with strange bumps and bosses on its skull, from the Late Permian of Russia, sister taxa to Paraburnetia Paraburnetia is diagnosed by the characteristics of a superior temporal bulbous vertical horn, an upper orbital boss with a defined apical crest, and an elongated palatine- pterygoid boss. Paraburnetia and Proburnetia share features indicating a sister-taxon relationship, including the presence of a well-developed median nasal crest and tall superior orbital bosses Distinctive characteristics that characterize it as a Burnetiamorph are its: "triangular supraorbital bosses; ridgelike nasal and frontal crests; bosses on the suborbital bar;swollen knob on the squamosal lateral to the quadrate;small incisors; and thickened rim along the posterior margin of the squamosal".
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The ventral surface of the basisphenoid process is quite smooth and foramina are visible above the sixth tooth on the lateral surface of the pterygoid as well as above the position between the sixth and seventh teeth on the medial surface. The squamosal bone is only represented by a few fragments, but could be noted for being laterally compressed and tall, as in other species of Prognathodon. Its posteroventral surface is concave for contact with the quadrate. The dentaries are fused with the posterior end of the splenial and the anterior blade of the prearticular and have a tooth count of 13, with at least eight teeth possessing subdental crypts with some replacement teeth having been found in the type specimen.
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It contains the right premaxilla, both maxillae, the left jugal, a part of the right lacrimal, the rear of a left nasal bone, the middle part of a right nasal bone, the skull roof from the frontal bones to the exoccipitals, both squamosals, both quadrate bones, the predentary of the lower jaws, both dentaries, a right surangular, eleven neck vertebrae, eleven back vertebrae, twenty-nine tail vertebrae, nineteen chevron bones, nineteen ribs, the entire pelvis, both lower legs, a right second metatarsal and a right fourth metatarsal. The bones have not been found in articulation. Specimen MOR 1097, a fragmentary skull of a subadult individual, was referred to the species. It had been found at a kilometre distance from the holotype.
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Distinguishing features of Liaoningotitan include a ventral margin of the maxilla that is convex, an upper tooth row that is short and anteriorly positioned; an anterior extension of the jugal that nearly reaches the level of the anterior margin of the antorbital fenestra; a basally constricted quadrate wing of the pterygoid; imbricated upper teeth, with narrow spatulate crowns that are D-shaped in cross section, and no labial grooves or denticles; nine reduced and un-imbricated lower teeth; asymmetric lower tooth crowns which are elliptical-like in cross section, with lingual grooves and ridges and a lingually bulbous basal crown; a proximal expansion of the humerus that is about 54.9% the length of the humerus; and an ilium with a pointed preacetabular process.
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The forewings are stone-grey, with a slight olivaceous tinge, especially towards the termen. The base is tinned with ochreous and the costa narrowly ochreous throughout, including the costal cilia with which the terminal and apical cilia correspond, a faint paler line running through their middle. There is a quadrate dark chocolate-brown patch on the dorsum before the tornus, crossing the outer extremity of the fold, and a marginal series of seven or eight small spots of the same colour extending along the termen and around the apex. There is also some indication of two plical and three discal dots, the first discal slightly preceding the second plical the third discal scarcely preceding the second discal which is at the upper angle of the cell above it.
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The shaft of the quadrate bone in the skull also straightened in adults, and the tips of their lower jaws became more downturned. The most obvious change that happened during the growth of Limusaurus was the complete loss of teeth from juveniles to adults. Juveniles began with one tooth in each premaxilla, eight in each maxilla, and at least twelve in each half of the lower jaw (at least 42 teeth in total). At the next stage, the first, sixth, and eighth teeth in each maxilla, as well as the sixth in each half of the lower jaw had all been lost, although the sockets were still present, and there was a small replacement tooth in the socket of the sixth lower tooth (leaving at least 34 teeth in total).
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The wingspan is 30–38 mm. Forewing olive brown; the lines black, slightly picked out with white scales; claviform stigma of ground colour edged at end with black , followed by a quadrate white blotch ; orbicular round and white with slight grey centre ; reniform edged internally with white; both outlined with black; small white blotches beyond orbicular and between veins 2 and 3 at base; a whitish blotch at base of costa and a white costal spot above orbicular stigma; hindwing dark fuscous; basal half greyer, with darker veins. — Larva brownish ochreous; dorsal line fine, indistinct, marked by blackish spots which connect the subdorsal oblique stripes; lateral lines pale grey; spiracles white ringed with black.Warren. W. in Seitz, A. Ed., 1914 Die Großschmetterlinge der Erde, Verlag Alfred Kernen, Stuttgart Band 3: Abt.
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The only known skull of Scapanops is long. Scapanops is distinguished from other dissorophids by five unique features or autapomorphies: a large spacing between the orbits or eye sockets, giving the skull an oval-shaped outline; a very small skull table behind the orbits; a long snout twice as long as the skull table and proportionally longer than that of any other dissorophid; a jaw jount (the quadrate condyle) positioned farther forward on the skull than it is in other dissorophids; and a skull roof that is covered in small ridges, but not pits as in most other dissorophids. It shares several features (synapomorphies) with the dissorophids Conjunctio and Cacops, including and bony plates called osteoderms that are fused to the vertebrae. The osteoderms form a single row along the back.
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However, this theory was challenged by Yun in 2019, suggesting Ceratosaurus was merely more capable of hunting aquatic prey then other theropods of the Morrison Formation then its contemporaries as opposed to being fully semiaquatic. Restoration of a feeding C. nasicornis In his 1986 popular book The Dinosaur Heresies, Bakker argued that the bones of the upper jaw were only loosely attached to the surrounding skull bones, allowing for some degree of movement within the skull, a condition termed cranial kinesis. Likewise, the bones of the lower jaw would have been able to move against each other, and the quadrate bone to swing outwards, spreading the lower jaw at the jaw joint. Taken together, these features would have allowed the animal to widen its jaws in order to swallow large food items.
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The referred specimen is represented by five partial cervical centra, one partial dorsal centrum, and a partial skull including the occipital condyle, a complete left quadrate, a partial left squamosal and incomplete left surangular and articular. Several fragmentary and unidentified bones also pertain to PMO 214.136. Due to the Arctic climate found on Svalbard, the sediment in which the specimens were subjected to repeated freeze-thaw cycles before collection, extensively fracturing and degrading the material. PMO 214.136 was discovered in 2007, following the collection of approximately 20,000 fragments that compose PMO 214.135 which were found moist in situ and degraded upon drying during the preparation process (individual fragments are catalogued at the University of Oslo Natural History Museum by specimen number followed by a slash and a number).
