Similarly, a European Commission study found that bee-pollinated strawberries are heavier, redder, firmer, and have fewer malformations than those that are wind-pollinated or self-pollinated.
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Agave plants are pollinated by bats Agave plants are chiropterophilous , meaning that they're pollinated by bats as opposed to insects or birds.
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A study in Burkina Faso found that cotton and sesame plants pollinated by bees had an average of 62% higher quality and quantity than those that self-pollinated.
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This evening perfume and the vine's pale, tubular flowers are diagnostic of moth-pollinated plants, and in its native home of Japan and Korea, honeysuckle is indeed pollinated by night-flying hawk moths.
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"When I started, we pollinated everything by hand," he said.
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Presumably some of the plants were pollinated by Villalonga's bees.
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"Most of what we eat has been pollinated, if it's been grown, or, if it's an animal, it eat's what is pollinated," Garner explains in the video while holding up a section of beehive.
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Heirloom produce can't be hybrids, meaning plants that were cross-pollinated.
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They're cross-pollinated, and can be expressed by anyone at anytime.
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Apples are chiefly pollinated by honeybees and blue mason orchard bees.
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For one, pollinated flowers release breathable oxygen into the air during photosynthesis.
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Plants can be pollinated by hand (or, in the future, by drone).
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York City, where they cross-pollinated with the groups around the Abstract
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A third of our food is pollinated by birds, bats and insects.
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Researchers knew from studying modern cycads that they were pollinated by beetles.
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More than $15 billion a year in US crops are pollinated by bees.
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If they're not pollinated, they can't make fruits and seeds to reproduce themselves.
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If the flowers aren't pollinated, the plant is much more vulnerable to disease.
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Worldwide, approximately three-quarters of all crops are pollinated by insects, Goulson said.
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As Chicago has risen to culinary dominance, our chefs have pollinated the region.
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Male plants have to be culled because a pollinated female will stop producing CBD.
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For years, the flowers were pollinated by hand, requiring hundreds of workers and limiting efficiency.
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Narrator: Bees help pollinate the reported 84% of crops humans eat that are insect-pollinated.
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It's Faulkner cross-pollinated with Balzac, modernist techniques used to paint a sweeping historical panorama.
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Everything is so cross-pollinated with the internet between the pop worlds and the indie worlds.
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A plant must be easily pollinated and able to survive in a high-carbon-dioxide environment.
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Each flower must be pollinated by hand on the morning it blooms or the beans won't sprout.
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KENNEDY: Agave plants are caryopteris, which means they are pollinated by bats and not insects or birds.
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Once blooms are pollinated, growers will start spraying their orchards, and bees have to be removed quickly.
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By the 16th century, the faith had displaced or cross-pollinated with Buddhism, Hinduism and animist faiths.
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But for more than 10 to 15 percent of the blooms to be pollinated, bees are required.
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These little beetles pollinated the plants with no extra work from humans, and, suddenly, palm oil yields boomed.
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The tequilas are marketed in Mexico by producers who rely on agaves pollinated by lesser long-nosed bats.
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We like to present our honey as a location, as opposed to what giant mono-crop it pollinated.
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During the 2000s and early 2010s, the LoveShy community cross-pollinated with members of other, similar online subcultures.
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In general, landscaping should use plants with showy, insect-pollinated flowers to reduce allergies in the environment, they write.
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One-third of our food — including almonds, apples, blueberries, pears and tomatoes — must be pollinated in order to grow.
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Six hundred hand-pollinated blossoms yield about six kilos of green beans, which convert to one kilo of dried beans.
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But in this, Disney has an advantage: dominance of the battlespace and experience in the world of cross-pollinated marketing.
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Three-quarters of the world's crops are pollinated by insects, so extinctions could have a major impact on food production.
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It wouldn't be possible without the 30 billion bees (and beekeepers) who keep the trees pollinated in the Central Valley.
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Seeds that fall from pollinated flowers likely wouldn't grow in the trash, where light is obscured and soil isn't viable.
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While mushrooms are not pollinated, one idea is that their colors help attract insects or animals that spread spores through contact.
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"Rock and roll" now seems like an outdated, white bread category in the very cross-pollinated 2017 (see: Drake's More Life).
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Bees that pollinated those plants were exposed to "a cocktail of poisons," per an accompanying editorial—26 pesticides, including four neonics.
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No artist captured how genres cross-pollinated throughout the 2010s better than Tame Impala, the psych-rock project from Australian Kevin Parker.
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Lots of downtown artists like Keith Haring and Kenny Scharf were mixing with musicians, and it was just a very cross-pollinated scene.
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"The majority of our food sources are wind-pollinated," says Dykes, meaning the breeze does the work of the birds and the bees.
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Corn and wheat, two staples of the typical Western diet, are both wind-pollinated, and would be unaffected by a massive pollinator catastrophe.
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Then, when he writes about it, it reads like poetry — full of descriptions that draw on a cross-pollinated blend of mediums and references.
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Most of the plants that are left are also female, Perlman says, so it's hard for them to get pollinated by rare male plants.
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Trilobites The discovery is among the strongest evidence in the fossil record that the insects pollinated prehistoric cycads, a plant that preceded flowering plants.
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American and Israeli Jewry, when put together, make up roughly 103 percent of world Jewry and have become deeply cross-pollinated with each other.
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Tomatoes self-pollinate, but occasionally, Mr. Gates would come across a one-of-a-kind plant that had cross-pollinated naturally in his garden.
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The first of your four Masters titles was the seed that pollinated the sport in countries, and communities, where it had never taken root.
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African farmers still tend to use open-pollinated seeds held back from the previous year's crop or commercial hybrids that were developed years ago.
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From bloom to sale, the average production cycle is 16-18 months, and 600 hand-pollinated flowers yield only about 1 kilo of dried beans.
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The pods are so expensive partly because the flowers must be painstakingly pollinated by hand if they grow outside their native areas of South America.
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Where we once had access to lush fruits and vegetables, only corn, wheat, and oats will remain, as these crops are pollinated by the wind.
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On Sunday afternoon, Mr. McBride reassembled the Philadelphia Experiment, a trio of cross-pollinated talent, featuring Questlove, the Roots' drummer, and Uri Caine, the keyboardist.
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Generally speaking, heirlooms are both open-pollinated (meaning they can be regrown from saved seeds) and old, although there's no real consensus on how old.
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I discovered that all of this capital investment that we have made is hinging on that tiny bee, because almond trees have to be cross-pollinated.
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Most of the pollen that causes hay fever comes from plants that are wind pollinated (so they don't produce nectar and are not visited by bees).
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The FAO estimates that in Europe alone, 84 percent of the 264 crop species are animal pollinated and 4,000 vegetable varieties exist thanks to pollination by bees.
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The newer seeds that plant breeders produce, whether open-pollinated or hybrid, are manipulated to thrive, and aren't idealized in the same way, except by the breeders.
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She came to realize that bees are a critical part of how flowers get pollinated and plants grow, and she learned that the bee population is in danger.
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This is a serious problem given that about 75 percent of the crop species around the world need to be pollinated in order to grow seeds and reproduce.
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Volunteers were instructed to set up USB microphones near bee-pollinated flowers at 16 locations in Oregon, Idaho, and Missouri that fell within the eclipse's path of totality.
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Of the observed cases, 70 percent were reported in the United States, where praying mantises lie in wait around hummingbird feeders or plants pollinated by hummingbirds in house gardens.
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"One-in-three bites that we eat comes from a plant that has been pollinated either by bats or insects or bees, and our bees need help," she said.
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New vanilla vines take three to four years to produce orchids and can only be pollinated - by hand a few days each year during a pre-dawn, four-hour window.
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A significant part of the human diet comes from plants pollinated by bees — not just honeybees, but hundreds of species of lesser-known wild bees, many of which are endangered.
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Niño: We wouldn't necessarily starve to death, because there are a lot of plants that we do eat and we depend on that are wind-pollinated, including, for example, wheats.
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The study set out to answer an old evolutionary riddle: How do plants pollinated by bats get away with offering nectar in much lower sugar concentrations than the bats prefer?
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The adjective "alt-right" does not just denote recycled extremist views — it also reflects the way those views have been pollinated by other internet concerns and updated in the process.
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It's not easy to cultivate vanilla either: The beans are hand-pollinated from flowers in the orchid family, which open for just part of a day, one time per season.
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The pollen is from an unusual group of evergreen gymnosperms known as cycads, which, as this discovery suggests, could represent an early, or even the first, insect-pollinated group of plants.
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Farmers have a window of just a few weeks when pollination has to happen, otherwise the nuts won't set, which is what it's called when blossoms are pollinated and kernels emerge.
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The problem is that goats love their leaves, rats eat their seeds, invasive weeds overgrow them, and they're pollinated by a very rare, large native moth called the fabulous green sphinx moth.
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In fact, for Stein, those subjects merely served as starting points for a wide-ranging consideration of cultural, social, political and economic ideas that had emerged and cross-pollinated over the centuries.
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"As an exclusively wind-pollinated crop, hemp lacks nectar but produces an abundance of pollen during a period of floral dearth in agricultural landscapes," said the report published in the Oxford University Press.
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Modest Mouse cross-pollinated with varying scenes and audiences, as they shared the stage with bands like Built To Spill, 764 Hero, and Murder City Devils (with whom they often shared guitarist Dan Gallucci).
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This two-person exhibition of American painter Joan Mitchell and Canadian painter Jean-Paul Riopelle retraces their cross-pollinated careers in light of their roughly 25 year-long, France-based amorous and artistic relationship.
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It will probably be the department of transportation, and there's a few folks ... Within the kind of deeper branches of government, there's actually some good examples of folks that have cross-pollinated from academics.
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By this time, sheriff supremacy had cross-pollinated with other kinds of right-wing thought, resulting, for example, in the county-supremacy movement, in which dozens of counties adopted ordinances claiming control over federal land.
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Feature Almond growing in California is a $7.6 billion industry that wouldn't be possible without the 30 billion bees (and hundreds of human beekeepers) who keep the trees pollinated — and whose very existence is in peril.
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Sallon is hopeful that Hannah, a female date tree, will flower this year and the plant could be pollinated by Methuselah -- a tree the team grew from a 1,900-year-old Judean date palm seed in 2008.
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Locally sourced butternut squash would probably be fine (although you could never guarantee a bee kept in a hive hadn't pollinated a crop), while avocados and almonds (including most almond milk) sourced from California might be a problem.
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These are actually two similar varieties: W. Murcott Afourer, a seedling of Murcott (best known as the Florida Honey tangerine), found in Morocco in 1982, and Tango, bred from W. Murcott Afourer to be seedless even when pollinated.
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"The Real Housewives of Orange County" kicked off the "Housewives" franchise in 2006, and has pollinated the globe with its little covens of housewife drama from Athens, Greece to Akron, Ohio (or at least that's how it seems).
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Molecular and evolutionary studies suggest that mantises diversified in parallel with angiosperms — not because they had anything to do with flowering plants directly, but in part to more effectively prey on the insects that ate or pollinated the plants.
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But the two looked so similar all the same that it wouldn't have seemed all that out of place had the two shows cross-pollinated, and Mulder and Scully turned up in Washington State to solve the death of Laura Palmer.
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So polling that the Common Core educational standards and their associated testing were accepted and popular across party lines missed a key point: high dissatisfaction among groups on the left and right, whose online organizing cross-pollinated and surprised the bipartisan education establishment.
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On Twitter, the prominent Democrat derided the decision to include the world's largest oil exporter in the push against terror money as a "farce," given its history of funding an extreme interpretation of Islam that has pollinated other areas of the Middle East.
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Past shows have brought to light the herbs and roses that interested Emily Dickinson; reinterpretations of Monet's garden at Giverny (left and top) and Frida Kahlo's in Mexico City; and the primroses that Darwin hand-pollinated at his home in Kent, England.
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Depending on which entrance you use — the revolving doors are crowned with aluminum reliefs of Art Deco flowers being pollinated by elongated stylized butterflies — you may want to allow an extra five or 10 minutes to take it all in before you eat.
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E.O. Wilson has written of an insect-free world, a place where most plants and land animals become extinct; where fungi explodes, for a while, thriving on death and rot; and where "the human species survives, able to fall back on wind-pollinated grains and marine fishing" despite mass starvation and resource wars.
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For some reason Warner Brothers has not really [iterated] that much on the Nemesis System, even though it makes total sense for a faction based Batman game and the idea that you could be playing four different Bat characters in which you have different sort of villains, and enemies pollinated between six totally different factions sounds fucking awesome.
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First, his history of doing business deals with Russians makes him particularly inclined to seek geopolitical deals with Russia — an inclination that's essentially a shadier version of the affinity that the Bush family and other Arabists had with the Saudis and the Gulf States, cross-pollinated with the sleazy campaign-finance relationships that the Chinese cultivated with the Clinton White House.
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This species is normally pollinated by wind while other species of meadow-rue are usually insect- pollinated.
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Most species of Eremophila are insect pollinated \- E.decipiens is one of the 40 or so that are pollinated by birds.
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Most Alpinia are plants of forest understory habitat. Most are pollinated by large bees, but some are pollinated by birds and bats.
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J. rotacea is pollinated by flies, and J. runcinata is pollinated by moths. Sphingid moths feed on the nectar of J. integrifolia.
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Many plants pollinated by hummingbirds produce flowers in shades of red, orange, and bright pink, though the birds will take nectar from flowers of other colors as well. Hummingbirds can see wavelengths into the near-ultraviolet, but hummingbird-pollinated flowers do not reflect these wavelengths as many insect-pollinated flowers do. This narrow color spectrum may render hummingbird-pollinated flowers relatively inconspicuous to most insects, thereby reducing nectar robbing. Hummingbird-pollinated flowers also produce relatively weak nectar (averaging 25% sugars w/w) containing a high proportion of sucrose, whereas insect-pollinated flowers typically produce more concentrated nectars dominated by fructose and glucose.
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While heirlooms are usually open-pollinated, open-pollinated seeds are not necessarily heirlooms; open- pollinated varieties are still being developed. One of the challenges in maintaining an open-pollinated variety is avoiding introduction of pollen from other strains. Based on how broadly the pollen for the plant tends to disperse, it can be controlled to varying degrees by greenhouses, tall wall enclosures, field isolation, or other techniques. Because they breed true, the seeds of open-pollinated plants are often saved by home gardeners and farmers.
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Iris brevicaulis is primarily pollinated by bumblebees. But it is also occasionally pollinated by hummingbirds. They are pollinated in different ways, the hummingbirds must use their head to push back the iris' petals in order to gain access to the nectar. Pollen is then transferred on a hummingbird's forehead.
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Pollination systems in monocots are just as diverse as in dicots. About two thirds of monocots evolved to be zoophilous (animal pollinated). Others are instead water- pollinated or wind-pollinated such as Cyperaceae, Juncaceae, Sparganiaceae, Typhaceae, and most notably Poaceae. These modes evolved to facilitate transfer of the pollen grain onto the stigma.
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The flowers are insect pollinated, the major pollinators being bees, butterflies, flies, and hawkmoths, while the highly scented night flowering N. viridiflorus is pollinated by crepuscular moths. Pollination mechanism fall into three groups corresponding to floral morphology (see Description - Flowers). # 'Daffodil' form. Pollinated by bees seeking pollen from anthers within the corona.
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Sunbird drinking nectar from typical bird- pollinated flower As nectar is a primary food source for sunbirds, they are important pollinators in African ecosystems. Sunbird-pollinated flowers are typically long, tubular, and red-to-orange in colour, showing convergent evolution with many hummingbird-pollinated flowers in the Americas. A key difference is that sunbirds cannot hover, so sunbird-pollinated flowers and inflorescences are typically sturdier than hummingbird-pollinated flowers, with an appropriate landing spot from which the bird can feed. Sunbirds are critical pollinators for many iconic African plants, including proteas, aloes, Erica, Erythrina coral trees, and bird-of-paradise flowers.
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Pancratium maritimum is pollinated by a hawk-moth named Agrius convolvuli. These insects visit the flower only when the speed of the wind is under . Even if the species is pollinated in an artificial way during windy weather the pollination is not effective. Pancratium maritimum is not receptive to its own pollen and must be cross- pollinated.
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The flowers are partly wind-pollinated and partly pollinated by solitary bees.Hannan, G. L. (1981). Flower color polymorphism and pollination biology of Platystemon californicus Benth.(Papaveraceae). American Journal of Botany 68(2) 233-43.
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It is pollinated normally by bees (especially bumblebees) and other pollinators.
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The flowers of this orchid are pollinated by small native bees.
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It is pollinated by the rare solitary bee species Perdita meconis.
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Although Heliconia are almost exclusively pollinated by hummingbirds, some bat pollination has been found to occur. Heliconia solomonensis is pollinated by the macroglosine bat (Melonycteris woodfordi) in the Solomon Islands. Heliconia solomonensis has green inflorescences and flowers that open at night, which is typical of bat pollinated plants. The macroglosine bat is the only known nocturnal pollinator of Heliconia solomonensis.
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The flowers are fragrant at night and are pollinated by crepuscular moths.
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The flowers are presumed to be pollinated by either birds or bees.
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Rice is a self-pollinated crop with small flowers that are monoclinous.
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Wind pollination is the reproductive strategy adopted by the grasses, sedges, rushes and catkin-bearing plants. Other flowering plants are mostly pollinated by insects (or birds or bats), which seems to be the primitive state, and some plants have secondarily developed wind pollination. Some plants that are wind pollinated have vestigial nectaries, and other plants like common heather that are regularly pollinated by insects, produce clouds of pollen and some wind pollination is inevitable. The hoary plantain is primarily wind pollinated, but is also visited by insects which pollinate it.
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The early-flowering subspecies Neotinea ustulata var. ustulata is pollinated by a tachinid parasitic fly Tachina magnicornis. The late-flowering subspecies Neotinea ustulata var. aestivalis is pollinated by the longhorn beetle Pseudovadonia livida and possibly also by bees.
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Plants pollinated by birds often have elongated or tube-shaped, brightly colored diurnal flowers that are red or orange, but no odor because birds have a poor sense of smell. Some 500 genera of plants are pollinated by birds.
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Flowers of P. rufa are pollinated by fungus gnats of the species Orfelia.
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It grows in clusters and thickets. It is hermaphrodite and pollinated by insects.
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Most wind-pollinated plants do not produce nectar, attractive scents, or petals because they are not adapted to pollination by animal vectors. Grasses are a large wind-pollinated group; their stigmas are often feathery to help catch pollen in the wind.
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There are no stipules. The plants are hermaphroditic and are pollinated mostly by insects (entomophilous); flower nectaries are lacking. A few are wind pollinated (anemophilous). There is a distinct calyx and corolla, except in Macleaya where the corolla is lacking.
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Plane trees are wind-pollinated. Male flower-heads fall off after shedding their pollen. After being pollinated, the female flowers become achenes that form an aggregate ball. The fruit is a multiple of achenes (plant systematics, Simpson M. G., 2006).
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The male wasp tires of trying to remove the labellum and flies off. In order for the hammer orchid to be successfully pollinated, the male wasp must visit another individual orchid, where it goes through the same procedure. This time the pollen is deposited on the stigma, and so that plant has been pollinated. Usually each species of orchid is pollinated by a specific species of wasp, but there are exceptions.
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They also tend to be unscented. Flowers with generalist pollinators tend to have dilute nectar but those that have specialist pollinators such as hummingbirds or sunbirds tend to have more concentrated nectar. The nectar of ornithophilous flowers vary in the sugar composition, with hexoses being high in passerine pollinated species while those that are insect pollinated tend to be sucrose rich. Hummingbird pollinated flowers however tend to be sucrose rich.
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She used the expression "pollinated" when announcing on Twitter that she updated her blog.
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Tailed spider orchid is thought to be pollinated by the thynnid wasp, Lophocheilus villosus.
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Clitoria is a genus of mainly tropical and subtropical, insect-pollinated flowering pea vines.
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Male and female flowers are on separate plants and, like grasses, are wind-pollinated.
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Maturity in February or March. Cold hardiness -2 °C / 3 °C. Open pollinated seedling.
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The palm is pollinated by beetles, and various organisms eat its seeds or seedlings.
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As poppies are not wind-pollinated, their pollen poses no allergy risk via inhalation.
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C. esculentus is wind pollinated and requires cross pollination as it is self–incompatible.
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About 9% of the flowers of the world are primarily pollinated using buzz pollination.
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In the neotropics (Americas), most species are pollinated by resin-collecting female bees, including euglossine bees and Hypanthidium of the Megachilidae, which use resin in nest construction. About a dozen neotropical species (including D. spathulata, shown below) are pollinated by fragrance-collecting male euglossine bees, which use these fragrances to attract females for mating. There are at least three independent pollination shifts from pollination by female resin- collecting bees to pollination by male fragrance-collecting bees. African and Asian species are also pollinated by resin-collecting megachilid bees, but Malagasy species are pollinated by pollen-feeding beetles and pollen- collecting bees.
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Tangmitcharoen, S. and J. N. Owens. 1996. Floral biology, pollination, pistil receptivity, and pollen tube growth of teak (Tectona grandis Linn f.). Annals of Botany, 79(3): 227–241. The flowers are primarily entomophilous (insect pollinated), but can occasionally be anemophilous (wind pollinated).
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This species is pollinated by pollen-feeding beetles and flies and by nectar- feeding flies.
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The flowers are pollinated by many bee species and by wasps of the genus Ammoplanus.
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Several flowers are pollinated by mosquitoes, including some members of the Asteraceae, Roseaceae and Orchidaceae.
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Plants in the genus Schizanthus are entomophilous, that is, they require that their pollen is transported from plant to plant by insects. The majority of Schizanthus species are pollinated by hymenoptera (bees, bumblebees and wasps of the genera Alloscirtetica, Bombus, and Megachile, among others). However, the species with white flowers (S. candidus, S. integrifolius and S. lacteus) are pollinated by moths, and Schizanthus grahamii is pollinated by hummingbirds (such as, for example, Oreotrochilus leucopleurus).
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Legumes can either be self-pollinated or cross-pollinated. Some tropical legumes that are closely self-pollinated are: Macroptilium atropurpureum 'Siratro', Macroptilum lathyroides, Centrosema pubescens, Neonotonia wightii, and Lotononis bainesii. However, the autogamous annual Stylosanthes humilis proved otherwise by adapting in response to changing conditions during an experiment, and was found to be composed of several genotypes showing heterogeneity. Two legumes used for pasture with cross-pollination are: Desmodium intortum and Desmodium uncinatum.
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The evolution of Ekmanianthe is in some ways parallel to that of the Asian tribe Oroxyleae. The bat-pollinated Oroxylum has actinomorphic flowers with five fertile stamens. The hawkmoth-pollinated Nyctocalos has elongate flowers and most of the species have only four fertile stamens.
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Scott River darwinia is killed by fire but regenerates from seed. It is pollinated by birds.
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The flowers are insect pollinated and open widely on hot days. Flowering occurs June to August.
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Popular examples of open-pollinated plants include heirloom tomatoes, beans, peas, and many other garden vegetables.
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Scarlet kunzea is pollinated by honeyeaters and mammals which are attracted to its large red flowers.
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Flowering occurs from September to November. The flowers are insect pollinated and open on warm days.
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The flowers of ivy are pollinated by Hymenoptera and are particularly attractive to the common wasp.
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Additions to neotropical Chrysobalanaceae. Brittonia 28(2): 209–230 The flowers are mainly pollinated by butterflies.
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The newly described Vietnamese species A. phanluongii is probably pollinated by flies of the genus Megaselia.
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It may be resistant to white ant attacks, and is pollinated by various species of bats.
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"Open pollinated" generally refers to seeds that will "breed true". When the plants of an open-pollinated variety self-pollinate, or are pollinated by another representative of the same variety, the resulting seeds will produce plants roughly identical to their parents. This is in contrast to the seeds produced by plants that are the result of a recent cross (such as, but not confined to, an F1 hybrid), which are likely to show a wide variety of differing characteristics. Open-pollinated varieties are also often referred to as standard varieties or, when the seeds have been saved across generations or across several decades, heirloom varieties.
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See also pp. 5–6 regarding whether Linnaeus or Murray is the correct authority for the binomial name Durian flowers are large and feathery with copious nectar, and give off a heavy, sour, and buttery odour. These features are typical of flowers pollinated by certain species of bats that eat nectar and pollen. According to research conducted in Malaysia in the 1970s, durians were pollinated almost exclusively by cave fruit bats (Eonycteris spelaea); however, a 1996 study indicated two species, D. grandiflorus and D. oblongus, were pollinated by spiderhunters (Nectariniidae) and another species, D. kutejensis, was pollinated by giant honey bees and birds as well as bats.
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With the decline in honeybees there has been concern about how certain plants will continue to get pollinated. In a study of different bee species visiting apple orchards across New York, it was found that L. cressonii were among the bees who pollinated apples in apple orchards.
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Astragalus gummifer, produces hermaphroditic flowers (containing male and female organs), which are pollinated by bees and Lepidoptera.
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The flowers are hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs) and are pollinated by moths and butterflies.
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The ovary is superior. The flowers are pollinated by insects or birds (e.g. hummingbirds, as in Castilleja).
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Nectar reward and advertisement in hummingbird- pollinated Silene virginica (Caryophyllaceae). American Journal of Botany. 2006;93:1800-1807.
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Generally, most Oncocyclus irises (including I. hermona) are pollinated by night-sheltering male bees (male eucerine bees).
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The flowers are purple with darker streaks.Physostegia correllii. The Nature Conservancy. The flowers are pollinated by bumblebees.
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Pollinated ovaries ripen into 4–5 millimeter (– in.) dehiscent seed capsules containing numerous 1 millimeter long seeds.
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Flowers are hexamerous, tubular, whitish and odoriferous, pollinated by relatively specialized vectors as large bees and hawkmoths.
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Most Scaphyglottis are pollinated by insects; nearly all species produce nectar which accumulates in the nectary formed by the base of the lip and the bottom of the column. The two species of Hexisea are possibly also pollinated by hummingbirds, which are especially known to visit red flowers.
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Flowers are odorless. Each flower lasts a few days and if pollinated produce capsules with many thin seeds.
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The Sweet Sixteen is not self-fertile, and may be pollinated by a variety of other apple cultivars.
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The flowers are hermaphrodite and mainly pollinated by Hymenoptera. Fruits are glabrous, usually with 6-9 transverse ridges.
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"Cyan" + "caul" means "blue" + "stem", referring to the stem color. It is pollinated by bees and other insects.
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About 7000 neotropical plant species are hummingbird-pollinated in contrast to about 129 species of North American plants that have evolved ornithophilous associations. Nearly a fourth of the 900 species of the genus Salvia are bird- pollinated in Central and South America and a few also occur in South Africa. Tropical China and the adjacent Indochinese countries harbor relatively few bird-pollinated flowers, among them is Rhodoleia championii, a member of the family Hamamelidaceae, which at any one site can be visited and pollinated by up to seven species of nectar-foraging birds, including Japanese white-eyes (Zosterops japonicus, Zosteropidae) and fork-tailed sunbirds (Aethopyga christinae, Nectariniidae). Hummingbirds and ornithophilic flowers have a symbiotic relationship.
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Although observations of pollinators are limited, Elisens suggests that most Mabrya species are pollinated by hummingbirds; other possible pollinators are long-tongued bees. The nectar composition of most species resembles that of related species known to be hummingbird- pollinated, being high in sucrose and low in glucose compared to fructose.
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Most often they are pollinated by birds or insects, with a few species pollinated by wind. Ripe fruits may be fleshy or dry. They may be nuts, berries, drupes, schizocarps, capsules (Bridgesia), or samaras (Acer). The embryos are bent or coiled, without endosperm in the seed, and frequently with an aril.
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Lophospermum scandens is pollinated by hummingbirds. It shows characteristic adaptations to this mode of pollination, having long- tubed flowers in shades of red with open throats. The nectar produced by the flowers is typical of those pollinated by hummingbirds, being high in sucrose and low in glucose relative to fructose.
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Dalea foliosa. Illinois Wildflowers. The flowers are pollinated by bumblebees.Edwards, A. L., B. Wiltshire, and D. L. Nickrent. (2004).
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Pinguicula primuliflora has 5-petaled zygomorphic flowers. The plant is self-fertile, but must be pollinated to be fertilized.
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The flowers have an odor similar to excrement and are pollinated by flies. It has a shallow root system.
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The pollen of Annona foetida is shed as permanent tetrads. It is pollinated by the scarab beetle Cyciocephala undata.
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Flowers, pollinated by moths of the genus Tegeticula, bloom typically in April. The plant produces sweet, pulpy, oblong fruits.
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Maurandya antirrhiniflora and M. barclayana are known to be pollinated by long-tongued bees, defined as those with tongues more than long. Species pollinated in this way typically have white, blue or violet flowers with floral tubes around long. The pollinator of M. wislizeni is unknown, but its flower colour and shape are similar, suggesting it too is pollinated by long-tongued bees. M. scandens has flowers of a similar size and shape, but of a reddish-pink colour, normally associated with pollination by hummingbirds.
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Trichotomosulcate pollen, on the other hand, has three furrows. The outer layer of the pollen is covered to a greater or lesser extent with ridges, spines or warts. This "sculpting" tends to be more pronounced in species that are fly-pollinated and less pronounced in those that are pollinated by beetles or bees.
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As an annual, it grows up to 0.5 m in height. It is pollinated by wind and is self-fertile.
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It flowers hermaphroditic flowers in June–July that are pollinated by bees. Otherwise new plants can be raised from seed.
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Trees can produce 5000 seeds per year, predominantly in July and August. The species is believed to be wind pollinated.
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The pods break into two to five segments and contain pale brown seeds about long. The flowers are insect pollinated and wind pollinated. The seeds have hard seed coats which restrict germination and make osmotic pressure and soil acidity less significant hindrances. High temperatures are the main stimuli that cause the seeds to end dormancy.
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Female wasps generally lay their eggs in the short-styled flowers, while longer- styled flowers were more likely to be pollinated. The eggs hatch and the larvae parasitise the flowers in which they were laid. Pollinated flowers which have not been parasitised give rise to seeds. Male wasps mature and emerge before the females.
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Prasophyllum species are mycotrophic, requiring symbiotic fungi for seed germination. The main fungus is Ceratobasidium cornigerum. Many Western Australian species only flower after summer fires and in other years only produce leaves. Most flowers are strongly scented, produce nectar and are pollinated by insects but a few appear able to self-pollinated if not visited.
