87 Sentences With "protohistory" | Random Sentence Generator

They see Emmett Till as the protohistory of the Black Lives Matter movement.

This type of evidence is termed protohistory. The literary characters and events must be classified as legendary. Prehistoric Troy is also legendary Troy. The legends are not history or protohistory, as they are not records.

Rolf Hachmann (19 June 1917 – 5 June 2014) was a German archaeologist who specialized in pre- and protohistory.

It preserves and exhibits archaeological collections from protohistory to the early Middle Ages, mainly from the Celtic, Roman and early Christian periods, much from the Toulouse region.

Montalvo Guenard's interest laid in anthropology, especially archeology and ethnology, in Puerto Rican prehistory and protohistory and in internal medicine.International Directory of Anthropologists. Page 125. Retrieved 9 July 2013.

From 1962 to 1991, Best worked in the University of Amsterdam, respectively as assistant classical archaeology, associate professor ancient history and coordinator of the study Mediterranean Pre- and Protohistory.

He graduated from the department of archaeology at the University of Ankara in 1968, specializing in protohistory and Near Eastern archaeology. He received his PhD from the same department in 1982.

At his initiative, the institute was renamed the Institute for Pre- and Protohistory and Near Eastern Archaeology. He became a professor emeritus in 1986 and continued his scholarly work until his death in 2014.

Corinne Debaine-Francfort is a French archaeologist and sinologist, a resreacher at the CNRS specialised in the archaeology on Eastern Central Asia (Sinkiang or East Turkestan) and in the protohistory of north-west China.

After seven semesters in mid-1949 he received his doctoral degree with a thesis titled "Untersuchungen zur Eisenzeit in Mitteldeutschland" ("Investigations of the Iron Age in Central Germany"). From 1952-1953, he received a travel stipend from the German Archaeological Institute. After habilitation in 1955, he was a Privatdozent for pre- and protohistory at the University of Hamburg. In 1959 he succeeded Vladimir Milojčić as professor of pre- and protohistory at Saarland University in Saarbrücken, where he directed the institute from 1959 until 1985.

New York: Columbia University Press, 1922. Prehistory refers to the past in an area where no written records exist, or where the writing of a culture is not understood. Protohistory refers to the transition period between prehistory and history, after the advent of literacy in a society but before the writings of the first historians. Protohistory may also refer to the period during which a culture or civilization has not yet developed writing, but other cultures have noted its existence in their own writings.

Marcella Frangipane (born 10 October 1948) is a professor of archaeology at the Sapienza University of Rome. She works on the prehistory and protohistory of the Near East and Middle East. She was elected a foreign associate of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) in 2013.

Central and Eastern/Southeastern European cultures during the Neolithic The prehistory of Southeastern Europe, defined roughly as the territory of the wider Balkan Peninsula (including the territories of the modern countries of Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Kosovo, North Macedonia, Romania, Moldavia, Montenegro, Serbia, Slovenia, and European Turkey) covers the period from the Upper Paleolithic, beginning with the presence of Homo sapiens in the area some 44,000 years ago, until the appearance of the first written records in Classical Antiquity, in Greece as early as the 8th century BC. Human prehistory in Southeastern Europe is conventionally divided into smaller periods, such as Upper Paleolithic, Holocene Mesolithic/Epipaleolithic, Neolithic Revolution, expansion of Proto- Indo-Europeans, and Protohistory. The changes between these are gradual. For example, depending on interpretation, protohistory might or might not include Bronze Age Greece (2800–1200 BC), Minoan, Mycenaean, Thracian and Venetic cultures. By one interpretation of the historiography criterion, Southeastern Europe enters protohistory only with Homer (See also Historicity of the Iliad, and Geography of the Odyssey).

The KJC provides facilities and infrastructure for collaboration, research and teaching. A branch office of the Cluster is located at the “Heidelberg Center South Asia” in New Delhi, India. The Cluster is headed by three directors, who are Joseph Maran (Pre- and Protohistory), Axel Michaels (Classical Indology) and Barbara Mittler (Sinology).

The Société préhistorique luxembourgeoise (S.P.L.) syndicates people interested in the Prehistory and Protohistory of the Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg. The association currently counts 199 members (2013), of which 34 are from abroad, and is located in the town of Waldbillig. The S.P.L. was founded on June 11, 1979 in Luxembourg-City.

Jan Best Jan Gijsbert Pieter Best (born 29 August 1941, Grou, in the province Friesland of the Netherlands) is a Dutch pre- and protohistorian, comparative linguist, archaeologist, and author. For about 30 years, he was Professor at the University of Amsterdam, where he taught ancient history, and Mediterranean prehistory and protohistory.

Dr. Muhammed Abdul Nayeem, (1990). Prehistory and Protohistory of the Arabian Peninsula. Hyderabad. ISBN. A tree in front of Hatshepsut's temple, claimed to have been brought from Punt by Hatshepsut's Expedition, which is depicted on the Temple walls A report of that five-ship voyage survives on reliefs in Hatshepsut's mortuary temple at Deir el-Bahri.Tyldesley, Hatchepsut, p.

Paléorient is an international multidisciplinary journal dedicated to the prehistory and protohistory of southwestern and central Asia. Its aim is to promote discussions between prehistorians, archaeologists and anthropologists whose field of research goes from the eastern Mediterranean to the Indus, from central Asia to the Persian Gulf, as well as specialists of various disciplines related to the evolution of Man in his natural environment from the Palaeolithic period to the Early Bronze Age. Paléorient publishes biannually review papers, information notes and book reviews – mainly in English and in French, and some of the issues are thematic. Paléorient is an internationally recognized journal presently distributed in over 22 countries, it is the apposite media for presenting and discussing research progress in all the fields of prehistory and protohistory from the eastern Mediterranean to the Indus.

