"Before colonialism, Igbo ontology was real for centuries," they said.
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"A thing" has become the basic unit of cultural ontology.
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The cyborg is our ontology; it gives us our politics.
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In 2010, Google acquired Metaweb, a startup that was creating an ontology called Freebase.
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Companies like Ontology, NEO, Huobi, and Binance pay their employees in their own tokens.
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Ontology began trading on Hong Kong-based exchange Binanceon Wednesday, according to a release.
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Even this work's signal tragic event is drawn with the fey, absurdist details of comic-book ontology.
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" — the response was a stern, "I don't have a valentine, but I do have a rather beautiful ontology.
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They're investigating blackness, not exclusively in terms of racism but as a matter of ontology: What is it?
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What are the influences that make this reality in the book, this Igbo ontology, not real to you?
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For every one neo, investors could get 0.2 ontology tokens, according to the Neo Council, an advisory group.
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The ontology of fashion may seem undeserving of our attention, but fashion reveals the cultural preoccupation with the body.
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Schwabsky concludes by posing some tangled questions of agency and desire concerning painting's ontology: à la what is painting?
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The ontology airdrop said it would distribute 20 million coins, or about 10 percent of its tokens, to neo holders.
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" (Ontology is the study of being in itself.) She then quotes a passage from Stein's "The Making of Americans" that "foreshadows . . .
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If enough people recorded enough of their lives, the combined information would amount to "the ontology of a human life," Gage told me.
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In its early going, "The Ontology of an Echo" is dominated by ethereal knocks and whistles, the product of field recordings made inside the Old Croton Aqueduct.
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The documentary thus starts by giving us an unromantic street philosopher, who will seriously discuss the ontology of the photographic image while tellin' ya how it really is.
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Sea level rise combined with an aging population as we march toward large-scale collapse, with a side dish of the ongoing stickiness of Cartesian ontology and its binaries.
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The book wasn't "immigrant experience" enough; so much of it was internal — wouldn't it be difficult to sell a book so deeply rooted in Igbo ontology to a US audience?
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The middle chapters of "The Gardener and the Carpenter" are stuffed with absorbing bite-size summaries of similar research, demonstrating children's intuitive grasp of concepts like probability, reliability and ontology.
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Advertise on Hyperallergic with Nectar Ads DETROIT — Object-oriented ontology suggests that inanimate objects have lives and wider spheres of experience than the ways in which they relate to humans.
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It was ontology put into action, that made it possible for folks to pull up in these cars and silently wait to rescue us, and we knew to be rescued.
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These projects are an outcropping of object-oriented ontology and actor-network theory, philosophies that emerged in the 80s and 90s that aim to privilege humans and non-human objects equally.
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A ponderous handout essay — yes, philosophy hipsters, "object-oriented ontology" has made it to Madison Avenue — contrasts sharply with the straight talk of the NPR feed: airstrikes, hurricanes, protest, disease, Trump.
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He is the author of The Hermeneutic Nature of Analytic Philosophy, The Remains of Being, and Hermeneutic Communism (with G. Vattimo), and editor of six books on religion, hermeneutics, and ontology.
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It's an idea that even has a philosophical school of thought behind: the recently-developed Object Orientated Ontology which, among other things, suggests we explore reality through the perception of non-human objects.
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"For example, with the blooming of the tree, when it is captured in the ontology, the inference engine will be able to predict that the rain is going to fall soon," said Akanbi.
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That strikes me as a good thing, even though I wish Brooks had been a bit more specific about the ontology behind his concept of beauty, the loss of which he so bemoans.
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What might be missing from this interpretative path is social-political art considered in terms of the multitude, where the technologies of encryption and veiled visibility prevail against the laconic shape of singular ontology.
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More importantly, their work is very different from each other, demonstrating that the ontology of color is a wide-open field — a space where research, color theory, and painting can arrive at very different conclusions.
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But that would require buying many tickets and sitting through many, many hours of people translating medieval ontology into arch latter-day vernacular, saying what is essentially the same thing again and again and again.
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More and more, this play was looking like a lopsided melodrama about grotesque Southern schemers fighting for their slices of a dying patriarch's estate, with an overextended father-and-son ontology lesson for a second act.
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Possible alternatives include the Object Management Group - an international, open membership, non-profit consortium that has been involved in a range of financial standardisation activities including the Financial Industry Business Ontology and the Financial Instrument Global Identifier.
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No matter how well-made or well-intentioned they may be, there is a fundamental disconnect with me over the very premise they are working from, perhaps even a philosophical disjunction over the basic ontology of … well, existence.
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There's a little bit of confronting ego, if awards are validation from your peers or from the industry, and I was just like, O.K. sweetie, you wrote a book that's pretty anticolonial and based in indigenous West African ontology.
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While nothingness tends to occupy a central position in Eastern traditions like Buddhism and Taoism, we in the West typically shun it; after all, one of the most characteristic branches of Western philosophy is ontology, the study of that which exists.
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I thought the show was a breakthrough for an artist working in a huge range of media — painting, comics, installation, video — to really expand and explore the unique universe he's created (the ever-evolving "Moundverse") and its mythology and ontology.
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But whereas most trash art seeks to prick the viewer's conscience with evidence of human wastefulness, Artist is more interested in digital waste's own "being," in a manner that calls to mind Object-Oriented Ontology, a recent strain of philosophy that rejects human-centric worldviews.
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As someone who spent more than a decade working on a language-neutral semantic engine, I got very excited when I realized that the system and the ontology described by Elliott as a prerequisite to the semantic analysis is very close to what I constructed.
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This perspective is not so much in alignment with object-oriented ontology, which suggests that objects have existences and uses beyond their relationships to humans, but rather a hyper-human orientation that regards much-used, well-loved, and dearly-valued objects as repositories for the energies of their human caretakers.
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To deny the life and death questions raised by Arthur Danto's oft-cited anti-ontology essay "The End of Art," Schwabsky states in rhizomatic fashion that "the time of painting is not linear" and he performs this assertion by allowing the dates of his 2000-2018 essays to follow no chronological order.
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Invoking Giancarlo Sandoval again: "This is where the algorithmic structure of belief is further aided by a human-machinic ontology and provides us with examples of groups and subgroups that can be mappable based on their beliefs—"if you are a liberal you read The Guardian, if you are a conservative you read The Telegraph.
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Every successful hackathon entrant will receive tickets to the TechCrunch China event in Shenzhen, which runs November 19-20 Every successful hackathon entrant will receive tickets to the TechCrunch China event in Shenzhen, which runs November 19-20 There will also be a bunch of blockchain challenges from our sponsor Ontology and other partners.
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This preoccupation is a thread running through his discussions of figures as disparate as Wittgenstein, Katharine Hepburn, Plato, Thoreau, Frank Capra, Kierkegaard, Samuel Beckett, Lady Macbeth and John Stuart Mill, and topics as eclectic as philosophical skepticism, the power of the human voice, our relationship to nature and what he called the ontology of film.
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Available for web, Android and an iOS version in beta, Gluru's first product is a smart to-do list app that claims to use a multi-patented and unique approach to natural language processing, deep learning, and ontology, in order to sync with your various "conversational data sources" — initially Gmail and Google Calendar — to identify daily tasks and suggest relevant actions.
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It uses the Basic Formal Ontology framework and is implemented in the Web Ontology Language. It is hosted by the National Center for Biomedical Ontology and maintained on GitHub. The eNanoMapper Ontology is more recent and reuses wherever possible already existing domain ontologies. As such, it reuses and extends the NanoParticle Ontology, but also the BioAssay Ontology, Experimental Factor Ontology, Unit Ontology, and ChEBI.
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BFO has been adopted as a foundational ontology by over 300 ontology projects, principally in the areas of biomedical ontology and security and defense (intelligence) ontology. An example application of BFO can be seen in the Ontology for Biomedical Investigations (OBI) and in the Open Biomedical Ontologies Foundry.
