Each had a small groove—named a cavo papilla by the team—at its tip.
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The cause of death was duodenal papilla cancer, according to Fumie Kakita, secretary general of the Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Survivors Council.
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The researchers took a papilla from the severed tongues of six cat species—a domestic cat, a bobcat, a cougar, a lion, a snow leopard, and a tiger—cleaned them, and scanned them to create 3D models.
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Another study has been led by Dr. Alexey Terskikh at the Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute in La Jolla, California, in which human pluripotent stem cells taken from human embryos and fetal tissue were engineered to become dermal papilla cells, governing the formation of hair follicles and the hair-growth cycle.
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The major duodenal papilla was first illustrated by Gottfreid Bidloo in 1685, although is sometimes called the papilla of Vater, after German anatomist Abraham Vater.
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Eunaticina papilla, common name the papilla moon snail, is a species of predatory sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Naticidae, the moon snails.
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The minor papilla drains the duct of Santorini, superior in position to the major papilla. In pancreatic divisum, in which the minor papilla drains the bulk of pancreatic secretions and major drains a minority of secretions (opposite of normal), a Santorinicele may develop leading to obstructed secretions/reflux resulting in pancreatitis.
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In embryology and prenatal development, the dental papilla is a condensation of ectomesenchymal cells called odontoblasts, seen in histologic sections of a developing tooth. It lies below a cellular aggregation known as the enamel organ. The dental papilla appears after 8–10 weeks intra uteral life. The dental papilla gives rise to the dentin and pulp of a tooth.
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Formation of dental papilla occurs in the Cap stage of Odontogenesis.
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The other names of minor duodenal papilla is Santorini's minor caruncle.
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The genital opening is situated at the tip of the papilla, covered by a fleshy flap. In females, the anus is situated more posteriorly and the genital opening is located at the tip of a short genital appendage. In A. ischnosoma, males have a long genital papilla located immediately posterior to anus, while females have a conical genital papilla located immediately posterior to anus.
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In fish, the genital papilla is a small, fleshy tube behind the anus present in some fishes, from which the sperm or eggs are released; the sex of a fish often can be determined by the shape of its papilla.
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The minor duodenal papilla is contained within the second part of the duodenum. It is situated 2 cm proximal to the major duodenal papilla, and thus 5–8 cm from the opening of the pylorus. The gastroduodenal artery lies posterior.
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The structure evolved from the basilar papilla and is crucial for mechanotransduction in mammals.
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The genital papilla is an anatomical feature of the external genitalia of some animals.
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The major duodenal papilla is a rounded projection at the opening of the common bile duct and pancreatic duct into the duodenum. The major duodenal papilla is, in most people, the primary mechanism for the secretion of bile and other enzymes that facilitate digestion.
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The lacrimal papilla is an elevation located on the medial canthus where the punctum is found.
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Breeding females are much less brightly colored than the males. They develop and extended genital papilla.
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Vomerine ridge absent. Tongue moderate, elongate, emarginate; no lingual papilla. Supratympanic fold feebly defined. Cephalic ridges absent.
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The product of this gene may play a role in the development of hair, nail, and filiform papilla.
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KRT84 is a keratin gene, for a type II hair keratin contained primarily in the filiform tongue papilla.
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D. sicula individuals have an asymmetrical penis papilla, with a diaphragm at the base, separating the seminal vesicle from the ejaculatory duct. This duct is ventral and it opens subterminally. The seminal vesicle is wrapped by a thin layer of bulbar muscles. The penis papilla is weakly muscular and more parenchymatic.
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The genus Amaga was erected by Robert E. Ogren and Masaharu Kawakatsu to include Neotropical land planarians with an intra-antral penis papilla, i.e., a small penis papilla at the proximal end of a folded male atrium. A recent redescription of the type species, Amaga amagensis, revealed that the intra- antral penis papilla is not a permanent structure as previously thought. A new diagnosis of the genus describes it as Geoplaninid land planarians with a large and broad, flat body and a well-developed glandular margin, i.e.
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Morphologically the genus can be divided in two subgroups depending on the shape of the penis papilla, which may be symmetrical or asymmetrical. The group with an asymmetrical penis papilla includes 10 species (O. anthropophilla, O. carbayoi, O. carrierei, O. decidualis, O. josefi, O. ladislavii, O. marmorata, O. nungara, O. otavioi and O. ruiva) and seems to form a monophyletic clade within Obama. On the other hand, the group with a symmetrical penis papilla is paraphyletic, indicating that this is the ancestral state within the genus.
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So naturally small rodents can persist in much more water deficient environments than larger animals. The desert kangaroo rat has a kidney structure very similar to those of other rodents, but it has much longer papilla (mammalian species). Papilla lengths, along with number of nephrons, play a crucial role in urine concentration.
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Alternative treatment procedures include making an incision in the major duodenal papilla to enlarge the bile duct opening (biliary sphincterotomy).
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The minor duodenal papilla is the opening of the accessory pancreatic duct into the descending second section of the duodenum.
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124 A posterior remnant may be seen where the artery left the optic disc, and is known as Bergmeister's papilla.
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The verge is situated just below the right posterior tentacle. It is small, papilliform, and swollen at base. Below this and farther back, there is a larger and thicker papilla with basal swelling. On each side, between the mantle and foot, at about mid length of the foot, there is a small mammiform papilla.
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The major duodenal papilla is situated in the second part of the duodenum, 7–10 cm from the pylorus, at the level of the second or third lumbar vertebrae. It is surrounded by the sphincter of Oddi, and receives a mixture of pancreatic enzymes and bile from the Ampulla of Vater, which drains both the pancreatic duct and biliary system. The junction between the foregut and midgut occurs directly below the major duodenal papilla. The major duodenal papilla is seen from the duodenum as lying within a mucosal fold.
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The enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental follicle together forms one unit, called the tooth germ. This is of importance because all the tissues of a tooth and its supporting structures form from these distinct cellular aggregations. Similar to dental follicle, the dental papilla has a very rich blood supply and provides nutrition to the enamel organ.
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The major duodenal papilla is occasionally found in the third part of the duodenum, the level of the vertebrae may be L2-3, and in about 10% of people, it may not receive bile. Additionally, in a small number of people, the primary papilla for draining the pancreas may in fact be the accessory pancreatic duct.
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Retrocuspid papilla (RCP) is small elevated nodules mostly behind the lower canine teeth (Fig.1,2). It is sometimes associated with reactive arthritis.
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The foot is short, pointed behind. The muzzle is rounded. The gill is single. The anus is prolonged into a long free papilla.
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Tympanum is distinct, oval, vertical. Pineal ocellus, vomerine ridge, and lingual papilla are all absent. Supratympanic fold is distinct. Cephalic ridges are absent.
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The fact that hair loss is cumulative with age while androgen levels fall as well as the fact that finasteride does not reverse advanced stages of androgenetic alopecia remains a mystery but some possible explanations have been put forward: Higher conversion of testosterone to DHT locally with age as higher levels of 5-alpha reductase are noted in balding scalp, and higher levels of DNA damage in the dermal papilla as well as senescence of the dermal papilla due to androgen receptor activation and environmental stress. The mechanism by which the androgen receptor triggers dermal papilla permanent senescence is not known but may involve IL6, TGFB-1 and oxidative stress. Senescence of the dermal papilla is measured by lack of mobility, different size and shape, lower replication and altered output of molecules and different expression of markers. The dermal papilla is the primary location of androgen action and its migration towards the hair bulge and subsequent signaling and size increase are required to maintain the hair follicle so senescence via the androgen receptor explains much of the physiology.
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Clusters of blood vessels are found branching out around the tooth germ in the dental follicle and going into the dental papilla during the cap stage. In the dental papilla the number of blood vessels increase and the matrix deposition will begin once the maximum is reached during the bell stage. Blood vessels going into the dental papilla are formed into groups that coincides with the positions of where the roots will develop in future. As time passes, the viability of the tissue is affected as the blood supply becomes steadily reduced in stages and the volume of pulpal tissue starts decreasing too.
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Note that dental papilla is originally derived from ectomesenchyme. Ectomesenchyme (type of mesenchyme) is derived from neural crest cells (NCCs). A basement membrane exists between the enamel organ and dental papilla which will be the site of the future dentinoenamel junction. The dentinoenamel junction is the surface at which the enamel and the dentin of the crown of a tooth are joined.
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The formation of dentin, known as dentinogenesis, begins prior to the formation of enamel and is initiated by the odontoblasts of the pulp. Dentin is derived from the dental papilla of the tooth germ. The tooth germ is the primordial structures from which a tooth is formed, including the enamel organ, the dental papilla, and the dental sac enclosing them.tooth bud. 2012.
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The minor duodenal papilla represents the remnants of the opening of the accessory pancreatic duct, which drains the dorsal pancreatic bud during foetal development.
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Hedin CA, Gerner L, Larsson Å: The retrocuspid papilla and factor XIIIa: an epidemiologic and histomorphologic study. Scand J Dent 1994; 102:290-4.
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The canthus rostralis is rounded; the loreal region is concave. The tympanum is indistinct. The vomerine teeth are present. The lingual papilla is absent.
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P. stenogrammus and P. mahakamensis lack any blotches or bands on the body, instead possessing a clearly defined midlateral stripe on a dark background; this stripe is thinner in P. stenogrammus. All Pseudomystus can be sexed in the typical bagrid fashion (by the presence of a genital papilla in males) and the males’ genital papilla is even more distinct than in many other bagrids.
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Pineal tumor Pineal region tumors are normally composed of a variety of cells including astrocytes, ganglion cells, blood vessels, and pinealocytes, which are the cells of this organ. Pinealocytes are specialized neurons, which are rich in monoaminergic neurotransmitters, including, serotonin, norepinephrine, and melatonin. Specifically, papillary tumors of this region are made up of ependymal cells which form papilla. The papilla is meant to be surface cells.
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In birds and crocodilians, the similarity of the structure of the basilar papilla betrays their close evolutionary relationship. The basilar papilla is up to about 10mm long and contains up to 16,500 hair cells. While most birds have an upper hearing limit of only about 6 kHz, the barn owl can hear up to 12 kHz and thus close to the human upper limit.
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During the apposition stage the enamel, dentin and cementum are secreted in successive layers. The mesenchymal tissue of dental papilla and dental sac and the ectodermal tissue of enamel undergo induction. The outer cells of dental papilla are induced by preameloblasts (cells within the enamel from which a cell that takes part in forming dental enamel develops)Mosby's Dental Dictionary, 2nd edition. © 2008 Elsevier, Inc.
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Retrocuspid papilla in molar region labial gingiva mimicking a periodontal abscess Radiographs showed no bone destruction and the depths of the periodontal pockets could not explain the presence of the lesions. They were nonsymptomatic and were not noticed by the patients. Hedin CA, Gerner L, Larsson Å: The retrocuspid papilla and factor XIIIa: an epidemiologic and histomorphologic study. Scand J Dent 1994; 102:290-4.
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The ventral duct drains the minority of the pancreas and opens into the major duodenal papilla. In adults however, this situation is reversed whereby 70% of the pancreas is drained by the ventral duct. Therefore in pancreas divisum, where fusion of the ducts does not occur, the major drainage of the pancreas is done by the dorsal duct which opens up into the minor papilla.
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Hearing Research, 17(3), 237–247. doi: 10.1016/0378-5955(85)90068-1 The temporal lobes of the owls were then removed from the skulls, post-fixed in 1% osmium tetroxide, dehydrated, then embedded in Araldite to study the anatomy of the inner ear. This study revealed that the basilar papilla of barn owls has two very unique features being a proliferation of lenticular cells and a thickening of the basilar membrane. The cochlear duct of the owl contains the basilar papilla, the tectorial membrane, the tegmentum vasculum, and the macula of the lagena. The basilar papilla of the cochlea was measured to be 9.5-11.5 mm long.
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Elongator complex protein 5 (ELP5) also known as dermal papilla-derived protein 6 (DERP6) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ELP5 gene.
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CORIN mutations have been reported in patients with preeclampsia. In mice, corin functions in the dermal papilla to regulate coat color in an Agouti-dependent pathway.
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For example, vertebrate teeth develop from a neural crest mesenchyme-derived dental papilla, and the neural crest is specific to vertebrates, as are tissues such as enamel.
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If greater than 8mm exist between the interdental bone and the interproximal contact, usually no papilla will be present. If the distance is 5mm or less, then a papilla will almost always be present. With active periodontal disease, both the marginal gingiva and attached gingiva can become enlarged, especially the interdental papillae. This enlargement results from edema occurring in the lamina propria of the tissue caused by the inflammatory response.
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Tympanum, cephalic ridges and pineal ocellus absent. Tusk like vomerine teeth present. Large tongue emarginated without a lingual papilla. There are two fang-like processes found on the mandible.
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The males have vocal sacks. The disk of the third finger has a papilla on its tip, hence the specific name scolodiscus, from Greek skolos (pointed) and diskus (disk).
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Odontoblasts first appear at sites of tooth development at 17–18 weeks in utero and remain present until death unless killed by bacterial or chemical attack, or indirectly through other means such as heat or trauma (e.g. during dental procedures). Odontoblasts were originally the outer cells of the dental papilla. Thus, dentin and pulp tissue have similar embryological backgrounds, because both are originally derived from the dental papilla of the tooth germ.
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The base of each pyramid originates at the corticomedullary border and the apex terminates in a papilla, which lies within a minor calyx, made of parallel bundles of urine collecting tubules.
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Circumvallate papilla in vertical section, showing arrangement of the taste-buds and nerves The circumvallate papillae (or vallate papillae) are dome-shaped structures on the human tongue that vary in number from 8 to 12. They are situated on the surface of the tongue immediately in front of the foramen cecum and sulcus terminalis, forming a row on either side; the two rows run backward and medially, and meet in the midline. Each papilla consists of a projection of mucous membrane from 1 to 2 mm. wide, attached to the bottom of a circular depression of the mucous membrane; the margin of the depression is elevated to form a wall (vallum), and between this and the papilla is a circular sulcus termed the fossa.
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The interdental papilla, also known as the interdental gingiva, is the part of the gums (gingiva) that exists coronal to the free gingival margin on the buccal and lingual surfaces of the teeth. The interdental papillae fill in the area between the teeth apical to their contact areas to prevent food impaction; they assume a conical shape for the anterior teeth and a blunted shape buccolingually for the posterior teeth.Illustrated Dental Embryology, Histology, and Anatomy, Bath-Balogh, Elsevier, 2011, page 123 A missing papilla is often visible as a small triangular gap between adjacent teeth. The relationship of interdental bone to the interproximal contact point between adjacent teeth is a determining factor in whether the interdental papilla will be present.
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7=testicles or ovaries Fish reproductive organs include testes and ovaries. In most species, gonads are paired organs of similar size, which can be partially or totally fused. There may also be a range of secondary organs that increase reproductive fitness. The genital papilla is a small, fleshy tube behind the anus in some fishes from which the sperm or eggs are released; the sex of a fish often can be determined by the shape of its papilla.
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The RCP are first reported in 1947 and 1965. Hirschfeld I: The retrocuspid papilla. Am J Orthod 1947;33:447-57.Everett FG, Hall WB, Bennet JS: Retrocuspid papillae. Periodontics 1965;3:81-3.
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Stem cells and dermal papilla cells have been discovered in hair follicles. Research on these follicular cells may lead to successes in treating baldness through hair multiplication (HM), also known as hair cloning.
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Dentists can only expect 2–4 mm of papilla height over the underlying bone. A black triangle can be expected if the distance between where the teeth touch and bone is any greater.
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Snout angled at 105 degrees, laterally truncated, with sharp canthi and flattened loreal region and internarial region. Vomerine teeth and lingual papilla are absent. Calcar lacking. Supernumerary tubercles on both palm and sole.
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Proximal sensory hair cells contained mostly short hair cells along with a few intermediate hair cells, but absolutely no tall hair cells. Tall hair cells are only present on the distal half of the owl’s papilla, starting at about 5 mm from the proximal end, along with some short-haired cells. The distal tip of the papilla is occupied exclusively by tall hair cells, whereas the proximal tip is occupied exclusively by lenticular cells.Smith, C., Konishi, M., & Schuff, N. 1985.
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The minor duodenal papilla may or may not contain a functioning sphincter and patent duct. When present, the sphincter is known as the sphincter of Helly, and the duct as the accessory pancreatic duct of Santorini. In 10% of people, the minor duodenal papilla is the prime duct for drainage of the pancreas, although in others it may not be present at all. Pain from the region will be referred to the epigastric region of the abdomen due to its associated dermatomes.
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Least darters are a short-lived species; in Minnesota, they live 2–3 yr. By early January, the male's genital papilla begins to swell, and by late March or early April, the testes are enlarged and sexually mature. They also develop lateral flaps of skin on their pelvic fins as early as late January, and by mid-March their breeding colors are evident. The female's genital papilla is also enlarged up to the spawning period, but her color and pattern changes very little.
