The tree is then cut and burned while the borers are overwintering inside.
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In 1995, there were just more than 1,000 storks overwintering at landfills in Portugal.
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The most obvious characteristic of the overwintering stinkbug, however, is a deep, abiding lethargy.
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Therefore, it is fairly certain that monarchs rely on their instincts to find overwintering sites.
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Overwintering stinkbugs also display another characteristic that determines where you are most likely to find them.
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So I have called this beautiful syndrome of the migration and overwintering cycle an 'endangered biological phenomenon.
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"The overwintering concentration of butterflies in the property is a superlative natural phenomenon," the UNESCO website says.
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"You can actually see functional and structural changes in the brains of the people overwintering," he says.
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In 1976, Urquhart made front-page news with his announcement of an overwintering site in the Mexican mountains.
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With the Antarctic winter drawing near, a very small "overwintering" team remains there to conduct research and maintain the station.
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Millions of monarchs travel about 3,000 miles to overwintering sites in southwestern Mexico, as temperatures drop and the winter season begins.
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In 2015, UNESCO proposed a draft decision that expressed the "utmost concern" over the reported decline of the butterfly's overwintering population.
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"Robins are actually overwintering in a lot of places more frequently than they used to and not leaving at all," Bateman says.
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One thousand kilometres from the Antarctic coast, a 12-strong crew is overwintering at one of the most remote places on Earth.
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Overwintering stinkbugs navigate like nine-year-olds in bumper cars, making as much noise as possible and banging into everything in sight: walls, doors, windows, humans.
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Tufts: We've been having pretty mild winters, which can promote survival, overwintering survival of hosts and of the vectors, which also will lead to new expansion.
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He explained how mowing his grass at specific times of the year supported the growth of native grasses and flowers, food sources for the overwintering butterflies.
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Instead, the bee colony adopted a defensive posture similar to "overwintering," in which bee colonies enter a state of reduced activity to survive the cold months.
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That means in the next few years it could reach the thousands of caves and abandoned mines of the Rocky Mountains, the redoubts of overwintering bats.
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Andrew Rhodes, Mexico's national commissioner for protected natural areas, announced in January that approximately 6.05 hectares (15 acres) of monarchs have been measured at their overwintering grounds in Mexico.
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The increasing demand for the fruit has led to greater incentive to expand avocado orchards into the Monarch&aposs overwintering sites in Mexico, according to The New York Times.
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Monarchs west of the Rockies travel much shorter distances, overwintering on the California coast, but that population is in even worse shape, down 97 percent from its pre-Roundup norm.
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"The monarch's overwintering colonies in Mexico rank as one of the great biological wonders of the world," wrote Lincoln Brower, the world's preeminent expert on the species, who died last year.
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But the overwintering population of monarchs has fallen by almost two-thirds over the past dozen years, and this year's better-than-usual aggregation was abruptly devastated in March by another freak snowstorm, the worst in years.
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A 286 census found the monarch butterfly's overwintering population in California declined by 250 percent compared to the previous year, according to the Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation, a nonprofit named for the extinct California butterfly, the Xerces blue.
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"It seems conditions have been successful for monarchs overwintering – not too wet or cold, which can be a lethal combination for them," said Craig Wilson, a senior research associate at the university in the Center for Mathematics and Education.
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This valuable food source is enormously attractive to overwintering insectivorous birds like downy woodpeckers, which can be observed far from their familiar woodland homes, hammering at the dried goldenrod stems and disturbing the peace behind the dunes, while foraging for a winter meal.
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If you're doing the same, I hope you don't find any burst pipes, broken windows, signs of overwintering wildlife — a red squirrel pulled out fiberglass insulation from our kitchen range to make a cozy home a couple of years ago — upturned docks or anything else that comes with owning a summer retreat.
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According to Jeffrey Johnson, an anthropologist at the University of Florida who has spent years examining relations between people in Antarctic crews overwintering at the South Pole, the clown is not only funny, he is also smart and knows each member of the group well enough to defuse most of the tensions that might arise during long periods of close contact.
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Work to protect the overwintering sites in Mexico began before 1975 and were initiated by local residents. Populations of overwintering monarchs declined significantly when the 1992 counts are compared to more recent censuses. Overwintering sites exist along the Gulf Coast, Arizona and Florida. Periodic disasters at the Mexican overwintering sites are often credited with the population decline.
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Monarchs appear in legends of the people that live near overwintering areas. In the areas surrounding the overwintering sites in Mexico, local residents were quite aware of the overwintering behavior of monarch butterflies long before 1975. The local people, called the Mazahua, have lived near the overwintering sites for centuries. The arrival of the monarchs is closely tied to the traditional the Day of the Dead celebrations.
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It later makes a smaller overwintering chamber of silk-like fiber within this bigger chamber. After overwintering, the larvae begin feeding on the mesophyll in March.
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Soil turning in winter can kill overwintering caterpillars and cocoons.
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They are an overwintering species, found in a variety of different habitats.
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The island is important for corncrakes, various wading birds and overwintering wildfowl.
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Gynes mate before overwintering and, if successful, become foundresses for the next season.
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The overwintering eggs are laid from September to the onset of severe frost.
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Sexual females mate with the alate males in September to produce overwintering eggs.
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The larvae feed on blackthorn (Prunus spinosa), overwintering and feeding in the spring.
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The beach and shallow basins are important resting, overwintering, and nesting sites for birds.
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Therefore, no overwintering occurs in tropical regions as it does not supply an adaptive advantage.
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Others are wingless and remain on Douglas fir trees, where they produce other overwintering forms.
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After overwintering, larvae feed inside young rose shoots. Pupation takes place within the feeding gallery.
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Cold hardening has also been observed in insects such as the fruit fly and diamondback moth. The insects use rapid cold hardening to protect against cold shock during overwintering periods. Overwintering insects stay awake and active through the winter while non- overwintering insects migrate or die. Rapid cold hardening can be experienced during short periods of undesirable temperatures, such as cold shock in environment temperature, as well as the common cold months.
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Leek cultivars may be treated as a single cultivar group, e.g. as A. ampeloprasum 'Leek Group'. p. 30 The cultivars can be subdivided in several ways, but the most common types are "summer leeks", intended for harvest in the season when planted, and overwintering leeks, meant to be harvested in the spring of the year following planting. Summer leek types are generally smaller than overwintering types; overwintering types are generally more strongly flavored.
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California has more than 200 overwintering sites. Overwintering sites have also been observed in coastal South Carolina along with ovipositing females. On the US East Coast, they have overwintered as far north as Lago Mar, Virginia Beach, Virginia. At least twenty colonies exist in Mexico.
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For about a year, the Great Army campaigned against the West Saxons, before overwintering in London.
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An unusual pattern has been observed in the sex ratios of monarchs in the eastern North American population, both during the fall migration and at the overwintering sites in Mexico. Normally during the breeding season, the ratio of males and females is roughly the same, but during the migration the ratio is skewed toward males. This persists during the overwintering period as well, likely because it's the same cohort that advances from migration to the overwintering sites. Scientists have examined records from the overwintering period over 30 years, and found that the skewed sex ratio has grown more pronounced in recent years, perhaps because of a loss of females.
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These thick walled overwintering structures can withstand large temperature fluctuations within the soil and even resist desiccation.
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Overwintering also occurs in the wetlands, where the host plant alder buckthorn is abundant. After emerging from overwintering, adult brimstones that were previously in the wetlands are joined by those that hibernated in woodlands, and the population breeds and lays eggs. The environmental conditions of a particular year also affect migration, as seen in the elevational migrations of the common brimstone. Uphill migration is potentially influenced by habitat limitations, such as a lack of the forest cover that is required during overwintering.
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The site has been designated an SSSI for its overwintering waders and wildfowl, and for its diverse saltmarshes. It has internationally important overwintering redshanks and nationally important numbers of dark-bellied brent geese, shelducks and black-tailed godwits. The estuary also has three nationally rare plants and a nationally rare mollusc.
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Eventually the larvae will fall to the ground, dig into the dirt, and pupate. Overwintering is done by adults.
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Secondary bees may survive a second winter, but that is unlikely if they actively forage after their first overwintering.
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The mere is an important overwintering ground for wildfowl, and also has one of the largest heronries in Cheshire.
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There is increasing concern related to the ongoing decline of monarchs at their overwintering sites; based on a 2014 twenty-year comparison, the overwintering numbers west of the Rocky Mountains have dropped more than 50 percent since 1997 and the overwintering numbers east of the Rockies have declined by more than 90 percent since 1995. In February 2015, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service provided a statistic showing that nearly a billion monarchs have vanished from the overwintering sites since 1990. At that time, one of the main reasons cited was the herbicides used by farmers and homeowners on milkweed, a plant used as a food source, a home and a nursery by the monarchs. A 2016 study also attributed the last decade's ten-fold decline in overwintering numbers of the eastern monarch population to the loss of breeding habitat, namely the many species of milkweed (Asclepias species) that developing larvae require for food; however, scientists believe there are other factors as well.
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The park's wetlands serve as an overwintering location for 19 species of gulls, nearly half of the world's 45 species.
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These new trees would send their roots to the closest Nquƭ in order to feed from it before starting their overwintering. After waiting out the winter months, the nourishment they had received from the Nquƭ prior to their overwintering increased their trunk growth. At that time, trees moved and talked. They were migratory trees.
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Typically, resting spores are the overwintering stage. However, in species that do not produce resting spores, other structures serve as the overwintering stage. For example,two species common to North America, Synchytrium decipiens and S. macroporosum, appear to overwinter as sori on vegetative material. In terms of hosts, the genus ranges from specific to broad.
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Rhamnus cathartica is also the primary overwintering host in North America for a significant agricultural pest of soybeans, the soybean aphid.
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Transformation for overwintering larvae may take 13 months or more. Recent discoveries, such as overwintering, have management implications for this threatened species, particularly when aquatic habitats undergo modification. The larvae feed on other small invertebrates, including tadpoles. When their pond dries, they resorb their gills, develop lungs, and then the metamorphs leave the pond in search of a burrow.
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Overwintering monarchs roost in trees on privately owned land. Laws and regulations regarding the protection of the overwintering sites and habitat override the interests of land owners, farmer' cooperatives and local governing bodies. In 1986, Mexico created sanctuaries for the winter months. Sections of the forest were closed to the local people who depended on lumber for their income.
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They reach a length of 13.1-20.5 mm. Pupation takes place under debris on the soil, usually after overwintering in a hibernaculum.
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The protistan parasite Ophryocystis elektroscirrha may kill many migrating monarchs. It reduces flying ability, reducing the chance of reaching the overwintering sites.
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Some believe this was because of a storm that had occurred during March 2016 in the monarchs' previous overwintering season,(1) (2) (3) though this seems unlikely since most current research shows that the overwintering colony sizes do not predict the size of the next summer breeding population. A study in 2016 claimed that the long-term trend in the size of the overwintering sites is cause for concern. After a ten-fold drop in the overwintering numbers of the eastern monarch butterfly population over the last decade, this study claimed there was an 11%–57% probability that this population will go quasi-extinct over the next 20 years. According to Xerces Society, the monarch population in California decreased 86 percent in 2018, going from millions of butterflies to tens of thousands of butterflies.
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Acarlar Floodplain Forest is habitat for some endemic flora and faına. The area is particularly a breeding and overwintering place for migratory birds.
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Bladder sedge is rare in the county, only having been recorded at two other sites. The reservoir is now home to a growing population of red kites. The reservoir is visited by large numbers of migrating and overwintering wading birds and waterfowl. The most significant of these is the goosander, with up to 2% of the British population overwintering here.
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Because of the high costs involved, only larger companies conducted whaling. By the late 17th century there were between 200 and 300 ships and in excess of 10,000 whalers around Spitsbergen.Arlov (1994): 25 The first overwintering was accidentally experienced by an English group in Bellsund in 1630–31. The first planned overwintering was achieved by the Noordsche Compagnie in 1633–34.
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Monarch migration route Overwintering monarchs cluster on oyamel trees near Angangueo, Mexico. Many butterflies, such as the painted lady, monarch, and several danaine migrate for long distances. These migrations take place over a number of generations and no single individual completes the whole trip. The eastern North American population of monarchs can travel thousands of miles south-west to overwintering sites in Mexico.
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The second, third and fourth generations return to their northern locations in the United States and Canada in the spring. Captive-raised monarchs appear capable of migrating to overwintering sites in Mexico, though they have a much lower migratory success rate than wild monarchs do. See section on captive-rearing below. Monarch overwintering sites have been discovered recently in Arizona.
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Some mice are able to withstand large doses of the toxin. Overwintering adults become less toxic over time making them more vulnerable to predators. In Mexico, about 14% of the overwintering monarchs are eaten by birds and mice. In North America, eggs and first-instar larvae of the monarch are eaten by larvae and adults of the introduced Asian lady beetle (Harmonia axyridis).
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Like many other "white" butterflies, they overwinter as a pupa. Bird predation is usually evident only in late-instar larvae or on overwintering pupae.
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Small globular galls appear on the roots and after overwintering as larvae, another generation of wingless agamic females emerge and crawl up the trunk.
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The empty steel caisson of Esso's caisson-retained island (CRI) is also still in Tuktoyaktuk.Figure 4: Esso CRI overwintering in Tuktoyaktuk Harbour, 2012. ResearchGate.
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Overwintering generally takes place as adults in crevices or under flakes of bark, the insects being able to withstand temperatures down to at least .
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They build a case covered with lichen and fragments of bark. Larvae can be found from August to May, overwintering in the larval stage.
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Near the base of the bud an exit hole is cut where pupation takes place in the fall. Adults emerge the following summer after overwintering.
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In the United States, P. cresphontes mostly inhabit deciduous forest and citrus orchards. They are only capable of overwintering in Florida and the deep South.
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Overwintering takes place in either the stem or leaf mine. In spring, the larvae continues mining the stem, and hollows out leaves from the inside.
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The wasps lay eggs in late-stage larvae of the leaf miner, and the wasps' larvae mainly develop in the overwintering prepupae of their hosts.
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In addition, it also infects a number of wild grasses including quackgrass (Elytrigia repens), slender wheatgrass (Elymus tranchycaulus), western wheatgrass (Pascopyrum smithii), foxtail barley (Hordeum jubatum), and several wheatgrasses (Elytrigia spp.) and wild rye grasses (Elymus spp. and Leymus spp.). The fungus readily forms telia on these hosts, which serve as a reservoir of overwintering teliospores. Quackgrass may be the most important reservoir for overwintering telia.
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Neuroctenus sp., male, overwintering under bark Neuroctenus is a genus of flat bugs in the Aradidae subfamily Mezirinae. There are about 7 described species in Neuroctenus.
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At the Sandsfoot Gardens, the vantage spot over Portland Harbour is popular for seeing overwintering birds such as the Great Northern Diver, Slavonian Grebes, and Mergansers.
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When P. atrimandibularis mate, males and females migrate to the tops of high mountains. At the top of the mountains, the males will occupy and aggressively defend their mating territories from male competitors. Once inseminated, females remain for overwintering for several months, under a thick blanket of snow and ice. To ensure that they arrive and usurp their host colonies at the correct time, P. atrimandibularis postpone the overwintering exit.
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Although cold tolerant, they are susceptible to freezing in extreme cold temperatures, with the risk of mortality varying seasonally with changes in temperature and physiology. Not much is known about parental effects on offspring survival during the winter. The only source of energy for overwintering forest tent caterpillar eggs comes from the parental generation. As a result, overwintering performance of the insect should be viewed in the context of parental fitness.
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Reppert and coworkers showed that fall migrants prematurely exposed to overwintering- like coldness reverse their flight orientation to the north. The temperature microenvironment at the overwintering site is essential for successful completion of the migration cycle: without cold exposure, aged migrants continue to orient to the south. The discovery that coldness triggers the northward flight direction in spring remigrants underscores how vulnerable the migration may be to climate change.
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The eggs are laid in July at the base of spruce shoots then hatch in May after overwintering. They are laid in clusters of up to 7 eggs.
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By autumn, the species turn brown, and start their overwintering. As soon as spring starts, their colour is changes to green, which camouflages them under a grass colour.
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There was some concern at the time that public knowledge would endanger the butterflies. Since 1976, multiple overwintering sites have been identified and their locations are public knowledge.
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The entire population remains in this state for its migration and overwintering period. This diapause period ends from mid-January through February, and they begin to sexually mature.
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There is increasing concern that climate change will shift the overwintering and summer ranges more northward. This will exacerbate the problem of pest management and increase economic losses. .
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They are day-flyers. The larvae feed on the leaves of Calluna species (including Calluna vulgaris), Empetrum nigrum and Dryas octopetala. They spin the leaves together and overwintering within.
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Tomatillos are typically grown in rows 0.7 to 1.6 m apart. Although tomatillo is a perennial plant, overwintering is hard, so it is normally cultivated as an annual plant.
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Most frass is ejected out of the mine. Pupation takes place outside of the mine. After overwintering in the larval stage, the larvae live freely in a rolled leaf.
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Coley-Smith, J. R. 1962. Overwintering of hop downy mildew Pseudoperonospora humuli (Miy. and Tak.) Wilson. Ann. App. Biol. 50:235-243. Infected crowns may also produce uninfected shoots.
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Overwintering sites and stages of Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in Tea fields. Japanese Journal of Applied Entomology and Zoology 26: 177-182.Okada, T., and I. Kudo. 1982.
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The last generation of the summer enters into a non-reproductive phase known as diapause and may live seven months or more. During diapause, butterflies fly to one of many overwintering sites. The generation that overwinters generally does not reproduce until it leaves the overwintering site sometime in February and March. It is the second, third and fourth generations that return to their northern locations in the United States and Canada in the spring.
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The moth moves from southwest to northeast in the warmer months. The common infestations seen in the spring are believed to be because of the migration of adults returning to the north from overwintering areas in the Southern United States. Under unfavorable conditions, moth migration has been seen to decrease. The complete overwintering range is unknown, but it is suggested to be from the lower Mississippi valley to the southern Great Plains.
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During the migration, the eastern and western populations tend to group together during the migration and then at the overwintering sites. These roosts form along the migration routes, and scientists have used these roost locations to map out the flyways. Prior to the discovery of the overwintering sites in Mexico, Fred Urquhart observed roosting behavior in south-migrating butterflies in Mexico and Michoacan. He documented 1500 monarchs roosting at Lighthouse Point, Florida.
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Though colonies of V. pensylvanica are generally monogynous and annual, polygyny and overwintering has been observed in non-native regions, specifically in Hawaii. The relaxation of the climate and climate-related constraints are believed to have contributed to the emergence of polygyny, and polygyny is a prerequisite for successful overwintering. Generally, climate is a constraining factor in the reproductive behavior of V. pensylvanica. When temperatures drop, food availability decreases and colony decline occurs.
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After overwintering, the larvae make several new mines. Pupation takes place outside of the mine, in the soil. Larvae can be found from September to May of the following year.
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In 1908 after overwintering the polar night with Hjalmar Johansen in a cabin at Cape Boheman on Spitsbergen, he and Johansen travelled over the inland ice to Spitsbergen's northwest coast.
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Their overwintering period, running from August 2019 to May 2020, will be spent at 78°N in a 20 m2 cabin called Bamsebu and their experience broadcast via social media.
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Blum Creek forms the waterfall Blum Basin Falls as it tumbles down a glacial cliff. The creek's watershed is an overwintering location for the local Rocky mountain goats (Oreamnos americanus).
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Commercial breeders provide stock to be used in education programs in elementary and secondary schools. Commercially bred monarchs migrate to overwintering sites in Mexico expanding the knowledge of migratory behavior.
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Females typically overwinter in human structures, such as basements, houses, garages, and barns. They do not remain in one location during overwintering, instead traveling to different shelters throughout the winter.
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After overwintering, they emerge in late May and June. Then they reach the third instar and overwinter again. The following spring they pupate in their burrows and emerge as adults.
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UKmoths After overwintering, they are on wing till June.Lepidoptera of Belgium The larvae feed on Solanum dulcamara. They mine the leaves of their host plant. Young larvae bore in the midrib.
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The overwintering stage is the pupa. The tawny-edged skipper has one brood per year in the northeast and northwest and two or three broods per year in the deep south.
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The proximity of vineyards to citrus orchards compounds the threat, because citrus is not only a host of sharpshooter eggs, but it is also a popular overwintering site of this insect.
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After overwintering, the larvae bore the stem of their host plant.bladmineerders.nl The larvae can be found from September to the beginning of winter. Pupation probably takes place outside of the mine.
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In the wild, L. cinerascens usually lives about 1 year (overwintering once) but occasionally lives up to 2.5 years (overwintering twice). Females breed in their first year for five months, then die before the second winter, typically producing one brood - two at the most. Reared in the lab, L. cinerascens has a longer lifespan and may produce 3 or more broods in a lifetime. L. cinerascens are parasitized by Thinoseius setifer, a mite attaching to the ligia's pleopods.
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Good crop hygiene is one cultural control used to minimize Delia infestations, particularly D. antiqua and D. radicum. Studies have shown that damaged or crushed onion bulbs left behind after harvest were major sources of D. antiqua food and an overwintering site. Damaged plants release volatile chemicals that attract gravid females while the wounds on the plants provide easy access to newly emerged larvae. As such, removing waste crop material from harvested fields is recommended to decrease overwintering populations.
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California overwintering sites exist in areas that are developed and are not considered especially forest-like. These sites have been referred to as having a uniform vegetation population of either Monterey pine or eucalyptus trees and are sometimes present in urban areas. Over wintering sites are dynamic in that tagged butterflies are observed in different roosts throughout the winter. Monarchs overwintering along the Gulf Coast and in Florida do not enter diapause and breed year-round.
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The ovarian width of gynes increased from April to July which is within the overwintering period. From July through August, mean ovarian width of overwintering females increased sharply, and then fell between late August and September. The percent of gynes with mature oocytes in their ovaries increased from 2.9% in April to 15.6% at the end of July, and then lastly to 45.7% in August. Female wasps with larger ovaries are more likely to lay eggs.
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An IMAX film, Flight of the Butterflies, describes the story of the Urquharts, Brugger and Trail to document the then unknown monarch migration to Mexican overwintering areas. Sanctuaries and reserves have been created at overwintering locations in Mexico and California to limit habitat destruction. These sites can generate significant tourism revenue. However, with less tourism, monarch butterflies will have a higher survival rate because they show more protein content and a higher value of immune response and oxidative defense.
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Migrating species include black-tailed godwit, ruff, little stint, curlew sandpiper and whimbrel. Overwintering species include brent goose, dunlin, Eurasian curlew, Eurasian wigeon, merlin, hen harrier, short-eared owl, Eurasian bittern and twite.
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Manual of the Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada (ed. 2) i–910. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx. Indian cucumber-root shoots arise each spring from an overwintering tuberlike structure.
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The pursuit was fruitless and the squadron returned to Revel.Myshlaevsky, p. 384 On 4 August, Poltava left Revel, arrived to Helsinki on 14 August, and on 24 August departed to Kronstadt for overwintering.
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The pupa is brown, and lasts about two weeks in the summer, when multiple generations are possible. The pupa is also the overwintering stage, among leaves at the base of the food plant.
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Teliospores are resistant to harsh weather and stick to the underside of the leaves which helps for overwintering. They are also thicker spores measuring about 90 pm making them sturdy to the weather.
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If control measures are required, spray with bifenthrin on a dry, mild day in late February to control the overwintering generation. Some insecticides can be applied early, preventing gall formation and insect colonization.
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Larvae can be found from September and, after overwintering, to June of the following year.The habitat is chalk grassland.In Southeastern Europe Zygaena angelicae is found in mountainous regions between 1000 and 2100m elevation.
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It has also been recorded on Cocos nucifera and other palm species. The rolls in banana leaves that E. thrax larvae create when feeding have been used as overwintering shelters for wasp species Polistes japonicus in Okinawa, Japan.The Banana Skipper's Leaf Scroll: A New Overwintering Site for the Okinawan Paper Wasp, Polistes japonicus / Yosiaki ITO and Hiroaki NAKAMORI Biological control of the banana skipper, Pelopidas thrax (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera; Hesperiidae) in Hawaii./Mau, R. F. L.; Murai, K.; Kumashiro, B.; Teramoto, K.
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The disease cycle begins with the overwintering structures. The grape black rot pathogen overwinters in many parts of the grape vine, especially mummies and lesions, and is able to overwinter on the vineyard floor. In fact, "Viable lesions capable of producing conidia can persist in wood for at least 2 years." Spring rains release the ascospores and conidia contained in the overwintering structures and these spores are “spread by wind and rain‐splash to infect leaves, blossoms and young fruit”.
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Small numbers of individuals delay metamorphosis spending more than one winter in the soil. This alternative life story of individuals overwintering more than once may confer additional benefits over a single-year life cycle, such as surviving bad conditions (like lack of host objects). On the other hand, it may increase exposure to predators. Moreover, adult overwintering diapause could be energetically more costly than larval diapause, but could in turn allow adults to be better synchronized with their host plants.
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In the northern parts of its range, these bugs start to move about widely by September or so to seek crevices for overwintering; they may become a nuisance in areas with extensive conifer woods, as they will sometimes enter houses in considerable numbers. They have the potential to become structural pests, as it has been found that they will sometimes pierce PEX tubing with their mouthparts, resulting in leakage.Bates, S.L. 2005. Damage to common plumbing materials caused by overwintering Leptoglossus occidentalis (Hemiptera: Coreidae).
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Obscure mealybugs lay eggs all year long, and during winter, under the bark of trees and vines (though there is no true dormancy). These overwintering populations include individual mealybugs from all stages of development, but are dominated by eggs and first instars; overwinter mortality for young nymphs is high, but a few individuals (normally the ones quickest to hatch) will survive and feed on the first spring leaves. Mortality in non-overwintering generations is greatly decreased.Hamlet (2005), pp. 5–6.
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Circular tags are presently used (2014), green tags were used by Monarch Watch – the University of Kansas Population counts "dramatically" vary year to year. The cause of the variations are attributed to natural occurrences, different methods used to count migrating butterflies, and man-made changes to the habitat. The validity of the population census at overwintering sites in North America is questioned. The discrepancy between migrating populations and populations present at the overwintering sites suggests a significant adult mortality during the migration.
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Some sites have experienced losses of 30% to 90% during storms. Conservation efforts in and around the overwintering sites include the planting of native tree species on which the monarchs prefer to roost. Overwintering monarchs in California have shown to have a slight preference to roost on native species but will also consistently choose introduced eucalyptus species, even when native species are present. Roosting sites in California are typically located close to the coastline, though some have been found further inland.
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Payments to local residents to monitor forest habitats have been considered. Another policy is to encourage reforestation of overwintering habitat. Efforts to limit activities at the overwintering sites (logging, tourism) that may disturb the monarchs roosts have been attempted. In the US, the Farm Service Agency Conservation Reserve Program enrolls farmers in a program in which they receive yearly payments for removing environmentally sensitive areas from production and to promote species of plants that improve habitat promoting food and nectar plants.
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At the end of the breeding season, the blue-headed vireo migrates south to its overwintering area. V.s. solitarius has the longest migration of the two subspecies and inhabits an overwintering area that includes eastern and southern Mexico to northern Central America. V.s. alticola migrates across a shorter distance to an area that extends from southeastern Virginia to Texas. Blue-headed vireos prefer to breed in cool temperate forests, which in the southern part of its breeding range are found at higher elevations.
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Secondary females may sometimes participate in oviposition, and they reinforce this potential role by helping provide for the larvae or performing nest maintenance. Tertiary females rely on the provisions provided by primary females and quietly await overwintering while remaining inactive. Studies have shown that primary females are usually the bees that have overwintered twice, while tertiary bees have only overwintered once. Tertiary bees will most likely survive a second overwintering and develop further to become primary female the following year.
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In order for P. sulcifer to have offspring, it must invade the nest of its host and exploit its colony. This invasion of a colony is called usurpation, and it is done in a very systematic way. After a long hibernation, the overwintering females, all fertilized queens, search for a host nest. The females emerge from overwintering relatively late, which allows them to look for a host colony before worker emergence, when there are only foundresses present in the nest.
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The species is greyish brown and has a wingspan of . The wings carry discarded markings, and have indistinct pattern. Adults are on wing from August to October and from March to April after overwintering.
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Overwintering adults become active once the temperature reaches 15-20 °C. Adults are long lived: 60 days in summer and up to 200 days in winter. Adults start ovipositing 2–3 weeks after emergence.
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UKmoths The larvae mainly feed on Larix species, but have also been recorded on other coniferous trees. Young larvae mine the needles of their host plant. After overwintering they feed on the young buds.
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Adults fly from June to August. The eggs are usually laid on the underside of leaves. After about four weeks the mature larvae spins a candy cocoon. This species is overwintering as a pupa.
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The pattern of recolonization of the northern breeding areas has not changed since monitoring began in 1997. The timetables of the re-colonization range is not correlated to the censuses of overwintering monarchs in Mexico.
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This diverse site has open water, fen, acid grassland, scrub, woodland, heath and vegetated shingle. There are many breeding and overwintering birds, abundant dragonflies, and nationally scarce plants such as mossy stonecrop and clustered clover.
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Flower heads are brilliant yellow with maroon or brown disc florets of various sizes. Flowering typically occurs in mid-summer. The small, slender seeds germinate in fall (overwintering as a low rosette) or early spring.
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Females have a broader abdomen and fascia, which is white, with the seventh segment is being greyish brown. The wingspan is . Adults are on wing from August to May of the following year after overwintering.
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Adults of the first generation appear in May from overwintering pupa. The second generation appears in July. The larvae feed on the leaves of Artemisia campestris. Pupation takes place in a cocoon in the soil.
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Adults of the first generation appear in May from overwintering pupa. The second generation appears in July. The larvae feed on the leaves of Artemisia maritima. Pupation takes place in a cocoon in the soil.
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Males have significant amounts of cis-9-heptacosene not found on females. Glucose, myo-inositol, scyllo-inositol and trehalose were found in overwintering nymphs and are thought to be a factor in their freeze tolerance.
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Tourism around the overwintering sites in Mexico and California provides income for those who provide such services. Residents near the overwintering sites are concerned that their children do not have enough to eat so they are forced to continue illegal logging. Other residents take advantage of the months butterflies overwinter near their homes. Though they consider themselves quite poor, it is possible for them to generate enough income to last them through the year acting as guides, providing lodging and meals, selling crafts and souvenirs.
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Typical prey consist mostly of caterpillars, butterflies and moths but may also include tree bugs, stink bugs, beetles, bees, ants, flies, dragonflies, grasshoppers, crickets, spiders and, on some occasions, snails. Fruit feeding occurs primarily during migration and overwintering, especially when overwintering in more tropical regions where fruit is more abundant or if the insect populations are low. This large and varied diet is an example of an opportunistic feeding strategy, allowing the blue-headed vireo to be plastic in its ability to adapt to resource availability.
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The snail's quiescent periods during heat and drought are known as aestivation; its quiescence during winter is known as overwintering. When overwintering, Cornu aspersum avoids the formation of ice in its tissues by altering the osmotic components of its blood (or haemolymph); this permits it to survive temperatures as low as -5 °C (23 °F). During aestivation, the mantle collar has the ability to change its permeability to water. The snail also has an osmoregulatory mechanism that prevents excessive absorption of water during hibernation.
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Prior to hibernation, box turtles tend to move further into the woods, where they dig a chamber for overwintering. Ornate box turtles dig chambers up to 50 centimeters, while eastern box turtles hibernate at depth of about 10 centimeters. The location for overwintering can be up to 0.5 km from the summer habitat and is often in close proximity to that of the previous year. In more southern locations, turtles are active year-round, as has been observed for T. coahuila and T. c. major.
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The larvae have a brown to black body and a pale brownish yellow head. They reach a length of 14.4–22.5 mm. Pupation takes place under debris on the soil, usually after overwintering in a hibernaculum.
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Acleris strigifera is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in China, Japan and Russia. The wingspan is 19–22 mm. Adults are on wing from September, and after overwintering, to May.
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Overwintering habitat is also includes the burrows of rodents such as pocket gophers, voles, and Belding's ground squirrels, along with willow root tangles, which all probably keep an optimal thermal and mesic environmental for hibernating toads.
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SANAE is the South African National Antarctic Expedition. The name refers both to the overwintering bases (numbered in Roman numerals, e.g. SANAE IV), and the team spending the winter (numbered in Arabic numerals, e.g. SANAE 47).
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The decreased production of the winter brood further distinguishes overwintering nests from annual nests. In addition, continuous production of reproductives occurs even through the winter. These nests also have from six to over 100 reproductive queens.
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Adults are on wing in July.UKmoths The larvae feed on Inula crithmoides. They can be found from August to September and again from April to May after overwintering. Pupation takes place in a cocoon among detritus.
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The larvae have a greenish- white to white body and a pale brownish-yellow head. They reach a length of 13.1–20.5 mm. Pupation takes place under debris on the soil, usually after overwintering in a hibernaculum.
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Adults are on wing from June to August.Swedish Moths The larvae feed on Empetrum nigrum. They initially mine the leaves of their host plant. After overwintering, they feed freely on the leaves from within a silk web.
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The lake is the largest expanse of water in Stoke-on-Trent. There is a level footpath of about around the lake. There is waterfowl on the lake, and it is an overwintering site for many species.
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Dingle, H., et al. (1980) Variation in photoperiodic response within and among species of milkweed bugs (Oncepeltus). Evolution 34(2): 356-370. However, photoperiod only predicts overwintering in areas where day length effects the maturation of milkweeds.
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Marble Island is one of several uninhabited Canadian arctic islands in Nunavut, Canada, located within western Hudson Bay. The closest community is Rankin Inlet. In the nineteenth century, the island was valued as a harbour for overwintering.
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Ambient temperature, activity, and microhabitat use by ornate box turtles (Terrapene ornata ornata). J. Herpetol. 37(4):665-670.Bernstein, NP and RW Black, 2004. Thermal environment of overwintering ornate box turtles, Terrapene ornata ornata, in Iowa.
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Monobia quadridens is a species of solitary potter wasp found in North America. It grows to a wingspan of , and feeds on small caterpillars and pollen. There are two generations per year, with one generation overwintering as pupae.
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This species lives close to rivers and water bodies; it always appears in habitats with constant humidity levels, avoiding direct sunlight. Inmatures can be found along the year, overwintering in caves, and adults appear from June to September.
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It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from Illinois and Iowa. The habitat consists of prairies. Adults are on wing from mid-June onwards, overwintering as an adult. There is one generation per year.
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The forest contains many birds found in no other part of South Sudan, and is a resting place for European songbirds en route to their overwintering places in East Africa. Birdlife includes the endangered spotted ground-thrush Zoothera guttata.