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The following picture presents the ontology diagram of Inventive standard concept. TRIZ Ontology.
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The VIVO ontology incorporates elements of several established ontologies, including Dublin Core, Basic Formal Ontology, Bibliographic Ontology, FOAF, and SKOS. The ontology can be used to describe several roles of faculty members, including research, teaching, and service. The Dutch Data Archiving and Networked Services and Indiana University worked to develop the ontology to enable bilingual modeling of researchers.
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The Disease Ontology (DO) is a formal ontology of human disease. The Disease Ontology project is hosted at the Institute for Genome Sciences at the University of Maryland School of Medicine. The Disease Ontology project was initially developed in 2003 at Northwestern University to address the need for a purpose-built ontology that covers the full spectrum of disease concepts annotated within biomedical repositories within an ontological framework that is extensible to meet community needs. The Disease Ontology is an OBO (Open Biomedical Ontologies) Foundry ontology.
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The Gellish ontology is an example of a combination of an upper and a domain ontology.
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OWL ontologies can import other ontologies, adding information from the imported ontology to the current ontology.
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The notion of ontology modularization refers to a methodological principle in ontology engineering. The idea is that an ontology is built in a modular manner, i.e. developed as a set of small modules and later composed to form, and be used as, one modular ontology. One of the major research meetings on ontology modularization is the International Workshop on Modular Ontologies series.
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ONSET, the foundational ontology selection and explanation tool, assists the domain ontology developer in selecting the most appropriate foundational ontology. The domain ontology developer provides the requirements/answers one or more questions, and ONSET computes the selection of the appropriate foundational ontology and explains why. The current version (v2 of 24 April 2013) includes DOLCE, BFO, GFO, SUMO, YAMATO and gist.
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In information science, an upper ontology (also known as a top-level ontology, upper model, or foundation ontology) is an ontology (in the sense used in information science) which consists of very general terms (such as "object", "property", "relation") that are common across all domains. An important function of an upper ontology is to support broad semantic interoperability among a large number of domain-specific ontologies by providing a common starting point for the formulation of definitions. Terms in the domain ontology are ranked under the terms in the upper ontology, e.g., the upper ontology classes are superclasses or supersets of all the classes in the domain ontologies.
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The initial set of OBO Foundry ontologies was composed by mature ontologies (such as the Gene Ontology, GO, and the Foundational Model of Anatomy, FMAO), by mergers of previously existing ontologies (ex: the Cell Ontology, CL, formed from different dedicated ontologies, and related parts on GO and FMAO) and by development of new ontologies based on its principles. The original set of ontologies also included the Zebrafish Anatomical Ontology (a part of the Zebrafish Information Network), the CheBI ontology, the Disease Ontology, the Plant Ontology, the Sequence Ontology, the Ontology for Biomedical Investigations and the Protein Ontology. The number of ontologies in OBO has grown to the order of hundreds, and they are gathered in the list of OBO Foundry ontologies.
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In brief, the IDEF5 ontology development process consists of the following five activities: # Organizing and Scoping: This activity involves establishing the purpose, viewpoint, and context for the ontology development project and assigning roles to the team members. # Data Collection: This activity involves acquiring the raw data needed for ontology development. # Data Analysis: This activity involves analyzing the data to facilitate ontology extraction. # Initial Ontology Development: This activity involves developing a preliminary ontology from the acquired data.
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There are two key concepts behind dcGO. The first concept is to label protein domains with ontology, for example, with Gene Ontology. That is why it is called dcGO, domain-centric Gene Ontology. The second concept is to use ontology-labeled protein domains for, for example, protein function prediction.
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The MOD Ontology is the name given to the upper ontology intended to support the UK Ministry of Defence's Enterprise Architecture Programme, specifically MODAF. The ontology project is at an early stage and is being led by DG-Info (ICAD). The current plan as of March 2008 is to investigate potential applications for ontology in the MOD. Wherever possible, MOD is seeking to re- use existing ontology standards, an obvious candidate therefore is the ontology being developed by the IDEAS Group.
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Noy, Natalya F., and Deborah L. McGuinness. Ontology development 101: A guide to creating your first ontology. (2001).
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An ontology chart is a type of chart used in semiotics and software engineering to illustrate an ontology.
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Mondo ontology is product of the Monarch Initiative. It provides ontology for diseases and disorders (rare and common).
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Though RDFS provides some support for ontology specification, the need for a more expressive ontology language had become clear.
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The Function-Behaviour-Structure ontology – or short, the FBS ontology – is an applied ontology of design objects, i.e. things that have been or can be designed. The Function-Behaviour-Structure ontology conceptualizes design objects in three ontological categories: function (F), behaviour (B), and structure (S). The FBS ontology has been used in design science as a basis for modelling the process of designing as a set of distinct activities.
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Philosophers can classify ontologies in various ways, using criteria such as the degree of abstraction and field of application: #Upper ontology: concepts supporting development of an ontology, meta-ontology. #Domain ontology: concepts relevant to a particular topic, domain of discourse, or area of interest, for example, to information technology or to computer. languages, or to particular branches of science. #Interface ontology: concepts relevant to the juncture of two disciplines.
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This tactic is based on the principle that: If: (1) the meanings and usage of the primitive ontology elements in the foundation ontology are agreed on, and (2) the ontology elements in the domain ontologies are constructed as logical combinations of the elements in the foundation ontology, Then: The intended meanings of the domain ontology elements can be computed automatically using an FOL (first-order logic) reasoner, by any system that accepts the meanings of the elements in the foundation ontology, and has both the foundation ontology and the logical specifications of the elements in the domain ontology. Therefore: Any system wishing to interoperate accurately with another system need transmit only the data to be communicated, plus any logical descriptions of terms used in that data that were created locally and are not already in the common foundation ontology. This tactic then limits the need for prior agreement on meanings to only those ontology elements in the common Foundation Ontology (FO). Based on several considerations, this is likely to be fewer than 10,000 elements (types and relations).
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COSMO (COmmon Semantic MOdel) is an ontology that was initiated as a project of the COSMO working group of the Ontology and taxonomy Coordinating Working Group, with the goal of developing a foundation ontology that can serve to enable broad general Semantic Interoperability. The current version is an OWL ontology, but a Common-Logic compliant version is anticipated in the future. The ontology and explanatory files are available at the COSMO site. The goal of the COSMO working group was to develop a foundation ontology by a collaborative process that will allow it to represent all of the basic ontology elements that all members feel are needed for their applications.
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Ontology engineering (also called ontology building) is a set of tasks related to the development of ontologies for a particular domain. It is a subfield of knowledge engineering that studies the ontology development process, the ontology life cycle, the methods and methodologies for building ontologies, and the tools and languages that support them. Ontology engineering aims to make explicit the knowledge contained in software applications, and organizational procedures for a particular domain. Ontology engineering offers a direction for overcoming semantic obstacles, such as those related to the definitions of business terms and software classes.
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A domain ontology (or domain-specific ontology) represents concepts which belong to a realm of the world, such as biology or politics. Each domain ontology typically models domain-specific definitions of terms. For example, the word card has many different meanings. An ontology about the domain of poker would model the "playing card" meaning of the word, while an ontology about the domain of computer hardware would model the "punched card" and "video card" meanings.
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Phenoscape is a project to develop a database of phenotype data for species across the Ostariophysi, a large group of teleost fish. The data is captured using annotations that combine terms from an anatomy ontology, an accompanying taxonomic ontology, and quality terms from the PATO ontology of phenotype qualities. Several other OBO ontologies are also used. The anatomy ontology was developed from the zebrafish anatomy ontology developed by the Zebrafish Information Network.