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Oxford University Press. published on the Internet The absence of such substances on the densely pubescent surface of most Bifrenaria labelli seems to indicate possible pollination by large bees as the major mean. Another indicator of this possibility is the strong smell emanated by species like B. tetragona which are similar to those of plants in other families which are also pollinated by these bees. The smaller pubescent species may be pollinated by smaller bees, while the smooth ones, which have strong colored flowers, as B. aureofulva, might be pollinated by hummingbirds.
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The majority of species are spring-flowering. Lily beetles (scarlet lily beetle, Lilioceris lilii and Lilioceris chodjaii) feed on fritillaries, and may become a pest where these plants are grown in gardens or commercially. Fritillaria are entomophilous (insect pollinated). Those species with large nectaries (4–12 x 1–4 mm) and have more fructose than glucose in the nectar are most commonly pollinated by wasps, while those with smaller nectaries (2–10 x 1–2 mm) and a more balanced nectar composition are most commonly pollinated by bumblebees.
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Tree with ripe fruitsThe nectar-rich flowers of Hymenaea stiginocarpa open at night and are pollinated by several bat species, among which are the mostly fruit-eating Platyrhinus lineatus and Carollia perspicilata and the nectar specialist Glossophaga soricina. Hawkmoths also frequent the flowers, but seem ineffective in pollinating them. Self-pollinated seeds do not fully mature. Although the flower’s own pollen grains grow tubes and fertilise ovules as successfully as pollen from a different specimen, after seven or eight days the self-pollinated fruits fall from the tree.
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Flowers are also pollinated by birds and must be large and colorful to be visible against natural scenery. In New Zealand, such bird–pollinated native plants include: kowhai (Sophora species), flax (Phormium tenax) and kaka beak (Clianthus puniceus). Flowers adapt the mechanism on their petals to change colour in acting as a communicative mechanism for the bird to visit. An example is the tree fuchsia (Fuchsia excorticata) which are green when needing to be pollinated and turn red for the birds to stop coming and pollinating the flower.
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Some, but not all, cinquefoils are insect-pollinated, producing nectar that lures bees, hoverflies, muscid flies, butterflies, true bugs, and ants.
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It is pollinated by bees and other flying insects. It is occasionally cultivated and ploughed into fields as a 'green manure'.
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A 1980 field study at Cheyne beach showed it to be pollinated by the New Holland honeyeater and white-cheeked honeyeater.
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The flowers are hermaphrodite and pollinated by insects and cleistogamy; they appear from May to June. The plant is self-fertile.
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The tassels of the second variety were removed by hand so that the second variety could be pollinated by the first.
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Figs have an obligate mutualism with fig wasps, (Agaonidae); figs are only pollinated by fig wasps, and fig wasps can only reproduce in fig flowers. Generally, each fig species depends on a single species of wasp for pollination. The wasps are similarly dependent on their fig species in order to reproduce. Ficus aurea is pollinated by Pegoscapus mexicanus (Ashmead).
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Zygopetalum maculatum has a long inflorescence with eight to twelve fragrant flowers. The flowers are wide, and are green with red-brown markings with a white lip marked with violet. Successfully pollinated flowers close slightly to indicate pollination. Pollinated flowers remain healthy and colorful for up to three months, but unpollinated flowers wilt after one month.
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The Melastomataceae is a large tropical plant family characterized by buzz pollination. Like other members of the family, it appears that flowers of Rhexia species are buzz pollinated. For example, Rhexia virginica is buzz pollinated by bumblebees and shows two representative features of the buzz pollination syndrome; bright yellow anthers and flower color changes after anthesis.
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After about a week, the female blossoms begin to open too. Each of the female blossoms has a tiny fruit at its base. This fruit can only develop if the female blossom is pollinated. In nature, this is usually done by a moth, since the flowers bloom at dusk, though many gourds are now pollinated by hand.
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Pollinating insects, including honey bees and many other insects, are a necessary element when growing most crops (though cereal grain crops are wind-pollinated). By maintaining a constant supply of nectar in areas adjacent to a field or vegetable garden throughout the growing season, farmers and gardeners ensure that their crops can be pollinated when they flower.
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Flowering occurs in September and October. Caladenia reticulata is similar and C. valida was originally described as a variety of it but is a larger, taller orchid with more stiffly spreading sepals and petals and is pollinated by different species of thynnid wasp - C. reticulata is pollinated by Phymatothynnus victor and C. valida by Phymatothynnus pygidialis.
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In the wild, pineapples are pollinated primarily by hummingbirds. Certain wild pineapples are foraged and pollinated at night by bats. Under cultivation, because seed development diminishes fruit quality, pollination is performed by hand, and seeds are retained only for breeding. In Hawaii, where pineapples were cultivated and canned industrially throughout the 20th century, importation of hummingbirds was prohibited.
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Lophospermum erubescens is pollinated by hummingbirds. Its flowers show characteristic adaptations to this mode of pollination, having sturdy, long-tubed pink to red flowers with open throats, that are more-or-less radially symmetrical. The nectar produced by the flowers is also typical of those pollinated by hummingbirds, being high in sucrose and low in glucose relative to fructose.
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American Naturalist 159: S51–S60. It has recently been discovered that cycads, which are not flowering plants, are also pollinated by insects.
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The flowers are greenish and wind-pollinated; they are produced in clusters among the apical leaves. The seed is a small nutlet.
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Vanhouttea is a genus of flowering plants in the African violet family Gesneriaceae, native to southeast Brazil. They are pollinated by hummingbirds.
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In this way, D. cucullaria is pollinated as the bees move from plant to plant, and the bumblebee meets its dietary needs.
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Malvaviscus palmanus is in height. Like several other species in its genus, it has large red flowers, which are pollinated by hummingbirds.
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They are a member of the family Malvaceae, also known as the mallow family. The species is pollinated by bees, especially bumblebees.
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According to a study published in 2018, A. elatior appears to be mainly pollinated by fungus gnats (Cordyla sixi and Bradysia spp.).
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Caladenia abbreviata attracts its pollinator via sexual deception. It is pollinated by an undescribed species of thynnine wasp from the genus Rhytidothynnus.
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However, the yellow flowers, sweet smell, and low protein concentration of the nectar, suggests it is pollinated by insects and/or birds.
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This species is probably pollinated through outcrossing and is probably self-incompatible. Insects are the most likely pollinators. Wilkesia die after flowering.
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The pollinated flowers then develop a globose berry as a fruit. These can be red, orange-red, white, white and yellow, or blue.
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The flowers are wind-pollinated catkins, produced in early spring.Nelson Sutherland, C.H. (2008). Catálogo de las plantes vasculares de Honduras. Espermatofitas: 1-1576.
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The flowers are pollinated by bees. It produces good quantities of nectar and pollen. It makes a good honey plant.Raig, H., et al.
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In the wild, A. coronaria is winter flowering and cross pollinated by bees, flies and beetles, which can carry pollen over long distances.
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74% of all globally produced lipids are found in oils from plants that are animal pollinated, as well as 98% of vitamin C.
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For example, the baobab is pollinated by fruit bats and starts blooming in late afternoon; the flowers are dead within twenty-four hours.
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Plants of the Hamamelidaceae have sticky pollen, which may have influenced the type of pollination that is seen in this family. Pollination is predominantly via insects or wind. However, the insect-pollinated genus Disanthus has been known to wind-pollinate (although inefficiently) in the event pollinators do not visit its flowers. The genus Rhodoleia is unique because it is bird-pollinated.
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Seed from Madagascar were taken to Tahiti in 1848 by the French Admiral Ferdinand-Alphonse Hamelin, and it was this foundation stock that is now cultivated as Vanilla tahitensis in French Polynesia. In Mexico, it is pollinated by a specific species of bee, so when grown elsewhere, the flowers need to be pollinated by hand in order for the pods to develop.
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Flowers have higher fruit production when cross-pollinated although they are not self-incompatible and can produce low numbers of fruit when self-pollinated. One study of microsatellite loci showed low levels of polymorphism and low genetic diversity within populations, while another study found that populations of T. papyrus are highly differentiated with little to no gene flow between populations.
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Plants that rely on buzz pollination have a unique anther shape compared to other flora. In buzz pollinated plants, this process can only happen if pollinators visit the flowers to extract pollen. Only a few insect species are able to pollinate these plants. The flower morphology of buzz pollinated plants is different from other flora that do not use this type of pollination.
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Aiphanes eggersii was thought to be pollinated by bees and possibly by wind. Fruit flies (Drosophilidae), hover flies (Syrphidae), biting midges (Ceratopogonidae) and leaf beetles (Chrysomelidae) were recorded visiting the flowers of A. erinacea, but bees were not. Aiphanes horrida was reportedly pollinated by wind, bees (Meliponidae), weevils (Curculionidae) and bugs (Hemiptera). Flies and weevils were observed on the flowers of A. simplex.
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Some Pterostylis orchids are pollinated by midges unique to each species. A decline, for whatever reason, to one side of this partnership can be catastrophic for the other. Flowers pollinated by bees and wasps vary in shape, colour and size. Yellow or blue plants are often visited, and flowers may have ultra-violet nectar guides, that help the insect to find the nectary.
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It is predominantly a wind-pollinated plant but shows significantly increased grain yields when bee-pollinated, almost double the final yield but the effect is cultivar-dependent. It is currently grown with high levels of nitrogen-containing fertilisers, and the manufacture of these generates N2O. An estimated 3-5% of nitrogen provided as fertilizer for rapeseed is converted to N2O.
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Seeds have a fleshy coat and color that ranges from red to orange (except Liriodendron). Magnoliaceae flowers are beetle pollinated, except for Liriodendron, which is bee pollinated. The carpels of Magnolia flowers are especially thick to avoid damage by beetles that land, crawl, and feast on them. The seeds of Magnolioideae are bird- dispersed, while the seeds of Liriodendron are wind-dispersed.
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If there are inadequate bees for pollination, gardeners often have to hand pollinate. Inadequately pollinated pumpkins usually start growing but abort before full development.
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They are fragrant in the evenings and are said to have a scent like cloves.Flora of North America They are pollinated by geometrid moths.
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The other group has bright orange or red hypocyrtoid (inflated corolla tube with very small opening) flowers and are apparently pollinated mainly by hummingbirds.
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In Missouri, it flowers from May to August; in Minnesota, from June to October. The flowers are pollinated by bees, but can self-pollinate.
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Iris fulva (like Iris brevicaulis) is primary pollinated by hummingbirds looking for nectar, mainly the ruby-throated hummingbird (Archilochus colubris). It also attracts butterflies.
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They possibly are pollinated by bees.Hoehne, Frederico C. (1940). Introduction in Flora Brasílica, Vol 12-1: 37-8. Secretaria de Agricultura de São Paulo.
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Q. douglasii is monoecious and wind-pollinated. Flower buds take a growing season to develop into catkins. PollenLibrary.com describes blue oak pollen as severely allergenic.
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The bloom period is June through August. They are insect- pollinated. Small seeds are produced in tiny, dry capsules. They are dispersed by the wind.
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Spiranthes are primarily pollinated by bumblebees, however other bee genera also pollinate various species, including halictid bees, and honey bees (particularly in Europe and Asia).
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Eremophila denticulata is pollinated by birds. Subspecies trisulcata becomes rare in its range when not disturbed. After fire, the number of individual plants increases dramatically.
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Erythrina speciosa is a tree native to Brazil, which is often cultivated and has introduced populations in Africa and India. It is pollinated by hummingbirds.
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Ophrys speculum, the mirror orchid, is a species of Ophrys distributed throughout the Mediterranean that is pollinated exclusively by a single species of scoliid wasp.
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The species is tall and wide. The flowers bloom from June to July which are dioecious and bisexual. They are being pollinated by various flies.
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Sapranthus is a genus of flowering woody plants in the family Annonaceae. Their flowers are pollinated by flies, and smell accordingly like decaying organic matter.
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Detasseling corn (maize) plants from one variety in a field where two varieties are planted. The male flowers are removed so that all seeds are hybrids sired from the second variety. "Open pollination" and "open pollinated" refer to a variety of concepts in the context of the sexual reproduction of plants. Generally speaking, the term refers to plants pollinated naturally by birds, insects, wind, or human hands.
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Frankenia pauciflora does not have a set flowering time, flowering throughout the year but particularly between the months of June and February, and can produce seeds at any time during the year. The flowers of Frankenia pauciflora are insect-pollinated to produce dicotyledon seeds. In particular, the flower of F. p. var gunnii are pollinated by insects in the order Diptera, Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera.
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The flowers open at dusk and are probably pollinated by sphingid moths. Other members of the genus are pollinated by bats but this seems unlikely for Ceiba chodatii as the flowers produce little nectar. Humming birds also visit the flowers but do not touch the anthers or stigma. Self-pollination does not occur in this species because of a late-acting form of self-incompatibility.
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The flowers of Lathyrus niger are pollinated by bees and smaller insects are unable to make their way to the nectar source. The young flowers are red and visited by bees but when they have been pollinated they turn blue and stop producing nectar so the bees go elsewhere. The plant becomes black as the foliage withers at the end of the growing season.
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Individuals do not typically reproduce until they have a trunk diameter of 30 cm. Once mature, the trees produce flowers each year, but not all females produce fruit each year. Their flower morphology is typical of being pollinated by generalist small insects such as bees and moths. It has been reported to be pollinated by non-sphingid moths, but other authors have questioned whether this is correct.
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Figs have an obligate mutualism with fig wasp (Agaonidae); figs are only pollinated by fig wasps, and fig wasps can only reproduce in fig flowers. Generally, each fig species depends on a single species of wasp for pollination. The wasps are similarly dependent on their fig species in order to reproduce. Figs in section Americana of subgenus Urostigma are pollinated by wasps in the genus Pegoscapus.
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Washington DC. Other species of this genus are a major component of Southwestern Amazonian moist forests. This genus contains several species that are pollinated by mammals other than bats, which is quite rare indeed. But most species are more conventionally pollinated by insects or birds. Typhlodromus combretum, a mite of the family Phytoseiidae, was discovered on a bushwillow plant and is named after this genus.
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Figs have an obligate mutualism with fig wasps, (Agaonidae); figs are pollinated only by fig wasps, and fig wasps can reproduce only in fig flowers. Generally, each fig species depends on a single species of wasp for pollination. The wasps are similarly dependent on their fig species to reproduce. F. pleurocarpa is pollinated by two species of fig wasp—Pleistodontes regalis and P. deuterus.
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The kneeling hammer orchid is similar to other hammer orchids in that it is pollinated by a single species of male thynnid wasp using sexual deception. The orchid's labellum is similar in shape and scent to a flightless female thynnid wasp. The kneeling hammer orchid often grows in the same areas as other hammer orchids which are pollinated by a different species of thynnid wasp.
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Oz Clarke Encyclopedia of Grapes pg 112 Harcourt Books 2001 Dameron is another result of the same cross, whereas a cross with Pinot fin teinturier produced Romorantin. It produced Räuschling, Petit Meslier and Aubin when pollinated by Traminer/Savagnin, and Riesling and Elbling when pollinated by a cross of a wild grape with Traminer. When pollinated by Chenin blanc it produced Colombard, Balzac blanc and Meslier Saint François, and with Bastardo (Tressot) it produced Genouillet. Despite Gouais blanc having the synonym Enfarine blanc, the Jura wine grape Enfariné noir (which is also known as Gouais noir) is not a color mutation of Gouais blanc.
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Other hummingbird-pollinated genera include Cleistocactus and Disocactus. Bat-pollination is relatively uncommon in flowering plants, but about a quarter of the genera of cacti are known to be pollinated by bats—an unusually high proportion, exceeded among eudicots by only two other families, both with very few genera. Columnar cacti growing in semidesert areas are among those most likely to be bat-pollinated; this may be because bats are able to travel considerable distances, so are effective pollinators of plants growing widely separated from one another. The pollination syndrome associated with bats includes a tendency for flowers to open in the evening and at night, when bats are active.
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A lesser violetear Inflorescences of Butea allow birds to perch on the stalk Plant adaptations for ornithophily can be grouped primarily into those that attract and facilitate pollen transfer by birds, and those that exclude other groups, primarily insects, protecting against 'theft' of nectar and pollen. The ovules of bird flowers also tend to have adaptations that protect them from damage during vigorous foraging by hard bird bills. The flowers of generalist bird-pollinated plant species differ from those pollinated by specialized birds, such as hummingbirds or sunbirds by lacking long corolla tubes and having brush-like, exserted stamens. Most bird pollinated flowers are red and have a lot of nectar.
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Hungary is notable for producing Robinia pseudoacacia flower honey, while other flowers pollinated include the Silkweed flower. Other Hungarian honey comes from sunflowers, and fruit trees.
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Typical habitat is in chert or shale talus at the edge of chaparral or within chaparral gaps. As its flowers would suggest, it is hummingbird pollinated.
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Bellonia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Gesneriaceae, native to Cuba and Hispaniola. They have floral characters suggesting that they are buzz pollinated.
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Most species of Corunastylis are pollinated by small vinegar flies attracted by the scent produced by glands on the flowers, but a few are self-pollinating.
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Retrieved on January 2, 2007. Pollinated ovaries ripen into 2–3.7 millimeter (– in.) dehiscent seed capsules containing numerous 0.8–1 millimeter long, 2 millimeter wide seeds.
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The flowers are pollinated by insects, particularly bees, and the plant reproduces by seed.Thorpe, A.S. and T.N. Kaye. 2008. Astragalus tyghensis: actual vs. predicted population sizes.
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The flowers are pollinated by native bees.Jepson Manual Treatment of Agnorhiza reticulata The fruit is an achene a few millimeters long which usually lacks a pappus.
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The florets are cross-pollinated by the wind. Florets drop individually.leaving behind the glumes. The fruit (grains) are 1.6-1.9 mm long, from amber to brown.
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This orchid is a myrmecophyte and is pollinated by a male bull-ant (Myrmecia urens, Family Formicidae) when the ant attempts to copulate with the labellum.
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The flowers of Darwinia virescens (and of Darwinia sanguinea) are held at ground level and there is speculation that this suggests that they are pollinated by mammals.
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This plant is pollinated by insects entomophily, especially bees. The flowering period extends from April through May. The fruit is a pentagonal capsule, 5–7 mm long.
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Lemonwood is pollinated by both insects and birds, the seeds are bird dispersed. The seeds of the lemonwood germinate quickly and will become seedlings within a month.
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Publisher, Fernand Lanore, 1995. it can be found in Haiti (Massif de la Hotte, Massif de la Selle). The flowers are pollinated by bats.C.J. Baker et al.
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This species is a perennial herb bearing pendulous, bell- shaped flowers with five-lobed violet corollas. The flowers are pollinated by bees.Chung, M. G., et al. (2001).
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The tree is wind- pollinated and reproduces by seed. Seed production is much heavier in some years than in others. The tree's lifespan is around 50 years.
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Platanthera may be distinguished from Orchis and Habenaria by the absence of stigmatic processes, and the absence of ovoid roots. Some Platanthera species are pollinated by mosquitoes.
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A. atrocoronatus is parasitic on various hosts including Vitaceae (the wine- grape family), is bird pollinated, and found in grassland and at the edges of montane forest.
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Legendre, L. Pollination of Pinguicula flowers. Retrieved on January 2, 2007. Pollinated ovaries ripen into 5 millimeter ( in.) dehiscent seed capsules containing numerous 1 millimeter long seeds.
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This perennial herbaceous plant is hermaphrodite. It blooms from June to July and it is pollinated by insects (entomophily), where as seeds are disseminated by the animals.
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The flowers are visited by bees and wasps and contained micromoth larvae; they are believed to be pollinated by bees, with a possible contribution from the wind.
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Dates are naturally wind pollinated, but in both traditional oasis horticulture and in the modern commercial orchards they are entirely pollinated manually. Natural pollination occurs with about an equal number of male and female plants. However, with assistance, one male can pollinate up to 100 females. Since the males are of value only as pollinators, this allows the growers to use their resources for many more fruit-producing female plants.
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About 42% of flowering plants exhibit a mixed mating system in nature. In the most common kind of system, individual plants produce a single flower type and fruits may contain self-pollinated, out-crossed or a mixture of progeny types. Another mixed mating system is referred to as dimorphic cleistogamy. In this system a single plant produces both open, potentially out-crossed and closed, obligately self-pollinated cleistogamous flowers.
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The plant is pollinated by flies, potentially including the species Pegoplata juvenilis. It has been speculated that unspecialized insects have pollinated the orchid. The North American Orchid Center has stated that it is possible for insects with either long legs or mouthparts to pollinate its flowers. Threats to the orchid include flooding caused by beavers, swamp habitat being drained, and insecticides that kill the flies which pollinate the plant.
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The Podalyrieae arose 30.5 ± 2.6 million years ago (in the Oligocene) in the fynbos (Cape Floristic Region) of South Africa and is still mostly found there. All members of the tribe exhibit either nonsprouting or sprouting fire survival strategies. Many species are pollinated by insects, especially carpenter bees, while others are pollinated by sunbirds or rodents. The members of this tribe consistently form a monophyletic clade in molecular phylogenetic analyses.
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Crocanthemum is a genus of flowering plants in the family Cistaceae. They are native to both North and South America where they are widespread. Crocanthemum are herbaceous perennials or subshrubs with alternate leaves. With the exception of species in California, they generally produce two types of flowers: showy, yellow chasmogamous (cross-pollinated) produced earlier in the growing season, followed by cleistogamous (self-pollinated) flowers that are smaller and lack petals.
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Detail of a male flowering catkin on a willow (Salix sp.) A catkin or ament is a slim, cylindrical flower cluster (a spike), with inconspicuous or no petals, usually wind-pollinated (anemophilous) but sometimes insect-pollinated (as in Salix). They contain many, usually unisexual flowers, arranged closely along a central stem that is often drooping. They are found in many plant families, including Betulaceae, Fagaceae, Moraceae, and Salicaceae.
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Rhipsalis quellebambensis can be pollinated by hummingbirds that can also give the plants mites that damage the plant. This results in only a few flowers having nectar and ready for pollination each night. If pollinated, a fleshy red fruit then develops that houses multiple small black seeds. In order for the seeds to germinate though, the fruit must become overly ripe and can not be ingested by an animal.
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It can be pollinated by bees. It can also be propagated by division (of the rhizomes), or by seed growing. Growing by seeds gives a more reliable results.
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Much of the pollen collected will become part of the provisions in the nest, but many stigmas of plants are pollinated while foragers are collecting what they need.
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As soon as the flower is pollinated, it closes within 90 minutes and begins to wither. The flower is a favorite stop for local bees, the main pollinators.
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It is self-pollinated plant which seeds attract various animals and birds. The sticky seeds are easily distributed by animals and humans, easily adhering to fur and clothing.
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Flowers are bird-pollinated in the wild. The fruit is a legume, about 5 centimetres long, and each yields 50 or more flat, kidney- shaped seeds at maturity.
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The perianth is conical and has three teeth. The hermaphrodite flowers are wind- pollinated, and the fruit is small, has a membranous pericarp, and contains a single seed.
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Epicephala lanceolaria is a leafflower moth of the family Gracillariidae. The only known host of the larva is Glochidion lanceolarium which is pollinated by the imago (flying moth).
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The flowers are pollinated by bees. The seeds are eaten by buprestid beetles and small Hymenoptera species. Caterpillars of the dalcerid moth Dalcera abrasa feed on Quaela parviflora.
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Dwelly Gaelic Dictionary (1911)] The plant bears fleshy stems, kidney-shaped leaves, and attractive morning glory flowers with corollas delicate pink to vivid lavender. They are insect-pollinated.
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After these flowers are produced and pollinated, black and purple fruits will appear. These fruits are fleshy, 0.7–2 cm in diameter, and only come in the summer.
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Fly on flowers Eucomis bicolor is primarily pollinated by flies, including blowflies, house flies and flesh flies, attracted by the sulphur compounds in the scent of the flowers.
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It is pollinated by insects and is self-incompatible. It is rare, with only dozens of populations known, and has been extirpated from several states due to habitat destruction.
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Rumex aquaticus is a hermaphrodite (both male and female) and is pollinated by wind. The seeds require a moist environment for germination but cannot germinate if submerged in water.
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The plant can vary in appearance, particularly across subspecies. At least one subspecies is pollinated by the similarly distressed bee Emphoropsis miserabilis.USFWS. E. menziesii Five-year Review. June 2008.
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It is now pollinated by the introduced hawk moth Daphnis nerii. Some individuals have been cultivated and planted in the habitat.USFWS. Brighamia rockii Five Year Review. January 18, 2008.
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Hoodia juttae is best grown in mineral, acidic substrates. The plant is best grown from seed or grafting of cuttings. The plant can be hand-pollinated to generate seeds.
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Each flower is borne on a long stalk. The five obovate petals are lilac to violet. Flowering occurs from June through August. The flowers are entomophilous, pollinated by insects.
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The flowers are hermaphrodite and pollinated by insects (entomogamy). The flowering period extends from May through October. The fruits are globose and pubescent capsules with 2–4 brownish seeds.
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It is pollinated by beetles and birds. The adult plant is able to survive the periodic wildfires that burn through its habitat by re-sprouting from the underground bole.
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They are white or pinkish and are insect pollinated. The flowers mature to small ( in diameter) capsules bearing the seeds of the plant, which are dispersed by the wind.
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The pollen of Asimina reticulata is shed as permanent tetrads. It is pollinated by the dark flower scarab beetle Euphoria sepulcralis and the hairy flower scarab beetle Trichiotinus rufobrunneus.
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Flowers are usually grouped in cymes (e.g. in Geranium), umbels (e.g. in Pelargonium) or, more rarely, spikes. Geraniaceae are normally pollinated by insects, but self-pollination is not uncommon.
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The flowers are yellow and can grow to be larger than the leaves themselves. A seed pod will form from the center of the flower if it is pollinated.
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An Israeli Copper Flower-Chafer (Protaetia cuprea ignicollis) on a crown daisy (Glebionis coronaria) Beetle-pollinated flowers are usually large, greenish or off-white in color, and heavily scented. Scents may be spicy, fruity, or similar to decaying organic material. Beetles were most likely the first insects to pollinate flowers. Most beetle-pollinated flowers are flattened or dish-shaped, with pollen easily accessible, although they may include traps to keep the beetle longer.
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For example, a Hawaiian vine (Freycinetia arborea) was pollinated in the nineteenth century by four species of birds. These bird species are all now either locally endangered or extinct. Despite this, F. arborea continues to survive in reasonable abundance, but is now mainly pollinated by the recently introduced white-eye (Zosterops japonica) (Cox and Elmqvist 2000). In this case, conservation of the mutualism was not required to maintain the F. arborea population.
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Dogfennel thrives on roadsides, in fields and reduced tillage crops, as well as areas that have burned or otherwise been disturbed. It is found in the early to middle (seral) stages of ecological succession. It is native to the southern and eastern United States, from Massachusetts south to Florida, and west to Missouri and Texas, and also Cuba and the Bahamas. Unlike insect-pollinated plants in this genus, E. capillifolium is wind-pollinated.
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Conversely, genera such as Rosa and Phaseolus have well-distinguished sepals and petals. When the undifferentiated tepals resemble petals, they are referred to as "petaloid", as in petaloid monocots, orders of monocots with brightly coloured tepals. Since they include Liliales, an alternative name is lilioid monocots. Although petals are usually the most conspicuous parts of animal-pollinated flowers, wind-pollinated species, such as the grasses, either have very small petals or lack them entirely (apetalous).
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One flower in particular, Rhizanthella gardneri, is regularly pollinated by foraging workers, and it is perhaps the only Orchidaceae flower in the world to be pollinated by termites. Many plants have developed effective defences against termites. However, seedlings are vulnerable to termite attacks and need additional protection, as their defence mechanisms only develop when they have passed the seedling stage. Defence is typically achieved by secreting antifeedant chemicals into the woody cell walls.
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Many violets form relationships with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, and in the case of the zinc violets, this allows them to tolerate such highly contaminated soils. Flowering is often profuse, and may last for much of the spring and summer. Viola are most often spring- blooming with chasmogamous flowers that have well developed petals pollinated by insects. Many species also produce self-pollinated cleistogamous flowers in summer and autumn that do not open and lack petals.
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It is a form of self-fertilization. In flowering plants, pollen is transferred from a flower to another flower on the same plant, and in animal pollinated systems this is accomplished by a pollinator visiting multiple flowers on the same plant. Geitonogamy is also possible within species that are wind-pollinated, and may actually be a quite common source of self-fertilized seeds in self-compatible species. It also occurs in monoecious gymnosperms.
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However, an infected ovule is a more important factor for the spread of this disease. The disease is more likely to spread when an infected ovule produces progeny with infected pollen, with a 70% transmission rate. When an infected ovule is pollinated by an uninfected pollen there is only about a 66% transmission rate. In an uninfected ovule that is pollinated by infected pollen there is only about a 3% transmission rate to the offspring.
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This year round foraging is ecologically advantageous for the tropical forests M. pusillus inhabits. Year round activity allows for the plants to be pollinated during all seasons of the year.
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This is an evergreen perennial herb growing to 0.2 m (0 ft 8in) by 1 m (3 ft 3in), flowering in early spring, with white hermaphrodite flowers, pollinated by bees.
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The leaves die back a few weeks after the flowers have faded. G. nivalis is a cross-pollinating plant, but sometimes self-pollination takes place. It is pollinated by bees.
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These orchids are mainly pollinated by some beetles (families Oedemeridae and Lymexylidae) and by bees (genera Ceratina, Eucera and Osmia). The dispersal of seeds is granted by the wind (anemochory).
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The flowering period extends from July through October. The hermaphroditic flowers are either self-fertilized (autogamy) or pollinated by insects (entomogamy). The seeds are an achene that ripens in October.
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They emit an unpleasant odour of rotting fish or the smell of anchovies which leads to believe that they are pollinated by flies. They are native to Borneo and Malaysia.
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In habitat in the West Bank mountains Origanum syriacum grows to a height of 1 meter. The plant is pollinated by bees. Flowers are small and white or pale pink.
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Astrantia carniolica is an entomophilous plant, mainly pollinated by beetles, but also by other insects. This perennial plant reproduces itself also by means of buds present at the ground level.
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Pollinated flowers will fall off in two days. Seeds mature in the middle of June. They are dark brown and 1 mm in diameter. Various studies report low seed viability.
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It is up to 30 centimeters tall and produces lavender or light blue flowers.var. albifluvis. Center for Plant Conservation. The flowers are pollinated by bees.Lewinsohn, J. S., et al. (2007).
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Flowering occurs between July and March. Some plants appear to be self-pollinating with flowers that barely open whilst others are insect pollinated and open widely for a few days.
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The lobe on top of the anther is short and covered with small bumps. The flowers are self-pollinated and open on hot, sunny days. Flowering occurs from November to January.