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The wingspan is 18–21 mm. Adults are on wing from August to September and again from April to May after overwintering as an adult. The larvae feed on Quercus species. They live between leaves spun together with silk.
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He was engaged to Sonja Wolter, who was overwintering as a maintenance specialist at the base in order to be with him.Murder at the South Pole: Antarctic scientist's death investigated. ohmynews.com, 21 December 2006. Retrieved on 1 April 2007.
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The male has a wingspan of 10–30 mm. The larva is green with yellow lines. larva Adults emerge from overwintering pupae in February and March. The females climb up tree trunks and the males fly weakly to them.
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The boggy conditions attract thousands of overwintering greylag geese. Skeins of them can be seen flying over the village from October until early May. Both the Star Moss and the nearby Carriston Reservoir are sites of special scientific interest.
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Morphology and DND barcodes show that Calybites hauderi does not occur in the British Isles (Gracillariidae). Nota lepidopterologica 33(2): 191-197. The wingspan is about 10 mm. Adults are on wing in July and August, overwintering as an adult.
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The adults are 5.6–7.7 mm long, with females larger than males.Knapp, M. and K. Uhnavá. (2014). Body size and nutrition intake effects on fecundity and overwintering success in Anchomenus dorsalis (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Journal of Insect Science 14(1): 240.
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Up to four pounds of pruning can occur during the season. Remove excess growth, diseased and overwintering berries, leaves, and tendrils from the vineyard, and burn or otherwise destroy them. This practice reduces inoculum of the fungus, thus limiting disease.
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Some members of this species also spend the winter season living in caves. The practice of overwintering tends to vary based on location, temperature and the period of time per day an organism receives sunlight, also known as the photoperiod.
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The sycamore tussock moth produces two generations each year. Moths emerge from overwintering cocoons from May to June. After mating, they lay egg masses on bark the underside of leaves. The larvae feed on the American sycamore tree, Platanus occidentalis.
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Laricobius nigrinus is a species of tooth-necked fungus beetle in the family Derodontidae. It is found in North America. It is being studied as a biological control agent for the hemlock woolly adelgid, as the larvae feed on overwintering adelgids.
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California Fish and Game. 70:4 240-247 Young shoots and leaves are grazed by deer, horses, and cattle. It is an overwintering host for many species of Lepidoptera and ladybug. Deergrass seed provides food for many different bird species.
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Mycobank, Puccinia menthae Pers., Synopsis methodica Fungorum: 227, 1801. This is the overwintering structure. They require a period of dormancy before they are able to germinate into basidiospores. This period of dormancy needs to be a minimum of 12 days.
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Cicadas are however frequent prey according to their habitat. Overwintering occurs as the egg. The nymphs occur from May the adults (depending on the altitude) from June/July to October, until July. Late in the year, only females are observed.
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However researchers found that egg viability is greater in the southern populations where eggs are smaller. This can be explained by higher overwintering temperatures. Egg size is influenced by a number of factors. As maternal age increases so does egg size.
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It has also been found in Taiwan and Israel. Its main mode of propagation is vegetative. The resulting conidia reside in the soil, air and water. These spores are extremely resilient and can overwinter on crop debris and overwintering herbaceous plants.
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In the early years of the War of the Austrian Succession, the regiment served in Westphalia, Bavaria, and Bohemia until its return to France in July 1743. It was then sent to Alsace to serve as part of Marshal François de Franquetot de Coigny's army, overwintering at Dijon before being sent to the garrison of Belfort. It then participated in the taking of Wissembourg, and in the defense of the lines of the Lauter, and then the takings of Augenheim and Philippsburg. After overwintering in Pontarlier, the regiment was part of the taking of Kronembourg near Strasbourg in 1745.
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Indigenous people groups, residents, farmers and landowners surrounding the overwintering sites have made statements about their dissatisfaction with the involvement of Canadian and American conservationists concerning the enforcement of restricting the use of lands in and around preserves. Sustainable development in the areas surrounding overwintering colonies has been identified as a major factor in conservation efforts. It refers to the replacement of economic activities that have a negative effect on conservation efforts with economic opportunities that have a positive effect on conservation goals. Mexican communities have expressed concern with the limitations placed on their use of land and resources.
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As part the Highways Agency Biodiversity Action Plan (HABAP) in the UK, the Species Action Plan (SAP) for great crested newts aims to maintain and enhance existing newt populations through appropriate management of suitable habitat. As part of steps to implement the HABAP, newt hibernacula (e.g. log piles) have been constructed to improve the quality of the terrestrial habitat through increasing the number of potential overwintering sites. It was also determined that habitat surrounding breeding ponds with plenty of cover and suitable overwintering sites may have less need for provision of artificial hibernacula than landscapes with less woodland, hedgerows, scrub etc.
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The flies tend to frequent dry areas because of their aristae antennae. The aristae are sensitive to minute temperature and pressure changes. During the winter, adult P. rudis' have a habit of overwintering. This ritual begins when the weather starts to get cold.
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The wingspan is . Adults are on wing from mid-July to the end of May of the following year after overwintering. There is one generation per year. The larvae feed on great willowherb (Epilobium hirsutum) feeding inside the stem of their host plant.
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Adults are on wing from the start of September to the beginning of November and after overwintering from the end of February to mid May in one generation. The larvae feed on Myrica gale, Vaccinium myrtillus, Vaccinium uliginosum, Chamaedaphne calyculata and, Ledum palustre.
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The life cycle of giant hogweed consists of four phases: 1\. Pre-flowering plants: In the first year, leaves sprout from seed. In subsequent years, leaves sprout from overwintering roots as well as seeds. This pre-flowering phase continues for several years. 2\.
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Bennett VA, Lee RE Jr, Nauman JS, Kukal O. Selection of overwintering microhabitats used by the arctic woollybear caterpillar, Gynaephora groenlandica. Cryo Letters. 2003 May- Jun;24(3):191-200. In this dormant state, it can withstand temperatures as low as −70 °C.
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Mated females leave the overwintering sites before the males. Monarchs travelling north do not form roosts. Rates of recolonization have remained steady between 1997 and 2011. The recolonization of the breeding grounds in the United States and Canada is a two generation process.
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Eryngium alpinum is a hemicryptophyte, its overwintering buds are situated just below the soil surface and the floral axis more or less erect with a few leaves.Pignatti S. - Flora d'Italia – Edagricole – 1982. Vol. II, pag. 176 The roots are deep and robust.
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Komatsu et al. found that hyphae of T. wiesneri overwintered in symptomatic shoots of Cerasus × yedoensis. This is in contrast with the overwintering of other Taphrina species such as Taphrina deformans that over winter on leaf and twig surfaces before initiating infection.
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In other fairyflies, such as Anagrus, this is reversed. The first instar is immobile, while the second instar is a very distinctive, highly active "hystriobdellid" larva. At least one instar of the larvae is capable of overwintering when laid in colder seasons.
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The overwintering eggs are buried in older blades of grass. Both sexes are usually flightless but some winged individuals occur. The generic name is from Greek myrmex, ant, and koris, beetle or bug. The specific name is the Latin for slender or graceful.
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Adults are on wing from August to (after overwintering) June of the following year. There is one generation per year. The larvae feed on the leaves of Betula, Quercus, Alnus, Salix and Populus species. Larvae can be found from May to July.
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Characteristic for this genus is that during the reproductive season, adult males have thorny structures on the fingers and rounded spiny patches on the chest. Breeding takes place in high- elevation streams, and tadpoles have slow development, including overwintering under ice cover.
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Monarch butterfly mating Females and males typically mate more than once. Females that mate several times lay more eggs. Mating for the overwintering populations occurs in the spring, prior to dispersion. Mating is less dependent on pheromones than other species in its genus.
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Oxford University Press, New York, NY. The chrysalis is often formed inside a leaf shelter. It is brown with the abdomen being a lighter brown and having small black dots. The overwintering stage is unknown. The Zabulon skipper has two broods per year.
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A. sulcatus is univoltine with adults overwintering in deep permanent water bodies that neither dry out or freeze completely.Bergsten,J., B.M.,Miller.(2005) Mating pairs are found in both spring and autumn. Females lay their eggs near water on the underside of plant matter.
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There is one generation per year. The overwintering occurs as an adult bug under foliage and in moss near the host plants. The mating takes place in May and June. The nymphs appear from June to August, the new generation of adults from July.
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Digitivalva pulicariae is a moth of the family Acrolepiidae. It is found in most of Europe, except Portugal, Fennoscandia, the Baltic region and Poland.Fauna Europaea The wingspan is about 13 mm. Adults are on wing from August to, after overwintering, May of the following year.
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Adults are on wing from September and overwintering until May.Warren. W. in Seitz, A. Ed., 1914 Die Großschmetterlinge der Erde, Verlag Alfred Kernen, Stuttgart Band 3: Abt. 1, Die Großschmetterlinge des palaearktischen Faunengebietes, Die palaearktischen eulenartigen Nachtfalter, 1914 The larvae feed on Alnus and Corylus.
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Development takes place mostly within a two-year life cycle. Adult beetles emerge in the spring from the soil where they have been overwintering as adult. They feed on hazel buds and leaves. The adults can be found from May to the end of August.
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In 1997, Amoco sold Canmar's remaining assets, including Canmar Kigoriak, to an international consortium of shipping companies.The Richness of Discovery. Peter McKenzie-Brown, 12 August 2006. Barker, A. and Timco, G. (2012): Overwintering of Barges in the Beaufort - Assessing Ice Issues and Damage Potential.
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Resorptive cells, which may be unique to harvestmen, contain lipid droplets, glycogen and mineral spherites. These spherites are also common in many arachnids. They seem to function in heavy metal excretion and mineral storage. Overwintering juveniles store calcium and phosphates in it for molting.
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Orbona fragariae is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found from central Europe, through Sibiria to the Pacific Ocean. The wingspan is 54–62 mm. Adults are on wing from the end of August to May of the following year after overwintering.
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Local governments are considering legislation to provide habitat for migrating monarchs. Many are joining the non-profit organization Monarch City USA to commit to increasing monarch habitat in their area. The Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve was established to protect an overwintering site in Mexico.
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Cochlodinium is thought to have a cyst-type overwintering stage in their life cycle. This process allows C. polykrikoides to produce a specialized cell that is non-motile. These cells aggregate and rest in certain basins until conditions allow for reproduction and colonies to form.
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The front half of the discal area with reddish-brown intermingling. Certain determination only by genitalic examination. Adults are on wing from mid-June to the beginning of July and from the end of July (after overwintering) to May. There are two generations per year.
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DBIF Overwintering occurs as an imago in the ground litter, or under loose bark. The bugs appear in April or May, and sit on the basal leaves of their food crops. Some make dispersion flights to colonize new plants. Mating and oviposition lasts until July.
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B. major adult Larvae live parasitically in the nests of various solitary bees and wasps. When the fly larva locates a host larva, it will consume it slowly, greatly increasing in size as it tightly holds onto the host, eventually becoming a pupa and overwintering.
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The flowering period extends from July through September in their native habitat.Pignatti S. - Flora d'Italia – Edagricole – 1982, Vol. II, p. 232 This plant has its overwintering buds situated just below the soil surface (hemicryptophyte) and an almost leafless stalk growing directly from the ground (scapose).
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Several natural features are visible from clearing along the trail, such as the Shawangunk Ridge to the west, and the Plattekill Creek between New Paltz and Gardiner. The trail passes through dense vegetation, and is frequented by many types of animals and overwintering birds.
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While herbicide-use has been proposed as one factor causing the decline in overwintering numbers of eastern monarchs, it is not the only possibility. Another is that the monarchs are experiencing problems reaching Mexico. This idea has been embraced by a number of leading monarch researchers, largely because of recent evidence showing that the number of breeding (adult) monarchs has not declined in the last two decades, based on long-term citizen science data. The lack of long-term declines in the numbers of breeding, and migratory monarchs, yet the clear declines in overwintering numbers, implies there is a disconnect between these life stages, that must be growing.
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January 10: Entering February 27: Entering Bahia de los Patos. March 31: Beginning of the overwintering stay at Puerto San Julián. April 1 and 2: Mutiny on Victoria, Concepcion and San Antonio; death of Louis de Mendoza. Later execution of de Quesada, marooning of de Cartagena.
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This species overwinters as imago or in the larval stage. The overwintering bugs can be found and mate in early spring and the females lay their eggs on plant stems. The larvae can be found in early June. The new adult generation will appear in July.
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Depressaria ultimella is a moth of the family Depressariidae. It is found in most of Europe, except Spain, Norway, Finland, Lithuania, Switzerland, Italy and most of the Balkan Peninsula. The wingspan is 17–21 mm. Adults are on wing from August to (after overwintering) the following spring.
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Adults are on wing from mid July to the end of May of the following year after overwintering. There is one generation per year. The larvae feed on Epilobium hirsutum and Chamaenerion angustifolium. The larvae probably feed inside the stem and cause a gall to be formed.
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Females mate with their siblings before leaving the galleries. Although males are flightless, females can fly and disperse to other potential host trees. Here they excavate tunnels and lay eggs. The larvae develop and enlarge the galleries and the female stays with the brood, overwintering there.
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Canadian Forces Station (CFS) Alert is the northernmost settlement in the world. With the end of the Cold War and the advent of new technologies allowing for remote interpretation of data, the overwintering population has been reduced to 62 civilians and military personnel as of 2016.
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Most frass is deposited in the leaf tip. A round hole is made at the base of the mine, which the larva uses to leave the mine. This hole is closed with silk. A single larva creates mines in several leaves before overwintering inside the mine.
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This moth flies at night from August to October and is attracted to light and flowers. The larva feeds on all parts of various grasses, overwintering in this form. #The flight season refers to the British Isles. This may vary in other parts of the range.
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This plant tends to encounter pests such as spider mites (Tetranychus urticae) particularly in the dry, humid months. To maintain plant health during overwintering, considered between the temperatures of 10-15 degrees Celsius, enough water must be added so that the roots do not dry out completely.
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Pupation and overwintering takes place in the soil. The imagoes, the adults, have a very weak flight ability, and flutter low among the grasses. They are active day and night in May in southern Turkey. Adult moths are active from late spring to early summer in Cyprus.
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Kessleria fasciapennella is a moth of the family Yponomeutidae. It is found in Great Britain, Fennoscandia, the Baltic region, Poland, Austria, Switzerland and Spain.Fauna Europaea The wingspan is 14–18 mm. Adults are on wing from August to September and again, after overwintering, from May to June.
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Wasps in the genus Coelopencyrtus are internal parasitoids of mature X. pubescens larvae, with hundreds emerging from each larva. They run on top of X. pubescens nests constantly throughout nesting season, with activity peaking in the fall. Overwintering for Coelopencyrtus occurs in or near dead hosts.
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The species overwinters in the larval stage. After overwintering, young larvae feed on the undersurface of the base of a leaf. A tube is constructed and several nearby leaves are pulled together around the tube. The larvae usually leave this tube to construct a second one.
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The Morgan Arboretum contains 40 native species of tree including the American Beech, Sugar Maple, Butternut, Bitternut Hickory, American Elm and Black Cherry. It is also home more than 170 species of migratory and overwintering birds, 15 species of reptiles and amphibians, and 30 species of mammals.
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Kingfishers, bee-eaters and rollers: A Handbook. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. Overwintering areas are indifferent to breeding ranges, but are able to forage farther than during their breeding periods. Large irrigation canals in Rio Grande, Texas have been used as wintering grounds by such species.
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The lower lake is surrounded by alder and willow woods and is not easily accessible. It is used by overwintering wildfowl. The upper lake is more open and can be seen from the B4302 road. Great crested grebes and mute swans regularly breed on the reserve.
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In 1997, Amoco sold Canmar's former fleet of drilling units and offshore icebreakers to an international consortium of shipping companies.Barker, A. and Timco, G. (2012): Overwintering of Barges in the Beaufort - Assessing Ice Issues and Damage Potential. Technical Report OCRE-TR-2012-008. The Richness of Discovery.
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Arnica montana L., relevant European medical plant (2014). Waizel-Bucay J., Cruz-Juarez M. de L. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Forestales, Vol. 5 Issue 25 p. 98-109 Arnica montana is a hemicryptophyte, which helps the plant to survive the extreme overwintering condition of its habitat.
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This plant has its overwintering buds situated just below the soil surface (hemicryptophyte). It spreads by underground rhizomes and produces deep, taproot-shaped tubers. Both are white and fleshy. Because any piece of the roots can sprout into a new plant, it is extremely hard to eradicate.
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They live in a larval chamber in the lowest part of the mine. The frass is deposited in the apical part of the mine. After overwintering, they live in spun needles and feed on the shoots. Pupation takes place outside of the mine within a bud.
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Seven species of Tortricinae (Lepidoptera; Tortricidae) new to Korea The wingspan is 18–22 mm.microlepidoptera.nl The forewings are whitish or pale grey, dotted with tufts of raised dusky scales.Bug Guide Adults are on wing from September to April after overwintering. The larvae feed on Betula species.
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The bulbs are best planted just below the surface of the soil, with the neck of the bulb level with the surface. In colder climates mulching or lifting and overwintering is required. The bulbs may be propagated from offsets. Amaryllis bulbs require little watering and are drought tolerant.
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There are no floating leaves. The stipules are tubular when young, but tend to split with age. Turions are produced, often in large quantities. In early autumn the entire plant disintegrates into a mass of turions, which act as a means of propagation and as an overwintering mechanism.
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They create a stem gall. The galls are somewhat variable in shape often appearing as a swelling on the side of the stem. The larvae are full-grown in fall, overwintering in the larval stage within the gall. Pupation takes place in a white to light grey cocoon.
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Pennycress is an annual, overwintering herb with an unpleasant odor when its leaves are squeezed. It grows up to 40 to 80 cm depending on environmental conditions. White, lavender or pink flowers with four petals develop between five and eight seeds per plant. Numbers of chromosomes is 2x.
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Adults are on wing from September to April in one generation per year, overwintering by hiding in thick cover. The larvae feed on Hesperis matronalis, Cardamine bulbifera, Sisymbrium, Alliaria and Cheiranthus species form beneath a silken web. Pupation takes place in a network cocoon made on a leaf.
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Springbeauty is a perennial plant, overwintering through a tuberous root. It is a trailing plant growing to long. The leaves are slender lanceolate, long and broad, with a long petiole. The flowers are in diameter with five pale pink or white (rarely yellow) petals, and reflect UV light.
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The Municipality of Harrison Park manages the lake, offering recreational fishing for northern pike, walleye, and yellow perch. Wargatie Lake also supports a large population of the northern leopard frog, a Species of Special Concern in Canada; the lake is believed to provide an overwintering habitat for the frogs.
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Bees of X. micans develop from egg to adult over the course of seven weeks. New adults break out of the brood cell partitions several weeks after reaching adulthood, generally in late August, to collect pollen to store for overwintering. The bees quickly return to their nests to overwinter.
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Adults are on wing adults in late autumn, overwintering and appearing again in early spring. The larvae mainly feed on Quercus species, including Quercus robur, but have also been recorded on Populus and Salix species. They resting curled up between the leaves pupating in a yellow boat-shaped cocoon.
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Adult beetles feed on leaves of broadleaved trees. They are mainly associated with beech, birch, alder, hawthorn, oaks, elm and hazel. Overwintering takes place in the larval stage, as development is completed in the spring. The sexually mature beetles (imago) can be found in the middle of summer.
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Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) pp. 236–240; Power (2005) pp. 12–14; Duffy (2002) pp. 57–58; Oram (2000) pp. 41–42. After overwintering in region, the Norwegian king left for Scandinavia in the summer, only to make his return nearly four years later, in 1102 or 1103.
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A number also overwinter in the Dominican Republic. Overwintering birds have been collected and sighted a number of times in Florida, it has been recorded as a rare accidental on Bermuda, Cuba and Jamaica, and there is an uncorroborated report from coastal Mexico.Mayfield, Harold F (1992). Kirtland’s Warbler.
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They live in the water at first, and later buried in the mud, up to 18 meters of depth. These larvae feed on larvae of insects, worms and small molluscs. They usually need two years to develop, overwintering as larvae. Pupation takes place on the shore under the soil.
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Attenborough Nature Centre Map of the reserve. Accessed 18 Mar 2012 There are also areas of native willow and woodland. The ponds have become the most important bird overwintering area in Nottinghamshire for shoveler and diving ducks. The species count since 1966 is now over 250 bird species.
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Stigmella intermedia is a moth of the family Nepticulidae. It is found in North America in Ohio, Arkansas, Kentucky and Ontario. Mine The wingspan is 3-3.5 mm. Usually there are two generations per year, with larvae maturing in July and overwintering, but occasionally a third generation appears.
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The seeds often remain viable for months or even years within an undamaged gourd. One hectare of plants can produce 2.5 tons of seed. The plant forms a fleshy tap root which is used as a storage and overwintering structure. The central tap root can weigh up to .
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The insects require two years for their development. Overwintering adults mate from the end of May until the beginning of July. By late autumn the nymphs reach the third to fifth stage, and then hibernate. From about July of next year, the nymphs complete their development to adults.
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The pupal stage lasts 18 days alone, however the full cycle spans approximately 6 weeks. Colony decline happens during the summer months between the end of egg production and overwintering. However, because the females of L. hemichalceum migrate between different nests, more than one nest exists at a time.
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Adult crocodilians are typically territorial and solitary. Individuals may defend basking spots, nesting sites, feeding areas, nurseries, and overwintering sites. Male saltwater crocodiles establish year-round territories that encompass several female nesting sites. Some species are occasionally gregarious, particularly during droughts, when several individuals gather at remaining water sites.
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The museum monarch volunteers also enhance monarch viewing at the sanctuary during the overwintering season providing viewing scopes and interpretation. The museum's backyard features over 100 plant species native to Monterey County arranged into five bioregions; coastal scrub, chaparral, mixed oak woodlands, butterfly host and nectar plants, and ethnobotany.
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Pecan anthracnose is an ascomycete fungus and has a life cycle similar to that of other ascomycetes. Anthracnose has an overwintering stage and survives as an ascocarp. The ascocarp can survive on fallen nuts, leaves and other plant debris. Ascocarps can be spread by the wind or rain.
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In forests they are found predominantly in glades, the edge of pathways and margins. Sometimes they are found in drier places. It is a predator with a non-specific range of prey and hunts on the ground as well as in the herb layer. Overwintering occurs as the egg.
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Seeds and grains, green vegetation, fruit, nectar and pollen, insects, grubs and larvae. The presence of the winter- flowering golden wattle (Acacia pycnantha) is positively correlated with numbers of swift parrots overwintering in box–ironbark forest in central Victoria, while the presence of flowering eucalypts has no correlation.
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Overwintering takes place in rodent nests. The larvae feed on the shoots and fruit of Calligonum junceum, Calligonum eriopodum, Calligonum microcarpum and Calligonum leucoladum. They can be found from late spring to the first half of summer.J. C. Koster, S. Yu. Sinev: Momphidae, Batrachedridae, Stathmopodidae, Agonoxenidae, Cosmopterigidae, Chrysopeleiidae.
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Good weed control and the destruction of crop residue in and around fields reduce overwintering populations. After harvest, fields are plowed to expose larvae. For quick control of large populations attacking young seedlings, insecticide sprays are the only alternatives. Biological pest control can be introduced to fight the beetle.
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At the end of the summer, approximately 15 days to one month before the snow has completely covered the study area, individuals start overwintering under large plants or stones. Overwintering is common in species of Timarcha, as well as other chrysomelids, and it occurs in most high mountain species, which are active only during the warmest period of the year. The short periods of activity (usually restricted to summertime) limits the breeding season to a few months in which these species have to maturate reproductive organs, mate, breed, and develop. Although adults lay eggs during the whole summer, larval activity is restricted to a short period (early to late June) after snowmelt.
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Acleris minuta, the yellow-headed fireworm or lesser apple leaf-folder, is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in eastern North America.mothphotographersgroup The length of the forewings is 6.5–9.5 mm. The forewings are uniform yellow or orange (the summer form) or grey (the overwintering form).
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Bruce spanworm uses the same pheromone as winter moth. The larvae hatch in the early spring after overwintering as eggs. The neonates primarily feed on the buds and nearly unfurled leaves of sugar maple, American beech and trembling aspen. They have also been recorded on willow and various other deciduous trees.
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Lake Constance is an important overwintering area for around 250,000 birds.">Bundesamt für Veterinärwesen: Forschungsprojekt "Constanze“ am Bodensee gestartet annually. Bird species such as the dunlin, the curlew and the lapwing overwinter at Lake Constance.Brachvogelprojekt In the middle of December 2014 there were 56,798 heron, 51,713 coot and 43,938 pochard.
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This fly is univoltine, having only one annual cycle. It mates shortly after emerging from its overwintering puparium. Females lay eggs inside developing Hemerocallis buds which hatch into 2-mm-long, elongate, legless white larvae. Their presence and feeding causes distortion of bud tissues and failure of buds to open.
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Caloptilia populetorum (commonly known as clouded slender) is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is found in most of Europe, except Italy, the Balkan Peninsula and the Mediterranean islands. The wingspan is . Adults are on wing from August onwards, overwintering after which they may be seen until April or May.
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Moths from the overwintering pupae emerge in May and June. The larvae feed on Acer saccharum and Acer rubrum. They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine is long and serpentine, in which the loosened epidermis is pale green and a black line of frass extends through the middle.
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This is possibly due to unfavorably dry habitat between meadow complexes. Overwintering sites are rodent burrows or willow thickets (see "Habitat Utilization"), and the first freezing nighttime temperatures seem to cue adult toads to seek hibernacula. Hibernation usually begins in the late summer or early fall, between September and October.
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As an adult butterfly, the question mark seeks out rotting fruit, tree sap, dung, or carrion as food sources. Only when these are unavailable do question marks visit flowers for nectar. This dietary adaptation is especially beneficial to the late spring / overwintering / early spring brood when nectar sources may be limited.
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Species like winter wheat that rely on just that. The wheat require a cold period before being able to respond to the photoperiod. This is known as vernalization or overwintering. This ebb-and-flow of flowering in plants is essentially controlled by an internal clock known as the endogenous oscillator.
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In cooler climates, the number of complete generations may be reduced to two. E. postvittana 5th instar larva Eggs are laid in clusters of 3–150 on leaves or fruit. A single female might lay hundreds of eggs. Adults produced by the overwintering larval generation emerge during October and November.
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The biological form of Polygala vulgaris is hemicryptophyte scapose,Pignatti S. - Flora d'Italia – Edagricole – 1982. Vol. II, pag. 32 as its overwintering buds are situated just below the soil surface and the floral axis is more or less erect with a few leaves. Polygala vulgaris reaches on average in height.
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Acanthopteroctetes are leaf-miners on the shrub genus Ceanothus (Rhamnaceae) (Kristensen, 1999: 53-54). The mine is a blotch on the leaf, overwintering as a larva, with the pupa in a cocoon on the ground (Kristensen, 1999). The adult moths, diurnal, emerge in the spring. The biology of Catapterix is however unknown.
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Maryland has a large food-production sector. A large component of this is commercial fishing, centered in the Chesapeake Bay, but also including activity off the short Atlantic seacoast. The largest catches by species are the blue crab, oysters, striped bass, and menhaden. The Bay also has overwintering waterfowl in its wildlife refuges.
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L. cressonii have reproductive broods after the initial worker broods. Within these reproductive broods there will be females who mate with males and then enter diapause. They will hold the sperm in their spermatheca until the next spring and will be able to act as overwintering gynes or reproductive females later on.
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This allows the pathogen to spread systemically through the vascular system into new leaves of the plant.Agrios, George N. Plant Pathology. 5. London: Elsevier Academic Press, 2005. 689-690. Print. Since phytoplasmas are not known to survive without their host (plant or insect), the process of the overwintering (unfavorable conditions) stage is unknown.
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Mariposa (formerly Agua Fria) is a census-designated place (CDP) in and the county seat of Mariposa County, California, United States. The population was 2,173 at the 2010 census, up from 1,373 at the 2000 census. Its name is Spanish for "butterfly", after the flocks of monarchs seen overwintering there by early explorers.
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There are many theories that attempt to explain monarch migration. "Science has not yet offered a sufficient explanation for how that [the migration] happens." Researchers often propose that multiple migratory mechanisms play a role. Not all who study monarch migration agree on the mechanisms that allow the migrating butterflies to find overwintering sites.
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The diamondback moth is considered a pest in areas that do not experience very cold winters, as these help to reduce adult activity and kill off overwintering moths. It is considered an especially significant issue in China, as it has been argued that Chinese cabbage represents the country's most significant vegetable crop.
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Instituto Sperimentale per la Patologia Vegetale (MAF). pp 195-202. Overwintering Urophora larvae are heavily preyed upon by deer mice Peromyscus maniculatus. The inability of Urophora species to control knapweed led to the introduction of other biocontrol agents, including the weevils Larinus minutus and Bangasternus fausti, which also attack seed heads of kanpweed.
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In eastern Ontario, the leek moth undergoes three flight periods each year. The first flight period peaks in mid-May and consists of overwintering adults. The second peaks in early July and consists of first generation adults. The third peaks from late July to late August and consists of second generation adults.
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Overwintering population densities are usually found to be lower than in the breeding season. The density of the population ultimately depends on the type of forest being inhabited. During migration, blue-headed vireos are often found to flock with groups of different sparrow species but rarely with members of its own species.
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The larval food plant is oak. The insect overwinters as a larva. The body of the caterpillar larva is red brown, but it camouflages itself by attaching a screen of oak leaf fragments to its specially hooked bristles. After overwintering, the attached camouflage changes and consists of bud scales from the oak tree.
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PLoS ONE 10 (5): 1–12 Warmer temperatures increases the time and speed of egg hatching and nymph development.”Sidumo, A., E, Sheilds., & Lembo, A. (2005). “Estimating the Potato Leafhopper Empoasca fabae (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) Overwintering Range and Spring Premigrant Development by Using Geographic Information System.” Journal of Economic Entomology 98 (3): 757–764.
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Dibotryon morbosum has a relatively simple disease cycle. In the spring, after overwintering in a previous host, the fungus produces ascospores, which are stored in pseudothecia. These ascospores then get dispersed by the wind and rain until they find a susceptible host. They typically infect their host on wounded tissue or shoots.
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Phialophora gregata has no overwintering structures but instead lives in plant debris. Due to this, waiting until plant debris has decomposed (at least one full growing season) is the most effective way to control this disease. In cases of severe infection 2–3 years without planting soybeans in infected fields may be necessary.
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Workers are rarely, if ever, inseminated. None of the workers from pre- matrifilial and matrifilial colonies were observed by Keeping, M.G. (2002) to be inseminated. Overwintering gynes from Sterkfontein cave had the highest percent insemination. Lack of insemination has frequently been used as a criterion for distinguishing queens from workers in social wasps.
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Whole plant The biological form of Epilobium parviflorum is hemicryptophyte scapose,Pignatti S. - Flora d'Italia – Edagricole – 1982. Vol. II, pag. 155 as its overwintering buds are situated just below the soil surface and the floral axis is more or less erect with a few leaves. Epilobium parviflorum reaches on average in height.
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The number of monarchs overwintering in Mexico has shown a long-term downward trend. Since 1995, coverage numbers have been as high as during the winter of 1996–1997, but on average about . Coverage declined to its lowest point to date () during the winter of 2013–2014, but rebounded to in 2015–2016.
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Bugs of the World, George C. McGumo, Facts on File , 1993, Adelgids only lay eggs, and never give birth to live nymphs as aphids do. Adelgids are covered with dense woolly wax. A complete adelgid life cycle lasts two years. Adelgid nymphs are known as sistentes, and the overwintering sistentes are called neosistens.
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The larvae feed on Eriophorum angustifolium. They mine the leaves of their host plant. Initially, the larva bores into the stem of the host plant and mines the lower part of the leaf. After overwintering the larva creates a short pale reddish gallery in the lowest part of the leaf it overwintered in.
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In late spring, winged adults are known to migrate to new hosts both in the field and greenhouses. Physical exclusion with netting or screens can prevent the colonization of the roots. For overwintering eggs that persist in soil or media, heat sterilization could be employed. However, this treatment has been shown to reduce microorganism diversity.
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Depressaria pimpinellae is a moth of the family Depressariidae. It is found in most of Europe, except Ireland, Portugal and most of the Balkan Peninsula. A larval web in an inflorescence of Pimpinella saxifraga Larva The wingspan is 16–22 mm. Adults are on wing from September and after overwintering, again in the following spring.
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The parsnip moth or parsnip webworm (Depressaria radiella) is a moth of the family Depressariidae. It is found in most of Europe, except Portugal and most of the Balkan Peninsula. Larva The wingspan is 19–27 mm. Adults are on wing from August to (after overwintering in a sheltered place) May of the following year.
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At this stage, it moults and becomes a second-stage, legless nymph, and will remain sedentary for the rest of its life. It secretes wax from glands and is soon covered in a protective coating of wool-like material. After overwintering it completes a second moult in the spring to become a mature female.
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The station opened as a summer-only station in 1990 and was taken into use as an all-year station in 2005. It has an overwintering capacity of eight people and a summer capacity of 40. It is served by Troll Airfield, which is the base for the Dronning Maud Land Air Network (DROMLAN).
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There are also three viewing screens. The reserve is used by large numbers of overwintering pink footed geese, from Iceland, and wigeon, from Siberia. In summer, species such as avocets and lapwing breed there. in 2019, the RSPB acquired an adjacent area of wet grassland, Crossens Inner Marsh, in order to extend the reserve.
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Hoselaw Loch and Din Moss is a nature reserve near Kelso in the Scottish Borders area of Scotland, in the former Roxburghshire. The reserve is designated SSSI, SPA and RAMSAR because of the large numbers of geese overwintering there, especially the Icelandic/Greenland Pink-footed Goose Anser brachyrhynchus and the Icelandic Greylag Goose Anser anser.
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The crew had not prepared for overwintering in Antarctica well. De Gerlache forbade the crew to eat the penguin and seal meat that had been stockpiled because he hated eating it. As a result, scurvy became a problem on board Belgica. Following the death of magnetician Emile Danco on 5 June 1898, the situation worsened.
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Inseminated sexual females will lay overwintering eggs, from which new parthenogenetic females will emerge in early spring. When the colony begins to become overcrowded, some winged females are produced. These disperse to infest other plants, where they continue to reproduce asexually. When temperatures become colder and day lengths shorter, sexual winged females and males appear.