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In the thesis, Lord argues that Kant's ontology is a "productive ontology"; i.e., a theory which rests upon an idea of production.Lord, Beth (2003) Kant's Productive Ontology: Knowledge, Nature and the Meaning of Being. PhD thesis, University of Warwick.
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Besides Aristotle's ontology of substances, another example of an ontology that posits actual entities is in Leibniz' monads, said to be 'windowless'.
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Gruninger is President of the International Association of Ontology and its Applications (IAOA) and Editor-in-Chief of the Applied Ontology Journal.
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Studies in Logic and Formal Ontology,Barry Smith (ed.), Parts and Moments. Studies in Logic and Formal Ontology, Munich: Philosophia, 1982, reprinted 2001. edited by Barry Smith. Smith's work on Basic Formal Ontology (BFO) (see below) arises out of this tradition.
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Ontology-based data integration involves the use of ontology(s) to effectively combine data or information from multiple heterogeneous sources. It is one of the multiple data integration approaches and may be classified as Global-As- View (GAV). The effectiveness of ontology based data integration is closely tied to the consistency and expressivity of the ontology used in the integration process.
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The MGED Ontology (MO) provides a standard terminology for describing components of a DNA microarray experiment. The Ontology for Biomedical Investigations (OBI) is being developed as a replacement for the MO. A mapping of ontology terms from MO to OBI is available.
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Other tool related to the OBO effort is OBO-Edit, an ontology editor and reasoner funded by the Gene Ontology Consortium. There are also plugins for OBO-Edit which facilitate the development of ontologies, such as the semi-automatic ontology generator DOG4DAG.
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Business Objects Reference Ontology is an upper ontology designed for developing ontological or semantic models for large complex operational applications that consists of a top ontology as well as a process for constructing the ontology. It is built upon a series of clear metaphysical choices to provide a solid (metaphysical) foundation. A key choice was for an extensional (and hence, four-dimensional) ontology which provides it a simple criteria of identity. Elements of it have appeared in a number of standards.
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At the present time, no foundation ontology has been adopted by a wide community, so such a stable foundation ontology is still in the future.
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W3C forum has undertaken the initiative of standardizing the ontology representation for web-based applications. The Web Ontology Language (OWL), standardized in 2004 after maturing through XML(S), RDF(S) and DAML+OIL is a result of that effort. Ontology in OWL (and some of its predecessor languages) has been successfully used in establishing semantics of text in specific application contexts. The concepts and properties in these traditional ontology languages are expressed as text, making an ontology readily usable for semantic analysis of textual documents.
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Target audience and meta level OWL is a metalanguage, including a basic grammar, but without a dictionary. OWL is meant to be used by computer system developers and ontology developers to create ontologies. Gellish is a language that includes a grammar as well as a dictionary-taxonomy and ontology. Gellish is meant to be used by computer system developers as well as by end-users and can also be used by ontology developers when they want to extend the Gellish ontology or build their own domain ontology.
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Advaita Vedānta posits a substance ontology, an ontology which holds that underlying the change and impermanence of empirical reality is an unchanging and permanent absolute reality, like an eternal substance it calls Atman- Brahman. In its substance ontology, as like other philosophies, there exist a universal, particulars and specific properties and it is the interaction of particulars that create events and processes. In contrast, Buddhism posits a process ontology, also called as "event ontology". According to the Buddhist thought, particularly after the rise of ancient Mahayana Buddhism scholarship, there is neither empirical nor absolute permanent reality and ontology can be explained as a process.
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In Enterprise Distributed Object Computing Conference (EDOC), 2013 17th IEEE International (pp. 175-184). IEEE. UFO is the foundational ontology for OntoUML, an ontology modeling language.
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GoodRelations is a Web Ontology Language-compliant ontology for Semantic Web online data, dealing with business-related goods and services. It handles the individual relationships between a buyer, a seller and the products and services offered. In November 2012, it was integrated into the Schema.org ontology.
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Database design involves classifying data and identifying interrelationships. This theoretical representation of the data is called an ontology. The ontology is the theory behind the database's design.
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The CContology is an ebusiness ontology, that was built according to the ontology double articulation principle. DogmaModeler is a modeling tool that was also supports this principle.
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The Unified Foundational Ontology (UFO), developed by Giancarlo Guizzardi and associates, incorporating developments from GFO, DOLCE and the Ontology of Universals underlying OntoClean in a single coherent foundational ontology. The core categories of UFO (UFO-A) have been completely formally characterized in Giancarlo Guizzardi's Ph.D. thesis and further extended at the Ontology and Conceptual Modelling Research Group (NEMO) in Brazil with cooperators from Brandenburg University of Technology (Gerd Wagner) and Laboratory for Applied Ontology (LOA). UFO-A has been employed to analyze structural conceptual modeling constructs such as object types and taxonomic relations, associations and relations between associations, roles, properties, datatypes and weak entities, and parthood relations among objects. More recent developments incorporate an ontology of events in UFO (UFO-B), as well as an ontology of social and intentional aspects (UFO-C).
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Having a formal ontology at your disposal, especially when it consists of a Formal upper layer enriched with concrete domain-independent 'middle layer' concepts, can really aid the creation of a domain specific ontology. It allows the modeller to focus on the content of the domain specific ontology without having to worry on the exact higher structure or abstract philosophical framework that gives his ontology a rigid backbone. Disjoint axioms at the higher level will prevent many of the commonly made ontological mistakes made when creating the detailed layer of the ontology.
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However, one cannot just integrate these external data sources in the formal ontology. A direct incorporation would lead to corruption of the framework and principles of the formal ontology. A formal ontology is a great crossmapping hub only if a complete distinction between the content and structure of the external information sources and the formal ontology itself is maintained. This is possible by specifying a mapping relation between concepts from a chaotic external information source and a concept in the formal ontology that corresponds with the meaning of the former concept.
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Two sub research fields have emerged in ontology mapping, namely monolingual ontology mapping and cross-lingual ontology mapping. The former refers to the mapping of ontologies in the same natural language, whereas the latter refers to "the process of establishing relationships among ontological resources from two or more independent ontologies where each ontology is labelled in a different natural language".Bo Fu, Rob Brennan, Declan O'Sullivan, A Configurable Translation-Based Cross-Lingual Ontology Mapping System to adjust Mapping Outcomes. Journal of Web Semantics, Volume 15, 15-36, ISSN 1570-8268, 2012 .
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Ontology Systems is the trading name of Ontology Partners Limited Ontology Systems Website, "Privacy and Cookie Policy". Retrieved 24 July 2014 and since 2 March 2017 has been a wholly owned subsidiary on EXFO Inc. It was founded in London in 2005 by Benedict Enweani and Leo Zancani. Ontology Systems develop a real-time network and service topology platform and toolset used for service and customer assurance applications.
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The nodes of an ontology chart represent universal affordances and rarely represent particulars. The exception is the root which is a particular agent often labelled ‘society’ and located on the extreme left of an ontology chart. The root is often dropped in practice but is implied in every ontology chart. If any other particular is present in an ontology chart it is recognised by the ‘#’ sign prefix and upper case letters.
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The Suggested Upper Merged Ontology (SUMO) is another comprehensive ontology project. It includes an upper ontology, created by the IEEE working group P1600.1 (originally by Ian Niles and Adam Pease). It is extended with many domain ontologies and a complete set of links to WordNet. It is open source.
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The iPlant Semantic Web effort uses an iPlant-created architecture, protocol, and platform called the Simple Semantic Web Architecture and Protocol (SSWAP) for semantic web linking using a plant science focused ontology. SSWAP is based on the notion of RESTful web services with an ontology based on Web Ontology Language (OWL).
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Since 1997, however, Lawson has developed his own conception of social ontology, largely in collaboration with the Cambridge Social Ontology Group, and refers to it as social positioning theory.