Bianchini, G. (1973). "Gli 'hacheraux' nei giacimenti paleolitici della Sicilia sud occidentale". Proceedings of the XV Scientific Meeting of the Italian Institute of Prehistory and Protohistory, 11–25 October 1972. Radiometric dates, however, have not been produced, and the artefacts might as well be from the Middle Pleistocene, and it is unlikely that there was a land bridge during the Pleistocene.

Prehistory and Protohistory of the Arabian Peninsula. Hyderabad. ISBN. Ancient Egyptian records also document the extensive and lucrative mining operations and trade across the Red Sea with Egypt starting as early as the Fourth dynasty of Egypt. Elath is mentioned in antiquity as a major trading partner with Elim, Thebes' Red Sea Port, as early as the Twelfth dynasty of Egypt.

In 1992 he was received his Habilitation in Mainz ("Venia legendi" for Pre- and Early History with special consideration of Roman provincial archeology). In 1998 he was appointed as an Adjunct Professor, and in 2002 was appointed managing director of the Institute for Pre- and Protohistory. He was involved in university government, for example as a member of the Senate and various Senate committees.

Julian calendar. Leudaire of the jurisdiction of Clermont The town of Clermont-l'Hérault has been occupied since Protohistory: during the Iron Age (6th century BC), Clermont constitutes one of the main Oppidum of the Mediterranean Celtic. Recent archaeological excavations have demonstrated its importance during antiquity (INRAP, 2000s). There was then a main agglomeration of five to six hectares and a peripheral inhabited area of 12 hectares.

Going by archaeological finds from prehistory and protohistory, the Laufersweiler area might have been settled as early as the Bronze Age and Hallstatt times. Along what is now the municipal limit between Laufersweiler and Niederweiler ran the Via Ausonia (or Ausoniusstraße in German) in Roman times. This led from Trier to Bingen am Rhein. Archaeological finds bear witness to a settlement in Roman times.

Heroism was an important theme. When the stories illuminate Roman religious practices, they are more concerned with ritual, augury, and institutions than with theology or cosmogony.John North, Roman Religion (Cambridge University Press, 2000) pp. 4ff. The study of Roman religion and myth is complicated by the early influence of Greek religion on the Italian peninsula during Rome's protohistory, and by the later artistic imitation of Greek literary models by Roman authors.

The permanent collections are on two floors. On the ground floor are pieces on Prehistory, Protohistory, the Roman Epoch, the Middle Ages and the Modern Era. At level 1, there are eighteenth century pieces (Atlantic trade and slavery), world cultures, nineteenth and twentieth centuries (Bordeaux port-e-du monde, 1800-1939). In 2009, the Aquitaine Museum opened new permanent rooms dedicated to the role of Bordeaux in the slave trade.

Jan Albert Bakker (born 4 June 1935, Breda)Bakker, J.A. in De leden van de Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen: een demografisch perspectief: 1808 tot 2008, p. 251. is a Dutch archeologist. He is an emeritus lecturer of Prehistoric Archaeology of Northwestern Europe at the University of Amsterdam, where he worked at the Institute for Prae- and Protohistory. His field of expertise is the Funnelbeaker culture and the Dutch dolmen called hunebeds.

The Iron Age is the final epoch of the three-age division of the prehistory and protohistory of humanity. It was preceded by the Stone Age (Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic, and Chalcolithic) and the Bronze Age. The concept has been mostly applied to Europe and the Ancient Near East, and, by analogy, also to other parts of the Old World. The duration of the Iron Age varies depending on the region under consideration.

The total area of this site is approximately 40 hectares. This site has been continuously excavated by a number of different agencies and institutions since 1986. Due to the superior features, artifacts, and significance in Japanese prehistory and protohistory, the site was designated as a "Special National Historic Site" in 1991, and a National Park was created there in 1992. Ancient structures are being reconstructed on the site and the park is a major tourist attraction.

In 1966, Best passed his graduate examinations in Classical Languages, achieving a major in Ancient History, along with minors in Greek and Latin. In 1969, he attained the doctorate with his thesis Thracian Peltasts and their Influence on Greek Warfare. Afterwards, he succeeded in his graduate examination in Archaeology, with a major in Cultural Pre- and Protohistory, and minors in Classical Archaeology and Provincial Roman Archaeology. In all of these three graduate programs, he graduated cum laude.

Its major exhibition themes are geology, prehistory and protohistory as well as the history of the town and 31 villages of Salzgitter borough from the Baroque period to the 20th century. In the division titled "From Ore to Steel" (Vom Erz zum Stahl) various models are displayed, including one of the Gebrüder Schreitel iron foundry.Press release by Salzgitter town in 2008 A wide variety of open-air events are held in the courtyard during the summer months.

Hachmann was born in Blankenese, now part of Hamburg, Germany. He attended school at the Reformrealgymnasium in Blankenese, where he was instructed by Peter Zylmann, a Frisian prehistorian. He graduated there in 1937, receiving his Abitur. After work and military service and escape from imprisonment by English forces, in 1945 he began studies at the University of Hamburg, majoring in pre- and protohistory under Hans Jürgen Eggers with minor studies in classical antiquity, German medieval studies, folkloristics, ethnology and geography.