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The skull is approximately 5 – 7 mm in length with reduced kynesis and a more rigid skull for burrowing. The combination of fossorial habits and small size, contributes to the development of a skull configuration that is frequently found in other groups of burrowers and miniaturized species. Among those characteristics are the closure of the supratemporal fenestra and the post-temporal fenestra, the relative large braincase, tubular or scroll-like palatines and modified jaw suspension mechanism with the quadrate articulating with the lateral wall of the braincase. Other characteristics of the skull of blind skinks include the absence of a parietal foramen, a well developed secondary palate formed by three different bones, the maxillae, vomers and palatines which are expanded ventromedially to form a scroll, and the lack of palatal teeth.
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There is an irregular quadrate dark fuscous patch on the dorsum before the middle, reaching three-fourths across the wing, enclosing an elongate pale yellow-ochreous blotch of somewhat raised scales dilated posteriorly and edged above with a few black scales. There are three subconfluent dark fuscous blotches forming an irregular streak from the middle of the disc to five-sixths of the costa, crossed by an interrupted thick black streak in the disc from before the middle to three- fourths, and two or three short black streaks on the veins beyond this. An elongate black mark is found on the costa before the middle and the apical area forms a roundish clear white spot, edged by a marginal black line. The hindwings are grey, thinly scaled towards the base.
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However, coelurosaurs and ceratosaurs are in any case not too distantly related to the ancestors of birds and in some aspects of the skeleton not unlike them, explaining how their fossils could be mistaken as avian. Palaeontologist Zhonghe Zhou stated: > "[Protoavis] has neither been widely accepted nor seriously considered as a > Triassic bird ... [Witmer], who has examined the material and is one of the > few workers to have seriously considered Chatterjee’s proposal, argued that > the avian status of P. texensis is probably not as clear as generally > portrayed by Chatterjee, and further recommended minimization of the role > that Protoavis plays in the discussion of avian ancestry." Welman has argued that the quadrate of Protoavis displays synapomorphies of Theropoda. Paul has demonstrated the drepanosaur affinities of the cervical vertebrae.
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When compared, the skeletons of snakes are radically different from those of most other reptiles (such as the turtle, right), being made up almost entirely of an extended ribcage. The skeleton of most snakes consists solely of the skull, hyoid, vertebral column, and ribs, though henophidian snakes retain vestiges of the pelvis and rear limbs. The skull of the snake consists of a solid and complete neurocranium, to which many of the other bones are only loosely attached, particularly the highly mobile jaw bones, which facilitate manipulation and ingestion of large prey items. The left and right sides of the lower jaw are joined only by a flexible ligament at the anterior tips, allowing them to separate widely, while the posterior end of the lower jaw bones articulate with a quadrate bone, allowing further mobility.
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The specific name refers to the provenance from the Sierra Barrosa Formation. The holotype, MCF-PVPH-411, was found in a layer of the Sierra Barrosa Formation dating from the Coniacian. It consists of a partial skeleton with skull, of an immature individual. The skeletal elements recovered for this type specimen of Murusraptor include a partial skull consisting of a complete braincase with frontals and parietals, right lacrimal, prefrontal, postorbital, quadrate, pterygoid, epipterygoid and ectopterygoid, thirty-one teeth, the rear elements of the right lower jaw, twelve vertebrae from the back, sacrum and tail, eleven thoracic ribs, a single haemal arch or chevron bone, several gastralia, a third manual ungual, complete left ilium, part of a right ilium, proximal ends of both pubic bones, distal ends of the ischia, the right tibia, and a calcaneum.
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Because Labocania is based on fragmentary material, its affinities are uncertain. Molnar noted certain similarities between Labocania and tyrannosaurids, especially in the form of the ischium which features a low triangular obturator process and a circular lateral scar on the upper end, but he did not assign Labocania to any family, placing it as theropoda incertae sedis. Molnar especially compared Labocania with Indosaurus and "Chilantaisaurus" maortuensis, later made the separate genus Shaochilong. Labocania was considered as a possible tyrannosauroid in the 2004 review of the group by Thomas R. Holtz Jr., who, however, pointed out that the similarities with the Tyrannosauridae were shared with the Coelurosauria in general—no tyrannosauroid synapomorphies were present—and that Labocania also showed some abelisaurid traits such as the thick frontals and a reclining quadrate.
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Also, its paroccipital process is much elongated back- and downwards, again like in Dasornis but unlike in Pseudodontornis longirostris. Meanwhile, the distal humerus specimen from Mexico (MHN-UABCS Te5/6–517) which may or may not belongs in the present genus differs from the corresponding bone of Osteodontornis in a more narrow and less excavated surface between the external condyle and the ectepicondylar prominence, with the pit between these closer to the bone's end. Its quadrate bone, meanwhile, differed from that of Osteodontornis in a very broadly grooved dorsal head, a wide main shaft with a strongly curved lateral ridge and a small and somewhat forward-pointing orbital process. The forward center of the quadrate's ventral articulation ridge extends downwards and to the middle, and the pterygoid process is only slightly expanded to the upper center in Odontopteryx.
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Endocranial reconstruction of AENM 2/121 based on a CT scan. Kundurosaurus is known from holotype AENM 2/921, a partial, disarticulated skull, including a nearly complete braincase (AENM 2/921 1-2), two quadrates (3-4), squamosal (5), postorbital (6), frontal (7) and parietal (8) bones. The referred specimens are AENM 2/45-46, two jugals; AENM 2/83-84, 2/86, maxillae; AENM 2/57-58, nasals; AENM 2/48, postorbital; AENM 2/19, quadrate; AENM 2/121, 2/928 partial braincases; AENM 2/846, 2/902, dentaries; AENM 2/906, scapula; AENM 2/913, sternal; AENM 2/117, 2/903, 2/907-908, humeri; AENM 2/905, ulna; AENM 2/904, radius; AENM 2/922, nearly complete pelvic girdle and associated sacral elements. These were found at the same level as the holotype, but may belong to other individuals.
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The upper side is blackish olive-brown, palest basally. Forewing with a transverse discal recurved series of eight yellow spots increasing in size from near the costa, the upper spots mostly rounded, the lower spots being broad and irregularly quadrate with uneven exterior; also a yellow subcostal spot between the lower subcostal veinlets and upper radial, and a smaller spot outside end of the cell above the upper median veinlet; a marginal lower row of minute yellow spots which are more or less obsolescent anteriorly. Hindwing with a transverse discal yellow irregular band, decreasing posteriorly; a submarginal row of small, yellow lunules, and a marginal row of small geminate spots, those at the anal angle being greenish-grey. The underside is lilac- grey, of a more or less pale or darker tint, but dullest at the base, and purplish-tinted externally.