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KAON (Karlsruhe ontology) is an ontology infrastructure developed by the University of Karlsruhe and the Research Center for Information Technologies in Karlsruhe. Its first incarnation was developed in 2002 and supported an enhanced version of RDF ontologies. Several tools like the graphical ontology editor OIModeler or the KAON Server were based on KAON. There are ontology learning companion tools which take non-annotated natural language text as input: TextToOnto (KAON-based) and Text2Onto (KAON2-based).
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The enhancement of the Enhanced Topic-based Vector Space Model (eTVSM) (literature: ) is a proposal on how to derive term vectors from an Ontology. Using a synonym Ontology created from WordNet Kuropka shows good results for document similarity. If a trivial Ontology is used the results are similar to Vector Space model.
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The majority of Canto curation use bio-ontologies: current CANTO uses Gene Ontology (GO) Gene Ontology Consortium, Blake, J. A., Dolan, M., Drabkin, H., Hill, D. P., Li, N., … Westerfield, M. (2013). Gene Ontology annotations and resources. Nucleic acids research, 41(Database issue), D530–D535. doi:10.1093/nar/gks1050 and PSI-MOD.
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An overview of the eNanoMapper nanomaterial ontology In the context of information science, an ontology is a formal representation of knowledge within a domain, using hierarchies of terms including their definitions, attributes, and relations. Ontologies provide a common terminology in a machine-readable framework that facilitates sharing and discovery of data. Having an established ontology for nanoparticles is important for cancer nanomedicine due to the need of researchers to search, access, and analyze large amounts of data. The NanoParticle Ontology is an ontology for the preparation, chemical composition, and characterization of nanomaterials involved in cancer research.
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The structure of the Plant Phenology Ontology relies on integrated terms from other ontologies, notably the Basic Formal Ontology, the Plant Ontology, the Information Artifact Ontology, and the Biological Collections Ontology. The basic structure of the PPO models the 'observing process' (BCO:0000003), which has an input of a 'whole plant' (PO:0000003) and an output of a 'measurement datum' (IAO:0000109). The value of the 'measurement datum' is determined by what was observed or not observed on the plant. Measurement data in the PPO are numbers of upper counts and lower counts for some 'plant structure' (PO:0009011) on the observed plant.
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Advaita Vedanta is a substance ontology, an ontology "which holds that underlying the seeming change, variety, and multiplicity of existence there are unchanging and permanent entities (the so-called substances)". In contrast, Buddhism is normally understood as a process ontology, according to which "there exists nothing permanent and unchanging, within or without man". describes that there is also a current in Buddhism which favours substance ontology and sees Madhyamaka and Yogacara as reactions against developments toward substance ontology in Buddhism. Advaita's three levels of reality theory, states , is built on the two levels of reality found in the Madhyamika.
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They utilize this semantics to provide input to the deductive classifier. The classifier in turn can analyze a given model (known as an ontology) and determine if the various relations described in the model are consistent. If the ontology is not consistent the classifier will highlight the declarations that are inconsistent. If the ontology is consistent the classifier can then do further reasoning and draw additional conclusions about the relations of the objects in the ontology.
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High level syntax is used to specify the OWL ontology structure and semantics. The OWL abstract syntax presents an ontology as a sequence of annotations, axioms and facts. Annotations carry machine and human oriented meta-data. Information about the classes, properties and individuals that compose the ontology is contained in axioms and facts only.
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From the industry use case, it has been observed that the semantic mappings were performed only within the scope of the ontology class or the datatype property. These identified semantic integrations are (1) integration of ontology class instances into another ontology class without any constraint, (2) integration of selected instances in one ontology class into another ontology class by the range constraint of the property value and (3) integration of ontology class instances into another ontology class with the value transformation of the instance property. Each of them requires a particular mapping relationship, which is respectively: (1) equivalent or subsumption mapping relationship, (2) conditional mapping relationship that constraints the value of property (data range) and (3) transformation mapping relationship that transforms the value of property (unit transformation). Each identified mapping relationship can be defined as either (1) direct mapping type, (2) data range mapping type or (3) unit transformation mapping type.
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Medical metaphysics is primarily concerned with (i) medical ontology, (ii) medical truth, and (iii) the nature of medicine.Cf. p. 7 and Part VII (pp. 747–852) of the Handbook (i) Medical ontology.
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Some scholars argue that Mou Zongsan's critique of Heidegger's fundamental ontology actually “misplaces (wuzhi)” Heidegger's transcendental metaphysics.• Zhao, Weiguo. "Mou Zongsan's Misplacement of Heidegger's Fundamental Ontology." Journal of Shanxi Normal University Vol.
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Ontology double articulation refers to the methodological principle in ontology engineering, that an ontology should be built as separate domain axiomatizations and application axiomatization(s). According to this principle, an application axiomatization should be built in terms of (i.e. commits to) a domain axiomatization. While a domain axiomatization focuses on the characterization of the intended meaning (i.e.
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Existing matching methods in monolingual ontology mapping are discussed in Euzenat and Shvaiko (2007). Approaches to cross-lingual ontology mapping are presented in Fu et al. (2011).Fu B., Brennan R., O'Sullivan D., Using Pseudo Feedback to Improve Cross-Lingual Ontology Mapping . In Proceedings of the 8th Extended Semantic Web Conference (ESWC 2011), LNCS 6643, pp.
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Concepts in the Arabic Ontology are mapped to synsets in Wordnet, as well as to BFO and DOLCE. Terms used in the Arabic Ontology are mapped to lemmas in the LDC's SAMA database.
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His main areas of expertise are hermeneutics, aesthetics and ontology.
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Copenhagen: DJOEF.; Nørreklit, L. (2013). Applied Ethics and Practice Ontology.
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Development activities include CoffeeBreak Assistant application, which intended to provide information support, communication and expert- finding services during conferences and other events. The project SmartSlog in the wireless and mobile technology laboratory of Petrozavodsk State University (Petrozavodsk, Russia) develops an ANSI C ontology library generator. It maps a Web Ontology Language (OWL) description to ANSI C code (ontology library). The library provides API for programming M3-agents in high-level terms of ontology entities instead of low-level triplet-based terms.
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Ontologies enable the unambiguous identification of entities in heterogeneous information systems and assertion of applicable named relationships that connect these entities together. Specifically, ontologies play the following roles: ;Content Explication: The ontology enables accurate interpretation of data from multiple sources through the explicit definition of terms and relationships in the ontology. ;Query Model: In some systems like SIMS, the query is formulated using the ontology as a global query schema. ;Verification: The ontology verifies the mappings used to integrate data from multiple sources.
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Such a core ontology is a key pre-requisite to a more complete foundation ontology, or a more general philosophical sense of ontology. Most applicable to teaching, e.g. the Longmans defining dictionary of the simplest meanings of 2,000 English words is used to define the 4,000 most basic English idioms—this is a core glossary of the English language, which permits access to the core ontology (the idioms). Core ontologies is a concept that is used in information science as well.
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In ontologies designed to serve natural language processing (NLP) and natural language understanding (NLU) systems, ontology concepts are usually connected and symbolized by terms. This kind of connection represents a linguistic realization. Terms are words or a combination of words (multi-word units), in different languages, used to describe in natural language an element from reality, and hence connected to that formal ontology concept that frames this element in reality. The lexicon, the collection of terms and their inflections assigned to the concepts and relationships in an ontology, forms the ‘ontology interface to natural language’, the channel through which the ontology can be accessed from a natural language input.
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The outputs of the effort included: #A "lite" version of the Large-Scale Concept Ontology for Multimedia concept hierarchy consisting of a subset of 449 concepts. #A corpus of 61,901 video keyframes, taken from the 2006 TRECVID data set, annotated using Large-Scale Concept Ontology for Multimedia "lite." #The full taxonomy of 2,638 concepts, built semi-automatically by mapping 884 concepts, manually identified by collaborators, into the Cyc knowledge base, and querying the Cyc inference engine for useful additions. #The full ontology, in the form of a 2006 ResearchCyc release that contained the Large-Scale Concept Ontology for Multimedia mappings into the Cyc ontology.