Trémaïé Bas- relief Ancient village Fenêtre "Post Tenebras Lux" () While Protohistory was strongly marked by pastoralism and agriculture in the Alpilles, limestone was also extracted from quarries around Baux where a workshop from the end of the 2nd and early 1st centuries BC has been found. In the second part of the Iron Age (7th to 6th centuries. BC), the population was sedentary and began to build durable houses. The castrum was structured like a village with its streets and houses.

The site, occupied since protohistory, was transformed into a castrum in the Middle Ages and later into a castle. In 1373, the King of France, Charles V, sent his brother, Louis I the Duke of Anjou, to besiege the castle and take it from the English. After six weeks, the English surrendered, the water having run out. The king gave the castle to the Count of Armagnac who saw it disputed by Gaston Fébus, the Prince of Foix and Béarn.

From 1990 to 2006, he was Chair of Prehistory and Protohistory at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich. Bierbrauer is notable for his research on the archaeology of the Goths and Lombards, and the question of continuity between the classical and medieval period. Bierbrauer was a Member of the Steering Committee of the Transformation of the Roman World project, which was sponsored by the European Science Foundation. In 2005 he became a full member of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities.

The impact left a crater 21 km in diameter although it is not visible today. The rocks within the subsoil were substantially changed more than 5 km deep. The rocks resulting from this cataclysm around Pressignac are unique: fractured and melted, they are called impact breccias and these rocks have been used for the construction of houses and farm buildings in the immediate area. Protohistory The Hallstatt civilization during the Iron Age used a road from Narbonne to Nantes and Brittany.

Since 1956, Jankuhn served as associate professor, and from 1959 professor of prehistory and protohistory at the University of Göttingen. During this time, Jankuhn founded and led a number of scholarly organizations, and edited several scholarly publications. From 1968, Jankuhn was instrumental in the publishing of the second edition of the Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde (1969-2008). He advocated broadening the scope of the series to include not only Germanic peoples, but also Celts, Slavs, Sarmatians and other peoples of ancient north-central Europe.

It was clear from the antiquity and continuity of the site that it was a third major candidate for historically famous locations around the crossroads. There were now three sites, two locations. Felsch created a third location by separating the Sanctuary of Artemis Elaphebolos from the city she patronized, Hyampolis. According to protohistory, after a rebellion against Thessaly and other non-Phocian states, Phocis created itself as a new state with capital at Hyampolis under the auspices of Artemis Elaphebolos, given her own shrine there.

Barcelona venue (MAC Barcelona) Officially, Museu d'Arqueologia de Barcelona i Institut de Prehistòria i Arqueologia. The museum was designed by Pelagi Martínez i Patricio, covers an area of 4,000 m and is structured into five chronological spaces: prehistory; protohistory, the Greek and Phoenician colonisations; the Roman Empire; and, finally, the Visigoths, marking the start of the medieval period. Some of the main attractions are the Greek statue of Asclepius from the 3rd century BCE which was discovered in Empúries, the Iberian Treasure of Tivissa and the votive crown from the Treasure of Torredonjimeno.

Most of the original artefacts are now in the Museum für Vor- und Frühgeschichte (Museum of Prehistory and Protohistory) in Saarbrücken. On the French side are the partially reconstructed thermal baths of the Gallo-Roman town, now sheltered by a roof and accompanied by helpful information plaques. The shop-lined town street is easily recognizable from its exposed foundations and cellars, as well as a portion of the street, with clear information displayed in French, German and English. There are reconstructions of a grist mill and baking oven, used for educational purposes.

Hendrik Mäkeler studied from 1999 to 2004 Pre- and Protohistory and Medieval and Modern History as well as Nordic Philology at the Christian Albrechts University in Kiel. From 2002 to 2004 he obtained a scholarship of the Studienstiftung des Deutschen Volkes. He wrote his master's thesis in 2004 on the topic "The accounting book of the Speyer printer Peter Drach (around 1450-1504)" and obtained his doctorate in 2008 with his dissertation "Imperial coinage in the late middle ages". From 2008 to 2017 he was director of the Uppsala University Coin Cabinet.

The Hardin Village Site (15GP22) is a Fort Ancient culture Montour Phase archaeological site located on a terrace of the Ohio River near South Shore in Greenup County, Kentucky. It is located within the Big Sandy Management Area along with the nearby Lower Shawneetown site. The site was first inhabited sometime in the early 16th century and abandoned by 1625. This era of protohistory saw the arrival of Europeans in North America, although by the time they made it to this area, the village had been long abandoned.

In the south-west tower is a narrow dungeon, accessible only by a well (15th century?). On the second and third levels of the promontory a network of galleries and underground staircases was dug, allowing access to the castle and to reach the keep and its moat (14th - 15th centuries). In the west are remains of advanced defences and, probably, the motte protecting the home from the first lords up to the 11th century. However, excavations have shown that this part of the site was occupied since protohistory, if not the Neolithic era.

In 1973, Perrot founded the notable journal Paléorient with Bernard Vandermeersch along with the aid of the Wenner-Gren Foundation. In 1975, this became a publication of the CNRS. The journal is now published twice a year and distributed in twenty-two countries, it is recognized for presentations and discussions of research in all aspects of the prehistory and protohistory of the near and middle east. Perrot returned to France to become director of the CNRS, which he joined in 1946 and for which he was an honorary research director and correspondent.

During excavations remains were unearthed from a protohistory period [a period between prehistory and written history ] revealing an unknown part of the ancient urban framework, as well as a necropolis from the Roman esplanade. In 1835 three wings were built to accommodate a severe cholera epidemic. In the beginning of the 20th century the hospital was modified to bring it up to medical standards of the day. In 1974 the Joseph-Imbert Hospital was opened and many functions of the Old Hospital of Arles transferred to the new hospital.