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They are pollinated by wind. The tree produces acorns that grow to about 2 cm to 3.6 cm in diameter. Its length is half covered by the cupule. Quercus libani leaves.
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Pollination The flowers are pollinated by insects, especially hoverflies.Blank, S. and M. Wulf. on seed production and pollinator biology of Anemone nemorosa (Buschwindröschen). Leibniz-Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF). 2008.
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A member of the Fabaceae (the pea and bean family), it is closely related to beans such as kidney bean and runner bean. Strongylodon macrobotrys is pollinated by birds and bats.
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Flowering occurs in July and August. There are many stamens in each flower. The flowers are pollinated by three species of bumblebee, Bombus occidentalis, Bombus morrisoni, and Bombus huntii.Pellmyr, O. (1985).
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This species appears to be pollinated by tiny fruit flies which are attracted by the scent of the flower at the same time as other plants, such as Leucopogon are flowering.
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Flowers are pollinated by bumblebees. This plant grows on prairies and floodplains, in well-drained areas. Associated plants include Potentilla gracilis, Deschampsia cespitosa, Poa pratensis, Rosa spp., Spiraea douglasii, Rubus spp.
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The flowers are insect pollinated, but may also be self-fertile, forming seeds in summer (June–July). Seed dispersal plays a relatively minor role in propagation, but accounts for isolated blooms.
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M.R. Penskar and S.R. Crispin. 2004. Special plant abstract for Platanthera ciliaris (yellow fringed-orchid). Michigan Natural Features Inventory. Lansing, MI. 3 pp It is pollinated by large butterflies, mostly swallowtails.
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The plant is pollinated by several species of bee, including honey bees (Apis mellifera), Exomalopsis nitens and E. torticornis, and the bee fly Bombylius facialis. The epithet abramsii commemorates LeRoy Abrams.
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Pods are flat or orbicular, with two or more seeds. Represented by frutcuilose, fruticose and herbaceous perennial forms, or less often annual ones. Plants are cross-pollinated. 2n = 36, 48, 96.
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The Chinese Elm cultivar Ulmus parvifolia 'Elsmo' was released by the USDA Soil Conservation Service, at Elsberry, Missouri, in 1990 as an open- pollinated, seed-propagated cultivar of extremely variable progeny.
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Petioles are 2-3 inches long and tend to be between pale green or pale yellow. This species is pollinated by wind. This species flowers in April and fruits May-June.
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Once the flowers are pollinated, the developing fruit is pulled back under water for maturation.Keddy, P.A. 2010. Wetland Ecology: Principles and Conservation (2nd edition). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 497 p.
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The peripheral flowers are sterile and the internal flowers are hermaphroditic. Both types are actinomorphic and pentamerous, with five petals. Flowering occurs in July through September. The flowers are -insect-pollinated.
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Symphyotrichum laeve blooms in late summer and early fall. It is pollinated by many native bees and attracts butterflies. It is a larval host for the pearl crescent butterfly (Phyciodes tharos).
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Staminodes often present, free or connate, sometimes petaloid, sometimes enveloping the fertile stamens. Nectar not produced. Flowers usually buzz-pollinated. Ovary superior, longitudinally ribbed in Medusagyne and Quiinoideae; unribbed in Ochnoideae.
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In general, showy, colourful, fragrant flowers like sunflowers, orchids and Buddleja are insect pollinated. The only entomophilous plants that are not seed plants are the dung-mosses of the family Splachnaceae.
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The plant rarely self-pollinates. It is pollinated by bees; species noted on the plant include Melissodes communis, Svastra obliqua, Anthophora occidentalis, Augochlorella striata, Bombus fervidus, Bombus pensylvanicus, and Lasioglossum species.
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There is a wide range of flower sizes and fruit morphologies, suggesting different adaptations to pollination and dispersal. Most of the species are probably pollinated by insects, but it is suspected that at least some of the large-flowered species of Fadogia are bird-pollinated. The edibility of many fruits suggests that they are dispersed by animals. Almost 30% of the species within the tribe have a symbiosis with endophytic bacteria, which are found intercellularly within the leaves.
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Some flowers are self-pollinated and use flowers that never open or are self-pollinated before the flowers open, these flowers are called cleistogamous. Many Viola species and some Salvia have these types of flowers. Conversely, many species of plants have ways of preventing self-fertilization. Unisexual male and female flowers on the same plant may not appear or mature at the same time, or pollen from the same plant may be incapable of fertilizing its ovules.
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Erythranthe lewisii is pollinated by bees (primarily Bombus and Osmia), which feed off of its nectar and transfer its pollen. Although it is fully interfertile with its sister species, E. cardinalis, the two do not interbreed in the wild, a difference ascribed primarily to pollinator differences (E. cardinalis is pollinated by hummingbirds) in areas of overlap. It was previously reported that evidence strongly linking pollination preference to color differences between the species, but this has been disproven.
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Platypodium elegans is pollinated by bees. In Panama pollen is moved on average between 368 and 419 m from the parent tree and commonly over 1 km away. The population that regularly share genes (termed the deme) is estimated to be between 25 and 50 hectares around each tree. 92% of seeds that mature result from flowers that have been pollinated with pollen from other individuals but self-fertilisation is actually much higher than this would suggest.
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Pleistodontes froggatti, the fig wasp that pollinates the Moreton Bay fig Figs have an obligate mutualism with fig wasps (Agaonidae); figs are pollinated only by fig wasps, and fig wasps can reproduce only in fig flowers. Generally, each fig species depends on a single species of wasp for pollination. The wasps are similarly dependent on their fig species to reproduce. The mainland and Lord Howe populations of the Moreton Bay fig are both pollinated by Pleistodontes froggatti.
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The pollen causing this allergic reaction is produced mainly by ragweed (Ambrosia sp.), blooming at the same time as the goldenrod and pollinated by wind. Goldenrod pollen is too heavy and sticky to be blown far from the flowers, and is pollinated mainly by insects. Frequent handling of goldenrod and other flowers, however, can cause allergic reactions, sometimes irritating enough to force florists to change occupation. Goldenrods are attractive sources of nectar for bees, flies, wasps, and butterflies.
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Like most species in the genus Agave, this species has its flowers pollinated by many possible pollinators, such as bats, butterflies, moths, bumblebees, honeybees, and hummingbirds. Agave schottii produces on average 1.6 μL of nectar per day. This is generally considered a low amount of nectar produced for flowers that are pollinated by birds or insect. The Agave schottii does produce most of its nectar nocturnally, and does not contain much sugar, providing further evidence for pollination by bats.
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Insect-pollinated flowers use a combination of cues to advertise themselves to insects. Insect- pollinated flowers use bright colours, patterns, rewards of nectar and pollen, and scent to attract pollinators such as bees. Some also use drugs such as caffeine to encourage bees to return more often. Advertising is influenced by sexual selection: in dioecious plants like sallow, the male flowers are brighter yellow (the colour of their pollen) and have more scent than female flowers.
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The lobe on the top of the anther has a club-like lobe on its top. The flowers are insect pollinated and open on sunny days. Flowering occurs from November to January.
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The caudicle is narrow and the retinacle is small. The fruits resemble the ones of Maxillaria. There are no observation records of pollinators activities but Scuticaria are supposedly pollinated by Euglossini bees.
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Catharanthus roseus pollinated by butterflies and moths. ;Species # Catharanthus coriaceus Markgr. – Madagascar # Catharanthus lanceus (Bojer ex A.DC.) Pichon – Madagascar # Catharanthus longifolius (Pichon) Pichon – Madagascar # Catharanthus ovalis Markgr. – Madagascar # Catharanthus pusillus (Murray) G.Don.
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All stamens have an equal length. The style branches are apically forked. They are pollinated by insects, birds (hummingbirds) or by the wind. The dehiscent capsules are shorter than they are wide.
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Flower heads may occur at any time during the year. It is assumed that like other Mimetes species, the cryptic pagoda is pollinated by birds and the seeds are distributed by ants.
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As with other Arthrochilus orchids, A. dockrillii is pollinated by male thynnid wasps of the genus Arthrothynnus although the species involved is not known. It also reproduces asexually by producing new tubers.
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As with other Arthrochilus orchids, A. prolixus is pollinated by male thynnid wasps of the genus Arthrothynnus although the species involved is not known. It also reproduces asexually by producing new tubers.
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As with other Arthrochilus orchids, A. lavarackianus is pollinated by male thynnid wasps of the genus Arthrothynnus although the species involved is not known. It also reproduces asexually by producing new tubers.
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As with other Arthrochilus orchids, A. aquilus is pollinated by male thynnid wasps of the genus Arthrothynnus although the species involved is not known. It also reproduces asexually by producing new tubers.
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As with other Arthrochilus orchids, A. corinnae is pollinated by male thynnid wasps of the genus Arthrothynnus although the species involved is not known. It also reproduces asexually by producing new tubers.
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As with other Arthrochilus orchids, A. rosulatus is pollinated by male thynnid wasps of the genus Arthrothynnus although the species involved is not known. It also reproduces asexually by producing new tubers.
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As with other Arthrochilus orchids, A. irritabilis is pollinated by males thynnid wasps of the genus Arthrothynnus although the species involved is not known. It also reproduces asexually by producing new tubers.
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As with other Arthrochilus orchids, A. sabulosus is pollinated by male thynnid wasps of the genus Arthrothynnus although the species involved is not known. It also reproduces asexually by producing new tubers.
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As with other Arthrochilus orchids, A. stenophyllus is pollinated by male thynnid wasps of the genus Arthrothynnus although the species involved is not known. It also reproduces asexually by producing new tubers.
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Their flowers are pollinated by flies. However, cross-pollination is rare. Ants are attracted by a fatty appendage attached to the seed. The ants carry the entire package back to their colonies.
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The sweet scent near dusk suggests the species may be pollinated by moths. The fruits are collected by ants and the seeds remain dormant until a spring that follows a summer bushfire.
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Thus, the pseudanthium represents an evolutionary convergence of the inflorescence to a reduced reproductive unit that may function in pollination like a single flower, at least in plants that are animal pollinated.
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As with other Arthrochilus orchids, A. huntianus is pollinated by males thynnid wasps of the genus Arthrothynnus although the species involved is not known. It also reproduces asexually by producing new tubers.
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As with other Arthrochilus orchids, A. apectus is pollinated by male thynnid wasps of the genus Arthrothynnus although the species involved is not known. It also reproduces asexually by producing new tubers.
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As with other Arthrochilus orchids, A. oreophilus is pollinated by male thynnid wasps of the genus Arthrothynnus although the species involved is not known. It also reproduces asexually by producing new tubers.
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As with other Arthrochilus orchids, A. byrnesii is pollinated by male thynnid wasps of the genus Arthrothynnus although the species involved is not known. It also reproduces asexually by producing new tubers.
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It often grows beneath Florida rosemary (Ceratiola ericoides) bushes, and is apparently resistant to the allelopathic compounds the rosemary produces.USFWS. Liatris ohlingerae Five-year Review. August 2010. It is pollinated by butterflies.
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Its fruit are eaten by pigeons, and it is pollinated by Eupristina belgaumensis. It occurs in environments ranging from sea-level beachfront environments to montane forests, up to 1000 m (3281 ft).
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At least some species are pollinated by wasps when they attempt to mate with the flower. There are about twenty five species found in South Asia, Southeast Asia and the South Pacific.
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There are two bright yellow or orange ear-like arms on the sides of the column. The flowers are insect pollinated and open widely on hot days. Flowering occurs in August and September.
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There are two bright yellow or orange ear-like arms on the sides of the column. The flowers are insect pollinated and open widely on hot days. Flowering occurs in August and September.
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Clumps spread easily and produce plants that normally get to six feet tall. Costus barbatus is native to Costa Rica. Plants are pollinated by hummingbirds. Costus barbatus are popular as cut flowers. Image:CostusBarbatus.
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Most Delphinium are pollinated by hummingbirds and bumblebees, but this species is visited only by bumblebees.Delphinium viridescens. Center for Plant Conservation. Genetic analysis reveals that this species has high genetic variability and heterozygosity.
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Her company is a signatory to the "Safe Seed Pledge" of the Council for Responsible Genetics, and her selections are mainly open-pollinated, heirloom, and "garden-worthy" hybrids.Long, "The Generous Gardener," p. 82.
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The Le Conte pear is a deciduous pear tree growing to 8m. It is not frost tender. The flowers are hermaphrodite and are pollinated by insects. The fruit is edible raw or cooked.
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Kalmia polifolia flowers in April and is pollinated by bees. Bees, however, after pollinating this plant, produce a poison honey. Its seeds ripen in September. These seeds are five-parted, round, and woody.
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Common dragon orchid is pollinated by male thynnid wasps when they try to copulate with the flower. A male Thynnoides bidens has been photographed on the labellum of a flower of this species.
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The flower heads are about 0.5 inches (1.3 cm) across and have 3-5 golden-yellow ray florets. The flowers are hermaphroditic (have both male and female organs) and are pollinated by insects.
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It is a hermaphroditic species, pollinated by insects such as honey bees.Flora of China Vol. 24 Page 162 小黄花菜 xiao huang hua cai Hemerocallis minor Miller, Gard. Dict., ed. 8.
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Brugmansia arborea are usually pollinated by moths. They are attracted by the white color of the flowers and their fragrance that gets stronger in the evenings. The species is invasive in New Caledonia.
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Tree has a biennial tendency, is diploid, with average vigor. Flowering at mid-late season. Like other domesticated apples, it is self-sterile and needs cross pollination. 'Pristine' flowers are pollinated by bees.
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As with other Arthrochilus orchids, robust elbow orchid is pollinated by males thynnid wasps of the genus Arthrothynnus although the species involved is not known. It also reproduces asexually by producing new tubers.
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This genus is pollinated by bees and birds. There are normally eight pollinia, but in some subgroups this is reduced to four. One species, Encyclia cyperifolia, produces cylindrical, terete leaves.Illustrated Encyclopedia of Orchids.
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Species of Ambrosia (ragweed) produce large quantities of pollen. Each plant is reputed to be able to produce about a billion grains of pollen over a season, and the plant is wind-pollinated.
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Illustration from The Botanical Register showing leaves and flowers Leaves of W. tinctoria Simple leaves with opposite leaf arrangement. Upper leaves are glabrous. Close-up of the white flowers. Flowers are insect pollinated.
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The flowers of wasp, ant and bird orchids are pollinated by sexual deception (pseudocopulation) of thynnine wasps, except for C. cornuta which is self- pollinating. A key feature is that each species of orchid is pollinated by a different species of wasp. Male wasps are attracted by wind-borne pheromones released by glands on the sepals of the flowers. They usually land on the labellum, on another part of the plant or nearby and then walk or fly to the labellum.
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It is pollinated by fungus gnats, which it attracts by smell and are trapped by the flower. They manage to escape from the male inflorescences, but cannot do so when they fall inside a female inflorescence. In addition the plant is not self-pollinating since the male flowers on a specific plant have already matured and died before the female flowers of that same plant are mature. So the female flowers need to be pollinated by the male flowers of a different plant.
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This led to the conclusion that contamination increases as the wasps walk on leaves, petioles, and fruits before they reach the opening to the syconium. This fungus affects both males and females. The fungus shows to be more evident in spring caprifigs that are pollinated with 5 to 10 winter caprifigs than when spring caprifigs are pollinated with only one winter caprifig. Also, the incidences of this fungus are higher when there is a high population of wasps with limited figs.
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Some plant species from which malachite sunbirds feed include many Aloe species, such as Aloe broomii, Aloe ferox and Aloe arborescens, and Protea species, such as Protea roupelliae as well as various other bird-pollinated plants such as Leonotis and Strelitzia. It has been suggested that their behaviour of guarding flowering plants may have led to the selection and evolution of long-tubed flowers that would otherwise tend to be robbed (nectar taken but not pollinated) by short-billed sunbird species.
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Microtis flowers are insect pollinated. For some species, the insect is a small wasp from a species of Ichneumonidae or Braconidae. Pollination of orchids by ants is rare because the mouthparts of ants usually have antibiotic secretions which damage pollen grains. However, several species of Microtis, including M. parviflora are pollinated by wingless worker ants from the genera Iridomyrmex (Family Dolichoderinae), Meranops (Family Myrmeciinae) and Rhytidoponera (Family Ponerinae), having been attracted by nectar secreted from the base of the labellum.
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Open pollinated (non-hybrid) corn has largely been replaced in the commercial market by sweeter, earlier hybrids, which also have the advantage of maintaining their sweet flavor longer. su cultivars are best when cooked within 30 minutes of harvest. Despite their short storage life, many open-pollinated cultivars such as 'Golden Bantam' remain popular for home gardeners and specialty markets or are marketed as heirloom seeds. Although less sweet, they are often described as more tender and flavorful than hybrids.
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While many of the world's flowers are pollinated by bees (Hymenoptera) or butterflies/moths (Lepidoptera), cacao flowers are pollinated by tiny flies, Forcipomyia midges in the subfamily Forcipomyiinae. Using the natural pollinator Forcipomyia midges for Theobroma cacao was shown to have more fruit production than using artificial pollinators. The fruit, called a cacao pod, is ovoid, long and wide, ripening yellow to orange, and weighs about when ripe. The pod contains 20 to 60 seeds, usually called "beans", embedded in a white pulp.
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Barbara McClintock discovered the first TEs in maize (Zea mays) at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory in New York. McClintock was experimenting with maize plants that had broken chromosomes. In the winter of 1944–1945, McClintock planted corn kernels that were self-pollinated, meaning that the silk (style) of the flower received pollen from its own anther. These kernels came from a long line of plants that had been self-pollinated, causing broken arms on the end of their ninth chromosomes.
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When used on trees, it can take 30–60 days to reach the top (depending on the size and height) and enter the leaves in high enough quantities to be effective. Imidacloprid can be found in the trunk, the branches, the twigs, the leaves, the leaflets, and the seeds. Many trees are wind pollinated. But others such as fruit trees, linden, catalpa, and black locust trees are bee and wind pollinated and imidacloprid would likely be found in the flowers in small quantities.
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Most Vitis varieties are wind-pollinated with hermaphroditic flowers containing both male and female reproductive structures. These flowers are grouped in bunches called inflorescences. In many species, such as Vitis vinifera, each successfully pollinated flower becomes a grape berry with the inflorescence turning into a cluster of grapes. While the flowers of the grapevines are usually very small, the berries are often large and brightly colored with sweet flavors that attract birds and other animals to disperse the seeds contained within the berries.
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Flower visited by the monkey beetle Clania glenlyonensis'Romulea monadelpha exclusively grows on dolerite clay in the western Karoo near the escarpments. It is only known to be pollinated by the monkey beetle Clania glenlyonensis.
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It is pollinated mainly by flies and bees, with wind dispersal of the seeds. The larva of the Perizoma sagittata (Marsh Carpet moth) are found on the plant, eating the seeds and the flowers.
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Furthermore, on the rare occasion that oca plants do produce fruit, their loculicidal capsules dehisce spontaneously, making it difficult to harvest seed. Oca flowers are pollinated by insects (e.g., genera Apis, Megachile, and Bombus).
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The flowers are wind pollinated and the seeds float. Tubers that are rich in starch are formed on the rhizomes. Reproduction can either be vegetative with tubers and plant fragments or sexual with seeds.
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These short, extra petals (sometimes known as "petaloids") drop off after the flower has been pollinated, leaving an apparently single flower, whereas doubles and semi-doubles tend to retain their extra petals after pollination.
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Neither poppy produced a significant quantity of nectar, making their role in meadow ecology specific to pollen-gathering/consuming insects. As poppies are not wind-pollinated, their pollen poses no allergy risk via inhalation.
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This species, like some others of its genus, is pollinated via wind action (anemophily). Males start off the year taller than the females, but as the fruits grow females are taller typically in summer.
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The lobe on the top of the anther has a club-like lobe on its top. Flowering occurs in November and December. The flowers are cinnamon scented, insect pollinated and open freely on warm days.
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Hesperidanthus suffrutescens. Flora of North America. The plant is pollinated by several species of bees, likely including Dialictus perdifficilis, D. sedi, Evylaeus pulveris, Andrena walleye, A. prunorum and Halictus rubicundus.USFWS. Schoenocrambe suffrutescens Five-year Review.
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The flowers at the base of the flowerhead are sterile but produce plentiful nectar which attracts bats. The flowers are largely pollinated by the bats, but pottos and dormice have also been observed visiting them.
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They have 12-20 lanceolate and acute petals, with numerous bluish or violet stamens and blue anthers. The flowering period extends from March through May. This plant is pollinated by wind or dispersed by animals.
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Animals are also a large contributor to pollination via zoophily. Flowering plants overwhelmingly are pollinated by animals, and while invertebrates are involved in the majority of that pollination, birds and mammals also play a role.
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The flowers range in color from a greenish-yellow to purplish-red, clustered on short, dense spikes. They are pollinated by bumblebees. The fruit is a long brown seed capsule, which disperses through explosive dehiscence.
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In all species the stamens blossom first, and the stigmas unfold later (protandry). Halothamnus subaphyllus was proved to be pollinated by insects (entomophily).M. M. Iljin: K biologii Anabasis aphylla L. - Sovetsk. Bot. 4: p.
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Flower heads can be found from August to November, peaking in September. It is assumed that like other Mimetes species, the three-flowered pagoda is pollinated by birds and the seeds are distributed by ants.
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Cachuma Press. It is pollinated by bumblebees. It will grow in sun or light shade, and does best in soils with good drainage. It should be pinched back to create a more compact, fuller plant.
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American Journal of Botany 94(3) 302–12. and it is monophyletic. The subfamily includes species of annual and perennial herbs, shrubs, and trees up to 30 meters tall. Most are likely pollinated by hummingbirds.
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The seeds ripen from July to September, they are globe shaped. The small, round seeds are reddish brown. The flowers are hermaphrodite and are pollinated by bees, flies, and beetles. The plant is self-fertile.
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Flower heads are small and inconspicuous, as the plant is wind-pollinated. The heads develop into spiny burs as the seeds ripen.Flora of North America Vol. 21 Page 15 Ambrosia bidentata Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Amer.
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Fresh seeds are easy to germinate and the best environment for its reproduction is permanently moist or badly drained earth under the shade, which is a good ground shelter. The flowers are pollinated by bees.
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The flowers are star-shaped wheel or bell-shaped, nectar is dispersed through a cone- shaped structure. They are pollinated by bees. The corolla is blue, pink or white. Corollas are rotate with five petals.
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Erythranthe nasuta is a species of monkeyflower. It was formerly known as Mimulus nasutus. Erythranthe guttata is pollinated by bees, such as Bombus impatiens. Inbreeding reduces flower quantity and size and pollen quality and quantity.
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Gomphrena globosa is an outcrossing species that is pollinated by butterflies, bees, and other insects. Floral volatiles likely play a significant role in the reproductive success of the plant by promoting the attraction of pollinators.
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Center for Plant Conservation. The flowers are pollinated by a number of native bee species, especially genus Osmia.Geer, S. M., et al. (1995). Pollinator sharing by three sympatric milkvetches, including the endangered species Astragalus montii.
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Flowers that have been pollinated often quickly wither and the nutrients resorbed by the plant. In some case parts of the flower may undergo colour changes to indicate their being unfit for visitation by pollinators.
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It is thought that the flowers may be pollinated by small native bees or wasps. Grazing wallabies (often black wallabies (Wallabia bicolor) in Victoria) may incidentally cut off flower spikes but do not consume them.
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It gathers both nectar and pollen from plants in the spring, summer and fall. In the winter, only nectar is gathered and foraging can only be accomplished on warm days. Mutualism is observed between X. pubescens and several species of plants, as the species pollinated by X. pubescens have been observed to have low or zero fruit set rate if not pollinated by it. X. pubescens is also able to avoid revisiting plants on which it has already foraged by marking the plant with pheromones.
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Very small flowers sit in one- to three- (rarely eight-) flowered glomerules in the axils of short bracts or in the upper half of the inflorescence without bracts. The hermaphrodite flowers are urn-shaped, green or tinged reddish, and consist of five basally connate perianth segments (tepals), 3-5 × 2–3 mm, 5 stamens, and a semi-inferior ovary with 2-3 stigmas. The perianths of neighbouring flowers are often fused. Flowers are wind-pollinated or insect- pollinated, the former method being more important.
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Some flowers will change color at the same rate regardless of pollinator visitation, while others can be induced by pollen deposition on the stigma. However, inducible flowers will eventually change color due to senescence even without pollinator activity. Depending on the species, floral color change can affect an entire flower or it can occur in localized parts. Previous research has found that moth-pollinated flowers are more likely to have whole flower color changes, while other insect-pollinated flowers are more likely to have localized color changes.
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The flowers are pollinated by insects, including native bees, honeybees, and hoverflies. The Meadow Argus butterfly is uses Goodenia spp. as a host plant. Goodenia ovata shrubs are killed by bushfire and regenerate from seed afterwards.
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The plant is pollinated by insects. The labellum is held above the flower by a sensitive strap-like stalk. When touched, the labellum turns rapidly downward, trapping a visiting insect between the labellum and column wings.
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Clarkia lassenensis is pollinated by both native bees and butterflies and is usually in bloom in the late spring early summer months. The flower is a resident of Mount Lassen, from which it gets its name.
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The flowers are monoecious and are pollinated by wind. The edible leaves can be eaten raw in salads or cooked as a potherb. They are thick and succulent with a crunchy texture and a natural saltiness.
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Flora of China. The flowers of this tree are pollinated by Old World fruit bats,Fleming, T. H., et al. (2009). The evolution of bat pollination: a phylogenetic perspective. Annals of Botany 104(6) 1017–1043.
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The lepidopteran caterpillars of the species Suastus gremius and Elymnias hypermnestra have been recorded using Saribus rotundifolius as a host plant. The tree only flowers after it becomes very old. Its flowers are pollinated by bees.
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Oxalis gigantea is an Oxalis species found in Regions Antofagasta, Atacama and Coquimbo of Chile. It was first described in 1845. Oxalis gigantea is a shrub pollinated by hummingbirds. It is also called and in Spanish.
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This orchid is pollinated by insects. The labellum is held above the flower by a sensitive strap-like stalk. When touched, the labellum turns rapidly downward, trapping a visiting insect between the labellum and column wings.
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The flowers are pollinated by cactus bees (Lithurge spp.). Mule deer, birds, and javelina eat the fruit. The birds especially like the seeds. The people of the Sonoran Desert use the fruit for candy and jelly.
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Moreover its flowers are pollinated by bees. Because of these plant features, L tuberosus can be used to increase biodiversity in agroecosystems. Since tuber development takes several years, the plant would be well suitable for permaculture.
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Ranunculus allenii, commonly known as Allen's buttercup, is a flowering plant in the crowfoot or buttercup family, Ranunculaceae. Generally found in wetlands in northern latitudes, it bears yellow flowers in summer, which are pollinated by insects.
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However, when these flowers are retained on insect pollinated plants there are the potential benefits of enhanced reproductive success through increased pollen deposition on stigmas and export of pollen to fertilize the ovules of other plants.
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Petals are long and wide. The flowers are musty-sweet scented. Flowering period extends from November to February. Flowers are usually pollinated by moths of the family Sphingidae including Coelonia solani, Coelonia brevis and Coelonia mauritii.
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Self-pollination is often avoided by means of protandry. Most species are entomophilous (pollinated by insects). Bees from the tribe Emphorini of the Apidae (including Ptilothrix, Diadasia, and Melitoma) are known to specialize on the plants.
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The stamens and style protrude from the flower. The latter is forked at the tip. The flowers remain on the plants after being pollinated, with the desiccated flowers remaining for some weeks or months after flowering.
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It serves as a food plant for the caterpillars of the Queensland butterfly the no-brand crow (Euploea alcathoe), and the common Australian crow (E. core). Flowers are pollinated by the southern grass-dart (Ocybadistes walkeri).
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For example, bee species such as Euglossa cordata are attracted to orchids this way, and it has been suggested that the bees will become intoxicated during these visits to the orchid flowers, which last up to 90 minutes. However, in general, plants that rely on pollen vectors tend to be adapted to their particular type of vector, for example day-pollinated species tend to be brightly coloured, but if they are pollinated largely by birds or specialist mammals, they tend to be larger and have larger nectar rewards than species that are strictly insect-pollinated. They also tend to spread their rewards over longer periods, having long flowering seasons; their specialist pollinators would be likely to starve if the pollination season were too short. As for the types of pollinators, reptile pollinators are known, but they form a minority in most ecological situations.
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The hindwing upperside is black at the extreme base. The long-spurred Neobathiea grandidierana from Madagascar is pollinated by the long-tongued hawkmoth with the pollinaria deposited on the basal part of the proboscis of the moth.
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The plant also likely suffers from the loss of several native nectar-feeding birds which once pollinated it, and fruit-eating birds which dispersed its seeds. A few populations have been planted in Hakalau National Wildlife Refuge.
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The large flowers of the mangrove are bird- pollinated. The petals are under tension and hold loose pollen; when the flower is probed, the pollen is released explosively over the head of the visiting bird.Wild Fact Sheet.
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The flowers have green sepals and no petals. The flowers have a sweet fragrance during certain times of the day. Pyralid moths can commonly be found on the flowers. They are probably also pollinated by the wind.
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It grows up to in height. Its perfect monoecious flowers open from November through March, and set mature fruit nine to twelve months after flowering. Flowers are pollinated by birds, and the seeds are dispersed by wind.
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Floral biology and breeding system of Bauhinia benthamiana Taub. (Leguminosae), a bat-pollinated tree in Venezuelan Llanos. American Journal of Botany 71 (2): 273-280. They also consume nectar from plants of the Lafoensia and Pseudobombax genera.
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Coprosma arborea is a species found in New Zealand.H.H. Allen. 2009 The flowers have insignificant petals and are wind pollinated, with long anthers and stigmas. The fruit is a non-poisonous juicy berry, containing two small seeds.
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Like other Australian members of its genus, it is pollinated by the ichneumon wasp known as the orchid dupe wasp (Lissopimpla excelsa), the males of which mistake the flower parts for female wasps and copulate with it.
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Like other Australian members of its genus, it is pollinated by the ichneumon wasp known as the orchid dupe wasp (Lissopimpla excelsa), the males of which mistake the flower parts for female wasps and copulate with it.
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The plants are pollinated by hawkmoths.Filipowicz, N. and S. S. Renner. (2012). Brunfelsia (Solanaceae): A genus evenly divided between South America and radiations on Cuba and other Antillean islands. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 64(1), 1-11.
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Like all other species of Glochidion, it is pollinated by leafflower moths in the genus Epicephala.Hembry, D. H.; Okamoto, T.; Gillespie, R. G. (2012) Repeated colonization of remote islands by specialized mutualists. Biology Letters. 8: 258–261.