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All ankylosaurs that possess these characteristics - a narrow predentary; a nearly horizontal quadrate that is not fused and is oriented 30 degrees from the skull roof; the presence of mandibular condyles that are three times wider than long; premaxillary and dentary teeth that are near a symphysis with the front of the lower jaw (the predentary); a sacrum arched on top; an acromion process above the midpoint of the scapula to coracoid attachment; a straight ischium with a straight dorsal margin; relatively long, slender limbs; sacral shield armour; and the presence of erect pelvic osteoderms with flat bases - form a clade of basal nodosaurids, the Struthiosaurinae. That set of cranial and postcranial features are only present on genera considered to be in the clade. The features above distinguish Struthiosaurinae from other clades and genera found by other analysis'.
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The phylogenetic analysis of the original description of Zapatadon found it as a part of a clade that contains to the subfamilies Eilenodontidae (Toxolophosaurus, Eilenosaurus) and Sphenodontinae (Sphenodon, Cynosphenodon), in an unresolved polytomy with the genus Opisthias and this subfamilies, within the family Sphenodontidae. This inclusion is supported by have the great length of the supratemporal fenestra, more than a fourth of the skull length, the single palatine row of teeth and an orbit less than a third of the skull length. Although certain features like the great length of the lower temporal fenestra and the enlarged quadrate-quadratojugal foramen are shared with Sphenodon, suggesting a close relationship, the authors noted that the immature nature of the holotype make a mixture of advanced and primitive characters that do not allow make more clear their phylogenetic relationships.
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Mammals are unique in having evolved a three-ossicle middle-ear independently of the various single-ossicle middle ears of other land vertebrates, all during the Triassic period of geological history. Functionally, the mammalian middle ear is very similar to the single-ossicle ear of non-mammals, except that it responds to sounds of higher frequency, because these are better taken up by the inner ear (which also responds to higher frequencies than those of non-mammals). The malleus, or "hammer", evolved from the articular bone of the lower jaw, and the incus, or "anvil", from the quadrate. In other vertebrates, these bones form the primary jaw joint, but the expansion of the dentary bone in mammals led to the evolution of an entirely new jaw joint, freeing up the old joint to become part of the ear.
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Borneo and Malay Peninsula. Male: upperside black with snow-white markings more or less edged with irrorations of blue scales. Forewing: discoidal streak obscurely divided and uneven along its upper margin; a much-curved and broadly interrupted discal band white; the latter composed of three outwardly oblique quadrate spots in interspaces 1 u9 1 and 2, and three oblong spots inclined inwards in interspaces 4, 5 and 6, no spot in interspace 3; beyond this an inner and an outer subterminal pale line divided by a transverse narrow black band, the former terminating near apex in an obliquely placed small narrow white spot. Hindwing: the discal band of the forewing continued as a subbasal transverse white band: a postdiscal, narrower, more or less macular band also white, and a very distinct pale, still narrower, subterminal band.
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Male from Jairampur (Arunachal Pradesh) Female in Aralam Wildlife Sanctuary, Kerala Like Athyma nefte nivifera but differing in details. Is found in India. Male: upperside black with snow-white markings more or less edged with irrorations of blue scales. Forewing: discoidal streak from dusky white to dark ferruginous, with the exception of the preapical portion which is always prominently white; broad, straight and nearly complete white discal band removed from terminal margin and composed of three outwardly oblique quadrate spots in interspaces 1 a, 1 and 2, and three oblong spots inclined inwards in interspaces 4, 5 and 6, a small spot in interspace 3; beyond this an orange-yellow, macular, well-defined inner and a pale outer subterminal line divided by divided only by the black veins, the former terminating near apex in an obliquely placed mid-sized narrow white spot.
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According to studies of Arctosaurus material from Cameron Island in Canada, the latter may have been an allokotosaurian because of the similarities with Azendohsaurus due to the presence of a posterior ridge from the centrum to the diapophyses which extends from the diapophysis all the way to the posterior ventrolateral corner of the centrum. This ridge overhangs a deep groove in the lateral surface of the centrum. Allokotosauria is most notably characterized by wrinkled side surface of orbital border of the frontal bone, expanded and hooked quadrate bone head on the posterior side, and a prominent tubercle developed above to the glenoid fossa of the scapula, although there are other unambiguous traits that differentiate it from other early archosauromorphs. Below is a cladogram showing the phylogenetic relationships of Allokotosauria within Archosauromorpha as recovered by Nesbitt et al. (2015).
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The wingspan is about 18 mm. The forewings are pale greyish, with the costal edge white and the costal third suffused ochreous-white on the basal two-fifths and a short dark grey dorsal streak near the base. There are two very obliquely placed dark grey dots (including the first discal stigma) in the disc about one-fourth, directed towards the anterior angle of an ill-defined quadrate median dorsal blotch of darker grey suffusion. There are spots of darker grey suffusion on the costa before the middle and at two-thirds, the first connected by one or two dark grey dots (including the second discal stigma) with the anterior angle of a pre-tornal subquadrate blotch of darker grey suffusion, the second sending a very oblique darker grey line rather abruptly curved in the disc to the tornus.
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Large amounts of work was commonly invested in extracting and mounting the specimens, but scientific study of them remained limited with diagnoses and descriptions mainly focusing on peculiar points of their anatomy, such as the quadrate and tympanic membrane of Plioplatecarpus houzeaui. Prognathodon giganteus, named by Dollo in 1904, is one of species with the most brief descriptions, apparently only intended to provide a name for the skeleton of the mosasaur for exhibition in the museum hall.P. currii skull cast at the Geological Museum in Copenhagen.The first comprehensive study of the Prognathodon specimens from Belgium (including the type specimen) was done by Theagarten Lingham-Soliar and Dirk Nolf in 1989 and the diagnosis in this study remains the latest published emended diagnosis for the genus. In 1998, an intact fossil skull was found in the Maastricht limestone quarries.
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Mounted 13.1 meter long specimen of T. pembinensis, nicknamed "Bruce" Restoration of T. nepaeolicus with coloration based on melanosomes found in preserved skin Restoration of T. pembinensis (A) quadrate bones, (B) skull bones, and (C) teeth of (i) T. nepaeolicus, (ii) T. proriger, (iii) T. bernardi, (iv) T. pembinensis, and (v) T. saskatchewanensis Though many species of Tylosaurus have been named over the years, only a few are now recognized by scientists as taxonomically valid. They are as follows: Tylosaurus proriger (Cope, 1869), from the Santonian and lower to middle Campanian of North America (Kansas, Alabama, Nebraska, etc.) and Tylosaurus nepaeolicus (Cope, 1874Cope ED. 1874. Review of the vertebrata of the Cretaceous period found west of the Mississippi River. U. S. Geological Survey of the Territories, Bulletin 1 (2): 3-48.), from the Santonian of North America (Kansas).