Abae (, Abai) was an ancient town in the northeastern corner of ancient Phocis, in Greece, near the frontiers of the Opuntian Locrians, said to have been built by the Argive Abas, son of Lynceus and Hypermnestra, and grandson of Danaus. This bit of legend suggests an origin or at least an existence in the Bronze Age. Its protohistory supports a continued existence in Iron-Age antiquity. It was famous for its oracle of Apollo Abaeus, one of those consulted by Croesus, king of Lydia, and Mardonius, among others.

Geographically, the Basque Country was inhabited in Roman times by several tribes: the Vascones, the Varduli, the Caristi, the Autrigones, the Berones, the Tarbelli, and the Sibulates. Some ancient place- names, such as Deba, Butrón, Nervión, Zegama, suggest the presence of non- Basque peoples at some point in protohistory. The ancient tribes are last cited in the 5th century, after which track of them is lost, with only Vascones still being accounted for, while extending far beyond their former boundaries, e.g. in the current lands of Álava and most conspicuously around the Pyrenees and Novempopulania.

The Iron Age in the Iberian peninsula has two focuses: the Hallstatt-related Iron Age Urnfields of the North-East and the Phoenician colonies of the South. During the Iron Age, considered the protohistory of the territory, the Celts came, in several waves, starting possibly before 600 BC. The Southwest Paleohispanic script, also called Tartessian, present in the Algarve and Lower Alentejo from about the late 8th to the 5th century BC, is possible the oldest script in Western Europe and it could have come from the Eastern Mediterranean, perhaps from Anatolia or Greece.

Stephen M. Perkins & Timothy G. Baugh (2008) Protohistory and the Wichita, Plains Anthropologist, 53:208, 381-394, Historically, for much of the year, the Wichita lived in huts made of forked cedar poles covered by dry grasses. In the winter, they followed American bison (buffalo) in a seasonal hunt and lived in hunting camps. Wichita people relied heavily on bison, using all parts—for clothing, food and cooking fat, winter shelter, leather supplies, sinew, medicine, and even armor. Each spring, Wichita families settled in their villages for another season of cultivating crops.

Von der Porten both taught archaeology and founded the field archaeology program at SRJC. With the college, he did extensive archaeological field work regarding the protohistory of the area of what is now Point Reyes National Seashore, near Drakes Bay, California. In the fall of 1961, Von der Porten and 21 of his Santa Rosa Junior College students excavated four sites that had been previously identified by the Drake Navigators Guild (DNG). These sites were sites which he had previously investigated on behalf of—and while operating—as a member of the DNG.

He received his degree in Roman Archaeology at the University of Siena, and a doctorate at the University of Pisa, under the supervision of Andrea Carandini. He returned to the University of Siena in 1992 as researcher, associate professor (2002), and Professor in Classical Archaeology (since 2005). He was Director of the International PhD programme, Prehistory and Protohistory, History and Archaeology of the Ancient World and of the Ancient Societies of North Africa, Sahara and Mediterranean Levant Studies Centre], with B. Barich and M. de Vos Raaijmakers. His first work was devoted to the archaeology and topography of ancient Rome and Roman Etruria.

With some exceptions in pre-Columbian civilizations in the Americas, these areas did not develop complex writing systems before the arrival of Eurasians, so their prehistory reaches into relatively recent periods; for example, 1788 is usually taken as the end of the prehistory of Australia. The period when a culture is written about by others, but has not developed its own writing system is often known as the protohistory of the culture. By definition, there are no written records from human prehistory, so dating of prehistoric materials is crucial. Clear techniques for dating were not well-developed until the nineteenth century.

As early as prehistoric times, the area around the village was inhabited by mankind, bearing witness to which are various finds from both Brücken itself and almost every neighbouring municipality. In the woods east of Brücken, at least according to a listing in the documents at the Office for Prehistory and Protohistory (Amt für Vor- und Frühgeschichte) in Speyer, is a prehistoric barrow with a diameter of some nine metres and a height of 70 cm. Nevertheless, there is no longer any sign of it on the ground. Much clearer are traces left by the Romans.

Main entrance of 58 in 2013 The ' (Munich Art Fair) is the oldest art and antiques fair in Germany. Held annually in the autumn with a run-time of ten days, it is a fair for the general public, attended by leading national and international exhibitors. For some time now its venue is the historic in Munich, on Wredestraße near the Hackerbrücke. The offer ranges from Protohistory and Ancient History (such as Egypt) via the arts and crafts of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance through to art and design of Modernism until approximately 1970, with occasional exceptions.

Peat cutting began at the site in 1947, leading to the discovery of archaeological deposits the following year. From 1957 until 1964, the site was excavated under the leadership of Günter Behm-Blancke, the director of the Museum für Ur- und Frühgeschichte Thüringens (Museum of the Prehistory and Protohistory of Thuringia) in Weimar,Jan Bemmann and Güde Hahne, "Ältereisenzeitliche Heiligtümer im nördlichen Europa nach den archäologischen Quellen", in Germanische Religionsgeschichte: Quellen und Quellenprobleme, ed. Heinrich Beck, Detlev Ellmers and Kurt Schier, Ergänzungsbände zum Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde 5, Berlin/New York: de Gruyter, 1992, , pp. 29-69, p.

The region has been occupied since prehistoric times; cut flints have been found in several parts of the commune. Many circular ditches remain from Protohistory (Bronze or Iron Age), identified by aerial surveys at Pérat, Moulin Blanc and Foucaud. The Gallo- Roman period is marked by a Roman road from Saintes to Coutras at a place called Le Pérat. This Roman road passed near the Gallo-Roman villa of Baignes- Saintes-Radegonde at a place called the Petit Moulin (Gadebors), via the Gallo-Roman agglomeration of the plain of Bourelles to the west of the village of Chantillac.