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First brood females emerge and mate before overwintering. Males emerge in late May and attempt matings with workers and foundresses. It is unknown if the foundresses monopolize reproduction, and this is an important question as it defines the function of the caste system of this species. Nests are reconstructed and eggs are laid in March.
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As solitary bees, A. pura females do not remain in their mother's nest if she is alive. However, there may be times in which A. pura females group together. When the mother is old or deceased, multiple young females may live as a group. Multiple females have also been seen huddled together while overwintering.
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Ninety-five species of plants have been identified in the area, many of which are rare. The area is a resting and overwintering place for migratory birds. Twelve of the bird species observed here are of regional importance, and six are of national importance. The protected area is split into two party by Ålesund Airport.
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The larvae feed on Comptonia peregrina. Young larvae construct a small silken case and feed on the epidermis and mesophyll of the leaf. Then the larvae move to the stems and construct hibernacula in which they overwinter. After overwintering, they leave the hibernacula and construct frass-covered silken cases, and feed on the leaves.
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Close-up on flowers of S. recta subsp. recta The biological form of S. recta is hemicryptophyte scapose, as its overwintering buds are situated just below the soil surface and the floral axis is more or less erect with a few leaves. The plant reaches on average in height.Pignatti S. - Flora d'Italia – Edagricole – 1982. Vol.
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Stem canker on sunflower has both a teleomorphic and anamorphic stage. The anamorphic stage is given the name Phomopsis helianthi. When the teleomorphic stage was discovered, it was given the name Diaporthe helianthi. Infection is initiated onto the leaves by windblown or rain splashed ascospores that were released from overwintering perithecia, the telomorphic fruiting body.
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Roses infected with species of Phragmidium will show a characteristic orange mass of spores and distorted growth at specific locations on the bush. The rose may be substantially weakened and lack vigour and may die. Later in the year, small black spots or raised areas will be visible. These are telia containing overwintering teliospores.
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Vedic Brahmins, Gaudiya Vaishnavas, tantriks and some Buddhist priests abstain from fungi and all vegetables of the onion family (Alliaceae). They believe that these excite damaging passions. In North Indian traditions, plants of the onion family, and effectively all overwintering plants are considered taboo. This is possibly due to the influence of Jain traditions.
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Corrugated steel arches covered the ceiling, and snow was blown back over the trenches to form the roof. Jamesway huts were used as additional shelter both above and below ice. There were two diesel generators. As a trial operation, Fistclench was not used for overwintering troops, but it housed several dozen during the summer.
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This orchid is becoming increasingly uncommon within Monmouthshire as well as nationally. Other orchids found on the reserve include the common spotted (Dactylorhiza fuchsii), common twayblade (Neottia ovata) and the greater butterfly (Platanthera chlorantha). The hedgerows of the field system provide an ideal habitat for dormice and also offer food for overwintering fieldfares and redwings.
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A Lygus lineolaris nymph L. lineolaris utilize cotton plants as one of their main reproductive hosts. Females lay eggs in the first row of cotton plants and later occupy more plants in the field. The females usually lay eggs in May after the overwintering period. The eggs hatch and nymphs begin to develop around June.
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The large mesosomal gland of male X. sonorina produces volatile components, called pheromones, which are attractive to females. These pheromones are long-range attractants and are used as male advertisements. The gland is seasonally active and overwintering males have no detectable attractant. X. sonorina mark the central area of their territories with the pheromones.
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The immature leafminers feed for several weeks, then drop to the ground where they enter the soil layer to develop into pupae. They pupate and remain there until the following spring. After overwintering as prepupae in the soil below the tree, the adults emerge just as the birch trees are leafed out. Adults are almost all females.
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The adults feed on leaves producing ragged holes, but it is the larvae that cause most damage to the potato crop with their tunnelling activities. At one time this weevil was considered a serious pest of potatoes, however modern management practices have reduced its impact. The burning or removal of crop residues destroys the overwintering adults.
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Unusually, a few overwintering steppe eagles have been now recorded in Kazakhstan, apparently near Shymkent, in the Aksu- Zhabagly Nature Reserve, the valley of the Syr Darya, the Chardara Dam and towns of the East Kazakhstan Region.Gennadievich, K. V. (2006). Winter meetings of the Steppe Eagle Aquila nipalensis in southern Kazakhstan. Russian Ornithological Journal, 1208: 3923.
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The cauda (tail-like elongation) is bluntly rounded, the legs are pale except for the extremities, and the cornicles are pale-coloured, short and flanged. Winged females range from in length and have a blackish head with longer antennae, blackish thorax and a green abdomen with dark spots on the third to sixth segments. The overwintering eggs are black.
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Cucujus clavipes is known as the flat bark beetle.Carrasco, M. A., S. A. Buechler, R. J. Arnold, T. Sformo, B. M. Barnes, and J. G. Duman. 2011. Elucidating the biochemical overwintering adaptations of larval Cucujus clavipes puniceus, a nonmodel organism, via high throughput proteomics. Journal of Proteome Research 10:4634–4646Bland, R. G. and H. E., Jaques. 2010.
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The larval stage begins feeding on corn kernels and undergoes 3-4 instars before entering the pupa stage. This stage will often last for roughly 3 weeks. When ready to pupate, the larva fall to the ground and bury themselves. This may last 9–10 days before reemerging, but it can be longer if overwintering becomes necessary.
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The eggs vary in shape, but often appear round and flattened, some have the shape of a dome or turban. They are similar to the eggs of the Lycaenidae. The caterpillars are usually hairy and plump, and are the common overwintering stage. The caterpillars are usually longer than those of the Lycaenidae except in the myrmecophilous species.
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Larvae live through 4–6 winters. After the last overwintering, they make large cradles () oriented perpendicular to the trunk, separated from the tree surface by about . Then the larva turns in the cradle with its head toward the trunk surface and pupates. Pupation occurs in June–July during 20–35 days and the pupa growth up to long.
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In diapause, the measurement of fats and lipids levels a can be as high as 34%. The fat storage organ is substantially larger in migrating and overwintering monarchs compared to the summer generations. Samples of tissue excluding the fat body also show higher levels of free lipids in the hemolymph. Females in diapause show little evidence of mature eggs.
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It is proposed that the ability to find overwintering sites in California and Mexico is an inherited trait. It has also been called a genetic memory. The possibility of an inherited map has been posited suggesting that the butterflies may follow streams and recognize landmarks. Other studies provide evidence against the theory of an inherited map.
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Most of the pests found were western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis), Lygus species such as the tarnished plant bug (L. lineolaris), and various spider mites from the family Tetranychidae. These make the plant a potential reservoir for overwintering pests. Other insects commonly found on great mullein feed exclusively on Verbascum species in general or V. thapsus in particular.
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But they are faced with the problem of long term post-translocation monitoring because they have to establish new home ranges that are unfamiliar to the box turtles. Plus, they are notorious for returning to their site of origin and have very small home ranges where they exhibit high fidelity and used it as overwintering sites.
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Phoma black stem infections can occur throughout the growing season, although the lesions are more noticeable during late summer. Phoma macdonaldii penetrates into the plants either directly via enzymatic degradation of the plant cell wall or by mechanical pressure. The fungus overwinters in infected crop debris. Primary inoculum originates from overwintering fungal structures (perithecia, pycnidia, and mycelia).
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Polistes instabilis colonies are usually initiated in the spring during the month of March. They are begun by one or few queens who have already mated called foundresses. The foundresses emerge from overwintering and begin building the nest. They do this by chewing up plant fibers and making them into paper, which is the main material for the nest.
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However, Steven et al. (1975) also reported slow population dispersal from these sites. Also, Pediobius foveolatus cannot overwinter in the United States due to cold winters and the lack of an overwintering host. In Pediobius foveolatus native territory, the weather either is conducive for year-round exposure, or wasps overwinter in their hosts, which overwinter as larvae.
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Due to their inability to tolerate the cold winter temperatures they must migrate south. Adults overwinter on hosts in the pine and mixed hardwood forests along the Gulf of Mexico and in the Southern United States.”Taylor, P., & Sheilds, E. (1995). “Phenology of Empoasca fabae (Harris) (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) in its Overwintering Area and Proposed Seasonal Phenology”.
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House crickets take two to three months to complete their life cycle at . They have no special overwintering stage, but can survive cold weather in and around buildings, and in dumps where heat from fermentation may sustain them. Eggs are deposited in whatever damp substrate is available. Juveniles resemble the adults except for being smaller and wingless.
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The area close to the estuary offers overwintering habitats for a number of important birds including pale- bellied Brent geese, lapwings, black-tailed godwits, and golden plovers. The mudflats are home to a variety of waders, swans and ducks. Other birds that inhabit the reserve include linnets, little terns, meadow pipits, reed buntings, skylarks, stonechats, wheatears, and wrens.
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The overwintering period is about 4.5 months. Later, in roughly half of the cases, one or more additional females come to form multiple foundress colonies and join these initial foundresses. Foundress associations of up to 16 foundresses can be formed. A dominance hierarchy then forms with the dominant female becoming the queen and the others becoming subordinates.
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It prefers slow-moving streams containing a sandy bottom and heavily vegetated banks. The soft bottoms and muddy shores of these streams are ideal for overwintering. Also, the areas bordering the streams (usually with open canopies ) are used for nesting. Spring to summer is spent in open areas including forests, fields, bogs, wet meadows, and beaver ponds.
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They migrate to the Gulf coast of the United States, the Caribbean, and south to South America. This species is a regular vagrant to western Europe; in Great Britain about five birds arrive each year, mostly between August and October,"Leser Yellowlegs (species profile)" at the Natural Lizard website (retrieved 5 April 2019) with the occasional individual overwintering.
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Vector control of citrus greening began when the disease was first introduced in 2005. All commercial citrus growers are advised in applying two dormancy pesticide sprays. These broad-spectrum pesticide sprays are applied in winter when adult psyllid populations decline to almost exclusive overwintering adults. With this strategy, significant reductions of populations withhold for up to 6 months.
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Diapause allows O. bicornis to survive harsh winter conditions. Typically in adult insects, reproductive diapause is characterized by a late development of gonads and a buildup of energy reserves. However, diapause in O. bicornis is somewhat different. The ovaries of females are not completely inactive during overwintering, as the development of oocytes continues in the vitellarium region.
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The same data from Warsaw, collected from 1977 to 2003, showed that the wintering western jackdaw population had increased four-fold. The cause of the increase is unknown, but a reduction in the number of rooks may have benefited the species locally, or rooks overwintering in Belarus may have caused western jackdaws to relocate to Warsaw.
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It has rich and varied vegetation. There are no species on the national red list, but many of them are regionally rare or endangered: herbaceous seepweed (Suaeda maritima), Ray's knotweed (Polygonum oxyspermum subsp. raii), media sandspurry (Spergularia media), and slenderleaf pondweed (Stuckenia filiformis). The area is very important for overwintering waterfowl such as loons, grebes, and ducks.
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Overwintering occurs as a mature larva within an earth-coated cocoon. Pupation occurs in the nest cell in the spring and lasts 25 to 30 days. There is only one generation per year and no adults overwinter. This wasp is frequently attacked by the parasitic "velvet ant" wasp, Dasymutilla occidentalis, also known as the "cow-killer" wasp.
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The Cabot well was also the last one drilled by SSDC under Canadian ownership. In 1997, Amoco sold Canmar's former fleet of drilling units and offshore icebreakers to an international consortium of shipping companies.Barker, A. and Timco, G. (2012): Overwintering of Barges in the Beaufort - Assessing Ice Issues and Damage Potential. Technical Report OCRE- TR-2012-008.
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The larvae feed on Echinops ruthenicus, Centaurea orientalis, Centaurea salonitana and Cirsium sublaniflorum. They bore the flowers of their host plant and mainly feed on young fruit. After overwintering they feed on last year's fruit, but have also been recorded feeding on the pupae of other insects. Pupation takes place in the pappus of the fruit.
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The needles of lightly to moderately infested trees exhibit chlorotic mottling where individual adults have fed. Attacked needles may also be twisted. Severely infested foliage may be completely chlorotic and drop prematurely. Late in the summer, some of the woolly adelgids develop wings and fly back to spruce to deposit eggs, which produce the overwintering population.
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52-60 By the spring of 1644 only forty of his men were left alive. Joined now by the overwintering party, they pushed down the Zeya to the Amur. Their reputation having preceded them, they had to fight their way down the Amur through numerous ambushes. By fall they reached the Gilyak country at the mouth of the Amur.
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Salvia patens is tuberous, and easily lifted for overwintering in a greenhouse. The more common varieties reach tall and wide, and are covered with hastate shaped mistletoe-green leaves. Inflorescences reach or longer, rising well above the leaves. pure blue flowers are spaced along the inflorescence, with a green calyx that adds to the attractiveness of the flowers.
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It can be cultivated in a wide range of areas with a Mediterranean climate. Unlike many ice plants, this species is hardy to , successfully overwintering at locations such as Denver, Colorado and Chicago, Illinois. The leaves turn red in cold winter temperatures. Due to the low need for maintenance, it is suitable for urban environments and high temperature regions.
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In France, numbers are around 20 adults/100 plants at the beginning of the colonization and 150 adults/100 plants at population peak when pressure is high. Fields near overwintering sites such as woody and herbaceous environment, and storage facilities, present increased risk of B. rufimanus colonization, particularly in areas with high infestation the precedent year.
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A rock outcrop in western Virginia used as an overwintering site by an eastern small-footed bat The eastern small-footed bat is most often detected during hibernation, and has been counted at approximately 125 caves and mines.Arryo-Cabrales, J., T.A. Castaneda (2008). Myotis leibii in IUCN red list. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 13.1.
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Overwintering adults emerge in late May or early June. Shortly after emergence, the beetles begin to feed, mate and lay eggs singly on stems and undersides of leaves. Adults live for about 8 weeks and are capable of laying eggs for most of this period. Each female lays approximately 850 eggs, with a range of 200 to 2,000 eggs.
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There have been no pycnia or aecia located on Canna Rust. However, P. thaliae has been known to cause rust on several cannabis species and on arrowroot which are other uredial hosts. The pathogen is likely mobile in the plant leaf allowing it to spread across the leaf surface. The overwintering stage occurs during the wet and cold seasons.
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The buildup of cryoprotective compounds is the reason that insects can experience cold hardening. Glycerol is a cryoprotective substance found within these insects capable of overwintering. Through testing, glycerol requires interactions with other cell components within the insect in order to decrease the body's permeability to the cold. When an insect is exposed to these cold temperatures, glycerol rapidly accumulates.
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Adults emerge from pupae to complete the life cycle in about 4–5 weeks in the summer. Five generations of larger tamarisk beetle occur through spring and fall in central Texas.Milbrath, L.; DeLoach, C. J.; Tracy, J. L; 2007: Overwintering survival, phenology, voltinism, and reproduction among different populations of the leaf beetle Diorhabda elongata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Environmental Entomology, 36 (6): 1356–1364.
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The only towns in Rutland are Oakham, the county town, and Uppingham. At the centre of the county is Rutland Water, a large artificial reservoir that is an important nature reserve serving as an overwintering site for wildfowl and a breeding site for ospreys. Rutland's older cottages are built from limestone or ironstone and many have roofs of Collyweston stone slate or thatch.
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It has some 95 breeding species of birds, is also very important for over 300 species of a wide range of transient and overwintering species, and serves as an essential stopover point for large numbers of migratory birds and waterfowl. The Ebro delta has the world's largest colony of Audouin's gulls. In 2006 it held a record number of more than 15,000 pairs.
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Adults are on wing from September and after overwintering, again to April. The larvae feed on Carum verticillatum, Cicuta virosa, Oenanthe aquatica, Oenanthe crocata, Oenanthe fistulosa, Oenanthe pimpinelloides and Sison amomum. Older larvae mostly live communally in spun leaves or the inflorescence. When full-grown, they bore through the wall of the stem and pupate in a cocoon in the hollow interior.
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The species provides an interesting case for molecular analysis as the pelagic dispersal phase raises fascinating questions on gene flow, differentiation, recruitment, and inbreeding, but there remains the potential for self-recruitment of estuarine populations. One of its natural predators is the Arctic barrel-bubble (Retusa obtusa). In Ireland Peringia ulvae is an important source of food for overwintering waders.
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The violet flowers grow in whorls of 6–8, and are held in a tiny calyx covered in long white hairs. In cold climates it is treated as an annual, freely reseeding itself, with seeds overwintering even in sub-freezing climates. It adapts itself to small spaces in between other plants, preferring full sun, lean soil, moderate irrigation, and good drainage.
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Snowy owls often seek out polygons such as these in the tundra. Most individuals arrive at the nest site by April or May with a few overwintering arctic exceptions. Males advertises potential nest sites to his mate by scratching the ground and spreading his wings over it. The nest is usually a shallow depression on a windswept eminence in the open tundra.
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A monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) feeding on butterfly weed (Asclepias tuberosa). Monarch populations have been declining in abundance due to loss of habitat in the United States and deforestation at overwintering grounds in Mexico. Butterfly gardening is a way to create, improve, and maintain habitat for lepidopterans including butterflies, skippers, and moths. Butterflies have four distinct life stages—egg, larva, chrysalis, and adult.
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Hants Moths The wingspan is 18–23 mm. Adults are on wing in one generation from July and August to late October and, after overwintering, from late February to early May.Lepidoptera of Belgium The larvae feed on Sorbus aucuparia, Alnus glutinosa, Cornus sanguinea, Salix caprea, Prunus spinosa, Prunus avium, Crataegus and Carpinus species. They feed within spun leaves of their host plant.
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However, it does not appear to survive in sugar beet seeds, or live in the soil after harvest. It is also possible for the pathogen to infect injured carrots, potato, sweet potato, tomato, radish, sunflower, artichokes, squash, cucumber and chrysanthemums; however, since those are often planted in the same season as sugar beets, they are not likely to be overwintering hosts.
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Vlindernet The larvae feed on various low- growing plants, including Lamium album, Viburnum lantana, Laburnum anagyroides, Prunus spinosa, Lonicera and Ligustrum species. Young larvae live in the top parts of the host plant. The species overwinters in the larval stage. After overwintering, the larvae hide during the day and feed on the terminal part of the twigs during the night.
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Habitat in the Czech Republic Adults are on wing from late August to November and, after overwintering, again from the end of February to mid-May. The larva are bluish green dotted with white; dorsal and subdorsal lines white; spiracular line yellowish white. The larvae feed on various deciduous trees, but mainly Quercus species. Larvae can be found from April to June.
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Acalitus essigi, the redberry mite,, is an eriophyid mite which is a serious pest of commercially produced blackberries in the United States. The redberry mite is microscopic, requiring at least a 20× hand lens to detect. It has two pairs of legs and a thin, translucent appearance. Overwintering mites colonize tiny spaces beneath the exterior scales of dormant buds of blackberries.
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Waterfowl flyways in the United States. The Pacific Flyway is in green. The Pacific Flyway is a major north-south flyway for migratory birds in America, extending from Alaska to Patagonia. Every year, migratory birds travel some or all of this distance both in spring and in fall, following food sources, heading to breeding grounds, or travelling to overwintering sites.
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The wingspan is 9–10 mm and can be found in June and July. Ova are laid, probably on the seeds, of wild parsnip (Pastinaca sativa) in June and July. The larvae feed within individual seed capsules in August and September. The deep yellow pupa can be found on the ground within a flimsy cocoon in September, overwintering until the summer.
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It supports nationally important breeding populations of common tern. Roseate terns returned to the site after an absence of six years with two breeding pairs recorded in 1997. It has also supported nationally important numbers of Arctic tern. It also qualified under Criterion 3c for supporting internationally important breeding populations of Sandwich tern and of overwintering light-bellied brent geese.
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Of these 33, 16 are considered true zooplankton organisms. Only 48 bird species regularly nest along the river, while others use the river as a migration corridor or as overwintering habitat. The bald eagle is one species that uses the river corridor as winter habitat. River otters may have disappeared from the park in the late 20th century, and muskrats are extremely rare.
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Experiments carried out in Germany by Hubert Roer in 1962-68, documented a long-distance (one way) migration from Bonn to Greece (Chalkiditi). The adult butterflies hibernate during the winter month. Typical locations of overwintering include tree cavities and on the ground underneath loose tree bark (covered by snow). They are often one of the first butterflies seen in the spring.
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The reproductive phase of the colony begins when the first female reproductives (the gynes) emerge from their brood cells. These reproductives differ from their worker sisters by having increased levels of fat stores and cryoprotectant carbohydrate compounds (allowing them to survive the overwintering period). These reproductives contribute genes directly to the next generation, while their worker sisters normally pass along their genes indirectly.
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The environment is usually the factor that controls whether disease develops or not. Environmental conditions may determine the presence of the pathogen in a particular season through their effects on processes such as overwintering. Environmental conditions also affect the ability of the pathogen to cause disease, e.g. a minimum leaf wetness duration is required for grey leaf spot of corn to occur.
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Aphalara itadori grows from egg to adult in 5 nymph phases over 33 days at 23 °C. Overwintering adults survive in conifer tree bark. Once females are fully grown they can produce a mean of 637 eggs ± 121.96(±1SE, n = 11) with a mean period of production at 37.5 days ± 5.85 days (±1SE, n = 11). Adult psyllids can live up to 67 days.
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A scientist using the Clifton It can be used to determine the osmolarity (saltiness) of very small volumes of aqueous solutions such as tears, biological samples or plant fluids. It can also be used to determine the antifreeze activity or thermal hysteresis in a solution, such as fluids from polar fish, overwintering insects, cold-hardy plants, any fluid that contains antifreeze proteins.
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Larvae with fecal shields The Argus tortoise beetle lays eggs on leaves, in clusters of 15 to 30. The eggs hatch within 10 days. Its larvae are yellowish-green or orange-yellow. The larvae feed on leaves until they are fully grown, then they drop to the soil to pupate, overwintering as pupae before emerging as adults in the middle of summer.
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P. sulcifer has lost the ability to take care of its own young, so if an overwintering female fails to find a host nest to usurp, she leaves no offspring. A successful female relies on the host workers to care for her brood. The parasite brood develop from eggs to adults more quickly than the host brood, 25 days vs. 33 days respectively.
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The inner part of the bay is shielded by a belt of pebbles, where there are ponds and lagoons. The bay is a resting, nesting, and overwintering site for wetland birds. Twenty-one species of birds of regional importance have been observed here, 13 of national importance, and five of international importance. Ornithological studies and teaching take place in the area.
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Around late summer, the queens and males leave their home colonies. At this point, the queens will become fertilised and will pass the winter season by finding an overwintering site. Before spring arrives, D. norwegica males will die. Upon arrival of spring season (around mid April or early May), the queens will emerge and feed with the goal of finding a new nest.
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For these reasons it is often raised in captivity. These birds have an unusual migration pattern as every few years in winter they migrate southwards in large numbers. The reasons for this behaviour are not known but may be related to climatic factors and above all the availability of food. In this way overwintering populations can thrive where food is abundant.
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Taphrina wiesneri is a plant pathogen causing witch's broom, or plant gall formations, on cherry trees (Prunus & Cerasus spp). It is an important pest species of the ornamental cherry Cerasus X yedoensis in Japan.Komatsu, M., Taniguchi, M., Matsushita, N., Takahashi, Y., & Hogetsu, T., (2010) Overwintering of Taphrina wiesneri within cherry shoots monitored with species-specific PCR. J Gen Plant Pathol Vol.
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The development of Agriotypus armatus has been documented on the host Silo pallipes in a stream in South-West England. The life cycle of the wasps took one year, with adults present in May and June. Eggs were laid in the pupae or prepupae of the host. The larvae under went 5 larval stages before overwintering as adults in their pupal case.
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Oviposition of Thereva cincta Knowledge of the biology of the Therevidae is limited and fragmented. The lifecycle is usually carried out in a single generation per year, although some European Therevidae have a cycle of two or more years. The overwintering stage is represented by the mature larva. The postembryonic development in known forms, five instars and pupation takes place in the spring.
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Also, weather that is humid and warm promotes the spread. Spores can be spread by wind to other plants. An important factor in development of rust epidemics is the infection of volunteer faba bean plants. The disease cycle is as follows: the overwintering diploid teliospores germinate in the spring with metabasidium forming four haploid basidiospores of two mating types, types (+) and (-) are formed.
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Oval and white, the eggs average in length and in width, and weigh about . The nests themselves are deep, and digging and filling it may take a total of four hours. Hatchlings emerge from the nest between August and October with overwintering being rare although entirely possible. An average length of , the hatchlings lack the vibrant coloration of the adults.
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This species is widespread across the United States, southern Canada and Russia. In North America, it has been reported from the far Aleutians (Kanaga Island) to Newfoundland, south to central California, northern Arizona and North Carolina. It is usually found in coniferous forests, both in the trees and in the understory vegetation. They have been observed overwintering in leaf litter.
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Lough Kinale is a noted coarse fishing destination with fish species including pike. Lough Kinale is part of the Lough Kinale and Derragh Lough Special Protected Area (SPA). This is an important site for overwintering wildfowl, especially mute swan, pochard and tufted duck. The Eurasian coot is found here as well as smaller numbers of great crested grebe, little grebe and mallard.
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In spring, at higher temperature and moisture, overwintering sporangia germinate to release mobile zoospores which infect suitable host epidermal cells. In infected cells, the summer sporangia develop, which quickly release new populations of zoospores. The infection cycle may be repeated as long as infection conditions are suitable. The infected plant cells swell, divide and surround the dividing zoospores resulting in the wart.
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O. bicornis begins diapause in November, and diapause termination occurs toward the end of January. Diapause typically lasts around 100 days. The two phases of overwintering in O. bicornis are diapause and postdipause quiescence. During diapause, the values of the supercooling point decreases, but diapause itself is independent of temperature variation. Temperatures of 20 °C lead to the bees’ death.
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Larvae are not easily distinguished from the larvae of other tortricid leafrollers; only DNA testing is a certain identification method. The first larval instar has a dark brown head; all other instars have a light fawn head and prothoracic plate. Overwintering larvae are darker. First instar larvae are approximately 1.6 mm long, and final instar larvae range from 10–18 mm in length.
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Flower of Carlina corymbosa Carlina corymbosa reaches on average in height. This plant has rhizomatous roots, overwintering buds situated just below the soil surface (hemicryptophyte)Herbario Virtual and an almost leafless stalk growing directly from the ground (scapose). The stem is green to whitish, thick and erect. The leaves are alternate, sessile or amplexicaul and lobed with spines on the margins.
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The fungus produces overwintering structures which makes it difficult to manage. Proper treatment (burning or burying deep under the ground) of the plant waste in fall and crop rotation can decrease disease incidence and severity. Some Phomopsis resistance hybrids are available in Europe where the disease is particularly severe. There are no commercial hybrids available in US which are resistant.
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The bay is important as a resting place for ducks and waders, and as an overwintering site and nesting site for wetland birds. Twenty bird species of international importance and three species of national importance have been observed here. The wildlife sanctuary is one of six natural areas that were included in the Giske Wetlands System Ramsar site, which was established in 1996.
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Adult Hylobius transversovittatus beetles emerge in the spring from the soil or leaf litter where they have been overwintering. They feed on the leaves of purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) and are mostly nocturnal. Their presence is evidenced by the ragged edges to leaves caused by their chewing. They are most active from June to August and may live for several years.
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They can survive freezing soil temperatures for many days. The depth of nest cavities in Nebraska in 1997 and 1998 was 16.8 cm and the depth of hatchlings buried in the soil ranged from 56.3 cm to 64.7 cm.Converse, SJ, JB Iverson and JA Savidge, 2002. Activity, reproduction and overwintering behavior of ornate box turtles (Terrapene ornata ornata) in the Nebraska Sandhills.
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The larva inside the egg becomes fully developed in about one month after being laid and then enters diapause to overwinter. The egg is in the overwintering stage lasting for eight or nine months. Development ceases in preparation for the winter. After an acclimation stage, during which the larva inside the egg reduces its water content, eggs can withstand freezing temperatures.
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After about two weeks, an adult fly emerges from the pupa. After mating, a female fly may lay several hundred eggs in total. There are up to three generations of the fly each year and the parasitoid overwinters as a second instar larva within the body of the overwintering host.Hoffmann, M.P. and Frodsham, A.C. Natural Enemies of Vegetable Insect Pests.
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Flea beetles do not survive in the northern half of Illinois due to low winter temperatures. Those found in late spring or summer have migrated from the south. Snow or other winter cover apparently provides insufficient shelter to enhance survival of the overwintering flea beetles. Prolonged periods of wet summer weather are unfavorable for beetle multiplication and feeding, while dry weather is favorable.
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Susceptibility decreases and natural control is obtained as plants grows older. External disease control is conducted by insecticide spraying to stop early feeding of overwintering flea beetles. Insecticides should be sprayed as soon as corn first breaks the soil surface. When establishing control measures, spraying should be repeated several times to regulate the presence of the insecticide products in the field.
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Male search and capture strategies may influence copulatory success, and human-induced changes to the habitat can influence monarch mating activity at overwintering sites. Courtship occurs in two phases. During the aerial phase, a male pursues and often forces a female to the ground. During the ground phase, the butterflies copulate and remain attached for about 30 to 60 minutes.
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Trout survival for winter is very poor with only the splake and brook trout overwintering. There is also a dense population of Utah chub. The lake was formed by a lava flow across the eastern end of the valley.Global Volcanism Program The lake drains into both the Great Basin and the Colorado River drainage systems through sinkholes in the lake floor.
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Observations on the nesting of Imperial Eagle Aquila heliaca in the Kuitun-Zima steppe area, Baikal region, Russia. Forktail., (20), 145. The migratory course used by imperial eagles is largely the same as the steppe eagle but the imperial is the far less numerous migrant (also more frequently overwintering near their breeding ground) and radiates less far in winter (especially in Africa).Fleming Jr., R. L. (1983).
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The common brimstone is one of the longest-living butterflies, with a life expectancy ranging from 10 months to a year. Due to its hibernation and life cycle, it has one generation per year. Development from the laid egg to the emergence of the imago is approximately 50 days. However, the adult brimstone spends a large portion of its life in an overwintering state.
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Myrmica ruginodis is a species of ant that lives in northern parts of Europe and Asia. It is very similar to M. rubra, but has a more northerly and higher- altitude distribution. Overwintering larvae may become either workers or queen ants, with up to 20 queens living in a colony of up to 2,500 individuals. Two subspecies are recognised, differing in the relative size of the queen.
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L. cressoni is a eusocial species and bees of the family Apoidae tend to found nests in similar ways. Nests can be founded by an overwintering gyne which is a female bee who has sperm stored from her mating the previous year. In this "foundress phase," the female will construct a nest (usually in soil or wood). This can be done in a group as well.
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This thermophile species shows adaptable life-cycle strategies in different latitudes, as hatching earlier, more than one generation per year or overwintering nymphs or oothecae. Adults can be found from late spring to late summer, depending on the latitude. Nymphs usually hatch in July and the ootheca is commonly laid in September. Similarly to the common Mantis religiosa the females may cannibalise the males whilst mating.
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In early 1356, along with Edward Balliol, he invaded Scotland, leading to an episode that would become known as the Burnt Candlemas. After recapturing Berwick and overwintering at Roxburgh, he spent ten days at Haddington, where he sacked the town and destroyed most of the buildings. His army ravaged the whole of Lothian, burning Edinburgh and the Shrine of the Virgin at Whitekirk.Major et al.
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Ecology and Physiology of Hibernation and Overwintering Among Freshwater Fishes, Turtles, and Snakes. Biological Reviews 64(4), pp. 435-515. doi:10.1111/j.1469-185X.1989.tb00683.x Many insects, such as the wasp Polistes exclamans, exhibit periods of dormancy which have often been referred to as hibernation, despite their ectothermy. Botanists can use the term "seed hibernation" to refer to a form of seed dormancy.
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Adults are on wing from August to November and again (after overwintering as an adult) from April to May. The larva feeds on various deciduous trees and shrubs such as Betula verrucosa, Betula pubescens, Salix species (including Salix caprea and Salix phylicifolia), Populus tremula, Sorbus aucuparia, Amelanchier spicata, Prunus padus, Rhamnus frangula, Vaccinium myrtillus, Vaccinium uliginosum. Larvae can be found from May to August.
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Cercospora leaf spot infects sugarbeets by overwintering in the soil from the year's previous crop. It can survive up to two years without a sugarbeet crop being planted. Once attached to the plant the fungus penetrates the tissue and begins to infect and kill nearby tissue. As the disease progresses these individual rotted spots begin to come together to form massive areas of dead tissue.
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Once the larvae hatch, typically between 5 and 8 days after the egg is laid, the larva eats its way to the base of the goldenrod bud and induces a gall. These galls serve as food sources and shelters from rain, wind and ice. Despite being the larva's overwintering structure, the gall itself does not provide significant insulation. Instead, the larva itself has robust freezing tolerance.
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Factors such as warm temperatures and lack of Precipitation increases their range. Cold temperatures, major precipitation, and unsuitable environmental conditions are factors that will stop migration to continue more north. In late summer, cold fronts start to appear sending cues for them to leave. As they leave they get caught up in these fronts which carry them south to southwest to their overwintering range.
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Peronospora manshurica commonly begins its disease cycle in the spring, with overwintering oospores mainly serving as the primary inoculum. This primarily occurs by the use of oospore encrusted seeds for planting. Oospores, and sometimes even mycelium, surviving on plant material can also serve as the primary inoculum. After the first infection by the oospores, the secondary dispersal of infection is accomplished by conidia originating from conidiophores.
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Plasmopara halstedii is a plant pathogenic oomycete, capable of overwintering in soil due to survival structures called oospores. For this reason, P. halstedii is a soil borne pathogen infecting the roots of the host plant.Ioos, R., Laugustin, L., Rose, S., Tourvieille, J. and de Labrouhe, D.T. (2007) Development of a PCR test to detect the downy mildew causal agent Plasmopara halstedii in sunflower seeds. Plant Pathol.
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White rust is an obligate parasite. This means it needs a living host to grow and reproduce. The Albuginaceae reproduce by producing both sexual spores (called oospores) and asexual spores (called sporangia) in a many-stage (polycyclic) disease cycle. The thick-walled oospores are the main overwintering structures, but the mycelium can also survive in conditions where all the plant material is not destroyed during the winter.
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Close-up on flowers of Parietaria judaica The biological form of Parietaria judaica is hemicryptophyte scapose, as its overwintering buds are situated just below the soil surface and the floral axis is more or less erect. This plant has pink or red hairy stems, woody at the base. It reaches on average a height of . The leaves are hairy, alternate, simple, entire and green, with smooth margins.