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They are closer to each other in the anterior region and posteriorly they gradually become more spaced. The copulatory apparatus of E. septemlineata has a big ventral fold and a small intra-antral penis papilla.
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A papilloma (plural papillomas or papillomata) (papillo- + -oma) is a benign epithelial tumor growing exophytically (outwardly projecting) in nipple-like and often finger-like fronds. In this context, papilla refers to the projection created by the tumor, not a tumor on an already existing papilla (such as the nipple). When used without context, it frequently refers to infections (squamous cell papilloma) caused by human papillomavirus (HPV), such as warts. Human papillomavirus infection is a major cause of cervical cancer, although most HPV infections do not cause cancer.
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Liurana medogensis, commonly known as Medog papilla-tongued frog or Medog eastern frog, is a species of frog in the family Ceratobatrachidae. It is found in Mêdog County, Tibet (China) and in Arunachal Pradesh, northeastern India.
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Renal papillary necrosis is a form of nephropathy involving the necrosis of the renal papilla. Lesions that characterize renal papillary necrosis come from an impairment of the blood supply and from subsequent ischemic necrosis that is diffuse.
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Corymbia papillosa was first formally in 1995 by Ken Hill and Lawrie Johnson. The specific epithet (pachycarpa) is from the Latin papilla meaning "a nipple" and -osus, "full of", referring to the papilliform hairs on the leaves.
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There are two germ pores on each spore, situated equatorially, without bumps (papilla). The telia (fruiting structures that produce teliospores) resemble uredinia. The teliospores are 27–46 by 20–30 µm, and not constricted at the septum.
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Its proventricle is barrel-shaped, long and wide (spanning 4 segments), with about 22 muscle cell rows. Its pygidium is small, with 2 anal cirri, similar to its dorsal cirri but rather longer, plus a median papilla.
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Hindwings are bright orange yellowish. There is a black spot at end of cell and a submarginal irregular series. Larva has a black head. Somites are dark velvety brown with slight white hairs arising from red papilla.
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Such scales are more properly termed scutes. Snakes, tuataras and many lizards lack osteoderms. All reptilian scales have a dermal papilla underlying the epidermal part, and it is there that the osteoderms, if present, would be formed.
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Embrasures are triangularly shaped spaces located between the proximal surfaces of adjacent teeth. The borders of embrasures are formed by the interdental papilla of the gingiva, the adjacent teeth, and the contact point where the two teeth meet. There are four embrasures for every contact area: facial (also called labial or buccal), lingual (or palatal), occlusal or incisal, and cervical or interproximal space. The cervical embrasure usually is filled by the interdental papilla from the gingiva; in the absence of adequate gingival tissue a black angle, or Angularis Nigra is visible.
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This is the fourth stage of tooth development which occurs between the eleventh and twelfth week of prenatal development. During this stage of Odontogenesis, the epithelial tooth germ forms a bell - shaped structure in the labio - lingual section and is characterised by the formation of the dental sac. The peripheral cells of the dental papilla undergo differentiation, growing larger in size and taking a columnar (uni-layered) form and are now referred to as Odontoblasts (the outer part of the dental pulp). This differentiation begins at the apex of the dental papilla, gradually extending downwards.
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The basilar papilla is the auditory sensory organ of lizards, amphibians, and birds, which is analogous to the organ of Corti in mammals. The basilar papilla is composed of cells called "hair cells" which are actually epithelial cells rather than true hairs. These sensory cells, according to some studies, are related to the type II sensory cells in the vestibular epithelium of mammals. These auditory hair cells, unlike those in mammals, are known to spontaneously regenerate following injury, with experimental evidence showing that this ability to proliferate is mediated by a micro-RNA called miR181a.
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In some species such as the bullfrog, the size of the tympanum indicates the sex of the frog; males have tympani that are larger than their eyes while in females, the eyes and tympani are much the same size. A noise causes the tympanum to vibrate and the sound is transmitted to the middle and inner ear. The middle ear contains semicircular canals which help control balance and orientation. In the inner ear, the auditory hair cells are arranged in two areas of the cochlea, the basilar papilla and the amphibian papilla.
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A. hudsoni is a translucent white color. Its mantle is covered in pointed papilla. The mantle has a milky yellow border to it. Both the gills and the rhinophores are transparent, though the tips have a yellow tinge.
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In flukes it is used for penetrating the mucosal wall of the gastrointestinal tract for maintaining its parasitic habitat. It is sensory in nature consisting of type 2 sensory receptor, which is a smooth bulb-like non-ciliated papilla.
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According to Pearse (1949), Microcotyle otrynteri can be differentiated from other species of the genus Microcotyle studies by him in the same paper, by the dorsal papilla over the mouth, and the number and character of the haptoral clamps.
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Unlike other related species, Mercurana has large webbed toes, while the fingers are free with large discs, and is characterised by the presence of vomerine teeth and lingual papilla. They have distinct dark eyes, with horizontal and oval-shaped pupil.
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As in other genera of the family Dendrocoelidae, species of Bdellocephala have an anterior adhesive organ. However, differently from other dendrocoelids, species of Bdellocephala lack a well-developed penis papilla in the male copulatory apparatus, which is uncommon in freshwater planarians.
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Each lobe has a central cavity that collects the secretion from tubules arranged radially around the cavity. The gland secretion is conveyed to the surface via ducts that, in most species, open at the top of a papilla (nipple-like structure).
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Invertebrate Systematics. 17: 449-468. The main external feature to distinguish Cephaloflexa from Choeradoplana is the presence of two “cushions” on the ventral side of the head of the latter. The copulatory apparatus of Cephaloflexa lacks a permanent penis papilla.
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Ophlitaspongia papilla is a species of demosponge belonging to the family Microcionidae. It is found along north-eastern Atlantic coastlines. This is a red sponge which forms thin, smooth encrusting patches, up to 5 cm across, with regularly spaced oscula.
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It is paramount to understand how odontoblast differentiate from ectomesenchymal cells to allow comprehension and explanation of normal development and to be able to affect their recruitment when needed to start repairing the dentin. Growth factors in the cells of the inner enamel epithelium and expressions of signaling molecules bring about the differentiation of odontoblast through normal development of the dental papilla. Exhibiting a central nucleus and few organelles, the dental papilla cells are small and undifferentiated. At this stage, the cells are separated by an acellular zone, that consist of some fine collagen fibrils, from the inner enamel epithelium.
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The eastern swamp crayfish (Gramastacus lacus) is a species of small freshwater crayfish from coastal New South Wales, Australia. It is distinguished from related species by large genital papilla on the males, large raised postorbital ridges, a laterally compressed carapace, and elongated chelae.
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Osornophryne percrassa are relatively small toads: males measure and females in snout–vent length. It differs from other Osornophryne by its truncated snout in lateral view, with a little non-projected papilla at the end, and by its light spots on the belly.
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Species in Microsynodontis are small, reaching a maximum standard length of . The mouth of the fish faces downward, with broad lips containing papilla. The body shape is cylindrical along its entire length. Little is known about the life cycle or biology of Microsynodontis.
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In some cases, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is performed, revealing the diagnosis of pancreas divisum. If no symptoms or complications are present, then treatment is not necessary. However, if there is recurrent pancreatitis, then a sphincterotomy of the minor papilla may be necessary.
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Presence of a single narrow buccal papilla. Very short maxillary barbel. Teeth short and strong with a relatively long bicuspid crown, lateral lobe about half size of medial lobe. Head and body plated dorsally, plates generally covered by short and uniformely distributed odontodes.
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Petropedetes cameronensis is a small-sized Petropedetes with compact body. Males measure and females in snout–vent length. The snout is short. The tympanum is very small and rather indistinct, and without tympanic papilla (present in breeding males of many other Petropedetes species).
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Filiform papilla, magnified. Filiform papillae are the most numerous of the lingual papillae. They are fine, small, cone-shaped papillae covering most of the dorsum of the tongue. They are responsible for giving the tongue its texture and are responsible for the sensation of touch.
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On the dorsal fin the stripes are vertical. The outer edge of the caudal, dorsal and anal fins is white, while the pectoral fins are yellow. Sexing is difficult, but males do have a small genital papilla and females are generally plumper than the male.
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Unicellular cells, spherical or slightly cylindrical, a papilla may be present or absent. Chloroplasts green and usually cup-shaped. Guiry, M.D., John, D.M. Rindi, F. and McCarthy, T.K. (ed) 2007 New Survey of Clare Island Volume 6: The Freshwater and Terrestrial Algae. Royal Irish Academy.
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When patent, the minor duodenal papilla may be associated with recurrent pancreatitis. This is particularly common in a subset of people, when the dorsal pancreatic bud fails to fuse with the ventral pancreatic bud, a condition called pancreatic divisum, or when patent and ligated.
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An Acanthodoris brunnea A. brunnea has a brown mantle with white and black spots. Most of the mantle is covered with semi- transparent gray papilla. They grow to about 20mm long. It is described that when handled, Acanthodoris brunnea emit the smell of cedar.
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Its snout-vent length is in males and in females. It has a markedly slender head with a pointed snout and a rather short fourth finger, distinguishing it from its relatives. Its vomer lacks teeth, and it has a lingual papilla. The eggs are unpigmented.
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The sarcobelum is a fleshy or cuticle-coated papilla which is considered to be a degenerated, previously dart-bearing, organ.Barker G. M.: Gastropods on Land: Phylogeny, Diversity and Adaptive Morphology. in Barker G. M. (ed.): The biology of terrestrial molluscs. CABI Publishing, Oxon, UK, 2001, .
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Changes will also start occurring in the adjacent dental papilla, very quickly after reversed polarity of the cells of the inner enamel epithelium. To contain increasing amounts of protein-synthesizing organelles, odontoblasts as their cytoplasm ( the liquid inside a cell but outside the nucleus) increases in volume after the ectomesenchymal cells beside the acellular zone rapidly enlarge and elongate to become preodontoblasts. When the odontoblasts differentiate and increase in size to occupy the acellular zone between the dental papilla and the inner enamel epithelium, the zone slowly is removed. With their nuclei positioned away from the inner enamel epithelium, these newly differentiated cells are distinguished by being highly polarized.
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Lab Exercises: Tooth development. University of Texas Medical Branch. Additionally, the junction between the dental papilla and inner enamel epithelium determines the crown shape of a tooth.. The dental follicle gives rise to three important cells: cementoblasts, osteoblasts, and fibroblasts. Cementoblasts form the cementum of a tooth.
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Melaleuca papillosa was first formally described in 1999 by Lyndley Craven in Australian Systematic Botany from a specimen collected in the Fitzgerald River National Park. The specific epithet (papillosa) is derived from the Latin word papilla meaning "nipple" referring to the pimply surface of the leaves.
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Veterinary Parasitology 4th Edition. Wiley-Blackwell . The key to morphologically identifying O. ostertagi females is the lateral synlophe with one pair of ridges ending next to the lateral ridge between cervical papilla and the posterior end of the oesophagus. The cervical papillae are prominent and thorn-like.
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The renal papilla is the location where the renal pyramids in the medulla empty urine into the minor calyx in the kidney. Histologically it is marked by medullary collecting ducts converging to form a papillary duct to channel the fluid. Transitional epithelium begins to be seen.
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The pectoral spine is stout, with or without serrations on the posterior edge. The caudal fin is weakly emarginate. Sexual dimorphism has been reported in Acrochordonichthys. Males have the anus situated immediately in front of a genital papilla, which is located posterior to the pelvic fin base.
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Depilation does not destroy the dermal papilla, and the hair grows back. Chemical depilatories are available in gel, cream, lotion, aerosol, roll-on, and powder forms. Common brands include Nair, Magic Shave and Veet. Depilatory ointments, or plasters, were known to Greek and Roman authors as psilothrum.
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Males have an elongate genital papilla and enlarged pelvic fin odontodes. Also, there is a patch of odontodes involving four paired plates on either side of the pre-anal shield between the pelvic fin origin and the anus, possibly involved in increased adhesion in mating encounters.
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The tribe Rhynchodemini is defined as containing land planarians with an elongate, cylindroid form, two eyes near the anterior end and strong subepithelial musculature in which the longitudinal fibers are grouped into large bundles. The copulatory apparatus lacks a penis papilla or has it greatly reduced.
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Fruitbodies have bell-shaped to convex caps measuring in diameter. The cap surface is smooth, and bears a small papilla. Its color, initially cinnamon, later becomes cream to light orange, or yellowish brown when dried. The closely crowded gills have a somewhat adnate to sinuate attachment to the stipe.
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The genus is characterized and distinguished from other gobionellines by characters such as the transverse arrangement of sensory papillae, the number of fin rays and scales, and the shape of the tongue, gut, and genital papilla. The fish are mainly pale-colored with dark spots or a dark bar.
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This is a common intertidal species. It feeds on the red sponge, Microciona coccinea (family Microcionidae). It is also found to eat the introduced sponge, Ophlitaspongia seriata (=Ophlitaspongia papilla) and the native Holoplocamium neozelanicumAyling, A. M. (1968) The feeding behaviour of Rostanga rubicunda (Mollusca: Nudibranchia). Tane, 14: 25-42.
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The genital opening is situated at the tip of the papilla, covered by a fleshy flap. In females, the anus is situated more posteriorly and the genital opening is located at the tip of a short genital appendage. The pelvic fins of females are also more closely set.
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The pelvic fin contains one unbranched and six branched rays. The anal fin contains three to five unbranched and seven to nine branched rays. The tail, or caudal fin, is forked, with slightly rounded lobes. The mouth of the fish faces downward and has wide lips that contain papilla.
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It is also called "ophiasis inversus". This form of hair loss "...targets the body's own hair follicles, resulting in hair loss..." and although the immune system could be attacking hair follicle melanocytes, dermal papilla cells, and keratinocytes,” the foundational cause of this disease is yet to be confirmed.
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The shell is ribbed, with rounded or keeled whorls. The apertural margin is reflected and thickened. Reproductive system: There is no flagellum, no penial papilla. There is one small dart sac, one longer accessory sac separated from vaginal walls and vagina with 3 simple and long accessory (mucus) glands.
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Its peristomium shows a dorsal fold partly covering the prostomium. It counts with one pair of tentacular cirri, which are shaped like the antennae but are shorter. Its second chaetiger lacks dorsal cirri but has a large papilla instead. The dorsal cirri are shaped similarly to the tentacular cirri.
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Some burrowing sand dollars have an elongated papilla that enables the liberation of gametes above the surface of the sediment. The gonads are lined with muscles underneath the peritoneum, and these allow the animal to squeeze its gametes through the duct and into the surrounding sea water, where fertilization takes place.
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The male possesses a genital papilla just before the anal fin, while the female does not. Also, in B. majusculus, B. obscurus, and B. vaillantii the nasal and maxillary barbels of males are more than twice as long as barbels of females; this may hold true for the whole genus.
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If the female does not mate during the postpartum estrus, she resumes cycling 2–5 days post-weaning. Newborn males are distinguished from newborn females by noting the greater anogenital distance and larger genital papilla in the male. This is best accomplished by lifting the tails of littermates and comparing perinea.
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Adult males measure and adult females in snout–vent length (SVL). The upper eyelid bears 1–2 conical tubercles, but these may not be obvious in some individuals. The tympanum is prominent. The snout is subacuminate in dorsal view and rounded in profile; there is a small papilla at its tip.
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Batasio, like most other bagrids, are easy to sex. The male has a visible genital papilla just fore of the anal fin. Gravid female B. tengana (South East Asian form) are easy to identify because the pink eggs can be seen through their semi- transparent belly when they swim near light.
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Females are larger than males. Male genital papilla narrow, whereas female are broad and rounded, most noticeable during breeding season. 150 to 1,200 eggs averaging 1.9 mm to 2.3 mm in diameter when water hardened. Spawning reported to occur in spring (October) at water temperatures of 6.7 to 7.5 °C.
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Psilocybe hoogshagenii is species of psilocybin mushroom in the family Strophariaceae. The mushroom has a brownish conical or bell-shaped cap up to wide that has an extended papilla up to 4 mm long. The stem is slender (up to 3 mm thick) and long. The variety P. hoogshagenii var.
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Ophlitaspongia papilla forms small encrusting patches seldom more than across on boulders and rocks. It is very thin and flat with a smooth shiny surface. The oscula are well-defined and regularly distributed, each having a small collar with a slightly raised edge. The colour of this sponge is blood red.
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The anagen phase is known as the growth phase. This is the phase where the hair physically grows approximately 1 cm per month. It begins in the papilla and can last from three to five years. The span at which the hair remains in this stage of growth is determined by genetics.