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Plants usually live for about twenty years. Flowering occurs during winter until September, peaking in May and June. The fruits are usually shed in January and February. As usual for pagodas, the flowers are pollinated by birds.
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They are long and 3–6 cm wide. The standards are erect, spatulate (spoon-like), with a yellow centre section surrounded in white. They are long and 1-1.5 cm wide. The flowers are pollinated by insects.
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Plants with white, blue or pink flowers may also be found. The botanical name Calytrix refers to the awns or fine hairs found on the calyx of the flowers. Plants are pollinated by both birds and insects.
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The flowers are pollinated by the Cassius blue butterfly (Leptotes cassius theonus) and other insects.Galactia smallii. Center for Plant Conservation. The fruit is a hairy legume pod 3 or 4 centimeters long and a few millimeters wide.
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The flowers of this orchid produce nectar and are pollinated by the yellow honeyeater (Stomiopera flava) also known in Queensland as the canary honeyeater. The bird hovers in front of the flowers while feeding on the nectar.
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The star-like flower has five petals and sepals, and numerous stamens. Petals usually are white. The flower is pollinated by insects. The fruit is a round berry containing several seeds, most commonly blue-black in colour.
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Saussurea laniceps is pollinated by two generalist bumblebee species, Bombus rufofasticatus and Bombus festivus, that appear to specialize on Saussurea laniceps when it is flowering. Its reproductive success does not appear to be limited by pollen availability.
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This genus occur exclusively in arid, rocky conditions. Some species of Encholirium are limited in number and have been the focus of conservation efforts.SpringerLink - Journal Article These plants, which have been observed being pollinated by bats,Cat.
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Clambering plants with flat to angled stems, producing aerial roots. Areoles may be with or without spines. Flowers are large and nocturnal, pollinated by moths or rarely bats. The receptacle bears small bracts, hairs and usually spines.
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Aloeae is a tribe of succulent plants in the subfamily Asphodeloideae of the family Asphodelaceae, consisting of the aloes and their close relatives. The taxon may also be treated as the subfamily Alooideae by those botanists who retain the narrower circumscription of Asphodelaceae adopted prior to the APG III system. Typically, plants have rosettes of more or less succulent leaves, with or without a distinct stem. Their flowers are arranged in racemes and tend to be either small and pale, pollinated by insects, or larger and more brightly coloured, pollinated by birds.
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Bagassa guianensis is a "long-lived pioneer" that frequently established in second growth forests and tree-fall gaps. Although the structure of B. guianensis flowers suggests bat-pollination, Berg suggested that they might be wind- pollinated since the trees were "tall and deciduous". Direct observation suggests that pollination is primarily by thrips, although the thrips themselves may be dispersed by wind. One study in Pará, Brazil, suggests that on average, seeds were produced by pollen that had travelled between from the male flowers that produced the pollen to the female flowers that were pollinated.
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Orchids in the genus Caleana are pollinated by male thynnid wasps which are attracted to the flower by pheromones. When a wasp lands on the labellum, in its attempt to copulate with it, the labellum is flipped downwards against the column. If the flower has not previously been visited, pollinia in the column will adhere to the insect's back. When that insect visits another duck orchid and the process is repeated, the transported pollinia will adhere to the stigma of the second flower and it will be pollinated.
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In 1998 pollen found on the Shroud of Turin was analysed and with 29%, the pollen assigned to Gundelia was the most numerous. Such a high density makes it very unlikely that this would merely be the result of the Shroud having been exposed to the wind, particularly because Gundelia is an insect-pollinated, not a wind-pollinated plant. Some researchers have suggested this implies that the crown of thorns was made from Gundelia-branches. Other authors doubt the accuracy of the pollen analysis and of the process of gathering the pollen from the Shroud.
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The timing of phenological events such as flowering are often related to environmental variables such as temperature. Changing environments are therefore expected to lead to changes in life cycle events, and these have been recorded for many species of plants. These changes have the potential to lead to the asynchrony between species, or to change competition between plants. Flowering times in British plants for example have changed, leading to annual plants flowering earlier than perennials, and insect pollinated plants flowering earlier than wind pollinated plants; with potential ecological consequences.
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Not all flower scents are appealing to humans; a number of flowers are pollinated by insects that are attracted to rotten flesh and have flowers that smell like dead animals, often called Carrion flowers, including Rafflesia, the titan arum, and the North American pawpaw (Asimina triloba). Flowers pollinated by night visitors, including bats and moths, are likely to concentrate on scent to attract pollinators and most such flowers are white. Other flowers use mimicry to attract pollinators. Some species of orchids, for example, produce flowers resembling female bees in color, shape, and scent.
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Seven out of the ten most important crops in the world, in terms of volume, are pollinated by wind (maize, rice and wheat) or have vegetative propagation (banana, sugar cane, potato, beet, and cassava) and thus do not require animal pollinators for food production. Additionally crops such as sugar beet, spinach and onions are self-pollinating and do not require insects. Nonetheless, an estimated 87.5% of the world's flowering plant species are animal-pollinated, and 60% of crop plant speciesRoubik, D.W., 1995. "Pollination of Cultivated Plants in the Tropics".
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A 2000 study about the economic effects of the honey bee on US food crops calculated that it helped to produce US$14.6 billion in monetary value. In 2009 another study calculated the worldwide value of the 100 crops that need pollinators at €153 billion (not including production costs). Despite the dire predictions, the theorised decline in pollinators has had no effect on food production, with yields of both animal- pollinated and non-animal-pollinated crops increasing at the same rate, over the period of supposed pollinator decline.
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Hummingbirds readily transferred pollen analogues both within and between species, so despite their morphological differences, mechanical isolation does not result in reproductive isolation of these species. This also means that pollinator isolation may be important in preventing hybridization between Iris nelsonii and its geographically closest progenitor species, Iris hexagona. Further research found that some hybrid flowers may be as equally as attractive to pollinators as pure species flowers; also that Iris brevicaulis and Iris hexagona are primarily pollinated by bumblebees. Also Iris fulva is primary pollinated by hummingbirds.
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Closely related Vanilla species are known to be pollinated by the euglossine bees. The previously suggested pollination by stingless bees of the genus Melipona is thought to be improbable, as they are too small to be effective and have never been observed carrying Vanilla pollen or pollinating other orchids, though they do visit the flowers. These pollinators do not exist outside the orchid's home range, and even within that range, vanilla orchids have only a 1% chance of successful pollination. As a result, all vanilla grown today is pollinated by hand.
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Since generalist bird-pollinated plants are mostly self-incompatible they needed to adapt to pollinators that mostly provide outcrossing, such as generalist birds. These birds mostly feed on arthropods, fruits or seeds even if lots of nectar is available and therefore move a lot through the forest. By this activity they often move between nectar-providing plants and provide outcrossing. Generalist bird-pollinated plants even evolved deterring mechanisms against specialized nectarivorous birds and bees since these groups tend to establish feeding territories within one tree and thus most conduct self-pollination.
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They are pollinated by insects. The fruit is a black or bluish drupe up to a centimeter long. It stains cloth and skin and is bad- tasting. There are two varieties of this species: the more common var.
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The flower is bell-shaped with 6 strongly recurved yellow to orange tepals up to long. There are 6 stamens with large red anthers and a pistil which may be over long. The flowers are pollinated by swallowtails.
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Canarium luzonicum is a large evergreen tree growing to a maximum height of about . The leaves are alternate and are pinnate. Clusters of flowers, which are pollinated by insects, are followed by thick-shelled nuts with edible kernels.
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The flowers are violet-blue trumpets with 4 petals, clustered in the axils of upper leaves. The flowering period extends from June to August. The flowers are hermaphrodite and pollinated by insects (entomogamy). The fruit is a capsule.
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The flowers are blue or white. They are pollinated by insects, especially bees. Flowering is also affected by the water level. This plant grows in cypress swamps and other wet habitat types, such as meadows, bays, and ponds.
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It occurs on dry, but fertile soils at altitudes from sea level up to . Natural hybrids with the closely related Malva alcea are occasionally found. Malva moschata illustrated Christiaan Sepp 1849 The flowers are usually pollinated by bees.
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In other genera the inflorescence is erect and consists of one (e.g., Liparophyllum) to many flowers. The sympetalous, insect-pollinated flowers are five-parted and either yellow or white. The petals are ciliate or adorned with lateral wings.
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Kalmiopsis vol 14 page 1. The flowers are pollinated by solitary bees and the bumblebee species Bombus fervidus. This plant grows in the canyons of the Snake, Salmon, and Imnaha Rivers in western Idaho and far eastern Oregon.
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The flowers are hermaphrodite and pollinated by insects. The fruit are achenesabout 2 mm long, rounded, chestnut-brown and smooth or very finely punctured. This plant is strictly related to S. officinalis, and has similar properties and characteristics.
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Most species of Genoplesium and Corunastylis are pollinated by small vinegar flies but C. nuda is self-pollinating and reproduces solely by seed. It does not seem to require fire before flowering but often appears in disturbed sites.
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Sheep's fescue is a densely tufted perennial grass. Its greyish-green leaves are short and bristle-like. The panicles are both slightly feathery and a bit one-sided. It flowers from May until June, and is wind-pollinated.
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Abronia macrocarpa flowers between February and May, often after heavy rainfall. It is pollinated by sphinx moths and disperses its fruit in the summer months, at which point the plants die back and re-emerge in the fall.
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It only occurs in a very small area in the Western Cape province of South Africa. It flowers between July and October. Unlike in related species the flowers are pollinated by hairy-footed gerbils and striped field mice.
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Stylidium species are typically pollinated by small solitary bees and the nectar-feeding bee flies (Bombyliidae).Armbruster, W. S., and N. Muchhala. 2009. Associations between floral specialization and species diversity: cause, effect, or correlation? Evolutionary Ecology, 23: 159-179.
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Many stamens are at the center. Water lily flowers are entomophilous, meaning they are pollinated by insects, often beetles. The fruit is berry-like and borne on a curving or coiling peduncle. Plant reproduce by root tubers and seeds.
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Colony collapse disorder is a phenomenon where bees die in large numbers.Honey Bee Die-Off Alarms Beekeepers, Crop growers and researchers Since many agricultural crops worldwide are pollinated by bees, this represents a threat to the supply of food.
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The inflorescences are similar to those of the related leucospermums but also share features of the leucadendrons, with the floral bracts becoming woody and enlarged following pollination. The flowers are insect-pollinated, with the seeds dispersed by ants (myrmecochory).
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The column has broad, spreading, deeply fringed wings. The lobe on the top of the anther has a tip resembling a mudskipper. The flowers are scented, insect pollinated and open on hot days. Flowering occurs from December to January.
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Most wallflowers are pollinator-generalists, their flowers being visited by many different species of bees, bee flies, hoverflies, butterflies, beetles, and ants. However, there are some specialist species. For example, Erysimum scoparium is pollinated almost exclusively by Anthophora alluadii.
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In rodent-pollinated proteas such as this one, three of the perianth lobes are united and form a reservoir which holds the nectar. These reservoirs may spill and the nectar can pool further below, usually in between the bracts.
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Wetland Ecology: Principles and Conservation (2nd edition). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. The flowers are wind pollinated, the male flower clusters being separate and more highly elevated than the female.Sculthorpe, C. D. 1967. The Biology of Aquatic Vascular Plants.
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They are fragrant and pollinated by insects. The fruit is a juicy, oval- shaped, shiny red berry containing up to 50 seeds. The plant reproduces by seed and it can also spread via cuttings, and by suckering and layering.
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Each has a calyx of five greenish sepals, and up to 20 light-colored dangling stamens tipped with large anthers. The flowers develop into compressed, beaked fruits. Unlike some Thalictrum species, it is pollinated by insects rather than wind.
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The lobe on the top of the anther is short and yellow with a lumpy back. The side lobes are parallel and yellow. The flowers are insect pollinated and open on hot days. Flowering occurs from October to January.
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Thus far the species has only been found on the Japanese island of Kuroshima after which it is named. Due to its dark habitat and cleistogamous flowers, it is not pollinated by insects, unlike most other species of orchids.
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However, reproductive success of flowering plants that are obligately pollinated ultimately depends on a corresponding change in the timing of pollinator visitors.Forrest, J and JD Thomson. 2008. Pollinator experience, neophobia and the evolution of flowering time. Proc. R. Soc.
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Romulea sabulosa is limited to the Bokkeveld plateau along the escarpment west of Nieuwoudtville where it grows in large swarms on a light sandy clay called tillite. The species has been observed to be pollinated exclusively by monkey beetles.
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Marigolds are recorded as a food plant for some Lepidoptera caterpillars including the dot moth, and a nectar source for other butterflies. They are often part of butterfly gardening plantings. In the wild, many species are pollinated by beetles.
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The bright crimson flowers appear especially after rainfall in spring, summer, and occasionally fall. Flowers are clustered indeterminately at the tips of each mature stem. Individual flowers are mildly zygomorphic and are pollinated by hummingbirds and native carpenter bees.
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Flowers are pollinated by solitary bees, honey bees, carpenter bees, and many beetle species. Leaves are eaten by tortoises. Flowers are eaten by antelopes and baboons. Fruits are eaten by baboons, rodents, porcupines, antelopes, who also disperse the seeds.
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They are broadest towards the base and have 7 to 11 pairs of veins. The nut has a short thick stalk, long. There are flattened green whiskers at the base of the husk of the nut. The flowers are wind- pollinated.
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Occasional to common in dry to slightly damp localities, usually in the zone of the southeaster clouds, from 400 to 1,500 m. Pollinated by the mountain pride butterfly. Hybridizes very rarely with D.graminifolia. Flowers between February and March, stimulated by fire.
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Their light scent is similar to cloves. Their colors vary from white and pink to pink-purple, more rarely white. These flowers bloom in the Summer, from June to July. They are hermaphrodite and pollinated by insects (entomophily), including moths.
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They curve up on the stem. Pale to deep pinkish purple flowers are borne in rounded clusters from the leaf axils. The fruit is a greenish follicle. The flowers are insect- pollinated, but the plant often reproduces vegetatively via the rhizome.
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Where water recedes and growth is emergent, the leaves are much smaller, ranging between 0.2–0.5 inches in length. The emergent plants produce insect- pollinated flowers located on short stalks. It belongs to the family Phrymaceae which includes annuals and perennials.
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Rhodoleia championii, the Hong Kong rose, is a species of plant in the family Hamamelidaceae. It is a small evergreen tree with dangling scarlet flowers that are pollinated primarily by birds, and is found in China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar and Vietnam.
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The nominate subspecies is pollinated by the wasp Platyscapa desertorum Compton.. The wasp Comptoniella vannoorti Wiebes. is an associated non-pollinator that oviposits through the fig wall. The pollinator wasp of the northern subspecies, F. c. lecardii, is as yet unknown.
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Carpobrotus aequilaterus has an edible fruit. The flavour is said to be like strawberry but they have a poor structure. The flowers are pollinated by bees although the flowers are hermaphrodite. The plants grow from 8 to 72 inches high.
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Verreauxia is a genus of plants of the family Goodeniaceae. It includes species native to Australia and surrounding islands. The genus is named after Jules P. Verreaux (1807–73), a French ornithologist and naturalist. Plants are insect-pollinated and hermaphroditic.
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The plant likely is pollinated by butterflies and sunbirds. It grows in many types of habitat, including tropical jungles, forests, thickets, woodlands, grasslands, and sand dunes. It can grow in nutrient-poor soils.Lal, H. S. and P. K. Mishra. (2011).
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The lobe on the top of the anther is blackish with a yellow, toothed tip. The side lobes have mop-like tufts of white hairs. The flowers are insect pollinated and open on sunny days.Flowering occurs from October to December.
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The flowers of this penstemon are pollinated by bees of genus Osmia, which feed on their nectar.Howell, A. D. & R. Alarcón. (2007). Osmia bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) can detect nectar-rewarding flowers using olfactory cues. Animal Behaviour 74:2 199-205.
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W. mirabilis is a branching tree up to 5 m tall. Leaves are broadly ovate to lanceolate, thick, and leathery. Flower heads have a large urn-shaped receptacle with whitish, tomentose phyllaries tapering toward the tip. Flowers are wind-pollinated.
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Though Cyberpunk would later be cross-pollinated with other styles of science fiction, there seemed to be some notion of ideological purity in the beginning. John Shirley compared the Cyberpunk movement to a tribe.Cadigan, Pat. The Ultimate Cyberpunk iBooks, 2002.
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It is pollinated by the endemic beetle Cyclocephala jalapensis and the seeds are dispersed by birds. It grows in cloud forests and is associated with oaks. The species grows in habitat that is threatened and degraded by clearance for agriculture.
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Angraecum cadetii is a species of orchid endemic to Mauritius and Réunion. It was named after botanist Thérésien Cadet. It is the only known flower known to be pollinated by a cricket, specifically by a species of raspy cricket: Glomeremus orchidophilus.
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The leaves turn yellow in the autumn. The leaves are clustered at the tip of the stem with very short internodes. The tree has reddish cone-shaped fruit, is shade tolerant, has shallow spreading roots, and is pollinated by beetles.
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These flowers grow in the axils of the upper leaves and are hermaphrodite, tomentose and bilabiate but lack an upper lip, as all Teucrium ones. The flowering period extends from June through August. These plants are mainly pollinated by Hymenoptera species.
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This species is pollinated by hoverflies, in particular Allograpta javana and Episyrphus balteatus.Shi, J., et al. (2009). Pollination by deceit in Paphiopedilum barbigerum (Orchidaceae): a staminode exploits the innate colour preferences of hoverflies (Syrphidae). Plant Biology, 11(1), 17-28.
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Volunteers that grow from the seeds of specific cultivars are not reliably identical or similar to their parent, and often differ significantly from it. Such open pollinated plants, if they show desirable characteristics, may be selected to become new cultivars.
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Asteraceans are especially common in open and dry environments. Many members of Asteraceae are pollinated by insects, which explains their value in attracting beneficial insects, but anemophily is also present (e.g. Ambrosia, Artemisia). There are many apomictic species in the family.
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Recently, all the varieties have been synonymized under Ficus variegata. Ficus variegata belongs to the subgenus Sycomorus section Sycomorus subsection Neomorphe. Ficus variegata young figs in Kenting, South Taiwan. Ficus variegata pollinated figs and parasitic wasps (Sycorictinae) in Kenting, South Taiwan.
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Once pollinated, the florets develop into achenes or drupes, in which the seeds are enclosed by a layer of endocarp. From this perspective, the fig is an enclosure with tens to thousands of fruits within it.Galil, J. (1977). "Fig biology".
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It is pollinated by birds. The wildfires which periodically move through the land in which the shrub grows destroy the adult plants, but the seeds can survive such an event. When released, the seeds are dispersed by means of the wind.
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The lotus-shaped flowers can resemble a small magnolia flower. They are pollinated by beetles in the family Nitidulidae.Las Pilitas Horticulture database: Spice Bush−Calycanthus occidentalis The fruit is an elliptical dry capsule 5–7 cm long, containing numerous seeds.
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Many are treelets, with a single, erect trunk, but low in height. The Ochnaceae are notable for their unusual leaves. These are usually shiny, with closely spaced, parallel veins, toothed margins, and conspicuous stipules. Most of the species are buzz pollinated.
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Papaya plants grow in three sexes: male, female, and hermaphrodite. The male produces only pollen, never fruit. The female produces small, inedible fruits unless pollinated. The hermaphrodite can self-pollinate since its flowers contain both male stamens and female ovaries.
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The flowering period extends from June through August. The flowers are hermaphrodite and are pollinated by insects (usually bees, wasps and butterflies) (entomogamy). The fruits are achenes long, each with a feathery yellow pappus. Seed dispersal is by wind (anemochory).
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Cytinus hypocistis is an ant-pollinated species of parasitic plant in the family Cytinaceae having four subspecies. It is found primarily in locations that surround the Mediterranean Sea, and is the type for the genus Cytinus. The binomial has been conserved.
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Flowers are pollinated by flies. To attract pollinators, A. scandens’ flowers release a rotting fish smell. Their fruits are apricot-coloured and contain tightly packed seeds, similar in shape to chestnuts. The fruit is shaped like a pear or eggplant.
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Large white flowers, drying to reddish brown, are produced after the leaves have fallen. They open at dusk and the reproductive phase is over by dawn. Flowers are pollinated by fruit bats. Flowering occurs in late May to early July.
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It grows on the foreshores near large dune systems, and in shingle banks. It is tolerant of salt spray and transient seawater inundation. It is pollinated by a wide range of insects, from Apis mellifera, Eristalis intricarius and Pieris rapae.
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B. serrata is pollinated by and provides food for a wide array of vertebrate and invertebrate animals in the autumn and winter months, and is an important source of food for honeyeaters. It is a common plant of parks and gardens.
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The pollen of Asimina pygmaea is shed as permanent tetrads. It is pollinated by the dark flower scarab beetle Euphoria sepulcralis. Its flowers produce several scent compounds including dimethyl sulfide which is associated with carrion odor and may attract beetle pollinators.
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Scolymus hispanicus it said to grow in the centre of Spain along roads and paths, particularly in unstable, loose and poor soils. The also grow in arable lands, both cultivated and fallowed, and in pastures. The florets are pollinated by insects.
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Phillips, R.C. and E.G. Meñez. 1988. Seagrasses. Smithsonian Contrib. Mar. Sci. 34, 104 pp. Enhalus is surface pollinated with male flowers that detach from the plant to float on the surface until they reach a female flower where pollination can occur.
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They grow from whitish papery stipules with two lobes and red bases. The tiny clusters of two or three flowers grow in the leaf axils. The flowers are about long, pink, green or dull white. The flowers are normally self-pollinated.
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Lithocarpus jacobsii is a tree in the beech family Fagaceae. It is named for the Dutch botanist Marius Jacobs.. Trees in Lithocarpus are commonly known as the stone oaks and differ from Quercus primarily because they produce insect- pollinated flowers.
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Osmorhiza berteroi is a short- lived perennial. It usually flowers in late Spring (June in Minnesota, October to December in Chile). It is insect-pollinated, with seed being distributed by animals, typically by attaching to the fur of mammals (epizoochory).
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Flowers open up during the day and are pollinated by insects. The fruits are small and green, and cylindrical in shape. Seeds grow quickly, and can germinate in three weeks. They are exposed to allow the birds to eat them quickly.
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Most flowers of the genus are pollinated by euglossine bees attracted by the flowers' fragrance. The hump of the lip forces bees to enter the flower from the side and pollinia are attached to the base of the bee's antennae.
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The species is pollinated by a thrips (thunderfly), Thrips setipennis. The species occurs from southern Victoria (37° S), northwards through New South Wales to Fraser Island (25° S) in Queensland often in areas where rainforest interfaces with moist open forest.
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Figs have an obligate mutualism with fig wasps (Agaonidae); figs are only pollinated by fig wasps, and fig wasps are only able to reproduce in fig flowers. Generally, each fig species depends on a single species of fig wasp for pollination, and each species of fig wasp can only reproduce in the flowers of a single species of fig tree. Ficus maxima is pollinated by Tetrapus americanus, although recent work suggests that the species known as T. americanus is a cryptic species complex of at least two species, which are not sister taxa. Figs have complicated inflorescences called syconia.
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Petunias are generally insect pollinated, with the exception of P. exserta, which is a rare, red-flowered, hummingbird-pollinated species. Most petunias are diploid with 14 chromosomes and are interfertile with other petunia species,Ando, T., Nomura, M. Tsukahara, J., Watanabe, H., Kokubun, H., Tsukamoto, T., Hashimoto, G., Marchesi, E., Kitching, I.(2001) Reproductive isolation in a native population of Petunia sensu Jussieu (Solanaceae) Ann. Bot. (Lond.) 88:403–413.Griesbach, R.J.(2007) in Flower breeding and genetics: Issues, challenges and opportunities for the 21st century, Petunia, ed Anderson N.O. (Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands), pp 301–336.
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Modern Hummingbird demonstrating hovering flight while consuming nectar Ornithophilous flowers, or flowers pollinated by birds, are present in the Old World. Flowers like Canarina eminii (Campanulacea), Impatiens sakeriana (Balasaminaceae), and Agapetes spp (Ericaceae) are similar in morphology to flowers with nectar from the New World and they specifically lack a perch for birds. In the New World, similar flowers are pollinated by modern hummingbirds that do not need to perch on flowers due to their adaption for hovering flight. Modern hummingbirds are not present in the Old World and instead long- tongued bees pollinate these flowers.
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Superficially the shape of the flowers is strikingly phlox-like, hence the designation 'night phlox', for their evening fragrance. The fragrance after dark suggests that in nature the species in question are pollinated by moths, whereas day-pollinated species often have little or no obvious scent. Research is in progress on the ecological and evolutionary relationships between some members of the genus and specialist long-tongued pollinators, particularly night flying hawk moths (family Sphingidae) and flies in the families Nemestrinidae, Tabanidae, and Bombyliidae.Picker, M., Griffiths, C., Weaving, A. Field Guide to the Insects of South Africa, Struik 2003. www.struik.co.
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Additionally, there is another category of cultivars that could be classified as "commercial heirlooms": cultivars that were introduced many generations ago and were of such merit that they have been saved, maintained and handed down – even if the seed company has gone out of business or otherwise dropped the line. Additionally, many old commercial releases have actually been family heirlooms that a seed company obtained and introduced. Regardless of a person's specific interpretation, most authorities agree that heirlooms, by definition, must be open-pollinated. They may also be open-pollinated varieties that were bred and stabilized using classic breeding practices.
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These effects are perhaps due to the higher diversity within families, as extinction – which was common at the species level – was very selective. For example, wind-pollinated species survived better than insect- pollinated taxa, and specialised species generally lost out. In general, the surviving taxa were rare before the extinction, suggesting that they were generalists who were poor competitors when times were easy, but prospered when specialised groups became extinct and left ecological niches vacant. During embryogenesis, plants and animals pass through a phylotypic stage that evolved independently and that causes a developmental constraint limiting morphological diversification.
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The flowers are produced all year round, on upright inflorescences; they are monoecious, with complete temporal separation of the male and female stages. The flowers are pollinated by bats in the family Phyllostomidae. Because the flowers are made of a sweet chewable tissue (like the pulp of a fruit) they are much favoured by katydids (Tettigoniidae), whose feeding reduces the number of flowers available to be pollinated. The inflorescences host a species of mite (Acari) which live and reproduce on the inflorescence and travel to new inflorescences by hitching a ride on the flower-visiting bats.
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Honey bees are more attracted by the brighter male flowers, but not by their scent. Many flowers that are adapted for pollination by birds produce copious quantities of nectar and advertise this with their red coloration. Insects see red less well than other colours, and the plant needs to devote its energy to attracting birds that can act as pollinators rather than insects that cannot. In fact, the Canary Island endemic Echium wildpretii has two subspecies, a red-flowering one on Teneriffe which is mainly pollinated by birds, and a pink-flowered one on Las Palmas which is pollinated by insects.
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Individual pollinators have small home ranges of only 25 to 60 m², but the distribution of pollinating species does not match that of the proteas. Specific pollinating species are not unique to this plant species, and are not even unique to this plant group, region or habitat, occurring across large parts of Africa. There is evidence that the specific rodent pollinator species at a specific group of plants may be different from a neighbouring group, and the abundance of certain particular species at a site may change drastically from year on year, likely because the rodent composition is dependent on other factors besides the proteas. Rodents captured in areas where there are no rodent-pollinated proteas, even species such as gerbils (Gerbilliscus afra) which are not known as nectar-feeders, are readily attracted to the rodent-pollinated protea flower heads as opposed to those of bird-pollinated proteas when experimentally exposed to both.
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The bulb is only known to grow at altitudes of up to on vertical cliffs, in the Drakensberg escarpment of the KwaZulu-Natal midlands, where the bulb is found between vertical or horizontal slabs of stone. It is probably pollinated by sunbirds.
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They face upward and come in clusters of up to 10 in either raceme or umbel form. They have an unpleasant scent and are ephemeral (each flowers lasts for only a few days). They are hermaphrodite and are pollinated by bees.Lilium concolor.
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The flowers are self-incompatible. Unless they are cross-pollinated, they will not produce any seed. Butterflies, skippers, and moths are the most effective pollinators. As they insert their proboscis into the corolla tube, it touches the anthers and picks up pollen.
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Reveal, J. L. Eriogonum pelinophilum. Taxonomic Treatment of Eriogonoideae (Polygonaceae). The flowers are pollinated by ants, of which 18 species have been observed on the plants.Center for Plant Conservation This plant has a limited distribution and is found only on a specific substrate.
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Flowers are produced on pendulous racemes long with 4-10 flowers on each raceme. The flowers are pollinated by bees. The fruit is a reddish-purple pome, resembling a small apple in shape. They ripen in summer and are very popular with birds.
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Capsules will form during the months March through to April and will dehisce seeds in autumn. These seeds are wind dispersed. The seeds can also be dispersed by birds and lizards. The flowers are pollinated by a single native bee Lasioglossum sordidum.
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Macmillan . They are herbaceous plants or small shrubs growing to 1–4 m tall. The leaves are opposite, simple ovate to lanceolate, with an entire or crenate margin; they are often aromatic. The blue or white flowers are pollinated by butterflies and bumblebees.
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The pollen of Annona aurantiaca is shed as permanent tetrads. Its flowers open over a two night period with a female phase on the first night, and a male phase on the second night. It is pollinated by the scarab beetle Cyclocephala atricapilla.
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About 1.3 L of essential oil per ton resulted from freshly harvested outdoor-grown hemp, corresponding to about 10 L/ha. The yield of nonpollinated ("sinsemilla") hemp at 18 L/ha was more than twofold compared with pollinated hemp (8 L/ha).
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It flowers from June until September. The flowers are pollinated by insects (usually bees, wasps and butterflies) (entomogamy) and are hermaphrodite (self fertilization or autogamy). The fruits are hairy cylindrical achenes about 7 to 8 mm long. They ripen from September through October.
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The flowering period extends from May to July in the Northern Hemisphere. The flowers are either self- fertilized (autogamy) or pollinated by insects such as bees and butterflies (entomogamy). The seeds ripen from August to September and are dispersed by gravity alone (barochory).
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Ulmus 'Morton Plainsman' (selling name ™) is a hybrid cultivar raised by the Morton Arboretum from a crossing of Siberian Elm (female parent) and a Japanese Elm grown from openly pollinated seed donated by the Agriculture Canada Research Station at Morden, Manitoba.
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The corollae are typically five-lobed. Style tips may be triangular or round, but typically hair-tufted. The glabrous club-shaped fruits are less than 1.5 millimeters across, black or gray in color, absent a pappus structure. The species is cross-pollinated.