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A puzzling aspect of BTV is its survival between midge seasons in temperate regions. Adults of Culicoides are killed by cold winter temperatures, and BTV infections typically do not last for more than 60 days, which is not long enough for BTV to last until the next spring. It is believed that the virus somehow survives in overwintering midges or animals. Multiple mechanisms have been proposed.
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The lesser nighthawk retreats from the United States and northern Mexico during the winter months. Occasionally single birds may be found overwintering. The nighthawk is also occasionally found as a vagrant to the US Gulf Coast states to Florida. They catch flying insects on the wing, mainly foraging near dawn and dusk (crepuscular), sometimes at night with a full moon or near street lighting.
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Over 90% of these trees contain live insects. Although V. pensylvanica typically resides in ground nests, queens occasionally choose these trees as overwintering sites. One potential strategy to reduce the number of yellowjackets and other generalist predators is applying preharvest permethrin sprays in combination with mechanical tree-shaking.Hollingsworth, Robert G., Gary A. Chastagner, Neil J. Reimer, Darcy E. Oishi, Peter J. Landolt, and Robert E. Paull.
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The species inhabits mostly open forests, glades, rocky clearings, embankments and meadows in the elevation range from 1500 to 2300 metres above sea level. The larval host-plants are various grasses, including Poa annua. The eggs are not stuck to the host plant but fall among the foliage. The first instar caterpillar may aestivate until the autumn, at which time it feeds to some extent before overwintering.
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Close-up on a flower of Geranium sanguineum The biological form of Geranium sanguineum is hemicryptophyte, as its overwintering buds are situated just below the soil surface and the floral axis is more or less erect with a few leaves. It has a thick rhizome. The stems are prostrate to ascending, well developed, very branched and hairy. This plant reaches on average in height.
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Compost piles and stacks of wood can provide shelter for invertebrates and small mammals. Long grass and ponds support amphibians. Not removing dead annuals and non-hardy plants in the autumn allow insects to make use of their hollow stems during winter. In California, prune trees are sometimes planted in grape vineyards to provide an improved overwintering habitat or refuge for a key grape pest parasitoid.
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The more mature stages show an improved ability to migrate through host tissue.[3] When the growing season of the host comes to an end the nematode goes into a quiescent state overwintering inside the leaf tissue. When spring comes they end their quiescent state then find and infest a new host. A. ritzeambosi is also capable of feeding ectoparasitically, from the outside of the cell.
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The overwintering queen first appears during spring and establishes underground colonies. She will then find an underground nest, typically some sort of rodent burrow or some other naturally available hole in wood or dirt. Upon discovering a nestable area, the queen will lay an egg brood and begin incubation. The fuel for their thermoregulation during incubation is derived from nectar, pollen, and honey between foraging trips.
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B. antarctica spends most of its two-year lifecycle in four larval stages. Overwintering may occur in any instar. Terrestrial algae (particularly Prasiola crispa), moss, organic detritus, and microorganisms provide the food for the larval stage. The adults emerge in the spring and summer and live no more than 10 days; females mate in their first day of life and a few days later release eggs.
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The disease cycle for Botrytis elliptica begins with infection of plants in spring. This may be derived from mycelium in overwintering sclerotia, which produce conidiophores to create conidia, the asexual spores of this fungus. The conidia germinate, often penetrating the young leaf tissue of the lily, although the flowers, buds, or stem may also suffer from infection. This infects cells, which collapse, disintegrate, and rot the tissue.
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In 1958, during the International Geophysical Year, Lieutenant Giró Tapper served as the commander of San Martín Base. The help of his team of 20 persons was indispensable for the Argentine Antarctic research efforts. During the overwintering period he conducted two important patrols with dog sleds. The first patrol took him 200 km to the south where he established a refuge called Nogal de Saldan (Saldon walnut).
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Nymphs have been observed in the wild hibernating in subfreezing temperatures during winter in snow-covered habitats. Overwintering nymphs were able to survive laboratory supercooling experiments in the -5 to -8 °C temperature range, enduring 12 hours of tissue freezing, as well as recover from burial in ice. The ability to walk on ice was also found to be unique among several cockroach species tested.
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Area covered by monarchs (Danaus plexippus, eastern migratory population) in their overwintering areas in Mexico between 1993 and 2018. The monarch butterfly is not currently listed under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) or protected specifically under U.S. domestic laws. On 14 August 2014, the Center for Biological Diversity and the Center for Food Safety filed a legal petition requesting Endangered Species Act protection for the monarch and its habitat, based largely on the long-term trends observed at overwintering sites. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service initiated a status review of the monarch butterfly under the Endangered Species Act with a due date for information submission of 3 March 2015. The decision on whether to list the monarch is still pending, and a new deadline for completion of an internal FWS species status report is December 2020.
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Although numbers of breeding monarchs in eastern North America have apparently not decreased, reports of declining numbers of overwintering butterflies have inspired efforts to conserve the species. Because of concerns over the overwintering numbers, the Center for Biological Diversity, the Center for Food Safety, the Xerces Society and Lincoln Brower have filed a petition to the United States Department of the Interior to protect the monarch by having it federally protected. On 20 June 2014, President Barack Obama issued a presidential memorandum entitled "Creating a Federal Strategy to Promote the Health of Honey Bees and Other Pollinators". The memorandum established a Pollinator Health Task Force, to be co-chaired by the Secretary of Agriculture and the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, and stated: > The number of migrating Monarch butterflies sank to the lowest recorded > population level in 2013–14, and there is an imminent risk of failed > migration.
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Adult cluster flies in North America are slow-flying insects that are active during warmer months. Once the weather becomes much cooler, P. rudis will seek shelter, usually in homes and buildings. The flies have also been documented staying in tunnels made by beetles in timber and in animal burrows. Before overwintering, cluster fly’s abdomens are full of fat globules that may be left over from its larval fat bodies.
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In the spring of 1811, the Peninsular War appears to have been won--by the French. Cádiz is the only major Spanish town still holding out. From their overwintering strongholds in Portugal, the British sally forth to the River Guadiana with a small force seeking to destroy a key bridge across the river. The mission is commanded by the young Brigadier General Moon, a man with no love for Sharpe.
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Hippodamia is a genus of ladybirds in the family Coccinellidae. It includes the most common native North American "ladybug", H. convergens, which can form overwintering aggregations numbering in the millions. Another notable member is Hippodamia variegata, which occurs widely over both the North and South Hemispheres. Members of the genus tend to share an elongated body form with red or orange elytra, and a black and white pronotum.
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Recreational opportunities at the park include soccer, bird watching, fishing, canoeing/kayaking, hiking, biking, and guided tours. The park also includes a marina with seasonal boat slips. A bird conservation area has been established at the park, with the primary purpose of protecting overwintering locations for waterfowl and migratory birds. The conservation area particularly aims to protect feeding and roosting habitat for wading birds such as egrets and herons.
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The moth is native to Spain and France. At the end of April and beginning of May the moth begins to hatch after overwintering in the cocoon. Normally moths from the same parental line won't copulate, so it is necessary to take account of this when the moth is bred in captivity. After copulation the female lays about 100 to 150 eggs on the favoured food plant, pines.
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Males emerge last in June and peak in July. Unlike workers who stay and care for the brood, males will soon leave the nest after maturation to seek mates. New queens are produced at about the same time as males, and will forage extensively to build reserves for their overwintering. Unlike males that leave the nest and do not return, new queens will return to the nest at night.
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Females will rear more than one brood and the first one often has a sex ratio biased toward females. These females in the first brood will then become the workers or, in some species, mate immediately and enter diapause so they can be the overwintering gyne. Once the first brood has emerged, the colony enters the worker phase. In this phase, queens will stop foraging and stay in the nest.
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Disease cycle of Elsinoe ampelina, causal agent of Anthracnose in grapes. Late in the season, the Grape Anthracnose fungus produces sclerotia, which are located primarily at the edge of the infected lesions on shoots. Unlike acervuli, sclerotia serves as the overwintering structures.Anthracnose, Anthracnose at Weekend Gardener Because the fungus over-winters in dormant and dead canes—one-year-old wood that starts to become lignified—disease control becomes very difficult.
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In broad terms, the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau is one of the vertebrate diversity hotspots of China. At the level of counties, Xingyi is one of nine Chinese vertebrate diversity (excluding birds) hotspots. Animals only known from Guizhou include Leishan moustache toad, Kuankuoshui salamander, Shuicheng salamander, Guizhou salamander, and Zhijin warty newt. Caohai Lake with its surroundings is a wetland that is an important overwintering site for many birds.
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A. punctipennis; 67, A. crucians; 68, A. quadrimaculatus; 69, A. walkeri. Anopheles walkeri has a multivoltine life cycle. It produces a hardy winter egg which differs morphologically from the more vulnerable summer eggs by having enlarged floats on the dorsal side. By overwintering in egg form, this species is able to mature through one full larval generation before hibernating adults of other species are able to become active.
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The practice of overwintering tends to vary based on location, and in effect temperature and the period of time per day an organism receives sunlight, also known as the photoperiod. Typically, mosquitoes copulate when temperatures are the most temperate, and many species begin breeding when temperatures reach 50 °F or 10 °C. Because of this temperature condition, mosquito breeding seasons vary by region and climate characteristics of a given area.
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Lake Bugeac, also known as Lake Gârlița, is a lake in Northern Dobruja, Romania. It is located in a calcareous depression near the Danube, the water exchange with the latter being regulated by a weir. Because the lake is an overwintering region located on an important migration route for aquatic birds (the most important being the dalmatian pelican), lake Buceag and the surrounding area have been declared a nature reserve.
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Sutton Bingham Reservoir is a reservoir near the village of Sutton Bingham in the civil parish of Closworth, Somerset, England. The reservoir was built in the 1950s to supply water to Yeovil. The remains of Sutton Mill are under the water, and close to the shore is the 12th century Church of All Saints. It now provides an environment for overwintering wildfowl and migrant birds including the Osprey.
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They live in still waters with vegetation, hatching in the summer months and then overwintering half a year later as adults. They primarily feed on small fish, amphibians and aquatic insects, but have also been recorded taking water snakes and young turtles.Ohba, S.; Izumi, Y.; and Tsumuki, H. (2012). Effect of loach consumption on the reproduction of giant water bug Kirkaldyia deyrolli: dietary selection, reproductive performance, and nutritional evaluation.
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He and his volunteers recognized the existence of roosting behavior. Fred Urquhart advertised for 'interested persons' in the Mexican press to assist him in locating the roosting sites. Catalina Trail and Kenneth C. Brugger responded and in January 1975 they led him to one of the major overwintering sites. Urquhart, William Calvert, John Christian, and Lincoln P. Brower collaborated to publish the details in this discovery in 1976.
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Mating is repressed and only occasionally observed among overwintering monarchs. This is thought to increase the survivability of winter populations and maintain fat reserves that will promote spring northward migration. At one site, the population stayed in diapause until the middle to the end of January. By the beginning of February the day length increases to just over 11 hours, the point at which monarchs come out of diapause.
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Satellite imagery has been used to assess changes in and around the Mexican overwintering areas. Researchers have determined that an accurate count of the butterflies using satellite images is not possible, though aerial assessments of the areas surrounding the colonies reveals potential areas of colonization. After these efforts, the costs out- weighed the benefits of high-altitude aerial photography and it was determined to be time-consuming and expensive.
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The larvae are yellowish-white in colour reaching a length of about 5 mm and spend around 30 days feeding within the host plant before overwintering in the soil as pupae. Adults are found from mid-July through to August. There are two other species of Tephritid fly known as Sunflower Maggot, these are Gymnocarena diffusa which feeds on stem pith and Neotephritis finalis which feeds on the sunflower seeds.
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The worst damage is in the early summer time for the aphid breeding peak, because winged dispersants from Prunus spp where the egg of overwintering aphid stage deposit nymphs on summer hosts migrating to tobacco, potatoes and cruciferous vegetables to be harmful continuously after a few generations.Van Emden HF, Eastop VF, Hughes RD, Way MJ. 1969. The ecology of Myzus persicae. Annual Review of Entomology 14: 197-270.
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Desert box turtles hibernate in the winter and are naturally freeze tolerant. This is due to the fact that they are greatly affected by air temperature and the weather. As soon as November hits, hibernation begins and lasts until late May and early June. They usually hibernate at temperatures between 1 and 15 degrees, the desert box turtles have designated overwintering or hibernation sites that are closely within their home range.
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The characteristic part of the life-cycle of smuts is the thick- walled, often darkly pigmented, ornate, teliospore that serves to survive harsh conditions such as overwintering and also serves to help disperse the fungus as dry diaspores. The teliospores are initially dikaryotic but become diploid via karyogamy. Meiosis takes place at the time of germination. A promycelium is formed that consists of a short hypha (equated to a basidium).
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In former times it was reported to produce large pike and eels, although this is now no longer verifiable as no fishing is allowed, due to its SSSI status. Large numbers of overwintering wildfowl use Kilconquhar Loch as a roost. It was charted during the Bathymetrical Survey of the Fresh-Water Lochs of Scotland, constructed under the direction of Sir John Murray and Laurence Pullar during the years 1897 to 1909.
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Many of the agamic imagines emerge in October. After overwintering, Cynips develops eggs parthenogenetically and their eggs develop in live buds as 'red-wart galls'. The infested buds become yellow, orange or a russet colour and are about long. These red-wart galls appear in May and the males and females of the bisexual generation emerge in June and produce the fertilized eggs which undergo development in the red-pea galls.
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This protozoan was found in Canada in overwintering queens and in males of various species of Bombus, with the half-black bumblebee (Bombus vagans) at 8% being the most heavily infected species. It was later identified in Bombus species in France, and also in Switzerland, where infection rates varied between 4 and 7%. The oocysts were found in Italy in the garden bumblebee (B. hortorum) and the buff-tailed bumblebee (B.
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These widespread weeds became the preferred leafhopper hosts resulting in more frequent and severe epidemics. In the fall as crops senesce, the leafhopper vector moves to breeding areas in the foothills away from cultivated fields, overwintering on various biennials and perennials. Winter rainfall results in the germination and emergence of several annuals that serve as sites of leafhopper reproduction. The leafhopper moves to these annual plant species and lays eggs.
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Adult walnut twig beetles carry spores of the Geosmithia morbida fungus, which grows profusely around the pupal chamber of the beetles. Following emergence from trees the beetles subsequently tunnel into branches and trunks of walnut for production of egg galleries or overwintering shelters. The fungus is introduced into the tree during this wounding where it subsequently germinates and grows. The fungal mycelium initially colonize tissue immediately surrounding the beetle galleries.
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It is monoecious (sometimes dioecious), with male and female flowers produced separately on a single plant; the flowers are small, with three sepals and three petals, the petals 3–5 mm long, transparent with red streaks. It reproduces primarily vegetatively by fragmentation and by rhizomes and turions (overwintering), and flowers are rarely seen.Flora of NW Europe: Hydrilla verticillata Blamey, M. & Grey-Wilson, C. (1989). Flora of Britain and Northern Europe.
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In early May to late June, larvae leave their hibernacula to search for food. They first mine or tunnel into year-old needles, closed buds, or newly developing vegetative or reproductive buds. New foliage, which is normally the preferred food, is usually entirely consumed or destroyed before larvae will feed on older needles. Larvae become full grown usually in early July about 30 to 40 days after leaving their overwintering sites.
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Polistes sulcifer distribution P. sulcifer is rare and is found in areas around the Mediterranean and Caspian basin, specifically in Central and Northern Italy and Croatia. Its distribution is patchy and population low, most likely due to differing availability of host nests. Fertile females overwinter at high altitudes, cool temperatures, and in low light. After overwintering, P. sulcifer females go to lowland plains, where their host species nests are found.
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The few males that emerge in the first brood mate with workers that eventually leave the original nest to become queens in new nests. The last eggs are laid in late August–September and these males and future overwintering females emerge in late September–October. After a few weeks, the wasps dissociate from the nest to seek shelter for the winter. Some mating may occur in these shelters.
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It is often found near water, unlike the willow warbler which tolerates drier habitats. There is an increasing tendency to winter in western Europe well north of the traditional areas, especially in coastal southern England and the mild urban microclimate of London. These overwintering common chiffchaffs include some visitors of the eastern subspecies abietinus and tristis, so they are certainly not all birds which have bred locally, although some undoubtedly are.
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TMV does not have a distinct overwintering structure. Rather, it will over-winter in infected tobacco stalks and leaves in the soil, on the surface of contaminated seed (TMV can even survive in contaminated tobacco products for many years). With the direct contact with host plants through its vectors (normally insects such as aphids and leafhoppers), TMV will go through the infection process and then the replication process.
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They tended to stay and marry overwintering Irish male migrants. Seasonal and temporary migrations slowly evolved into emigration and the formation of permanent Irish family settlement in Newfoundland. This pattern intensified with the collapse of the old migratory cod fishery after 1790. An increase in Irish immigration, particularly of women, between 1800 and 1835, and the related natural population growth, helped transform the social, demographic, and cultural character of Newfoundland.
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Adults are seen between May and September in the United Kingdom, and between May and July in Alaska. There is little courtship, and the male and female lock jaws, possibly to prevent the female from eating the male before mating. The egg sacs are globular and covered with grey tufted silk, resembling a bird dropping, and are pressed against a plant stem. Overwintering occurs in the form of early-instar spiderlings.
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This disease is most severe in southern and eastern Europe but several cases have been reported from Argentina as well as USA. The overwintering structures (perithecia) allows this fungus to survive in unfavorable conditions. Ascopsores from these perithecia are released during the growing season and are spread by wind and rain splash throughout the season. Relative humidity of 90% and temperatures ranging from 20-24°C favors the disease development.
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The tadpoles are at first a dark color but become much paler over time with a dark edge to the tail fin. They congregate in the shallows in the daytime, sometimes in dense swarms, but move into deep water at night. They feed on both animal and vegetable matter. They remain as tadpoles for a long period, overwintering once or twice, and reaching a snout-to-vent length of or more.
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Summer coccidiosis/eimeriosis – susceptible animals ingesting overwintering oocysts on pastures on turn-out and increased sporulation of new oocysts due to increasing temperatures. Eimeria bovis overwinter well in both soil and in faeces in temperate regions, and oocysts shed in the fall have a better chance of surviving until the next grazing season. Areas with shade on the pasture improve the survival chances of the oocyst. Predominantly calves are at risk.
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Since 1996 the lake has received international protection as a Ramsar site. The lake and the wetlands surrounding it are rich in vascular plant species, including a number of rare plants. The lake is inhabited by a variety of interesting fish populations and there are many resident and migratory birds. The farmland surrounding the lake is the home to a considerable number of overwintering white-fronted geese from Greenland.
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Ophiostoma ulmi can reproduce asexually by overwintering in both the bark and upper layers of dead or dying elm wood as mycelia and synnemata. Synnemata produce conidia that are sticky and can be spread by vectors. In Dutch elm disease, the vectors that transmit Ophiostoma ulmi are Scolytid beetles. The conidia stick to the bodies of adult beetles and are spread throughout the tunnels (galleries) the beetle makes as it eats.
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The bay is a nesting ground for waders, and a grazing and overwintering site for other wetland species. It is also a botanical area meriting protection. The area is easily accessible for teaching and research, and there is much outdoor space and a swimming area for summer use. The reserve is one of six natural areas that were included in the Harøya Wetlands System Ramsar site, which was established in 1996.
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Hatchlings usually emerge from the nest in August and September, but may overwinter in the nest after hatching. Hatchlings sometimes stay on land in the nesting areas in both fall and spring and they may remain terrestrial for much or all of the winter in some places. Hatchling terrapins are freeze tolerant, which may facilitate overwintering on land. Hatchlings have lower salt tolerance than adults and Gibbons et al.
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The area of forest occupied has been declining and reached its lowest level in two decades in 2013. The decline is continuing but is expected to increase during the 2013–2014 season. Mexican environmental authorities continue to monitor illegal logging of the oyamel trees. The oyamel is a major species of evergreen on which the overwintering butterflies spend a significant time during their winter diapause, or suspended development.
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This species is monoecious and holocyclic. When a cyclical parthenogenesis occurs, aphids reproduce sexually in the autumn and produce an overwintering egg, deposited on buds and bark crevices of the host plant. In spring the newly hatched nymphs develop in about two to three weeks and at least three molts to wingless, 2-3 mm large Fundatrix. A fundatrix can produce up to 80 virgin young larvae of the next generation.
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Owl in Juanita Bay Park The wetlands where Forbes Creek enters Lake Washington are Juanita Bay Park, Kirkland's largest city park at . A Duwamish village was located there prior to 1830, and wapato tubers harvested in the wetlands. Inhabitants include large numbers of year-round and overwintering birds, including osprey, owls, bald eagles, herons and woodpeckers. As many as 1,600 birds have been counted at once in the park.
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Ophiocordyceps sphecocephala is a type of fungus that is known to attack wasps including D. media. It produces red- yellow fruiting bodies on long white or yellow stalks. It is not known if this fungus kills living wasps or if it simply attacks dead insects, but there is some evidence to suggest that overwintering queens can be infected. Either way this fungus is not a major threat to a wasp colony.
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As a member of Nathaniel Jarvis Wyeth's first expedition, in 1832 he traveled to the Oregon Country. While overwintering at Fort Vancouver from 1832–1833, he was employed by John McLoughlin to teach the children of the fort. The Chief Factor told the New Englander that "you will have the reputation of teaching the first school in Oregon", making him the first white teacher of Oregon.Hussey, John A. Champoeg: Place of Transition, A Disputed History.
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The polyol compound is freeze- susceptible and freeze tolerant. Polyols simply act as a barrier within the insect body by preventing intracellular freezing by restricting the extracellular freezing likely to happen in overwintering periods. During the larvae stage of the diamondback moth, the significance of glycerol was tested again for validity. The lab injected the larvae with added glycerol and in turn proved that glycerol is a major factor in survival rate when cold hardening.
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They fly by day, but also sometimes come to light at night. The larvae feed on Ulex europaeus, at first on green seeds inside a seedpod. It then lives in a detached sepal rolled into a case, which it attaches to the side of a seedpod and bores in to feed on the seeds. Finally, it diapauses full-fed in a silk case in a dead flower and pupates in the overwintering case.
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For example, there has been a decrease in suitable overwintering environments for the butterflies, with open woodland decreasing in favour of more urban areas. Nitrogen pollution, declining nectar supplies, and rapid ecological changes have also been suggested as other hypothetical factors. Concerns have been raised about the possible future increase of this population decline, but the butterfly mostly does not appear to be a conservation concern due to its widespread and common geographic presence.
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The most abundant fishes are species of barbs (Barbus), some of which can reach up to two meters in length. Some species have been important food sources for residents for thousands of years. Many species move seasonally between the river and the marshes for spawning, feeding, and overwintering. The Hilsa shad (Tenualosa ilisha) is an important food fish which lives in the coastal waters and spawns in the lower reaches of the basin.
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After staying for a month in Paris, Bar Sauma met with the English King Edward in Bordeaux. Both English and French king expressed their interest in the alliance. Before returning to Rome, Bar Sauma stayed in Genoa for overwintering, and met Pope Nicholas IV after his election. The Pope issued a bull recognising Yahballaha as the "Patriarch of all the Christians of the East". In Sommer of 1288, Bar Sauma returned to Ilkhanate.
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Within that reserve it lies within Conservation zone II (a maintained zone). The Wreecher See is a large cove with a short, narrow channel linking it to the Rügischer Bodden to the east, a large bay on the coast of Rügen. A wide belt of reeds surrounds the lake, which acts as a breeding, resting and overwintering area for many birds. North of the lake is an area of seepage with reed meadows.
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They have been reported to feed on Vincetoxicum rossicum and Vincetoxicum scandens in the wild, and to also be able to develop on Vincetoxicum nigrum and Vincetoxicum hirundinaria in the laboratory. Pupation occurs either on the host plant within leaves tied with silk or on the ground within the leaf litter. Hypena opulenta has a facultative diapause and is believed to usually undergo two generations per year. Overwintering is triggered by short photoperiod.
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There are two to three generations per year wit the last generation of adults overwintering. Epermenia aequidentellus looks similar, but has narrower forewings without a hooked apex. ;Ova Eggs are laid between April and September on the underside of a mature leaf of a plant from the Umbelliferae family, often near the edge. ;Larva Early instar larvae mine the leaves of their host plant which has the form of a short, sometimes widened corridor.
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After overwintering in sources such as rice straw and stubble, the cycle repeats. A single cycle can be completed in about a week under favorable conditions where one lesion can generate up to thousands of spores in a single night. Disease lesions, however, can appear in three to four days after infection. With the ability to continue to produce the spores for over 20 days, rice blast lesions can be devastating to susceptible rice crops.
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S. apiformis larvae hatch from September to May and spend two or three years in the larval stage, overwintering as larvae. The larvae are mostly found around the roots of host trees. Prior to pupating, the larvae bore up to ten centimeters into the trunk of the host tree leaving a thin layer of bark over the entrance to disguise the tunnel. Once inside the larva builds a cocoon from silk and excavated tree material.
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Metacercariae are infective larvae but cannot resist desiccation, hence soon die out if suitable host is not found; but under constantly moist conditions, they can survive for up to 1 year and are capable of overwintering. The mammalian hosts harbour the infective larvae by ingestion. Once they reach the duodenum and jejunum, their cysts are cast off. Excystment is influenced by changing physicochemical conditions (such as temperature, substance concentration, and pH) inside the alimentary tract.
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These plants are often used in butterfly gardening and monarch waystations.(1) (2) (3) However, some milkweed species are not suitable for butterfly gardens and monarch waystations. For example, Asclepias curassavica, or tropical milkweed, is often planted as an ornamental in butterfly gardens. Year-round plantings in the USA are controversial and criticised, as they may be the cause of new overwintering sites along the U.S. Gulf Coast, leading to year-round breeding of monarchs.
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As late as 1951, monarchs were mistakenly thought to overwinter as adults or pupae. Roosts of thousands were observed in southern regions of North America. Migrating western populations of Danaus plexippus and their overwintering sites were known long before the Mexican winter sites were discovered in the 1970s. Pre-Hispanic Native Americans, the Purépecha and Otomi once occupied this area and tied the harvest of corn to the arrival of the butterflies.
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One in the Central states leads to the Mexican overwintering areas and a smaller flyway along the eastern North American seaboard. The timing of the eastern flyway lags behind the more central flyway. Monarchs migrating along the coast are less likely of being recovered in Mexico. This suggests that butterflies migrating along the eastern seaboard are migrating to locations other than Mexico, or they have a higher rate of mortality than those migrating inland.
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The life cycle of green peach aphid varies considerably, and largely depends on winter temperatures. The green peach aphid can complete a generation with 10 to 12 days. More than 10 generations can occur in a year and even can be as much as 30-40 generation in a favourable climate. In the early spring, overwintering eggs hatch, and nymphs cause damage by feeding on buds, flowers, young foliage as well as stems.
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In its overwintering grounds it does not sing but makes loud "chip" noises from low in dense bushes. The eggs are a "delicate" pinkish white when fresh, fading to a dull white after a time. There are a few scattered sprinkles in various shades of brown and pink, these sprinkles and blotches concentrated at the top or form a sort of wreath at the larger end. The egg is not very glossy.
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B. tyroni have evolved to disperse widely, which was greatly influenced their ability to cause damage to farms. When fruit is available, the flies often do not disperse far distances (only a few hundred meters to a kilometer), but they have been found to travel large distances in the absence of fruit. In addition to lack of resources, adult flies may also move to locate overwintering sites or avoid dry or cold weather.
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Lackford Lakes is a 105.8 hectare biological Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) north and east of Lackford in Suffolk. The SSSI is part of the 131 hectare Lackford Lakes nature reserve, which is managed by the Suffolk Wildlife Trust. The lakes are disused sand and gravel pits in the valley of the River Lark. There are diverse dragonfly species, and many breeding and overwintering birds, including nationally important numbers of gadwalls and shovelers.
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Once the larva has reached near full development, the host dies, and the larva then encapsulates itself in a puparium within the host corpse. The pupa is around 30–50 mm in length, brown in color, and has a prolonged ovular shape. This life stage is often referred to as overwintering because the pupal period takes place for an extended period of time (154–190 days), generally throughout the colder months of the year.
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Severe attack by Curvularia trifolii greatly reduces winter- spring pasture production of foragable clover and frequently coincides with feed shortage by late fall, leading to significant decreases in biomass production for overwintering clover species. Approaches to disease control include a range of management strategies. Utilization of fungicides is the most common for control of the disease. Resistances in clover has been found and gives the best long term control of the pathogen.
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It was reclaimed from the harbour in 1771 and includes a larger part of what was formerly Binner's Island (the remainder of the island is now referred to as North Binness Island). Farlington Marshes is about 120 hectares in size and features both freshwater marsh and brackish marsh. It is a feeding ground for overwintering Brent geese. During World War 2 it was used as a starfish site acting as a decoy for Portsea Island.
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The life cycle of D. earliana starts with the fungus overwintering in infected leaves. The survival fruiting body structures, acervuli, can continue to develop in foliage beneath snow cover. In the spring, conditions are ideal for the production of conidia, the asexual reproductive structures, and ascospores, the sexual reproductive structures. Conidia can escape from a small opening at the top of the acervulus and are dispersed mainly by splashing water or rain.
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Females will lay up to 500 eggs in decaying herbaceous plant matter, which then hatch into larvae in 4 to 6 days. Larvae develop through three instar stages and reach pupae in 21–30 days then finish pupating 14–17 days later. The development is affected by the amount of daylight: D. picta is a multivoltine species with one generation going from May to July and the other overwintering as mature larvae.
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The forest protects habitat for a wide array of plant species, including wild orchids and carnivorous plants. Two examples include the pale pitcher plant and rose pogonia orchid. Biologists have found 155 species of breeding or overwintering birds, 48 mammal species, 56 reptile species and 30 amphibian species. Rare animals include the Louisiana pine snake, the red-cockaded woodpecker, the Louisiana black bear and the Louisiana pearlshell mussel.United States Department of Agriculture. 1999.
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The navigation of the fall migration of the Eastern North American monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) to their overwintering grounds in central Mexico uses a time-compensated sun compass that depends upon a circadian clock in their antennae. Also, circadian rhythm is also known to control mating behavior in certain moth species such as Spodoptera littoralis, where females produce specific pheromone that attracts and resets the male circadian rhythm to induce mating at night.
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This stretch of foreshore has unimproved grazing pastures, shingle, salt marsh, reed beds and ditches. The pasture is subject to seasonal flooding and it is important for its breeding and overwintering birds. The site has highly fossiliferous Eocene (56 to 34 million years ago) beds with over 160 fish species. There are also much more recent Middle Pleistocene marine deposits dating to around 500,000 years ago which provide a record of changes in sea levels.
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Maturing rapidly, females breed profusely so that the number of these insects multiplies quickly. Winged females may develop later in the season, allowing the insects to colonise new plants. In temperate regions, a phase of sexual reproduction occurs in the autumn, with the insects often overwintering as eggs. The life cycle of some species involves an alternation between two species of host plants, for example between an annual crop and a woody plant.
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The first stage in the disease cycle starts in the spring where the overwintering inoculum become exposed to ideal conditions. The inoculum overwinter in fungal fruiting bodies called cleistothecia (OSU, 2008). The cleistothecia then releases airborne spores called ascospores into the environment, which will serve as the primary inoculum during the growing season. The ascospores are then dispersed by the wind, or water where they then germinate on any leaf tissue they can find.
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N. vaccinia is wind-borne, and initially forms yellow- orange urediniospores in pustulates on the underside of Vaccinium leaves in midsummer, which reinfect Vaccinium leaves, building up inoculum for reinfection. This is followed by flat telia crusts in late summer for overwintering, although rarely on lingonberries. Teliospores germinate from telia in spring, from which basidia form, releasing basidiospores to Tsuga species. Once alighting on Tsuga needles in the spring, pyncia are formed.
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Extensive prairie burns kill the overwintering larvae and can have a drastic effect on their population in the following years. One recently burned prairie that was studied used minimal patch burning, burning only small portions of the entire area at a time. This site had by far the highest regal fritillary abundance of any burned site (Powell et al. 2006). A serious potential threat to the regal fritillary was discovered in a captive breeding study.
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Aphid populations are often entirely female during the summer, with sexual reproduction only to produce eggs for overwintering. Some species can alternate between sexual and asexual strategies, an ability known as heterogamy, depending on many conditions. Alternation is observed in several rotifer species (cyclical parthenogenesis e.g. in Brachionus species) and a few types of insects, such as aphids which will, under certain conditions, produce eggs that have not gone through meiosis, thus cloning themselves.
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The secondary infection by the zoospores can infect the first host or surrounding hosts. These secondary zoospores can be transmitted to other fields through farm machinery or water erosion. They form a secondary plasmodium that affects plant hormones to cause swelling in root cells. These cells eventually turn into galls or “clubs”. The secondary plasmodium forms the overwintering resting spores which get released into the soil as the “clubs” rot and disintegrate.
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Erwinia tracheiphila is spread between plants by two species of insect vectors, striped cucumber beetles (Acalymma Vittatum) and spotted cucumber beetles (Diabrotica undecimpunctata). The beetles acquire E. tracheiphila by feeding on infected plants, then carry the bacteria in their digestive tracts. The disease may be spread to susceptible plants through feeding wounds, by way of infected mouthparts or frass. The bacteria is capable of overwintering in the gut of its insect vectors.
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This hormone is elevated levels of 20-OH-ecysone. The web is not the typical type used for capturing prey, but resembles a web similar to one that it would build before overwintering. The web can be seen to be shorter for a stronger build, thickened webs that won't break, and a reinforced frame. The web is stronger, defense-based, and depending on the spider will create a cocoon that will house the larva.
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"Irishmen oppose the landing of the Viking fleet", a painting in Dublin City Hall by James Ward (c.1914). In 795, small bands of Vikings began plundering monastic settlements along the coast of Gaelic Ireland. The Annals of Ulster state that in 821 the Vikings plundered Howth and "carried off a great number of women into captivity". From 840 the Vikings began building fortified encampments, longphorts, on the coast and overwintering in Ireland.
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In Jain traditions, bad karma is generated with all forms of killing, including that of plants. Hierarchy of living creatures is based on the number of senses they possess. In this hierarchy, overwintering plants such as onions are ranked higher than other food crops such as wheat and rice. The ability of onions to observe the changing of the seasons and bloom in spring is believed to be an additional 'sense' absent in lower plants.
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Around 1000 AD, the north coast of Somerset Island was inhabited by the Thule people, as evidenced by whale bones, tunnels and stone ruins. William Edward Parry was the first European to sight the island in 1819. HMS Fury was an arctic exploration ship commanded by Henry Parkyns Hoppner. She was damaged by ice while overwintering and was abandoned on 25 August 1825, at what has since been called Fury Beach on Somerset Island.