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The term "olog" is short for "ontology log". "Ontology" derives from onto-, from the Greek ὤν, ὄντος "being; that which is", present participle of the verb εἰμί "be", and -λογία, -logia: science, study, theory.
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Applied ontology involves the practical application of ontological resources to specific domains, such as management, relationships, biomedicine or geography. Much work in applied ontology is carried out within the framework of the Semantic Web.
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OntoUML is an ontologically well-founded language for Ontology-driven Conceptual Modeling. OntoUML is built as a UML extension based on the Unified Foundational Ontology (UFO). The foundations of UFO and OntoUML can be traced back to Giancarlo Guizzardi's Ph.D. thesis "Ontological foundations for structural conceptual models". In his work, he proposed a novel foundational ontology for conceptual modeling (UFO) and employed it to evaluate and re- design a fragment of the UML 2.0 metamodel for the purposes of conceptual modeling and domain ontology engineering.
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A central question in the study of concepts is the question of what they are. Philosophers construe this question as one about the ontology of concepts—what they are like. The ontology of concepts determines the answer to other questions, such as how to integrate concepts into a wider theory of the mind, what functions are allowed or disallowed by a concept's ontology, etc. There are two main views of the ontology of concepts: (1) Concepts are abstract objects, and (2) concepts are mental representations.
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Ontology engineering or ontology building is a subfield of knowledge engineering that studies the methods and methodologies for building ontologies. In the domain of enterprise architecture, an ontology is an outline or a schema used to structure objects, their attributes and relationships in a consistent manner. As in enterprise modelling, an ontology can be composed of other ontologies. The purpose of ontologies in enterprise modelling is to formalize and establish the sharability, re-usability, assimilation and dissemination of information across all organizations and departments within an enterprise.
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SUPERFAMILY has generated GO annotations for evolutionarily closed domains (at the SCOP family level) and distant domains (at the SCOP superfamily level). Phenotype Ontology Domain-centric phenotype/anatomy ontology including Disease Ontology, Human Phenotype, Mouse Phenotype, Worm Phenotype, Yeast Phenotype, Fly Phenotype, Fly Anatomy, Zebrafish Anatomy, Xenopus Anatomy, and Arabidopsis Plant. Superfamily Annotation InterPro abstracts for over 1,000 superfamilies, and Gene Ontology (GO) annotation for over 700 superfamilies. This feature allows for the direct annotation of key features, functions, and structures of a superfamily.
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The Arabic Ontology can be seen as a next generation of WordNet - or as an ontologically-clean Arabic WordNet. It follows the same structure (i.e., data model) as wordnet, and it is fully mapped to Wordnet. However, there are critical foundational differences between them: # The ontology is benchmarked on state-of-art scientific discoveries, while WordNet is benchmarked on native-speakers’ naïve knowledge; # The ontology is governed by scientifically and philosophically well-established top levels; # Unlike WordNet, all concepts in the ontology are formal, i.e.
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An analysis of online e-commerce data providers at that time found it to be the most prevalent ontology in use. As of mid-2015, GoodRelations had become the de facto ontology for e-commerce, and was in widespread use, having been adopted by retailers such as BestBuy. GoodRelations is additionally used in academic studies of the Semantic Web, as a core ontology.
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The offline subsystem automatically indexes documents collected by a focused web crawler from the web. An ontology server along with its API is used for knowledge representation.Kourosh Neshatian and Mahmoud R. Hejazi, An Object Oriented Ontology Interface for Information Retrieval Purposes in Telecommunication Domain, International Symposium on Telecommunication (IST2003). The main concepts and classes of the ontology are created by domain experts.
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A survey of ontology visualization methods is presented by Katifori et al. An updated survey of ontology visualization methods and tools was published by Dudás et al. The most established ontology visualization methods, namely indented tree and graph visualization are evaluated by Fu et al. A visual language for ontologies represented in OWL is specified by the Visual Notation for OWL Ontologies (VOWL).
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A well-known and quite comprehensive ontology available today is Cyc, a proprietary system under development since 1986, consisting of a foundation ontology and several domain-specific ontologies (called microtheories). A subset of that ontology has been released for free under the name OpenCyc, and a more or less unabridged version is made available for free non-commercial use under the name ResearchCyc.
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The GCIS Ontology promotes representation and documentation by incorporating the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)’s recommendation on provenance modeling (PROV) into the design.Groth, P., Moreau, L., (eds.) 2013. PROV-Overview: An Overview of the PROV Family of Documents The ontology uses the namespace prefix GCIS. A conceptual map of the GCIS Ontology version 1.2 is accessible on the Web.
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Hozo is a graphical ontology editor especially created to produce heavy-weight ontologies.Mizoguchi R., Sunagawa E., Kozaki K. and Kitamura Y. (2007) "A Model of Roles within an Ontology Development Tool: Hozo" Journal of Applied Ontology, 2(2):159-179. It was developed in Japan through a partnership between the Department of Knowledge Systems (Mizoguchi Laboratory), ISIR-Osaka University, and Enegate Co, Ltd.
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Giancarlo Guizzardi (born 1975 in Vitoria, Brazil) is a Brazilian–Italian computer scientist specializing in conceptual modeling, enterprise modeling, applied ontology and ontology-driven information systems. He is a professor in the computer science department of the Free University of Bolzano-Bozen in Italy and a senior researcher and founding member of the Ontology & Conceptual Modeling Research Group (NEMO) in Vitoria, Brazil.
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The Suggested Upper Merged Ontology (SUMO) is an upper ontology intended as a foundation ontology for a variety of computer information processing systems. SUMO defines a hierarchy of classes and related rules and relationships. These are expressed in a version of the language SUO-KIF which has a LISP-like syntax. A mapping from WordNet synsets to SUMO has been defined.
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The ontologies should use relations between items from the Relations Ontology (RO). This ensures that different ontologies can integrated seamlessly, which is specially important for logical inference. The Relation Ontology (RO) is an ontology designed to represent the relationships between different biomedical concepts. It describes rigorously relations like "part_of", "located_in" and "preceded_by" that are reused by many OBO Foundry ontologies.
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The inability of an ontology to include or encode every concept of interest to users of an ontology is known as the "content completeness problem". The problem stems from the greater expressiveness of natural language relative to the finite enumeration of concepts present in an ontology. A specific instance of this problem may be temporarily resolved by adding missing concept/s to the target ontology, but this approach is not a general solution because in practice: # There is a lag time between the appearance and usage of a concept in a domain and its incorporation into an ontology. # In large ontologies it is difficult to know if the concept is already present Other workarounds to this problem include the use of post-coordination in ontologies (such as SNOMED CT) using free text or comment fields to supplement ontology entry systems.
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Individuals (instances) are the basic, "ground level" components of an ontology. The individuals in an ontology may include concrete objects such as people, animals, tables, automobiles, molecules, and planets, as well as abstract individuals such as numbers and words (although there are differences of opinion as to whether numbers and words are classes or individuals). Strictly speaking, an ontology need not include any individuals, but one of the general purposes of an ontology is to provide a means of classifying individuals, even if those individuals are not explicitly part of the ontology. In formal extensional ontologies, only the utterances of words and numbers are considered individuals – the numbers and names themselves are classes.
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Herbert Marcuse, Hegel's Ontology and the Theory of Historicity (MIT Press 1987).
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Ontology-based fault diagnosis for power transformers. Diss. University of Liverpool, 2011.