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It has soft purple to violet flowers in mid summer. It is in flower from June to September, and the seeds ripen from July to October. The flowers are bisexual and are pollinated by bees. Some are also cleistogamous and pollinate themselves.
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Ideal growing conditions are and 70–100% relative humidity. Too much sunlight is harmful, especially in early growth, because kava is an understory crop. Kava cannot reproduce sexually. Female flowers are especially rare and do not produce fruit even when hand- pollinated.
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The flowers are wind- pollinated catkins, produced in early spring before the leaves. The fruit is a pendulous, cylindrical aggregate long and wide which disintegrates at maturity, releasing the individual seeds; these seeds are long with two small wings along the side.
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Urticating (stinging) hairs are often present. They have usually unisexual flowers and can be both monoecious or dioecious. They are wind-pollinated. Most disperse their pollen when the stamens are mature and their filaments straighten explosively, a peculiar and conspicuously specialised mechanism.
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The plant reproduces vegetatively via rhizome and sexually via seed. Each flower produces about 50 seeds. In New Hampshire the flowers are likely pollinated by flies. This plant was first collected in 1804 on Mount Washington by the botanist William Dandridge Peck.
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Each pealike flower is about a centimeter long with a reflexed hood. The flowers wither and turn brown but remain on the plant instead of dropping off. The plant is pollinated by native Megachile bees and native bumble bees (i.e. Bombus sp.).
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The species name is inherited from Tegeticula corruptrix, a derived parasitic species of yucca moth. Epicephala corruptrix has a potential to corrupt the mutualistic relationship with its host because the species induces gall formation in pollinated flowers which then hardly produce seeds.
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It flowers throughout the year, but mostly between September and December, and is pollinated by birds. The seeds are released from the heads after about two months and distributed by ants. It is very fire resistant because it regrows from its underground rootstock.
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The Genistoids are one of the major radiations in the plant family Fabaceae. Members of this phylogenetic clade are primarily found in the Southern hemisphere. Some genera are pollinated by birds. The genistoid clade is consistently resolved as monophyletic in molecular phylogenetic analyses.
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Shinnery oaks are wind pollinated, and flowering occurs in the spring. Acorns: Acorns develop in 1 year, maturing in the autumn. Acorns occur alone or in clusters of 2 or 3, and are 12–25 mm long by 14–18 mm wide.
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International Society of Arboriculture, Champaign, Illinois, US. colouring yellow and red in the fall.Photograph of autumn colouring of young 'Pioneer' elms, University of Washington campus: Arthur Lee Jacobson, 'Plant of the Month, 2008' The perfect, apetalous wind-pollinated flowers appear in early March.
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Cumberland rosemary flowers from the middle of May to early June. The flower initially produces pollen for up to a day before the female parts become receptive. It is mainly pollinated by bumblebees and honeybees. Unpollinated flowers will last for a week.
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Center for Plant Conservation. While the plant can fertilize itself, it may also be pollinated by insects, particularly halictid bees.Pitts-Singer, T., J. L. Hanula, and J. L. Walker. (2002). Insect pollinators of three rare plants in a Florida longleaf pine forest.
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The leaf of this orchid appears near the end of the wet season. The small purplish flowers last from four days to a week, resemble mosquitoes and are insect-pollinated. The aerial parts of the plants die down as warm weather returns.
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Dicerandra frutescens Five- year Review. August 2009. The flowers are pollinated by the bee-fly Exprosopa fasciata. A number of other Dicerandra have been separated from D. frutescens and elevated to species status, including Dicerandra cornutissima in 1981,Huck, R. B. (1981).
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R. tricolor flowers in July. It is hermaphrodite (has both male and female organs), but is self-sterile (one plant will not fruit by itself). It is insect pollinated, and the fruit ripens from mid-July to September. The plant fruits only occasionally.
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It grows in damp ground in shady areas, woodland and scrub, flowering between June and August. It is slightly poisonous and is purgative and rubefacient when used fresh. This species is pollinated mostly by seed-eating flies belonging to the genus Chiastocheta (Anthomyiidae).
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They are pendent, often clustered, and usually appear in summer and autumn. The fruit is a woody capsule, opening by 5 valves with many seeds in each part. P. cerinthoides is self-compatible and bird pollinated. A group of Prionotes cerinthoides flower.
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However, Myristica is probably pollinated by true ants, a case of myrmecophily. A few New Guinea Myristica species have evolved hollow stem swellings in which ants reside. This facilitates a mutualistic relationship known as myrmecophily, and is similar to that of Cecropia.
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A. c. japonica pollinates the endangered orchids Cymbidium kanran and Cymbidium goeringii despite not having nectar for the bees to collect, instead releasing pheromones used to orient forager bees returning to the hive as a deception tactic in order to be pollinated.
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Caltha palustris is infertile when self-pollinated. Rather high fertility in crosses between sibling plants suggest that this phenomenon is genetically regulated by several genes. This regulation mechanism also occurs in Ranunculus and as far as known only in these two genera.
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Leaves can be small, fleshy and succulent, or larger, flat and not fleshy. All surfaces are covered generally in silky, colorless trichomes. The fruits and bee-pollinated flowers are produced throughout the year. Seeds can float, and are sometimes propagated through water dispersal.
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The Fertile Crescent flora comprises a high percentage of plants that can self-pollinate, but may also be cross- pollinated. These plants, called "selfers", were one of the geographical advantages of the area because they did not depend on other plants for reproduction.
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Flowers specialized for pollination by long-billed birds may be especially vulnerable to theft. For example, some bees and birds that cannot reach down the long tubes of bird pollinated flowers simply pierce the flower at the base to obtain nectar, without pollinating.
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There is a dense mass of short hairs on the back of the column. The lobe on the top of the anther has a top resembling a mudskipper. The flowers are insect pollinated and open on sunny days. Flowering occurs in October and November.
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These flowers may be partially or entirely replaced by bulblets. When present, the flowers are hermaphroditic (both male and female organs) and are pollinated by American bees (not honeybees) and other insects. It typically flowers in the spring and early summer, from May to June.
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Pogonia ophioglossoides, the snakemouth orchid or rose pogonia, is a species of orchid occurring from central Canada to the east-central and eastern United States. It is the type species of the genus Pogonia. It is pollinated by bees.Liggio, J. and Liggio, A.O. 1999.
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The fruit is a dry, hairless nutlet. The leaves are simple and alternate. In temperate climates, it flowers from July to September and the seeds from August to October. The flowers of the plant are self-fertile but can also be pollinated by insects.
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A pair of trees in Kolkata. Alongside on the ground is a freshly shed leaf with the sheath still green. shedding of leaf in Royal palm Roystonea regia produces unisexual flowers that are pollinated by animals. European honey bees and bats are reported pollinators.
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It is reported to be naturalized in some woods in Southeast England, but is found in few gardens. The flowers have five broadly ovate white petals. The flowers appear in late spring, are hermaphrodite, pollinated by bees, and self-fertile. The flower is wide.
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The ovary is 3-locular. This flower is pollinated by specific scarab beetles known as monkey beetles of the tribe Hopliini. The turquoise ixia has very good ornamental traits with its beautiful inflorescences but is very rare in cultivation because of its conservation status.
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Female yucca moths use their antennae to sense if a flower has already been visited, and presumably oviposited on, by another female by detecting trace pheromones left behind. If detected, the female leaves and finds another flower that hopefully has not been pollinated yet.
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The condition is most often manifested in the spring. It also occurs in vines that have little sugar content in their tissue. Flowers stay closed and are not fertilized. Thus the vines are not pollinated as the grape fails to develop and falls off.
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When feeding on the nectar of red flowers, statira sulphur serve as important pollinators. For example, they help to pollinate Mandevilla tenuifolia, a pink flowering herb that is pollinated only by butterflies, mainly of the families Nymphalidae and Pieridae (the family of statira sulphur).
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Altingiaceae is a small family of flowering plants in the order Saxifragales,Peter F. Stevens (2001 onwards). "Altingiaceae". At: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. At: Missouri Botanical Garden Website. (see External links below) consisting of wind-pollinated trees that produce hard, woody fruits containing numerous seeds.
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69-76, 1937 There are no observations for the other species, but they are considered to be pollinated by insects, too. The fruits enclosed by the hardened perianth are dispersed by the wind (anemochory), lifted up by their wings up to 20 mm in diameter.
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Flora of North America. The flowers are pollinated by the ruby-throated hummingbird. This plant is similar to the other two red-flowered eastern North American Silene, S. virginica and S. rotundifolia. This plant is native to the tallgrass prairie of the American Midwest.
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The yellow flowers are borne in an umbel only one or two centimeters wide. Like most other plants, the flowers are pollinated by insects. The fruits are schizocarp, which are flat and wide with lateral wings. They split into two halves, each one seeded.
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Pentadesma butyracea has a straight, cylindrical bole without buttress and an average height of 20 m.. It bears large bright red flowers, giving edible berries whose seed is used to make butter. The flowers of the butter tree are pollinated by the Woermann's bat.
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Buddleja 'Minpap', selling name ' ™, is a hybrid cultivar raised from an openly pollinated 'Royal Red' by Olivier Pallusiere at the Pepinieres Minier nursery, Beaufort-en-Vallée, France.Hatch, L. (2007) Cultivars of Woody Plants. Vol. 1 (A-G) 2007 Edition. TCR Press Horticultural PDF. books.
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The lobe on the top of the anther has a notched orange tip and a warty back. The side lobes have a dense, yellow pimply end. Flowering occurs in September and October. The flowers are strongly scented, insect pollinated and open freely on warm days.
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The lobe on the top of the anther is purplish black with a wavy yellow crest and the side lobes have mop-like tufts of purple or white hairs. The flowers are insect pollinated and open on hot days. Flowering occurs from September to November.
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The beetles also benefit; they have a period to feast on the specialised food tissues provided for them by the plant, and plenty of time in close proximity with one another for mating. Another water lily, Nymphaea rudgeana, is similarly pollinated by C. castanea.
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The flowers are white the first night they are open and become pink the second night. They are up to in diameter, and are pollinated by beetles. This process was described in detail by Sir Ghillean Prance and Jorge Arius.Prance, Ghillean T. & Jorge R. Arius.
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36: 444. 1930. It is a perennial, very vigorous plant that grows to 1.2 meters. This species spreads rapidly by means of underground stolons and can become invasive. It bears small, buff-colored flowers from July to November which are hermaphroditic, and pollinated by wind.
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Billbergia pyramidalis of family Bromeliaceae The flowers are typically small, enclosed by bracts, and arranged in inflorescences (except in three species of the genus Mayaca, which possess very reduced, one-flowered inflorescences). The flowers of many species are wind pollinated; the seeds usually contain starch.
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The lobe on the top of the anther brownish with a few short glands on its back. The anther is orange and protrudes between the column flanges. The flowers are strongly scented, insect pollinated and open in sunny weather. Flowering occurs from August to October.
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The leaves turn yellow in Autumn. The flowers are wind-pollinated catkins long, the male catkins pendulous, the female catkins erect. The fruit is unusual among birches in maturing in late spring; it is composed of numerous tiny winged seeds packed between the catkin bracts.
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Astrantia bavarica, in Pod Rjavino, Slovenia Astrantia bavarica is an entomophilous plant, mainly pollinated by beetles, but also by other insects. This perennial plant reproduces itself also by means of buds present at the ground level. It can also be grown from seed as well.
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P. pecten-aboriginum is a diploid plant. Its floral biology differs across its range. In Tehuacán, it is pollinated at night by nectar-feeding bats. In the Sonoran desert, the flowers stay open longer in the day to attract both nocturnal and diurnal pollinators.
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It has been suggested that the arrangement of the petals and sepals of the pendulous flowers make it difficult for insects like ants to reach the nectar produced by them and that it is likely that they are pollinated by birds or small mammals.
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The pin cherry can regenerate by seed and sprout. Its flowers are bisexual and pollinated by insects. Seeds are dispersed by birds, small mammals, and gravity. As part of its reproductive strategy, pin cherries seeds can remain viable in the soil for many years.
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The coprosma rhamnoides has a small seed with fleshy red berry surrounding it. The seedlings start to appear after two/three months Once the shrub is grown, small flowers occur. This would be during Spring time from September to October. The flowers are wind pollinated.
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The flowers are hermaphrodite, meaning they have both male and female organs, and are pollinated by bees attracted to their scent and bright colour. The primary ingredients of its essential oil were found to be carvacrol (68.96%), β-phellandrene (18.34%) and p-cymene (4.68%).
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The inflorescence has 3-5 campanulate actinomorphic flowers, about in diameter, with five free sepals and five free petals. Petals are yellow, oblong-oval, 2.5-3.5 cm long. The flowering period extends from May through June. The flowers are hermaphrodite and pollinated by insects (entomophily).
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The blades measure up to 28 centimeters long by 18 wide. The foliage is borne in bunches at the stem tips. The inflorescence is a raceme with 4 to 10 fascicles of yellow flowers. The flowers have a sweet scent and are insect-pollinated.
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It was native to the island of Hawaii, where it was driven to extinction by feral ungulates such as pigs. The plant was probably also pollinated by Hawaiian honeycreepers, many of which are also extinct.Bruegmann, M. M. & V. Caraway. (2003). Cyanea copelandii ssp. copelandii.
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Karuka produces fruit around February, with an occasional secondary season in July. Typically each branch will only flower every other year. The natural pollination syndrome is unknown, but the flowers can be pollinated by humans. Seed dispersal is by humans, birds, and other animals.
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Mature plants are killed in the periodic wildfires which sweep its habitat, but the seeds can survive such occasions. It flowers in the Autumn and Winter, from April to August. The flowers are pollinated by birds. The fruits may be retained for a few years.
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The sepals are obovate (with the base slightly tapered) and by . When they are pollinated, the green pistils in the middle of the flower become a rounded to slightly lengthened seed head. The seeds are achenes, with an almost round body and a beak.
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S. pavoniana flowers in both March and June through August. The pollination syndrome is entomophily (insect-pollinated). Fruiting occurs mainly from the start of the summer wet season in July. White-headed capuchins (Cebus capucinus) eat the fruit of S. pavoniana, as does Cydia saltitans.
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They then carry over these pollen into the female cones, which becomes pollinated. Although the female cones are not consumed, there have been evidences of healed scars due to punctation in the interior of the cone, which are suspected to be caused by weevils.
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The ornamental pincushion is pollinated by birds. The ripe fruits fall to the ground about two months after flowering. Here these are collected by native ants that carry them to their underground nests. Here the seeds remain protected against fire, seed-eating rodents and birds.
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There are clumps of stems up to 1.5 meters tall. There are 7 to 11 hairy leaves up to 20 centimeters long by 2 wide on the stem. There are two types of inflorescence. The main panicle has flowers that open and are pollinated.
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Trillium grandiflorum has long been thought to self- pollinate based on the fact that pollinators had rarely been observed visiting the plants and because there is low variation in chromosomal banding patterns. This has been strongly challenged, as other studies have shown high pollination rates by bumblebees and very low success of self-pollination in controlled experiments, implying that they are in fact self-incompatible. Several ovules of a given individual often fail to produce seeds. One contributing factor is pollen limitation, and one study showed that open pollinated plants had 56% of their ovules produce seeds, while in hand pollinated individuals the figure was 66%.
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P. pruinosa shares its home with two other species of rodent-pollinated proteas, these three each flower at different periods, which helps ensure that the nectar-feeding rodents dwelling high up in these mountains are able to access these sources of food more or less continuously (there is an interruption during the spring, when there are no flowering proteas here), helps maintain the reproductive isolation of the three species, as well as reduce competition for pollinators between the species. P. scolopendriifolia is the first species to bloom, thereafter followed by P. pruinosa, and lastly by P. montana. This situation is common among sympatric rodent-pollinated proteas.
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Considering that Eurotrochilus had long beaks and tongues to consume nectar as well as the ability to hover while in flight, it seems plausible to conclude that ornithophilous flowers in the Old World evolved bird-pollination morphologies in response to Eurotrochilus. If this were true, then it would suggest a maximum age for hummingbird-pollinated plants (i.e. nectivorous plants) as these plants would not be able to be pollinated before the early Oligocene without Eurotrochilus. The abundance of E. inexpectus specimens at the Frauenweiler site in Southern Germany suggests that Eurotrochilus were possibly locally abundant during the early Oligocene, making them the most likely dominant pollinators of ornithophilous flowers.
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Because of the level of labor involved, hand-pollination is only an option on a small scale, used chiefly by small market gardeners and owners of individual plants. On large-scale operations, such as field crops, orchards, or commercial seed production, honeybees or other pollinators are a more efficient approach to pollination management. Despite this, hand- pollination is a fairly widespread practice. Pears grown in Hanyuan County, China have been hand-pollinated since the 1980s, because they can't be pollinated with other varieties that have different flowering times; also, lice infestation requires the use of many insecticide sprays, which causes local beekeepers to refuse to lend beehives.
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A growing specimen that has begun as a lithophyte and has increasing numbers of roots reaching the ground, Watagan Mountains Figs have an obligate mutualism with fig wasps (Agaonidae); figs are only pollinated by fig wasps, and fig wasps can only reproduce in fig flowers. Generally, each fig species depends on a single species of wasp for pollination. The wasps are similarly dependent on their fig species to reproduce. The assumption that fig species are usually pollinated by just one species of fig wasp has been challenged by the discovery of cryptic species complexes among what was previously thought to be single species of fig wasps.
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The insect- pollinated flowers of angiosperms use a combination of cues such as bright colours and streaked patterns to advertise themselves to insects. The early spermatophytes (seed plants) were largely dependent on the wind to carry their pollen from one plant to another, and it was around 125 to 115 million years ago that a new pollination strategy developed and angiosperms (flowering plants) first appeared. Before that, insect involvement in pollination was limited to "pollination assistants", insects which inadvertently carried the pollen between plants merely by their movements. The real relationship between plants and insects began in the Early Cretaceous, with beetle-pollinated gymnosperms.
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Although a 1998 source stated that the flowers are pollinated by birds, other sources claim it is pollinated by rodents. In 1977 the botanists Delbert Wiens and John Patrick Rourke first proposed this pollination method in certain Protea species. In a 1980 magazine article Rourke explained his theory that the peculiarly hidden flower heads had evolved this trait in response to using rodents as pollination vectors, thus constituting a special class of pollination syndrome. Because the rodents are primarily nocturnal creatures that find their food using their sense of smell rather than their sense of sight, the flower heads are not required to be showy.
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There are numerous examples of sexual dimorphisms in flowering plants. Sexual dimorphic differences include bud abortion, flower size, flower number per plant, floral longevity, nutrient content of flowers, nectar production, flowering phenology and periodicity, floral fragrances, floral defense against herbivory, and various inflorescence characteristics including total flower number, daily display size, and inflorescence architecture. In animal-pollinated species, these differences affect pollinator visitation, competition for mates, and the evolution of sexual dimorphisms . However, there are constraints placed on animal-pollinated species, because too much divergence could interfere with mating success if pollinators are more attracted to one sex than the other, or if the sexes attract different pollinators.
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Bird pollination is considered as a costly strategy for plants and it evolves only where there are particular benefits for the plant. High altitude ecosystems that lack insect pollinators, those in dry regions or isolated islands tend to favour the evolution of ornithophily, most by specialized nectarivorous birds, such as hummingbirds or sunbirds. Plants pollinated by generalist birds are most diverse in tropical and subtropical lowlands with a pronounced climatic seasonality. These plants are mostly large, woody species that produce a large number of open flowers at the same time in contrast to the mostly small shrubs and herbs that are pollinated by specialized nectarivorous birds.
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The Queen of Sheba grows with low shrubs and grasses in woodland, forest and heath. The flowers are insect pollinated and open on sunny days. It is found between Perth and Albany in the Geraldton Sandplains, Jarrah Forest, Mallee, Swan Coastal Plain and Warren biogeographic regions.
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The plant produces an inflorescence tall with cream or pale yellow flowers in summer. The flowers are pollinated by bees such as bumblebees. This species is the smallest agave in Arizona and is sought by collectors. For this reason the species has declined in its native habitat.
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Capanea is a genus of two species in the flowering plant family Gesneriaceae. The species are epiphytic and occur in Central America and the Andean regions of South America. Capanea grandiflora is thought to be bat pollinated. In older literature the name is often misspelled "Campanea".
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The lobe on the top of the anther is long, wide and dark brown with a yellow tip. The side lobes have toothbrush-like tufts of white hairs. The flowers are strongly scented, insect pollinated and open in sunny weather. Flowering occurs from August to October.
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Analysis of fossil coprolites suggest the kakapo (Strigops habroptilus), a flightless nocturnal parrot, was also a pollinator. Pollinated plants produce fruits slightly under long. The nectar exudes a musky smell that resembles mammalian sweat. Introduced mice and rats also pollinate them, although rats tend to destroy them.
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Retrieved 11-22-2011. The flowers are pollinated by insects such as the bumblebee and honeybee. The fruit is a flat legume pod which is narrowed between the seeds, with as many as 9 segments. This plant generally grows in the boreal and northern temperate climates.
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She then rubs her pollen mass against the central stigmatic depression, ensuring pollination. The pollinated ovary will now produce many seeds, ensuring an ample food supply for the larva. Although many associations of Yucca and yucca moth exist, Tegeticula muculata and Hesperoyucca whipplei form an exclusive relationship.
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The attractive small, deep crimson-pink flowers are produced in early summer. Each has five sepals, with a corolla of five fused petals, and ten stamens fused to the corolla. They are pollinated by bumble bees and solitary bees. Each mature capsule contains about 180 seeds.
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The lobe on the top of the anther is brownish purple with a yellow tip and small teeth. The side lobes have mop-like tufts of white hairs. Flowering occurs in December and January but the flowers are self-pollinated and only open on hot days.
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Brassavola nodosa is known for its exceptionally strong fragrance, which is emitted primarily after dark to attract night-pollinating moths. As is typical for moth-pollinated flowers, the scent of B. nodosa is described as "white floral". It is dominated by linalool, benzoates, salicylates, and nerolidol.
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Science 344, 1289-1293. Reproduction occurs sexually, with the pollen being wind dispersed for the most part, though the plant is occasionally pollinated by bees. P. lanceolata cannot self (reproduce asexually) in the way that many other species of Plantago can; instead, it is an obligate outcrosser.
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The flowers are hermaphrodite, or perfect, and are pollinated by insects, or, in the Americas, by hummingbirds. The flowering period extends from July through September. The fruits are glabrous capsules about long and the seeds are dispersed when the fruits burst, launching them up to away.
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Corsican mint is one of the smallest members of the mint family. It grows to 3–10 cm tall, with small oval leaves 2–7 mm long and tiny mauve flowers in July and August that are insect pollinated. It has a strong aroma of peppermint.
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This greenhood is pollinated by a particular species of fungus gnat, attracted by a kairomone produced by the flower's labellum. The labellum tips the insect into the flower, and in attempting to escape, it comes into contact with the sexual organs of the flower and pollination occurs.
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The flowers are hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs) and are pollinated by insects. They are solitary terminal on a peduncle of length. The flower is about long, across, and its color is usually red to purple. Fruit is borne in heads with long feather styles.
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The lobe on the top of the anther is short with crowded, finger-like glands. The side lobes have hairbrush-like tufts of white or yellow hairs. The flowers are insect pollinated and open in sunny weather. Flowering occurs in September and October, more prolifically after fire.
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The lobe on the top of the anther is dark purplish black with a wavy white or pink tip. The side lobes have mop-like tufts of purple or white hairs. The flowers are insect pollinated and open on hot days. Flowering occurs from September to November.
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Coluria is a plant genus in the sub family Rosoideae native to Asia, Siberia and Altai. This herbaceous perennial plant reaches 30 cm in height and 30 cm in width. The flowers are hermaphroditic and are pollinated by insects. It grows on the banks of mountains rivers.
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The edges are serrated, with each tiny tooth tipped with a glandular hair. Solitary flowers occur in the leaf axils. Each is around 6 millimeters (1/4 inch) long, urn-shaped to cylindrical, and pale pink to waxy bronze in color. They are pollinated by bees.
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The throat is lighter in color, lavender to nearly white, and hairless inside. This plant is often a pioneer species in habitat recently disturbed.Wolfe, A. D. Penstemon spectabilis It is pollinated by wasps such as Pseudomasaris vespoides, as well as by hummingbirds.Chari, J. and P. Wilson. (2001).
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The lobe on the top of the anther is itself lobed with yellow fringed edges. The side lobes are finger- like with yellow, toothbrush-like tufts on their ends. The flowers are self- pollinated and only open on hot, humid days. Flowering occurs from December to February.
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Yareta is an evergreen perennial with pink or lavender flowers. The self-fertile flowers are hermaphroditic and are pollinated by insects. The plant prefers sandy, well- drained soils. It can grow in nutritionally poor soils that are acidic, neutral, or basic (alkaline) at altitudes of up to .
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It blooms from August to October. It is a short lived perennial (with each plant living for only a few years). Although self-compatible, a flower is unable to offer pollen to itself and it must be pollinated by insects (primarily bees in the genus Bombus).
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Grevillea juniperina is pollinated by birds, with bees also recorded visiting flowers. The leaves are food for caterpillars of the cyprotus blue (Candalides cyprotus). A springtail species of Australian origin—Calvatomina superba—was found on Grevillea juniperina cultivated at the Lost Gardens of Heligan in Cornwall.
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The Iberian pear flowers during February–March. It is pollinated by wide variety of insects such as bees, flies, and beetles. Each individual produces between 200-450 fruits that ripen and drop to the ground unaided from September to December.Fedriani, J. M., and M. Delibes. 2009b.
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The flowers are pollinated by the drosophilid flies Colocasiomyia alocasiae and C. xenalocasiae, at least in Japan.Miyake, T. and M. Yafuso. (2005). Pollination of Alocasia cucullata (Araceae) by two Colocasiomyia flies known to be specific pollinators for Alocasia odora. Plant Species Biology 20(3) 201–208.
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'Ricks Late' originated in NSW Australia and produces heavy, late crops with excellent quality. 'Superb' is a selection from North Queensland that bears large quantities of superb quality, small fruits that may be completely seedless if not cross pollinated. 'Cocktail' is described as having excellent flavor.
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Quercus virginiana produces small flowers during the spring, and the tree is pollinated by the wind. The live oak is also considered a rapidly growing species. The growth of the live oak begins very quickly, however as it becomes older its growth rate begins to decline.
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Commelina cyanea is pollinated by a variety of native bees such as Nomia aurantifer, Amegilla pulchra, halictid and colletid bees, and syrphid flies (genus Syritta). Wallabies and rabbits eat the vegetation. Vegetation is also possibly dispersed by water. and along Oxnard California coast and back yards.
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Lathyrus tuberosus can be propagated vegetatively by tuber multiplication or sexually by seeds. The flower is hermaphroditic and pollinated by bees. Mature seed pods of L tuberosus may only carry few viable seeds. The mature seeds sometimes are infested by a Bruchus affinis beetle and Hymenopterans.
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Allium antiatlanticum is a plant species native to Morocco and Algeria. It is a bulb-forming perennial with a scent resembling that of garlic or leeks. It has a bulb, and is pollinated by bees and other insects. Emberger, Marie Louis & Réné Charles Joseph Ernest Maire. 1932.
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Interspecific hybrids of tall waterhemp and Amaranthus hybridus have been observed in experimental fieldsTrucco, F., M.R. Jeschke, A.L. Rayburn, and P.J. Tranel. 2005. Amaranthus hybrids can be pollinated frequently by A. tuberculatus under field conditions. Heredity 94:64–70. but have not been observed in agronomic fields.
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Such constraints are absent from wind-pollinated plants, and the contrasting biophysical requirements for pollen dispersal and pollen capture have led to striking cases of sexual dimorphism in plant architecture and flower production in some species . Below are some specific examples of sexual dimorphisms in flowering plants.
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The corolla is bell-shaped, with five deep lobes slightly ciliate. The flowering period extends from June through September. The flowers are pollinated by insects (bees, flies, butterflies, etc.) (entomophily). The fruit is a capsule with five pores near the base, where the seeds are spread.
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Flowers form within a translucent receptacle, a syconium. Flowers pollinated by fig wasps within the fig. The mature fig changes to a purplish colour with pink dots, globular in shape, in diameter. Figs ripe from January to July, but sometimes appearing mature in different times of the year.
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Metarungia is a small Afrotropical genus in the family Acanthaceae of dicotyledonous flowering plants. They have large, colourful corollas, and are morphologically similar to Anisotes, which is also assumed to be bird- pollinated. They differ mainly in the dehiscence of the fruit capsule, and details of the placenta.
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The lobe on the top of the anther is short and yellow with a lumpy back. The lobes on the side of the column are blue and curve forwards with yellow, lobed ends. The flowers are insect pollinated and open on hot days. Flowering occurs from October to December.
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They are usually arranged in indeterminate inflorescences. Fabaceae are typically entomophilous plants (i.e. they are pollinated by insects), and the flowers are usually showy to attract pollinators. In the Caesalpinioideae, the flowers are often zygomorphic, as in Cercis, or nearly symmetrical with five equal petals, as in Bauhinia.
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Flowers are thought to be insect pollinated. Late season frosts occasionally damage flowers, resulting in reduced fruit set. Fruit: A bright red, single-seeded drupe, ellipsoid, long matures in late summer or fall (August to early October). Individual fruit stalks are long, thick, and appear swollen at the apex.
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Fouquieria formosa is a large shrub or small tree growing to 10 m in height and has spines and red-orange flowers. The flowers are pollinated by hummingbirds.Kunth, Karl (Carl) Sigismund 1823. Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) 6: 83 description in LatinKunth, Karl (Carl) Sigismund 1823.
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Ornithogalum lebaense is pollinated by insects. Its flowers are usually in bloom for thirty to forty-five days, and will abort if they are not fertilized. The seeds are wind-dispersed in the spring, which starts in September. In late spring (November), the plant acquires its glaucous leaves.
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Average seed production per plant has been estimated at 1530. More seeds are produced when male and female plants are closer together, as flowers are primarily insect-pollinated. The plant can bloom from seed in a year then subsequently the seeds produced can emerge in the following year.
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Potential pollinators of Dendrobium speciosum, such as the stingless bee Tetragonula carbonaria, are attracted to the plant by large, cream to yellow, finely segmented, aromatic inflorescences. Flowers vary in size within the six recognised varieties of D. speciosum and are pollinated when visited by bees of appropriate size.
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The upper petals are erect, but the lower two are curved under. The shape of the flower indicates it is pollinated by birds, which is unique among the geraniums. This plant grows in gulches on the slopes of the volcano Haleakalā. There are no more than 500 individuals left.