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The term lingual is derived from the Latin word lingua meaning "tongue" or "speech". Papilla is from Latin, meaning "nipple". Vallate (pronounced \ˈva-ˌlāt\\) is from the Latin word vallum (rampart, wall), and means "having a raised edge surrounding a depression". This refers to the circular mucosal elevation which surrounds the circumvallate papillae.
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The lacrimal canaliculi open into the papilla. The opening of each canaliculus is the lacrimal punctum. From the punctum, tears will enter the lacrimal sac, then on to the nasolacrimal duct, and finally into the nasal cavity. An excess of tears, as caused by strong emotion, can cause the nose to run.
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M. armatus is a small fish, reaching a maximum standard length of . The mouth of the fish faces downward, with broad lips containing papilla. The fish has three pairs of barbels. The maxillary barbels are on located on the upper jaw, and two pairs of mandibular barbels are on the lower jaw.
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M. emarginata is a small fish, reaching a maximum standard length of . The mouth of the fish faces downward, with broad lips containing papilla. The fish has three pairs of barbels. The maxillary barbels are on located on the upper jaw, and two pairs of mandibular barbels are on the lower jaw.
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M. hirsuta is a small fish, reaching a maximum standard length of . The mouth of the fish faces downward, with broad lips containing papilla. The fish has three pairs of barbels. The maxillary barbels are on located on the upper jaw, and two pairs of mandibular barbels are on the lower jaw.
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M. laevigata is a small fish, reaching a maximum standard length of . The mouth of the fish faces downward, with broad lips containing papilla. The fish has three pairs of barbels. The maxillary barbels are on located on the upper jaw, and two pairs of mandibular barbels are on the lower jaw.
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M. nannoculus is a small fish, reaching a maximum standard length of . The mouth of the fish faces downward, with broad lips containing papilla. The fish has three pairs of barbels. The maxillary barbels are on located on the upper jaw, and two pairs of mandibular barbels are on the lower jaw.
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M. nasutus is a small fish, reaching a maximum standard length of . The mouth of the fish faces downward, with broad lips containing papilla. The fish has three pairs of barbels. The maxillary barbels are on located on the upper jaw, and two pairs of mandibular barbels are on the lower jaw.
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M. notata is a small fish, reaching a maximum standard length of . The mouth of the fish faces downward, with broad lips containing papilla. The fish has three pairs of barbels. The maxillary barbels are on located on the upper jaw, and two pairs of mandibular barbels are on the lower jaw.
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M. vigilis is a small fish, reaching a maximum standard length of . The mouth of the fish faces downward, with broad lips containing papilla. The fish has three pairs of barbels. The maxillary barbels are on located on the upper jaw, and two pairs of mandibular barbels are on the lower jaw.
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While the basic structure of the inner ear in lepidosaurs (lizards and snakes), archosaurs (birds and crocodilians) and mammals is similar, and the organs are considered to be homologous, each group has a unique type of auditory organ. The hearing organ arose within the lagenar duct of stem reptiles, lying between the saccular and lagenar epithelia. In lepidosaurs, the hearing organ, the basilar papilla, is generally small, with at most 2000 hair cells, whereas in archosaurs the basilar papilla can be much longer (>10mm in owls) and contain many more hair cells that show two typical size extremes, the short and the tall hair cells. In mammals, the structure is known as the organ of Corti and shows a unique arrangement of hair cells and supporting cells.
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Powdery Mildew - Sustainable Gardening Australia Organic Fruit Production in Michigan Another non-conventional chemical treatment involves treating with a solution of calcium silicate. Silicon helps the plant cells defend against fungal attack by degrading haustoria and by producing callose and papilla. With silicon treatment, epidermal cells of wheat are less susceptible to powdery mildew.
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The genus Dendrocoelum is characterized by the presence of a well-developed musculo-glandular organ known as an adenodactyl, which is also present in other genera of Dendrocoelidae. In Dendrocoelum, the adenodactyl is cone- shaped and has a distinct bulb, as well as a papilla, and its lumen receives the secretions of several glands.
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Two individuals of Obama ladislavii right after mating. The white structure seen in the upper animal is the protruded penis papilla. The reproductive system of planarians is broadly similar among different families, although the associated structures can vary in complexity. All planarians are hermaphrodites, so their reproductive system has a male and a female part.
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It is a valley-like or concave depression that lies directly beneath the contact point, between the facial and lingual papilla. However, the col may be absent if there is gingival recession or if the teeth are not contacting. The main purpose of the interdental gingiva is to prevent food impaction during routine mastication.
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Lingual papillae (singular papilla) are the small, nipple-like structures on the upper surface of the tongue that give it its characteristic rough texture. The four types of papillae on the human tongue have different structures and are accordingly classified as circumvallate (or vallate), fungiform, filiform, and foliate. All except the filiform papillae are associated with taste buds.
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There is a curtain of skin between the nostrils. The mouth is small and bow-shaped, with a papilla (nipple-like structure) near each corner. The numerous teeth are arranged with a quincunx pattern; each has an oval to rhomboid base, with a prominent central ridge and low ridges alongside. The pelvic fins extend past the disc.
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Conus papilliferus, common name the papilla cone, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies. p Like all species within the genus Conus, these snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of "stinging" humans, therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all.
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Neural adaptations for processing the two-note call of the Puerto Rican treefrog, Eleutherodactylus coqui. Brain, Behavior and Evolution, 17:48-66. Since the "Qui" note is a wide-band signal that sweeps upward in frequency, it appears as though the fibers innervating the female basilar papilla are better suited for detection of this component of the call.
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The retromolar area of a human mandible is covered by the retromolar pad (also known as the piriformis papilla), an elevated triangular area of mucosa. It is composed of non-keratinized loose alveolar tissue covering glandular tissues and muscle fibers. It is important for supporting lower complete and partial dentures as well as landmarking in the fabrication of dentures.
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The ileocecal valve (ileal papilla, ileocaecal valve, Tulp's valve, Tulpius valve, Bauhin's valve, ileocecal eminence, valve of Varolius or colic valve) is a sphincter muscle valve that separates the small intestine and the large intestine. Its critical function is to limit the reflux of colonic contents into the ileum.Barret KE. "Lange Gastrointestinal Physiology". The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2006.
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The exact mechanism of the formation of dens evaginatus and talon cusp is unknown. It has been suggested that the anomaly is caused by an evagination. The formation of the "cusp" is due to excess layering of the internal enamel epithelium and dental papilla into the stellate reticulum. This occurs during the morphological differentiation stage of tooth development.
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The wunderpus octopus has small, subraocular eyes on top of elongated stalks protruding from its mantle. Over each eye is a conical papilla. The thin-walled mantle of the wunderpus octopus has weak musculature and wide aperture. The head has a distinct neck area and is Y-shaped with the eye on each branch of the ‘Y’.
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The fins are transparent with brown dots on the rays. The tail fin is transparent except for a dark spot at the base. Males have a genital papilla, a feature missing in females. Features can vary widely among populations, with the most variation occurring in the body's depth at the dorsal fin and in the snout and abdomen length.
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Sagittal view of the copulatory apparatus of Cratera viridimaculata showing the expanded cavity at the final portion of the ejaculatory duct (ej) in the penis papilla (pp). The genus Cratera is characterized by having a leaf-shaped body. Most species are between 3 and 7 cm long. The hundreds of eyes distributed along the body are monolobulated, i.e.
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The lesions are bilaterally situated in the attached gingiva or close to the border of the mucosa lingual to the two mandibular canines (Fig.1) Hedin CA, Gerner L, Larsson Å: The retrocuspid papilla and factor XIIIa: an epidemiologic and histomorphologic study. Scand J Dent 1994; 102:290-4.. Fig.1.Retrucuspid papillae lingual to both lower canines.
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The cap is typically 7-15 mm in diameter, almost convex to conic in shape, umbonate with a small papilla. The cap is viscid and has a separable pellicle. It is a reddish-brown color when moist, but becomes lighter brown when dry. The stipe is 4.0-6.5 cm high × 1.5 cm thick, equal or slightly bulbous.
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Acanthopolymastia acanthoxa is a species of sea sponge belonging to the family Polymastiidae. It is a deep-ocean species found on muddy substrates at depths of over 3000 m in the Ross Sea, Antarctica. This is a brown, cushion-shaped sponge up to 4 cm across with a lateral fringe and a single papilla with a terminal opening.
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Acanthopolymastia bathamae is a species of sea sponge belonging to the family Polymastiidae. It is only known from the Papanui Submarine Canyon off Dunedin, South Island, New Zealand. This is a small, cream-coloured hemispherical sponge up to 8 mm in diameter. Its texture is soft and velvety with a single central papilla up to 7 mm in height.
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This is done gently but quickly. Within a short period of time, the male should get an erection of the phallus. Once this occurs, the cloaca is squeezed and semen is collected from the external papilla of the vas deferens. During artificial insemination, semen is most frequently deposited intra- vaginally by means of a plastic syringe.
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The genus Beauchampius includes planarians with weak cutaneous longitudinal musculature and strong parenchymal musculature forming a ring zone. The copulatory apparatus has a well-developed conical penis papilla and two female ducts opening into the genital atrium, one from the ventral female canal and other from the dorsal diverticulum that in some cases forms a seminal bursa.
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The genus Pelmatoplana includes planarians with weak cutaneous longitudinal musculature and strong parenchymal musculature forming a ring zone. The copulatory apparatus has a well-developed conical penis papilla and the female atrium lacks a seminal bursa, having only the female canal entering it. A genito-intestinal duct may be present connecting the female canal to the intestine.
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Nemanthias carberryi grows to a maximum total length of around . The dorsal fin has 11 spines and 16 to 17 soft rays, while the anal fin has three spines and seven soft rays. The first two dorsal spines are long and flexible. The upper lip is thickened and has a nipple=like papilla in the centre.
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Identifying an individual fish's species within the genus of Microsynodontis can be difficult, but some diagnostic methods have been identifying, including the identification of the color and color patterns, the shape and size of the fins, the shape and size of the snout, the characteristics of the spines of the fish, and the characteristics of the tubercles, which are small, rounded protrusions on the skin of the fish. The number of teeth in an individual has not been demonstrated to be useful in identifying the species in this genus, unlike in other genera of the Mochokidae. Microsynodontis species express sexual dimorphism. Males can be distinguished by the presence of a conical genital papilla immediately posterior to the anus; in females, this papilla is smaller and has a flattened tip.
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Cattle have good visual acuity, but compared to humans, their visual accommodation is poor. Cattle have two kinds of color receptors in the cone cells of their retinas. This means that cattle are dichromatic, as are most other non-primate land mammals. There are two to three rods per cone in the fovea centralis but five to six near the optic papilla.
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Latanoprost and bimatoprost are specific PGF2a analogues applied topically, and have been found to lengthen eyelashes, darken hair pigmentation and elongate hair. Bimatoprost is available as treatment for eyelash growth. Latanoprost has shown ability to promote scalp hair density and pigmentation, and is theorized to function at the dermal papilla. A study found latanoprost ineffective on eyelashes in a patient with alopecia areata.
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Blackeye gobies are sexually dimorphic, with different sexes distinguishable from genital papilla, size, and length of dorsal and anal fins. Females attain sexual maturity at in length, while males mature at in length. The breeding season lasts for five to seven months, between April and October. During this, the fused pelvic fins (the disk) of the males turn very dark in color.
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The life cycle of D. paradoxum is unique. A diporpa juvenile can live for several months, but it cannot develop further until encountering another diporpa; unless this happens, the diporpa usually dies. When one diporpa finds another, each attaches its sucker to the dorsal papilla of the other. This begins one of the most intimate associations of two individuals of the animal kingdom.
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This has led to the popular belief that ANUG is contagious, but this is not the case. The main features of NUG are painful, bleeding gums and ulceration and necrosis of the interdental papilla. There may also be intra-oral halitosis, cervical lymphadenitis (swollen lymph nodes in the neck) and malaise. Treatment of the acute disease is by debridement and antibiotics, usually metronidazole.
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The gills are notched and interspersed with several tiers of lamellulae. The cap is initially convex before flattening out, sometimes retaining a small central papilla, and sometimes developing a central depression; the cap diameter reaches . The smooth cap is hygrophanous (i.e., it changes colour as it loses or absorbs moisture), and has shallow radial grooves extending about halfway up the cap.
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The genus Supramontana is characterized by the presence of a cephalic retractor muscle not associated with cephalic glands. This muscle is similar to the one found in the genera Issoca and Luteostriata, but in Supramontana the organ lacks cephalic glands, which are present in the other two genera. The copulatory apparatus of Supramontana has a permanent penis papilla and a long common ovovitelloduct.
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Specifically BMP4 is found in the dermal papilla. BMP4 is part of the signaling network which controls the development of hair. It is needed for the induction of biochemical pathways and signaling for regulating the differentiation of the hair shaft in the anagen hair follicle. This is done through controlling the expression of the transcription factors which regulate hair differentiation.
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The renal calyces are chambers of the kidney through which urine passes. The minor calyces surround the apex of the renal pyramids. Urine formed in the kidney passes through a renal papilla at the apex into the minor calyx; two or three minor calyces converge to form a major calyx, through which urine passes before continuing through the renal pelvis into the ureter.
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There are 17-22 epidermal cells. Epidermal plate is absent only at the extreme anterior called apical papilla, or terebratorium, which contains numerous sensory organelles. Its internal body is almost fully filled with glycogen particles and vesicles. The ceraria has a characteristic bifurcated tail, classically called furcae (Latin for fork); hence, the name (derived from a Greek word κέρκος, kerkos, meaning tail).
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DKK1 is one of the most upregulated genes in androgen-potentiated balding, with DKK-1 messenger RNA upregulated a few hours after DHT treatment of hair follicles at the dermal papilla in vitro. Neutralizing antibody against DKK-1 reversed DHT effects on outer root sheath keratinocytes. DKK-1 expression is attenuated by L-threonate in vitro, with the latter a metabolite of ascorbate.
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However, they often lack a basilar papilla, having instead an entirely separate set of sensory cells at the upper edge of the saccule, referred to as the papilla amphibiorum, which appear to have the same function. Although many fish are capable of hearing, the lagena is, at best, a short diverticulum of the saccule, and appears to have no role in sensation of sound. Various clusters of hair cells within the inner ear may instead be responsible; for example, bony fish contain a sensory cluster called the macula neglecta in the utricle that may have this function. Although fish have neither an outer nor a middle ear, sound may still be transmitted to the inner ear through the bones of the skull, or by the swim bladder, parts of which often lie close by in the body.
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The longer the hair stays in the anagen phase, the longer it will grow. During this phase, cells neighboring the papilla in a germinative layer divide to produce new hair fibers, and the follicle buries itself into the dermal layer of the skin to nourish the strand. About 85%-90% of the hairs on one's head are in the anagen phase at any given time.
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The enamel organ is composed of the outer enamel epithelium, inner enamel epithelium, stellate reticulum and stratum intermedium. These cells give rise to ameloblasts, which produce enamel and the reduced enamel epithelium. The growth of cervical loop cells into the deeper tissues forms Hertwig's Epithelial Root Sheath, which determines a tooth's root shape. The dental papilla contains cells that develop into odontoblasts, which are dentin- forming cells.
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It is not unusual for the animal to have two opercula. Both serpulid and sabellid worms have radioles, but sabellids (such as Sabella pavonina) lack an operculum. A single median nephridiopore is located dorsally on the head, between the upper lip and a median dorsal papilla. The anterior end of the fecal groove passes over it and urine is released from it into the waste current.
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The whitish to creamy white gills are waxy in appearance and consistency. The cap of M. flavoalba is in diameter, conical when young, becoming somewhat bell-shaped, broadly conic or at times nearly convex. It may develop a papilla (a nipple-like structure) in its center. The cap margin is initially pressed against the stem, but in maturity either flares out or curves inward slightly.
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When the male accepts female courting, the female expels eggs from her urogenital papilla. Female Banggai cardinalfish produce a relatively small clutch, consisting of no more than 90 eggs that are 2–3 mm in diameter. Once about three-fourths of the egg mass protrudes from the female, the male takes the eggs from her. This process is immediate, taking no more than 2 seconds.
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Hedin CA, Gerner L, Larsson Å: The retrocuspid papilla and factor XIIIa: an epidemiologic and histomorphologic study. Scand J Dent 1994; 102:290-4.Nickoloff BJ, Griffiths CEM: The spindle-shaped cells in cutaneous Kaposi´s sarcoma. Am J Pathol 1989;135:793-800Cerio R, Spaull J, Oliver GF, Wilson Jones E: A study of factor XIIIa and MAC 387 immunolabeling in normal and pathological skin.