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An upper ontology (or foundation ontology) is a model of the commonly shared relations and objects that are generally applicable across a wide range of domain ontologies. It usually employs a core glossary that overarches the terms and associated object descriptions as they are used in various relevant domain ontologies. Standardized upper ontologies available for use include BFO, BORO method, Dublin Core, GFO, Cyc, SUMO, UMBEL, the Unified Foundational Ontology (UFO), and DOLCE. WordNet has been considered an upper ontology by some and has been used as a linguistic tool for learning domain ontologies.
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The ontology of general medical science (OGMS) is an ontology of entities involved in a clinical encounter. It includes a set of logical definitions of very general terms that are used across medical disciplines, including: 'disease', 'disorder', 'disease course', 'diagnosis', and 'patient'. The scope of OGMS is restricted to humans, but many terms can be applied also to other organisms. OGMS provides a formal theory of disease that is elaborated further by specific disease ontologies which extend it, including the Infectious Disease Ontology (IDO) and the Mental Disease Ontology.
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The OBO Foundry community is also dedicated to developing tools to facilitate creating and maintaining ontologies. Most ontology developers in OBO use the Protégé ontology editor and the Web Ontology Language (OWL) for building ontologies. To facilitate command line management of ontologies in a Protégé- and OWL- compatible format, the OBO Foundry has developed the tool ROBOT (ROBOT is an OBO Tool). ROBOT aggregates functions for routine tasks in ontology development, is open source, and can be used either via the command line or as a library for any language on the Java Virtual Machine.
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The FAO geopolitical ontology is an ontology developed by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) to describe, manage and exchange data related to geopolitical entities such as countries, territories, regions and other similar areas.
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He also serves as a primary investigator for the Gene Ontology Consortium. The consortium provides knowledge on the functions of genes and gene products. It was founded in 1998 and is widely accepted in the life sciences. The Gene Ontology resource has the most comprehensive information about the functions of genes.”The ontology covers three distinct aspects of gene function: molecular function, cellular component, and biological process”.
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The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) is a formal ontology of human phenotypes. Developed in collaboration with members of the Open Biomedical Ontologies Foundry, HPO currently contains over 13,000 terms and over 156,000 annotations to hereditary diseases. Data from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man and medical literature were used to generate the terms currently in the HPO. The ontology contains over 50,000 annotations between phenotypes and hereditary disease.
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The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) was created to serve as a standardized vocabulary of phenotypic abnormalities that have been seen in human disease. Applications for the data in the ontology include clinical diagnostics, mapping between phenotypes of model organisms, and as a standard vocabulary for clinical databases. Clinical annotations within the HPO are sought from the medical and genetics community to improve the ontology.
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Machine extraction creates a triple consisting of a subject, predicate or relation, and object. Each attribute-value pair of the infobox is used to create an RDF statement using an ontology. This is facilated by the narrower gap between Wikipedia and an ontology than exists between unstructured or free text and an ontology. The semantic relationship between the subject and object is established by the predicate.
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In molecular biology, PathoPhenoDB is a biological database created by Kafkas et al. This database connects pathogens to their phenotypes using multiple databases such as NCBI, Human Disease Ontology Human Phenotype Ontology, Mammalian Phenotype Ontology, PubChem, SIDER and CARD. Pathogen-disease associations were gathered mainly on CDC and the List of Infectious Diseases page on Wikipedia. The manner by which they assigned taxonomy was semi- automatic.
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Upper Mapping and Binding Exchange Layer (UMBEL) is an ontology of 28,000 reference concepts that maps to a simplified subset of the OpenCyc ontology, that is intended to provide a way of linking the precise OpenCyc ontology with less formal ontologies. It also has formal mappings to Wikipedia, DBpedia, PROTON and GeoNames. It has been developed and maintained as open source by Structured Dynamics.
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In this context, aligning ontologies is sometimes referred to as "ontology matching". The problem of Ontology Alignment has been tackled recently by trying to compute matching first and mapping (based on the matching) in an automatic fashion. Systems like DSSim, X-SOM or COMA++ obtained at the moment very high precision and recall. The Ontology Alignment Evaluation Initiative aims to evaluate, compare and improve the different approaches.
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Upper ontology OWL can be regarded as an upper ontology that consists of 54 'language constructs' (constructors or concepts). The upper ontology part of Gellish currently consists of more than 1500 concepts of which about 650 are standard relation types. In addition to that the Gellish Dictionary-Taxonomy contains more than 40,000 concepts. This indicates the large semantic richness and expression capabilities of Gellish.
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For example, for Aristotle, the actual entities were the substances, such as Socrates. Besides Aristotle's ontology of substances, another example of an ontology that posits actual entities is in the monads of Leibniz, which are said to be 'windowless'.
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Ontology alignment, or ontology matching, is the process of determining correspondences between concepts in ontologies. A set of correspondences is also called an alignment. The phrase takes on a slightly different meaning, in computer science, cognitive science or philosophy.
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"The LKIF Core Ontology of Basic Legal Concepts." LOAIT 321 (2007): 43-63.
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These are close to the ontology structure of languages in the OWL family.
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The Gene Ontology Consortium is the set of biological databases and research groups actively involved in the gene ontology project. This includes a number of model organism databases and multi-species protein databases, software development groups, and a dedicated editorial office.
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He agrees with Heidegger's analysis of Transcendental Schematism, which indicates that the meaning of objectification presupposes a subjective horizon that enables the object to appear. Mou names the ontology of the phenomenal world as “attached ontology” (zhi de cunyoulun).• Billioud, Sébastien.
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The total number of triple statements in FAO Geopolitical Ontology is 22,495. At least 50 links to a dataset already in the current LOD Cloud: FAO Geopolitical Ontology has 195 links to DBpedia, which is already part of the LOD Cloud.
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This was the case when, for example, the top-level ontology of WordNet was re-structured according to the OntoClean based approach or when WordNet was used as a primary source for constructing the lower classes of the SENSUS ontology.
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The Foundational Model of Anatomy Ontology (FMA) is a reference ontology for the domain of Human anatomy. It is a symbolic representation of the canonical, phenotypic structure of an organism; a spatial-structural ontology of anatomical entities and relations which form the physical organization of an organism at all salient levels of granularity. FMA is developed and maintained by the Structural Informatics Group at the University of Washington.
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The Institute moved to Saarbrücken in 2004. In 2005 Smith founded the National Center for Ontological Research (NCOR), under the auspices of which he initiated in 2006 the Ontology for the Intelligence Community, subsequently STIDS,STIDS conference series, and the International Conference on Biomedical Ontology (ICBO).International Conference on Biomedical OntologyBarry Smith, ed., Proceedings of the First International Conference on Biomedical Ontology, Buffalo, New York, July 24-26, 2009.
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Three principles rule Library Oriented Architecture frameworks: # A software library implementation and subject area expertise must be constrained to only one ontology domain. # A software library that needs to use concepts and artifacts from a different ontology domain than the one it belongs to, must interface and reuse the library corresponding to that specific ontology domain. # All domain specific software libraries must be maintained and supported with separate life-cycles.
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The concept of ontology and what people mean by ontology is diverse; therefore, tracing the ontological turn in anthropology remains difficult. However, if ontology refers to the study of reality then ontological anthropology incorporates theoretical and methodological elements of anthropology to a study of being or existence. Ethnographies are the most widely utilized method in anthropological research. While, in a theoretical sense, anthropology has contributed greatly to the concept of culture.
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In Being and Time, the philosopher Martin Heidegger made the distinction between ontical and ontological. Ontical refers to a particular area of Being, whereas ontological ought to refer to Being as such. The history of ontology in Western philosophy is, in Heidegger's terms, properly speaking, ontical, and ontology ought to designate fundamental ontology. He says "Ontological inquiry is indeed more primordial, as over against the ontical inquiry of the positive sciences".
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The representation of Langerhans cells in the Cell Ontology. A portion of the Cell Ontology is shown with ovals corresponding to cell types defined in the ontology and arrows corresponding to relations between those cell types. Langerhans cell is represented by a yellow oval; blue arrows correspond to is_a relations, and orange arrows correspond to develops_from relations. Only a subset of Langerhans cell parent types are included in the figure.