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Veronica strictissima is eaten by grazing species such as sheep, goats and cows. The fruit are eaten by lizards and birds. Lizards and birds also feed on the nectar. The flowers are pollinated by a native bee, L. sordidum which feeds off the nectar and takes pollen with it.
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Catasetum barbatum Catasetum barbatum, the bearded catasetum, is a species of orchid. It occurs commonly in Amazonas and Central Brazil. It is found in a wide variety of open, lowlands habitats, mostly riparian. It is unique in having male, female, and hermaphroditic flowers, pollinated by male euglossine bees.
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Each flower has bright lemon yellow petals, white stamens with large white to yellow to red anthers, and a white style. The flower is pollinated by bumblebees and other bees. The bulbs are an important and preferred food of the grizzly bear. Mule deer readily eat the foliage.
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The etymology and kennings unambiguously confirm the meaning "willow" for this letter name. The Morann mic Moín kenning is a reference to the sallow grey appearance of the bark of this tree, while the kennings referencing bees and honey are due to its being commonly pollinated by bees.
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Pepper Research Station (PRS) is one of the oldest institutions in India under Kerala Agricultural University situated at Panniyoor, Kannur. PRS started in 1952, and came under KAU in 1972. The institution is known for developing the world's first artificially pollinated variety of Pepper, commonly known as Panniyoor One.
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Hotbark is a tree that grows to 13 m in height. It has a dark, smooth trunk. Its large, bluntly pointed leaves are dark green on the upper surface and paler beneath. The white flowers are 20 mm in diameter, flowering from June to December, and are insect-pollinated.
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The lobe on the top of the anther is short and dark purplish with a toothed or warty yellow tip. The side lobes have white or purplish, mop-like tufts on their ends. The flowers are insect- pollinated and open on warm days. Flowering occurs from September to December.
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Anemophily (wind pollination) is a characteristic of some members this genus, as seen in Thalictrum fendleri and Thalictrum dioicum. Others, such as Thalictrum sparsiflorum, are entomophilous (pollinated by insects). Thalictrum species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including the Setaceous Hebrew Character moth.
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The lobe on the top of the anther is short with long flanges and finger-like glands on the back. The side lobes have sparse, mop- like tufts of white hairs. Flowering occurs from October to December but the flowers are self-pollinated and only open on hot days.
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The lobe on the top of the anther is short and densely covered with short, finger-like yellow glands. The side lobes have mop-like tufts of a few white to lilac hairs. The flowers are insect pollinated and open on sunny days. Flowering occurs from September to November.
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A close view of the bladder cells Mesembryanthemum crystallinum is covered with enlarged epidermal cells, called "bladder cells". The main function of these bladder cells is to reserve water. It flowers from spring to early summer. Flowers open in the morning and close at night, and are insect pollinated.
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It flowers in late spring and, at least in more temperate regions, through the summer. The flowers are monoecious and are pollinated by bees and wasps. Linum bienne (=L. angustifolium) is considered the probable wild forebear of the cultivated flax, and a fibre can be made from its stem.
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Though it can survive on its own, studies indicate a forty-fold growth increase when its roots parasitize those of another plant for nutrients. It is primarily pollinated by ruby-throated hummingbirds who can transfer the pollen long distances between typically small and scattered populations of this plant.
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This iris is uniquely pollinated by ants, as the flowers secrete nectar at the base of the petals. After the iris has flowered, it produces an oblong, seed capsule, 1.5 cm long and 1 cm wide. It also has a slender beak appendage up to 2 cm long.
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Veltheimia bracteata is a bulbous plant with glossy leaves. The flower stems arise from a rosette of basal leaves and blossom in an inflorescence arrangement which is typically surrounded by dense spikes. Plants are pollinated by birds. A fleshy seed is then produced at the end of August.
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M. quadrifasciata outperformed honey bees as greenhouse pollinators to yield fruits that were larger and carried more seeds than those pollinated by honey bees. The nests of M. quadrifasciata and other stingless bees of the Meliponini tribe are commonly used to harvest honey in Central and South America.
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Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 45(4): 421 Ambrosia cordifolia is a shrub up to 50 cm (20 inches) tall. Leaves are triangular or heart-shaped. Flower heads are small and inconspicuous, as the plant is wind-pollinated. The heads develop into spiny burs as the seeds ripen.
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A little studied species, not much is known of its ecology or conservation biology. Reports suggest that it is pollinated by a variety of birds and small mammals. Like many members of series 'Abietinae', it has not been considered to have much horticultural potential and is rarely cultivated.
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It is a deciduous shrub growing up to .Plant Database—Staphylea pinnata The species name pinnata refers to the pinnate leaves. Small, white, bell-shaped, fragrant flowersMissouri Botanical Garden—Staphylea pinnata bloom from May to June, on panicles up to long. The flowers are bisexual and pollinated by flies.
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B. cylindrica is wind pollinated, so plants are fertilized by pollen carried by the wind. Thus, the flowers do not attract many insects. Larvae of the fly Neolasioptera boehmeriae, form small galls in the shape of spindles. Flowering season for B. cylindrica is during the summer to fall.
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The flowers are produced in clusters of four to ten in early summer with a leafy yellow-green subtending bract; they are fragrant, and pollinated by bees. The floral formula is ✶ K5 C5 A0+5∞ (5). The fruit is a dry nut-like drupe diameter, downy and faintly ribbed.
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The Isle-of-Man cabbage, a dicot plant is biennial and grows to a height of 0.3 metres. It forms rosettes than can be up to a metre in diameter. The flowers have four leaves, are hermaphrodite and are pollinated by insects. Coincya monensis subsp monensis flowers from April.
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When a caprifig ripens, another caprifig must be ready to be pollinated. In temperate climes, wasps hibernate in figs, and there are distinct crops. Caprifigs have three crops per year; common figs have two. The first crop (breba) is larger and more juicy, and is usually eaten fresh.
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The flowers are placed in the axils of bracts membranous and lanceolate-shaped. Their colors vary from light pink to purple or white with darker streaks mainly on the labellum (sometimes at the margins of tepals). The flowers reaches on average . The flowers are hermaphrodite and insect pollinated.
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Plant Biology, 2014. 16(1): p. 215-226. Typically bat-pollinated plants emit a sulfur scent, but Parkia pendula has no sulfur compounds in its flowers, further substantiating that bats find it by echolocation Other pollinators include opossums, kinkajous, porcupines, ring-tailed coati, certain primates, and occasionally bees.
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P. maximowiczii has white, insect-pollinated, hermaphroditic flowers, blooming in May in the Northern Hemisphere, November in the Southern Hemisphere. The edible fruits (cherries) are about 5 mm in diameter, containing one large seed each. They ripen in August in the Northern Hemisphere, February in the Southern Hemisphere.
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Coprosma rhamnoides (also known as twiggy coprosma or red-currant coprosma) is an endemic shrub in New Zealand. It forms a small shrub up to 2 m tall. The leaves are very small, simple and variable in shape. The inconspicuous flowers are unisexual and believed to be wind pollinated.
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Salsola stocksii, insect pollination Salsola stocksii is pollinated by small wild bees (Hymenoptera), that were observed to collect pollen (see photo).Gabriele Kothe-Heinrich: Revision der Gattung Halothamnus (Chenopodiaceae). Bibliotheca Botanica Bd. 143, Schweizerbart, Stuttgart 1993, (German), p. 22. The winged fruits are dispersed by the wind (anemochory).
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Ficus obliqua is pollinated by two species of fig wasp—Pleistodontes greenwoodi and P. xanthocephalus. Female and male flowers in each syconium mature at different times. Female wasps enter the syconium and lay eggs in the female flowers as they mature. These eggs later hatch and the progeny mate.
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It is an unusual bellflower in that its flowers are usually flat and not bell-shaped. It has a varying life-history with seeds germinating in the fall producing annual plants and spring-germinating seeds producing biennial plants. It is generally insect-pollinated, and does not usually self- pollinate.
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Platanthera praeclara is a long-lived perennial. It emerges in May and blooms in June or in July further north. The flowers are fragrant at night and are pollinated by large sphinx moths. P. praeclara is a plant of the tallgrass prairie and requires direct sunlight for growth.
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The rice plant can grow to tall, occasionally more depending on the variety and soil fertility. It has long, slender leaves long and broad. The small wind-pollinated flowers are produced in a branched arching to pendulous inflorescence long. The edible seed is a grain (caryopsis) long and thick.
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Calyx is long, and obliquely turbinate, with minute teeth, apex acute, base acute, pinnately veined, erect or spreading horizontally. It is reproduced by seed and pollinated by bees moths and flies. Leucas belongs to the subfamily Lamioideae, and is closely related to the small genera Acrotome and Leonotis.
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The flowers are pollinated by honey bees, bumble bees, and a local native leafcutter bee (Anthidium palliventre). A main threat to this rare species is the presence of the introduced non-native European beachgrass (Ammophila arenaria), which was once planted to stabilize the sand dunes and now dominates.
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The name refers to Calaway H. Dodson. By providing similar sensory signals as the model flower, it can lure its pollinators. Like Bakerian mimics, no nectar is provided. Epidendrum ibaguense (Orchidaceae) resembles flowers of Lantana camara and Asclepias curassavica, and is pollinated by monarch butterflies and perhaps hummingbirds.
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The pollination mechanism of the two species of Lyperanthus is not known but L. suaveolens is strongly fragrant in warm weather and both species have nectar, indicating that they may be pollinated by bees. Unlike many Western Australian orchid species, these two do not require fire to induce flowering.
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Pumpkins produce both a male and female flower; they must be fertilized, usually by bees. Pumpkins have historically been pollinated by the native squash bee Peponapis pruinosa, but this bee has declined, probably at least in part to pesticide (imidacloprid) sensitivity. Ground-based bees such as squash bees and the eastern bumblebee are better suited to handle the larger pollen particles that pumpkins create, but today most commercial plantings are pollinated by hives of honeybees, which also allows the production and sale of honey that the bees produce from the pumpkin pollen. One hive per acre (4,000 m2 per hive, or 5 hives per 2 hectares) is recommended by the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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The absence of leaves improves wind transmission of pollen for wind-pollinated plants and increases the visibility of the flowers to insects in insect- pollinated plants. This strategy is not without risks, as the flowers can be damaged by frost or, in dry season regions, result in water stress on the plant. The conditions that trigger leafout in spring can vary depending on the species or genera of plant. Most herbaceous perennials and some woody plants are triggered to leaf out by warming air or soil temperatures, for example birches (Betula) and willows (Salix) will attempt to send out flowers and/or leaves if there are a few days where ambient air temperatures exceed 50°F (10°C).
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The South African species were originally pollinated by long-tongued anthophorini bees, but some changes in the pollination system have occurred, allowing pollination by sunbirds, noctuid and Hawk-moths, long-tongued flies and several others. In the temperate zones of Europe many of the hybrid large flowering sorts of gladiolus can be pollinated by small well-known wasps. Actually, they are not very good pollinators because of the large flowers of the plants and the small size of the wasps. Another insect in this zone which can try some of the nectar of the gladioli is the best-known European Hawk- moth Macroglossum stellatarum which usually pollinates many popular garden flowers like Petunia, Zinnia, Dianthus and others.
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This would lead to 1.42 million additional deaths each year from diseases, as well as 27 million disability-adjusted life years. In a less extreme scenario wherein only 50% of pollinators die off, 700,000 additional deaths would occur each year, as well as 13.2 million disability-adjusted years. A melon plant, a crop requiring a pollinator and a good source of vitamin A One study estimated that 70% of dietary vitamin A worldwide is found in crops that are animal pollinated, as well as 55% of folate. At present, eating plants which are pollinated by animals is responsible for only 9%, 20%, and 29% of calcium, fluoride, and iron intake, respectively, with most coming from meat and dairy.
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Mostly, these flowers are self- pollinated, but some cases of cross-pollination have been observed. Its indehiscent fruits enclose only one spherical seed that contains around 26% protein, 18% fibre and 35% oil. This oil content is lower than what can be extracted from rapeseed and the oil is not edible.
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Their second greenhouse, connected to the first, was built in 2009. The combined area was then . Plants are grown in rock wool and pollinated by bumblebees that are kept inside the greenhouses. Rainwater that sheds off the greenhouse roofs is recycled to supplement the water used to irrigate the plants.
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Like members of the subtribe Coryciinae sensu stricto, Disperis is pollinated by oil collecting bees of the genus Rediviva. The oil is produced on the lip appendage, usually near its apex. Disperis has independently evolved a floral morphology much like that of Coryciinae s.s. in order to attract these pollinators.
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The male basal part is slightly different; it is lightly yellow coloured and is long by thick. The species' appendix is very short and is yellowish-green in colour. Flowers have 2 anthers which are 2-loculed. The flowers blooming from June to July which are being pollinated by flies.
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The trumpet-shaped, fragrant flowers have six curling tepals up to long, sometimes with a few reddish spots. There are six stamens tipped with large anthers up to long. The pistil may be long. The flowers are pollinated by hawkmoths,Flora of North America especially Hyles lineata and Sphinx perelegans.
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Flora of North America. The plant is pollinated by bees of the genera Halictus, Lasioglossum, Dialictus, and Andrena. Though rare overall with a very small distribution, this plant is locally abundant, with 10,000 individuals at one site. There are ten occurrences and an estimated total of up to 27,800 individuals.
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The flowers are pollinated by a syrphid fly and possibly a bumblebee. This plant grows only on the Elkhorn Ridge of the Blue Mountains in eastern Oregon. It occurs at elevations above 2500 meters (8200 feet). It can be found in the ecotone between the shrub-steppe habitat and subalpine woodland.
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The flowers are small, usually about in diameter, and have a creamy yellow color. They are pollinated by insects. In Florida, the flowers are present all year round and so are the fruit. However, in some places, for example Puerto Rico, the flowers are only present between July and October.
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Inflorescences emerge from the leaf axils and bear white, lipped flowers each about long. They are pollinated by insects. This species can escape cultivation and become a weed. Balanguseed mucilage (BSM) features many advantages over most of its polymer counterparts, including a lower production cost, higher efficiency, and better medicinal properties.
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There are 6 stamens with anthers sometimes nearly a centimeter long and a pistil which may be 4 centimeters in length. The flowers are pollinated by Allen's and rufous hummingbirds, Selasphorus sasin and rufus, respectively.Flora of North America, Lilium bolanderi The lily was named after the California botanist Henry Nicholas Bolander.
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Flowering occurs in summer and early fall. The flower itself opens in the afternoon, between 3:30 pm and 6:30 pm, but usually between 4:00 and 6:00 pm. The flowers are pollinated by bees, particularly the females of two species of halictids.Goldblatt, P. and J. C. Manning.
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Coeloglossum viride is mainly pollinated by beetles and a wide range of Hymenoptera including ants.Orchid Digest - Ant Pollination of Dactylorhiza viridis This orchid species is able to form symbiotic partnerships with a variety of mycorrhizal fungi including Ceratobasidium sp., Epulorhiza anaticulata Moniliopsis anomala, Rhizoctonia sp., Tulasnella cucumeris and Tulasnella calospora.
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The lobe on the top of the anther is tan-coloured to brown with a yellow tip. The side lobes curve upwards and have mop-like tufts of white or pink hairs. The flowers are long-lasting, insect-pollinated and open on warm sunny days. Flowering occurs from June to September.
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Stuckenia pectinata is a fully submerged aquatic plant and does not have any floating or emerged leaves. The flowers are wind pollinated and the seeds float. Tubers that are rich in starch are formed on the rhizomes. Reproduction can either be vegetative with tubers and plant fragments or sexual with seeds.
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Thelymitra polychroma, commonly called the rainbow sun orchid, is a species of orchid that is endemic to Tasmania. It has a single narrow, fleshy leaf and up to four blue and mauve flowers with darker veins. It grows in windswept heath and swampy areas and the flowers are self-pollinated.
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Blastophaga is a wasp genus in the family Agaonidae (fig wasps) which pollinate figs or are otherwise associated with figs, a coevolutional relationship that has been developing for at least 80 million years. Pollinating fig wasps are specific to specific figs. The common fig Ficus carica is pollinated by Blastophaga psenes.
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This fig can only be pollinated by the symbiotic wasp who has retrieved pollen from another syconium. Female wasps oviposit into the syconium for hatching. When these larvae emerge as adults, they carry pollen that they accumulated in the syconium out of the fig. Wasps usually oviposit into a nearby syconium.
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The lobe on the top of the anther is short with a yellow tip and small glands on the back. The side lobes have a long, mop-like tufts of white hairs. Flowering occurs from October to December but the flowers are self- pollinated and open only slowly on hot days.
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The seeds are small and often shiny black. The plants flower from late spring to late summer, and are pollinated by butterflies and bumble bees. Despite the toxicity, Delphinium species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species, including the dot moth and small angle shades.
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Recommendations for male and female ratio vary from 6 to 12%, while the distance within which the female plant can be pollinated is about 100m. It has been shown that as the distance from the female plant to the male plant (polliniser) increases (64m), the yield of the female plant decreases.
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Apparently, it is present in the soil seed bank for decades, until a suitably intense fire triggers germination. Flower heads may develop at any time during the year. It is assumed that like other Mimetes species, the mace pagoda is pollinated by birds and the seeds are distributed by ants.
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A Revision of the Major Species. Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens, 14(2), 105-132. Most Acacias have been studied comprehensively, however many mulgas have not. It has been concluded that it is likely that mulga plants are insect pollinated as this is often the case with arid zone Acacias.
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"The relationship between nectar spur curvature in jewelweed ( Impatients capensis)and pollen removal by hummingbird pollinators" Canadian Journal of Botany, 2003, vol. 81, pp. 164-170 These nectar spur flowers are either partially or completely pollinated by insects. The specific pollinator is determined by the curvature of the nectar spur.
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Gongylolepis jauaensis is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It is a tall shrub, with leaves borne in a rosette at the top of the stem, and is only found in the tepui highlands of Maigualida, Marahuaka and northern Amazonas Region (Venezuela). It is pollinated by bats.
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The young seedlings can then be transplanted either during the beginning of spring or at the start of autumn (fall). They should be plant with a planting distance of 40 cm, as they do not like root competition. This species, which is pollinated by ants, is closely related to Iris graminea.
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Nuclear ITS sequences help disentangle Phyllanthus reticulatus (Phyllanthaceae), an Asian species not occurring in Africa, but introduced to Jamaica. Systematic Botany 36(1): 99-104. In Vietnamese its name is phèn đen (sometimes diệp hạ châu mạng). Phyllanthus reticulatus is pollinated by several different species of Epicephala in East Asia.
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The lobe on the top of the anther has a dense fringe and a yellow tip with a dark collar. The side lobes have dense, yellow, mop-like tufts on their ends. The flowers are self-pollinated and open only slowly on hot, humid days. Flowering occurs from August to October.
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It does not produce pollen, so it must be pollinated by another species of citrus. Its systematic name is after Kuchinotsu, Nagasaki where it was bred. It was hybridized in 1984, with its name registered in 2004 and the variety registered in 2005. The first fruits came on sale in 2007.
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Calochortus barbatus is a bulb-forming perennial with branching stems up to 50 cm tall. Flowers are nodding (hanging), and are yellow with yellow or purple hairs.Painter, Joseph Hannum 1911. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 13(10): 348-349 The flowers are hermaphrodite, and are pollinated by insects.
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Flowering occurs in July and August. The flowers are likely pollinated by bumblebees and honeybees.Flora of North America, Geum geniculatum Michaux, 1803. Bent avens This may be a relict species, limited in distribution to the peaks of three mountains where conditions are cool and wet enough for it to survive.
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The flowers are labiate, arranged in pairs and are one-sided (all flowers "look" at the same side). They are usually white or pale pink with a large pinkish purple blotch on the lower lip. They are mainly pollinated by bees and moths. The flowering period extends from May through August.
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Flowering takes place in early summer and, in cool summer areas, continues sporadically throughout the summer and into fall. The cultivar 'coccineus' is especially long-blooming. The blooms have a strong and somewhat rank scent. They are pollinated by both bees and butterflies and the plant is noted for attracting insects.
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The Green Man has been depicted in the TV series The Chilling Adventures of Sabrina as an old pagan god; he is meant to bring the end to humanity, "The end of all flesh" where all humans will be pollinated and killed as sacrifices to bring the Green Man back.
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Elves in Earthdawn naturally live a very long time; some are thought to be immortal. Such immortal Elves feature in many cross-pollinated storylines with Shadowrun. A subrace of Earthdawn elves are called the Blood Elves. The blood elves rejected the Theran protective magic, and attempted their own warding spells.
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It can be propagated by division (of the rhizome), or by seed growing. In the wild, some habitats generate poor seed and vegetative propagation. The plant needs to be hand pollinated (in the UK) to create seed. Seeds are collected from the dry pods/capsules, when the seeds are ripe.
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In summer, this species produces fragrant flowers which are dioecious, so one must have both male and female plants to obtain fruit. Most cultivars are parthenocarpic (setting seedless fruit without pollination). The flowers are pollinated by insects and wind. Fruiting typically begins when the tree is about 6 years old.
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It produces no nectar - giving pollinators large amounts of pollen instead, which must be extracted through pores on the anthers. Melastoma affine is pollinated by bees, particularly Xylocopa bombylans, X. aff. gressittii, Amegilla anomola and Nomia species. Honeybees outcompete native bees for pollen at flowers, impacting on the species' reproduction.
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It is wind pollinated. The female (seed) cones, which mature in autumn about 18 months after pollination, are globose, large, in diameter, and hold about 200 seeds. The cones disintegrate at maturity to release the long nut-like seeds. The thick bark of Araucaria araucana may be an adaptation to wildfire.
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Campbell, D. G., A. Ford, et al. "The Feral Forests of the Eastern Petén" (2006), Time and Complexity in the Neotropical Lowlands New York, Columbia University Press: 21-55. Of the dominant species, it is the only one that is wind-pollinated. It is also found in traditional Maya forest gardens.
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Commelina cyanea, commonly known as scurvy weed, is a perennial prostrate herb of the family Commelinaceae native to moist forests and woodlands of eastern Australia,PlantNET, plant profile Commelina cyanea Lord Howe Island and Norfolk Island. The blue flowers appear over the warmer months and are pollinated by bees and flies.
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Osa pulchra has large white, trumpet-shaped, pendulous flowers similar to many plants in the family, Solanaceae, such as Brugmansia and Solandra. The flowers are pendent, borne on long pedicels, fused-petals and an elongated corolla. The blooms are highly fragrant at night and are most likely pollinated by bats (chiropterophily).
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The caterpillars of the laced or Indian fritillary (Argynnis hyperbius) feed upon this plant, and the flowers are pollinated by the large- or common grass yellow (Eurema hecabe). Coastal swamps where Viola betonicifolia grows have been drained in New South Wales, endangering the status of the laced fritillary in that state.
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Adenocalymma is a genus of plants in the family Bignoniaceae. This New World genus of lianas contains approximately 50 species. Adenocalymma species are used as food plants by the larva of the hepialid moth Trichophassus giganteus. The plants are pollinated by a variety of animals including insects, birds and bats.
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The species is wind pollinated by male cones which produce large quantities of pollen. Seeds are black. Mature seeds are dispersed from the cone through swelling of the cone bracts ejecting the seeds to the ground. Distribution is limited, resulting in many seeds landing on the ground under the female tree.
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Similar cases are seen in some other species of the same family. The mimetic species may still have pollinators of its own though. For example, a lamellicorn beetle, which usually pollinates correspondingly colored Cistus flowers, is also known to aid in pollination of Ophrys species that are normally pollinated by bees.
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The paler standards are orbicular shaped, with pale lilac veins on a nearly white ground. It has a purplish-brown style with reddish brown lobes, and a long perianth tube. After the iris has flowered, it produces a seed capsule, which is pollinated by ants, who also disperse the seeds.
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Lithocarpus sp. - MHNT Lithocarpus sp. - MHNT Lithocarpus is a genus in the beech family, Fagaceae. Trees in this genus are commonly known as the stone oaks and differ from Quercus primarily because they produce insect-pollinated flowers on erect spikes and the female flowers have short styles with punctate stigmas.
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The Swartruggens vexator is pollinated by insects. Its fruits are ripe about two months after flowering, when they fall to the ground. Here they are collected by native ants, who carry them to their nest. They then remain underground until a fire and subsequent rains trigger the seeds to germinate.
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Several of them sit together on a tubular disk. Regeneration is from fresh seeds that stand out white on the darker forest floor, after having been dropped by birds. Wilkiea huegeliana is most likely pollinated by Thrips setipennis, a species of thrips. These insects have been found in both male and female flowers.
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Very numerous stamens; crowded, white, less than long; ovary light green. Styles white, crowded on the raised axis. Each pistil forms a separate tubercle (small rounded wartlike protuberance), mostly to long and to wide which matures into the aggregate fruit. :Flowering occurs in spring-early summer and flowers are pollinated by nitidulid beetles.
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Senna spectabilis S. spectabilis is a shrub or deciduous tree that can grow anywhere from 15–20 ft in height and 15–20 ft in width. S. spectabilis have a rounded vase-shaped crown, which is dense and symmetrical. S. spectabilis is pollinated by bees and has a very fast growth rate.
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Trillium pusillum flowers from March to early May. It can be found in several habitat types, including savannas, swamps, bogs, forests and woods, and fields. It grows on acidic soils. In Missouri, it is commonly pollinated by the western honey bee (Apis mellifera), and the seeds are dispersed by ants and harvestmen.
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Flowers form within a receptacle, a syconium. Flowers pollinated by fig wasps within the fig. The mature fig changes to a white, pinkish or brown colour with red spots, 10 mm in diameter, almost stalkless on the stem. Fruit ripe in Australia mostly June to August, or at all times during the year.
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The Sciaridae are also fungus feeders. Some plants are pollinated by fungus feeding flies that visit fungus infected male flowers. The larvae of Megaselia scalaris (Phoridae) are almost omnivorous and consume such substances as paint and shoe polish. The Exorista mella (Walker) fly are considered generalists and parasitoids of a variety of hosts.
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The flowers are pollinated by a variety of insects including the hawkmoth Hyles lineata and flies of the genera Anthomyia and Tachypeza.Strakosh, S. C. and C. J. Ferguson. (2005). Pollination biology of four southwestern species of Phlox (Polemoniaceae): Insect visitation in relation to corolla tube length. The Southwestern Naturalist 50(3), 291-301.
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The lobe on the top of the anther has a few small lumps on its back and the side lobes are white or yellow and have irregular lobes. Flowering occurs from October to December and is more prolific after fire the previous summer. The flowers are insect pollinated and open on warm days.
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It starts as a small plant, but grows anywhere from during its second year. The flowers are attractive white to light pink color. They have 4 petals, 8 stamens, and 1 pistil, which are mostly pollinated by bees and other insects. The fruits are capsules, ribbed or ridged, and are occasionally woody.
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There are terminal persistent pollen masses (pollinia), cream in colour, fixed directly to the viscidia (sticky pads which adhere to pollinators). The flower is pollinated by fungus gnats but otherwise little is known about the pollination mechanism because the flower is hidden by the dorsal sepal and the species is difficult to cultivate.
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Members of the walnut family have large, aromatic leaves that are usually alternate, but opposite in Alfaroa and Oreomunnea. The leaves are pinnately compound or ternate, and usually 20–100 cm long. The trees are wind-pollinated, and the flowers are usually arranged in catkins. Some fruits are borderline and difficult to categorize.
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M. astonii's distinctive interlaced branches and heart-shaped leavesMuehlenbeckia astonii fruit and seed. After pollination the sepals grow, become translucent, and wrap around the black seed. Later when the sepals open they resemble another flower. This image shows one mature fruit and seed at bottom, and an immature seed (recently pollinated flower) above.
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Aethomys was the most quick to forage. Mus minutoides, Crocidura spp., Graphiurus ocularis and Dendromus melanotis have also been captured on rare occasion around rodent- pollinated proteas. Rodent pollinators' faeces contain a large amount of protea pollen, also as seen from their, probably due to being ingested during the grooming of their snouts.
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The flowers with their abundant pollen supply attract hoverflies, flies and honey bees. They also are an important food source for butterflies like the grizzled skipper. The pollinated flowers develop fruits with burs. These attach to passing grazing animals such as cattle, sheep and deer and are spread over a large area.
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Ph.D. thesis, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland. Records of cultivated plants trapping small birds have been made. Flowers occur in racemes or more rarely in panicles with male and female flowers on separate plants. They are insect-pollinated, the primary agents being flies (including blow flies, midges, and mosquitoes), moths, wasps, and butterflies.
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The lobe on the top of the anther is pale brown with a yellow tip, strongly curved with a shallow notch and irregular teeth. The side lobes have mop-like tufts of white hairs on their ends. The flowers are insect pollinated and open in warm weather. Flowering occurs from September to December.
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However, according to Syngenta and the FAO, the total number of beehives worldwide continues to grow. An insecticide produced by Syngenta was banned by the European Commission in 2013 for use in crops pollinated by bees.European Commission. Bees & Pesticides: Commission to proceed with plan to better protect bees; Press Release, 29 April 2013.
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Madeleine Angevine, one of the crossed produced from Madeline Royale. Recent DNA evidence has shown that Madeleine Royale pollinated Riesling to produce Müller-Thurgau, one of the most widely planted grapes in Germany. Madeleine Angevine was another Moreau-Robert creation in 1857. It is a cross between Précoce de Malingre and Madeleine Royale.
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The vlei ink-flower has white or rosy-tinged (sometimes purple) flowers that open in the evening, and have long narrow corolla tubes. These traits all occur in flowers that are pollinated by hawkmoths, although a clear scent was not observed. Hippotion celerio and Nephele comma have been seen to visit C. tubulosum.
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Further evidence has been reported that Dr. Norton developed the cultivar from seeds from a now extinct variety with unconfirmed parentage, Bland, pollinated by a Vitis Aestivalis grapevine. In 2009, Riedel designed stemware specifically for wine made from the Norton grape. The glass was unveiled at Les Bourgeois Winery near Columbia, Missouri.
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The inner surface of the flared mouth is completely purplish-brown. The flowering period extends through all summer. These plants are pollinated by flies which are attracted by the unpleasant carrion-like odor produced by the flowers. The numerous winged seeds are borne in dry dehiscent capsules that split like small parachutes.
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The flowers are pollinated by bees and flies. The plant is host to the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Septoglomus fuscum. The seeds of the plant are a favored food item of the African hairy-footed gerbil (Gerbillurus paeba), which also eats T. capensis, the sand flea that lives in the dunes around the plant.
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This plant is self-pollinated, each plant with a capacity of producing up to 2,800 seeds which can remain dormant under soil for several years. The seeds are large; dispersal is via mammal fur. Germination occurs when the seeds are brought near to the soil surface and it takes place within a month.