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Several sensory nerves connect directly to the cerebral ganglion; there are sensory and motor nerve cells connected to the ventral nerve cord ganglia in each segment. Leeches have between two and ten pigment spot ocelli, arranged in pairs towards the front of the body. There are also sensory papillae arranged in a lateral row in one annulation of each segment. Each papilla contains many sensory cells.
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Pneumoparotitis is often misdiagnosed and incorrectly managed. The diagnosis is based mainly on the history. Crepitus may be elicited on palpation of the parotid swelling, and massaging the gland may give rise to frothy saliva or air bubbles from the parotid papilla. Further investigations are not typically required, however sialography, ultrasound and computed tomography may all show air in the parotid gland and duct.
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Acrocnida follows the body plan of other Amphiuridae, as they possess central disks surrounded by five long, thin arms. They only possess one outer mouth papilla, which is removed from the infradental papillae. Members of Acrocnida possess mucous glands described as "multecellular aggregations of pyriform cells with elongate necks" Like other members of Ophiurida, Acrocnida can part with limbs and regenerate a new limb.
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The blunt-ended rhinophores (sensory tentacles on the head) are often darker in colour than the rest of the animal, and each bears up to nineteen thin plates. The anal papilla is surrounded by a ring of about twelve feathery gills. This species can be confused with Onchidoris muricata, but that species is usually smaller and paler and has dorsal tubercles that have tips which are flattened.
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The pectoral and ventral fins are pointed, with the latter about as long as the former or longer. The anal papilla is very short and rounded in females, but is longer and very slender in males. P. pygmaea have dark spots, which forms 4 cross-bands, over the sides of its body. The bases of the fins are heavily pigmented, except for the ventral fins.
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In late 2013, new results were published by a research team at the Durham University which suggested progress. The scientists tried a new method for multiplying, cloning the original cells not in a 2D but in a 3D system. A team took healthy dermal papillae from hair transplants and dissected them, then cultured them in a petri dish. In 30 hours they were able to produce 3000 dermal papilla cells.
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Taste in the gustatory system allows humans to distinguish between safe and harmful food, and to gauge foods’ nutritional value. Digestive enzymes in saliva begin to dissolve food into base chemicals that are washed over the papillae and detected as tastes by the taste buds. The tongue is covered with thousands of small bumps called papillae, which are visible to the naked eye. Within each papilla are hundreds of taste buds.
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These primordial tissues together form the enamel organ, dental papilla and dental sac. Also during the cap stage is the formation of a depression within the deepest part of each tooth bud of the dental lamina. The dental lamina is a band of epithelial tissue which connects the developing tooth bud to the oral epithelium. The dental lamina eventually disintegrates into small clusters of epithelium and is reabsorbed.
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It is a herbaceous perennial plant growing to 30–70 cm high. The stems are usually glabrous (hairless), but sometimes pubescent at the nodes, and 7-10mm in diameter near the base of plant. The basal leaves have a 3–7 cm long petiole which is subterete in profile, and having a surface covered in numerous papilla. The leaves are of a narrowly triangular or triangular-ovate, rarely narrowly ovate, shape.
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Figure 9: "Petal effect" vs. "lotus effect" The intrinsic hydrophobicity of a surface can be enhanced by being textured with different length scales of roughness. The red rose takes advantage of this by using a hierarchy of micro- and nanostructures on each petal to provide sufficient roughness for superhydrophobicity. More specifically, each rose petal has a collection of micropapillae on the surface and each papilla, in turn, has many nanofolds.
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The mouth of the fish faces downward and has wide lips that contain papilla. All members of Syndontis have a structure called a premaxillary toothpad, which is located on the very front of the upper jaw of the mouth. This structure contains several rows of short, chisel-shaped teeth. In some species, this toothpad is made up of a large patch with several rows in a large cluster.
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The mouth of the fish faces downward and has wide lips that contain papilla. All members of Syndontis have a structure called a premaxillary toothpad, which is located on the very front of the upper jaw of the mouth. This structure contains several rows of short, chisel-shaped teeth. In some species, this toothpad is made up of a large patch with several rows in a large cluster.
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It is a large adult size frog with snout to vent length in males ranging between 55–69 mm and females being larger and up to 106 mm. The snout is obtusely pointed when observed from both dorsal and ventral planes and protrudes beyond the lower jaw. Tongue is spatulate and bifid without lingual papilla. Tympanum is distinct and a supra-tympanic fold from back of eye to forelimb is prominent.
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A. modesta grows to a length of about when fully expanded. The foot is broader than the body, and the sides and upper surface, apart for the front third, are covered with cerata (finger-like outgrowths). In young individuals these are organised in up to seven rows, but in adults, the rows are no longer apparent. The anus is set on a papilla on the upper surface near the rear.
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The nostrils are short and oval, with a nearly rectangular curtain of skin between them; the posterior margin of the nasal curtain is minutely fringed. The small, bow- shaped mouth contains a single central papilla (nipple-like structure) on the floor; several tiny papillae are also scattered outside the lower jaw and on the tongue. There are 24 lower tooth rows. The pelvic fins are short and broad, with angular tips.
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The mouth of the fish faces downward and has wide lips that contain papilla. All members of Syndontis have a structure called a premaxillary toothpad, which is located on the very front of the upper jaw of the mouth. This structure contains several rows of short, chisel-shaped teeth. In some species, this toothpad is made up of a large patch with several rows in a large cluster.
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The mouth of the fish faces downward and has wide lips that contain papilla. All members of Syndontis have a structure called a premaxillary toothpad, which is located on the very front of the upper jaw of the mouth. This structure contains several rows of short, chisel-shaped teeth. In some species, this toothpad is made up of a large patch with several rows in a large cluster.
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The mouth of the fish faces downward and has wide lips that contain papilla. All members of Syndontis have a structure called a premaxillary toothpad, which is located on the very front of the upper jaw of the mouth. This structure contains several rows of short, chisel-shaped teeth. In some species, this toothpad is made up of a large patch with several rows in a large cluster.
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There are 12 ribs and 19 thoracolumbar (chest and abdomen), four sacral, and 36 to 38 caudal (tail) vertebrae. There are three digits at the tip of the penis, of which the central one is the largest. The two lateral digits are not supported by mounds of the baculum (penis bone). There is only one spine on the papilla (nipple-like projection) on the upper side of the penis.
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The mouth of the fish faces downward and has wide lips that contain papilla. All members of Syndontis have a structure called a premaxillary toothpad, which is located on the very front of the upper jaw of the mouth. This structure contains several rows of short, chisel-shaped teeth. In some species, this toothpad is made up of a large patch with several rows in a large cluster.
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The group of Jesuits led by the late Frs. Jean Desautels, Louis Papilla, and Cornelius Pineau went on to found Xavier School (Kuang Chi). In 1956, in a converted warehouse in Echague, Manila, the school opened its doors to its initial batch of students – 170 children of Chinese immigrants in the Philippines. The school was named after St. Francis Xavier, one of the first leaders of Jesuit missions in China.
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The mouth of the fish faces downward and has wide lips that contain papilla. All members of Syndontis have a structure called a premaxillary toothpad, which is located on the very front of the upper jaw of the mouth. This structure contains several rows of short, chisel-shaped teeth. In some species, this toothpad is made up of a large patch with several rows in a large cluster.
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The mouth of the fish faces downward and has wide lips that contain papilla. All members of Syndontis have a structure called a premaxillary toothpad, which is located on the very front of the upper jaw of the mouth. This structure contains several rows of short, chisel-shaped teeth. In some species, this toothpad is made up of a large patch with several rows in a large cluster.
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Kumar & Masamatti's classification system gives a comprehensive depiction of recession defect that can be used to include cases that cannot be classified according to present classifications. A separate classification system for palatal recessions (PR) has been given. A new comprehensive classification system classifies recession on the basis of the position of interdental papilla and buccal/lingual/palatal recessions. Kumar & Masamatti's classification system tries to overcome the limitations of Miller's classification.
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The interdental gingiva takes up the space beneath a tooth contact point, between two adjacent teeth. It is normally triangular or pyramidal in shape and is formed by two interdental papillae (lingual and facial). The middle or centre part of the interdental papilla is made up of attached gingiva, whereas the borders and tip are formed by the free gingiva. The central point between the interdental papillae is called the col.
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The duct pierces the buccinator muscle, then opens into the mouth on the inner surface of the cheek, usually opposite the maxillary second molar. The parotid papilla is a small elevation of tissue that marks the opening of the parotid duct on the inner surface of the cheek. The gland has four surfaces – superficial or lateral, superior, anteromedial, and posteromedial. The gland has three borders – anterior, medial, and posterior.
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The epidermal cells give off numerous hair-like cilia on the body surface. Epidermal plate is absent only at the extreme anterior called apical papilla, or terebratorium, which contains numerous sensory organelles. Its internal body is almost fully filled with glycogen particles and vesicles. The ceraria has a characteristic bifurcated tail, classically called furcae (Latin for fork); hence, the name (derived from a Greek word κέρκος, kerkos, meaning tail).
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Habitus Rheum webbianum is a perennial herbaceous plant which grows from in height. It has a stout, hollow stem bearing the inflorescence, this is finely sulcate (with many fine fissures in profile) and glabrous (hairless) or covered in papilla (papilliferous) on the surface of its upper part. This plant is very variable, especially in the leaf size and plant height. Leaf of Rheum webbianum in the Giardino Botanico Alpino Viote.
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Physoderma species are characterized as having a both a monocentric thallus and an endobiotic polycentric thallus. Resting spores germinate in the spring to produce zoospores that will infect the host. The initial infection gives rise to monocentric, epibiotic zoosporangium anchored with endobiotic rhizoids confined to a single host cell. The zoosporangium has been characterized as Rhizidium or Phlyctochytrium like; it usually has discharge papilla through which the zoospores are released.
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The cap is 2–13 cm, conical to convex, and very rarely expanding to plane in age. The margin wavy sometimes with an acute papilla or mamilla, usually umbonate or with a depressed center. In young specimens the margin has a scalloped edge which sometimes curls upwards as the mushroom matures. The cap is yellowish brown to tan, fading to cream-yellow then brown and finally black through age.
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The species classified within the genus Inchoatia are conchologically similar. They all have slender to very slender, small to medium-sized shells with more or less prominent papillae along the suture. The clausilial apparatus is of the so-called "N-type", with a lamella spiralis and a plica principalis. As in genus Albinaria, the genital tract shows a dimorphism in penial structure, with either a papilla or a caecum.
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Like other Senecios, the 10-30 papilla occur stigmatically into pericarp; each usually with four-pored pollen, the grains in polar view 30-35 micrometers when fully expanded. :Seeds The achenes can be 2.5 to 3.5 millimeters (0.1 to 0.15 in) long, are straight and shallowly grooved; with hairless smooth ribs while the grooves are covered with hairs. The silky white, umbrella-like pappus readily detaches from the fruit when ripe.
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Juvenile round gobies (less than one year old) are grey. Upon maturation, round gobies become mottled with gray, black, brown, and olive green markings. Adult male round gobies turn inky black during the spawning season and develop swollen cheeks. Male and female round gobies are easily differentiated through the shape of their urogenital papilla, which is white to grey, long and pointed in males, and brown, short and blunt-tipped in females.
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The lacrimal glands secrete lacrimal fluid, which flows through the main excretory ducts into the space between the eyeball and the lids. When the eyes blink, the lacrimal fluid is spread across the surface of the eye. Lacrimal fluid gathers in the lacrimal lake which is found in the medial part of the eye. The lacrimal papilla is an elevation in the inner side of the eyelid, at the edge of the lacrimal lake.
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The cap stage is the second stage of tooth development and occurs during the ninth or tenth week of prenatal development. Unequal proliferation of the tooth bud forms a three-dimensional cap shape. Overlying this cap structure is the ectomesenchyme, which is attached to the mesodermal tissue known as the dental papilla superiorly, and lies within the epithelial concavity. Various types of differentiation occur at this stage; such as cytodifferentiation, histodifferentiation and morphodifferentation.
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Medullipin is a hormone created by the interstitial cells of renal papilla, which is converted to medullipin II in the liver. This, in turn, results in vasodilation and decreased blood pressure. There are two kinds of medullipin, known as medullipin 1 and medullipin 2. The structure of this substance remains unknown, but its existence has been strongly inferred from multiple experiments in animals, wherein a rise in renal perfusion causes blood pressure to fall.
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European herring gull (Larus argentatus): The bird on the right is uncovering its uropygial gland to distribute the gland's oil through the plumage by means of preening. The bird on the left is pushing its head towards its uropygial gland. White-winged crossbill (Loxia leucoptera) extracting preen oil from its uropygial gland. The uropygial gland secretes an oil (preen oil) through the dorsal surface of the skin via a grease nipple-like nub or papilla.
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Ameloblasts are derived from oral epithelium tissue of ectodermal origin. Their differentiation from preameloblasts (whose origin is from inner enamel epithelium) is a result of signaling from the ectomesenchymal cells of the dental papilla. Initially the preameloblasts will differentiate into presecretory ameloblasts and then into secretory ameloblasts which lay down the tooth enamel. The differentiation from preameloblasts to ameloblasts occurs during the first stage of amelogenesis, called the pre-secretory (or inductive) phase.
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Its body is spirally coiled and darkly coloured (due to eel blood inside the nematode's intestine). It is fusiform, tapering to both ends; anterior end of the body is bottle-shaped, while the posterior end is narrowed and conical. The epicuticle is finely wrinkled, with a network structure, forming an irregular fine transparent coating. The cuticle of the anterior and posterior parts of its body bear several papilla-like excrescences of a fibrous structured.
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The ventral surface is also spotted with dark pigment, but less distinctly so. Like other members of its family, P. mucosa has a reversible pharynx which can be turned inside out and which is used to catch prey or engulf food fragments. It has no jaws. The head has a pair of antennae at the front, a central antenna known as a "nuchal papilla" a pair of eyes and a pair of palps underneath.
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Smith named the variety P. yungensis var. diconica for specimens he found with conical, rather than obconical (the form of an inverted cone) papilla. Similarly, the main distinguishing feature that Heim ascribed to P. acutissima was a papillate cap (somewhat resembling the shape of a female human breast). Later studies showed that these morphological variations did not warrant individual recognition, because of the variable nature of these characteristics, and the existence of intermediate forms.
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The tail, or caudal fin, is forked, with rounded lobes, and contains eight rays on the upper lobe, nine rays on the lower lobe. The mouth of the fish faces downward and has wide lips that contain papilla. All members of Syndontis have a structure called a premaxillary toothpad, which is located on the very front of the upper jaw of the mouth. This structure contains several rows of short, chisel-shaped teeth.
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The exact purpose of the skin folds is not known, but is a characteristic of the species of Syndontis that are endemic to Lake Tanganyika. External papilla are present but do not extend onto the fins. The front edges of the dorsal fins and the pectoral fins of Syntontis species are hardened into stiff spines. In S. tanganyicae, the spine of the dorsal fin is long, nearly straight, and ends with short, dark filament.
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Fig.3. Hematoxylin Eosin staining of the attached gingiva with a Retrocuspid papilla. Immunohistochemical staining with FXIIIa Nemeth AJ, Penneys NS: Factor XIIIa is expressed by fibroblasts in fibrovascular tumors. J Cutan Pathol 1989;16:266-71.antibody disclosed a population of reactive spindle- or stellate-shaped cellsRegezi JA, Courtney RM, Kerr DA: Fibous lesions of the skin and mucous membranes which contain stellkate and multinucleated cells. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1975;39:605-14.
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These catfish species are small and transparent. The three species can be distinguished by differences in body shape, coloration, and the degree of serrations on the anterior edge of the pectoral fin spine. The three species range from about 3-4.4 centimetres (1.2-1.7 in) SL. Hyalobagrus species are sexually dimorphic, males possess a genital papilla, and gravid females are easy to spot since their blue-green eggs are visible through their bellies.
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Whereas mantle dentin forms from the preexisting ground substance of the dental papilla, primary dentin forms through a different process. Odontoblasts increase in size, eliminating the availability of any extracellular resources to contribute to an organic matrix for mineralization. Additionally, the larger odontoblasts cause collagen to be secreted in smaller amounts, which results in more tightly arranged, heterogeneous nucleation that is used for mineralization. Other materials (such as lipids, phosphoproteins, and phospholipids) are also secreted.
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This species is distinguished from others in the genus by the presence of webbing between all the fingers and fully webbed toes as well. A fringe of skin is found along the outer edge of the fore and hind limbs. The tongue has a pointed papilla. The snout to vent length varies from about 3 to 3.5 cm and the colouration makes it cryptic among lichen and moss patches on tree trunks.
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55–56 The central digit is notably larger than those at the sides. The outer surface of the penis is mostly covered by small spines, but a broad band of nonspinous tissue is seen.Weksler, 2006, pp. 56–57 The papilla (nipple-like projection) on the dorsal (upper) side of the penis is covered with small spines, a character the marsh rice rat shares only with Oligoryzomys and Oryzomys couesi among oryzomyines examined.