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However, the migrating generation does not reach maturity until overwintering is complete. Monarchs typically live for two to five weeks during their breeding season. Larvae growing in high densities are smaller, have lower survival, and weigh less as adults compared with those growing in lower densities. Monarch metamorphosis from egg to adult occurs during the warm summer temperatures in as little as 25 days, extending to as many as seven weeks during cool spring conditions.
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Paz, Fátima (18 June 2014) En espera de aprobación de la Profepa por tala ilegal en la Reserva de la Mariposa Monarca. cambiodemichoacan.com.mx A 2014 study acknowledged that while "the protection of overwintering habitat has no doubt gone a long way towards conserving monarchs that breed throughout eastern North America", their research indicates that habitat loss on breeding grounds in the United States is the main cause of both recent and projected population declines.
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It is a pest of poplar and willow and commonly feeds in hybrid poplar stool beds. They live in tunnels in the cambial area (bark-wood interface) of both the lower stem and roots of their host plant. The species requires two years to complete its life cycle, overwintering as a larva twice. Pupation occurs in silk-lined, wood chip pupal chambers in the soil if larvae have fed in host tree roots.
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In two studies, the quantity of overwintering eggs had a strong positive correlation with the severity of soybean aphid outbreaks in the following spring. Soybean aphid life cycle Eggs begin to hatch into fundatrices when temperatures in the spring reach . Colonization of buckthorn by soybean aphids in the spring can lead to curling of leaves and twigs. Near the blooming stage of buckthorn, fundatrices reproduce parthenogenetically to give viviparous birth to alatae.
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A generation of winged females, gynoparae, develop on soybean and leave for buckthorn when mature. Simultaneously, an apterous population of soybean aphids remains on soybean to produce alate male sexual morphs. Factors that positively affect the production of gynoparae and male alatae include declining host plant quality, shortened day length, and lowered temperatures. While on buckthorn, gynoparae produce a generation of apterous female sexual morphs (oviparae) that mate with male alatae to produce overwintering eggs.
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Hardly any conditions directly affect the development of aster yellows, but a few indirect factors strongly influence the rate of transmission by the leafhopper. Conditions that favor movement and spread of the leafhopper and encourage feeding assist in the spread of the phytoplasma. Transcontinental migration begins in the spring when the prevailing winds and jet streams help carry the leafhoppers from their overwintering sites in the South to the Midwest. Upon arrival in the Midwest, they begin feeding.
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Temperatures below 15 °C or rainfall temporarily halt their migration and delay the time of infection. The leafhoppers then feed all summer until they migrate back to their overwintering sites in the fall. Weather conditions of the region also greatly influence leafhopper feeding patterns. If conditions are hot and dry plants do not appear as lush and nutrient-rich to the phloem-feeding leafhopper, whereas seasons with abundant rainfall allow the plants to have much more lush growth.
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Phylloxerans are aphid-like insects that are parasitic hemipterans on deciduous trees and perennial fruit crops. They feed on leaves and roots and are cecidogenic which means they induce galls to form. They have very complex life cycles with cyclical parthenogenesis and host alternation. In outline, a female fundatrix hatches from an overwintering egg on the primary host which is usually a woody plant before bud burst stimulating a gall to form on the young leaves.
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Winged offspring in the following or third generation migrate in spring to the secondary host (usually an herbaceous). Then, many winged and wingless generations may be produced on the secondary host before winged migrants return to the primary host in autumn. Males and mating females mate on the winter host and produce overwintering eggs. In the family Phylloxeridae, some species are holocyclic meaning they produce both asexual and sexual generations while some are anholocyclic then producing only asexual generations.
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The eggs of heliothine moths tend to hatch within 3–10 days, dependent on how warm the temperature is. Eggs and pupae have the capacity to enter a diapause phase of overwintering if temperatures are too low for metamorphosis. By late winter and early spring, incoming warmer and drier weather usually signals the senescence of the seasons individuals and brings an influx of the lesser budworm in its moth stage. Favourable wind patterns and warm nights extend their migration.
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Round goby eggs on rocks, Dniester Estuary, Ukraine Round gobies exhibit male parental care. Females can spawn up to six times during the spawning season, which spans April to September in most areas. Males will migrate from deeper water, where overwintering occurs, into shallower breeding grounds during the beginning of the mating season. Males are territorial and will defend eggs from predators, as well as continuously fan them to provide the developing embryos with oxygenated water.
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Adults emerge during the summer, from June to August, and continue to feed until September. The common brimstone hibernates for the next seven months of winter, remaining inactive until April, where they then emerge and proceed to reproduce and lay eggs. Adult brimstones are highly abundant for several months after their emergence from overwintering. The common brimstone has sexual dichromism, with males having a sulphur yellow wing colouration and females having a greenish-white wing colouration.
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The common brimstone undergoes some regional migration between hibernation and breeding areas throughout the year, as seen in the different chemical composition of butterflies across varying seasons and regions. In general, there is movement towards wetlands to reproduce. After the eggs hatch, develop, and pupate, newly hatched adult butterflies emerge and disperse locally into both woodlands and wetlands to overwinter. Butterflies travel to the woodlands for overwintering, and no mating appears to occur within these habitats.
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The life history and development time for H. ligatus is comparable with that of H. confusus as well as other Halictus species. The development from egg to adult takes around 36 days in the spring when the soil temperatures are low. However, this development in the summer takes only around 28 days as a result of higher soil temperatures. The life cycle of H. ligatus consists of two main stages: the overwintering and the active stage.
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Close-up on flowers of Campanula spicata Campanula spicata has its overwintering buds situated just below the soil surface (hemicryptophyte) and a stalk growing directly from the ground (scapose). This plant reaches on average in height. The stem is erect, striate and hairy, the basal leaves are petiolated, narrowly lanceolate, with toothed and wavy margins, the cauline leaves are smaller, acuminate and semiamplexicaul. The numerous flowers are arranged in a more or less dense and long spikes.
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As adults, butterflies feed on nectar, but they have also evolved to consume rotting fruit, tree sap, and even carrion. Supporting nectarivorous adult butterflies involves planting nectar plants of different heights, color, and bloom times. Butterfly bait stations can easily be made to provide a food source for species that prefer fruit and sap. In addition to food sources, wind breaks in the form of trees and shrubs shelter butterflies and can provide larval food and overwintering grounds.
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They should be cared for as any other tropical plant with weekly cleaning of the leaves and frequent fine water misting without leaving the plants wet. They rarely survive cold winters or the dryness of artificial heating, but an attempt to slowly acclimatize plants from the summer garden to the house can help.Nature Assassin: Overwintering your Alocasia Once inside, the watering period must be reduced and the plants should be protected from spider mites or red spider attack.
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Adults and larvae feed on Ambrosia artemisiifolia (common ragweed), A. psilostachya, and A. trifida. Overwintering adults began feeding in late April or early May of the following year, having emerged when ragweed seedlings were only 2–5 cm tall. Larvae of the first or spring generation began feeding in mid-May or early June and most reached maturity by early July. Larvae of the second or late summer generation were evident during the first two weeks of August.
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Insecticides are not often applied in direct response to C. lugubris, but they are still effective when targeting other species. A more effect approach is to ensure that crops are not left unharvested, as these plants will provide food for overwintering individuals. The use of pheromones by Carpophilus species has influenced traps and lures to protect crops. In Carpophilus sayi, pheromones from C. lugubris, are used to trick the species into believing a food source is nearby.
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In 1980, it was listed on the now-defunct Register of the National Estate. Mr. V Cox was the owner of a big part of the park before it was bought from him in 1969. He had maintained the park in its natural state for the overwintering of honey bees. He sold the park on the condition of keeping the bees in their natural habitat for long as required and the practice was followed until his death.
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The life cycle of P. cimiciformis is complex. For most of the year, wingless females are produced parthogenetically, but in the late summer on their secondary hosts (grass), winged males and females are produced which fly to their primary host, the terebinth tree. Here they mate and overwintering eggs are laid. In the spring these hatch and the wingless females that develop create swollen galls on the leaves; they live in these galls and reproduce asexually.
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As the main base Port Martin was a total loss, Base Marret was chosen as overwintering site for 1952/1953. The new main base, Dumont D'Urville station, was built on the same island and opened on January 12, 1956, to serve as the centre for French scientific research during the Antarctic International Geophysical Year 1957/1958. The station has remained in active use ever since. The station allows 30-40 people to come ashore at one time.
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The legs are black with spinose tibiae and piceous tarsi.Edward Saunders, 1892 The Hemiptera Heteroptera of the British Islands : a descriptive account of the families, genera, and species indigenous to Great Britain and Ireland : with notes as to localities, habitats The nymphs and adults feed primarily on violets (Viola), but they are found on the ground under different plant species. Initially, the nymphs live in aggregations. Overwintering is under dry leaf and needle litter, under stones or in moss.
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The typical longevity of adult D. montana in the laboratory is about 30 to 40 days, with females slightly outliving males. Adult female D. montana use photoperiod to determine seasonal changes and inform their reproductive diapause for overwintering. This allows them to reduce their aging, increase their chances of survival over the winter, and increase their longevity. D. montana develop from egg to adult in about 26 to 30 days, depending on population and photoperiodic conditions.
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Suckley's bumble bee inhabits western meadows at a wide range of elevations. Like all bumble bees, Suckley's bumble bee requires suitable nesting sites for colonies, nectar and pollen resources during the colony period (spring, summer, and fall), and suitable overwintering sites for mated females. Suckley's bumble bee has historically been widespread across the western United States in a variety of meadow ecosystems. Historic observations have been most often made at higher elevations meadows within forest or subalpine zones.
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After Wuppertal was established in 1929, it became a municipal botanical garden. In 2006 three new greenhouses were constructed on the former site of the city nursery, thus extending the garden: a large demonstration greenhouse (400 m²) and two smaller ones (each about 100 m²). Today the garden cultivates about 400 protected species of the genus Babiana, Cyclamen, Gladiolus, Iris, Moraea, Paeonia, Scilla, etc. The large greenhouse contains tropical crops, exhibition and event space, and room for overwintering plants.
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Spores overwinter on host plant residue, germinate in early spring, and produce new infections on growing asparagus spears. The black-brown lesions are called telia and give a blackish hue to the top of the plants. The teliospores remain attached in the pustules on asparagus plant parts or plant debris for the remainder of the season and throughout winter. Around springtime when young asparagus shoots are emerging, the overwintering teliospores germinate on the old stems to produce sporidia.
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Sweden is one location where the red kite seems to be increasing, with around 2,000 pairs in 2009, some of which are overwintering and some flying south to the Mediterranean for the winter. They return around March–April. The red kite is the landscape bird of Scania, and the coat of arms of the municipality of Tomelilla. The kite is often seen along the roadsides and roaming the open colourful wheat and rapeseed fields of Scania.
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In nature, yeast cells are found primarily on ripe fruits such as grapes (before maturation, grapes are almost free of yeasts). Since S. cerevisiae is not airborne, it requires a vector to move. Queens of social wasps overwintering as adults (Vespa crabro and Polistes spp.) can harbor yeast cells from autumn to spring and transmit them to their progeny. The intestine of Polistes dominula, a social wasp, hosts S. cerevisiae strains as well as S. cerevisiae × S. paradoxus hybrids.
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The museum's collection of birds from Monterey County, California features over 400 bird specimens on display, including local highlights such as the California condor and nationally significant bird specimens such as the extinct passenger pigeon. Pacific Grove is the largest public monarch butterfly overwintering site in Monterey County. From Thanksgiving to Valentine's Day, the monarchs cluster and fly about Pacific Grove's Monarch Grove Sanctuary. The museum has an exhibition of the monarch's life cycle and endangered migration.
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The larvae feed on Taxodium distichum and are considered a serious pest of that tree species. There is one generation per year, with overwintering egg masses attached to the bark of thin twigs of the host plant in obligate diapause. Dormant eggs hatch by bud break of baldcypress trees during late February and early March. The first instar larvae disperse and seek out the terminal portions of expanding foliage, burrow within the cluster of young needles and begin feeding.
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In 2016, a colony rented out for almond pollination gave beekeepers an income of $165 per colony rented, around three times from average of other crops that use the pollination rental service. However, a recent study published in Oxford Academic's Journal of Economic Entomology found that once the costs for maintaining bees specifically for almond pollination, including overwintering, summer management, and the replacement dying bees are considered, almond pollination is barely or not profitable for average beekeepers.
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Though not pests, D. cruentata proved to be sufficient hosts for A. epos in winter, allowing them to survive into the next year. They have also been shown to be capable of overwintering in prune leafhoppers (Edwardsiana prunicola). Gonatocerus triguttatus, Gonatocerus tuberculifemur, and Anagrus epos (which is probably a species complex) were also studied for possible use in controlling glassy-winged sharpshooters (Homalodisca vitripennis) in California. Gonatocerus triguttatus and Gonatocerus ashmeadi were eventually introduced in California in 2000.
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Clubroot can be a reoccurring problem for years because it is easily spread from plant to plant. P. brassicae is able to infect 300 species of cruciferous plants, making this disease a recurring problem even with crop rotation. This wide host range allows the pathogen to continue its infection cycle in the absence of cabbages. Additionally, cabbage clubroot may be a stubborn disease due to its ability to form a microbial cyst as an overwintering structure.
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Potamogeton species range from large (stems of 6 m or more) to very small (less than 10 cm). Height is strongly influenced by environmental conditions, particularly water depth. All species are technically perennial, but some species disintegrate in autumn to a large number of asexually produced resting buds called turions, which serve both as a means of overwintering and dispersal. Turions may be borne on the rhizome, on the stem, or on stolons from the rhizome.
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Nosema is a genus of microsporidian parasites. The genus, circumscribed by Swiss botanist Karl Wilhelm von Nägeli in 1857, contains 81 species. Most parasitise insects and other arthropods, and the best-known Nosema species parasitise honeybees, where they are considered a significant disease by beekeepers, often causing a colony to fail to thrive in the spring as they come out of their overwintering period. Eight species parasitize digeneans, a group of parasitic flatworms, and thus are hyperparasites, i.e.
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It is important to reduce cross contamination from equipment and tools. Removing dead and diseased tissue as well as clearing the field at the end of the season can help lower the amount of inocculum present the next season. Utilizing soil tiling practices can help soil drainage, as well as planting in an area that will not stay wet for an extended amount of time. Rotating crops can decrease the overwintering structures still viable when the next rotation occurs.
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Severely infected individuals are weak, unable to expand their wings, or unable to eclose, and have shortened lifespans, but parasite levels vary in populations. This is not the case in laboratory or commercial rearing, where after a few generations, all individuals can be infected. Infection with this parasite creates an effect known as culling whereby migrating monarchs that are infected are less likely to complete the migration. This results in overwintering populations with lower parasite loads.
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He then moved to Louisiana State University and worked on the entomology of cotton and other pests for the rest of his life. Newsom's research findings included the life history of the boll weevil and its diapause which required the accumulation of fat for overwintering. He identified a combination of management practices that included the careful and limited use of pesticides like DDT to manage weevil populations. The method is known as the Newsom/Brazzel system.
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The crew members alleged that Lass had planned on overwintering, subjecting them to hardship and extending their service in violation of their contract. The court ruled for the seamen, holding that although intention was not proved, Captain Lass's actions amounted to recklessness.Davis Whymper describes witnessing the pursuit and processing of whales within the bay in 1866.Whymper p 123 In 1871, the whaling bark Oriole, damaged by ice, limped or was towed into Plover Bay to attempt repairs.
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The area is regionally important for overwintering wildfowl such as common pochard, tufted duck and smew. Other notable bird species include lesser spotted woodpecker, Eurasian bittern, barn owl, short-eared owl, little egret, marsh harrier and Cetti's warbler. Grey herons breed in a heronry near the play meadow, with up to 100 individuals present. Even before the establishment of the reserve, the gravel pits were known for their attraction to breeding, passage migrant and vagrant birds.
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Subshrubs may be largely herbaceous, with overwintering perennial woody growth much lower-growing than deciduous summer growth. Some plants described as subshrubs are only weakly woody and some persist for only for a few years; others however, such as Oldenburgia paradoxa live indefinitely, rooted in rocky cracks. Small, low shrubs such as lavender, periwinkle, and thyme, and many members of the family Ericaceae, such as cranberries and small species of Erica, are often classed as subshrubs.
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The lanternfly's life expectancy is one year. Some researchers believe that a severe cold interval is required for the eggs to develop past a certain point, however this has not yet been confirmed. Testing has been done to determine how overwintering affects the eggs of the species. The minimum temperature that will kill eggs was estimated by South Korean researchers to be between on the basis of mean daily temperatures during their winter of 2009/2010.
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The estuary is an important wintering site for red-crowned cranes The Ryonghung Gang estuary Important Bird Area comprises the 10,000 ha estuary of the Ryonghung River where it flows into the Sea of Japan in South Hamgyong Province on the eastern coast of North Korea. The site contains both estuarine waters and rice paddies. It has been identified by BirdLife International as an Important Bird Area (IBA) because it supports an overwintering population of red-crowned cranes.
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The U.S. Department of Agriculture developed a sugar beet variety in the late 1928s, known as "U.S. No. 1." Using a newly discovered overwintering technique for growing sugar beets for seed by the USDA and the New Mexico Agricultural Experiment Station, seed production plots were grown in 1930 in New Mexico, Hemet, California, and St. George, Utah. Very limited quantities of this seed were available for the 1931 growing season- only were grown in Washington County, Utah.
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This is not the case in laboratory rearing, where after a few generations, all individuals can be infected. Infection with this parasite creates an effect known as culling whereby migrating monarchs that are infected are less likely to complete the migration. This results in overwintering populations with lower parasite loads. Owners of commercial butterfly breeding operations claim that they take steps to control this parasite in their practices, although this claim is doubted by many scientists who study monarchs.
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The bearskin fescue is a persistent, overwintering green grass with about 20 to 50 centimeters high and bare stalks, which have a diameter of 0.9 to 1.7 millimeters. It has dense horst-like growth with very thin, bristly to rush-shaped, folded leaves that are closed tubularly to one-third to three-quarters of their length. The leaf blades carry five to seven vascular bundles. The ligules are membranous, slightly fringed and about 0.5 to 1 millimeter long.
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In the normal rural or enzootic transmission cycle, the virus alternates between the bird reservoir and the mosquito vector. It can also be transmitted between birds via direct contact, by eating an infected bird carcass or by drinking infected water. Vertical transmission between female and offspring is possible in mosquitoes, and might potentially be important in overwintering. In the urban or spillover cycle, infected mosquitoes that have fed on infected birds transmit the virus to humans.
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The eggs are white and round, but flattened at the top and bottom. They exhibit a pebbled surface, while the micropylar area, or the area where the sperm fertilized the egg, is brown and sunken. The surface of the egg is generally more sculptured compared to the eggs of other butterflies, likely due to the thick chorion that has evolved to protect the overwintering egg from predators, parasitoids, and adverse environmental conditions. Around 75 eggs are produced per female.
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Falconer's poems were used by Patrick O'Brian in his Aubrey-Maturin series. One of his lesser characters is a nautical poet but his poems are Falconer's. The lines :With living colours give my verse to glow: The sad memorial of a tale of woe! (from The Shipwreck, Canto I) were used as a motto for Tafereel van de overwintering der Hollanders op Nova Zembla in de jaren 1596 en 1597 (1820) by the Dutch poet Hendrik Tollens (1780–1856).
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These toxins travel up the xylem to the leaves, causing leaf chlorosis and necrosis, eventually leading to leaf and pod drop. Blue Fungal spore masses are produced on the roots of the plant where macroconidia are formed. Macroconidia are one of the overwintering phases of the pathogen and can persist in the soil and plant residue for many years. Between growing seasons, F. virguliforme is also found in the form of chlamydospores in the crop residue and freely in the soil.
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Its wintering range is also primarily coastal from southern Alaska down to the northern Gulf of California. Its eastern overwintering range is from southern Nova Scotia, down to the Florida Keys and sometimes west to Texas. Horned Grebes breed primarily in temperate zones, including prairies and parklands, but are also seen in boreal and subarctic regions. They breed in small to moderately sized (0.5-10 ha) shallow freshwater ponds, marshes and shallow bays on lake edges with beds of emergent vegetation.
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The adult brimstone travels to woodland areas to spend seven months overwintering. In spring when their host plants have developed, they return to the wetlands to breed and lay eggs. Both the larval and adult forms of the common brimstone have protective coloration and behaviour that decreases their chances of being recognised and subsequently preyed upon. The adult common brimstone has sexual dimorphism in its wing coloration: males have yellow wings and iridescence while females have greenish-white wings and are not iridescent.
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Hibernating adult maleThe adult common brimstone overwinters for seven months, remaining hidden and motionless throughout its hibernation. While both sexes have similar egg to adult development times, they differ in the times that they reach sexual maturity. The reproductive development of males begins just after pupal emergence, and continues during hibernation, which indicates that males may not be able to reproduce until after overwintering. For females, eggs remain undeveloped as the butterflies overwinter, and no reproductive development occurs until after emergence from hibernation.
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This can allow an insect to return unerringly to a single hole a few millimeters in diameter among thousands of apparently identical holes clustered together, after a trip of up to several kilometers' distance. In a phenomenon known as philopatry, insects that hibernate have shown the ability to recall a specific location up to a year after last viewing the area of interest. A few insects seasonally migrate large distances between different geographic regions (e.g., the overwintering areas of the monarch butterfly).
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The dominant paper wasp (Polistes flavus) remains in the center of the nest while subordinate wasps are often at the edge or off the nest. Space inside the nest may also be divided as a result of dominance interactions. For example, in paper wasp colonies, a single inseminated queen may found (initiate) a colony after waking up from hibernation (overwintering). However, it is common in many species that multiple inseminated females join these foundresses instead of founding their own nest.
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This was built during the summer of 1989 and 1990, resulting in a building with room for eight people.Kyvik et al. (2008): 153 Construction required of materials to be hauled from the coast and the station was officially opened on 17 February 1990.Kyvik et al. (2008): 169 The station took its name from the surrounding jagged mountains, which resemble trolls of Norse mythology. The first overwintering occurred in 2000, when a South Pole expedition used the camp as a base.
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During the winter season of 2006, there was no overwintering due to lack of funding, but from 2007 this has been re-instated. In 2008, a windmill was taken into use to provide some of the power. Norwegian Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg visited Troll in January 2008, when he among other things opened TrollSat. At the same time, as part of the International Polar Year, a Norwegian – United States expedition traveled from Troll to the Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station and back.
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In 2013, the Greenbelt Land Trust bought the property, which consists of forest—including Oregon white oak on the higher ground—marshy savanna, braided stream channels and beaver ponds. The Trust, a conservation group concerned with the mid-Willamette Valley, is restoring damaged wildlife habitat while using the property for food production, hiking trails, and education. In the 21st century, the stream supports populations of cutthroat trout. It also provides overwintering habitat for young Chinook salmon that ascend Marys River.
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The main cause of oil toxicity in wildlife is accidental exposure resulting from oil spills. Oil spills occur most commonly near oil-shipping routes, pipelines, wells and refineries. Oil spills have a more drastic impact in the late winter and early spring months, because large populations of overwintering birds gather near shores. The Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill (also known as the BP Oil Spill) was estimated to have killed over 8,000 birds, sea turtles and marine mammals from April to September in 2010.
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Flowers of Oplismenus undulatifolius are typically very light in color compared to the deep-red flowers of Oplismenus hirtellus. Oplismenus undulatifolius is a shallow rooted perennial with stolons that may grow to several feet in length. The leaves of overwintering plants become brown and dead, but in the spring, new growth begins at the upper nodes of the stolons. In early fall, the sticky awns readily adhere to anything that brushes against them which makes for an effective mode of dispersal.
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R. solani can survive in the soil for many years in the form of sclerotia. Sclerotia of Rhizoctonia have thick outer layers to allow for survival, and they function as the overwintering structure for the pathogen. In some rare cases (such as the teleomorph) the pathogen may also take on the form of mycelia that reside in the soil, as well. The fungus is attracted to the plant by chemical stimuli released by a growing plant and/or decomposing plant residue.
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Some of the mummies on the ground can have a significant discharge of ascospores that begins about two to three weeks after bud breaks and will mature one to two weeks after the start of bloom. In the presence of moisture, these ascospores germinate slowly, taking 36 to 48 hours, but eventually penetrate the young leaves and fruit stems (pedicels). The infections become visible after 8 to 25 days. The period that overwintering spores require to cause infection depends on the inoculum source.
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By the end of the summer, mature larvae leave the nuts by round holes then burrow into the ground where they build individual cells. After overwintering, most larvae diapause for the whole season and undergo metamorphosis in the next summer. Newly formed adults then mainly overwinter in their pupal cases before emerging in the spring of the following year. Adult females are reproductively immature at emergence and ovarian development is only attained from 1 to 2 months later, after the feeding period.
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Today, according to the Institute for Lake Research (Institut für Seenforschung, ISF), the zebra mussel is also an important food for overwintering waterfowl. In fact, the number of overwinterers has more than doubled in around 30 years. The killer shrimp (Dikerogammarus villosus) has spread since 2002 from two sections of shoreline near Hagnau and Immenstaad, over the whole Lake Überlingen (2004), the whole of the Upper Lake (2006) and almost the whole Lake Constance and Rheinsee shore (2007).Invasion des Höckerflohkrebses.
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The Commission for Environmental Cooperation has determined that population variations require a long-term and large scale monitoring effort Population estimates of adults, or of eggs and larva, and milkweed abundance, should correlate with the censuses at the overwintering sites. Data are currently unavailable at this time to determine these censuses but a current study by The Monarch Larva Monitoring Project is designed to determine whether or not population censuses in Mexico match the population censuses in the Midwestern United States and Canada.
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Temperature change is argued to be the biggest direct abiotic impact of climate change on herbivorous insects. In temperate regions, global warming will affect overwintering, and warmer temperatures will extend the summer season, allowing for more growth and reproduction. A 2013 study estimated that on average, crop pests and pathogens have moved to higher latitudes at a rate of about 2.7 km/year since 1960. This is roughly in line with estimates of the rate of climate change in general.
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Meikle Loch from the air Meikle Loch is an inland loch some miles north of Collieston, Aberdeenshire, Scotland. It is designated as part of the Ythan Estuary complex, along with the Sands of Forvie, as a Special Protection Area for wildlife conservation purposes. Meikle is a Scots word for large/big, which the loch is when compared to the adjacent Little Loch. It is a eutrophic loch with limited aquatic vegetation but is important as the home to overwintering pink-footed geese.
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The roughtail stingray (Bathytoshia centroura) is a species of stingray in the family Dasyatidae, with separate populations in coastal waters of the northwestern, eastern, and southwestern Atlantic Ocean. This bottom-dwelling species typically inhabits sandy or muddy areas with patches of invertebrate cover, at a depth of . It is seasonally migratory, overwintering in offshore waters and moving into coastal habitats for summer. The largest whip-tail stingray in the Atlantic, the roughtail stingray grows up to across and in weight.
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Some workers will leave their maternal nest before overwintering so that they can become foundresses in the spring. In one southern Greek population, up to three quarters of females were observed to disappear from their colonies by spring. While some will die, many likely will become foundresses of eusocial colonies. In this Greek population, only about 50% of foundresses survived to the eclosion of the first brood, so it is probably necessary that workers lay many of the second-brood eggs.
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Catalina Trail, formerly known as Cathy Aguado, is a Mexican-born naturalist and social worker. She is noted for discovering, with her then-husband Kenneth C. Brugger, the location of the overwintering sites of the monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus. Their find completed the story of the monarchs' migration, which has been described as "the entomological discovery of the 20th century." She was born in 1949 on a ranch in the mountains near El Salto, in the Mexican state of Michoacán.
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The central idea is to understand how evolutionary processes operate on the molecular level. Researchers at CIBER conducted the first large scale analyses of the proteins present in glandular secretions supporting honeybee sperm, such as seminal fluid and spermathecal fluid. For experimental work, CIBER maintains and breeds its own bee stock of around 60 colonies, kept at an apiary on the campus of the University of Western Australia. During the winter month, most of the bee stock is moved north to overwintering grounds.
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The desert box turtle is endemic to the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. It lives in desert grasslands/shrublands and may face a drier, more severe environment compared with other box turtles in North America. They prefer arid, open prairie areas but have also been found in grassland regions where there is an abundance of yucca around. They prefer small defined areas where they can be well aware of their surroundings and the locations of their food, shelter and overwintering sites.
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Studies of the Tufa (calcite) deposits on Davis Creek have contributed to knowledge of the late Holocene period change. The area is a microbat hotspot with 15 confirmed species and another three species possibly present. One of the caves is used as an overwintering habitat for Miniopterus schriebersii oceanensis (Eastern Bentwing Bat) and another is used as a maternity cave for Rhinolophus megaphyllus (Common Horseshoe Bat). Rothery's Ruins The site contains features associated with the historical development of the place.
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The lake is a designated SSSI because of the variety and numbers of wild fowl visiting the lake, especially overwintering birds including the Eurasian Teal, northern shoveler and whooper swan. Other waterfowl include mallard, wigeon, common goldeneye, common pochard, tufted duck, ruddy duck and occasionally pink-footed goose. The lake is only a few metres deep as it was formed by flooding a former bog. The surrounding area is flat with a marshy area to the north of the lake.
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However, tree trunks banded with insecticides can limit repetition the following year by killing the larvae as they descend before hibernation. Soil injection presents a non-invasive alternative to trunk injections with a 2-year effect on the X. luteola population. Since overwintering elm leaf beetles infest the homes of those close to an elm leaf beetle infestation, it is suggested that all cracks outside the house should be sealed. It is discouraged to use insecticides unless there are really heavy colonies.
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This species lays eggs in the soil in August, and roughly 40 days later, in mid-September, the eggs hatch. The larvae go through five stages before they mature into an adult, the last being their overwintering stage, in which they spend six months in the soil before pupating in May and emerging in June as adults. Their developmental temperature range is 18 °C to 34 °C. The amount of time spend during their overwinter stage is determined by soil temperature.
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Mermitelocerus schmidtii is a univoltine species, overwintering as an egg. Adults can be found from mid-May to early July. These bugs are zoophytophagous, mainly feeding on ash (Fraxinus excelsior) and various other deciduous trees such as hawthorn (Crataegus sp.), maple (Acer sp.) and buckthorn (Rhamnus frangula, Rhamnus cathartica), elm (Ulmus ssp.) and hassel (Corylus avellana), but also on common nettle (Urtica dioica).Miridae.dk They suck the inflorescences and feed on leaf fleas (Psylloidea), aphids (Aphidoidea), caterpillars of butterflies and other small arthropods.
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It has a preference for legumes, preferring to feed on plants that are fruiting or forming pods. The most important factor limiting the population in temperate zones is winter cold. Mortality of overwintering individuals is between 30 and 80%, and the population cannot survive in areas where the average mid-winter temperature is below 5 °C.Musolin D.L. (2005). »The Southern Green Shield Bug Nezara viridula (L.) expands its distribution range, not only in the U.K.« Het News - Newsletter of the Heteroptera Recording Schemes.
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Because this pest has a very low migration capacity, moving mainly by walking, control is made mainly through crop rotation. Insecticide applications that target the adult stage may be necessary when the population density is high. The monitoring of the overwintering generation of adults using carrot-baited traps is an effective means of assessing the level of infestation and predicting the need for insecticide treatments. Several natural enemies such as micro-organisms, nematodes, predatory insects and parasitoids can attack the carrot weevil.
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L. Adamec: Turion overwintering of aquatic carnivorous plants.. in: Carnivorous plant newsletter. Arboretum, Fullerton Ca 28.1999,1, 19–24 In the wild, Aldrovanda turions have been observed to have a relatively low rate of successful sinking. Those nutritious turions that fail to sink are then grazed by waterfowl or are killed by the onset of frost. In spring when water temperatures rise above , turions reduce their density and float to the top of the water, where they germinate and resume growth.
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Similar to other wasp species, colonies of D. saxonica build up during the summer time and decline during the winter. Queens are the only ones capable of surviving the winter due to their form of hibernation called overwintering, which occurs within sheds, hollow trees, or other similar cavities. The queens that do survive the winter find a new colony in the springtime, around April to early May. Their job is to find a good nesting location and rear the first set of workers.
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The Farlington Marshes lie to the south of Farlington and form part of Langstone Harbour. The marshes are a Local Nature Reserve, owned by Portsmouth City Council and managed by the Hampshire and Isle of Wight Wildlife Trust. A Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI), the marshes now host a vast number of migratory, overwintering wildfowl, including Brent Geese, Wigeons, Teals, Avocets, Redshanks and Dunlins. The marshes were gradually reclaimed from the harbour in 1770 by the Lord Mayor of Farlington.
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The 1000 ha IBA was so classified because it supports significant numbers of the populations of various bird species, either as residents, or as overwintering, breeding or passage migrants. These include Himalayan snowcocks, saker falcons, cinereous vultures, yellow-billed choughs, Hume's larks, sulphur-bellied warblers, wallcreepers, Himalayan rubythroats, white-winged redstarts, white-winged snowfinches, alpine accentors, rufous-streaked accentors, brown accentors, water pipits, fire-fronted serins, plain mountain-finches, crimson-winged finches, red-mantled rosefinches, Caucasian great rosefinches and white-winged grosbeaks.
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Larvae of species in the genera Liriomyza and Phytomyza are extremely polyphagous (they attack many different species of plants). A long imaginal aestivation and hibernation period is an uncommon overwintering strategy among agromyzid flies. The shape of the mine is often characteristic of the species and therefore useful for identification. For some of the serpentine leaf miners it is possible to use the mine to indicate the instar of the animal that made it, and in some cases its cause of death.
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The milkweed bug can produce from one to three generations per year depending on climate and geographic location. O. fasciatus exhibits strong selection for survival and will halt reproduction as a trade-off if conditions are not ideal. Diapause occurs on short days and on cold days in temperate regions and occasionally occurs during dry season in tropical regions. Most populations of the milkweed bug overwinter; usually after migration to their overwintering sites due to environmental triggers such as temperature and photoperiod.
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Timber harvesting, wind farms and watershed urbanization reduce water supply, water quality and microhabitat availability. Aquatic habitat can be degraded through siltation of streams, or the microhabitat conditions of the forest floor undergoing alterations. Siltation is of particular consequence to the northern dusky salamander because the interstitial spaces that they use for foraging, nesting and overwintering are lost. Urbanization has resulted in the disappearance of the species in Mount Saint-Hellaire National Park in Quebec, as well as other areas.