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Phonerpeton is represented only by relatively small specimens compared to the much larger Acheloma. Dilkes (1990) diagnosed Phonerpeton by the semilunar curvature of the squamosal, doming of the parietals along the midline, a closed basicranial joint with a clear suture between the pterygoid and the basipterygoid process of the parasphenoid (the basicranial joint), an unossified sphenethmoid, long and slender mid-dorsal ribs, a radius with a semicircular cross section, and a ridge along the anterolateral edge of the ulna. He differentiated it from Acheloma by the large and posteriorly open otic notch, a posterodorsal process of the quadrate consisting of two sheets of bone separated by a poorly ossified region, a semilunar curvature of the squamosal, and an unfused basicranial joint. Schoch & Milner (2014) retained only the absence of a slit- like notch (which is found in Acheloma) in the diagnosis.
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Exotic Microlepidoptera 3 (5-7): 187 There is a small dark fuscous mark on the base of the costa and a fuscous spot on the base of the dorsum followed by indistinct fuscous irroration on the dorsal half to one-fourth, in females sometimes forming a fuscous blotch. There are three dark fuscous transverse lines, the first from one-fifth of the costa (in males obsolete above groove) to the dorsum at two-fifths, irregular, somewhat curved, followed by a suffused quadrate dark fuscous dorsal blotch extending to the third, the third from the costa at two-thirds to the dorsum before the tornus, curved beneath. There is more or less fuscous suffusion between these lines towards the costa, in females sometimes strongly developed. The second discal stigma is merged in the second line, sometimes emitting a dark fuscous projection anteriorly.
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The male P. americana has a single specialized area on its abdomen, on the back of its median segment, in the form of a tuft of agglutinated hairs. Parcoblatta zebra is the only other male of the genus Parcoblatta that shares this characteristic, but on P. americana the tuft is small and quadrate (squarish), with the rest of the segment showing little specialization, while on P. zebra the tuft is much broader, with the rest of the segment showing further specialization. The male Parcoblatta virginica also has a single specialized area on its abdomen, but it has minute hairs scattered over a large specialized area on the back of its median segment, rather than a tuft of agglutinated hairs. The female Parcoblatta bolliana is the only other female of the genus Parcoblatta that has such significantly reduced tegmina and absence of hind wings.
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Skeleton of H. arambourgi Halisaurus arambourgi means "Arambourg's ocean lizard" and is named in honor of Professor Camille Arambourg due to his work on fossil vertebrates in North Africa and the Middle East. Like H. platyspondylus, H. arambourgi is Late Maastrichtian in age, though specimens of this species have been found across northern Africa and potentially in the Middle East. The type specimen, MNHN PMC 14, is an incomplete skeleton that includes a disarticulated skull and 27 associated articulated vertebrae from the Grand Daoui area near Khouribga in central Morocco. The fossils of H. arambourgi preserve several features that distinguish it from H. platyspondylus, among them the shape of its external nares (V-shaped anteriorly and U-shaped posteriorly), the shape of its quadrate (which has an oval vertical stapedial notch) and the presence of anterior ridges on the frontal.
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The body would have been protected by skin ossifications, named osteoderms. It probably had a bony tail club, for active defence against predators. Front view of PIN 3142/250, holotype of T. teresae Tarchia had previously been distinguished from Saichania on the basis of its relatively larger basicranium, an unfused paroccipital process-quadrate contact and, based on PIN 3142/250, the fact that the premaxillary rostrum is wider than the maximum distance between the tooth rows in the maxillaries. In 2014, Arbour reported two distinguishing traits apart from those known exclusively from the holotype of Minotaurasaurus; the back of the head is visible in top view; and a deep groove runs along the front and outer side of the squamosal horn, and at the front it surrounds around an accessory osteoderm placed on the rear supraorbital, forming a deep furrow.
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Their quadrate bone articulation with the lower jaw resembled that of a pelican or other birds that can open their beak widely. Altogether, the pseudotooth birds would have filled an ecological niche almost identical to that of the larger fish-eating pteranodontian pterosaurs, whose extinction at the end of the Cretaceous may well have paved the way for the highly successful 50-million-year reign of the Pelagornithidae. Like them as well as modern albatrosses, the pseudotooth birds could have used the system of ocean currents and atmospheric circulation to take round-track routes soaring over the open oceans, returning to breed only every few years. Unlike albatrosses today, which avoid the tropical equatorial currents with their doldrums, Pelagornithidae were found in all sorts of climates, and records from around 40 Ma stretch from Belgium through Togo to the Antarctic.
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The forewings are pale greyish ochreous with a white basal fascia, leaving a small spot of ground colour on the base of the costa and with a small white dorsal spot close beyond the fascia. There is a thick white streak along the costa from the fascia to three-fifths. An oblong yellow-ochreous patch extends through the lower part of the disc almost from the basal fascia, terminated by a crescentic white mark in the disc at two-thirds, and a quadrate white tornal spot connected with it, the ground colour above and below this patch suffused with black irroration (speckles). There is an irregular white streak from four-fifths of the costa to the middle of the termen, with a projection inwards from near the upper extremity, the space between this and the preceding white markings suffused with black and irrorated with white.
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Among the three branches of the jugal, the backwards-directed branch forms an angle of 80° with the upwards-projecting branch, which is similar to Plateosaurus and Thecodontosaurus but much larger than other sauropodomorphs. At the base of the skull, the quadratojugal bears two branches, one pointing forwards and one upwards; they are roughly perpendicular to each other, unlike Lufengosaurus (angle of 45°), Yunnanosaurus (angle of 60°), and Jingshanosaurus (angle of 110°). Above the quadratojugal, the quadrate has two articulating condyles, a subtriangular one facing outward and a more rounded one facing inwards; the latter condyle is placed closer to the bottom, like Lufengosaurus and Yunnanosaurus but not Plateosaurus. At the back of the skull, between the parietals and supraoccipitals, there is a prominently developed postparietal fenestra; the supraoccipital itself slopes forwards at its bottom end so as to round off the base of the skull.