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Ophlitaspongia papilla occurs in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, its range extending from the British Isles to the Canary Islands, the Azores and Madeira. It is also known from New Zealand waters. It normally occupies a zone between the average high water mark of neap tides and below the average level low water of spring tides. It is occasionally found at slightly greater depths encrusting the shells of bivalve molluscs such as Chlamys opercularis.
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In December 2012, topical application of IGF-1 in a liposomal vehicle led to thicker and more rapid hair growth in transgenic mice with androgenic alopecia. The study did not show measurable systemic levels or hematopoietic side effects, suggesting potential for use in humans. Low energy radiofrequency irradiation induces IGF-1 in cultured human dermal papilla cells. Adenosine stimulates dermal papillae in vitro to induce IGF-1, along with fibroblast growth factors FGF7, FGF-2 and VEGF.
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The name describes a condition where several separate hair fibers bunch together and emerge from the skin through a single hair canal. The hair looks like a bunch of flower stalks in a vase. Pathology shows that deep in the skin several dermal papilla are closely situated with each producing a fiber, but these separate hair follicle bulbs combine together into one hair canal towards the skin surface. Folliculitis can sometimes be associated with this condition.
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In adults, this type of epulis is characterised as a firm, pink mass that is not inflamed. It seems to grow from below the free gingival margin/interdental papilla. This epulis most commonly occurs on the gingiva near the front of the mouth between two teeth. When gingival hyperplasia is confined to one area of the jaw, this is when it is termed an epulis fibrosa, caused by an increase in collagenous tissue with varying cellularity.
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As in all lepidosaurs and archosaurs, the single-ossicle (columellar) middle ear transmits sound to the footplate of the columella, which sends a pressure wave through the inner ear. In snakes, the basilar papilla is roughly 1mm long and only responds to frequencies below about 1 kHz. In contrast, lizards tend to have two areas of hair cells, one responding below and the other above 1 kHz. The upper frequency limit in most lizards is roughly 5–8 kHz.
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Two flagella emanate from the anterior papilla of the cell, and cells have two contractile vacuoles at the flagellar base. Polytoma possesses a leukoplast in place of a chloroplast, in which many starch grains are concentrated; there is no pyrenoid. Since they lack photosynthetic capability, Polytoma species are entirely saprotrophic, obtaining nutrients from decaying organic matter. Some species possess an eyespot apparatus (stigma) in the anterior portion of the leucoplast, but in others this organelle is absent.
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Members of the Phyllodocidae are characterised by an eversible pharynx and leaf-like dorsal cirri. The head has a pair of antennae at the front, a pair of ventral palps and a single median antenna known as a "nuchal papilla". There is a pair of nuchal organs and there may or may not be a pair of eyes. The first two or three body segments may be part-fused and bear up to four pairs of tentacular cirri.
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Renal pyramids (or malpighian pyramids or Malpighi's pyramids named after Marcello Malpighi, a seventeenth-century anatomist) are cone- shaped tissues of the kidney. In humans, the renal medulla is made up of 10 to 18 of these conical subdivisions. The broad base of each pyramid faces the renal cortex, and its apex, or papilla, points internally towards the pelvis. The pyramids appear striped because they are formed by straight parallel segments of nephrons' Loops of Henle and collecting ducts.
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Thick and flabby, the Florida torpedo has a nearly circular pectoral fin disc wider than long. The leading margin of the disc is scalloped, while the trailing margins are frilly. The eyes are immediately followed by trapezoidal spiracles, each of which has a small knob or papilla on the posterior rim. The nostrils are long and angled, with the skin between them merged into a curtain that reaches the mouth; the posterior margin of the nasal curtain is wavy.
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External granular papilla are present. The front edges of the dorsal fins and the pectoral fins of Syntontis species are hardened into stiff spines. In S. dhonti, the spine of the dorsal fin is long, about as long as the head, is almost completely straight, is smooth on the front and serrated on the back, and ends with short, dark filaments. The remaining portion of the dorsal fin is made up of seven dark branching rays.
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The caudal fin is cream with a dark brown band in the distal half and with a narrow midlateral prolongation. The barbels and pectoral spines are cream or light brown, with dark-brown spots, only present sometimes on the dorsal surfaces in B. cessator and B. insignis. Sexual dimorphism is exhibited by B. insignis. Males have the anus situated immediately in front of a genital papilla, which is located immediately posterior to the pelvic-fin base.
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The lagena is separated from the perilymphatic duct by a basilar membrane, and contains the sensory hair cells that finally translate the vibrations in the fluid into nerve signals. It is attached at one end to the saccule. In most reptiles the perilymphatic duct and lagena are relatively short, and the sensory cells are confined to a small basilar papilla lying between them. However, in birds, mammals, and crocodilians, these structures become much larger and somewhat more complicated.
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Illustrated Anatomy of the Head and Neck, Fehrenbach and Herring, Elsevier, 2012, p. 156 The sublingual glands are drained by 8-20 excretory ducts called the ducts of Rivinus.Ten Cate's Oral Histology, Nanci, Elsevier, 2013, page 255 The largest of all, the sublingual duct (of Bartholin) joins the submandibular duct to drain through the sublingual caruncle. The sublingual caruncle is a small papilla near the midline of the floor of the mouth on each side of the lingual frenum.
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External papilla are present on the head, but not the body. The front edges of the dorsal fins and the pectoral fins of Syntontis species are hardened into stiff spines. In S. irsacae, the spine of the dorsal fin is short, about as long as the head, slightly curved, rough on the front and serrated on the back, and ends with short, dark filament. The remaining portion of the dorsal fin is made up of seven branching rays.
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The cap is initially convex before developing a central depression, sometimes becoming developing a papilla, and reaches diameters of . The cap surface of young specimens is hairy near the margin, which is usually fringed with hairs up to 5 mm long. The colour is initially pale cream to whitish, later becoming pale pinkish-buff to cream, with a more yellowish to yellowish-brown centre. The crowded gills have an adnate to decurrent attachment to the stipe.
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The human embryo begins life with two ducts in the pancreas, the ventral duct and the dorsal duct. Normally, the two ducts will fuse together to form one main pancreatic duct; this occurs in more than 90% of embryos. In approximately 10% of embryos the ventral and dorsal ducts fail to fuse together, resulting in pancreas divisum. In utero, the majority of the pancreas is drained by the dorsal duct which opens up into the minor duodenal papilla.
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Pancreas divisum in individuals with no symptoms does not require treatment. For cases with mild and infrequent attacks, management may involve a low-fat diet, medications to reduce pain and gastrointestinal reactions, and pancreatic enzyme supplementation. A surgeon may attempt a sphincterotomy by cutting the minor papilla to enlarge the opening and allow pancreatic enzymes to flow normally. During surgery, a stent may be inserted into the duct to ensure that the duct will not close causing a blockage.
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Perithecia of Nectria Perithecium: These are flask shaped structures opening by a pore or ostiole (short papilla opening by a circular pore) through which the ascospores escape. The ostiolar canal may be lined by hair-like structures called periphyses. The unitunicate asci are usually cylindrical in shape, borne on a stipe (stalk), released from a pore, developed from the inner wall of the perithecium and arise from a basal plectenchyma-centrum. Examples are members of Sphaeriales and Hypocreales.
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According to the 2003 key in the Flora of China, this species is distinguished from other entire-leaved rhubarbs in China with leaves having a wavy or crisped margin; R. wittrockii, R. webbianum, R. australe and R. hotaoense, by having less than 1 cm-sized fruit, yellow-white to greenish-white flowers, and the surface of the rachis of panicle covered in papilla. In many characters it is most similar to R. webbianum, and somewhat less so R. hotaoense.
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Korff fibers, also von Korff fibers are thick collageneous fibers in the developing tooth that begin in the dental papilla, spiral between the cells of the odontoblast layer, and form the matrix of the dentin. They are often the first sign of dentin formation. They are 0.1 to 0.2 µm in diameter and take a corkscrew path through the odontoblast layer and become incorporated into the layer of predentin. These fibers are named after German anatomist Karl von Korff.
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Clascoterone is an steroidal antiandrogen, or antagonist of the androgen receptor (AR), the biological target of androgens such as testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT). In a bioassay, the topical potency of the medication was greater than that of progesterone, flutamide, and finasteride and was equivalent to that of cyproterone acetate. Likewise, it is significantly more efficacious as an antiandrogen than other AR antagonists such as enzalutamide and spironolactone in scalp dermal papilla cells and sebocytes in vitro.
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The outer surface of the penis is mostly covered by small spines, but there is a broad band of nonspinous tissue. The papilla (nipple- like projection) on the dorsal (upper) side of the penis is covered with small spines, a character the marsh rice rat shares only with Oligoryzomys and Oryzomys couesi among oryzomyines examined.Hooper and Musser, 1964, p. 13; Weksler, 2006, p. 57 On the urethral process, located in the crater at the end of the penis,Hooper and Musser, 1964, p.
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31 In Prakash and colleagues experiment they observed that the curved edge of fifth segment that remained most ventral and probes the substratum with it during foraging. On the fifth segment parallel to the curved ventral edge on the medial surface is a longitudinal furrow that's densely lined with papillaform sensilla. The shaft of the papilla has a longitudinal slit near the distal tip, allowing dendrites of the sensillum to sense the external environment.Prakash, Mendki, Raol, Singh and Singh 1995, p.
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It is encompassed inside a bony or cartilaginous capsule which opens into the base of the nasal cavity. Animals that exhibit flehmen have a papilla located behind the incisors and ducts which connect the oral cavity to the VNO, with horses being an exception. Horses exhibit flehmen but do not have an incisive duct communication between the nasal and oral cavity because they do not breathe through their mouths; instead, the VNOs connect to the nasal passages by the nasopalatine duct.
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Increased sensitivity in females to the "Qui" note and in males to the "Co" note explains the difference in behavioral responsiveness of each sex to the note of the call that is biologically relevant. The low and mid frequency units are thought to derive from the amphibian papilla, whereas the high frequency units correspond to the basilar papilla.Feng, A.S., Narins, P.M., and Capranica, R.R. 1975. Three populations of primary auditory fibers in the bullfrog (Rana catesbiana): their peripheral origins and frequency sensitivities.
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Staminate spikelet which fertilizes the pistillate spikelet Carex glaucescens is a graminoid, meaning they have a grass-like appearance. This species begins blooming in the early summer months, and begins developing fruits into the late summer months around July and August. Carex glaucescens features a staminate spikelete at the top of the plant which fertilizes the pistillate spikelets below it. The fruits are born on pendulous pistillate spikelets which are covered by translucent papilla, which gives the fruit sac its glaucous appearance.
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It gives rise to the nervous system, sense organs, outer layer of the skin, teeth and the membrane lining the oral cavity (mouth). A section of the ectomesenchyme (a group of tissue made up of neurocrest cells which are present in the initial development of an embryo. This forms the hard and soft tissues of the neck and skull), condenses into a mass within the concavity of the cap of the enamel organ. This mass is now considered the dental papilla.
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Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis: painful, bleeding, sloughing ulceration and loss of the interdental papillae (usually of the lower front teeth). Necrotizing periodontal diseases are non-contagious infections but may occasionally occur in epidemic-like patterns due to shared risk factors. The milder form, necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (also termed "trench mouth"), is characterized by painful, bleeding gums and ulceration and necrosis of the interdental papilla. There may also be intra-oral halitosis, cervical lymphadenitis (swollen lymph nodes in the neck) and malaise.
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There are several other Psilocybe species that may be confused with P. semilanceata due to similarities in physical appearance. P. strictipes is a slender grassland species that is differentiated macroscopically from P. semilanceata by the lack of a prominent papilla. P. mexicana, commonly known as the "Mexican liberty cap", is also similar in appearance, but is found in manure-rich soil in subtropical grasslands in Mexico. It has somewhat smaller spores than P. semilanceata, typically 8–9.9 by 5.5–7.7 μm.
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The female pore is prominent and opens to a ciliated vagina located on the ventral body wall immediately anterior to the male gonadopore. Dorsally and laterally to the ovaries lies a pair of testes, which lead posteriorly to the seminal vesicle. The seminal vesicle, which lies just in front of the posterior notch in the body margin, is most prominent, and appears white from contained sperm. It is well-developed and walled by thin, loosely concentric muscles and reaches to a penis papilla.
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External granular papilla are not present. The front edges of the dorsal fins and the pectoral fins of Syntontis species are hardened into stiff spines. In S. grandiops, the spine of the dorsal fin is long, about as long as the head, is almost completely straight, contains up to three small serrations on the front and many small serrations on the back, and ends with short, white filaments. The remaining portion of the dorsal fin is made up of seven branching rays.
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External sort, flat papilla are present and give the skin a pebbled appearance. The front edges of the dorsal fins and the pectoral fins of Syntontis species are hardened into stiff spines. In S. ilebrevis, the spine of the dorsal fin is short, about as long as the head, slightly curved, rough on the front and serrated on the back, and ends with short, dusky filament. The remaining portion of the dorsal fin is made up of seven branching rays.
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They form pairs which last for a single breeding cycle. The male excavates a pit in the substrate for breeding, the structure of the pit is variable depending on the type of substrate. Breeding behaviour is more frequent and active in the mornings. The female sheds around 3-10 eggs at each breeding event, and immediately gathers them into her mouth then the male swims so that his genital papilla are near to the female's the mouth, likely emitting milt.
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Initially they inhabit eelgrass beds, then move to flat, sandy areas that are not the typical habitat of older lingcod. They eventually settle in habitats of similar relief and substrate as older lingcod, but remain at shallower depths for several years. Skeleton of a lingcod Females and males mature at age three to five years () and two years of age (), respectively. An adult male can be distinguished externally from a female by the presence of a small, conical papilla behind the anal vent.
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External thin papilla are present but do not extend onto the fins. The front edges of the dorsal fins and the pectoral fins of Syntontis species are hardened into stiff spines. In S. polli, the spine of the dorsal fin is short, about as long as the head, is slightly curved, is smooth on the front and finely serrated on the back, and ends with short, dark filament. The remaining portion of the dorsal fin is made up of seven branching rays.
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For example, vertebrate teeth develop from a neural crest mesenchyme-derived dental papilla, and the neural crest is specific to vertebrates, as are tissues such as enamel. The radula is used by molluscs for feeding and is sometimes compared rather inaccurately to a tongue. It is a minutely toothed, chitinous ribbon, typically used for scraping or cutting food before the food enters the oesophagus. The radula is unique to molluscs, and is found in every class of mollusc apart from bivalves.
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However, they could in a few individuals also be seen simultaneously in the molar region and on the lingual side (Fig.2) Hedin CA, Gerner L, Larsson Å: The retrocuspid papilla and factor XIIIa: an epidemiologic and histomorphologic study. Scand J Dent 1994; 102:290-4..They were 2-3 mm wide and high and covered with normal mucosa. Their tips were erected or could be folded down, mimicking the entrance of a periodontal abscess, but no duct was present.Fig.2.
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The ampulla of Vater', also known as the ' or the hepatopancreatic duct, is formed by the union of the pancreatic duct and the common bile duct. The ampulla is specifically located at the major duodenal papilla. The ampulla of Vater is an important landmark halfway along the second part of the duodenum that marks the anatomical transition from foregut to midgut, and hence the point where the celiac trunk stops supplying the gut and the superior mesenteric artery takes over.
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Lingual organoids are organoids that recapitulate, at least partly, aspects of the tongue physiology. Epithelial lingual organoids have been generated using BMI1 expressing epithelial stem cells in three-dimensional culture conditions through the manipulation of EGF, WNT, and TGF-β. This organoid culture, however, lacks taste receptors, as these cells do not arise from Bmi1 expressing epithelial stem cells. Lingual taste bud organoids containing taste cells, however, have been created using the LGR5+ or CD44+ stem/progenitor cells of circumvallate (CV) papilla tissue.
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The WNT gene family consists of structurally related genes that encode secreted signaling lipid modified glycoproteins. These proteins have been implicated in oncogenesis and in several developmental processes, including regulation of cell fate and patterning during embryogenesis. This gene is a member of the WNT gene family. The WNT5A is highly expressed in the dermal papilla of depilated skin. It encodes a protein showing 98%, 98%, and 87% amino acid identity to the mouse, rat and the xenopus Wnt5a protein, respectively.
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UBE3B gene was discovered in 1996 by the group of Margaret Lomax at the University of Michigan Medical School. Differential mRNA expression study, to reveal genes upregulated after acoustic trauma in the chick basal papilla, lead to identification of cDNA which exhibited 84% of identity of uncharacterized human cDNA. Interestingly, its expression dramatically increased in the regions of damaged chick inner ear upon noise-induced trauma. In 2003, human and mouse UBE3B gene was cloned and characterized by its discoverers.