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These are often subtending a 10-20mm bud, which will overwinter and grow a new plant in spring. While most Rhynchospora have large rhizomes (tuber-like stems below the soil surface), R.alba has very small rhizomes, or none at all, and very shallow root systems. This reflects its different life history to many other sedges – R.alba loses all but the basal overwintering bud during the winter, while most other species retain and store nutrients in well developed rhizome and root structures.
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In Nova Scotia, the monarch is listed as endangered at the provincial level, as of 2017. This decision (as well as the Ontario decision) appears to be because of the presumption that the overwintering colony declines in Mexico translate into declines in the breeding range in Canada. Two recent studies have been conducted examining long-term trends in monarch abundance in Canada, using either butterfly atlas records or citizen science butterfly surveys, and neither shows evidence of a population decline in Canada.
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A number of researchers believe milkweed loss during the breeding season is the cause because declines in milkweed abundance are highly correlated with the adoption of herbicide-tolerant genetically modified corn and soybeans, which now constitute 89% and 94% of these crops, respectively, in the U.S. However, correlative evidence does not prove causation, and other possible causes of the overwintering declines have been proposed. A 2018 study has suggested that the decline in milkweed predates the arrival of GM crops.
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Uredospores are subglobose to ovoid or pyriform, echinulate, and measure 25.74 to 37.18 x 17.16 to 27.17 μm, with thickened walls apical walls (1.3 to 1.6 μm) and one to two equatorial germ pores. In addition, the overwintering spores that produce basidiospores, also known as teliospores, have been located on the leaf surface. The teliospores range from cylindrical, clavate to club shaped, with rounded apex and sized from 50−83 × 14−21 μm. Basidiospores are the sexual spores of rusts.
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The large blue butterfly has a complex life-cycle with the larva feeding on thyme (Thymus vulgaris) and marjoram (Origanum majorana), and later tricking red ants (Myrmica sabuleti) into thinking it is an escaped ant grub. Overwintering in an ant nets the larva feeds on the grubs, with pupation taking place in early June. Habitat improvement for the large blue occurred at thirteen locations with contractors and volunteers restoring 8 hectares of limestone grassland, by scrub cutting. The butterfly has since bred on much of this area.
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There are four larval instars, and at the end of the 4th instar, the larvae will pupate. Adult mosquitoes will emerge between July and September in the United States . The life cycle of O. triseriatus is closely related to temperature and humidity, and this mosquito is very resistant to lower temperatures, allowing for successful diapause throughout the winter in the southern United States . In northern areas, only the eggs will survive the winter, but in more southern areas, overwintering eggs and diapausing larvae can coexist.
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One generation of this beetle is produced a year. Adults feed before winter and spend most of their overwintering time in protected areas such as wind rows, crop stubble, and tree bark crevices. Adults mate once the temperature warms to above 9–10 degrees Celsius (or 44.6 degrees F) and females have a relatively long laying period (about 45–60 days), when they deposit eggs on the undersides of leaves. The larvae hatch in 7–15 days, and start the most damaging eating of the entire lifecycle.
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Martial eagles tend to be attracted to thorn trees in open savanna. Some 676 species of bird have been recorded in Togo, including 18 globally threatened species. The birds include sea birds, wetland birds and terrestrial species, some resident and others migratory, either overwintering in the country or just passing through, while a few are accidentals. About 408 species are thought to be resident and breeding in the country, about 109 are palearctic migrants and a further 80 or so are migrants moving within Africa.
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How the species manages to return to the same overwintering spots over a gap of several generations is still a subject of research; the flight patterns appear to be inherited, based on a combination of the position of the sun in the skyGugliotta, Guy (2003): Butterflies Guided By Body Clocks, Sun Scientists Shine Light on Monarchs' Pilgrimage . Washington Post, May 23, 2003, page A03. Retrieved 2006-JAN-07. and a time- compensated Sun compass that depends upon a circadian clock that is based in their antennae.
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After the Austro-Hungarian and British expeditions, only the southern and central parts of the archipelago had been explored. At the time there was a presumption that a large landmass, tentatively called Petermann Land, stretched northwards, possibly all the way to the pole. To the west another landmass was expected, Gillis Land, which it was expected might reach as far as Svalbard. Frederick George Jackson hoped to exploit the previous expeditions' experience with overwintering to launch an expedition to explore the northern parts of the island group.
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For example, eliminating crop residue could reduce the occurrence of overwintering and discourage inoculation in subsequent seasons. Another strategy would be to plant resistant rice varieties that are not as susceptible to infection by M. grisea. Knowledge of the pathogenicity of M. grisea and its need for free moisture suggest other control strategies such as regulated irrigation and a combination of chemical treatments with different modes of action. Managing the amount of water supplied to the crops limits spore mobility thus dampening the opportunity for infection.
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Some 674 species of bird had been recorded in Senegal by April 2019. Some of the more spectacular include the red-billed tropicbird, the Arabian bustard, the Egyptian plover, the golden nightjar, the red-throated bee-eater, the chestnut-bellied starling, the cricket warbler, the Kordofan lark and the Sudan golden sparrow. The Djoudj National Bird Sanctuary on the south side of the Senegal River Delta is an important site for migrating and overwintering waterfowl. About three million migratory birds spend the winter here.
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After overwintering as pupae in the soil, the flies emerge in spring, feed on nectar, and lay eggs close to plants of the genus Brassica. The eggs are white and about 1 mm in diameter. They hatch into white maggots after about six days and the larvae feed for about three weeks on the roots and stems of the cabbage plants. After this, the larvae are typically 0.9 to 1 cm in length and form reddish-brown pupae which hatch into adult flies after around 20 days.
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Depending on weather and location, P. viteana occurs in two to four generations per year, with generations above a second being more common in the southern areas of its range but occasionally happening in the northern areas as well. The last generation overwinters in the pupal stage. Adults of the various generations of P. viteana are on wing from roughly March to August, depending on the weather and location. The adults of the first flight emerge, after overwintering, during spring around the time of grapevine bloom.
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Crop rotation is also used to control pests and diseases that can become established in the soil over time. The changing of crops in a sequence decreases the population level of pests by (1) interrupting pest life cycles and (2) interrupting pest habitat. Plants within the same taxonomic family tend to have similar pests and pathogens. By regularly changing crops and keeping the soil occupied by cover crops instead of lying fallow, pest cycles can be broken or limited, especially cycles that benefit from overwintering in residue.
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Noone, Fr. S. Where the Sun Sets (1991) Naas A landslide disaster struck this townland on 22 February 1931 when Lough Boleynagee, a lake above sea level and overlooking Glencullen Upper, slid down the hillside, pushing mountains of soft bog in front of it. The landslide came down the river carrying with it the Glencullen Bridge. Lough Bouleynagee, a well known resting and feeding place for overwintering brent geese, was drained of all its water and on its bottom lay little but dead trout.
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A nuc can also grow into a full-sized colony, given proper time, favorable weather, and appropriate resources. The terms 'nuc' and 'split' are not strictly interchangeable. While a nuc may have a number of different uses, a split more often refers to dividing a colony for the purposes of growing the removed bees back to a full-sized colony. A nuc is not normally intended for overwintering, as nuc colonies do not possess a large enough winter cluster to survive winter in harsher climates.
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As an extra precautionary measure, a grower can choose to have their soil either heat- sterilized or pasteurized. This process heats the soil to very high temperatures, with intentions to destroy the overwintering oospores which would otherwise restart the disease cycle in the spring. This practice of soil sterilization can be very costly, and may not complete eradicate all of the resting spores. However, if the problem is extreme enough, it may be one of the last options left, asides from finding a new plot of land.
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This wasp has exhibited a positive response to higher densities of codling moth larvae, a short generation time compared to other parasites of the codling moth, and a high number of female offspring per host larva. These 3 characteristics improve M. ridibundus's ability to control codling moth populations. Parasitism of overwintering codling moth cocoons has reached up to 70%, but most field tests have not demonstrated a dramatic result. M. ridibundus as a biological control is recommended as part of a broader management strategy.
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The spring-emerging females lay their eggs in shallow slits at the base of expanding needles, generally 1 per needle. Hatching takes place in 6 to 14 days, and the larvae feed in groups on the new needles until only short, brown stubs are left, after which the larvae move back on the twig to feed on the older needles until they are full- grown—usually in late July or early August. Larvae drop to the ground and spin overwintering cocoons. A single generation occurs per season.
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Every few years they migrate southwards in larger numbers and the overwintering populations in the Iberian Peninsula are greatly augmented. This event has been the object of diverse theories, one theory suggests that it occurs in the years when Norway spruce produces abundant seeds in the centre and north of Europe, causing populations to increase. An alternative theory is that greater migration occurs when the preferred food of alder or birch seed fails. This species will form large flocks outside the breeding season, often mixed with redpolls.
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They breed in deciduous forests good for nesting and forage primarily in wetlands and meadows. While some birds have acclimatized themselves to living near humans, even those birds avoid human settlements and interactions. In the winter, the migrating subspecies of the hawks seek out similar conditions to their overwintering home, so they settle in deciduous and mixed forests. Although it is declining in some areas because of forest fragmentation, its numbers are relatively stable and is assessed as least concern on the IUCN Red List.
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One newly recognised, non-hypnozoite, possible contributing source to recurrent peripheral P. vivax parasitemia is erythrocytic forms in bone marrow. P. vivax malaria cases in temperate areas often involve overwintering by hypnozoites, with relapses beginning the year after the mosquito bite. Reinfection means the parasite that caused the past infection was eliminated from the body but a new parasite was introduced. Reinfection cannot readily be distinguished from recrudescence, although recurrence of infection within two weeks of treatment for the initial infection is typically attributed to treatment failure.
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Some aquatic plant species produce overwintering turions, especially in the genera Potamogeton, Myriophyllum, Aldrovanda and Utricularia. These plants produce turions in response to unfavourable conditions such as decreasing day-length or reducing temperature. They are derived from modified shoot apices and are often rich in starch and sugars enabling them to act as storage organs. Although they are hardy (frost resistant), it is probable that their principal adaptation is their ability to sink to the bottom of a pond or lake when the water freezes.
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Mormidea lugens is a species of stink bug in the family Pentatomidae found in the Caribbean, Central America, and Eastern North America. In Illinois, adults have been observed emerging from overwintering sites in late April, and continue to be observed until early November, and appear to be bivoltine in this area. Eggs are approximately in diameter, pale yellow, and laid in small clusters of 6 to 11 eggs (mean = 9.6). Adults are bronze in color, with a white-yellow border around the scutellum, and are in length.
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In the spring, a female nymph (also known as a stem mother) emerges from an overwintering egg and initiates a gall on one of the leaves of the Populus tree. The gall forms around the stem mother, who begins to reproduce parthenogenically while feeding on the leaf's phloem sap. Each stem mother is capable of creating up to 300 progeny per gall. The gall occupants develop wings in the middle of the summer and disperse from the gall to deposit their larvae in the ground.
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Rose growers recommend the use of fungicides some of which may have health implications for the gardener.Fungicides: Chemistry, Environmental Impact and Health Effects, Costa and Bezerra Many cultivated roses are now bred to have resistance to rust diseases. In wild roses, Phragmidium infections are one of a normal range of pests and diseases which are part of the normal ecological pressures affecting all species. Non-chemical controls include pruning out the spring infections as soon as possible along with collecting and destroying fallen leaves to prevent overwintering.
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Areas of Norse influence in 10th century Ireland In 795, small bands of Vikings began plundering monastic settlements along the coast of Gaelic Ireland. The Annals of Ulster state that in 821 the Vikings plundered Howth and "carried off a great number of women into captivity". From 840 the Vikings began building fortified encampments, longphorts, on the coast and overwintering in Ireland. The first were at Dublin and Linn Duachaill.Ó Corráin, Donnchadh (2001), "The Vikings in Ireland", in Larsen, Anne-Christine (ed.), The Vikings in Ireland.
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This species is found throughout New Zealand, including Stewart Island and Chatham Island; the Chatham Island individuals seem to be genetically distinct from the mainland population, and most have an interrupted blue stripe on the thorax, but currently this is thought insufficient to consider them a separate species. A. colensonis can be seen near water at any time, but especially November to April; adults seen in June and July may be overwintering. It is the main damselfly species in mountain tarns, so is presumably cold-tolerant.
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Urea is accumulated in tissues in preparation for overwintering, and liver glycogen is converted in large quantities to glucose in response to internal ice formation. Both urea and glucose act as "cryoprotectants" to limit the amount of ice that forms and to reduce osmotic shrinkage of cells. Frogs can survive many freeze/thaw events during winter if no more than about 65% of the total body water freezes. Research exploring the phenomenon of "freezing frogs" has been performed primarily by the Canadian researcher, Dr. Kenneth B. Storey.
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Waterfowl arriving in California's Central Valley, a staging point on the Pacific Flyway A flyway is a flight path used by large numbers of birds while migrating between their breeding grounds and their overwintering quarters. Flyways generally span continents and often pass over oceans. Although applying to any species of migrating bird, the concept was first conceived and applied to waterfowl and shore birds. The flyways can be thought of as wide arterial highways to which the migratory routes of different species are tributaries.
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The eastern North American monarch population is notable for its annual southward late- summer/autumn migration from the northern and central United States and southern Canada to Florida and Mexico. During the fall migration, monarchs cover thousands of miles, with a corresponding multi-generational return north. The western North American population of monarchs west of the Rocky Mountains often migrates to sites in southern California but has been found in overwintering Mexican sites as well. Monarchs have been bred on the International Space Station.
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In North America, monarchs migrate both north and south on an annual basis, in a long-distance journey that is fraught with risks. The population east of the Rocky Mountains attempts to migrate to the sanctuaries of the Mariposa Monarca Biosphere Reserve in Mexico and parts of Florida. The western population tries to reach overwintering destinations in various coastal sites in central and southern California. The overwintered population of those east of the Rockies may reach as far north as Texas and Oklahoma during the spring migration.
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UKmoths The larvae feed on Amelanchier, Chaenomeles, Cotoneaster, Crataegus laevigata, Crataegus monogyna, Cydonia oblonga, Malus domestica, Malus ringo, Malus sylvestris, Mespilus germanica, Prunus armeniaca, Prunus avium, Prunus cerasus, Prunus domestica, (including subspecies insititia), Prunus dulcis, Prunus mahaleb, Prunus persica, Prunus spinosa, Pyrus communis and Sorbus. Young larvae mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine has the form of a branched or stellate, brownish corridor that contains almost no frass. After overwintering, the larvae live freely in the buds and amongst young leaves.bladmineerders.
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She was expedition leader of the 28th overwintering team (2015) of the South Korean King Sejong Antarctic station, where she served as the station chief for about a year. Ahn's research interests include Antarctic marine benthic ecology with special interests on benthic invertebrates and monitoring on Antarctic coastal marine ecosystems. She has studied the Antarctic clam Laternula elliptica, a dominant marine bivalve around Antarctic Continent. Ahn's current research includes studies on the impacts of glacier retreat on nearshore marine benthic communities around the King Sejong Station.
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Eilean na Muice Duibhe, also known as Duich Moss, is an area of low-level blanket mire on the island of Islay, off the west coast of Scotland. Located south of the town of Bowmore and with an area of 576 hectares, the area has been protected as a Ramsar Site since 1988. The site includes an unusual transition from blanket bog to raised mire habitats. It supports an internationally important population of white-fronted geese, with 2% of the Greenland population overwintering at the site.
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Originally a tropical and subtropical species in Central and South America, Zorotypus hubbardi has expanded its range northwards into the United States. This has probably occurred through the movement of winged females, possibly overwintering in piles of sawdust. Its normal habitat is under the loose bark of decomposing logs. Along with Zorotypus snyderi from southern Florida, Hubbard's angel insect is one of only two members of this order to be found in the United States, the rest of the order being largely tropical in distribution.
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Over 10% of the nature park is under nature protection and over 65% under landscape protection. The Steinhuder Meer ("Lake Steinhude"), which is just under in area and only 1.5 m deep, is a wetland of international importance and is a breeding and overwintering area and migration stop for many waders and water fowl. The wet meadows in the vicinity of the lake also play an important part here. In the bogs, some still intact and other recultivated, a large number of rare animal and plant species thrive.
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He wrote a proposal for an expedition in 1894 to explore Ellesmere Island and rescue the lost Björling–Kallstenius Expedition. While it is unclear if his proposed expedition ever took place, he did manage to finance another expedition after mortgaging his house and farm. Stein landed near Cape Sabine and commenced a two-year study of the linguistics, songs, and drum dances of the Cape York Eskimo from 1899 to 1901, overwintering at Fort Magnesia on Pim Island. Ultimately the expedition was eclipsed by the better funded and equipped expedition led by Otto Sverdrup.
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The common brimstone uses various environments for different stages of its life cycle. The butterfly inhabits wetlands during mating and breeding season, as they provide ideal areas for oviposition due to an abundance of host plants like the alder buckthorn. The common brimstone prefers laying eggs on younger host plants with late bud-bursts that are isolated from other plants in the area and exposed to both open space and sun. During the winter, adult brimstones travel to woodlands to hibernate, as they provide ideal overwintering sites with shelters such as evergreen foliage and holly.
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The nest, which occurs within burrows in the ground or rotting wood, begins to become active and bees awake from their hibernal diapause in late April to early June, but will not leave their overwintering burrows until late June.Packer, L. (1986) The social organisation of Halictus ligatus (Hymenoptera; Halictidae) in southern Ontario. Canadian Journal of Zoology 64: 2317-2324. Hibernal diapause is a delayed development that occurs in many insects where there is no growth and feeding of larvae, embryonic and pupal development stops, and mating, reproduction, and egg development of adults does not occur.
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Plants producing nectar have been developed to maintain the two species of swallowtail butterflies, three species of whites and sulphur butterflies, five species of woodnymphs, ten species of brush-footed butterflies, four gossamer, and two skipper species that are found within the park. Three known overwintering butterflies stay as adults during the winter in the garden's man-made butterfly houses. The concept of the butterfly house was designed by the garden's original director, Dr. Bernard Jackson. The three species are known as the green comma, the mourning cloak, and Milbert's tortoiseshell.
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Marshes and swamps form the transition between terrestrial and aquatic environments, maintaining biodiversity by providing a habitat for a wide range of species. Native wildlife frequent wetlands alongside species that are nesting, overwintering or migrating, such as birds along the Atlantic Flyway. Wetlands are composed of 37.5% marine (sea water), 31.6% palustrine (stagnant water), 20% estuarine (coastal, brackish water), 10.7% lacustrine (freshwater lakes and ponds), and 0.2% riverine (flowing streams). Approximately of perennial streams and of intermittent streams flow through the park, while about of shoreline surround 110 lakes and ponds encompassing .
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The western end of the Mendip Hills has, since 1972, been designated an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) under the National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949. The Blackdown Hills were designated an AONB in 1991, and the Quantock Hills have held the status since 1956, the first such designation in England under the Act. The Somerset Levels is a wetland area of international importance, with large numbers of wading birds overwintering there. Exmoor is a National Park straddling two counties with 71% in Somerset and 29% in Devon.
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Mangroves occur on the estuarine and sea-birds and waders such as the Caspian Tern (Hydroprogne caspia), Eastern Reef Egret (Egretta sacrea), Ibis (Threskiornis aethiopica, Threskiornis spinicollis) and Spoonbill (Platalea regia). During the summer this area is an important overwintering site of migrant waders from the Northern Hemisphere. The relatively young dunes of this area support species include Piccabeen Palms (Archontophoenix cunninghamiana), Coast Cypress (Callitris columellaria) and Brushbox (Lophostemon confertus). The seaward side of the Wide Bay Area is continuous with the Great Sandy Strait region, which is heritage-listed in its own right.
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New York, Putnam. Most documents dealing with whaling in Newfoundland concern the years 1548 to 1588, with the largest quantity dealing with the harbor of Red Bay or "Less Buttes"—both names in reference to the red granite cliffs of the region. The references include acts of piracy in the 1550s, the loss of a ship in 1565, a disastrous wintering in 1576–77, and, on Christmas Eve 1584, a will written for a dying Basque, Joanes de Echaniz; the first known Canadian will. The last overwintering in Red Bay was made in 1603.
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Nothomyrmecia is univoltine, meaning that the queen produces a single generation of eggs per season, and it sometimes may take as many as 12 months for an egg to develop into an adult. Adults are defined as either juveniles or post-juveniles: juveniles are too young (perhaps several months old) to have experienced overwintering whereas post-juveniles have. The pupae generally overwinter and begin to hatch by the time a new generation of eggs is laid. Workers are capable of laying reproductive eggs; it is not known if these develop into males, females or both.
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Ag-Gol, situated in the Mil plain of the Kur-Araz lowlands has a semi-desert landscape and is an important overwintering and nesting place for birds. Over 140 species of birds are found in the park, including 89 species of nesting birds (partridge, spoonbill, swan, teal, bustard, etc.). Approximately 30 specimens of charadriiformes and 24 specimens of anseriformers have chosen this reserve home for themselves. Some of the bird species living here such as Francolinus, white-tailed eagle, white pelicans (Pelicanus onocrotalus) and Dalmatin pelicans (Pelicanus crispus) are added to the "Red Book".
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Loe Bar The beach from Porthleven to Gunwalloe is important for coastal geomorphology as it is formed by a barrier beach moving onshore during the Holocene and maintained by a predominantly south-west wave regime. During storms the Bar can be overrun by the sea forming a series of washover fans resulting in, annual laminated sediments, which are unique in Great Britain. The habitat is unique in Cornwall with rare species of plants, bryophytes, algae and insects. It is also an important overwintering site for nearly eighty species of birds and up to 1,200 wildfowl.
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Losses had remained stable since the 1990s at 17–20% per year, attributable to a variety of factors, such as mites, diseases, and management stress. In the winter of 2004–2005, a spontaneous collapse occurred and was attributed to varroa mites (the "vampire mite" scare), though this was ultimately never confirmed. The first report classified as CCD was in mid-November 2006 by a Pennsylvania beekeeper overwintering in Florida. By February 2007, large commercial migratory beekeepers wintering in California, Florida, Oklahoma, and Texas had reported heavy losses associated with CCD.
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Any conditions that increase vector populations can increase disease incidence, such as seasonal rainfall and forests or tree cover adjacent to crops, which serve as alternate food sources and overwintering locations for leafhoppers. Alexander Purcell, an expert on Xylella fastidiosa, hypothesized that plants foreign to X. fastidiosas area of origin, the neotropical regions, are more susceptible to symptom development. Thus, plants from warmer climates are more resistant to X. fastidiosa disease development, while plants from areas with harsher winters, such as grapes, are more severely affected by this disease.
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The thrush nightingale (Luscinia luscinia), also known as the sprosser, is a small passerine bird that was formerly classed as a member of the thrush family Turdidae, but is now more generally considered to be an Old World flycatcher, Muscicapidae. It, and similar small European species, are often called chats. It is a migratory insectivorous species breeding in forests in Europe and the Palearctic and overwintering in Africa. The distribution is more northerly than the very closely related common nightingale, Luscinia megarhynchos, which it closely resembles in appearance.
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Gerrids produce winged forms for dispersal purposes and macropterous individuals are maintained due to their ability to survive in changing conditions. Wings are necessary if the body of water is likely to dry since the gerrid must fly to a new source of water. However, wingless forms are favored due to competition for ovarian development and wings and reproductive success is the main goal due to the selfish gene theory. Overwintering gerrids usually are macropterous, or with wings, so they can fly back to their aquatic habitat after winter.
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Local residents today easily recall seeing the migrating butterflies prior to 1975. For at least a century, monarchs were observed overwintering in California. Historical records kept by lepidopterists do not mention the presence of monarchs in their current western range extending northward through Washington, Oregon and Canada. Female Monarchs lay their eggs exclusively on milkweeds, which provide the caterpillars and later adults with protection from predators, and it is speculated that milkweed may not have been available until western lands were cultivated, resulting in the expansion of the butterfly.
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The distance and length of these journeys exceeds the normal lifespan of monarchs, which is less than two months for butterflies born in early summer. The first generation leaving the overwintering sites only migrates as far north as Texas and Oklahoma. The second, third and fourth generations return to their northern breeding locations in the United States and Canada in the spring. As with the initiation of the southern migration, a variety of cues trigger the cessation of diapause, the beginning of breeding activity and the movement north.
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In California, monarchs have been observed roosting in a wide variety of locations: Fremont, Natural Bridges Beach, golf courses, suburban areas. California roosts differ from those in Mexico. Roosts are observed in inland areas and on non-native tree species. Overwintering sites in California, Northwestern Mexico, Arizona, the Gulf Coast, central Mexico and Florida share the same habitat characteristics: a moderating climatic conditions (thermally stable and frost free), are relatively humid, allow access to drinking water and have the availability of trees on which to roost and avoid predation.
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The monarchs that experienced cold temperatures during the winter months successfully changed the direction of their sun compass and oriented north in the spring. In contrast, the monarchs that never experiences the cold temperatures during the winter months oriented south in the spring, and thus did not experience a change in sun compass direction to accompany their migration. Therefore, the cold exposure experienced while overwintering is required for the monarch's migration cycle. During the northern remigration of monarchs in the spring, the time-compensated sun compass uses the same substrates as used in the fall.
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Conservation proposals are met with 'little enthusiasm' if not inclusive of local interests. > Sustainable development and conservation today is a problem of marketing and > financing, with real numbers and real mechanisms-not of good intentions. – > Roberto Solis, Instituto Nacional de Ecologia, Mexico Animal research in conservation has a role but it has little significance unless sociological, economic and political issues are satisfactorily resolved. Access to overwintering colonies is tightly controlled by Mexico and monitored by Profepa, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve (MBBR), local and international volunteers.
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Overwintering of desert bees have limited adult activity and reproduction during a short period of time after the desert rainy season. Larvae are small, exposed to high temperatures, low humidity, buried in the soil, subject to predation, desiccation, and pathogens. Induced emergence, in other words rainfall-triggered emergence, is observed within M. portalis, which has a synchronous pattern of emergence consistent with the southwestern desert's late summer monsoon rains. There is evidence of slight protandry and small inclination for emergence of large headed males before small headed males.
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A wintering imperial eagle in Little Rann of Kutch, Gujarat, India. Unlike the Spanish imperial eagle, the eastern imperial eagle is fairly strongly migratory in most of its range, though a variable amount of residency or very local wandering during winter in the western and southern parts of its range may lend it to be described as a partial migrant. The species has been recorded overwintering as far north as Mongolia. In Bulgaria, of three post dispersal juveniles, two wandering within the country and only one migrated a long distance to Israel.
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The overwintering habitat has been contentious with researchers disputing each others work. Mayfield (1992, 1996) first stated that the bird inhabits the shrub layer. Lee et al. (1997) also believed that the warbler inhabits shrubs, but they concluded that the species is entirely dependent on pineyards, stating that before the advent of deforestation of the high coppice after the colonisation of The Bahamas by pre-colonial Lucayan peoples, the bird must have been restricted to the northwestern islands which harbour these pineyards and absent from central, eastern and southern islands such as Eleuthera.
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Box turtles in North America are increasingly becoming a conservation concern because of habitat loss and because they are being harvested for the pet trade. The destruction of prairies due to land renovations has led to the decline of the desert box turtles (Terrapene ornata luteola) across much of their geographical range. These sites showed high fidelity and were used for overwintering habitats. But efforts have been placed by land management organizations by considering the use of translocation programs in order to restore the desert box turtle's population to areas specifically reserved for them.
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P. spyrothecae is green, red or yellow in color and smooth to the touch. The outer surface of this species develops as the edges of the petiole of Populus nigra thicken, flatten and twist. In parallel to the petiole's shape, a gall forms into a spiral shape similar to that of the inside of a snail's shell. The fundatrix, or parthenogenetic female aphid produced on the primary host plant from an overwintering fertilized egg, is pale green; these individuals allow the second generation alatae to form within the gall.
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Besides occurring on apple (Malus domestica), Aphis pomi infests other plants in the family Rosaceae including pear (Pyrus communis ), hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna), medlar (Mespilus germanica), quince (Cydonia oblonga), mountain ash (Sorbus aucuparia), rose (Rosa) and spiraea (Spiraea). It is an autoecious species, completing its life cycle on a single host species. Overwintering eggs hatch in spring and the aphids colonise the growing tips of the shoots causing the edges of the leaves to curl. These aphids are all viviparous females and give birth to other wingless aphids by parthenogenesis.
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The tree has not persisted prominently in US gardens, in part due to its overwintering brown fruits that some consider ugly. In some areas it has escaped cultivation and is found in disturbed plots. Some US authorities consider the genus an invasive species, but in Europe, where it is also grown in gardens, it is not regarded as invasive. The genus, originally Pavlovnia but now usually spelled Paulownia, was named in honour of Anna Paulowna, queen consort of The Netherlands (1795–1865), daughter of Tsar Paul I of Russia.
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Additionally, it has been noted that during migration the birds may fly closer to the ground than normal; possibly foraging for insects. There is speculation that feeding also occurs at higher altitudes. The common nighthawk winters in southern South America, but distribution in this range is poorly known due to difficulties in distinguishing the bird from the lesser nighthawk and in differentiating between migrants and overwintering birds. In some South and Central American countries, a lack of study has led to restricted and incomplete records of the bird.
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Red imported fire ants may indirectly contribute to low brood survival in the Attwater's prairie chicken. It was first thought that the ants were linked to the decline of overwintering birds such as the loggerhead shrike (Lanius ludovicianus), but a later study showed that ant eradication efforts using the pesticide Mirex, which was known to have toxic side effects, was largely to blame. Red imported fire ants are strong competitors with many ant species. They have managed to displace many native ants which has led to a number of ecological consequences.
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The English name is from German dialect or , Despite being found across a wide area it is a monotypic species, that is, there are no distinct subspecies. This could be explained by a number of factors, such as spatial variability of individuals in breeding areas between years, the large overwintering area which supposes a constant genetic interchange, and females having a number of clutches of eggs in one breeding season, each in a different place. This reference is based on theories expounded in The phylogeny has been obtained by Antonio Arnaiz-Villena et al.
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The bulbs are composed of shortened, compressed, underground stems surrounded by fleshy modified scale (leaves) that envelop a central bud at the tip of the stem. In the autumn (or in spring, in the case of overwintering onions), the foliage dies down and the outer layers of the bulb become dry and brittle. The crop is harvested and dried and the onions are ready for use or storage. The crop is prone to attack by a number of pests and diseases, particularly the onion fly, the onion eelworm, and various fungi which can cause rotting.
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From 1987 to 1992 Meyer read biology, focusing on Marine biology and oceanography, at Giessen University and at the University of Kiel. In 1996 she received her PhD, titled "Feeding strategies of the calanoid copepods in two different tropicalised areas in the Baltic Sea (Pomeranian Bay, Gotland Sea)", at the University of Rostock. In 2010 she completed a postdoc at the University Bremen, focusing on ecophysiological studies on the overwintering of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba). Shen then completed a science management course in 2011 at the Malik Management School, Switzerland.
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Near Crofton is Savernake Forest and the remains of a railway bridge that carried the Midland and South Western Junction Railway over the canal. Mill Bridge at Great Bedwyn is unusual in being a skew arch; on its completion in 1796 it was the first of its kind. From there to Hungerford the canal follows the valley of the River Dun through Freeman's Marsh, which consists of unimproved meadows, marsh and reedbed. It is an important site for overwintering, migratory and breeding birds, and supports many varieties of flora scarce in Southern England.
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Breeding takes place in the spring and there may be two generations of nymphs in southern Florida during the summer, but only one further north. More breeding activity in the autumn results in large overwintering nymphs. In an attempt to reduce the damage done by Scapteriscus mole crickets in Florida, biological pest control has been attempted using natural enemies introduced from South America. Larra bicolor is a parasitoid wasp which deposits larvae on adult mole crickets while the fly Ormia depleta lays egg on them; in both cases, the developing larvae devour the host's tissues.
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The life cycle starts with the fungus overwintering as sclerotia on plants debris, in seeds and in soils as a saprophyte. Conidia also play an important role as a survival structure, once they are resistant to drying, and might survive up to one year in the absence of a susceptible host. When condition are favorable the sclerotia produce new conidia, which act as primary inoculum to infect plants. The conidia produce mycelium that infects the plant through stomata when humidity is 85% or higher and produce conidiophores on the abaxial leaf surface of infected leaves.
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When fish return to the lake, their electrolyte levels increase quickly to concentrations similar to Lake Qinghai's salinity, while urine flow, metabolic rate, and oxygen consumption all decrease drastically. This is thought to represent the reduced osmoregulatory and metabolic costs of living in Lake Qinghai which make returning after spawning and reproduction advantageous. Young fish are thought to return to the lake after overwintering in their spawning streams. The other population spends its entire life in the nearby Ganzi River and is variously recognized as a separate ecotype or subspecies (G. p. ganzihonensis).
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If these females are only able to mate one time, they need to develop this larger clutch size to ensure that their genes are passed down from the surviving of her first clutch. Females that consumed a small supplement of dietary essential amino acids produced offspring that survived simulated overwintering conditions significantly longer than offspring of other treatments. Results suggest that dietary essential amino acids, which may be sequestered by males from their diet, could be valuable supplements that increase the success of the offspring of cannibalistic females.
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Up to 5000 or more red-crested pochards overwinter in the reserve The reserve has been identified by BirdLife International as an Important Bird Area (IBA) because it supports significant numbers of the populations of various bird species, either as residents, or as overwintering, breeding or passage migrants. These include red-crested pochards, pygmy cormorants, saker falcons, common coots, common cranes, pale-backed pigeons, pallid scops-owls, Egyptian nightjars, white-winged woodpeckers, brown-necked ravens, great tits, desert larks, streaked scrub-warblers, Sykes's warblers, Asian desert warblers, saxaul sparrows and desert finches.
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A 1150 km2 tract of land encompassing the reservoir and its surrounds has been identified as an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because it supports significant numbers of the populations of various bird species, either as residents, or as overwintering, breeding or passage migrants. These include mallards, pygmy cormorants, saker falcons, cinereous vultures, great bustards, houbara bustards, common cranes, pale-backed pigeons, pallid scops-owls, Egyptian nightjars, European rollers, white-winged woodpeckers, great tits, desert larks, streaked scrub-warblers, Sykes's warblers, Asian desert warblers, saxaul sparrows and desert finches.