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Further back in the front part of the neck, around the 25th vertebra, the lower edge of the articular facets became more concave, and the facet shaped like a quadrate with rounded edges. By the 63rd vertebra, the articular facet was also quadratic in shape with rounded edges, whereas the centra of the hindmost vertebrae had a broad oval outline. The neural arches of the neck vertebrae were well fused to the centra, leaving no visible sutures, and the neural canal was narrow in the front vertebrae, becoming more prominently developed in the hind vertebrae, where it was as broad as high, and almost circular. The pre-and post-zygapophyses of the neck vertebrae, processes that articulated adjacent vertebrae so they fit together, were of equal length; the former reached entirely over the level of the centrum whereas the latter reached only with their back half.
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Wings elongate, almost as in Idea. Upperside of forewing black or fuliginous black, with the following bluish- white subhyaline markings. A streak from base in interspace 1b, very broad streaks filling the basal three-fourths of interspace 1, and the whole of the cell, five very large quadrate discal spots, two long preapical streaks, three shorter streaks above them, a sub-terminal series of more or less rounded spots decreasing in size anteriorly and curved inwards opposite apex, and an incomplete subterminal series of smaller spots. Hindwing chestnut red, with subhyaline streaks and spots as follows: streaks from base, not reaching the termen in interspaces 1a and 1b, two broad streaks united to near their apex in interspace 1, a streak filling the cell, and beyond it a discal series of large inwardly pointed elongate spots and incomplete ill-defined subterminal and terminal series of spots.
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Its only living relative is the eclectus parrot (Eclectus roratus), which has proportionally larger wings than the oceanic eclectus parrot. The fossil material unearthed in November 1989 in Late Pleistocene and Holocene deposits on 'Eua, Lifuka, 'Uiha and Vanuatu and described in 2006 by David William Steadman include a complete femur, five radii, a quadrate bone, a mandible, a coracoid, two sterna, two humeri, two ulnae, two tibiotarsi, a carpometacarpus, a tarsometatarsus, and three pedal phalanges. The oceanic eclectus parrot became extinct on Tonga during the early settlement 3000 years ago, presumably due to human-caused factors. On Vava'u, it may have survived into historic times because among the drawings which were created in 1793 during Alessandro Malaspina's Pacific expedition, there is one sketch which appears to portray an Oceanic eclectus parrot.Olson, S. L: Birds, including extinct species, encountered by the Malaspina Expedition on Vava’u, Tonga and Brazil , in 1793.
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The ground colour of the forewings is brown, but this is little visible. The basal area is glossy leaden grey, enclosing an elongate blackish white- edged median blotch from the base to one-fourth, with some dark fuscous suffusion towards the dorsum beneath this, and a light glossy leaden-grey white-edged fascia from the upper end of this area to the dorsum beyond middle limits a large irregularly rounded triangular blackish-fuscous white-edged dorsal blotch. There is a rather angulated light leaden-grey fascia from the middle of the costa confluent with the preceding fascia near the dorsum, this fascia includes a wedge-shaped streak of ground colour becoming black towards the costa. Beyond this, a white sinuate line runs from three-fifths of the costa to the dorsum before the tornus, followed on the costal half first by a blackish blotch and then a quadrate white apical blotch.
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The jaw transition is a good classification tool, as most other fossilized features that make a chronological progression from a reptile-like to a mammalian condition follow the progression of the jaw transition. The mandible, or lower jaw, consists of a single, tooth-bearing bone in mammals (the dentary), whereas the lower jaw of modern and prehistoric reptiles consists of a conglomeration of smaller bones (including the dentary, articular, and others). As they evolved in synapsids, these jaw bones were reduced in size and either lost or, in the case of the articular, gradually moved into the ear, forming one of the middle ear bones: while modern mammals possess the malleus, incus and stapes, basal synapsids (like all other tetrapods) possess only a stapes. The malleus is derived from the articular (a lower jaw bone), while the incus is derived from the quadrate (a cranial bone).
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The wingspan is about 13 mm. The forewings are shining white with a minute blackish dot on the costa near the base, and three minute fuscous dashes between this and the dorsum, as well as a very irregular interrupted oblique dark fuscous streak from the costa at one-fourth towards a dark fuscous transverse blotch on the middle of the dorsum, and a similar streak from the middle of the costa, with a rather large second discal stigma adjacent posteriorly, directed towards the anterior angle of a quadrate blotch on the dorsum towards the tornus, a nearly straight dark fuscous hardly oblique line from a spot on the costa at three-fourths to the posterior angle of the same blotch, some fuscous irroration preceding this towards the costa. There are six rather large black terminal dots preceded by some fuscous irroration. The hindwings are grey, darker posteriorly.
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The wingspan is 20–22 mm. The forewings are white, somewhat sprinkled with black and fuscous, the dorsal area suffused with light fuscous or grey and with small blackish spots on the costa at the base and beyond the middle and a quadrate blackish-grey blotch on the costa at one-fourth, as well as a rather inwardly oblique black bar suffused with dark brown on the end of the cell, and a black dot beneath the middle of the disc. A dark brown fascia-like blotch marked with black is found on the veins extending from the costa nearly to the termen before the apex, including an ochreous-whitish spot in its middle, and with a cloudy brown line sprinkled with blackish running from its upper portion near its anterior edge to the tornus. There is an irregular brown line marked with black dots around the apex and termen.
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Achelousaurus thus holds particular importance for being one of the few ceratopsid genera named in the late twentieth century. The holotype specimen MOR 485 was collected by Hostetter and Ray Rogers from the Landslide Butte Field Area about northwest of Cut Bank. In 1995 Sampson described it as the partial skull of an adult animal including the nasal and supraorbital (region above the eye socket) bosses (roundish protuberances instead of horns), and the parietal bones. Additionally, MOR 485 preserves some bones of the skull rear and sides, which in 2009 were listed by Tracy L. Ford as a right squamosal bone, the left squamosal, both maxillae, both lacrimal bones, both quadrate bones, both palatine bones, the braincase and the basioccipital bone. In 2015, Leonardo Maiorino reported that as part of the same specimen a fragmentary lower jaw has been catalogued as MOR 485-7-12-87-4.
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The most recent revision of the genus is that of Schoch & Milner (2014), who list a combination of seven features and two plesiomorphies: (1) nearly circular outline of skull with curved maxilla; (2) prefrontal and postfrontal separated; (3) preorbital region equal to skull table in length; (4) internarial fenestra present; (5) teeth variably monocuspid and bicuspid; (6) vomer with both medial and lateral fangs; (7) palatine lacking denticles; (8) long supratemporal; (9) postparietal longer than tabular. Most of these features are not unique to Tersomius (the combination being unique), as evidenced by the diagnosis of Anderson & Bolt (2013), who list an elongate tabular and a medial curvature of the maxillary arcade at the position of the quadrate (shared with Doleserpeton, T. texensis, and Micropholis) as diagnostic. The poor understanding of T. mosesi often leads it to be excluded in discussion or diagnosing of the genus.