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Larvae are liberated by Ophlitaspongia papilla over a period of about a month in late summer. These initially swim upwards, rotating as they swim, and remain at the surface. Most later swim downwards and descend to the substrate where they can creep about before metamorphosis takes place some 24 to 36 hours after liberation, but some metamorphose on the surface. Mortality is high in widely-separated individuals but lower when several undergo metamorphosis close together as these individuals subsequently coalesce into fused masses.
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Nordsieck 1974, Nordsieck H. (1974). "Zur Anatomie und Systematik der Clausilien, XV. Neue Clausilien der Balkan-Halbinsel (mit taxonomischer Revision einiger Gruppen der Alopiinae und Baleinae)". Archiv für Molluskenkunde 104: 123-170. Zilch 1981 Zilch A. (1981). "Die Typen und Typoide des NaturMuseums Senckenberg, 65: Mollusca: Clausiliidae (6): Alopiinae (4): Montenegrinini". Archiv für Molluskenkunde 111: 123-145.) species of the Alopiinae were classified in the genusCarinigera or Sericata, mainly on the anaotmical basis of having either a penial papilla or a caecum.
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Sicydium brevifile is a species of goby from the subfamily Sicydiinae. It is an amphidromous endemic in western Cameroon and the islands of the Gulf of Guinea where the adults inhabit the clearwater streams of the volcanic islands and on the slopes of Mount Cameroon, having ascended from the sea as larvae. Specimens are imported into the Aquarium trade from Cameroon. The specific name means "short thread", Latin brevis and filum, probably a reference to the "small median papilla above the maxillary suture".
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The dermal papillae (DP) (singular papilla, diminutive of Latin papula, 'pimple') are small, nipple-like extensions (or interdigitations) of the dermis into the epidermis. At the surface of the skin in hands and feet, they appear as epidermal or papillary ridges (colloquially known as fingerprints). Blood vessels in the dermal papillae nourish all hair follicles and bring nutrients and oxygen to the lower layers of epidermal cells. The pattern of ridges they produce in hands and feet are partly genetically determined features that develop before birth.
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The duodenum receives arterial blood from two different sources. The transition between these sources is important as it demarcates the foregut from the midgut. Proximal to the 2nd part of the duodenum (approximately at the major duodenal papilla – where the bile duct enters) the arterial supply is from the gastroduodenal artery and its branch the superior pancreaticoduodenal artery. Distal to this point (the midgut) the arterial supply is from the superior mesenteric artery (SMA), and its branch the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery supplies the 3rd and 4th sections.
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The medium-sized mouth forms a strong arch, and contains four papillae (nipple- like structures) across the floor and an additional, tiny papilla near the corner of each jaw. The teeth are small and number approximately 43 rows in either jaw; those toward the center of the jaw have long, thin cusps, while those toward the corners have very low crowns. The five pairs of gill slits are slightly S-shaped. The pelvic fins are small with nearly straight margins; males have rather flattened claspers.
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The development of the most basic basilar papilla (the auditory organ that later evolved into the Organ of Corti in mammals) happened at the same time as the water-to-land transition of vertebrates, approximately 380 million years ago. The actual coiling or spiral nature of the cochlea occurred to save space inside the skull. The longer the cochlea, the higher is the potential resolution of sound frequencies given the same hearing range. The oldest of the truly coiled mammalian cochleae were approximately 4 mm in length.
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Picture of the mouth showing the sublingual caruncle and related anatomical structures It arises from deep part of submandibular salivary gland . It begins by numerous branches from the superficial surface of the gland, and runs forward between the mylohyoid, hyoglossus, and genioglossus muscles. It then passes between the sublingual gland and the genioglossus and opens by a narrow opening on the summit of a small papilla (the "sublingual caruncle") at the side of the frenulum of the tongue. It lies superior to lingual and hypoglossal nerves.
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The zebrafish is named for the five uniform, pigmented, horizontal, blue stripes on the side of the body, which are reminiscent of a zebra's stripes, and which extend to the end of the caudal fin. Its shape is fusiform and laterally compressed, with its mouth directed upwards. The male is torpedo- shaped, with gold stripes between the blue stripes; the female has a larger, whitish belly and silver stripes instead of gold. Adult females exhibit a small genital papilla in front of the anal fin origin.
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The organ consists of a minute skin papilla with 0.1–0.2 mm diameter. At the papilla's core, a geometric constellation of nerve fibres with free endings is embedded symmetrically in a column of epithelial cells. Eimer saw two to three single nerve fibres, rising straight in the middle of the column and ending in the fifth layer under the stratum corneum that forms the hard top of the epidermis. The fibres extend short protrusions perpendicularly into each epithelial layer they traverse, where the protrusions end in 'buttons'.
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Vomerine teeth in two oblique groups are found just behind the level of the choanae. A free, pointed papilla is on the middle of the tongue. The head is moderate, and the snout is obtuse, with an obtuse canthus rostralis and a concave loreal region. The nostril is a little nearer to the end of the snout than to the eye; the interorbital space is as broad as the upper eyelid, or a little narrower; the tympanum is distinct, two-thirds of the diameter of the eye.
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The genus Luteostriata is characterized by the presence of a cephalic retractor muscle, which allows those animals to pull their anterior end upwards and backwards. Associated to the muscle are cephalic glands, forming a so-called cephalic musculo-glandular organ in a way similar to the one found in the genera Choeradoplana and Issoca. The copulatory apparatus has an eversible penis, i.e., there is no permanent penis papilla and the penis is formed during copulation by folds in the male cavity which are pushed outwards.
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Once it has identified its prey, it makes a sudden pounce, using its suckers to grip onto it and pull it in. The O. minor preys on smaller targets by trapping them in the web-like structure of its legs. The O. minor injects its prey with a paralysing saliva, using miniature teeth at the end of their salivary papilla to dismember them. When targeting shelled molluscs, the O. minor creates a toxic saliva which enables the calcium carbonate of the shell to be broken down.
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The loose fibrous mass of the tympanic part arises at the proximal tip along with the dense fibrous mass, but the loose fibrous mass covers a greater width of the basilar membrane. The only thing that separates the vestibular and tympanic parts are thin, discontinuous cords of fibers. These cords of fibers are visible at the pendulous tympanic edge of the loose fibrous mass in the proximal part of the papilla, but are much more scattered throughout the mass distally.Smith, C., Konishi, M., & Schuff, N. 1985.
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External granular papilla are present and extend onto all of the fins. The front edges of the dorsal fins and the pectoral fins of Syntontis species are hardened into stiff spines. In S. granulosus, the spine of the dorsal fin is long, about as long as the head, is almost completely straight, is smooth on the front and serrated on the back, and ends with short, black filament. The remaining portion of the dorsal fin is made up of seven to eight branching rays.
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This vibrates and sound is transmitted through a single bone, the stapes, to the inner ear. Only high- frequency sounds like mating calls are heard in this way, but low-frequency noises can be detected through another mechanism. There is a patch of specialized haircells, called papilla amphibiorum, in the inner ear capable of detecting deeper sounds. Another feature, unique to frogs and salamanders, is the columella-operculum complex adjoining the auditory capsule which is involved in the transmission of both airborne and seismic signals.
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Thin papilla are present all over the head and body, but do not extend onto the fins. The front edges of the dorsal fins and the pectoral fins of Syntontis species are hardened into stiff spines. In S. melanostictus, the spine of the dorsal fin is long, about as long as the head, slightly curved, smooth on the front and serrated on the back, and ends with short, black filament. The remaining portion of the dorsal fin is made up of seven branching rays.
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This silk button spangle gall has a cover of golden hairs that give the impression of silk thread. The 0.3 cm button-shaped galls have a pronounced concavity and sit tightly against the leaf lamina. The similar gall wasp N. albipes Blister galls are about 0.3 cm in diameter and green or greyish in colour; well camouflaged with the leaf lamina. The gall has narrow ridges running downwards on all sides from a central papilla on the upper surface and sometimes on the lower surface as well.
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The inner enamel epithelium, also known as the internal enamel epithelium, is a layer of columnar cells located on the rim nearest the dental papilla of the enamel organ in a developing tooth. This layer is first seen during the cap stage, in which these inner enamel epithelium cells are pre-ameloblast cells. These will differentiate into Ameloblasts which are responsible for secretion of enamel during tooth development. The location of the enamel organ where the outer and inner enamel epithelium join is called the cervical loop.
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Decay can lead to collapse of part of the tooth, or a dental restoration may not accurately reproduce the contact point. Irritation, localized discomfort or mild pain and a feeling of pressure from between the two teeth results. The gingival papilla is swollen, tender and bleeds when touched. The pain occurs during and after eating, and may slowly disappear before being evoked again at the next meal,This pattern of pain should be distinguished from the "meal time syndrome" of certain salivary gland diseases.
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FGF5 is a 268 amino acid, 29.1 kDa protein, which also naturally occurs as a 123 amino acid isoform splice variant (FGF5s). FGF5 is produced in the outer root sheath of the hair follicle as well as perifollicular macrophages, with maximum expression occurring in the late anagen phase of the hair cycle. The receptor for FGF5, FGFR1, is largely expressed in the dermal papilla cells of the hair follicle. The alternatively spliced isoform FGF5s, has been identified as an antagonist of FGF5 in a number of studies.
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Blocking FGF5 in the human scalp extends the hair cycle, resulting in less hair fall, faster hair growth rate and increased hair growth. In vitro methods using engineered cell lines and FGFR1 expressing dermal papilla cells have identified a number of naturally derived botanical isolates including Sanguisorba officnalis, and single molecule members of the monoterpenoid family as inhibitors (blockers) of FGF5. Clinical studies have shown that topical application of formulations containing these natural extracts and molecules are beneficial in men and women experiencing hair loss.
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Once he has a tight grip, he turns upside-down and presses his ventral side against hers. He then inserts one of his claspers into her cloaca, where it remains for 60–90 seconds. The clasper forms a tube which channels sperm from the genital papilla; a siphon propels the seminal fluid into the oviduct. The male continues to grip the female's pectoral fin with his teeth for a further few minutes as both continue to swim, often followed by up to 20 other males.
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The genus Issoca is characterized by the presence of a spoon-shaped head having a cephalic retractor muscle, which allows those animals to pull their anterior end upwards and backwards. Associated to the muscle are cephalic glands, forming a so-called cephalic musculo-glandular organ in a way similar to the one found in the genera Choeradoplana and Luteostriata. The copulatory apparatus usually lacks a permanent penis papilla, i. e., the penis is formed during copulation by folds in the male cavity which are pushed outwards.
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International Institute for Species Exploration.Top 10 new species of 2008: Philautus maia. International Institute for Species Exploration. Arizona State University. This species differs from all other Sri Lankan frogs in having a discernible tympanum, an angle of the snout of about 100 degrees, having a distinct supratympanic fold, sharp canthal ridges, supernumerary tubercles on fingers but not on toes, extensive toe webbing, and dark brown reticulation on the posterior surface of the thigh, and in lacking a lingual papilla and tarsal tubercle.Meegaskumbara, M., et al. (2007).
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The imp orchid was first formally described in 1873 by George Bentham from an unpublished description by Ferdinand von Mueller. Bentham gave it the name Cleisostoma beckleri and published the description in Flora Australiensis from a specimen collected by Hermann Beckler near the Clarence River. In 1967, Alick Dockrill changed the name to Papillilabium beckleri. The name Papillilabium is derived from the Latin words papilla meaning "nipple", "teat"or "bud" and labium meaning "lip".. The specific epithet honours the collector of the type specimen.
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The staging of tooth development is an attempt to categorize changes that take place along a continuum; frequently it is difficult to decide what stage should be assigned to a particular developing tooth. This determination is further complicated by the varying appearance of different histologic sections of the same developing tooth, which can appear to be different stages. The tooth bud (sometimes called the tooth germ) is an aggregation of cells that eventually forms a tooth. It is organized into three parts: the enamel organ, the dental papilla and the dental follicle.
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Hair follicle with mesenchymal dermal papilla, labelled at top, location of hair follicle stem cells and thought to be site of action of DHT. Type 1 and 2 5α reductase enzymes are present at pilosebaceous units in papillae of individual hair follicles. They catalyse formation of the androgens testosterone and DHT, which in turn regulate hair growth. Androgens have different effects at different follicles: they stimulate IGF-1 at facial hair, causing hair regrowth, but stimulate TGF β1, TGF β2, dickkopf1 and IL-6 at the scalp, causing hair follicle miniaturisation.
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Choledochoduodenostomy (CDD) is a surgical procedure to create an anastomosis, a surgical connection, between the common bile duct (CBD) and an alternative portion of the duodenum. In healthy individuals, the CBD meets the pancreatic duct at the ampulla of Vater, which drains via the major duodenal papilla to the second part of duodenum. In cases of benign conditions such as narrowing of the distal CBD or recurrent CBD stones, performing a CDD provides the diseased patient with CBD drainage and decompression. A side-to-side anastomosis is usually performed.
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Strong evidence suggests that renal stem cells are located in the renal papilla. Using stain-retaining assay (with bromodeoxyuridine, or BrdU), a low-cycling cell population was found in the papillary region, which was able to divide rapidly to repair the damaged caused by transcient renal ischemia. These cells are able to incorporate into other renal tissues, and was able to repeatedly form spheres in 3D cultures, and clonal analysis also exhibited its multipotency. Other reports have suggested the renal tubule and renal capsule to be the site of stem cells.
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There are four types of abscesses that can involve the periodontal tissues: # Gingival abscess—a localized, purulent infection involves only the soft gum tissue near the marginal gingiva or the interdental papilla. # Periodontal abscess—a localized, purulent infection involving a greater dimension of the gum tissue, extending apically and adjacent to a periodontal pocket. # Pericoronal abscess—a localized, purulent infection within the gum tissue surrounding the crown of a partially or fully erupted tooth. Usually associated with an acute episode of pericoronitis around a partially erupted and impacted mandibular third molar (lower wisdom tooth).
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A 2011 systematic review examined 110 reports of irritative urinary tract symptoms from ketamine recreational use. Urinary tract symptoms have been collectively referred as "ketamine-induced ulcerative cystitis" or "ketamine-induced vesicopathy", and they include urge incontinence, decreased bladder compliance, decreased bladder volume, detrusor overactivity, and painful blood in urine. Bilateral hydronephrosis and renal papillary necrosis have also been reported in some cases. The pathogenesis of papillary necrosis has been investigated in mice, and mononuclear inflammatory infiltration in the renal papilla resulting from ketamine dependence has been suggested as a possible mechanism.
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Two nostrils, along with four other external openings, appear between the premaxilla and lateral rostral bones. The nasal sacs resemble those of many other fish and do not contain an internal nostril. The coelacanth's rostral organ, contained within the ethmoid region of the braincase, has three unguarded openings into the environment and is used as a part of the coelacanth's laterosensory system. The coelacanth's auditory reception is mediated by its inner ear, which is very similar to that of tetrapods because it is classified as being a basilar papilla.
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Sexes are separate, with no noticeable differences in external features of the two sexes. Reproduction is sexual and D. excentricus reaches sexual maturity between 1 and 4 years of age, spawning in late spring and early summer. Fertilization is external, the female Dendraster discharges the eggs through her gonopores and they are fertilized by the male, who protrudes his genital papilla from his body wall. This is one reason they are believed to live in large groups and tend to release gametes at the same time into the water column.
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Papilla (nickname of the person shown on the picture), detail of the model on the Museo del Caracol in Mexico City about the assault to the Alhóndiga de Granaditas (building in Guanajuato) in 1810. The museum is divided into five exhibitions. The first is called the “Independence and first empire”. It is divided in four halls that are the final years of the viceroyalty, Miguel Hidalgo´s insurgency, Jose Maria Morelos participation, and the end of the Independence. The second one recounts the events of the “Republic and Northern Invasion”.
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Vomerine teeth in two oblique groups just behind the level of the choanae. A free, pointed papilla on the middle of the tongue. Head moderate, rather depressed; snout blunt, with moderate canthus rostralis; interorbital space as broad as, or a little narrower than, the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, half the diameter of the eye. lingers moderate, first not extending as far as second; toes one-third or one-fourth webbed; tips of fingers and toes dilated into small but well-developed disks; subarticular tubercles well developed; a small, oval, inner metatarsal tubercle; no tarsal fold.
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The Hertwig epithelial root sheath (HERS) or epithelial root sheath is a proliferation of epithelial cells located at the cervical loop of the enamel organ in a developing tooth. Hertwig epithelial root sheath initiates the formation of dentin in the root of a tooth by causing the differentiation of odontoblasts from the dental papilla. The root sheath eventually disintegrates with the periodontal ligament, but residual pieces that do not completely disappear are seen as epithelial cell rests of Malassez (ERM).Ten Cate's Oral Histology, Nanci, Elsevier, 2013, p.