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Nesting bird species include black-crowned night heron, ring-necked pheasant, mallard, Canada goose, mute swan and killdeer. Many species of waterfowl, shorebirds, marsh birds and passerine species feed in the area as residents during the summer and also during spring and fall migrations. Large concentrations of black duck occur during migrations and in recent years, osprey have been observed migrating through the area. Overwintering species include common loon, American coot, greater scaup, lesser scaup, northern shoveler, mallard, common goldeneye, canvasback, common merganser, hooded merganser and red-breasted merganser.
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Historically the berries of R. leptanthum have been consumed in Native American cultures in a variety of ways: they are readily eaten fresh by Apache peoples, including the Chiricahua, Mescalero, and other peoples (specifically those in the vicinity of Isleta and Jemez in New Mexico); used as an ingredient in cakes made for overwintering by Chiricahua, and Mescalero peoples; and, in those communities where early- settling Spanish and Native American cultures have generally mingled or influenced each other, R. leptanthum berries are used in recipes for jellies and wines.
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In a typical winter the team is isolated from when the last aircraft leaves in early March until the first plane arrives in late October. Before BAS shut down winter operations, there were around 13 overwintering staff. Most are the technical specialists required to keep the station and the scientific experiments running. The 2016 wintering team at Halley included a chef, a doctor, a communications manager, a vehicle mechanic, a generator mechanic, an electrician, a plumber, a field assistant, two electronics engineers, a meteorologist and a data manager.
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Other control methods include planting resistant varieties, removing infected plant tissue to prevent overwintering of the disease, using soil and systemic fungicides to eradicate the disease from the soil, flood fallowing, and using clean seeds each year. Applying fungicides depends on the field environment. It is difficult to find a biological control method because research in a greenhouse can have different effects than testing in the field. The best control method found for F. oxysporum is planting resistant varieties, although not all have been bred for every forma specialis.
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As well as eating nectar, birds often pick off insects on the foliage. Honeybees, native bees, ants and flies also visit nectaries, but generally do not come into contact with the flowers during this activity. The presence of Acacia pycnantha is positively correlated with numbers of swift parrots overwintering in box–ironbark forest in central Victoria, though it is not clear whether the parrots are feeding on them or some other factor is at play. The wood serves as food for larvae of the jewel beetle species Agrilus assimilis, A. australasiae and A. hypoleucus.
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Poppitt is originally from Cambridge, England. Her 1988 PhD thesis at Aberdeen University was titled 'Energetics of reproduction and overwintering in some insectivorous mammals' , supervised by Paul Racey and John Speakman FRS.. After graduation, she worked for Dunn Human Nutrition, both in Gambia and University of Cambridge and then moved to the University of Auckland, rising to full professor. She is the founding director of the University of Auckland’s Human Nutrition Unit. Poppitt was also named Director of Clinical Trials Development in Protemix, a biotechnology spinoff company from the university from 2006.
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Powdery mildew is a polycyclic disease (one which produces a secondary inoculum) that initially infects the leaf surface with primary inoculum, which is conidia from mycelium, or secondary inoculum, which is an overwintering structure called a chasmothecium. When the disease begins to develop, it looks like a white powdery substance. The primary inoculum process begins with an ascogonium (female) and antheridium (male) joining to produce an offspring. This offspring, a young chasmothecium, is used to infect the host immediately or overwinter on the host to infect when the timing is right (typically in spring).
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Cygnet River virus was isolated in 2010 from embryonated eggs of the Muscovy duck (Cairina moschate) from Cygnet River, Kangaroo Island in Australia. The virus was associated with an outbreak of severe disease in farmed ducks. Wellfleet Bay virus was isolated from wild common eider ducks (Somateria mollissima) overwintering at Jeremy Point, Wellfleet Bay in Cape Cod, Massachusetts, USA. The virus was associated with an outbreak of severe disease in 2010, and is hypothesised to have been a factor in a series of similar outbreaks in 1998–2013.
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The lipid pump is the sequestration of carbon from the ocean's surface to deeper waters through the usage of lipids by overwintering vertically migratory zooplankton. This carbon enters the deep ocean through respiration and mortality of the zooplankton in question. This lipid pump also entails a lipid shunt, where other nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus that are consumed in excess must be excreted back to the surface environment. This means that the carbon transported due to the lipid pump does not affect essential nutrients in the ocean surface.
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The Central Flyway starts from central Canada and crosses the Great Plains before continuing southwards to the Gulf of Mexico, merging with the Mississippi Flyway. There are no mountain barriers on this route. The Pacific Flyway is a north-south flyway for birds migrating from breeding grounds in Alaska and Canada to their overwintering areas in South America, some species travelling as far south as Patagonia. The Allegheny Front flyway in the central Appalachian Mountains is an important flyway for migratory birds traveling from their northern breeding grounds to their southern wintering sites.
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A buckthorn plant More than 100 species of Rhamnus exist worldwide, and most of these species are native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Rhamnus species are plentiful in North America. Two confirmed Rhamnus species that support overwintering of soybean aphids in North America are common buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica) of exotic origin and alderleaf buckthorn (Rhamnus alnifolia) of native origin. Another widespread Rhamnus species of exotic origin in North America is alder buckthorn (Rhamnus frangula); however, neither mature oviparae nor eggs have been documented on this potential host.
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Fala Flow is an area of upland blanket bog on the edge of the Lammermuir Hills, in Midlothian, Scotland. Located north of the village of Fala, around 15km south east of Edinburgh, an area of 318 hectares has been designated as a Ramsar Site since 1990. The site is a blanket upland mire with some pools, developed at a lower altitude than most blanket bogs in Midlothian. It supports an internationally important population of pink-footed geese, with around 3% of the Greenland and Iceland populations overwintering at the site.
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The colony cycle of D. media is about 3.3 months and occurs between early May and the end of August. The nests are initiated in early May when a single queen emerges from her overwintering hibernation site. All queens in the same region tend to emerge from hibernation and initiate nests at about the same time and do not disperse over weeks or months as in some other species. Queen The queen rears about 10 workers by herself and it takes about 30 days for these workers to mature to adults from eggs.
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Glycogen phosphorylase (GlyP) has been a key protein found during testing to increase in comparison to a controlled group not experiencing the cold hardening. Once warmer temperatures are observed the process of acclimation begins, and the increased glycerol along with other cryoprotective compounds and proteins are also reversed. There is a rapid cold hardening capacity found within certain insects that suggests not all insects can survive a long period of overwintering. Non-diapausing insects can sustain brief temperature shocks but often have a limit to which they can handle before the body can no longer produce enough cryoprotective components.
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The Soviet Union built a scientific station by the name of Oazis (Оазис) in the center of the area at , starting October 15, 1956, with two buildings for eight people. The station was handed over to Poland on January 23, 1959, and was renamed A. B. Dobrowolski Station (named after Antoni Dobrowolski). It continued to be occupied for a few weeks only thereafter. On February 22, 1979 (with preparations starting February 18) the station was reactivated for a short time, but an overwintering attempt failed, and the occupants had to be evacuated to Mirny Station ( to the west) on March 17.
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In 1952, a small base was built on Île des Pétrels (Petrel Island) to study a nearby colony of emperor penguins. This base was called Base Marret. As the main base, Port Martin, was destroyed by fire on the night of 23 January 1952, Base Marret was chosen as the overwintering site for 1952–53. The new main base, Dumont d'Urville Station, was built on the same island, located west of Port Martin, and opened on 12 January 1956, to serve as a centre for French scientific research during the Antarctic International Geophysical Year 1957–58.
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In 1973, the Nevada Department of Wildlife began stocking the Spooner Lake with trout. Trout species include the native Lahontan cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii henshawi), as well as multiple non-native species and hybrids including rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), brown trout (Salmo trutta), bowcutt trout (rainbow x cutthroat), brook trout (Salvenlinus fontinalis), and tiger trout (brown x brook). However, the lake's shallowness has made trout overwintering difficult and native Lahontan tui chub (Gila bicolor) have come to dominate the lake's fish species. Regulations changed from general (allowing harvest) to zero-harvest in 1982 and then to a 5 fish limit in 2006.
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The sexes also differ in times of emergence after overwintering. Emergence is correlated with temperature and hours of sunlight; a certain amount of both is necessary for the butterfly to emerge from hibernation and therefore influences when diapause ends. Males emerge earlier than females, as they are more willing to fly in lower temperatures than females. Since the common brimstone most closely follows monandrous mating patterns, males may emerge earlier to increase the number of mating chances and therefore reproductive success, as older males have had more time to develop and therefore have a greater advantage.
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Broadhaven Bay is of high conservation importance owing to the presence of several habitats that are listed on Annex 1 of the EU Habitats Directive. Large shallow bays, intertidal sand flats, reefs, marine caves, salt marshes are of ornithological importance for breeding and overwintering bird species. In the inner bay of Sruth Fada Conn and other Broadhaven Bay inlets, there are extensive intertidal mudflats characterised by polychaetes and bivalve communities. Atlantic salt marshes fringe on the blanket bog in this area also and species include turf fucoids, sea thrift, sea arrowgrass, Sea Plantain, salt marsh grasses, rushes Juncus gerardii and Juncus maritimus.
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The remains of the wooden lodge of Willem Barentsz on Novaya Zemlya, sketched by Elling Carlsen in 1871 The wooden lodge where Barentsz' crew sheltered was found undisturbed by Norwegian seal hunter Elling Carlsen in 1871. Making a sketch of the lodge's construction, Carlsen recorded finding two copper cooking pots, a barrel, a tool chest, clock, crowbar, flute, clothing, two empty chests, a cooking tripod and a number of pictures.De Jonge, J.K.J. "Nova Zembla: De voorwerpen door de Nederlandsche Zeevaarders na hunne overwintering aldaar in 1597 achtergelaten en in 1871 door Kapitein Carlsen teruggevonden, beschreven en toegelicht.", 1872.
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Thousands of greater flamingos can be seen on the salt flats near the headland Flying gurnard (Dactylopterus volitans) 1,100 species of fauna have been recorded within the park, the majority of which are birds. The European Union has designated a Special Protection Area for bird-life. The salt flats provide an important habitat for both the resident birds and the thousands of migrating birds who stop on their journey between Europe and Africa. Species found around the salt flats include flamingos (Phoenicopterus roseus); grey (Ardea cinerea); purple herons (Ardea purpurea); storks; cranes; waders including avocets and oystercatchers; and overwintering ducks.
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There are four life stages: egg, larva, nymph and adult. Eggs take between 4 and 7 days to hatch at 18°C, and females lay up to 50 eggs at one time. The mite's cold tolerance is not known; it may remain active over winter if temperatures are high enough, though in cooler areas overwintering occurs beneath bud scales. The Northwest Fuchsia Society states that mites in the Pacific Northwest of the USA may have been killed by occurring over 3 to 4 nights, though outdoor mite populations in southern England appear to have survived winters with prolonged periods below .
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This can often be observed in autumn on the Eriskircher Ried on the northern shore of Lake Constance. This is where broad front migration converges on the lake and birds then try to move along the shore towards the northwest. The importance of Lake Constance as an important area for resting and overwintering is underlined by the Max Planck Institute for Ornithology's Radolfzell Bird Observatory (Vogelwarte Radolfzell), which is the bird ringing centre for the German states of Bavaria, Baden-Württemberg, Berlin, Rhineland-Palatinate and the Saarland as well as for Austria, and which researches bird migration.
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Environmental factors can influence how fast new oocysts become infective and management of the animals living conditions and feed and how easily the animals get infected. In general, pathogenic Eimeria species, including E. zuernii, can cause three types of disease in a herd that often manifest as outbreaks. Winter coccidiosis/eimeriosis – animals becoming more susceptibile to infections due to cold and crowding of the animals facilitate the spread (housing of cattle at the end of a pasture season).. Summer coccidiosis/eimeriosis – susceptible animals ingesting overwintering oocysts on pastures on turn-out and increased sporulation of new oocysts due to increasing temperatures.
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Also present are the European rabbit and the European hare, the southern white-breasted hedgehog and the northern white-breasted hedgehog, the European mole, some ten species of shrew and around thirty species of rodent (squirrels, dormice, mice, rats and voles). With its varied topography and habitats, Greece has a rich bird fauna. It is a meeting point for birds of three continents, the southern limit for some species and the northern limit for others. Beside the resident bird populations, many migratory species visit the country as they move seasonally between their breeding grounds and their overwintering areas.
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Bromus comes from a Greek word for a type of oat, and tectorum comes from tector which means overlaying and tectum which means roof. Bromus tectorum is a winter annual grass native to Eurasia usually germinating in autumn, overwintering as a seedling, then flowering in the spring or early summer. B. tectorum may be mistaken for a bunchgrass because it may send up shoots that give it the appearance of having a rosette. In areas where it is growing in dense stands the plants will not form this rosette like structures, but instead are single-culmed (stalked).
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Severe bushfires in the Victorian and NSW high country in January 2003 destroyed much of the frogs' remaining habitat, especially the breeding sites and the leaf litter that insulates overwintering adults. The fire affected almost all southern corroboree frog habitat, however recent surveys have shown that the fire resulted in a lower than expected decline in population. As with many other Australian frogs, the predominant reason for the corroboree frogs' decline is thought to be infection with the chytrid fungus. This fungus is believed to have been accidentally introduced to Australia in the 1970s and destroys the frogs' skin, usually fatally.
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It is considered one of the most conservation-worthy seasides in the county. The bay serves as a resting and overwintering site for birds, and there are many nesting species of regional importance; altogether, 17 species have one of their most important regional concentrations here, and one species has one of its most important national concentrations here. The area is well suited for study and teaching, and for directly observing bird migrations. The nature reserve is one of six natural areas that were included in the Giske Wetlands System Ramsar site, which was established in 1996.
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In the United States, strong southerly winds in the spring carry adults northwards to the Mid West and northern parts of the country, and these insects usually arrive earlier and exceed in number the resident insects that have been overwintering there, mostly on grasses and cereals. Eggs are laid on a wide range of host plants which include grasses and clovers, corn, oats, rye, carrots and various weeds. The eggs hatch in about one week and the whole life cycle takes about four weeks. Carrot, dill, potato and radish are selected by adults for feeding purposes but are not good for breeding purposes.
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The Giske Wildlife Sanctuary () is located in the Makkevika inlet on Giiske island in the municipality of Giske in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. The area received protection in 1988 "to preserve an important wetland area with its habitat, bird life and other wildlife," according to the conservation regulations. The inlet is a resting place for wetland birds, especially waders, and it is also an important overwintering place and has a strong nesting population. Six of the bird species that have been observed here are of international importance, 21 species are of national importance, and 35 are of regional importance.
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The life cycle of M. amygdalinae is macrocyclic, or has all spore states in its life cycle, which is important to know when trying to perform any disease management. In the spring it undergoes sexual reproduction and the teliospores germinate after overwintering, then produce basidia. The basidia then release basidiospores that travel through the wind to infect the host plant. The host is infected by the haploid basidiospores that form spermagonia. “After dikaryotization by transfer of spermatia to the receiving structures of compatible mating types, aecia are formed. From these, aecidiospores are dispersed, which, after germination, form uredia on infected host tissue”.
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When a typical sophisticated reproductive strategy is used, only females are present in the population at the beginning of the seasonal cycle (although a few species of aphids have been found to have both male and female sexes at this time). The overwintering eggs that hatch in the spring result in females, called fundatrices (stem mothers). Reproduction typically does not involve males (parthenogenesis) and results in live birth (viviparity). The live young are produced by pseudoplacental viviparity, which is the development of eggs, deficient in yolk, the embryos fed by a tissue acting as a placenta.
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Forensic study revealed that the individuals ranged in age from their late teens to about forty, four men to every woman. Five associated pennies fit well with the overwintering date of 873–74. The absence of injury marks suggest that the party had perhaps died from some kind of contagious disease. An early 18th century account describes how, in the last quarter of the 17th century, Thomas Walker, a workman looking for stone, opened the mound and found the skeleton of a "nine foot tall" man in a stone coffin in the remains of a building.
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300px The Atlantic Flyway is a major north-south flyway for migratory birds in North America. The route generally starts in Greenland, then follows the Atlantic coast of Canada, then south down the Atlantic Coast south to the tropical areas of South America and the Caribbean. Every year, migratory birds travel up and down this route following food sources, heading to breeding grounds, or traveling to overwintering sites. This route is used by birds typically because no mountains block most of this path, though birds cross the northern, central and southern Appalachians to join the flyway.
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Most lepidopteran species do not live long after eclosion, only needing a few days to find a mate and then lay their eggs. Others may remain active for a longer period (from one to several weeks), or go through diapause and overwintering as monarch butterflies do, or waiting out environmental stress. Some adult species of microlepidoptera go through a stage where no reproductive-related activity occurs, lasting through summer and winter, followed by mating and oviposition in the early spring. While most butterflies and moths are terrestrial, many species of Pyralidae are truly aquatic with all stages except the adult occurring in water.
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Sediment storage increases clear water, increases some fish species, while energy dissipation allows some fish species to thrive better and favors lentic (still-water) species. Deeper beaver ponds provide important overwintering habitat, reduce ice cover, and stabilizes temperature regimes. On the other hand, there have been numerous studies of beaver dams along rivers and their effect on migrating fish, such as Atlantic salmon species. While abandoned beaver sites allow salmon to swim upstream when water breaks through the dams, the reduced water energy can provide an easy way for salmon to swim upstream to old beaver ponds.
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The Malesanden and Huse Wildlife Sanctuary () is located on the east side of Harøya island in the municipality of Ålesund in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. The area received protection in 1988 "to preserve an important wetland area with its habitat, bird life and other wildlife," according to the conservation regulations. The area consists of a low, wide sandy beach that is a nesting, resting, and overwintering site for various birds: waders, the common shelduck, and the greylag goose. Waterfowl and seabirds overwinter to such an extent that it is considered to have national or even international importance.
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It has also been found in Bermuda, Cook Islands, Hawaii, Cuba, and other Caribbean islands the Solomons, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Australia, the Azores, the Canary Islands, Madeira, Gibraltar,Gibraltar Ornithological and Natural History Society "Provisional species list of the Lepidoptera" the Philippines, and North Africa. It appears in the UK in some years as an accidental migrant. Overwintering populations of D. plexippus plexippus are found in Mexico, California, along the Gulf Coast, year round in Florida, and in Arizona where the habitat has the specific conditions necessary for their survival.Cech, Rick and Tudor, Guy (2005).
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On the US East Coast, they have overwintered as far north as Lago Mar, Virginia Beach, Virginia. Their wintering habitat typically provides access to streams, plenty of sunlight (enabling body temperatures that allow flight), and appropriate roosting vegetation, and is relatively free of predators. Overwintering, roosting butterflies have been seen on basswoods, elms, sumacs, locusts, oaks, osage-oranges, mulberries, pecans, willows, cottonwoods, and mesquites. While breeding, monarch habitats can be found in agricultural fields, pasture land, prairie remnants, urban and suburban residential areas, gardens, trees, and roadsides – anywhere where there is access to larval host plants.
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It is heavily used by wintering raptors. "The marshes of the Meadowlands provide many important wetland functions. More than 265 species of birds use the area, and the Meadowlands is recognized as a major link along the Atlantic Flyway for migratory species (especially shorebirds) and an important overwintering area for a variety of waterfowl... Waterway-associated birds occurring in the region include a variety of shorebirds, wading birds, waterfowl, and gulls." Significant fish species in the Meadowlands region are mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus), white perch (Morone americana), Atlantic silverside (Menidia menidia), gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum), striped killifish (Fundulus majalis), and striped bass (Morone saxatilis).
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Many of these are migratory birds, making their way between Arctic breeding grounds and overwintering quarters further south in Europe and Africa. The lakes, wetlands and coasts provide nesting opportunities for water birds and seabirds and the upland regions are home to willow ptarmigan, black grouse, western capercaillie, owls and birds of prey. The only endemic fish in Sweden is the critically endangered freshwater Coregonus trybomi, still surviving in a single lake. Amphibians found in Sweden include eleven species of frogs and toads and two species of newt, while reptiles include four species of snake and three of lizard.
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The reserve is home to a great variety of birdlife, mostly wildfowl, waders and gulls. The geography of the area makes the reserve very popular with migrant birds and many nationally rare species have been recorded. Recently, these have included black stork, pallid harrier, caspian tern, red-flanked bluetail and rustic bunting during 2015, and broad-billed sandpiper, black-winged pratincole and great reed warbler in 2014. Notable breeding birds at the site include little tern, common shelduck, ringed plover, oystercatcher and common redshank, whilst the site is of international significance for overwintering wader species such as oystercatcher, grey plover, red knot, sanderling and bar-tailed godwit.
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It has been suggested that this shift may relate to the changes in temperature over the day; as the day heats up foraging birds move lower where it may be cooler. The Cuban warblers are often found in flocks of up to six birds in the non-breeding season. These small flocks often serve as the nucleus of mixed-species feeding flocks of native species and in particular overwintering migrants from North America. The yellow-headed warbler was found in 82% of mixed species flocks observed in its range, and the Orinete warbler in 42% of its potential flocks (although the sample size was much smaller).
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In Washington state, D. suzukii has been observed in association with two exotic and well-established species of blackberry, Rubus armeniacus (= Rubus discolor) and Rubus laciniatus (the Himalayan and Evergreen Blackberries, respectively.). The fly has been observed reproducing on many other species of soft-skinned wild fruit, however, research is still ongoing to determine the quality of individual species as reproductive hosts. Adults emerge from overwintering when temperatures reach approximately 10 °C (268 degree days). The fertilized female searches for ripe fruit, lands on the fruit, inserts its serrated ovipositor to pierce the skin and deposits a clutch of 1 to 3 eggs per insertion.
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Although prey usually is consumed underwater in the diving bell, it is occasionally brought to the surface A. aquatica is the only known species of spider that spends almost all its life underwater, including resting, catching and eating prey, mating, egg laying, and overwintering. It only briefly surfaces to replenish its oxygen supply and occasionally will bring prey to the surface. There are several other spiders that are semiaquatic, either periodically living underwater or willing to dive. For example, certain Desis species spend the high tide in an air-filled underwater retreat made from silk and forage on land in the intertidal zone during low tide.
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Richardson's ground squirrels (Urocitellus richardsonii) were consumed heavily in the Alberta study in a brief converged times of hibernation emergence and overwintering snowy owls. The sexual dimorphism in prey selection was also studied here, with male owls mainly focusing exclusively on the small rodents, females also took the same rodents but supplemented the diet with all alternate and larger prey. Overall, the meadow and montane voles (Microtus montanus) constituted 99% of over 4500 prey items in Montana. In Horicon Marsh in winter, 78% of the diet was meadow vole, with 14% being muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus), 6% ducks and smaller balances of rats and other birds.Keith, L. B. (1963).
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All insects are poikilothermic, so the ability of a few beetles to live in extreme environments depends on their resilience to unusually high or low temperatures. The bark beetle Pityogenes chalcographus can survive whilst overwintering beneath tree bark; the Alaskan beetle Cucujus clavipes puniceus is able to withstand ; its larvae may survive . At these low temperatures, the formation of ice crystals in internal fluids is the biggest threat to survival to beetles, but this is prevented through the production of antifreeze proteins that stop water molecules from grouping together. The low temperatures experienced by Cucujus clavipes can be survived through their deliberate dehydration in conjunction with the antifreeze proteins.
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A. maritima is a significant scavenger of the upper intertidal zone, feeding on dead animals, chiefly crustaceans (including barnacles) and molluscs. Aggregation is an important aspect of collembolan biology, and A. maritima has been shown to produce an aggregating pheromone. Like many intertidal animals, A. maritima moves in rhythm with the tidal cycle, and has an endogenous circatidal rhythm with a period of 12.4 hours, using visual cues to orient themselves during their movements. In the warmer parts of its range, A. maritima is active throughout the year, but in cooler temperate regions, it is only active in the summer months, overwintering as eggs.
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191x191px Woodberry Wetlands is located close to the Lee Valley and is a resting place for migratory birds that move to and from the Lee Valley Special Protection Area, with waterfowl such as pochard, shoveler and gadwall visiting the site. Grey heron, tufted duck, reed bunting and other wetland birds are also present, along with kingfisher and other species such as damselflies, dragonflies, amphibians and bats. A significant expansion of the reed beds, organised by London Wildlife Trust, provides increased wildlife habitat with the aim of encouraging more reed bunting and reed warbler to breed at the site, as well as provide additional habitat for overwintering bittern.
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Some fungus gnats are exceptionally hardy, being able to tolerate cold conditions through their possession of antifreeze proteins. Typically, overwintering organisms can either avoid freezing or tolerate freezing, but Excechia nugatoria can do both. For E. nugatoria, the production of noncolligative antifreeze proteins (NAPs) protects the head and thorax from freezing, but they do not protect the abdomen. Freezing of the head and thorax in other insects tends to have adverse effects on neural tissue, so it is not surprising that these protective mechanisms have been observed in certain species, but E. nugatoria is the only insect known to semi-freeze through the winter.
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Dahlbominus fuscipennis has a number of generations in a year, in eastern Europe it normally has four generations but in cooler summers only three may occur and the last generation in August is usually the most numerous, although the generations overlap. The life cycle of this wasp is completed, under laboratory conditions, in 21–23 days. D. fuscipebnnis has a number of hosts, mainly sawflies of the family Diprionidae but it can also act as a hyperparasitoid on parasites of the eonymph of Ichneumonidae. In Canada only two full generations and a partial one are completed each summer with the wasps overwintering as fifth instar larvae, prepupae or pupae.
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It depends heavily during overwintering on the berries of lantana, which typically is an extremely common shrub a few years after agriculture has been abandoned in a particular field. It is also said to eat the berries of black torch and snowberry. Of 331 observations of two warblers on Eleuthera in 1986, 76% were of foraging in lantana, 8% were in Tournefortia volubilis, 4% in snowberry, 3.5% in Acacia choriophylla, 3.3% in black torch, 1.8% in wild lime, Zanthoxylum fagara, and 1% Casuarina equisetifolia. Plants they were found foraging in at less than 1% were Bumelia salicifolia, Pithecellobium keyense, Tabebuia bahamensis and Scleria lithosperma.
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Mayfield suggests that the species was restricted during this age to the southeastern Atlantic coast, which might explain its modern overwintering range in the Bahamas as opposed to Mexico, as well as why it appears to be closer related to Caribbean warbler species. The jack pine and the warbler likely immigrated into the Midwest 10,000 years ago. Without human intervention, the warblers are severely impacted by nest parasitism by the brown-headed cowbird. Blue jays prey on the nests and are a nuisance species because individual jays repeatedly allow themselves to get caught in the same traps used to exterminate the cowbirds of the nesting region.
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The road outside the church A few hundred metres north of St John village is an area of high ground called Vanderbands, the site of an Iron Age castle mentioned by John Norden (an English topographer who wrote a series of county histories) in his description of Cornwall published in 1728.John Norden's Manuscript Maps of Cornwall and its Nine Hundreds, Ravenhill, University of Exeter, 1972 The St John's Lake SSSI (Site of Special Scientific Interest) is designated mainly for its bird interests, with 6000 wildfowl and 10000 waders overwintering on the mudflats. There is an unusual tidal ford on a minor public road.
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Within its municipal area is the farm "High and Low Goat" of 2,688 hectares that the Board of Extremadura expropriated in 1990 from the Duchess of Alba and delivered to commoners from the nearby town of Zahínos. The area also has natural features which have become tourist attractions for hikers, hunters and fisherman. Nearby wildlife areas include the Rio Alcarrache biodiversity corridor (with eagle owls, black storks and wildcats among the rare protected species) and the Sierra de Jerez bird protection area (very important overwintering area for storks and other norther European species). Two large hydroelectric dams have been built in the area, with reservoirs at Cunco and Aquelva (in Portugal).
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He took part in Roald Amundsen's expedition to Antarctica in 1910–1912, where he was one of those that remained behind on the Fram while the overwintering group disembarked in the Bay of Whales to prepare for the journey to the South Pole. From 1918 to 1920 he participated in Amundsen's expedition through the Northeast Passage in the Maud, and in 1925 and 1926 he was in Ny-Ålesund, where he helped Amundsen plan his flying boat expedition. He also participated in Richard E. Byrd's first Antarctic expedition from 1928 to 1930. Rønne was the father of the polar explorer Finn Ronne, who emigrated to the United States in 1923.
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Ironbark (Eucalyptus sideroxylon) is particularly important for the Swift Parrot and the fact that it has been selectively removed from the landscape in the South West Slopes, means that areas such as Livingstone National Park, which retain this vegetation type, are noted by Birdlife Australia for their habitat quality for this dwindling species. Birdlife Australia consider the South West Slopes an Important Bird Area, because of this overwintering habitat for the Swift Parrot. Livingstone National Park is also recognised within the South West Slopes Important Bird Area as breeding habitat for the Superb Parrot (Polytelis swainsonii), a vulnerable species. Birdlife Australia draws on research from Manning et al.
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In harvest (mostly in summer), silver scurf symptoms are not too apparent. However, the symptoms develop and worsen due relatively humid and warm temperatures in storage, since these conditions are conducive to sporulation. Secondary inoculum is produced by conidia, which can spread in storage by wind of ventilation while the tubers are in storage. When a seed tuber from this storage is planted, this can then carry inoculum to the field. It was believed that overwintering soil-borne inoculum wasn’t important in the disease cycle, but recent studies suggest H.solani may survive in the soil for a short period of time, which can cause more infection.
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A Suckley's bumble bee female is not strictly speaking a queen because she does not produce any worker bees of her own, and instead controls the host workers to continue collecting pollen and nectar to provision her offspring. Once developed, individuals leave the nest to mate; mated females feed on nectar and pollen prior to overwintering and males die after mating. Females emerge in the spring and forage until they find a suitable host colony to invade. Suckley's bumble bee has been documented breeding in colonies of B. occidentallis and has been recorded in colonies of B. terricola, B. rufocinctus, B. fervidus, and B. nevadensis, and B. appositus.
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Success with flowers, a floral magazine, Volumes 11-12, 1900, Page 271. If the species identification is correct, the 1903 report in The Flower Garden states that: "Giant Yellow is a beautiful canary yellow with crimson throat, hardy as far north as St. Louis, but safer in the cellar above that latitude", then Hibiscus calyphyllus may have some degree of cold tolerance. St. Louis, Missouri is in USDA Zone 6a but there are currently no reports of Hibiscus calyphyllus overwintering in USDA Zone 6a; it is known to overwinter successfully in USDA Zone 8a. Hibiscus calyphyllus grows to 1-1.8 meters (3–6 feet) tall.
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Seedling infection near the hypocotyl-root junction (just below the soil line) then occurs in the early spring following overwintering of Alternaria dauci mycelium or conidia. This infected region will become necrotic and lead to the production of more asexual conidia on conidiophores, which will serve as secondary inoculum. Wind and rain cause conidia to disperse to neighboring host species, and multiple germination tubes will be produced from each conidium that successfully colonizes a new host. As penetration occurs, Alternaria dauci will produce a chemical known as phytotoxin zinniol, which degrades cell membranes and chloroplasts, ultimately leading to the chlorotic symptoms characteristic of the disease.
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Belief in the existence of this supposed land of plenty persisted well into the 18th century; explorers were reluctant to accept the truth that slowly emerged, of a cold, harsh environment in the lands of the Southern Ocean. James Cook's voyages of 1771–74 demonstrated conclusively the likely hostile nature of any hidden lands. This caused a shift of emphasis in the first half of the 19th century, away from trade and towards sealing and whaling, and then exploration and discovery. After the first overwintering on continental Antarctica in 1898–99 (Adrien de Gerlache), the prospect of reaching the South Pole appeared realistic, and the race for the pole began.
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Rhynchopsitta, at the Park "Reino Animal" in Otumba, State of Mexico Both extant species are found at heights of between 1500 and 3000 m asl in Mexico in isolated island-like forest habitats in the Sierra Madre, and are sometimes called snow parrots because of their high-altitude habitat. They show seasonal migration patterns, generally breeding in the northern parts of their range and overwintering in the southern. The thick-billed parrot nests in tree cavities, while the maroon- fronted parrot is a cliff cavity breeder. The parrots roost at night in large flocks, while they forage during the day in smaller flocks over a large area.
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Brochures and other media that warn people to avoid keeping the wood turtle as a pet are currently being distributed. Next, leaving nests undisturbed, especially common nesting sites and populations, is the best solution to enable the wood turtle's survival. While considered nationally as threatened by COSEWIC, the wood turtle is listed as vulnerable within the province of Nova Scotia under the Species at Risk Act. The species is highly susceptible to human land use activities, and special management practices for woodlands, rivers and farmland areas as well as motor vehicle use restrictions and general disruption protection during critical times such as nesting and movement to overwintering habitat is closely monitored.
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After peace talks failed, his forces met with the Scots at Largs, in Ayrshire. The battle proved indecisive, but it did ensure that the Norse were not able to mount a further attack that year. Haakon died overwintering in Orkney, and by 1266, his son Magnus the Law-mender ceded the Kingdom of Man and the Isles, with all territories on mainland Scotland to Alexander III, through the Treaty of Perth. Orkney and Shetland continued to be ruled as autonomous Jarldoms under Norway until 1468, when King Christian I pledged them as security on the dowry of his daughter, who was betrothed to James III of Scotland.
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View of part of the crew dining room, serving counter from kitchen and stairway up to an entertainment area The crew's kitchen as it originally looked during the first mission Much of the evidence for isolated human groups comes from psychological studies of scientists overwintering in Antarctic research stations. The study of this phenomenon is "confined environment psychology", and according to Jane PoynterPoynter, op. cit. it was known to be a challenge and often crews split into factions. Before the first closure mission was half over, the group had split into two factions and, according to Poynter, people who had been intimate friends had become implacable enemies, barely on speaking terms.
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He took part in the British Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition (BANZARE) with Sir Douglas Mawson. He went on to become a marine biologist, taking part in the Discovery Investigations (1928–1929, 1931–1933 and 1935–1937) specializing in Antarctic Krill. In 1943, Lieutenant Marr was promoted to Lieutenant Commander, taking over the leadership of Operation Tabarin during World War II. It was a secret British Antarctic launched in 1943 with the intent of establishing permanently occupied bases, thus solidifying British claims to the region. Marr led the overwintering team at Port Lockroy in 1944 and leaving for home in December due to poor health.
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The majority of them can be found on the upper sides of the leaves; however, it can also infect the bottom sides, buds, flowers, young fruit, and young stems. A gray-white, dusty, fungal growth consisting of mycelia, conidia and conidiophores coat much of the infected plant. Chasmothecia, which are the overwintering structures, present themselves as tiny, spherical fruiting structures that go from white, to yellowish-brown to black in color, and are about the size of the head of a pin. Symptoms that occur as a result of the infection include necrosis, stunting, leaf curling, and a decrease in quality of the fruit produced.