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The 2016 redescription of Tarchia notes that it differs from Saichania in having a postorbital fossa (which separates the squamosal horn from the supraorbital) and an accessory osteoderm; the occiput being visible in dorsal view; the large, deep braincase; the foramen magnum being higher than it is wide; and the nuchal osteoderms being taller laterally than medially. In addition, it differs from both Saichania and Minotaurasaurus in that it lacks postocular caputegulae (or small, polygonal bony plates behind the orbit) and has a proportionally high occiput in caudal view. The study additionally found that PIN 3142/250 (i.e. T. teresae) can be distinguished from T. kielanae in that the accessory osteoderm is not fused to the roof of the skull, the quadrate and paroccipital process are not fused, the back of the skull roof is strongly sculptured, and the openings for the fourth to twelfth cranial nerves is bifurcated.
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The hind part of the skull roof is only incompletely known, including the hind part of the lacrimal (in front of the eye opening), the postfrontal (above and behind the eye opening), the parietal (at the rear of the skull roof), and parts of a supratemporal (which formed the rear corners of the skull roof). An forward- directed extension of the supratemporal formed the inner-rear edge of the supratemporal fenestra, an opening through the skull roof behind the eyes. The parietal, which would have formed the inner margin of the supratemporal fenestra, had a complex front margin that was interdigitating with either the frontal or postfrontal bones, which are not preserved in the known specimens. Skull and partial neck of SNHM1284-R from below, with interpretative diagram The quadrate bone, which connected to the lower jaw to form the jaw joint, was C-shaped in side view.
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In accordance with this system, if it were desired to fix a historic date in memory, it was localised in an imaginary town divided into a certain number of districts, each with ten houses, each house with ten rooms, and each room with a hundred quadrates or memory-places, partly on the floor, partly on the four walls, partly on the ceiling. Therefore, if it were desired to fix in the memory the date of the invention of printing (1436), an imaginary book, or some other symbol of printing, would be placed in the thirty-sixth quadrate or memory-place of the fourth room of the first house of the historic district of the town. Except that the rules of mnemonics are referred to by Martianus Capella, nothing further is known regarding the practice until the 13th century. Among the voluminous writings of Roger Bacon is a tractate De arte memorativa.
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Adults are fuscous brown with a slight cupreous gloss, the forewings with a dark antemedial line, with a white band on the inner side, excurved from the costa to the submedian fold, then slightly incurved. There is a black spot in the middle of the cell and a discoidal lunule, with a white spot before the former and rather quadrate spot between them. The postmedial line is dark, with a white band on the outer edge expanding into a triangular patch towards the costa and a small spot below vein 2, incurved from the costa to vein 5, excurved to vein 2, then retracted towards the lower angle of the cell and again excurved. The hindwings have an oblique blackish discoidal bar and a dark postmedial line, with a white band on its outer edge, bent outwards between veins 5 and 2, then retracted towards the angle of the cell and slightly angled outwards at vein 1.
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Alamodactylus is known solely from its holotype, SMU 76476, a partial left wing first described by Myers (2010).Myers, T.S., 2010, "Earliest occurrence of the Pteranodontidae (Archosauria: Pterosauria) in North America: New material from the Austin Group of Texas", Journal of Paleontology 84(6): 1071–1081 This specimen is crushed and consists of a left humerus, the distal end of the fourth wing metacarpal and the proximal end of the first wing phalanx of fourth digit. Other elements of the holotype first reported by Andres and Myers (2013) include a left proximal syncarpal, manual phalanx, and some fragments including four tapering processes that may represent skull bones, an articular surface that appears to be the mandible articulation of the right quadrate as well as thin bones that do not taper and may be ossified tendons. Alamodactylus was first named by Brian Andres and Timothy S. Myers in 2013 and the type species is Alamodactylus byrdi.
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Adult Illustration from Lepidoptera Indica Upperside rich orange yellow, forewing has costal margin dusky black on the basal half flecked with brown; two oval black spots in cell, a quadrate subcostal black patch just beyond the discocellulars, a second more oblique irregular black patch beyond this, and three large oval discal black spots, with a smaller dusky patch beyond the lowest spot. Hindwing uniform, with a large subcostal black patch. Forewings and hindwings with a common sinuous transverse subterminal black band, and a terminal dusky band flecked with golden brown; the black subterminal band on the hindwing with an outer border of blue lunules margined outwardly by a slender black line; the forewing just below the costa, between the black patches beyond the cell and between the outer black patch and subterminal band, prominently pale yellow. In the female, an incomplete series of yellow lunules also borders the subterminal black band on the outer side.
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The forewings are white with a large trapezoidal brownish-ochreous patch occupying the disc from one-fourth to two-thirds, resting on the dorsum and extending three-fourths of the way across the wing, the upper and lower margins broadly suffused with grey, the anterior margin with a quadrate grey discal lobe reaching to near the base, a spot of grey suffusion above this towards the costa, the posterior margin biconvex. There is some irregular grey marking on or beneath the costa about two-thirds, a pale ashy-grey fasciate streak irrorated (sprinkled) with dark grey from beneath the costa at four- fifths to the lower part of the termen, and a pale greyish transverse shade between this and the upper part of the discal patch, the costal edge more or less ochreous on the posterior third. The hindwings are grey, becoming paler or whitish tinged anteriorly. The larvae have been recorded feeding on the bark of an unidentified jungle tree.
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They brought the skull to the Denver Museum of Natural History, where they further prepared it and made a reconstruction of it based on casts of the individual bones, with the skulls of Giraffatitan and Camarasaurus acting as templates for the missing bones. In 1998, Carpenter and Tidwell described the Felch Quarry skull, and formally assigned it to Brachiosaurus sp. (of uncertain species), since it is impossible to determine whether it belonged to the species B. altithorax itself (as there is no overlapping material between the two specimens). They based the skull's assignment to Brachiosaurus on its similarity to that of B. brancai, later known as Giraffatitan. In 2019, American paleontologists Michael D. D'Emic and Matthew T. Carrano re-examined the Felch Quarry skull after having it further prepared and CT-scanned (while consulting historical illustrations that showed earlier states of the bones), and concluded that a quadrate bone and dentary tooth considered part of the skull by Carpenter and Tidwell did not belong to it.