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Kay Gray was developed by the Wisconsin grape breeder Elmer Swenson c. 1980 and is named after a family friend. It is a seedling of Swenson's own ES 217 (a cross of MN 78 and Golden Muscat). Swenson collected open-pollinated seeds from this vine, and one seedling eventually became Kay Gray.
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The flowers are pollinated by sphinx moths. The seeds are eaten by birds, which then disperse them; many of the cacti grow beneath the trees where birds roost. Some populations of this cactus are threatened and in decline. In general, the plant is common in its range and is not a threatened species.
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The thin leaves are oval with wide triangular tips and serrated edges. The oppositely arranged pairs fuse about the stem at the bases, sometimes forming a disc. The inflorescence bears glandular, wide- mouthed tubular flowers up to 2 centimeters long in shades of pink or purple. The plant is pollinated by hummingbirds.
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Forest Ecology and Management 268:70-80 The tree has alternate pinnate leaves with three to six leaflets, leathery, glossy and dark green, and pink flowers. Each developed fruit contains one seed. D. odorata is pollinated by insects. The worst pests are the bats because they eat the pulpy flesh of the fruit.
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Often the bulb contains 10 to 20 cloves that are asymmetric in shape, except for those closest to the center. If garlic is planted at the proper time and depth, it can be grown as far north as Alaska. It produces hermaphrodite flowers. It is pollinated by bees, butterflies, moths, and other insects.
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Lobelia deckenii subsp. keniensis is the variety of Lobelia deckenii that occurs on Mount Kenya, between . It is eaten less by rock hyrax than Lobelia telekii, which occurs more often in hyrax habitat. The lobelia species on Mount Kenya are both pollinated by birds, especially the scarlet-tufted sunbird and the alpine chat.
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The column is cream-coloured to white or pale blue, long and wide. The lobe on the top of the anther is purplish brown with a finely- toothed yellow tip. The side lobes have dense, mop-like tufts of white hairs. The flowers are scented, insect-pollinated and open on sunny days.
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The plants are pollinated by bees, butterflies and flies. The seeds are released from the flower heads about two months after flowering and are collected by ants that carry them to their underground nests. Chemicals released by fire have a positive effect on the germination of seeds of the yellow-trailing pincushion.
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The shrub reaches 1.5 m by 1.5 m. Its flowers are hermaphrodite and are pollinated by insects. The plant blossoms in May. Its fruit reaches about 14 mm and has an agreeably sweet flavor, therefore it is used in making pies, but its taste is quite sour, reminiscent of that of sour cherry.
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Wind-pollinated flowers often have small, dull petals and produce little or no scent. Some of these flowers will often have no petals at all. Flowers that depend on wind pollination will produce large amounts of pollen because most of the pollen scattered by the wind tends to not reach other flowers.
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Aframomum zambesiacum fruits Aframomum zambesiacum is a leafy plant that grows from a short, branched rhizome. The leafy stems grow in clumps up to tall. 20-50 bee-pollinated flowers are borne in heads arising from the base of the shoots. Petals are white with a large crimson patch at the base.
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Pelargonium coronopifolium can be found in the Western Cape province, from the Gifberg through the Cederberg and Kouebokkeveld Mountains to Worcester, where it grows in arid fynbos on sandstone slopes. It occurs from about west of the Olifants river to approximately altitude in the Cederberg. The species is primarily pollinated by bees.
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The flowers are pollinated by a variety of insects including bees, wasps, flies, and butterflies. Other insects feed on foliage, stems, and other parts of the plant, although mammals avoid it because of its toxic sap. Seeds are fed on by wild turkey, greater prairie chicken, bobwhite quail, mourning dove, and horned lark.
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Lithocarpus revolutus is a tree in the beech family Fagaceae. The name is derived from the way in which the margins of the leaves are typically rolled in upon themselves (revolute). Trees in Lithocarpus are commonly known as the stone oaks and differ from Quercus primarily because they produce insect- pollinated flowers.
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Threats to the existence of this species include non-native plants and fire management regimes in the area. Also, the plant is not prolific in its reproduction, producing little seed. Because some colonies are made up of clones, this self-incompatible plant has less chance of being pollinated by genetically separate individuals.
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The nipa palm (Nypa fruticans) has been introduced to Nigeria and Cameroon and has become invasive, to the detriment of the native mangrove species. Some insect pollination takes place, but R. racemosa is largely wind- pollinated. The fruit produce propagules which may fall into the water and be dispersed by wind and currents.
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The insects pick up the pollen from the flattened style. In their homeland, the bloom by humming pollinated. There they bloom in the months of August to October. The fruits are ellipsoid capsules to globose, warty, 1.5 to 3 cm long, chestnut coloured, with a large amount of black and very hard seeds.
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The genus is placed in subfamily Proteoideae, and is held to be most closely related to several South African genera. Endemic to Australia, its centre of diversity is southwest Western Australia, where 31 species occur. The other two species occur in South Australia and western Victoria (Australia). They are mainly pollinated by birds.
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Each head has 7 to 10 yellow ray florets no more than 6 millimeters long. Most ray florets have three tiny lobes at the tips. The center of the head is filled with yellow disc florets tipped with black, dark purple or red anthers. The flowers are most often pollinated by bees.
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The plant is pollinated by various bees such as bumblebees, epeoline cuckoo, halictid bees, and miner bees. Butterflies and skippers are also frequent visitors. Some of the caterpillars feed on the plant. The most common guests are Grammia parthenice (Parthenice tiger moth), Perigea xanthioides (red groundling), and Papaipema cerussata (ironweed borer moth).
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The plant is pollinated by various insects such as bees, butterflies, and skippers. The same fauna representatives also collect nectar. Bees like Melissodes vernoniae are frequent visitors to Vernonia plants in general. Another special guest the species attract is Aphis vernoniae, an aphid that prefers to suck on juice of the species.
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Despite being carnivorous, their flowers are insect-pollinated, typically with white to purple flowers that close at night. They produce small seeds that are dispersed by wind and water. Most of the members of Droseraceae are contained in the genus Drosera, the sundews. Both Dionaea and Aldrovanda have only one extant species.
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The main panicle contains many spikelets with flowers that open and are pollinated. Another type of inflorescence contains cleistogamous flowers: flowers which do not open and pollinate themselves. These are located in the sheaths of the stem leaves and are sometimes hidden. They are produced later in the year than the open panicle.
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P. lutea can produce multiple flower stalks in spring and can reach as high as 50 cm.Native Plant Database,Pinguicula lutea Walt., 2012 Both the stalk and the sepals of the P. lutea are covered with fine hairs. After a flower is pollinated by a pollinator, the flower develops into a rough capsule.
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They emerge from the base at all angles and each have 1 - 6 flowers. Each flower has 6 stamens and to long bracts that terminate in a stiff and sharp point. The flowers are hermaphrodite and are pollinated by the wind. ;Fruits and reproduction: Fruits are oval 3-celled brown capsules to .
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The three inner petals are almost triangular and form a white-yellowish cone which on the outside is red-spotted and green on the inside. The flower’s stigmas become receptive before its stamens mature and shed their pollen (protogynous). Its pollen is shed as permanent tetrads. . The flower is pollinated by insects.
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Plants of both subspecies are killed by fire. The flowers are pollinated by insects. About two months after flowering, the fruits fall to the ground, where these are collected by native ants. These carry the fruit to their nests, where the seeds remain underground until germination is triggered by fire followed by rain.
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Most members of the family Melastomataceae are pollinated by buzz pollination, a technique whereby certain species of bee are able to create vibrations that loosen the pollen when they visit the blooms, but the flowers of members of the genus Axinaea have unique appendages to their stamens and are pollinated by birds. These flowers do not produce nectar, but the appendages are inflated and bulbous and have a high sugar content, and birds find them attractive to eat. As the bird plucks and grasps the bulbous portion with its beak, air is forced out through a small orifice, carrying a puff of pollen which lands on the face and neck of the bird. As the bird feeds on other flowers, transfer of pollen is likely to occur.
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Hong Kong orchid trees are usually sterile, yet here, too, there are exceptions. One tree has been found in Hong Kong that produces seeds, perhaps indicating that evolution or mutation has occurred, or that even though Bauhinia × blakeana is perhaps sterile when self-pollinated (the scientific study in 2005 established the low fertility of Bauhinia × blakeana's pollen when compared with its parental species Bauhinia purpurea or Bauhinia variegata), however, it may perhaps be able to produce seeds when pollinated instead by its parental species Bauhinia purpurea or Bauhinia variegata or other related Bauhinia species. More scientific research will need to be carried out, e.g., artificial controlled cross-pollination experiments to confirm the ability of Bauhinia × blakeana in backcross or outcross to produce (fertile) seeds.
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The scent is so seductive for small mammals that even gerbils (Gerbilliscus afra), which are not known as nectar-feeders, caught from areas where such proteas do not grow, are readily attracted to the rodent-pollinated protea flower heads as opposed to those of bird-pollinated proteas when experimentally exposed to both. Rodents in captivity which were fed a diet of only nectar died after five days. The amount of nectar produced by a particular population is only sufficient to sustain the local rodents for several days a year. Despite all the adaptations the plant has made, the pollinators are not dependant on the plants, nor do they appear to be specifically evolved to take advantage of the plants, instead Wiens et al.
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Streptocarpus flowers have evolved to be pollinated by birds, long-tongued flies, butterflies and probably long-tongued moths and bees. Although almost any small insect, animal, or breeze could potentially pollinate Streptocarpus. Streptocarpus flowers often have nectar guidelines that guide would-be pollinators to the nectar (and anthers and stigmas). Self-pollination is also common.
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The flowering plants are a group that have evolved by using two major mutualisms. First, flowers are pollinated by insects. This relationship seems to have its origins in beetles feeding on primitive flowers, eating pollen and also acting (unwittingly) as pollinators. Second, fruits are eaten by animals, and the animals then disperse the seeds.
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Another is to enclose the plants in protective cages. Because cages also exclude the plant's pollinators, its flowers then need to be hand-pollinated, and the resulting seed set turns out to be no better than in uncaged plants. Dactylanthus has recently been successfully translocated in the wild by sown seeds in closed-canopy forest.
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Astrebla pectinata grows to 1 m (3.25 ft). The flowers are pollinated by wind and are hermaphrodites, having both male and female organs. It mostly prefers moist soil and also can grow in partial shade. The species is considered to be the most balanced and economically important herbage in the semiarid areas of eastern Australia.
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In agriculture and gardening, hybrid seed is produced by cross-pollinated plants. Hybrid seed production is predominant in modern agriculture and home gardening. It is one of the main contributors to the dramatic rise in agricultural output during the last half of the 20th century. The alternatives to hybridization are open pollination and clonal propagation.
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The leafcutter bees are used in the Pacific Northwest, while western honeybees dominate in California alfalfa seed production. A smaller amount of alfalfa produced for seed is pollinated by the alkali bee, mostly in the northwestern United States. It is cultured in special beds near the fields. These bees also have their own problems.
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American Journal of Botany 69:13-22. The scientific name is derived from Ancient Greek εριον, , meaning 'wool', and καυλός, , meaning 'stalk'. The species are mostly herbaceous perennial plants, though some are annual plants; they resemble plants in the related families Cyperaceae (sedges) and Juncaceae (rushes), and like them, have rather small, wind-pollinated flowers.
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The flowers of plants that are pollinated by insects and birds benefit from protocooperation. The plants, particularly those with large bright colourful flowers bearing nectar glands, experience cross pollination because of the insects activities. This is beneficial to the insect that has got the food supply of pollen and nectar required for its survival.
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Mature individuals are killed by wildfires, and only the seeds survive. The plant flowers in from mid-Winter to the start of Summer, from July to November. It can flower at two years old. There is only a single record of a pollinator, a mammal (rodent), although it may also be pollinated by birds.
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According to some sources pollination probably occurs through rodents, although this is based on a single observation. Another newer source states that it is pollinated by birds and insects. The plant sprouts again after burning from an underground bole. The seeds are released one to two years after flowers are formed and spread by wind.
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The column is white to blue, long and wide. The lobe on the top of the anther is dark reddish brown with a yellow tip and tube-shaped. The side lobes turn forwards and have pink or mauve, mop-like tufts on their ends. The flowers are scented, insect-pollinated and open on hot days.
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The lobe on the top of the anther is yellowish brown to deep red, tube-shaped and curved with a deep V-shaped notch. The side lobes have tufts of white hairs in an almost spherical shape. The flowers are insect-pollinated, strongly scented and open in hot weather. Flowering occurs from August to October.
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Along with the growth in the allotment movement, and the increasing popularity of gardening, there have emerged many small independent seed companies. Many of these are active in seed conservation and encouraging diversity. They often offer organic and open pollinated varieties of seeds as opposed to hybrids. Many of these varieties are heirloom varieties.
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Plants produce one or more flowers diameter near the apex; the numerous tepals are creamy yellow, sometimes with an orange or red base. Pollinated flowers develop into a hairy reddish fruit about in diameter. Plants may take up to six years to flower. A. myriostigma is commonly grown as an ornamental plant in cactus collections.
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Pollination of these flowers occurs via insects such as bees. Once the flowers are pollinated the plant also produces the orange/red drupelets between the months of November and April. During this period the drupelets drop seeds. They are eaten by animals such as possums allowing the seeds to be dispersed throughout the forest.
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The lobe on the top of the anther is blackish with a yellow fleshy, toothed tip and the side lobes have mop-like tufts of white or purplish hairs. The flowers are insect pollinated and open on warm days. Flowering occurs from September to December and flowering is more prolific after fire the previous summer.
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Autogamy has been observed in several species of onion orchid. In some cases, the pollen grains fall onto the stigma and germinate but in others, including in some populations of M. parvifolia, if the flowers have not been cross-pollinated, the stigma grows upwards until it contacts the pollinia, so that seed is always produced.
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A European honey bee collects nectar, while pollen collects on its body. Anthecology, or pollination biology, is the study of pollination as well as the relationships between flowers and their pollinators. Floral biology is a bigger field that includes these studies. Most flowering plants, or angiosperms, are pollinated by animals, and especially by insects.
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This species has been collected at elevations between 500 metres and 1,100 metres. T. papyrus is listed as vulnerable by the IUCN. Tibouchina papyrus is locally known as “pau- papel”. The flowers of T. papyrus are buzz pollinated by large bees in the genera Xylocopa, Bombus and Centris, and the seeds are wind dispersed (autochory).
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The two species of the genus are woody mangrove shrubs or small trees that grow up to 2 to 3 m tall. The deciduous species have leafy stems with leathery leaves arranged alternately or spirally. The leaf margins are entire and have parallel veins. The hermaphroditic flowers are pollinated by Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, and Diptera.
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Vaccinium virgatum is self-infertile, and must have two or more varieties to pollenize each other. Honeybees are inefficient pollinators, and carpenter bees frequently cut the corollas to rob nectar without pollinating the flowers. V. virgatum does best when pollinated by buzz pollination by bees, such as the native southeastern blueberry bee, Habropoda laboriosa.
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Socratea exorrhiza flowers mostly during the dry season and is considered to be beetle pollinated, being frequently visited by species of Phyllotrox (Derelomini) and Mystrops (Nitidulidae). Seeds weigh around 3.5 g and are around 2 cm long and 1.5 cm wide, only around 45% of them germinate and around one quarter of these die.
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Deinandra fasciculata is pollinated by bees, and the seeds are primarily gravity- dispersed (they fall from the seed heads when mature). Seeds may also be dispersed by the many bird and small mammal species which eat them. This species may hybridize with other members of its genus, as well as with Hemizonia and Centromadia species.
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Flowering occurs from late April to the end of June. The single, terminal flower is pedicellate with three sepals and three petals. The petals are wavy-margined and white with a central red to reddish purple splotch at the base of the flower. After anthesis, if the flower was successfully pollinated, a single fruit develops.
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Marsh lousewort is a semi- parasitic plant, the roots sucking nourishment from adjacent plants. The flowers are pollinated by honey bees and bumblebees; these land on the lower lip, which droops under their weight allowing them to thrust their head inside the flower and extract the nectar, getting powdered with pollen at the same time.
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Most flowering plants are hermaphroditic but approximately 6% of species have separate males and females (dioecy). Males and females in insect-pollinated species generally look similar to one another because plants provide rewards (e.g. nectar) that encourage pollinators to visit another similar flower, completing pollination. Catasetum orchids are one interesting exception to this rule.
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It is a hemi-parasitic shrub, which grows on the stems of other trees. It has stems long with dichotomous branching. The leaves are in opposite pairs, strap-shaped, entire, leathery textured, long, broad and are a yellowish-green in colour. This species is dioecious and the insect-pollinated flowers are inconspicuous, yellowish-green, diameter.
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The column is pubescent. The column of these orchids bears two pollinia, except in Acineta dalessandroi, which has four (making its classification in this genus doubtful). These orchids are insect pollinated by male bees in the genus Eulaema or Eufriesia. Some regard these as being among of the most splendid looking of all orchids.
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It grows in sandy flats (sandveld) and coastal lowlands, and is often found growing near drainage lines. It is found from altitudes of 0 to 400 metres. The mature plants are usually completely killed by wildfires, but the seeds can survive such events within the fire-resistant inflorescences. It is pollinated by birds and rodents.
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Ryegrass is cross-pollinated by wind, so genes shuffle frequently. To control its distribution farmers sprayed inexpensive Hoegrass, creating selection pressure. In addition, farmers sometimes diluted the herbicide in order to save money, which allowed some plants to survive application. When resistance appeared farmers turned to a group of herbicides that block acetolactate synthase.
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On the other hand, some flowers produce the smell of rotting meat and are attractive to insects such as flies. Darkness is another factor which flowers have adapted to as nighttime conditions limit vision and color-perception. Fragrancy can be especially useful for flowers which are pollinated at night by moths and other flying insects.
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Ficus yoponensis is pollinated by the fig wasp Tetrapus ecuadoranus: 58% of figs are fertilised by only one female. The fruits and leaves of F. yoponensis are eaten by several species. The fruits are eaten by bats, which then disperse their seeds. The stipules and fruits are collected by the leaf cutter ant, Atta colombica.
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The mature plants are killed by the wildfires which periodically pass through its habitat, but the seeds can survive such an event. It blooms in spring, from August to November. The flowers are pollinated by rodents. In 1977 the botanists Delbert Wiens and John Patrick Rourke first proposed this pollination method in certain Protea species.
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The flowers are mainly pollinated by birds. The seeds are released from the heads about two months after flowering and are collected by ants that bring them to their underground nests. L. gerrardii plants survive the regular grass fires that kill the above-ground branches, because it regenerates from the many spreading, underground stems.
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Cystoliths are always present and some members of this family possess laticifers. Cannabaceae are often dioecious (distinct male and female plants). The flowers are actinomorphic (radially symmetrical) and not showy, as these plants are pollinated by the wind. As an adaptation to this kind of pollination, the calyx is short and there is no corolla.
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A petiole is arising from the base of each leaf blade. It blooms later than some herbaceous perennials, in mid to late summer. The flowers are tubular 2-lipped blooms, with a small yellow beard inside each lower lip. There is no floral scent and are cross pollinated by bees and attracted to butterflies.
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When it blooms, the floret has three reddish anthers and a short feathery stigma. If it is pollinated, the floret produces a nearly round seed long. At the base of the spikelet are two bracts (glumes), one of them long and the other long. The bracts each are long and tapered, with sharply pointed tips.
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Fruit is a syconium and trees may be either female or hermaphrodite. Hermaphrodite trees are functionally male. The tree is known to pollinated by the wasp Kradibia gestroi, where the female lays eggs in female trees with only short-styles. Besides sexual reproduction, the tree may grow with vegetative means propagated by seed and cuttings.
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Mazus miquelii spreads rapidly by producing significant amounts of slender stolons which root at the nodes. The leaves are undivided and teethed along the margins. The blue or purple flowers are bilateral and have 5 petals, which emerge during the months of June to August. This species is hermaphroditic and is pollinated by insects.
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The column is golden brown near its base, yellow towards the tip, long, wide and has broadly spreading, widely fringed wings and glands on its back. The lobe on the top of the anther has a short lobe on its top. The flowers are insect pollinated and open on sunny days. Flowering occurs in September and October.
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The column is a similar colour to the sepals and petals but with rows of purple spots. It is long, about wide and has short, yellow-tipped arms on the sides. The flowers are self-pollinated, short-lived, open on sunny days and quickly droop after they have been fertilised. Flowering occurs in October and November.
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On occasion, the night temperature may drop below 0 °C. The large flowers of the grey-leaf fountain pincushion are mostly pollinated by Cape sugarbirds. The mature fruits fall to the ground about two months after flowering. Here they are gathered by native ants, which carry them to there underground nest, where the elaiosome is eaten.
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Several plant families are conspicuous in fynbos; the Proteaceae are prominent, with genera such as Protea, Leucospermum (the "pincushions"), and Leucadendron (the silver tree and "cone bushes"). Proteas are represented by many species and are prominent in the landscape, generally with large striking flowers, many of which are pollinated by birds, and others by small mammals.
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Ophrys fusca, commonly known as the sombre bee-orchid or the dark bee-orchid, is a species of orchid native to the Mediterranean from southwestern Europe and northern Africa to western Asia.Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant FamiliesAltervista Flora Italiana, Ofride scura, Sombre Bee Orchid Most subspecies of the Ophrys fusca are pollinated by males of Andrena bees.
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The Nature Conservancy There are about 25 known occurrences.Center for Plant Conservation It is federally listed as a threatened species. The vines may be up to 3 to 5 meters long with fragrant pale pink or greenish-yellow pea-like flowers which bloom in the summer. They are pollinated by bees and the long-tailed skipper (Urbanus proteus).
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It is an obligate outcrosser and must breed with other individuals, exchanging pollen. It is pollinated by Bombus vosnesenskii (a bumblebee), Lasioglossum sp. (a sweat bee), Epicanta puncticollis (a blister beetle), and Ochlodes sylvanoides (a skipper). Eucephalus vialis occurs in Douglas, Jackson, Josephine, Lane, and Linn Counties in Oregon and Del Norte and Humboldt Counties in California.
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The tepals are white to pale purple or pinkish on the inside, darker on the outside, and freckled with reddish spotting. There are 6 stamens with yellowish anthers and a pistil which may be 4 centimeters in length. The flowers are probably pollinated by bees and the pale swallowtail (Papilio eurymedon).Flora of North AmericaWatson, Sereno 1879.
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Silene spaldingii. Flora of North America. Blooming occurs in June and July.Silene spaldingii. Washington Burke Museum. Flowers are pollinated by the bumblebee Bombus fervidus. This plant is present in several regions in the northwestern United States and far southern British Columbia, such as the Palouse, the Channeled Scablands, and the Blue Mountains ecoregion, including the Zumwalt Prairie.
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Despite its exceptionally long tongue, the tube-lipped nectar bat has a varied diet that includes nectar, pollen, and insects. This arrangement is possible due to its short jaw. The base of the tongue is in the bat's rib cage. One plant, Centropogon nigricans, with its 80– to 90-mm-long corollae, is pollinated exclusively by this bat.
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Adenanthos is a genus of around 30 species in the plant family Proteaceae. Endemic to southern Australia, they are evergreen woody shrubs with solitary flowers that are pollinated by birds and, if fertilised, develop into achenes. They are not much cultivated. Common names of species often include one of the terms woollybush, jugflower and stick-in-the-jug.
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Anspach and Butler acknowledge the existence of each other's lists, and state that their two lists have been so cross-pollinated over the years as to become effectively identical. The Evil Overlord List has led to spinoffs, including lists for stock characters including (but not limited to) heroes, henchmen, sidekicks, the Evil Overlord's Accountant, and Starfleet captains.
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Each fig is pollinated by a particular species of wasp, which lay their eggs in the fruits. Thapar visits the world's largest fig, a sacred banyan tree that draw pilgrims from far and wide. In the hill forests of southern India, Thapar tracks Nilgiri tahr on the grassy peaks. Here, the rains last for 6 months, creating huge waterfalls.
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Berg's proposal was accepted in 2005. Individuals may reach heights of . Like all figs it has an obligate mutualism with fig wasps; F. maxima is only pollinated by the fig wasp Tetrapus americanus, and T. americanus only reproduces in its flowers. F. maxima fruit and leaves are important food resources for a variety of birds and mammals.
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Ruellia formosa is a plant native to the Cerrado vegetation of Brazil, which is usually used like an ornamental plant, and it is pollinated by hummingbirds. Large scarlet-red blooms on & off from spring until first frost. Can take full sun with adequate moisture like in a tropical location but best in shade. Generally deer-resistant.
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The flowers are white and are borne in short axilliary spikes. They have an unpleasant smell and may be pollinated by flies. The fruit are winged nuts containing a single seed and turn a darker pink colour as they ripen. They may remain attached to the branch for a year and are dispersed by the wind.
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The younger leaves of Chenopodium giganteum are hairy with a magenta colour and the older become green. The rhombic to ovate formed lamina can have a surface of up to 20 x 16 cm. The inflorescence consists of terminal panicles with hermaphrodite flowers, which are wind pollinated. The flowers contain 5 perianth leaves and 5 stamens.
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Breynia vitis-idaea is pollinated by the leafflower moth Epicephala vitisidaea in Fujian, China and the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan. The moth actively pollinates the flowers, but lays an egg into the space between the external carpel wall and the tepals. The moth caterpillars consume a subset of the tree's seeds, receiving nourishment in return.Kawakita, A.; Kato, M. 2004.
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It is closely related to Araucaria araucana from further southwest in South America, differing most conspicuously in the narrower leaves. It is usually dioecious, with the male and female cones on separate trees. The male (pollen) cones are oblong, long at first, expanding to long by broad at pollen release. Like all conifers it is wind pollinated.
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Both petals (falls and standards) can have wavy margins. The flowers are self-fertile, but are pollinated by insects. It has a 2.5–3 cm long slender, perianth tube, a 2.5 cm long stamen, bright yellow anthers and a cylindric, 1.8–2 cm long ovary. It has a pale bluish-violet style branch, that is 3.5 cm long.
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When a bee lands on one of these, the disc adheres to its legs, and the pollinium is detached from the flower when the bee flies away. When the bee visits another flower, the flower is pollinated by the adhering pollinium on the bee. ;SpeciesThe Plant List, genus Calotropis # Calotropis acia Buch.-Ham. \- India # Calotropis gigantea (L.) Dryand.
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The flowers are perfect (hermaphroditic) and insect-pollinated, with fivefold symmetry. The ovary is divided into locules that are in turn divided by "false septa" (the latter distinguish Tribulus from other members of its family). Some species are cultivated as ornamental plants in warm regions. Some, notably T. cistoides, T. longipetalus, T. terrestris, and T. zeyheri, are considered weeds.
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Pyrus cordata is a deciduous shrub or small tree growing up to 10 metres in height. It is hardy and is not frost tender, but its ability to bear fruit and thus seed is dependent upon favourable weather conditions. It is in flower from April to May. The flowers are hermaphrodite and are pollinated by Insects.
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Fockeas are dioecious, so a male plant and a female plant are needed to produce seeds. The flowers are whitish-green, not very showy but lightly scented, small (0.6-1.5 cm wide) vygie-like flowers surrounded by a large, thick, spider-like calyx. The flowers are pollinated by fruit flies. The plant produces grey-greenish seed pods.
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Petals are usually joined in the wild, but some cultivated forms have prominently separated petals. Flowers are yellow, diurnal, and are rarely born on a cephalium, unlike its close cousin E. lanata. They start opening up in morning and stay open until evening, when they start to close up again for night. They are pollinated by insects.
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Flowers of an umbellule of Thapsia villosa Unlike most members of the family Apiaceae, Thapsia villosa flowers early, during the months of May, June, and July. The flowers are pollinated by a variety of insects. The flowers develop into winged fruits that dry out around August, while other members of the family are usually still in bloom.
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The lobe on the top of the anther is brown with a yellow tip and wrinkled back. The side lobes have dense, mop-like tufts of cream-coloured hairs. Flowering occurs in November and December but the flowers are self-pollinated and only open on hot days. Flowering is more prolific after fire the previous summer.
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Operations that pollinated almonds lost, on average, the same number of colonies as those that did not. The 37.9% of operations that reported having at least some of their colonies die with a complete lack of bees had a total loss of 40.8% of colonies compared to the 17.1% loss reported by beekeepers without this symptom.
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The column is pale to dark mauve or pink, long and wide. The lobe on the top of the anther is dark purple to almost black with a curved, deeply notched yellow top. The side lobes have loose tufts of white, toothbrush-like hairs. The flowers are self-pollinated and only open on hot days, and then only slowly.
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Darwinia fascicularis is a hardy species, for an open sunny situation in well-drained soil. Several native birds are attracted to this species of Darwinia as a source of nectar they include the New Holland honeyeater (Phylidonyris novaehollandiae), tawny-crowned honeyeater (Gliciphila melanops) and eastern spinebill (Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris). This genus believed to be predominantly pollinated by birds.
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Ipomopsis aggregata is pollinated most commonly by long-tongued moths and hummingbirds, although others can be seen. Basal leaves overwinter, even in subalpine areas of the Rocky Mountains. The plant blooms in late spring to early summer, and into fall if weather conditions are favorable. Optimal growing conditions include little water, part shade, and sandy soil.
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Orchids in the genus Caladenia are pollinated by insects, usually bees or wasps. Some species appear to attract male wasps by having the scent, shape and colouration of flightless female wasps. For example, C. lobata attracts male Thynnoides bidens wasps. As the wasps lands on the flower, the labellum is pulled down by the insect's weight.
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Phacelia covillei is self-pollinating, that is, evidently not pollinated by insects or other animals, in the Potomac Gorge Area of Maryland and Virginia.Barrows, E. M., A. F. Howard, and B. W. Steury. 2012. Fruit production and phenology of Phacelia covillei S. Watson (Hydrophyllaceae) in the Potomac River Gorge Area of Maryland and Virginia. Marilandica 3(1): 10–16.
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Chasmogamous stems from Greek for "open marriage", named after the open arrangement of floral structures. Once chasmogamous flowers have reached maturity, they unfurl and their stamens and/or style are made available for pollination. Although some plant species possess self-fertilizing chasmogamous flowers, most chasmogamous flowers are cross-pollinated by biotic (e.g. insects) or abiotic (e.g.
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Inflorescence Plantago media grows in damp grassy meadows up to an altitude of 2000 m. A slender stalk of between 5 and 50 cm develops from a basal rosette of finely-haired leaves. Delicate pink-white flowers are borne between May and September. P. media is hermaphrodite and is pollinated by wind or insects, particularly bees.