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Angularis nigra between mandibular central incisors Angularis nigra between maxillary central incisors Angularis nigra, Latin for 'black angle', also known as open gingival embrasures, and colloquially known as "black triangle", is the space or gap seen at the cervical embrasure, below the contact point of some teeth. The interdental papilla does not fully enclose the space, leading to an aperture between adjacent teeth. This gap has many causes including gingival recession, and gingival withdrawal post-orthodontic work. Interdental "black triangles" were rated as the third-most-disliked aesthetic problem below caries and crown margins.
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The exact purpose of the skin folds is not known, but is a characteristic of the species of Syndontis that are endemic to Lake Tanganyika. External granular papilla are present on the head, but not the body. The front edges of the dorsal fins and the pectoral fins of Syntontis species are hardened into stiff spines. In S. petricola, the spine of the dorsal fin is long, about as long as the head, is slightly curved, is smooth on the front and with fine serrations the back, and ends with short, white filament.
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Mouthbrooding females lay eggs and immediately snatch them up with their mouths. Over millions of years, male cichlids have evolved egg-spots to initiate the fertilization process more efficiently. When the females are snatching up the eggs into their mouth, the males gyrate their anal fins, which illuminates the egg-spots on his tail. Afterwards, the female, believing these are her eggs, places her mouth to the anal fin (specifically the genital papilla) of the male, which is when he discharges sperm into her mouth and fertilizes the eggs.
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Psilocybe strictipes is a mushroom that grows on grassy meadows and lawns; It is found throughout the cool temperate and subarctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere and it is most common in Europe, and the Pacific Northwest region of North America. It contains the psychoactive compound psilocybin is closely related to Psilocybe semilanceata and Psilocybe pelliculosa. Psilocybe strictipes is commonly confused with Psilocybe semilanceata and can be differentiated by its lack of a papilla and a convex to subumbonate cap. "Strictipes" comes from the Latin words stricti (narrow) and pes (foot).
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Papilloderma altonagai is a species of air-breathing land slug, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the informal group Sigmurethra. Papilloderma altonagai is the only species in the genus Papilloderma, which is the only genus within the family Papillodermatidae, which in turn is the only family within the superfamily Papillodermatoidea. This species is named in honor of Dr. Kepa Altonaga (2009), biologist from the University of the Basque Country. The generic name Papilloderma is composed from the prefix Papillo- that means "papilla" and from the suffix -derma from Greek language that means "skin".
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The bulge region of the hair follicle relies on these signals to maintain the stemness of the cells. Fate mapping or cell lineage tracing has shown that Keratin 15 positive stem cells' progeny participate in all epithelial lineages. The follicle undergoes cyclic regeneration in which these stem cells migrate to various regions and differentiate into the appropriate epithelial cell type. Some important signals in the hair follicle stem cell niche produced by the mesenchymal dermal papilla or the bulge include BMP, TGF-β and Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) ligands and Wnt inhibitors.
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The parotid duct is formed when several interlobular ducts—the largest ducts inside the parotid gland—join. It emerges from the gland and runs forward along the lateral side of the masseter muscle. In this course, the duct is surrounded by the buccal fat pad. It takes a steep turn at the border of the masseter and passes through the buccinator muscle, opening into the vestibule of the mouth, the region of the mouth between the cheek and the gums, at the parotid papilla, which lies across the second Maxillary (upper) molar tooth.
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Like the males, females can distinguish the minute differences between individual frogs. However, males and females are attuned to different parts of the advertisement call. For example, males of the onomatopoeically named coqui species are more attuned to the low frequency co part of the call, whereas females are more attuned to the high frequency qui.Narins and Capranica (1980) In fact, the order of the parts does not matter. Similarly, for females of the Tungara species, the female basilar papilla is biased towards a lower-than-average “chuck” portion of a male call.
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In about 10% of adults, an accessory pancreatic duct may be present if the main duct of the dorsal bud of the pancreas does not regress; this duct opens into the minor duodenal papilla. If the two buds themselves, each having a duct, do not fuse, a pancreas may exist with two separate ducts, a condition known as a pancreas divisum. This condition has no physiologic consequence. If the ventral bud does not fully rotate, an annular pancreas may exist, where part or all of the duodenum is encircled by the pancreas.
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A third, evolutionarily younger, function of the basilar membrane is strongly developed in the cochlea of most mammalian species and weakly developed in some bird species: Fritzsch B: The water-to-land transition: Evolution of the tetrapod basilar papilla; middle ear, and auditory nuclei. In: the dispersion of incoming sound waves to separate frequencies spatially. In brief, the membrane is tapered and it is stiffer at one end than at the other. Furthermore, sound waves travelling to the "floppier" end of the basilar membrane have to travel through a longer fluid column than sound waves travelling to the nearer, stiffer end.
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The catagen phase, also known as the transitional phase, allows the follicle to, in a sense, renew itself. During this time, which lasts about two weeks, the hair follicle shrinks due to disintegration and the papilla detaches and "rests," cutting the hair strand off from its nourishing blood supply. Signals sent out by the body (that only selectively affect 1 percent of all hair of one's body at any given time) determine when the anagen phase ends and the catagen phase begins. The first sign of catagen is the cessation of melanin production in the hair bulb and apoptosis of follicular melanocytes.
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Gingival and periodontal disease often produces deformities in the gingiva that are conducive to the accumulation of plaque and food debris, which prolong and aggregate the disease process. Such deformities include the following:- # Gingival clefts and craters # Crater- like interdental papilla caused by acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis # Gingival enlargements Gingivoplasty is accomplished with a periodontal knife, a scalpel, rotary coarse diamond stones, electrodes or laser. The technique resembles that of the festooning of an artificial denture, which consists of tapering the gingival margin, creating a scalloped marginal outline, thinning the attached gingiva, creating the vertical interdental grooves and shaping the interdental papillae.
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In C. oliveirai, the fin ray filaments are much longer than in other species, however there is also no difference between the sexes in either the fin ray filament lengths or the anal fin margin. The presence of these traits in mature males cannot be confirmed in C. amphiloxa, C. caiapo, C. jurubidae, C. parma, due to the small number of specimens. The one specimen of C. sarcodes is probably an immature male based on the form of its genital papilla, though it lacks the fin ray elongations and convex anal fin margin of mature males. Colour patterns vary between species.
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The living animals are of a striking orange colour with small black dots all over the body, sometimes grouped in small patches in front of the gills. The gills, papillae and all of the elevated structures of the body are pale yellow. There are long branched processes on the oral veil, in addition to simple papilla. On the flanks and below the rim of the mantle there are also branched processes and buds of unequal sizes, with the largest reaching the height of the gills; these branched processes continue on the tail and on the sides of the body.
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Fossil of Axelrodichthys araripensis, an extinct coelacanthiform Latimeria chalumnae embryo with its yolk sac from the Muséum national d'histoire naturelle Coelacanths are ovoviviparous, meaning that the female retains the fertilized eggs within her body while the embryos develop during a gestation period of over a year. Typically, females are larger than the males; their scales and the skin folds around the cloaca differ. The male coelacanth has no distinct copulatory organs, just a cloaca, which has a urogenital papilla surrounded by erectile caruncles. It is hypothesized that the cloaca everts to serve as a copulatory organ.
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The plexus of Raschkow is a network of nerves immediately beneath the odonblast layer of the dentine, first described by J. Raschkow in 1835. However, the nerve fibers will only begin entering the dental papilla (pulp) when Dentinogenesis starts. The timing is not similar to the establishment of the neural supply and the papillary vascular supply even though a feasible relationship has been assumed between the developing nerve and blood supplies. Furthermore, histo-chemistry studies have shown that in the makeup of pioneer nerve fibers heading towards the tooth germ, automatic nerve fibers are not present.
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A gingival abscess involves only the gingiva near the marginal gingiva or the interdental papilla. A periodontal abscess involves a greater dimension of the gum tissue, extending apically and adjacent to a periodontal pocket. A pericoronal abscess may occur during an acute episode of pericoronitis in the soft tissue surrounding the crown of a partially or fully erupted tooth, usually around a partially erupted and impacted mandibular third molar (lower wisdom tooth). Periodontal abscesses are the 3rd most common dental emergency, occurring either as acute exacerbation of untreated periodontitis, or as a complication of supportive periodontal therapy.
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Another stigmatic protein, termed SLG, is highly similar in sequence to the SRK protein, and seems to function as a co-receptor for the male determinant, amplifying the SI response. The interaction between the SRK and SCR/SP11 proteins results in autophosphorylation of the intracellular kinase domain of SRK, and a signal is transmitted into the papilla cell of the stigma. Another protein essential for the SI response is MLPK, a serine-threonine kinase, which is anchored to the plasma membrane from its intracellular side. The downstream cellular and molecular events, leading eventually to pollen inhibition, are poorly described.
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Tongue cleaner Tongue scraper Tongue brush Tongue cleaner A tongue cleaner (also called a tongue scraper or tongue brush) is an oral hygiene device designed to clean the coating on the upper surface of the tongue. While there is tentative benefit from the use of a tongue cleaner it is insufficient to draw clear conclusions regarding bad breath. A 2006 Cochrane review found tentative evidence of decreased levels of odor molecules. The large surface area and lingual papilla are anatomical features of the tongue that promote tongue coating by retaining microorganisms and oral debris consisting of food, saliva and dead epithelial cells.
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In birds, crocodilians, and monotremes, the ducts are simply extended, together forming an elongated, more or less straight, tube. The endolymphatic duct is wrapped in a simple loop around the lagena, with the basilar membrane lying along one side. The first half of the duct is now referred to as the scala vestibuli, while the second half, which includes the basilar membrane, is called the scala tympani. As a result of this increase in length, the basilar membrane and papilla are both extended, with the latter developing into the organ of Corti, while the lagena is now called the cochlear duct.
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The increased levels of progesterone and estrogen during pregnancy make gingivitis more likely; the gums become edematous, red in colour, and tend to bleed. Also a pyogenic granuloma or “pregnancy tumor,” is commonly seen on the labial surface of the papilla. Lesions can be treated by local debridement or deep incision depending on their size, and by following adequate oral hygiene measures. There have been suggestions that severe periodontitis may increase the risk of having preterm birth and low birth weight, however, a Cochrane review found insufficient evidence to determine if periodontitis can develop adverse birth outcomes.
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A successful tissue regeneration relies on an appropriate source of stem progenitor cells, growth factors and scaffolds to control the development of the specific tissue. The first component for tissue engineering is an appropriate source of progenitor/stem cells by using cells which are able to differentiate into the desired tissue component. The use of postnatal autologous stem cells, especially the mesenchymal stem cells is optimal in regenerative endodontic applications. These mesenchymal stem cells are found in dental pulp (DPSCs), the apical papilla (SCAP) and even in the inflamed periapical tissue (iPAPCs) collected during endodontic surgical procedures.
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Acrocnida brachiata has a flat disc up to in diameter and five slender, clearly-demarcated, articulated arms up to in length. It is greyish-brown in colour. It can be distinguished from other similar species by the transverse furrows in the plates at the bases of the arms, the ventral scales bearing small tubercles and by the presence of an outer mouth papilla which is quite distinct from the paired papillae inside the mouth. The arms, which like other brittle stars flex sideways rather than up and down, have a pair of tentacle scales on each joint as well as numerous spines.
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The sexes are determined externally by the number of openings in the groin area: the female has three - the forward one is the urinary opening (in the urinary papilla or projection), the second is the vagina, and the third is the anus at the tail. The male has two openings - the combined urinary/reproductive opening in the penis, and the anus. The testes never descend into a scrotum, but remain within the body cavity. There are six teats on the belly - a pair at the chest, a pair at the groin, and a pair between the two.
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Size compared to a human The spine is superficially inserted in the skin, where it grows and moves from a deep position in the dermis where trabecular dentine forms, to a superficial location where centrifugally growing lamellar dentine forms. The number of denticles per annual cycle vary with growth rate, and are independent dermal elements formed by the dermal papilla and secondarily attached by dentine to the spine proper. The density of denticulation also varies with the growth rate of the occipital spine. The ratio of length of denticulated region to total length of the spine changes throughout ontogeny.
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During the second trimester fetus is at low risk of birth defects; it is safe to perform limited to oral examinations, cleanings, restorative treatment, periodontal maintenance and minor maxillofacial surgical treatment. Lastly, during third trimester fetus is at a lower risk of birth defects; treatment is limited to oral examinations, cleanings and only emergency procedures. Periodontal procedures such as scaling and root-planning can positively improve the quality of life in pregnant women; during this procedure microbial activity is decreased by removing plaque and calculus, and other irritants. Pyogenic granulomas or “pregnancy tumors,” are commonly seen on the labial surface of the papilla in pregnant women.
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Integumentary structures that gave rise to the feathers of birds are seen in the dorsal spines of reptiles and fish. A similar stage in their evolution to the complex coats of birds and mammals can be observed in living reptiles such as iguanas and Gonocephalus agamids. Feather structures are thought to have proceeded from simple hollow filaments through several stages of increasing complexity, ending with the large, deeply rooted feathers with strong pens (rachis), barbs and barbules that birds display today. According to Prum's (1999) proposed model, at stage I, the follicle originates with a cylindrical epidermal depression around the base of the feather papilla.
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Three specimens of Obama of different species in a Petri dish. From top to bottom: O. ladislavii, O. anthropophila and O. nungara The genus Obama was erected after a study of molecular phylogeny with the subfamily Geoplaninae revealed that the genus Geoplana, originally containing more than a hundred species, was polyphyletic. One of the monophyletic clades revealed by the study was separate from Geoplana as the new genus Obama. All species within the new genus share a similar morphology, including the leaf-shaped body, the presence of a permanent penis papilla, ovovitelline ducts entering the female atrium dorsally and dorsal eyes of two types: mono- and trilobulated.
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Beddomixalus differs from the other rhacophorid genera by being a slender and elongated medium-sized frog, the female measuring up to in length; its yellowish-buff or reddish-brown dorsum carrying two distinct yellowish-cream longitudinal stripes; vomerine teeth and an absent lingual papilla; distinct supratympanic fold as well as tympanum; a rounded canthus rostralis; an obtusely concave loreal region; a simple and tubular Wolffian duct. At the same time, the early development of non- pigmented eggs occur exposed on moist swamp beds, without protection nor parental care; it has free-living aquatic tadpoles which are adapted to lentic conditions; and the genus inhabits mid- to high elevation forests.
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The pancreatic duct, or duct of Wirsung (also, the major pancreatic duct due to the existence of an accessory pancreatic duct), is a duct joining the pancreas to the common bile duct to supply pancreatic juice provided from the exocrine pancreas, which aids in digestion. The pancreatic duct joins the common bile duct just prior to the ampulla of Vater, after which both ducts perforate the medial side of the second portion of the duodenum at the major duodenal papilla. There are many anatomical variants reported, but these are quite rare. The duct of Wirsung is named after its discoverer, the German anatomist Johann Georg Wirsung (1589–1643).
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Buccal space abscesses typically cause a facial swelling over the cheek that may extend from the zygomatic arch above to the inferior border of the mandible below, and from the anterior border the masseter muscle posteriorly to the angle of the mouth anteriorly. Unless another space is also involved, the tissues around the eye are not swollen. It is usually treated by surgical incision and drainage, and the incision is located inside the mouth to avoid a scar on the face. The incision are placed below the parotid papilla to avoid damage to the duct, and forceps are used to divide buccinator and insert a surgical drain into the buccal space.
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The vestibular surface of the basilar membrane is covered by supporting cells and a few border cells at the inferior edge of the membrane. The basilar membrane is relatively thin toward the distal end of the papilla, but has a thick fibrous mass toward the proximal end. This dense fibrous mass measured to be about 37-57 µm in width and 8.5-11 µm in thickness among the owls utilized for this study. This mass is not to be confused with the loose fibrous mass of the tympanic part of the basilar membrane that underlies the part of the basilar membrane that is covered by sensory cells.
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Spawning consists of two phases per egg: In the first phase, the female wriggles its whole body while slowly swimming over the substrate, scanning it for suitable nesting sites with its genital papilla. Once it found a suitable place to spawn the wriggling movements increase in frequency and decrease in amplitude and the first dorsal fin is spread. The male, which has either been sitting on the substrate near the female or swimming circles around her during the first phase, then moves closer and both tremble when releasing their gametes. Once the egg is laid and fertilized, the male jumps away from the female, which repeats phase 1.