He became Fellow of the External research unit 7 'Medieval research' of Münster University from 1969 until 1985, and Professor of 'Art and Craft in the Early Middle Ages' (Kunst und Handwerk im Frühmittelalter) at the Seminar for Protohistory and Early History. His special research strengths were his Work of Eligius and the Imitatio Imperii. He was married to Sigrid Vierck, who wrote a dissertation on the Ægis, Die Aigis: Zu Typologie und Ikonographie eines Mythischen GegenstandesSigrid Vierck's text, Münster 2000 (in German) and in 2008 was elected Abbess of the Lutheran conventual monastery of Walsrode Abbey.

On November 30, 1911, Pope Pius X promoted Plancarte to the Archdiocese of Monterrey, and he moved there on May 5, 1912. Despite setbacks such as the destruction of the San Francisco church and the Convent of San Andrés in Monterrey and a typhoid epidemic, he developed great pastoral action, created new parishes and cared for the formation of seminarians, sending some to study in Rome. Because of the conflicts of the Carrancista revolution, he left Monterrey and lived in Chicago for four years. He took advantage of the exile to write his books on prehistory and protohistory of Mexico.

The International Union for Prehistoric and Protohistoric Sciences (IUPPS) is a learned society, linked through the International Council for Philosophy and Humanistic Studies to UNESCO, and concerned with the study of prehistory and protohistory. In the words of its constitution: :The UISPP is committed to promote prehistoric and protohistoric studies by the organisation of international congresses and of large-scale excavations of international significance; by sponsoring scholarly publications of international scope as well as conferences and other learned meetings; and in general by advancing research by the co-operation and mutual understanding among scholars from all countries.

Protohistory is a period between prehistory and history during which a culture or civilization has not yet developed writing, but other cultures have already noted its existence in their own writings. For example, in Europe, the Celts and the Germanic tribes are considered to have been protohistoric when they began appearing in Greek and Roman sources. Protohistoric may also refer to the transition period between the advent of literacy in a society and the writings of the first historians. The preservation of oral traditions may complicate matters, as they can provide a secondary historical source for even earlier events.

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to ancient history: Ancient history - study of recorded human history from the beginning of writing at about 3000 BC until the Early Middle Ages. The times before writing belong either to protohistory or to prehistory. The span of recorded history is roughly 5,000 – 5,500 years, beginning with Sumerian cuneiform, the oldest form of writing discovered so far. Although the ending date of ancient history is disputed, currently most Western scholars use the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD or the coming of Islam in 632 AD as the end of ancient history.

At the time of the Chad National Museum's establishment, it had four rooms for prehistory, protohistory, archives, folk arts, crafts and traditions. The prehistory room, at least in 1965, included items related to pebble culture, including material from the Amgamma cliff, Paleolithic implements, axes with helve-holes, nether millstones, and quartz and obsidian arrowheads. The museum at one time included a full-sized ochre reproduction of a hunting scene from the first millennium B.C. Its collection also included baked bricks, some attributed to Boulala and Babalia people. These items were discovered at the Bouta-Kabira sanctuary including human masks, bronze objects and bone tools.

The first settlers, based on artifacts from the archaeological sites at Los Millares, El Argar, and Tartessos, were clearly influenced by cultures of the Eastern Mediterranean who arrived on the Andalusian coast. Andalusia then went through a period of protohistory, when the region did not have a written language of its own, but its existence was known to and documented by literate cultures, principally the Phoenicians and Ancient Greeks, wide historical moment in which Cádiz was founded, regarded by many as the oldest city still standing in Western Europe; another city among the oldest is Málaga. During the second millennium BCE, the kingdom of Tartessos developed in Andalusia.

Songguk-ri was likely part of the central settlement distributed amongst smaller settlements in the Seokseong-cheon River valley that briefly formed a simple chiefdom for approximately one or two generations in the Middle Mumun. Songguk-ri is one of the well-known sites from Korean prehistory that displays some formative examples of characteristics of Protohistoric chiefdoms such as Mahan, Byeonhan, and early states such as Baekje. For example, Songguk-ri contains evidence of several long-term trends in Korean prehistory and protohistory such as the existence of social status distinctions and the use of prestige artifacts such as greenstone and metal (e.g. Liaoning-style bronze dagger) in burials.

The prehistory and protohistory of Poland can be traced from the first appearance of Homo species on the territory of modern-day Poland, to the establishment of the Polish state in the 10th century AD, a span of roughly 500,000 years. The area of present-day Poland went through the stages of socio-technical development known as the Stone, Bronze and Iron Ages after experiencing the climatic shifts of the glacial periods. The best known archeological discovery from the prehistoric period is the Lusatian-culture Biskupin fortified settlement. As ancient civilizations began to appear in southern and western Europe, the cultures of the area of present-day Poland were influenced by them to various degrees.

For a brief period Orkney emerged from prehistory and into protohistory. The Greek explorer Pytheas visited Britain sometime between 322 and 285 BC and may have circumnavigated the mainland. In his On the Ocean he refers to the most northerly point as Orcas, conceivably a reference to Orkney.Breeze, David J. "The ancient geography of Scotland" in Smith and Banks (2002) pp. 11-13. Broch of Gurness Remarkably, the earliest written record of a formal connection between Rome and Scotland is the attendance of the "King of Orkney" who was one of eleven British kings who submitted to the Emperor Claudius at Colchester in AD 43 following the invasion of southern Britain three months earlier.Moffat (2005) p. 173-4.