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Adamantinasuchus's teeth seem to be quite well adapted for an omnivorous diet, since they are heterodont and have well-developed molariform teeth - it might, like Chimaerasuchus, have included plants in its diet. There is insufficient preservation of the quadrate or the articular bones to tell whether its jaw was capable of back-and-forth movements necessary for chewing plants, but the relative lack of wear on its molariform teeth suggest that it was probably only capable of dorsoventral biting motions, not chewing, and that it mainly ate softer food than plants. The teeth were also wider laterally than anteroposteriorly, which might have made back-and-forth chewing motions difficult or impossible; it is therefore probable that Adamantinasuchus was mainly carnivorous or a scavenger of small corpses, since the incisiform and caniniform teeth would have been useful for seizing its prey or pulling strips of flesh off a carcass while the molariform teeth could have chewed it up.
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The forewings are dark fuscous with a pale blue-metallic oblique fasciate streak from the costa near the base, nearly meeting the apex of an erect mark from the dorsum at one-third, with beyond them a pale blue-metallic rather oblique transverse linear mark in the disc and rather short oblique wedge-shaped pale blue-metallic streaks from the costa before and beyond the middle, silvery white on the costal edge. There is a pale blue-metallic spot in the disc beyond the middle, connected with the dorsum by some irregular strigulation. A quadrate ochreous-white spot occupies the tornal angle, edged anteriorly by a bluish-silvery streak and the apical area above this is bronzy, with a bluish-silvery dot near the apex of the preceding streak, and a pale blue-metallic spot on the costa towards the apex. There is sometimes a white mark along the apical part of the costa, as well as a fine black marginal line around the apex and termen.
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Quadrate, tooth and articular bone Sisteronia was named by Valentin Fischer, Nathalie Bardet, Myette Guiomar and Pascal Godefroit in 2014 and the type species is Sisteronia seeleyi. The generic name honors Sisteron, a commune in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, southeastern France, where relatively complete specimens referable to Sisteronia were collected, including a partial articulated skeleton and at least three additional articulated specimens held in a private collection. The specific name, seeleyi, honors the renowned British paleontologist Harry Govier Seeley who cataloged thousands fragmentary ichthyosaur specimens from the Cambridge Greensand Member of the Lower Chalk Formation. Now housed in the collections of Sedgwick Museum of Earth Sciences (CAMSM), the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (IRSNB), Hunterian Museum and Art Gallery (GLAHM), Leicester Museum & Art Gallery (LEICT) and Natural History Museum (NHMUK), most of these specimens have never been reassessed thoroughly since Seeley's publication in 1869, and include the holotype of Sisteronia.
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Fire Cross with alternative rendering of the obverse design The Fire Cross was a 44 mm wide by 54 mm high (including ribbon loop) bronze cross quadrate. Except for a 3 mm wide plain border, the cross arms were striated, horizontally for the lateral arms and vertically for the vertical arms on both the obverse and reverse. The 30 mm wide by 37 mm high central rectangle bore on its obverse, 5mm wide vertical laurel branches on either side, at center, the relief image of a deserted battlefield with at the forefront, the relief image of a World War 1 Belgian helmet over a bayonet, farther and on a slight elevation at left, a 75 mm howitzer, at upper right, the Sun breaking through clouds. On its reverse, a large laurel branch extending diagonally from bottom left to top right and bisected by the relief inscription on two lines in Latin "SALUS PATRIAE SUPREMA LEX" roughly translating into "THE NATION'S SALVATION IS OUR HIGHEST DUTY".
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The wingspan is about 24 mm. The forewings are bright yellow, streaked throughout longitudinally and obliquely with bright rosy red, narrowly margined around the apex and termen with yellowish brown, which is continued along the costa to the middle, then expanding and diverging obliquely to the dorsum at one- fourth, along which it is produced to the base. In crossing the cell this band is somewhat dilated into the form of a quadrate patch, resting on the middle of the fold and sending off a short branch from its inner and upper angle to the costa at one-third, where it is somewhat dilated, but does not reach the base. A small kidney-shaped ocellate patch of yellowish brown lies at the end of the cell, emitting a short branch to the tornus, and a small tooth-shaped projection is emitted from the dark costal shade at the commencement of the costal cilia.
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About 10 mm long. Colour velvety green; head dark brown; 3rd and 4th segments with narrow, obliquely placed lateral stripes of crimson, edged posteriorly with yellow; 6th to 11th segments with a slender longitudinal dorsal stripe of the same colour; the spiracles on each side surmounted by a slender, lunulated, pale yellow line; on the 9th segment a conspicuous quadrate patch of white between the spiracular yellow lunule and the crimson dorsal line; 12th and remaining segments dark green; on the 12th two greenish-yellow, erect, rigid processes slightly divergent at their apices; the tentacles protruded from their processes seem to be pinkish brown, with a tuft of black and white hairs at their apices; but it is not easy to note the colour of the hairs, as they are protruded, whirled round and withdrawn with great rapidity. There is no opening or honey-gland on the 11th or other segment, as in many lycaenid larvae. In shape also these do not resemble the larva of the Lycaenidae which as a rule, are onisciform.
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The male's upperside is dark brownish black, a broad medial oblique white band across both forewings and hindwings, not extended on the forewing above vein 5, above vein 3 produced shortly outwards and downwards into a hook-like form. Underside: white with the following black markings: On forewing a short, outwardly-pointed, oblique, clavate (club-shaped) streak from base joined below to a semi-circular broad band that reaches the costa; a short, outwardly oblique, upper discal bar, its outer edge generally emarginate; the apex, the termen narrowly, a large irregular sub-quadrate spot touching it in the middle and a very large inwardly oblique irregular spot or mark close to the tornus. On the hindwing: a hook-shaped mark at base sometimes slender; an inwardly oblique short clavate bar from apex, three coalescent spots extended outwards from the dorsum above the tornus formed into a sinuate (sinuous) irregular mark; a spot further outwards in interspace 4; a terminal series of slender lunules and an ancillary fine line. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen black; beneath: the palpi, thorax and abdomen white. Female.