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The clinical procedure of lacerating the apical papilla and subsequently delivering a high local concentration of stem cells into the root canal space may not be adequate to direct their differentiation into cells of the pulp-dentin complex. Growth factors should be considered as important adjuncts instead. It is important to remember this key concept while interpreting the histological studies after regenerative procedures, where the lack of control of endogenous growth factors may result in histologic signs of tissue repair rather than regeneration. This issue is significant for regenerative procedures, since the non-collagenous proteins contained within dentin include several crucial growth factors such as TGF-β.
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In about 15-20% of cases the sialolith will not be sufficiently calcified to appear radiopaque on a radiograph, and will therefore be difficult to detect. Other sources suggest a retrograde theory of lithogenesis, where food debris, bacteria or foreign bodies from the mouth enter the ducts of a salivary gland and are trapped by abnormalities in the sphincter mechanism of the duct opening (the papilla), which are reported in 90% of cases. Fragments of bacteria from salivary calculi were reported to be Streptococci species which are part of the normal oral microbiota and are present in dental plaque. Stone formation occurs most commonly in the submandibular gland for several reasons.
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Thus with the formation of primary dentin, the cell moves pulpally, away from the basement membrane (future dentinoenamel junction) at the interface between the inner enamel epithelium and dental papilla, leaving behind the odontoblastic process within the pulp. The odontoblastic cell body keeps its tapered structure with cytoskeletal fibres, mainly intermediate filaments. Unlike cartilage and bone, as well as cementum, the odontoblast's cell body does not become entrapped in the product; rather, one long, cytoplasmic attached extension remains behind in the formed dentin. The differentiation of the odontoblast is done by signaling molecules and growth factors in the cells of the inner enamel epithelium.
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There may or may not be any evidence of history of HGF in the family nor any usage of taking long-term medicines for any particular disease when it comes to diagnosing HGF. There also may or may not be any signs of medical and/or family history of mental retardation, hypertrichosis, nor clinical symptoms that can be associated with gingival enlargement. Although, enlargement of gingiva, interdental papilla, hindered speech, and secondary inflammatory changes taking place in the mouth commonly at the marginal gingiva are all very indicative of this condition. Commonly the patient will have mandiblular and maxilliary inflammation and overgrowth as opposed to the traditional pink, firm, and fleshy consistency of healthy gingiva.
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Altogether, sex specific tuning differences in the primary auditory neurons of the basilar papilla and duration sensitive cells in the torus semicircularis of males suggest a mechanism to explain the sex specific response behavior observed in E. coqui. Like sex differences in the olfactory system of M. sexta, and in the visual system of Bibionids, sex differences in the auditory system of E. coqui benefit receivers at a functional level by maximizing sensitivity to aggressive or mate attraction signals based on the sex of the receiver and which signal is relevant. In all three systems, the sensory systems of males and females are differently adapted to receive signals that are biologically useful and beneficial to survival or reproduction.
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In pancreas divisum the ducts of the pancreas are not fused to form a full pancreas, but instead it remains as a distinct dorsal and ventral duct. Without the proper fusion of both ducts the majority of the pancreas drainage is mainly through the accessory papilla. Three different variations in pancreas divisum have been described: the first is the classic example of pancreas divisum in which the ventral duct is visualized but there is total failure of fusion; the second variation is with the absence of a ventral duct; and the third variation is when there is very basic communication between the two ducts. Pancreatitis is a major complication of pancreas divisum.
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Since high concentrations of stem cells are delivered into the root canal space when lacerating the apical papilla in the immature permanent tooth, this clinical procedure accomplishes one major element of the triad of tissue engineering. Ongoing research has evaluated combinations of stem cells, growth factors, and scaffolds that result in histological regeneration of pulp tissues. On the contrary, the concept of revascularization focuses only on the delivery of blood into the root canal space to allow the pulp space to be filled with vital tissue as a means of prompting wound healing. Therefore, a focus on “revascularization” would disregard the potential role of growth factors and scaffolds in histological recapitulation of the pulp-dentin complex.
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Early signs of abnormality include polyhydramnios (an excess of amniotic fluid), low birth weight, and feeding intolerance immediately after birth, in particular a tendency to epigastric distention associated with non-biliary vomiting (the obstruction is generally above the papilla of Vater, therefore superior than the junction with the bile ducts). Different chromosomal diseases (for example trisomy 21 and, with a minor frequency, trisomy 18 and trisomy 13) are present in about 33% of subjects affected by annular pancreas. In adults, the clinical picture is often dominated by the sensation of postprandial distension, abdominal pain in the epigastric region, nausea and vomiting that may be present for a long time (sometimes for years) before reaching a precise diagnosis.
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The papilla is shaped like a truncated cone, the smaller end being directed downward and attached to the tongue, the broader part or base projecting a little above the surface of the tongue and being studded with numerous small secondary papillae and covered by stratified squamous epithelium. Ducts of lingual salivary glands, known as Von Ebner's glands empty a serous secretion into the base of the circular depression, which acts like a moat. The function of the secretion is presumed to flush materials from the base of circular depression to ensure that taste buds can respond to changing stimuli rapidly. The circumvallate papillae get special afferent taste innervation from cranial nerve IX, the glossopharyngeal nerve, even though they are anterior to the sulcus terminalis.
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The optic disc, a part of the retina sometimes called "the blind spot" because it lacks photoreceptors, is located at the optic papilla, where the optic-nerve fibres leave the eye. It appears as an oval white area of 3 mm². Temporal (in the direction of the temples) to this disc is the macula, at whose centre is the fovea, a pit that is responsible for our sharp central vision but is actually less sensitive to light because of its lack of rods. Human and non-human primates possess one fovea, as opposed to certain bird species, such as hawks, who are bifoviate, and dogs and cats, who possess no fovea but a central band known as the visual streak.
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For example, pin and thrum morphs of Primula have effects on genetic compatibility (pin style x thrum pollen, or thrum style x pin pollen matings are successful, while pin x pin, and thrum x thrum matings are rarely successful due to pollen-style incompatibility), and have different style length, anther height in the corolla tube, pollen size, and papilla size on the stigma. Each of these effects is controlled by a different locus in the same supergene, but recombinants are occasionally found with traits combining those of "pin" and "thrum" morphs. Gene complexes, in contrast, are simply tightly linked groups of genes, often created via gene duplication (sometimes called tandem duplication if the duplicates remain side-by-side). Here, each gene has similar though slightly diverged function.
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The papilla, in certain kinds of fish, particularly rays, sharks, and catfish, are small lumps of dermal tissue found in the mouth, where they are "distributed uniformly on the tongue, palate, and pharynx".B. G. Kapoor, H. E. Evans, E. A. Pevzner "The gustatory system in fish" in Advances in Marine Biology, Volume 13 (1976), F. S. Russell, Maurice Yonge (eds). They "project slightly above the surrounding multi-layered epithelium", and the taste buds of the fish are "situated along the crest or at the apex of the papillae". Unlike humans, fish have little or nothing in the way of a tongue, and those that have such an organ do not use it for tasting, but merely for cushioning the mouth and manipulating things within it.
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Support is the principle that describes how well the underlying mucosa (oral tissues, including gums) keeps the denture from moving vertically towards the arch in question during chewing, and thus being excessively depressed and moving deeper into the arch. For the mandibular arch, this function is provided primarily by the buccal shelf, a region extending laterally from the back or posterior ridges, and by the pear-shaped pad (the most posterior area of keratinized gingival formed by the scaling down of the retro-molar papilla after the extraction of the last molar tooth). Secondary support for the complete mandibular denture is provided by the alveolar ridge crest. The maxillary arch receives primary support from the horizontal hard palate and the posterior alveolar ridge crest.
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When the urine becomes supersaturated (when the urine solvent contains more solutes than it can hold in solution) with one or more calculogenic (crystal-forming) substances, a seed crystal may form through the process of nucleation. Heterogeneous nucleation (where there is a solid surface present on which a crystal can grow) proceeds more rapidly than homogeneous nucleation (where a crystal must grow in a liquid medium with no such surface), because it requires less energy. Adhering to cells on the surface of a renal papilla, a seed crystal can grow and aggregate into an organized mass. Depending on the chemical composition of the crystal, the stone-forming process may proceed more rapidly when the urine pH is unusually high or low.
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Some mammals, particularly felids (cats) and ungulates (which includes horses, cattle, and pigs among other species), use a distinctive facial movement called the Flehmen response to direct inhaled compounds to the VNO. The animal lifts its head after finding the odorant, wrinkles its nose while lifting its lips, and ceases to breathe momentarily. Flehmen behavior is associated with “anatomical specialization”, and animals that present flehmen behavior have incisive papilla and ducts, which connect the oral cavity to the VNO, that are found behind their teeth. However, horses are the exception: they exhibit Flehmen response but do not have an incisive duct communication between the nasal and the oral cavity because they do not breathe through their mouths; instead, the VNOs connect to the nasal passages by the nasopalatine duct.
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The reports on larvae are somewhat divergent, depending on the species and the condition of the larvae (fresh versus alcohol-preserved): The fully-grown caterpillar of Niphopyralis myrmecophila (according to material preserved in alcohol) is approximately 14 mm in length, 4.4 mm thick at its largest diameter, and completely colourless, with the spiracles visible as fine, shiny colourless dots. The larval body is naked, hardly flattened, markedly tapered anteriorly and posteriorly, with all segments bulging out almost in a physogastric way. The head is small and prognathous. The thoracal legs are well developed, the prolegs are strongly reduced, and only at high magnification the single circle of crochets and the small papilla are visible; the anal prolegs are completely reduced, but this may be due to the investigated larvae being in the process of pupation.
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A free, pointed papilla sits on the middle of the tongue. The head > is moderate; the snout is obtuse, with obtuse canthus rostralis and concave > loreal region; the nostril is nearer to the end of the snout than to the > eye; the interorbital space is a little narrower than the upper eyelid; the > tympanum is distinct, two thirds the diameter of the eye. The fingers are > moderate, the first extending not quite as for as second; the toes are two- > thirds webbed, the web reaching the disks of the third and fifth toes; tips > of fingers and toes dilated into small but well-developed disks; > subarticular tubercles moderate; a single, small, oval inner metatarsal > tubercle; no tarsal fold is present. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches > halfway between the eye and the end of the snout.
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The mouth is gently arched and contains an anterior row of four and posterior row of two papillae across the floor, which are followed by a seventh papilla in larger individuals. There are 40-42 tooth rows in the upper jaw and 42-46 tooth rows in the lower jaw; the teeth are arranged with a quincunx pattern into pavement-like surfaces. The tail measures three times as long as the disc and bears two long stinging spines on top; after the spine the tail becomes thin and whip-like, without any fin folds. There are numerous flattened, heart-shaped dermal denticles on the back, arranged in a dense central band reaching the base of the tail, and becoming smaller and sparser on the outer portions of the disc.
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Odontoblasts are large columnar cells, whose cell bodies are arranged along the interface between dentin and pulp, from the crown to cervix to the root apex in a mature tooth. The cell is rich in endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex, especially during primary dentin formation, which allows it to have a high secretory capacity; it first forms the collagenous matrix to form predentin, then mineral levels to form the mature dentin. Odontoblasts form approximately 4 μm of predentin daily during tooth development.Ten Cate's Oral Histology, Nanci, Elsevier, 2013, page 170 During secretion after differentiation from the outer cells of the dental papilla, it is noted that it is polarized so its nucleus is aligned away from the newly formed dentin, with its Golgi complex and endoplasmic reticulum towards the dentin reflecting its unidirectional secretion.
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Hair follicle structure where LGR5 stem cells are found in the bulge region Hair follicle renewal is governed by Wnt signalling that act upon hair follicle stem cells located in the follicle bulge. Although these cells are well characterised by CD34 and cytokeratin markers, there is a growing body of agreement that LGR5 is a putative hair follicle stem cell marker. LGR5 in conjunction with LRG6, is expressed in a remarkable fashion: LRG6+ve stem cells maintain the upper sebaceous gland whilst LRG5+ve stem cells fuel the actual hair follicle shaft upon migration of transit-amplifying cells into the dermal papilla. In between these two distinct populations of stem cells are the multipotent LRG5/6+ve stem cells that ultimately maintain the epidermal hair follicle in adults.
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Neumania papillator was first described by Ruth Marshall in 1922, the specific epithet papillator was applied due to its prominent papilla. John C. Conroy provides a technical description of the species in A Revision Of The Species Of The Genus Neumania Sensu Stricto In North America, With Descriptions Of Seven New Species (Third Part) (see References), and notes that whilst the species was originally recorded in Wisconsin, Louisiana, Tennessee and Pennsylvania he could not identify the precise location of the recorded Wisconsin population: he could not see the "Lauderlae Lakes" on any maps. It is listed as one of the species present in the "Maritime Atlantic Ecozone". The holotype collected by Marshall at this location on 13 August 1913 is currently held at the Field Museum of Natural History, as is the female allotype also collected by Marshall on 9 August 1915.
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Hepatocytes metabolize cholesterol to cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid. These lipid-soluble bile acids are conjugated (reversibly attached) mainly to glycine or taurine molecules to form water soluble primary conjugated bile acids, sometimes called "bile salts". These bile acids travel to the gall bladder during the interdigestive phase for storage and to the descending part of the duodenum via the common bile duct through the major duodenal papilla during digestion. 95% of the bile acids which are delivered to the duodenum will be recycled by the enterohepatic circulation. Due to the pH of the small intestine, most of the bile acids are ionized and mostly occur as their sodium salts which are then called “primary conjugated bile salts.” In the lower small intestine and colon, bacteria dehydroxylate some of the primary bile salts to form secondary conjugated bile salts (which are still water-soluble).
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There are four methods that can be used to transplant soft tissue. A roll of tissue adjacent to an implant (referred to as a palatal roll) can be moved towards the lip (buccal), gingiva from the palate can be transplanted, deeper connective tissue from the palate can be transplanted or, when a larger piece of tissue is needed, a finger of tissue based on a blood vessel in the palate (called a vascularized interpositional periosteal-connective tissue (VIP-CT) flap) can be repositioned to the area. Additionally, for an implant to look esthetic, a band of full, plump gingiva is needed to fill in the space on either side of implant. The most common soft tissue complication is called a black-triangle, where the papilla (the small triangular piece of tissue between two teeth) shrinks back and leaves a triangular void between the implant and the adjacent teeth.
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Coat of Arms The toponym is first attested in 590 in Latin as Belitio or Bilitio (in the accusative, Bilitionem), by Gregory of Tours. Gregorius Turonensis, Historiae, 10.3, Quod exercitus Childeberthi regis in Italiam abiit: Olo autem dux ad Bilitionem huius urbis castrum, in campis situm Caninis, inportunae accedens, iaculo sub papilla sauciatus, cecidit et mortuus est "Duke Olo went rashly to Bilitio, a stronghold of this city [Milan], situated on the plains called Canini, and was wounded with a dart under the nipple and fell and died." The name is Lepontic in origin, possibly from belitio ("juniper") or belitione ("juniper bushes").Archiv für das Studium der neueren Sprachen und Literaturen 184, J. Bädeker, 1943, p. 105. Jacob Früh, Geographie der Schweiz, Fehr, 1932, p. 12. During the medieval period, the name is found as Berinzona (721, 762, 803, 1002), Birrinzona (1004), Birizona (1168), Beliciona (901, 977) and Belinzona (1055).
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Raorchestes ghatei Raorchestes ghatei (common name: Ghate's shrub frog) is a species of shrub frogs from the Western Ghats of Maharashtra. The species differs from its congeners based on a combination of characters including small to medium-sized adult males, snout mucronate in dorsal view, canthus rostralis angular and sharp, snout slightly projecting beyond mouth ventrally, tympanum indistinct and one third of the eye diameter, tongue without papilla but with a lingual pit, nuptial pad rudimentary to absent, a bony tubercle on humerus at the end of deltoid ridge present in males and absent in females, skin finely granulated or smooth dorsally, lateral side marbled with white blotches on brown to black background. Molecular phylogeny based on 16S rRNA gene sequence suggests that the new species is genetically distinct and forms a monophyletic clade within Raorchestes. The species exhibits sexual dimorphism with males having single sub-gular vocal sac and a tubercle on the humerus while females lack them.
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The gill is placed at the end of the anterior half of the body; it is formed by three simple leaves in the animals of 1–2 mm, and by five leaves in the rest with the anterior gill leaf largest and most branched; the inside of the gill around the anus and the internal face of the rachis of the leaves becomes increasingly dark to as the animals grow, being dark grey to black at 25 mm, while the ramifications are always white or hyaline with orange spots. Anal papilla wide, located in the center of the arc of gills, with the edge of the opening white and the trunk dark grey in older individuals. The anterior edge of the foot has tentacular expansions at the angles, as the oral veil and the sole colour is salmon, translucent, with a speck or orange dot. The rhinophores are cylindrical and robust, with 10 lamellae in larger animals; the peduncle is hyaline with points and patches of white, orange and grey, like that the lamellae.
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