S. 69-97. Attempto Verlag. Tübingen Since 2010, the excavations on top of the excavation base continued in the framework of a project by the Lower Saxony State Service for Cultural Heritage in Hannover and the Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Department of Early Prehistory and Quaternary Ecology of the Institute of Pre- and Protohistory and Mediaeval Archaeology, supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Association). Numerous cooperation partners domestic and abroad are involved in the reprocessing and the evaluation of the excavations: Rijksuniversiteit Leiden (paleontology), Leuphana University Lüneburg (palynologie), Senckenberg Research Institute and Nature Museum in Frankfurt am Main, Leibniz University Hannover (geology), Institute for Quaternary Lumbers Langnau (wood anatomy), Romano-Germanic Central Museum Mainz and others.

In time, the Romanian archeologist developed his own systems for subdividing prehistoric eras in an Oltenian context. Starting from the observation that Iron Age Dacian communities displayed a lifestyle similar to Neolithic patterns, and reducing protohistory to a sharp divide between archeological evidence and the first written records, he concluded that, in Oltenia's case, "prehistory" extended throughout the Roman administration and down to a period conventionally included in the Early Middle Ages.Doboș, p.234-235 His texts offered personalized and dialectical alternatives to the since standardized names, such as vârsta acioaiei instead of epoca bronzului ("Bronze Age", acioaie being an archaism), vârsta cavalerilor ("knight age") for epoca migrațiilor ("Age of Migrations") etc.

Biagi obtained a laurea from the University of Milan in 1972 and a PhD from the Institute of Archaeology in London in 1981. He has held academic positions at the Natural History Museum of Brescia (1978–1981), the University of Genoa (1981–1988), and the Ca' Foscari University of Venice (1988–present). He became a full professor (professore ordinario) of prehistory and protohistory in the Department of Asian and North African Studies at Ca' Foscari in 2002. Biagi has been director of the Italian Archaeological Mission in the Banat and Transylvania (Romania) and is at present the director of the Italian Archaeological Mission in Sindh and Las Bela (Balochistan), Pakistan since 1993.

Klaus Schmidt (11 December 1953 – 20 July 2014) was a German archaeologist and pre-historian who led the excavations at Göbekli Tepe from 1996 to 2014. Klaus Schmidt studied pre- and protohistory, as well as classical archaeology and geology at the universities of Erlangen and Heidelberg. He completed his doctorate in 1983 at the Heidelberg university under the direction of Harald Hauptmann. He received a travel stipend from the German Archaeological Institute from 1984 to 1986. From 1986 to 1995, he received a research stipend from the German Research Foundation and was employed at the Institute of pre- and proto-history of the Heidelberg university, working on various projects with the German Archaeological Institute and the Heidelberg university.

Jürgen Oldenstein (born 1947 in Düsseldorf ) is a German provincial Roman archaeologist. Beginning in 1968 Oldenstein studied Provincial Roman Archeology, Pre- and Early History, and Ancient History at the Goethe University Frankfurt, and 1970/71 Pre-and Early History and Provincial Roman Archeology at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich. In 1974 he received his doctorate in Frankfurt with a dissertation Zur Ausrüstung römischer Auxiliareinheiten ("On the equipment of Roman auxiliary units") and then worked from 1975 to 1979 as a research assistant at the Römisch-Germanischen Kommission of the German Archaeological Institute in Frankfurt. In 1979 he became an academic assistant at the Institute for Pre- and Protohistory of the Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz. In 1990 Oldenstein was a Visiting Fellow at Wolfson College, Oxford.

The new headquarters were inaugurated in 1932 but they had to be closed up because of the war, which forced the transfer of the materials to safer sites. In 1954, the collections of the Museo Civico were reunited with those of the Museo Nazionale, which was re-opened to the public in 1959. In 1962, the prehistory, protohistory and Locri rooms were opened, whilst the lapidary gallery and art gallery were opened in 1969 and the numismatic gallery in 1973. After the very important find of the Riace Bronzes (which, along with the Head of a Philosopher, have contributed to the museum's reputation) an underwater archaeology gallery was created in 1981, dedicated to the memory of superintendent Giuseppe Foti, who died just before its opening.

Dragić Kijuk was editor of the prestigious publications of the Association of Writers of Serbia for years (operational editor of the Serbian Literary Magazine and the editor in chief of the Literary Newspaper). He authored many books, studies, and essays, five of which have been translated into foreign languages. He specifically studied old Serbian literature (in 1987 he published the provocative and voluminous study Medieval and Renaissance Serbian Poetry 1200-1700). His themes of interest are diverse and original, and his intellectual curiosity is a mixture of modern world poetry, philosophy of numbers, Christian esthetics, the works of Dostoevsky, Gogol and Andreyev, the history of European civilization, European esoteric writers, protohistory of Serbs and Slavs, the phenomenon of migrations and the Christian-Orthodox mysticism.

Arriving in London in August 1932 he attended a conference on prehistory and protohistory at King's College London, attending at least two lectures which described the cult of the Mother Goddess. He also befriended the archaeologist and practising Pagan Alexander Keiller, known for his excavations at Avebury, who would encourage Gardner to join in with the excavations at Hembury Hill in Devon, also attended by Aileen Fox and Mary Leakey. Returning to East Asia, he took a ship from Singapore to Saigon in French Indo-China, from where he travelled to Phnom Penh, visiting the Silver Pagoda. He then took a train to Hangzhou in China, before continuing onto Shanghai; because of the ongoing Chinese Civil War, the train did not stop throughout the entire journey, something that annoyed the passengers.