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The Protein Ontology (PRO) is another popular database released by the Protein Information Resource.
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OWL2 specifies an XML serialization that closely models the structure of an OWL2 ontology.
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When the upper and lower counts both equal zero, an absence is inferred for that trait by the ontology using the HermiT reasoner. Plant Ontology anatomy terms were used to enable the ontology to infer the presence or absence of hierarchical phenological traits using the reasoner. For example, if pollen- releasing flower heads are observed to be present (PPO:0002340) with an upper count of five and lower count of five (meaning there are exactly five pollen- releasing flower heads on the observed plant), the reasoned ontology can also infer that floral structures are present (PPO:0002026) on the plant.
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At present, merging ontologies that are not developed from a common upper ontology is a largely manual process and therefore time-consuming and expensive. Domain ontologies that use the same upper ontology to provide a set of basic elements with which to specify the meanings of the domain ontology entities can be merged with less effort. There are studies on generalized techniques for merging ontologies, but this area of research is still ongoing, and it's a recent event to see the issue sidestepped by having multiple domain ontologies using the same upper ontology like the OBO Foundry.
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Additionally, Bryant has proposed the concept of 'wilderness ontology' to explain the philosophical pluralization of agency away from human privilege. For Bryant, wilderness ontology alludes to the being of being, or common essence "characteristic of all entities and their relations to one another." Resisting the traditional notion of wilderness that views civilization (the "inside" world of social relations, language, and norms) as separate from wilderness (the "outside" world of plants, animals, and nature), wilderness ontology argues that "wilderness" contains all forms of being, including civilization. Accordingly, the practice of wilderness ontology involves experiencing oneself as a being amongst, rather than above, other beings.
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More reflexive user interfaces provide strong ontology support from within the wiki, and allow it to be loaded, saved, created, and changed. Some wikis inherit their ontology entirely from a pre-existing strong ontology like Cyc or SKOS, while, on the other extreme, in other semantic wikis the entire ontology is generated by users. Conventional, non-semantic wikis typically still have ways for users to express data and metadata, typically by tagging, categorizing, and using namespaces. In semantic wikis, these features still typically exist, but integrated these with other semantic declarations, and sometimes with their use restricted.
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Thus, an ontology enables integration of the various functions and processes which take place in an enterprise.G. Fadel, M. Fox, M. Gruninger (1994). "A Generic Enterprise Resource Ontology". In: Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Enabling Technologies: Infrastructure for Collaborative Enterprises. p.
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Bookchin interpreted the dialectical method's strength as its unity of "developmental causality" with ontology. "Dialectic," he notes, "is simultaneously a way of reasoning and an account of the objective world, with a developmental ontology."Bookchin, Murray. The Philosophy of Social Ecology, p. 17.
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New York:ACM Press According to Thompson-ISI, work on OntoClean was the most cited of academic papers on Ontology. OntoClean was important as it was the first formal methodology for ontology engineering, applying scientific principles to a field whose practice was mostly art.
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The upper ontology developed by the IDEAS Group is higher-order, extensional and 4D. It was developed using the BORO Method. The IDEAS ontology is not intended for reasoning and inference purposes; its purpose is to be a precise model of business.
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The gene ontology (GO) annotation for 165 plant species and GO enrichment analysis is available.
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UniProtKB for proteins and the European Bioinformatics Institute ontology look up service for other entities.
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AI researchers argued that they could create new ontologies as computational models that enable certain kinds of automated reasoning, which was only marginally successful. In the 1980s, the AI community began to use the term ontology to refer to both a theory of a modeled world and a component of knowledge-based systems. In particular, David Powers introduced the word ontology to AI to refer to real world or robotic grounding, publishing in 1990 literature reviews emphasizing grounded ontology in association with the call for papers for a AAAI Summer Symposium Machine Learning of Natural Language and Ontology, with an expanded version published in SIGART Bulletin and included as a preface to the proceedings. Some researchers, drawing inspiration from philosophical ontologies, viewed computational ontology as a kind of applied philosophy.
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Williams, Donald C. 'The Elements of Being' In Principles of Empirical Realism: Philosophical Essays, Charles C. Thomas, 1966, p. 74 As D.M. Armstrong notes, this distinction between analytic ontology and speculative cosmology is a division within metaphysics.Armstrong, D.M. 'Reply to Forrest' In Ontology, Causality, and Mind: Essays in Honour of D.M. Armstrong, (eds.) J. Bacon, K. Campbell, L. Reinhardt, Cambridge University Press, 1993, p. 66 As such, ontology does not exhaust metaphysics.
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Armstrong, D.M. 'Reply to Forrest' In Ontology, Causality, and Mind: Essays in Honour of D.M. Armstrong, (eds.) J. Bacon, K. Campbell, L. Reinhardt, Cambridge University Press, 1993, p. 72, n. 1 Armstrong appreciated and implemented Williams’s conception of metaphysics and his distinction between analytic ontology and speculative cosmology in his theory of universals. Bacon and Campbell embraced Williams’s trope theory, expanding on the ontology and ensuring it remained a strong contender in the literature.
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For example, Genbank has "gi" identifiers that are used to enumerate all of their sequence records - this is defined as "NCBI_gi" in the Namespace Ontology. The MOBY Object Ontology is an ontology consisting of IS-A, HAS-A, and HAS relationships between data formats. For example, a DNASequence IS-A GenericSequence and HAS-A String representing the text of the sequence. All data in Moby must be represented as some type of MOBY Object.
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The term 'ontologia' itself first appeared in 1606 in the work Ogdoas Scholastica by Jacob Lorhard, a German philosopher.Ogdoas Scholastica English translation by Sara L. Uckelman of Chapter 8.Jacob Lorhard’s Ontology: a 17th Century Hypertext on the Reality and Temporality of the World of Intelligibles Peter Øhrstrøm.The Development of Ontology from Suarez to Kant Ontology can be broadly defined as the study of reality as constructed in both human and non-human worlds.
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Experimental factor ontology, also known as EFO, is an open-access ontology of experimental variables particularly those used in molecular biology. The ontology covers variables which include aspects of disease, anatomy, cell type, cell lines, chemical compounds and assay information. EFO is developed and maintained at the EMBL-EBI as a cross-cutting resource for the purposes of curation, querying and data integration in resources such as Ensembl, ChEMBL and Expression Atlas.
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Ontology-based information extraction is a subfield of information extraction, with which at least one ontology is used to guide the process of information extraction from natural language text. The OBIE system uses methods of traditional information extraction to identify concepts, instances and relations of the used ontologies in the text, which will be structured to an ontology after the process. Thus, the input ontologies constitute the model of information to be extracted.
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Analytic ontology is one branch of metaphysics.Williams, Donald C. 'The Elements of Being' In Principles of Empirical Realism: Philosophical Essays, Charles C. Thomas, 1966, p. 74 A main issue in analytic ontology is the distinction between object and property. An object can have many properties.
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The ontologies should have one person responsible for the ontology who mediates interaction with the community.
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The Arabic Ontology can be used in many application domains; such as: # Information retrieval, to enrich queries (e.g., in search engines) and improve the quality of the results, i.e. meaningful search rather than string-matching search; # Machine translation and word-sense disambiguation, by finding the exact mapping of concepts across languages, especially that the Arabic ontology is also mapped to the WordNet; # Data Integration and interoperability in which the Arabic ontology can be used as a semantic reference to link databases and information systems; # Semantic Web and Web 3.0, by using the Arabic ontology as a semantic reference to disambiguate the meanings used in websites; among many other applications.
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Whitehead's process ontology is a form of externalism since it endorses a neutral ontology. The basic elements (prehension, actual occasions, events, and processes) proceeded from microscopic activity up to the highest level of psychological and emotional life.Whitehead, A. N., (1929/1978), Process and Reality, London, Free Press.