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Teeth of Eolambia In Kirkland's initial description of Eolambia, he considered it to be a member of the Hadrosauridae, as defined by David B. Weishampel, David B. Norman, and Dan Grigorescu in 1993. Weishampel and colleagues used seven unifying characteristics to define the Hadrosauridae: the upward expansion of the ascending process of the maxilla; the absence of the paraquadrate foramen, which separates the quadrate and quadratojugal; the location of the angular on the inner surface of the lower jaw; the absence of the surangular foramen on the surangular; the narrow teeth of the maxilla; the presence of three or more teeth in each dentary tooth position; and the reduction of the top margin of the scapular blade. The first, fifth, sixth, and seventh of these traits were recognized in Eolambia, with the rest being unknown due to missing material. Kirkland further assigned Eolambia to the Euhadrosauria, defined by Weishampel and colleagues to include the common ancestor of Hadrosaurinae (now the Saurolophinae) and Lambeosaurinae – the two primary branches of hadrosaurids – and all of its descendants.
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It includes an incomplete skull and mandible (lower jaws) and much of the postcranial skeleton, i.e. the parts behind the head. The skull of Tanycolagreus is less well known than its postcranial anatomy, and only the following elements have been found: left nasal, left lacrimal, left premaxilla and one premaxillary tooth, left postorbital, left quadratojugal, incomplete left squamosal, right quadrate, right splenial, left articular, and two cheek teeth. A paratype has been assigned to the species: specimen AMNH 587 consisting of an incomplete hand also collected from Bone Cabin Quarry and originally in 1903 by Henry Fairfield Osborn referred to Ornitholestes hermanni.Osborn, Henry Fairfield, 1903, "Ornitholestes hermanni, a new compsognathoid dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic", Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 19(12): 459–464 Two other fossils have been referred to Tanycolagreus: UUVP 2999, a premaxilla, originally in 1974 referred to Stokesosaurus clevelandi,Madsen, J., 1974, "A new theropod dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic of Utah", Journal of Paleontology, 48: 27-31 from the Cleveland-Lloyd Quarry of Utah; and USNM 5737, a pair of distal pubes from Colorado earlier in 1920 by Charles Whitney Gilmore referred to Coelurus.
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The forewings are bronze yellow suffused in parts with fuscous and with an antemedial white band, defined by black formed by a bar from the costa to the median nervure, and an oblique wedge-shaped patch from the cell to the inner margin. There is a small white discoidal lunule defined by black and a postmedial white band defined by black from the costa to vein 4, its inner edge sinuous and expanding at and below the costa. There is also a conical white patch defined by black from below the end of the cell to the inner margin and a subterminal white band defined by black and excurved and interrupted at the middle. The hindwings are bronze yellow suffused in parts with fuscous and with an ill-defined white subbasai band and an antemedial quadrate white patch defined by black from the costa to the median nervure, with a narrow white band defined by black from it to the inner margin and a postmedial curved white band defined by black from the costa to vein 4, its inner edge sinuous and expanding at and below the costa.
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The sexes are very nearly alike, and the difference slight between the dry-season and wet-season broods. Upperside dull black thickly irrorated (sprinkled) with golden-green scales Forewing: a broad subterminal golden-green band that varies in length, but in all specimens is more or less diffuse and obsolescent towards the costal margin; in specimens of the wet-season broods this band is slightly broader than in those of the dry season, also broader in the female than in the male. Hindwing: the irroration of golden-green scales less dense, turning to blue on the anterior portions of the wing; a broad bright blue upper discal patch that stops well short of the termen, and has its outer margin uneven, occupies the base of interspace 4 and the outer portions of interspaces 5, 6, and 7; below, this patch is continued in interspaces 1 to 3 by much smaller diffuse quadrate spots of brilliant golden-green scales, that are prominent in wet-season forms, more obscure in the dry. The discal patch itself is variable in size; in some specimens there is only a trace of it in interspace 4.
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Female upperside: dark brown; bases of the wings suffused with bluish scales. Forewing: the transverse discocellular spot as in the 6 but continued posteriorly by a black spot in interspace 2 coalescent with a similar spot in interspace 1 (in some specimens the latter two spots are only seen by transparency from the underside); a medial area beyond apex of cell white, crossed by an upper discal, macular, short black band that extends from vein 3 to vein 6; the ground colour over the rest uniform; on the costal margin there are some pale lines between veins 10, 11 and 12, and on the broad terminal margin of ground colour an obscure transverse macular white line. Hindwing: basal, cellular and discal markings of the underside more or less apparent through transparency; a postdiscal and a subterminal transverse series of white somewhat quadrate spots, the two series converge and meet anteriorly in interspace 6, the outer of the two is margined by the series of black subterminal spots of the underside which show through more or less plainly. Cilia of both forewings and hindwings and tail at apex of vein 2 of the hindwing as in the male.
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Shen and colleagues identified Liaoningvenator as a member of the Troodontidae based on its numerous, closely spaced teeth that are constricted below the crown; the pneumatic opening on the rear of its quadrate; the oval shape of its foramen magnum; the replacement of neural spines by shallow midline grooves in the vertebrae towards the end of its tail; the tall ascending process on its astragalus; and its asymmetrical and subarctometatarsal (i.e. where the third metatarsal is somewhat pinched by the neighboring metatarsals) foot. They further placed it in the "higher troodontid clade" based on the lack of a bulbous capsule-like structure on the parasphenoid of its palate, and the presence of the promaxillary fenestra on its skull. Based on a phylogenetic analysis modified from a prior analysis by Takanobu Tsuihiji and colleagues in 2016, which was in turn modified from the modification by Gao and colleagues in 2012 of an analysis by Xu Xing and colleagues in 2012, Shen and colleagues found that Liaoningvenator formed a unified group, or clade, with Eosinopteryx, Anchiornis, and Xiaotingia, thus offering contrary evidence to the traditional placement of these taxa as non-troodontid members of the Paraves.
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The genus is named after Timurleng, founder of the Timurid Empire in Central Asia. The specific name euotica is Greek for “well-eared”, because detailed CAT-scans showed that Timurlengia had long inner ear canals, for hearing low-frequency sounds. The species was based on the holotype, specimen ZIN PH 1146/16, consisting of the braincase. Other bones, not belonging to a single individual, and described in 2012, were referred to the species. These included the specimens ZIN PH 854/16: the right half of a braincase; ZIN PH 676/16: a right maxilla; ZIN PH 2330/16: a left frontal bone; ZIN PH 2296/16: a left quadrate; ZIN PH 15/16: a piece of a right dentary; ZIN PH 1239/16: a right articular with angular; ZIN PH 671/16: a front neck vertebra; USNM 538131: a rear neck vertebra; USNM 538132: the neural arch of front back vertebra; CCMGE 432/12457: a middle back vertebra; ZIN PH 951/16: a front tail vertebra; ZIN PH 120/16: a middle tail vertebra; ZIN PH 120/16: a rear tail vertebra; ZINPH 619/16; and USNM 538167: a toe claw.
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