According to the references given in this and Poland in the Early Middle Ages article, many scholars now believe that the Slavic tribes had not been present in Poland before the earliest medieval period, though the opposite view, predominant in Polish prehistory and protohistory in the past, is still represented. From there, over the 6th century, the new population dispersed north and west. The Slavs lived mostly by cultivating crops but also engaged in hunting and gathering. Their migrations took place while Eastern and Central Europe were being invaded from the east by waves of peoples and armies such as the Huns, Avars and Magyars. West Slavic tribes in 9th/10th century A number of West Slavic Polish tribes formed small states, beginning in the 8th century, some of which later coalesced into larger states.

Patrice Brun (7 July 1951, Koblenz) is a French archaeologist, a professor at Pantheon-Sorbonne University where he teaches European early history as well as theories and methods of archeology. His main focus encompasses the 6,500-year BCE in Europe, from the advent of the Agro-pastoral economy to the State in a major part of the continent, with an emphasis on recent Protohistory, i.e., Bronze and Iron Ages. He greatly contributed to large- scale data collected from region-level excavation campaigns. Patrice Brun’s research covers a broad range of aspects present in all Europe, namely trade and exchanges, the settlement patterns, and dynamics of identity. This multivariate and multidisciplinary approach allows shedding the light on Patrice Brun’s main focus: dynamics of social changes that led to the rise of State.

The three-age system is a way of dividing prehistory, and the Iron Age is therefore considered to end in a particular culture with either the start of its protohistory, when it begins to be written about by outsiders, or when its own historiography begins. Although iron is still the major hard material in use in modern civilization, and steel is a vital and indispensable modern industry, as far as archaeologists are concerned the Iron Age has therefore now ended for all cultures in the world. The date when it is taken to end varies greatly between cultures, and in many parts of the world there was no Iron Age at all, for example in Pre-Columbian America and the prehistory of Australia. For these and other regions the three-age system is little used.

The second phase of the European Iron Age was defined particularly by the Celtic La Tène culture, which started aroumd 400 BC, followed by a large expansion of the them into the Balkans, the British Isles, where they assimilated druidism, and other regions of France and Italy. The decline of Celtic power under the expansive pressure of Germanic tribes (originally from Scandinavia and Lower Germany) and the forming of the Roman Empire during the 1st century BC was also that of the end of prehistory, properly speaking; though many regions of Europe remained illiterate and therefore outside written history for many centuries, the boundary must be placed somewhere, and that date, near the start of the calendar, seems to be quite convenient. The remaining is regional prehistory, or, in most cases, protohistory, but no longer European prehistory, as a whole.

The area was settled in protohistory, which is proven by digs undertaken by the Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier (Trier Rhenish State Museum) from 1971 to 1974 at the Altburg (“Old Castle”) on a mountain spur near Bundenbach, inside a bow in the tributary Hahnenbach. Standing there from about 170 to 50 BC was a Late Iron Age, Late Celtic fortification complex, or castellum, of the Treveri, a people of mixed Celtic and Germanic stock, from whom the Latin name for the city of Trier, Augusta Treverorum, is also derived. This hill castle was first laid out as a lightly fortified settlement on the heights and only later given strong walls. The last traces of human presence there vanished in the mid 1st century BC. It is said to be the most thoroughly explored complex of its kind.

John Vincent Stanley Megaw (born 1934)The Flying Dutchman reaches port Vincent Megaw Antiquity 86 (2012): 546–557Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology - Megaw, Vincent, Springer Science+Business Media, pp 4769-4772, 2014, , Subscription required for full article is a British-born Australian archaeologist with research interests focusing on the archaeology and anthropology of art and musical instruments, Australasian prehistory and protohistory. He is a specialist in early Celtic art and contemporary Australian Indigenous art.Encyclopedia of Australian Science 2010 Megaw was educated at University College School, Hampstead and the University of Edinburgh, and worked on a number key sites in Europe as well as carrying out pioneering work in the South Sydney region of Australia. He undertook extensive research with his wife, Ruth Megaw, on the art of the European pre-Roman Iron Age; they wrote several publications together.

Paléorient was founded in 1973 by Jean Perrot and Bernard Vandermeersch with the help of the Wener Gren Foundation and was first published by Klincksiek Editions (1973) and later by the Association Paléorient (1974-1975). In 1975 Paléorient became a journal of the CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); it is presently published by CNRS Éditions. Between 1973 and 1992 the Journal was taken in by the Laboratoire de paléontologie des vertébrés et de paléontologie humaine at the Université Paris VI, and from 1997 by the Maison de l’archéologie et de l’ethnologie René Ginouvès, which was renamed Maison des Sciences de l’Homme Mondes in 2020. The idea of founding a journal dedicated to the prehistory and the protohistory of southwestern Asia was spawned among a group of various CNRS researchers exploring common thematics in several parts of the Near and Middle-East since the early sixties.

Reconstruction of a Bronze Age, Lusatian culture settlement in Biskupin, c. 700 BC The early Bronze Age in Poland began around 2400 BC, while the Iron Age commenced in approximately 700 BC. During this time, the Lusatian culture, spanning both the Bronze and Iron Ages, became particularly prominent. The most famous archaeological find from the prehistory and protohistory of Poland is the Biskupin fortified settlement (now reconstructed as an open-air museum), dating from the Lusatian culture of the late Bronze Age, around 748 BC. Throughout the Antiquity period, many distinct ancient ethnic groups populated the regions of what is now Poland in an era that dates from about 400 BC to 500 AD. These groups are identified as Celtic, Scythian, Germanic, Sarmatian, Slavic and Baltic tribes. Also, recent archeological findings in the Kuyavia region, confirmed the presence of the Roman Legions on the territory of Poland.