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This plant is an evergreen shrub to tall, with simple, obovate, blue-green leaves and clusters of tiny yellow flowers. It is in flower from June to September, and the seeds ripen from August to October. The flowers are hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs) and are pollinated by wasps. The plant is self-fertile.
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It can also be found in moister forests where it forms a taller, single-trunked tree. It grows especially well along rivers in tropical forests. The tree tolerates an annual precipitation of , an annual temperature of , and a soil pH of 5.0 to 8.0. The tree is pollinated by bees and seeds are dispersed by fruit bats.
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Smaller animals gather fallen fruits from the ground. They are food for many songbirds, ruffed grouse, bobwhite quail, wild turkey, foxes, raccoons, black bears, chipmunks, and squirrels. The plant is pollinated by bees, the primary pollinator being Melitta americana. Bees dislodge, accumulate, and disperse pollen with buzz pollination while foraging nectar from the bell-shaped flowers.
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Pyrolaceae, as part of the Ericales produce pollen in anthers which open by apical pores. The pollen itself is produced in tetrads and is rather sticky. Not surprisingly, wintergreens are insect pollinated, most commonly by flies. The rather large and complex stigma may be an adaptation to ensure that small insects carrying pollen have an attractive landing place.
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Flowers open at dusk, are finished blooming by dawn and are pollinated by long-tongued hawkmoths. Fruits ripen by November. They have a tough, thick shell, are rounded and usually less than long; smaller than most other baobab species. The trees are often found along watercourses and the thick-shelled fruit are likely dispersed by water.
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It is pollinated by insects which are attracted to large amounts of nectar the plant produces. The stalk exudes a toxic milky white latex. The cyathia or false flowers, are located in clusters at the head of the stalk and are yellowish green. They have no petals, the red color being part of the young leaves' coloration.
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Mutualism occurs between fig and fig wasps, which creates a need for specific species of figs to be pollinated by specific species of wasps. The origin of mutualism is also the beginning of the fig wasp phylogeny. In the phylogenetic tree, the genus of Blastophaga and Wiebesia are very similar. Both of these genera pollinate Ficus species of figs.
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The wasps breed inside the fig. Later, the female lays its eggs in the ovaries of another fig by sticking its ovipositor in each flower's style. This can lead to some flowers not being pollinated because some styles are too long. Each larva from a deposited egg destroys a female flower when it feeds on its growing seed.
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Closed flowers have pink tips but turn all white when open. The flowers are stalkless and arranged on woody spikes which are shorter than the leaves. The flowers are insect pollinated and have four, thick, cream-yellow stamens. The pollination is spring-loaded and is triggered by a touch sensitive hair on one of the four anthers.
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The lobe on the top of the anther is short with a dark collar, yellow tip and a few short, finger-like glands on its back. The side lobes project forwards and have white, mop-like tufts on their ends. The flowers are insect- pollinated and open on warm sunny days. Flowering occurs from October to January.
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It is a self- clinging perennial climber. The Latin specific epithet scandens means “climbing”. The leaves comprise four leaflets and a tendril furnished with small hooks for clinging on to a support. The large forward-facing flowers, which are pollinated by bats in their native habitat, are bell-shaped with a pronounced ruff - hence the name “cup-and-saucer”.
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Lasthenia conjugens relies upon insect pollination for fertilization, and dispersal of seed is largely by gravity. In undisturbed habitats, this and other species of Lasthenia are pollinated by specialist bee species, primarily in the genus Andrena.Thorp, Robbin W., and Wallace E. LaBerge. 2005. A revision of the bees of the genus Andrena of the Western Hemisphere.
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P. lindeniana is self infertile, and will not set fruit in the absence of another tree nearby. In cultivation, the flowers are insect pollinated. The fruit are small (4.5 cm to 5.5 cm long, 2 cm to 3 cm wide), hexagonal in cross section, and the fruit wall somewhat hard and brittle. The sparse flesh is white.
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Each flower has a long bract of and six star-shaped milky white petals bearing a pale green central vein, while the buds are oval, with longitudinal green and white stripes. The six stamens have a white filament holding yellow anthers of . The flowers are pollinated by insects. The flowering period extends from May through June.
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The Pondoland fig (Ficus bizanae) is a species of fig that is endemic to forests of coastal South Africa, where it is threatened by habitat loss. Their figs are borne on old wood, in small clusters on stumpy branchlets. Their leaves have entire margins, usually have rounded bases, and sometimes have acuminate tips. It is pollinated by Courtella wasps.
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Pollinating shrill carder bee The flowers are pollinated by long- tongued insects, including bees and butterflies. A number of insects use Lythrum salicaria as a food resource. The black-margined loosestrife beetle Galerucella calmariensis is a brown beetle with a black line on its thorax. The adult feeds on the leaves of the plant, producing characteristic round holes.
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Gastrodia entomogama was first formally described in 1991 by David Jones from a specimen he collected on Mount Franklin in 1990. The description was published in Australian Orchid Research. The specific epithet (entomogama) is derived from the Ancient Greek words entomon meaning "insect" and gamos meaning "marriage" or "union", referring to the flowers originally being described as insect-pollinated.
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Mimetes species are pollinated by birds, most frequently the orange-breasted sunbird, Nectarinia violacea, but also malachite sunbird, Nectarinia famosa, and lesser double-collared sunbird, Nectarinia chalybea. Fruits are usually released in the late afternoon, precisely the time of day when ants are most active. This has great survival value because fresh elaiosomes are more attractive to ants.
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Lithocarpus hendersonianus is a tree species in the beech family Fagaceae. Trees in the genus Lithocarpus are commonly known as stone oaks and differ from Quercus primarily because they produce insect-pollinated flowers. This tree species is endemic to Peninsular Malaysia. It is categorized as Vulnerable by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, primarily due to habitat loss.
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Adenanthos is a genus of around 30 species in the plant family Proteaceae. Endemic to southern Australia, they are evergreen woody shrubs with solitary flowers that are pollinated by birds and, if fertilised, develop into achenes. They are not much cultivated. Common names of species often include one of the terms woollybush, jugflower and stick-in-the-jug.
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In order to release the pollen, solitary bees are able to grab onto the flower and move their flight muscles rapidly, causing the flower and anthers to vibrate, dislodging pollen. Pollination involving vibrations is called buzz pollination. Honeybees cannot perform buzz pollination. About 9% of the flowers of the world are primarily pollinated using buzz pollination.
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Bigtooth aspens produce seeds from wind-pollinated flower clusters, known as catkins. The tree is dioecious, meaning that male and female flowers are on separate trees, which flower from mid-April to mid-May depending on the climate zone. The seed, a two-valved capsule, is distributed widely by the wind. Seed production begins around 10 years old.
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Cycads have few natural enemies, however in the wild they can be subject to predation from animals such as porcupines, baboons and certain insects. Although the Eastern Cape blue cycad can reproduce by suckering, more commonly reproduction requires insect pollination. Once seed cones have been pollinated seeds are spread by animals that eat the fleshy cones.
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'Discovery' was first introduced to the market by the Suffolk nurseryman Jack Matthews. In around 1949, George Dummer, a fruit farm worker from Blacksmiths Corner, Langham, Essex, raised several apple seedlings from an open-pollinated 'Worcester Pearmain'.Morgan & Richards, 2002, p. 201Ketch, D. et al, The Common Ground Book of Orchards, London: Common Ground, 2000, p.
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Its leaves have a pleasant texture and taste good served raw or cooked, and because of this, it is also known as wild spinach. It is a large perennial plant which grows up to , and flowers in the summer. Its flowers are hermaphroditic, and wind-pollinated. It requires moist, well- drained soils, and does not tolerate shade.
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They are visited and possibly pollinated by Paratrea plebeja, commonly known as the plebeian sphinx moth, and Battus philenor, the pipevine swallowtail butterfly. The plant was first observed in 1783 by William Bartram and described as the "odoriferous Pancratium fluitans which almost alone possesses the little rocky islets". He saw it growing in the Savannah River near Augusta, Georgia.
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The flowers of some species are sweet smelling (faintly of honey or lemon), attractive and rather small (between 7 and 15 mm in diameter). The flowers of other species however, are larger, reaching a maximum diameter of 27 mm and are dark, papillate, and usually have a repulsive odor of urine or excrement. These species are pollinated by flies.
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This plant is shade tolerant. The ideal yearly precipitation average for the species ranges from 102 cm to 165 cm. The flowers are pollinated by insects, including bees, wasps, ants, and night-flying moths. The berries are reputedly poisonous to humans, but are important survival food for birds, who will eat the berries after other food sources are exhausted.
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American Journal of Botany 27: 574–81. It can be found elsewhere in North America as an introduced species and often an invasive plant. P. virginica is a hydrophytic marshland aquatic plant pollinated by a chloropid fly through providing a brood site and releasing the pollen onto them. The primary dispersal mechanisms are via water and animals.
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C. megacephala has a beneficial and practical value apart from being significant in forensic investigations; this blowfly is the source of pollination for mangos in the Australian region. While most areas wish to rid themselves of C. megacephala, Taiwanese farmers have found ways to enhance the population of this blowfly so that more mangos will be pollinated.
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Pollination Bird cherries (drupes) A bird-cherry tree in full bloom The flowers are hermaphroditic and pollinated by bees and flies. The fruit is readily eaten by birds, which do not taste astringency as unpleasant. Bird- cherry ermine moth (Yponomeuta evonymella) uses bird-cherry as its host plant, and the larvae can eat single trees leafless.
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When fully mature the expanding arils stretch the outer rind which often appears lumpy, especially if not all seeds were pollinated. The fruit does not fall to the ground until over-ripe. It may be harvested when full size but still firm, and left to ripen until soft. Fruits change colour to greenish yellow when ripe.
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Plumeria trees from cross pollinated seeds may show characteristics of the mother tree or their flowers might just have a totally new look. Plumeria species may be propagated easily by cutting leafless stem tips in spring. Cuttings are allowed to dry at the base before planting in well- drained soil. Cuttings are particularly susceptible to rot in moist soil.
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The plant is native to western Europe. It reaches about tall and wide, bearing frilly leaves and hermaphroditic flowers; it is pollinated by insects and self-fertile. The small, rounded taproot is edible raw or cooked, and said to taste like sweet chestnuts. The leaf can be used as an herb or garnish similar to parsley.
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Astrantia maxima is an entomophilous plant, mainly pollinated by beetles, but also by other insects. This perennial plant reproduces itself also by means of buds present at the ground level. The plant can also be grown from seed for garden usage. The seeds require a 2-3 month period of cold stratification for germination to take place.
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Pleistodontes macrocainus was described by Carlos Lopez-Vaamonde, Dale Dixon, James M. Cook and Jean-Yves Rasplus in 2002 based on specimens collected from Ficus cerasicarpa. Since they could not discern any consistent differences between the wasps collected from F. cerasicarpa and F. brachypoda, they concluded that both figs are pollinated by the same species of fig wasp.
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The lobe on the top of the anther is short, yellow with a dark blue band and with many finger-like calli. The side lobes have dense, mop-like tufts of white hairs. The flowers are insect-pollinated, open on sunny days and often have the petals and sepals turned backwards. Flowering occurs from July to September.
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This is due to increased water and nutrients from runoff off the road. B. hookeriana has been shown to be highly susceptible to dieback from the soil-borne water mould Phytophthora cinnamomi, unlike many Western Australian banksias. The flowers are visited and pollinated by honeyeaters such as the white-cheeked honeyeater (Phylidonyris nigra) and brown honeyeater (Lichmera indistincta).
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Ficus macrophylla figs in Hawaii. Pleistodontes froggatti only reproduces in figs of its host tree. Figs have an obligate mutualism with fig wasps, (Agaonidae); figs are only pollinated by fig wasps, and fig wasps can only reproduce in fig flowers. Pleistodontes froggatti can only reproduce in the syconia of its host species, the Moreton Bay Fig, Ficus macrophylla.
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The Lathyrus nevadensis plant is a trailer or weak climber vine, supported by tendrils, growing to 1.0 m-3 feet tall. The leaves are pinnate, with 4 to 10 leaflets and a straight, unbranched tendrils at the apex of the petiole. Its flowers are hermaphroditic, pollinated by bees. The plant can also spread vegetatively from creeping rhizomes.
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Many orchid species have structures, or produce scents that mimic female insects and are attractive to males. Hammer orchids are unique in that they are pollinated by a species of male thynnid wasp (Superfamily Vespoidea, Family Thynnidae). Thynnid wasps are unique in that the females are flightless. When male wasps emerge from the ground, they search for females.
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This is one of the few cases where more than one species of fig wasp has been raised from the same syconium. The assumption that fig species are usually pollinated by just one species of fig wasp has been challenged by the discovery of cryptic species complexes among what was thought previously to be single species of fig wasps.
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The species is protandrous, the anthers spilling pollen within six or seven days of anthesis. The stigma is not receptive until about twelve days. The flowers are pollinated by a host of birds and small mammals including the white-fronted honeyeater (Phildonyris albifrons) and the honey possum (Tarsipes rostratus). New shoots and buds grow over the summer months.
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Fruits of the creeping fig plant resemble large fig fruits the size of small mangos. The figs grow from flowers pollinated by the Wiebesia pumilae. and are harvested from September through January just before the fruit ripens to a dark purple. The fruits are then halved and turned inside out to dry over the course of several days.
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The species is pollinated by birds. When the ripe fruits fall to the ground about two months after flowering, the seeds are collected by native ants that carry them to their underground nests; here they remain protected against overhead fire and seed-eating rodents and birds, until they germinate after a fire has destroyed the mature overhead shrubs.
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Symptoms of inadequate pollination include fruit abortion and misshapen fruit. Partially-pollinated flowers may develop fruit that are green and develop normally near the stem end, but are pale yellow and withered at the blossom end. Traditional cultivars produce male blossoms first, then female, in about equivalent numbers. Newer gynoecious hybrid cultivars produce almost all female blossoms.
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New Galilee is the birthplace of the "Gilkey" Potato. The Gilkey Potato was first brought into Pennsylvania in 1797 by John Gilkey. Starting in Lawrence County, John Gilkey started planting three different varieties of potatoes- red, white and blue. These three potatoes quickly cross pollinated to create a new potato, which he named "Neshannock", after a small creek nearby.
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Most hawk moths are nocturnal or crepuscular, so moth-pollinated flowers (e.g., Silene latifolia ) tend to be white, night-opening, large, and showy with tubular corollae and a strong, sweet scent produced in the evening, night, or early morning. A lot of nectar is produced to fuel the high metabolic rates needed to power their flight. Other moths (e.g.
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Olive tree pollen is extremely allergenic, with an OPALS allergy scale rating of 10 out of 10. Olea europaea is primarily wind-pollinated, and their light, buoyant pollen is a strong trigger for asthma. One popular variety, "Swan Hill", is widely sold as an "allergy-free" olive tree; however, this variety does bloom and produce allergenic pollen.
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The flowers are pollinated by insects, and the tiny dust-like seed is distributed by the wind. However the plant can also reproduce vegetatively by means of root tubers which can grow new shoots while the old parts of the plant die. The orchid is associated with a mycorrhizal fungus which can provide it with essential nutrients.
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This is a list of the most commonly cultivated varieties of sweet corn, and the approximate number of days from germination of corn plant to harvest. Unless otherwise noted with the term open pollinated, all varieties are hybrids. Genetically modified varieties only available to large-scale commercial growers, such as Bt corn and glyphosate resistant corn, are not listed.
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Scrophularia ningpoensis, commonly known as the Ningpo figwort or Chinese figwort, is a perennial plant of the family Scrophulariaceae (the figwort family). It reaches 1 m by 0.4 m. Its flowers are hermaphrodite, insect- pollinated and the plant usually flowers in late spring. This plant has been known to traditional Chinese medicine for as long as 2000 years.
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Subsequently, the stigmatic lobes unfold, and become receptive. Bees and birds (particularly hummingbirds and hawaiian honeycreepers) are probably the most common pollinators of Campanulaceae. A few confirmed and many probable cases of bat-pollination are known, particularly in the genus Burmeistera. Brighamia and Hippobroma have pale or white flowers with a long-tubed corolla, and are pollinated by hawkmoths.
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They are mostly in length and wide. It blooms from July to October and produces yellow flowers. The inflorescences are simple with 1–3 per axil and peduncles which are long, Heads are globular with a diameter, containing 30-50-flowers that have a deep golden color. The flowers are pollinated by many different species of insects.
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Inflorescences are often in the form of a spike or raceme made up mostly of staminate flowers with some pistillate clusters around the base. Staminate flower heads have stamens surrounded by whitish or purplish florets. Pistillate flower heads have fruit-yielding ovules surrounded by many phyllaries and fewer, smaller florets. The pistillate flowers are wind pollinated,Genus Ambrosia.
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Allocasuarina crassa may vary in form from a prostrate shrub to a tree growing up to 14 m high. Its articles are 10–26 mm long and 1.2–4 mm in diameter, with densely pubescent furrows and, usually, from 6 to 9 teeth. The bark is smooth when young, becoming flaky with age. It is probably wind-pollinated.
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It is hardy to zone 5. It is in flower from May to June, and the seeds ripen from September to October. The panicles of vanilla scented, pea- like flowers are hermaphrodite (having both male and female organs) and are pollinated by insects. The fruit is a pod or legume, the seeds green at first but becoming shiny black.
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A densely hairy ovary is enclosed in the staminal tube with a long style tipped with a red or pink stigma emerging from the filaments. Petals are set near the base of the staminal tube and are pale yellow, becoming darker with age. Flowers of Perrier's baobab are pollinated primarily by long-tongued hawkmoths (Coelonia solanii and Xanthopan morganii).
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Members of Zygopetalinae are pollinated by Euglossine bees, most often by perfume-gathering males. Some species of Cochleanthes are an exception, attracting nectar-seeking bees. Most genera place their pollinaria on the bee's head, thorax, or scutellum, though Chaubardiella places its pollinaria on the bee's trochanters and Kefersteinia places its pollinaria on the bee's antennae bases.
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Every Ophrys orchid has its own pollinator insect and is completely dependent on this species for its survival. Duped males are less likely to return and may ignore other plants of the same species. Only about 10% of an Ophrys population gets pollinated. This is enough to preserve the population, since each Ophrys orchid produces about 12,000 minute seeds.
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The flowers are pollinated by the wasp Zaspilothynnus trilobatus. King in his carriage can be distinguished by lacking a spine on the column. The flowers of Drakaea elastica and Drakaea concolor also lack a spine, but the species can be distinguished by having a glossy, dark green leaf (D. concolor) or having a glossy, light green leaf (D. elastica).
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The plant emerges each year in May and flowering begins by late June. The flowers are pollinated at night by large sphinx moths. Certain night-flying insects that are attracted to the orchid's fragrance are able to obtain its nectar with their long probosces. Others cannot because of the flower's long, narrow, oddly positioned nectar spur.
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The adults feed on the nectar of various flowers, many of which are specialised to be pollinated by this species and its cogeners. The females hunt on the ground for spiders of the family Theraphosidae and rain spiders of the genus Palystes which are paralysed with the female's sting to provide a food for the wasp's larva.
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Many insects are pollinators, particularly bees, Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths), wasps, flies, ants and beetles. On the other hand, some plants are generalists, being pollinated by insects in several orders. Entomophilous plant species have frequently evolved mechanisms to make themselves more appealing to insects, e.g., brightly coloured or scented flowers, nectar, or appealing shapes and patterns.
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They have a suffrutescent habit typical of their genus. They produce unbranched and unarmed aerial stems of less than a metre tall. The various populations show considerable variation in terms of the number of pinnae pairs and the number, size and shape of the leaflets. They flower from September to November and are pollinated mainly by the African honeybee.
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Six of the eight families of the Zingiberales contain taxa specialised for pollination by vertebrates, which appears to be the plesiomorphic state in the order. Of these six families two are exclusively vertebrate-pollinated (Strelitziaceae, Heliconiaceae). Pollination by insects also occurs in six families with one (Marantaceae) or possibly two (Lowiaceae) families predominantly specialised for insect visitors.
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April–June 2004. It differed from other Hawaiian species of Amaranthus with its spineless leaf axils, linear leaves, and indehiscent fruits (fruit which does not open to release seeds when ripe). The fruits were ovoid and between 0.8–1 mm long and 0.6–0.8 mm wide. The plant is thought to have been anemophilous (pollinated by wind).
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Despite their complete dependence on flowers for sustenance as imagoes, butterflies are generally poor pollinators, lacking specific structures to carry pollen. Nonetheless, some plants appear to have specialised on attracting butterflies. Buddleja is a well-known example. The species in the orchid genus Bonatea are all pollinated by moths, except for Bonatea cassidea which has evolved into a psychophile.
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Some species are thought to have been the first plants to be insect pollinated as they occur in association with extinct pollinating scorpionflies.Ren D, Labandeira CC, Santiago-Blay JA, Rasnitsyn A, Shih CK, Bashkuev A, Logan MA, Hotton CL, Dilcher D. (2009). Probable Pollination Mode Before Angiosperms: Eurasian, Long-Proboscid Scorpionflies. Science, 326 (5954), 840-847.
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We are told that vanilla is an orchid but also a vine. We get to see a vanilla flower being self-pollinated and are told they are only open for a few hours. It takes 9 months for the pods to develop and another 9 months for them to dry and cure. The best pods have crystals on them.
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Floral scent emissions of most flowering plants vary predictably throughout the day, following a circadian rhythm. This variation is controlled by light intensity. Maximal emissions coincide with peaks of highest activity of visiting pollinators. For instance, snapdragon flowers, mostly pollinated by bees, have highest emissions at noon, whereas nocturnally-visited tobacco plants have highest emissions at night.
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The insect-pollinated flowers are borne terminally. They are small, with a diameter of about , actinomorphic (radially symmetrical), bell- shaped and always coloured (yellow, yellow-orange or pink). The fruit is a berry. By contrast with species of the genus Schlumbergera, most of which have flattened stems, Hatiora species have stems with a circular cross-section.
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The trees are wind-pollinated, the flowers arranged in large sagged panicles usually 32 cm long like horse tails, and the fruit is a small botanical nut with rounded wings. The leaves are pinnately compound and papery. The trees are usually 17 m high and with 40 cm diameter. It is a protected species of China.
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Each flower has five petals up to a centimeter long which are green or purple-tinged when new and grow paler as they age. Behind them are five reflexed sepals. The flowers are nectar-rich and are pollinated by digger bees (Anthophora spp.), bumblebees (Bombus spp.),Betz, R. F. (1989). Ecology of Mead's milkweed (Asclepias meadii) Torrey.
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Cytoplasmic-genetic male sterility systems are widely exploited in crop plants for hybrid breeding due to the convenience of controlling sterility expression by manipulating the gene-cytoplasm combinations in any selected genotype. Incorporation of these systems for male sterility evades the need for emasculation in cross- pollinated species, thus encouraging cross breeding producing only hybrid seeds under natural conditions.
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The sepals of the flower curl outward and around the white and gold stamen located at the center. The flowers are nocturnal and exceptionally fragrant, suggesting they attract moths for pollination. Successfully pollinated flowers produce a fruit in the form of a hard capsule. The fruit has a very rough texture and is sometimes covered in brown hairs.
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It has pale to greenish yellow flowers, becoming orange with age, with some long hairs near their tips, from which straight styles stick out. This gives the flower head the likeness of a pincushion. It flowers from July till October and is pollinated by birds. It is called Albertinia pincushion in English and bloukoolhout in Afrikaans.
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Arthrochilus, commonly called elbow orchids, is a genus of about fifteen species of flowering plants from the orchid family (Orchidaceae) and is found in Australia and New Guinea. The flowers are pollinated by male thynnid wasps which attempt to mate with the flower and are held in place by hooks while the pollinium is transferred between insect and flower.
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The flowers are androgynous, 10-20 stamens, insect- pollinated, , greenish white or buff, and are distributed in axillary racemes. The plant flowers October through May. The fruit is a drupe, red to brown, , wider than long, two-lobed, with a seed in each lobe. It grows in bunches ripening September through November, several months after pollination.
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The leaves are round, with a radial notch in Nymphaea and Nuphar, but fully circular in Victoria and Euryale. Water lilies are a well studied clade of plants because their large flowers with multiple unspecialized parts were initially considered to represent the floral pattern of the earliest flowering plants, and later genetic studies confirmed their evolutionary position as basal angiosperms. Analyses of floral morphology and molecular characteristics and comparisons with a sister taxon, the family Cabombaceae, indicate, however, that the flowers of extant water lilies with the most floral parts are more derived than the genera with fewer floral parts. Genera with more floral parts, Nuphar, Nymphaea, Victoria, have a beetle pollination syndrome, while genera with fewer parts are pollinated by flies or bees, or are self- or wind-pollinated.
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Epidendrum ibaguense, a species of epiphytic orchid of the genus Epidendrum that occurs in Trinidad, French Guiana, Venezuela, Colombia, and northern Brazil, resembles flowers of Lantana camara and Asclepias curassavica (commonly called Mexican butterfly weed, blood-flower, scarlet milkweed, or tropical milkweed), both are species of flowering plant with the first in the verbena family, while the latter belongs to the milkweed family, and both are native to the American tropics. Epidendrum ibaguense is pollinated by monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) and perhaps hummingbirds. Similar cases are seen in some other species of the same family. The mimetic species may still have pollinators of its own though, for example a Lamellicorn beetle, which usually pollinates correspondingly colored Cistus flowers, is also known to aid in pollination of Ophrys species that are normally pollinated by bees.
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The column is yellowish near its base, orange towards the tip, long, wide and has broadly spreading wings with toothed edges. The lobe on the top of the anther has a dense mas of short hairs on its back and a club-like appendage on its top. The flowers are insect pollinated and open on sunny days. Flowering occurs in November and December.
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The inflorescence, which often appears to sit directly on the ground tucked amidst the leaves, is a cluster of funnel-shaped flowers about a centimeter wide. The flowers are self-incompatible and are cross-pollinated exclusively by a Melyrid beetle, Trichochorous sp.Schemske, D. W. & P. Bierzychudek. (2001). Perspective: Evolution of flower color in the desert annual Linanthus parryae: Wright revisited.
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The plant is pollinated by bees of genus Anthophora, which show an affinity for it even in the presence of other flowering plants.Tanner, D. and J. P. Pitts. Pollination and nesting behaviors of the pollinator (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Anthophora sp.) of a rare legume (Fabaceae: Faboideae: Astragalus phoenix) in Ash Meadows National Wildlife Refuge. The 2008 ESA Annual Meeting, November 16–19, 2008.
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Cape Sugarbird (Promerops cafer), the probable main pollinator, on a different species of Protea in Slanghoek Mountain Resort, Western Cape. Flowering occurs in the hot and dry summer, from October to December, with the peak in December, and occasionally as late as February. Sometimes the flowering can commense as early as spring. It is pollinated by birds, possibly especially the Cape sugarbird.
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As with many other caladenias. the pink-lipped spider orchid is pollinated by male thynnid wasps when they attempt to copulate with the labellum. Since the orchid is an endangered species, hand pollination may be used to propagate the species artificially. Research has shown that cross pollination and pollination with a single pollinium increase the number and viability of seeds produced.
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The species is almost exclusively pollinated by moths (Lepidoptera). The most common pollinators are the small elephant hawk-moth (Deilephila porcellus), hummingbird hawk-moth (Macroglossum stellatarum), silver Y (Autographa gamma), burnished brass (Diachrysia chrysitis) and large yellow underwing (Noctua pronuba). Fruit set is high with an average of 73%. The seed's germination is conditioned by the presence of mycorrhizal fungi.
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The common name Matchstick Banksia arises from the blooms in late bud, the individual buds of which resemble matchsticks. The species is pollinated by honeyeaters (Meliphagidae). Although B. cuneata was first collected before 1880, it was not until 1981 that Australian botanist Alex George formally described and named the species. There are two genetically distinct population groups, but no recognised varieties.
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The flowers are produced in dense panicles long after the new leaves appear in late spring, each flower with four slender creamy white petals long; they are pollinated by insects. The fruit is a slender samara long, the seed broad and the wing broad, green ripening brown.Mitchell, A. F. (1974). A Field Guide to the Trees of Britain and Northern Europe.
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As the pollinated flowers develop into fruit, the perianth base swells and somewhat enlarges up to 3mm long, and the upper part of the ovary swells and becomes partly or completely spongy. Sometimes the fruits which are derived from bisexual flowers have a slight basal constriction in the ovary swelling. The fruits are fig-shaped. The seeds are vertically placed within the fruit.
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The mode of natural inoculation of the viroid is unknown. There has been evidence that the transmission through pollen and seed can occur but they have a very low transmission rates: progenies of healthy palms pollinated with diseased pollen, exhibited disease symptoms 6 years after germination.Pacumbaba, E.B.; Zelazny, B.; Orense, J.C. (Philippine Coconut Authority, Banao, Guinobatan, Albay (Philippines). Albay Research Center.
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Verbascum phoeniceum is pollinated by hoverflies and bees although it is suspected that moths also take part in pollinating the mulleins. The flowers expel a fragrance early in the day believed to attract moths and close up midday. In a study by Branimir Petkovic et al. 2004, V. phoeniceum were planted on three different substratum soil types, serpentine, andesite and limestone.
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Aconitum flowers are pollinated by long-tongued bumblebees. Bumblebees have the strength to open the flowers and reach the single nectary at the top of the flower on its inside. Some short- tongued bees will bore holes into the tops of the flowers to steal nectar. However, alkaloids in the nectar function as a deterrent for species unsuited to pollination.
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They are dark glossy green above and gray tomentose below. The male flowers are light green 2 in (5 cm) long catkins while the female flowers are small (less than 1/10 in (0.4 mm)), produced in 3's on short stalks called peduncles and are wind pollinated. Flowering occurs from March through April in most of its native range.
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Edible fruit, the plant yields hairy and slightly sticky red berries which have an aroma similar to limes and a very sour taste. The acidity comes from tannic and gallic acids. The flowers are animal- pollinated and the seeds are dispersed by animals that eat the berries. The shrub also reproduces vegetatively, sending up sprouts several meters away and forming thickets.
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The plant grows 0.2–0.3 inch long flowers in three different colors, pink, purple, and white. Flowers sprout from leaf axils in clusters of 1–3. The petals and sepals are fused at the base to form a cup like structure. The K. striata has both male and female parts and can self pollinate as well as be pollinated by insects.
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The long tongued bees cannot reach the nectar at the tube base and so collect just pollen. # 'Triandrus' form. Pollinated by long-tongued solitary bees (Anthophora, Bombus) which forage for both pollen and nectar. The large corona allows the bees to crawl into the perianth but then the narrow tube prevents further progres, causing them to probe deeply for nectar.
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