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Freeze tolerance, in which organisms survive the winter by freezing solid and ceasing life functions, is known in a few vertebrates: five species of frogs (Rana sylvatica, Pseudacris triseriata, Hyla crucifer, Hyla versicolor, Hyla chrysoscelis), one of salamanders (Salamandrella keyserlingii), one of snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis) and three of turtles (Chrysemys picta, Terrapene carolina, Terrapene ornata). Snapping turtles Chelydra serpentina and wall lizards Podarcis muralis also survive nominal freezing but it has not been established to be adaptive for overwintering. In the case of Rana sylvatica one cryopreservant is ordinary glucose, which increases in concentration by approximately 19 mmol/l when the frogs are cooled slowly.
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Wienecke is a seabird ecologist at the Australian Antarctic Division (AAD), where she has worked since 1993. She has been studying penguins and other seabirds for over twenty-five years, participating in over fifteen expeditions to Antarctica and the sub-Antarctic islands. Her first expedition was an overwintering expedition to Australia's Mawson Station in 1994, during which she was employed as a seabird ecologist conducting a field program on emperor penguins at Auster and Taylor Glacier for fourteen months. Wienecke is primarily interested in the foraging ecology and population dynamics of seabirds, using satellite tracking to conduct research geared toward protecting seabirds and their habitat from humans and climate change.
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The species was once widespread in East Asia, but large-scale exports and the destruction of its forest habitat have reduced populations in eastern Russia and in China to below 1,000 pairs in each country; Japan, however, is thought to still hold some 5,000 pairs. The Asian populations are migratory, overwintering in lowland eastern China and southern Japan. Specimens frequently escape from collections, and in the 20th century, a large, feral population was established in Great Britain; more recently, small numbers have bred in Ireland, concentrated in the parks of Dublin. Now, about 7,000 are in Britain with other populations on the European continent, the largest of which is in the region of Berlin.
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Bee boles were often built close to the dwelling house so that swarms could be detected and captured quickly; in addition, it helped to familiarise the bees with human presence and activity. Honey was often stolen, so keeping the bees close to the house helped to deter thieves - some bee boles had a padlocked metal bar that served both to prevent theft and to hold in place a wooden board across the front of the bole whilst the bees were overwintering. Bee boles were most often built in walls facing in southerly or easterly directions (depending on the direction of prevailing winds), so that the bees would be warmed by the morning sun.
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Wing structure During the wintering, many snowy owls leave the dark Arctic to migrate to regions further south. Southern limits of the regular winter range are difficult to delineate given the inconsistency of appearances south of the Arctic. Furthermore, not infrequently, many snowy owls will overwinter somewhere in the Arctic through the winter, though seldom appear to do so in the same sites where they have bred. Due in no small part to the difficulty and hazardousness of observation for biologists during these harsh times, there is very limited data on overwintering snowy owls in the tundra, including how many occur, where they winter and what their ecology is at this season.
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Species-specific programs also exist, with monarchs the prominent example. Two examples of this involve the counting of monarch butterflies during the fall migration to overwintering sites in Mexico: (1) Monarch Watch is a continent- wide project, while (2) the Cape May Monarch Monitoring Project is an example of a local project. The Austrian project Viel-Falter investigated if and how trained and supervised pupils are able to systematically collect data about the occurrence of diurnal butterflies, and how this data could contribute to a permanent butterfly monitoring system. Despite substantial identification uncertainties for some species or species groups, the data collected by pupils was successfully used to predict the general habitat quality for butterflies.
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Some plant and animal species use cardenolides as defense mechanisms, notably the milkweed butterflies. Species such as the monarch, queen, and plain tiger ingest the cardenolides contained in the milkweeds (Asclepias) that they mostly feed on and sequester as larvae for defense as adults. The cardenolide content in butterflies deters most vertebrate predators, except a few which have evolved to become cardenolide-tolerant, such as the black-backed orioles (Icterus abeillei Lesson) and black-headed grosbeaks (Pheucticus melanocephalus Swainson) that account for 60% of monarch butterfly mortalities in the overwintering sites in central Mexico. In addition to milkweeds and other members of the Apocynaceae, plants in at least 12 botanical families have convergently evolved cardenolides.
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The decomposing tissues are the basis for a food chain and large numbers of protists are found in the water column nearby feeding on leached organic compounds and the bacteria that break down the tissues. Zostera noltii plays an important part in the winter diet of the whooper swan (Cygnus cygnus), the mute swan (Cygnus olor), the brent goose (Branta bernicla) and the wigeon (Anas penelope) and in fact, overwintering populations of brent goose in Europe have declined since wasting disease has become established and reduced the quantity of eel grass available. Wigeon numbers have also declined. They are shy birds and only resort to feeding on Zostera noltii when the seagrass beds lower down the beach are exhausted.
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The Plymouth redbelly turtle subsists primarily on submergent vegetation, and requires good water quality and suitable basking, nesting, and overwintering sites free from disturbance. The turtles spend most of their lives in these freshwater coastal ponds in Plymouth and Carver, coming on land to bask (sun themselves) and breed in sandy soils. In addition to providing habitat for this endangered species, Massasoit NWR also provides habitat to a variety of birds that nest in the uplands and amphibians, reptiles, and fish that utilize the ponds. In addition, a variety of invertebrate species, many of which are rare, are found on nearby Myles Standish State Forest and may be present on the Refuge as well.
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The disease cycle begins in early spring, when cool temperatures and abundant moisture promote the release of sexual spores (ascospores) from overwintering structures (pseudothecia) found in the debris at the base of previously-infected trees. Moisture is a critical factor in the development of the disease as rainfall not only triggers the release of ascospores, but also facilitates the infection of new hosts by helping the spores adhere to and germinate on the healthy tissue of new hosts. Following their dissemination, ascospores are transported to the surfaces of newly-emerged leaves and blossoms by wind and splashing water. The tissue is then penetrated either directly with a germ tube or indirectly using an appressorium, thus initiating a new infection.
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Monarchs are known to use their time-compensated sun compass during both the southern migration in the fall and the northern remigration in the spring. The change in directionality necessary to re-orient the monarchs has been shown to depend on the cold temperatures that the monarchs experience while overwintering in the coniferous forests of Mexico. The change in sun compass direction does not depend on the change in photoperiod experienced during the winter months, but this change is likely to affect the timing of the northern remigration in the spring. An experiment demonstrating the importance of cold exposure for remigration utilized fall monarchs with and without cold temperature exposure in the laboratory.
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Fearing that the Greeks might attack the bridges across the Hellespont and trap his army in Europe, Xerxes resolved to do this, taking the greater part of the army with him.Herodotus VIII, 97 Mardonius handpicked the troops who were to remain with him in Greece, taking the elite infantry units and cavalry, to complete the conquest of Greece. All of the Persian forces abandoned Attica, however, with Mardonius overwintering in Boeotia and Thessaly; the Athenians were thus able to return to their burnt city for the winter. The following year, 479 BC, Mardonius recaptured Athens and led the second Achaemenid destruction of Athens (the Allied army still preferring to guard the Isthmus).
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Once inside the home, the adult beetles will lay their eggs on a variety of foods including whole grains, processed grains and vegetative material. Food sources which can become infested include grains, flour, bread, rice, seeds, beans, pasta, cereals, bird seed, grass seed, potpourri, spices, teas, and tobacco.Hedges, Stoy & Lacey, Dr. Mark, Field Guide for the Management of Structure Infesting Beetles, Volume II: Stored Product Beetle/Occasional & Overwintering Beetles, Franzak & Foster Co., 1996, pp. 95-96 While they are highly adept at chewing out of cardboard, foil, and plastic film to escape the package in which they have undergone metamorphosis to adults, they are somewhat less likely to eat into a sealed, airtight foil or plastic bag.
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The Swift parrot is classified as endangered in both NSW and at a national level (under Commonwealth Environment and Biodiversity Protection Act 1999 and the NSW Threatened species conservation Act 1995). Along with international recognition under the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN 2004). Identifying the habitat of, and monitoring its condition, is an important conservation action in the National recovery plan for the Swift Parrot. The protection status of Livingstone National Park means management is consistent with and intends to deliver the actions in recovery plans for conserving the Swift Parrots overwintering ground, when it leaves breeding grounds in Tasmania and disperses widely over the mainland, from Victoria to Queensland.
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Originally, it is thought to have been like a typical Royal Norwegian palace, with a large rectangular hall above store rooms and a tower house as the Bishop's private residence. King Haakon IV of Norway, overwintering after the Battle of Largs, died here in 1263, marking the end of Norse rule over the Outer Hebrides. The neglected palace had fallen into ruins by 1320. In 1468, Orkney and Shetland were pledged by Christian I of Denmark and Norway for the payment of the dowry of his daughter Margaret, betrothed to James III of Scotland, and as the money has never since been paid, their connection with the crown of Scotland has been perpetual.
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Female Sphecodes gibbus can be found between April and September; early season females search for nests of their host species to parasitise, while late season females search for mates and subsequently for an overwintering site. The males are in flight from July to September. The females are cleptoparasites on larger bees of the genera Halictus and Lasioglossum, entering the hosts' nests when the cells are completed, consuming the host egg and laying its own, with the new generation emerging in late summer to mate and overwinter. It has been confirmed as using Halictus quadricinctus, H. rubicundus, H. sexcintus, H. simplex and H. maculatus as hosts, while it is also likely to parasitise Lasioglossum malachurum.
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The queens of L. malachurum, following fertilization the previous year, begin to appear in the spring, when food sources are plentiful to sustain them after the long overwintering period. Although several females usually outwinter in the same burrow with little conflict, they start to act aggressively until a single female is left in possession of the burrow, leaving the evicted females to obtain or excavate burrows of their own. Each female with a nest tunnel then begins to build brood cells in short side passages which she excavates to the side of the main passage. Immediately following construction, each brood cell is mass-provisioned with a mixture of pollen and nectar in the form of a firm, doughy mass.
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Septoria is present in many parts of the world, but has only become prevalent in the marijuana industry with the movement towards legalization. Ranging from the Emerald Triangle in California, to the cold winds of the east coast, Septoria is becoming an increasing nuisance for cannabis growers. Like most Septoria species they require moist and humid conditions to germinate, because of their conidia being immotile, and survive during the off-season by overwintering on dead and decaying organic matter. The disease moves to other parts of the plant during periods of rain or heavy wind, which enable the dispersal of ascospores (primary cycle) and conidia (secondary cycle) to roam and infect other vegetative tissue.
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In the spring of 893, after overwintering at Appledore and then plundering through Kent and Sussex, a Viking raiding army turned to head for the Danish controlled lands in the east (later known as the Danelaw). However they were intercepted by Alfred the Great’s son Edward with his West Saxon Fyrd at Farnham in Surry. The Danes were routed, fleeing over the River Thames into Mercia with the West Saxon army in pursuit. Having reached the River Colne the Danes mounted a defence on what was known as Thorney Island, believed to be land between the Colne and an offshoot channel of the river between Thorney and Iver, approximately half a mile west from Yiewsley High Street today.
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The tawny mole cricket burrows in sandy soil, creating galleries, usually in the upper , the depth depending on the temperature and soil moisture content. In Florida, the adults are active in spring and again in autumn, completing a single lifecycle during the summer and overwintering as a large nymph. N. vicinus is herbivorous and feeds on the roots and young shoots of plants, and also causes damage to plants through its burrowing activities. Breeding takes place in spring and autumn, with the male calling soon after sunset to attract a female. After copulation, the female lays between 25 and 60 eggs in an underground chamber, the entrance to which is then blocked with soil.
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The Dalmatian pelican (Pelecanus crispus) is the largest member of the pelican family, and perhaps the world's largest freshwater bird, although rivaled in weight and length by the largest swans. They are elegant soaring birds, with wingspans that rival that of the great albatrosses, and their flocks fly in graceful synchrony. With a range spanning across much of Central Eurasia, from the Mediterranean in the West to the Taiwan Strait in the East, and from the Persian Gulf in the South to Siberia in the North, it is a short-to-medium- distance migrant between breeding and overwintering areas. No subspecies are known to exist over its wide range, but based on size differences, a Pleistocene paleosubspecies, P. c.
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Nest-site fidelity may be due to one of three reasons, or a combination: #Philopatry is the tendency for adult bees to excavate a nest near their natal nest; in H. rubicundus, females returning from overwintering sites typically excavate burrows within 30 cm of the location of their natal nest. Returning to the vicinity of the natal nest is beneficial because the site must have been successful enough to produce adults for one year. This prevents H. rubicundus from taking the risk of settling in a poor location for brood rearing. #Habitat learning describes the process through which females recognize characteristics of the nest from which she came and chooses to nest in similar conditions.
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Plant memory is the ability of a plant to store information from previously experienced stimuli. While memory is a word often used in an human-centric light, this basic definition can be extended to many other organisms that exhibit delayed responses to a stimulus, including plants. Many examples can be seen across nature like from plants timing their leaves to rise in synchrony with the sun rising, to producing new leaves in the spring after overwintering. Plant memory is different from human and animal memory in that it does not involve the storage of memory in a brain structure, but does function similarly by using experiences to benefit the organism's survival later in life.
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Sailing on north they reached Smith Sound and discovered it provided a hitherto unknown entrance to the Arctic Ocean. On 29 August, with a heavy swell, thick fog, and ice forming, on Abernethy's advice that they only had four or five days before they would be trapped, they turned to the south and reached Beechey Island to leave surplus stores for the ships there. They left earlier on the same day that McCormick arrived – in his book McCormick wrote of his disappointment about having missed his "old shipmate and friend at both the Poles, Abernethy." After surviving severe storms they abandoned the thought of overwintering and in ferocious weather returned home in November 1852.
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Status of the program in 2006 In 1959 J. R. Brazzel and L. D. Newsom published a paper outlining the winter dormancy (diapause) behavior of the boll weevil. Brazzel published the results of his first diapause control insecticide treatment trial in 1959, finding that methyl parathion treatments in the fall significantly reduced the overwintering population, especially when combined with plowing of the stalks into the ground. More sophisticated trapping and monitoring devices were developed over the next decade. Further progress was made when the male boll weevil pheromone was identified in the 1960s; the insects could be lured into traps baited with this pheromone, further reducing their reproduction, and enhancing the monitoring system.
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This is a woodland indicator species, and in Scotland it is found on acid, organic soils, mainly in pine, birch and oak woodland and moorland which has supported woodland in the past, and also sometimes on heaths. The plant is a good competitor, rarely reproducing by seed but a poor colonist forming extensive clonal populations interconnected by rhizomes during the growing season. The rhizomes and above-ground parts are deciduous, the plant forming overwintering tubers. The range of the plant is changing little in Scotland, but it has declined in northern England due to woodland clearance and moor burning, however its precise distribution on the North York Moors is now better known.
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Hope Valley was historically inhabited by the Northern Washoe people, whose traditional homeland centered around Lake Tahoe and extended into the mountains to the south and west, and the desert valleys and ranges to the east. Every winter, a group of Northern Washoes would travel through the valley by snowshoe along a trail they called Pewećeli Yeweš. First they would cross westward to reach the western slope of the Sierra Nevada, where they would harvest salmon from the American River. Then, after smoking the salmon to preserve it for their return journey, they would retrace their steps eastward to bring the salmon to their compatriots overwintering in the desert to the east of Hope Valley.
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The females in this group are called gynes and they are those that overwinter and enter hibernal diapause to become foundresses the following spring Pabalan, N., Davey, K. G., & Packer, L. (2000) Escalation of aggressive interactions during staged encounters in Halictus ligatus Say (Hymenoptera: Halictidae), with a comparison of circle tube behaviors with other Halictine species. Journal of Insect Behavior 13: 627-650. and after they emerge they mate and dig an overwintering tunnel beneath the one they came from and enter diapause. H. ligatus are mass provisoners meaning that they will construct a mass of pollen and nectar which will be the sole source of food for the developing larva and the larvae will not pupate until they have consumed the entire pollen mass.
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The Center contains almost of hiking trails, and features springs and pools, interesting geology, and mountain views. One path goes to the highest point on the Center's land and to the lowest. The local flora includes specimen trees such as some of the largest madrone trees in Texas, majestic Southwestern chokeberries, and Tracey hawthornes; seventeen types of ferns living in clefts in the canyon walls; many succulents and cacti; bird species from the turkey vulture and wild turkeys to hummingbirds overwintering and other birds migrating, with the Montezuma quail, roadrunners, and orioles providing more variety and color during the year. The Botanical Gardens (20 acres) include some 165 species of trees, shrubs, and perennial forbs of the Chihuahuan Desert in the arboretum.
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The crew mined coal from these deposits in both 1880 and 1881, and the site has since been known as the Corwin coal mine. On a visit to various Alaskan islands, they confirmed the St. Lawrence Island famine which killed over 1000 people. In 1881 the Corwin carried a scientific detachment including John Muir, Irving C. Rosse, M.D., and Edward W. Nelson, and in the course of the search for the Jeannette landed parties on Herald and Wrangel Islands in the Chukchi Sea.Evans, pp 118-119 In 1882, with Michael Healy as captain, the Corwin was dispatched to St Lawrence Bay to pick up the stranded crew of the , another ship of the Jeannette search which burned while overwintering in Siberia.
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Her research has taken her to such diverse locales as Mata Atlantic in Brazil (working with endangered golden lion tamarins), Patagonia (right whales), Hawaii (humpback whales), California (tagging monarch butterflies at their overwintering sites), French Frigate Shoals (monk seals), Toroshima, Japan (short-tailed albatross), Texas (with Bat Conservation International), the Amazon rainforest, and Antarctica (penguins). In 1986, she was a semi-finalist for NASA's Journalist-in-Space Project—this program was cancelled after the Space Shuttle Challenger (carrying Christa McAuliffe as a payload specialist with the Teacher in Space Project) disaster. A molecule has been named after her—dianeackerone—a crocodilian sex pheromone. A collection of her manuscripts, writings and papers (the Diane Ackerman Papers, 1971–1997—Collection No. 6299) is housed at the Cornell University Library.
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This avifauna is typical of tall sclerophyll forests and subalpine woodlands of the southern Monaro and adjacent highlands with rich representation of raptors, old world flycatchers, seasonal influxes of honeyeaters and parrots including the vulnerable glossy black cockatoo Calyptorhynchus lathami and poorly known yellow tailed black cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus funereus). Of note also is the fact that a significant portion of the area's birds move seasonally, overwintering at lower elevations and moving to the higher country such as the Scabby Range in summer. The reserve's herpetofauna is likely to comprise a small number of species consistent with the regional assemblage from cold, high altitude sites. Cool temperature tolerant elapids, a range of saxicoline and fossorial skinks and several species of cryptic, ground frequenting frogs (e.g.
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Ahn was in charge of environmental monitoring program at the King Sejong Station from 1996 to 2011, and conducted field surveys to obtain scientific data necessary for designation of the Antarctic Specially Protected Area (ASPA #171) near the Korean station. Ahn has also served as a representative and a National Contact Point of the Committee for Environmental Protection (CEP) at the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meetings from 1997 through 2014, until she was designated as the overwintering officer-in-charge. Ahn served as the vice president of the Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI) from May 2010 to June 2012. She also served as Vice President of the Korean Society of Oceanography in 2010–2011, and Korea Federation of Women's Science & Technology Associations in 2014 and 2015.
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Over a longer period, root growth is also stimulated. Many nursery managers were long reluctant to apply nitrogenous fertilizers late in the growing season, for fear of increased danger of frost damage to succulent tissues. A presentation at the North American Forest Tree Nursery Soils Workshop at Syracuse in 1980 provided strong contrary evidence: Bob Eastman, President of the Western Maine Forest Nursery Co. stated that for 15 years he has been successful in avoiding winter “burn” to Norway spruce and white spruce in his nursery operation by fertilizing with 50–80 lb/ac (56–90 kg/ha) nitrogen in September, whereas previously winter burn had been experienced annually, often severely. Eastman also stated that the overwintering storage capacity of stock thus treated was much improved (Eastman 1980).
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In 2011, a meta-analysis of studies of beaver impacts on salmonids found that beaver were a net benefit to salmon and trout populations primarily by improving habitat (building ponds) both for rearing and overwintering and that this conclusion was based over half the time on scientific data. In contrast, the most often cited negative impact of beavers on fishes were barriers to migration, although that conclusion was based on scientific data only 22% of the time. They also found that when beaver dams do present barriers, these are generally short-lived, as the dams are overtopped, blown out, or circumvented by storm surges. By creating additional channel network complexity, including ponds and marshes laterally separated from the main channel, beavers may play a role in the creation and maintenance of fish biodiversity.
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Sorby works as a guide and historian of Antarctica, having visited the continent more than 100 times and also having skied across the Greenland icecap, across King George Island, Antarctica, and skied to the South Pole. Her journey to the South Pole, which she reached on 14 January 1993, was as a member of the first women’s team (under the leadership of Ann Bancroft) to do so. Sorby co-founded Hearts in the Ice, a social media project aimed at engagement on climate change and together with Norwegian Hilde Fålun Strøm, is the first woman to over-winter in Svalbard without men. Focusing on the smallest possible carbon footprint while overwintering on Svalbard, Sorby and Strøm intend to pioneer the use of an electric snowmobile, and keep packaging of supplies to a minimum.
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As well as for bar-headed geese, with up to 125 breeding pairs using the site, the reserve was classified as an IBA because it supports significant numbers of the populations of several other bird species, either as residents, or as overwintering, breeding or passage migrants. These include Tibetan snowcocks, Himalayan snowcocks, ruddy shelducks, saker falcons, Himalayan vultures, lesser sand plovers, brown- headed gulls, yellow-billed choughs, Hume's larks, white-winged redstarts, white-winged snowfinches, rufous-streaked accentors, brown accentors, black- headed mountain-finches, Caucasian great rosefinches and red-fronted rosefinches. Mammals found in the area include long-tailed marmots, juniper voles, silver mountain voles, tolai hares, Royle's pikas, Marco Polo sheep. Siberian ibex, snow leopards, Eurasian lynx, Pallas's cats, grey wolves, red foxes, Turkmenian weasels, stoats and brown bears.
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Rock ptarmigan, partly in winter plumage Norway has a great variety of bird species utilising its many habitats, cliffs, wetlands, forests and tundra. In the summer, insects and other food sources are plentiful and the days are long, giving plenty of time for birds to forage and feed their young. This is not the case in winter when the ground is covered in snow, the wetlands in ice and the days are short, so many of the birds are migratory, usually breeding in Norway and overwintering in southern Europe or Africa. Six terrestrial species of reptiles have been recorded in Norway: the viviparous lizard, the sand lizard, the slow worm, the European adder, the grass snake and the smooth snake, and leatherback and loggerhead sea turtles occasionally visit the coast.
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In the past, these warblers were widely considered to be vagrants or reverse migrants, but were more recently thought to be undertaking a regular migration, taking advantage of the mild oceanic climate on the western fringes of Europe for overwintering. A flaw in that theory is that many birds should winter in Spain, particularly in the northwest, but Pallas's leaf warbler is rare in that country and tends to occur in the east. Spanish ornithologist Eduardo de Juana has therefore proposed that once the warblers reach northwest Europe, they then reorientate to a south easterly direction. Outside Europe, Pallas's leaf warbler has been recorded as a vagrant in north Africa (Tunisia and Morocco), western Asia (Israel, Turkey and Iran), central Asia (Uzbekistan and Tajikistan), southeast Asia (Bangladesh and Taiwan), and Alaska.
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Mammals found in the Town include whitetail deer, black bear, eastern gray squirrel, red squirrel, eastern cottontail, varying hare, common porcupine, gray fox, red fox, mink, otter, beaver, woodchuck, raccoon, skunk, muskrat, coyote and fisher. The southern bald eagle is now an overwintering year-round inhabitant of the area, especially the Mongaup River, Rio Reservoir, and Mongaup Falls Reservoir, and many more bald eagles winter in the area. As a result of bald eagles becoming more prevalent, eagle watching has become a tourist attraction within the Town, drawing people from far distances, and the Town now uses the slogan “Winter Home of the Bald Eagle” on its road signs. Approximately 200 species of birds have been identified in the area as part of a natural resource study for the Upper Delaware Scenic and Recreational River.
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The hindwings have on the reverse side a white spot usually in the shape of C. The sexual dimorphism is slight and concerns the intensity of the coloration, the silhouette and the size, the male having a wingspan of 22 to 24 mm. and the female of 25 to 26 mm. The seasonal dimorphism is more marked: the first generation ( hutchinsoni form, May-June) has the upperside fawn orange and the underside brown-gold and the hindwing bears distally a broad dark red-brown area in which is situated a row of light brown hastate spots, the underside is dark, being either unicolorous or prominently marmorated. , while the second generation (form c-album (July, in autumn and spring after overwintering) has a more reddish upper and dark brown underside (ground- colour is less bright).
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Mowat believes that settlement of Iceland began early in the first millennium AD. After the end of Roman rule in Britain, unrest and military threats to Alba from the Scoti in the west and the Vikings in the north resulted in widespread settlement of Iceland during the 5th to 7th centuries by fleeing Albans. In their search for new sources of ivory, Alban hunters explored and hunted along the coasts of Greenland, Baffin Island, Ungava Bay, and Labrador before discovering Newfoundland. Pamiok Island (near Kangirsuk), Longhouse No. 2 Mowat believes that the hunters would create camp sites for overwintering by placing their skin boats on top of stone foundations, such as the one on Pamiok Island. Mowat believes that the Albans encountered the Tunit in the Canadian Arctic, with some Albans eventually living and intermarrying with the Tunit.
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At first, the steamers only cruised during the summer months, but with the discovery of bowheads near the Mackenzie River Delta in 1888–1889 by Joe Tuckfield, ships begin to overwinter at Herschel Island, off the Yukon coast. The first to go to Herschel was in 1890–1891, and by 1894–1895 there were fifteen such ships overwintering in Pauline Cove. During the peak of the settlement, 1894–1896, about 1,000 persons went to the island, comprising a polyglot community of Nunatarmiuts, Inuit caribou hunters, originating from the Brooks Range; Kogmullicks, Inuit who inhabited the coastal regions of the Mackenzie River delta; Itkillicks, Rat Indians, from the forested regions south; Alaskan and Siberian ships' natives, whaling crews and their families; and beachcombers, the few whalemen whose tour of duty had ended, but chose to stay at the island.
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In May 2015, the Pollinator Health Task Force issued a "National Strategy to Promote the Health of Honey Bees and Other Pollinators". The strategy lays out current and planned federal actions to achieve three goals, two of which are: > • Monarch Butterflies: Increase the Eastern population of the monarch > butterfly to 225 million butterflies occupying an area of approximately 15 > acres (6 hectares) in the overwintering grounds in Mexico, through > domestic/international actions and public-private partnerships, by 2020. > • Pollinator Habitat Acreage: Restore or enhance 7 million acres of land for > pollinators over the next 5 years through Federal actions and public/private > partnerships. Many of the priority projects that the national strategy identifies will focus on the I-35 corridor extending for from Texas to Minnesota that provides spring and summer breeding habitats in the monarch's key migration corridor.
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Common cranes flying over Castilla during their winter migration Ocellated lizard With its varied habitats, Spain has a large number of bird species, 644 having been recorded, seven of which are endemic. The endemic species are restricted to the offshore islands and include Bolle's pigeon, laurel pigeon, Canary Islands oystercatcher (extinct), Canary Islands chiffchaff, Balearic warbler, Canary Islands stonechat and Tenerife blue chaffinch. Besides the large number of resident bird species, Spain is visited in spring and autumn by many migratory birds, travelling between their over-wintering grounds in Africa and their breeding grounds in northern Europe. The upland plateaus provide habitat for Dupont's lark, horned lark, European roller and black wheatear, and the remaining sclerophyllous woodland provides overwintering for thousands of common crane and breeding areas for white storks and black storks, as well as black-winged kite, short-toed snake eagle, cinereous vulture and griffon vulture.
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Swales and Leving had previously shown on the Coldwater River in British Columbia that off-channel beaver ponds were preferentially populated by coho salmon over other salmonids and provided overwintering protection, protection from high summer snowmelt flows and summer coho rearing habitat. Beaver-impounded tidal pools on the Pacific Northwest's Elwha River delta support three times as many juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) as pools without beaver. The presence of beaver dams has also been shown to increase either the number of fish, their size, or both, in a study of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and brown trout (Salmo trutta) in Sagehen Creek, which flows into the Little Truckee River at an altitude of in the northern Sierra Nevada. These findings are consistent with a study of small streams in Sweden, that found that brown trout were larger in beaver ponds compared with those in riffle sections, and that beaver ponds provide habitat for larger trout in small streams during periods of drought.
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This was enough to wake him, but Shackleton, seeing McNish too was exhausted, ordered him to be relieved. After the crew had made it to Elephant Island, Shackleton decided to take a small crew and make for South Georgia, where there was a possibility that they would find crews from the whaling ships to help effect a rescue for the rest of the men. McNish was called upon by Shackleton to make the James Caird seaworthy for the long voyage and was selected as part of the crew, possibly because Shackleton was afraid of the effect he would have on morale if left behind with the other men. For his part, McNish seemed happy to go; he was unimpressed by the island and the chances of survival for the men overwintering there: The voyages of the James Caird: the trip to Elephant Island is shown in green, the voyage to South Georgia in blue.
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There is concern that climate change will dramatically affect the monarch migration. A study from 2015 examined the impact of warming temperatures on the breeding range of the monarch, and showed that in the next 50 years the monarch host plant will expand its range further north into Canada, and that the monarchs will follow this. While this will expand the breeding locations of the monarch, this will also have the effect of increasing the distance that monarchs must travel to reach their overwintering destination in Mexico, and this could result in greater mortality during the migration. Milkweeds grown at increased temperatures have been shown to contain higher cardenolide concentrations making the leaves too toxic for the monarch caterpillars, but these increased concentrations are likely in response to increased insect herbivory which is also caused by the increased temperatures, so it is unknown whether increased temperatures in isolation will make milkweed too toxic for monarch caterpillars.
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Nearly all of the trees stored at -18 °C died. The other stock was planted in shallow furrows in sparsely sodded field of loamy sand on 12 April, 17 May, and 14 June along with fresh-lifted stock on each date. Fresh and stored white spruce gave comparable results in plantings extended into mid-June in the Midhurst area of Ontario. Natural refrigerated overwinter storage has been used in root cellars and snow caches. Using natural refrigeration in root cellar storage, Jorgensen and Stanek (1962)Jorgensen, E.; Stanek, W.K.L. 1962. Overwinter storage of coniferous seedlings as a means of preventing late frost damage. For. Chron. 38(2):192–202. kept 3+0 and 2+2 white spruce in dormant condition for 6 months without apparent detriment to performance after outplanting. Moreover, the stock was highly resistant to spring frost damage. Natural cold storage for overwintering 3+0 and 2+2 white spruce was also used by Mullin (1966).
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Still determined to control the Nelson-Hayes region, the Compagnie took strongly to the ideas of Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville, who recommended a naval approach to restocking the forts and, above all, controlling the Nelson- Hayes even at the expense of the three forts in the Lower Bay. Iberville led a naval expedition with royal support in the spring of 1688, and following the successful capture of two HBC ships and an overwintering on the Bay, he sailed to La Rochelle in France in the spring of 1689. He was promptly arrested by agents of the Farm for failing to pay the droit du quart in Québec, but was ultimately released and returned to Québec, where the Compagnie ultimately recorded profits of 40,000 livres for the expedition. As a result of the expedition, the Compagnie's hold on the Lower Bay region had also been confirmed.Borins, E.H. (1968). La compagnie du nord: 1682-1700 (Master's thesis). Montreal: McGill University Press, 108-116. Following the Glorious Revolution in England in 1689, the English joined the Grand Alliance against the French in the Nine Years' War.
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Water mite sex ratios are often biased towards females in the wild \- but Proctor found a disharmony between sex ratios of Neumania papillator in the field and in laboratory conditions, with male biased sex ratios in the field and female biased sex ratios in the laboratory. Possible explanations for the male-biased field sex ratio were differential predation (predators eating females more than males proportionally) or it could have been caused by susceptibility to starvation, however these were refuted experimentally: invertebrate predators preferred males to females, and starved males died on average 40 days before starved females. The sex ratio at 'emergence' (the transition from deutonymphs (juveniles) to tritonymph (preadult resting stage) was female-biased, hence the discord could not be explained by any bias at emergence either. Proctor identified three remaining possible explanations for the differing sex ratios: # Differing depth preferences between the sexes combined with only sampling shallow regions; this could possibly be potentiated by female mites preparing for overwintering by burying themselves within the substrate.
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Lampropeltis zonata pulchra is an infrequently observed, secretive, cryptozooic snake, the life history of which is still only partly understood. The San Diego mountain kingsnake typically emerges from overwintering sites in March and may remain near-surface active through November, but it is particularly conspicuous near the surface from roughly mid-March to mid-May (Klauber 1931, McGurty 1988, Hubbs 2004), during which time it is active during the warmer daylight hours (pers. observ.). Later in the season, it may be active after dark, which is probably related to the fact that, like most snakes, it has a relatively low temperature preferendum and a relatively low critical thermal maximum (42.5 °C: data provided for L. zonata, subspecies not specified; Brattstrom 1965). Based on wild-caught captive individuals, mating probably takes place in May and eggs are usually laid in June or early July (McGurty 1988; pers. observ.). Females lay 4-9 moderate-sized (averages 36 mm long x 16 mm wide), bone white, leathery-shelled eggs that if similar to eggs incubated in captivity, require at least 2 months to develop before hatching (McGurty 1988).
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Boggy moorland near Hatherleigh The Culm Measures give their name to The Culm national character area and natural area of England, a component of a landscape classification system co-ordinated by the public body Natural England. The Culm NCA covers a large part of north Devon, and contains 3,831 ha of the Dartmoor National Park, 9,009 ha of the North Devon Coast Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) and 7,814 ha of the Cornwall AONB, as well as the North Devon Heritage Coast. The area is especially known for Culm grassland (nationally known as rhos pasture): species-rich pastures, typical of poorly drained acid soils, which support a suite of purple moor-grass and rush communities, forming a mosaic of vegetation communities with heathland, other species-rich grassland and wet woodland. This is a habitat unlike any other in England, which supports distinctive and often attractive plant species, including heath spotted- orchid, southern marsh-orchid, bogbean, and saw-wort; a number of characteristic butterflies, including the marbled white, and marsh, heath, silver-washed and high brown fritillaries; and a number of typical bird species including grasshopper warbler and willow tit, as well as breeding Eurasian curlew and reed bunting, and overwintering snipe and woodcock.
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