46) Beginning at the headwaters of the river Euphrates, where this site is located, the craftsmen and peddlers sold their wares throughout the Middle East. The threshing boards must have been important in the protohistory of Mesopotamia, since they already appear in some of the oldest written documents discovered: specifically, several sandstone tablets from the early town of Kish (Iraq), engraved with cuneiform pictograms, which could be the world's oldest surviving written record, dating to the middle of the 4th millennium BC (Early Uruk period). p. 10. One of these tablets, preserved in the Ashmolean Museum of Oxford University, appears to have pictures of threshing boards on both faces, next to some numeric symbols and other pictograms. These presumed threshing boards (which might instead be sledgesSledges were as vehicles for freight before the invention of wheel.) have a shape similar to threshing carts that were used until recently in parts of the Middle East where non- industrial agriculture survived.

Looking over the village Ramparts The medieval village site was occupied from the Neolithic period (at a place called Castelas). During protohistory, it was on the territory of the Gauls of Dexcivate, established along the Durance, as indicated by Conch graves. A site on the plain, to the south of the village, dates from the Gallo-Roman period: villas were established there benefiting from the fertile land, with several burial grounds and a mausoleum - the Pourrières mausoleum, dates from the 1st century BC. In the Middle Ages, a castrum (castle) was built on the hill by the Reillanne-Valence family: the present village dates from earlier than the 11th century and is quoted for the first time in 1024, under the name of castrum cucurone. The castle passed between the hands of several families of seigneurs (lords): the Sabrans in the 12th century, then the Castillon and the Oraison in co-seigneurship and finally the Bruni from La Tour-d'Aigues at the end of the 18th century.

In the course of its protohistory which began around the middle of the third century BCE, a subsoil rich in tin allowed the development of an industry in bronze objects, which led to commercial routes for export to other regions of Europe. It was inhabited by Gallic peoples including the Veneti and the Namnetes in the first centuries BCE before these territories were conquered by Julius Caesar in 57 BCE, and progressively Romanized. As part of Armorica since the Gallo-Roman period, Brittany developed an important maritime trade network near the ports of Nantes, Vannes, and Alet, as well as salting factories along its coasts. When Rome encountered crises in the third and fifth centuries, the first wave of island Bretons were asked by the imperial power to help secure their territory, beginning with a migratory movement that was carried out until the sixth century, and saw the beginnings of many kingdoms in the peninsula.

At La Marmotta, a few hundred meters outside the village of Anguillara Sabazia, remains of an Early Neolithic lakeshore village, datable 5700 BC have been found, in works overseen by Maria Antonietta Fugazzola Delpino, director of the Pigorini National Museum of Prehistory and Ethnography in Rome, and president of the Italian Institute of Prehistory and Protohistory. Thick oak pilings driven more than two meters into the subsoil have survived, thanks to anoxic lakebottom sediments; dendrochronology dates the settlement very accurately, for local tree-ring sequences have already been thoroughly established. The oldest post Fugazzola Delpino has discovered at La Marmotta dates from around 5,690 BC, but she thinks ongoing work may yet reveal the village to have been born a century or so earlier. She is more certain of when it died: within a decade or so of 5230 BC. "Since the sixth millennium BC, as the climate has grown wetter, the water level in Lake Bracciano has risen more than , and so the ruins of the Neolithic lakeshore village are now buried in bottom mud 400 yards off shore" (Delpino 2002).

In 1688, a simultaneum was introduced at Saint Michael’s Church (Michaelskirche) on the condition that Catholics and Evangelicals were to hold their services alone at predetermined times at the church whose ownership they shared, each holding half. The Catholics were furthermore granted the sole right to use the quire with its High Altar, the two side altars and the confessionals. This simultaneum was dissolved by a notarial agreement with both denominations’ assent on 15 June 1965, and a new arrangement was put in place: the Evangelical parish sold the Catholic parish its one-half share in the church, which allowed the former to make possible a new church building, the Friedenskirche (“Peace Church”) with a community centre. A further ruling allowed the Evangelical parish to use Saint Michael's Church, as before, until its own church was ready for use, and further still, it allowed the Catholic parish to be guests at the Friedenskirche as long as thorough restoration work was being undertaken at Saint Michael's and its tower and until preliminary archaeological digs by the Koblenz Office for Prehistory and Protohistory (Amt für Vor- und Frühgeschichte, Koblenz) were over.

In the three rooms are materials of prehistory and protohistory of the ancient city, coming from the village "castellucciano": smoothed basalt stone axes, tiny cointainers and ceramic fragments worked without the use of a lathe, with an essential linear engraved decoration. At the following Sicilian city, of the early Iron Age, instead, the acromi ceramic in carenate forms, of red and brown paste, finds evidences in the culture of Ausonius in Lipari. The exhibits belonging to the period from the ninth to the middle of the 5th century BC witness the coexistence of Sicels and Greek cultures in the town: antefixed of religious buildings, "pithoi", a domestic arula on which is depicted a boar, a "kernos" with three small cups and the greater crater of Euthymides, with simposium and "amazzonomachia" scenes, used for public banquets. The findings of the classical and Hellenistic period, up to the destruction of the city (211 BC), consist mainly of earthenware coming from the necropolis and urban sanctuaries of Demeter and Pershephone, including several busts of the latter, to which are added a large "black painted" lamp with three spouts and a fish dish, perhaps from Syracuse.