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Empathy is the last stage, this stage allows the partner to feel what the other is feeling by imagining the other's emotions. These stages allow a relationship to move from an ontology of separation to an ontology of connection. Thus meaning, that the couple is intrinsically connected.
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The Large-Scale Concept Ontology for Multimedia project was a series of workshops held from April 2004 to September 2006Naphade, et al., "Large Scale Concept Ontology for Multimedia: VACE Workshop Report," for the purpose of defining a standard formal vocabulary for the annotation and retrieval of video.
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Conversely, ontology has also been understood as a process of "becoming". Finally, ontology has also been defined as the set of historical circumstances through which individuals comprehend reality. However, this last definition in particular has garnered significant critics due to its similarity to definitions of culture.
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Plant ontology (PO) is a collection of ontologies developed by the Plant Ontology Consortium. These ontologies describe anatomical structures and growth and developmental stages across Viridiplantae. The PO is intended for multiple applications, including genetics, genomics, phenomics, and development, taxonomy and systematics, semantic applications and education.
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IDEAS is a formal, higher-order, 4D (see four dimensionalism) ontology. It is extensional (see Extension (metaphysics)), using physical existence as its criterion for identity. In practical terms, this means the ontology is well suited to managing change over time and identifying elements with a degree of precision that is not possible using names alone. The ontology is being built using the BORO Method which has proven useful for the multi-disciplinary team working on IDEAS.
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There is a significant body of literature on the development and use of the GO, and it has become a standard tool in the bioinformatics arsenal. Their objectives have three aspects: building gene ontology, assigning ontology to gene/gene products and developing software and databases for the first two objects. Several analyses of the Gene Ontology using formal, domain-independent properties of classes (the metaproperties) are also starting to appear. For instance, an ontological analysis of biological ontologies see.
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For computer scientists, concepts are expressed as labels for data. Historically, the need for ontology alignment arose out of the need to integrate heterogeneous databases, ones developed independently and thus each having their own data vocabulary. In the Semantic Web context involving many actors providing their own ontologies, ontology matching has taken a critical place for helping heterogeneous resources to interoperate. Ontology alignment tools find classes of data that are semantically equivalent, for example, "truck" and "lorry".
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In response to turn towards ontology a Group for Debates in Anthropological Theory's debate was held on 9 February 2008 in Manchester, on the motion 'Ontology is just another word for culture'. Speaking for the motion were Michael Carrithers (Durham) and Matei Candea (Cambridge), and against Karen Sykes (Manchester) and Martin Holbraad (University College London). The final vote - 19 in favour, 39 against and six abstentions - reflected a general consensus that between culture and ontology, ontology might have something to contribute. Marshall Sahlins in the forward to Beyond Nature and Culture, echos this consensus in his claim that ontology "offers a radical change in the current anthropological trajectory—a paradigm shift if you will—that would overcome the present analytic disarray by what amounts to a planetary table of the ontological elements and the compounds they produce".
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However, though it is impossible to anticipate every concept that a user may wish to represent in a computer, there is the possibility of finding some finite set of "primitive" concept representations that can be combined to create any of the more specific concepts that users may need for any given set of applications or ontologies. Having a foundation ontology (also called upper ontology) that contains all those primitive elements would provide a sound basis for general semantic interoperability, and allow users to define any new terms they need by using the basic inventory of ontology elements, and still have those newly defined terms properly interpreted by any other computer system that can interpret the basic foundation ontology. Whether the number of such primitive concept representations is in fact finite, or will expand indefinitely, is a question under active investigation. If it is finite, then a stable foundation ontology suitable to support accurate and general semantic interoperability can evolve after some initial foundation ontology has been tested and used by a wide variety of users.
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An Essay on Ontology. Kochi: Karunikan Books, 2008.Relationalism: A Theory of Being. Bangalore: JIP Publications, 2009.
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GOLD ("General Ontology for Linguistic Description") is an ontology for descriptive linguistics. It gives a formalized account of the most basic categories and relations used in the scientific description of human language, e.g., as a formalization of interlinear glosses. GOLD was first introduced by Farrar and Langendoen (2003).
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His doctoral dissertation was titled Atonement and Ontology and argued that an understanding of atonement theory requires a social-relational ontology. A modified version of his dissertation was published by Continuum International Publishing Group in 2010 under the title of The Politics of Redemption: The Social Logic of Salvation.
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Dong, H., Hussain, F.K.: SOF: A semi-supervised ontology-learning-based focused crawler. Concurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience. 25(12) (August 2013) pp. 1623-1812 introduced such an ontology-learning-based crawler using support vector machine to update the content of ontological concepts when crawling Web Pages.
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AgBase is a curated genomic database containing functional annotations of agriculturally important animals, plants, microbes and parasites. AgBase biocurators provides annotation of Gene Ontology terms and Plant ontology terms for gene products. By 2011 AgBase provided information for 18 organisms including horse, cat, dog, cotton, rice and soybean.
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International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, Vol. 43, p. 641-66 available at CogprintsCognitive ontology and NP form K Fraurud- Pragmatics & beyond. New series, 1996Belief in Psychology: A Study in the Ontology of Mind JL Garfield - 1988 MIT Press and has also developed the related topic of naïve physics.
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Even the focus of traditional ontology on the 'whatness' or quidditas of beings in their substantial, standing presence can be shifted to pose the question of the 'whoness' of human being itself.Eldred, Michael. 2008. Social Ontology: Recasting Political Philosophy Through a Phenomenology of Whoness. Frankfurt. . pp. xiv, 688.
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The Computer Science Ontology (CSO) is an automatically generated taxonomy of research topics in the field of Computer Science. Kotis, K.I., Vouros, G.A. and Spiliotopoulos, D., 2020. Ontology engineering methodologies for the evolution of living and reused ontologies: status, trends, findings and recommendations. The Knowledge Engineering Review, 35.
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The application of ontological frameworks really gained popularity following 2010 and were brought to national anthropological attention at the 2013 Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Association in Chicago, where ontology became the focus of several sessions there. After the conference one of the oldest and prominent anthropology blog, Savage Minds, declared ontology to be "the next big thing" in anthropological theory. This burgeoning interest in ontology spawned a number of articles that highlighted the usefulness of ontological premises in anthropological research.
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In philosophical ontology, ontic (from the Greek , genitive : "of that which is") is physical, real, or factual existence.
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Op't Land, Martinus. Applying architecture and ontology to the splitting and allying of enterprises. Martin Op't Land, 2008.
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Development of BTO started in 2003, aimed to connect the biochemical and molecular biological enzyme data of BRENDA with a hierarchical and standardized collection of tissue-specific terms. The functional enzyme data and information in BRENDA have been manually annotated and structured by experts from biochemistry, biology, and chemistry. By October 2019, the BTO contained over 6,042 terms, linked to 5,173 synonyms and 5,074 definitions. The terms are classified under generic categories, rules, and formats of the Gene Ontology Consortium (GO,Roncaglia, P., Martone, M.E., Hill, D.P., Berardini, T.Z., Foulger, R.E., Imam, F.T., Drabkin, H., Mungall, C.J., Lomax, J. (2013): „The Gene Ontology (GO) Cellular Component Ontology: integration with SAO (Subcellular Anatomy Ontology) and other recent developments“, J. Biomed.
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The ontology structure (i.e., data model) is similar to Wordnet structure. Each concept in the ontology is given a unique concept identifier (URI), informally described by a gloss, and lexicalized by one or more of synonymous lemma terms. Each term-concept pair is called a sense, and is given a SenseID.
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Instead, the mind refers to a collection of events, life events, or material objects an individual experiences. Thus, ontology relates the experience of being in the world. Further, interest in ontology is associated with a greater understanding of existence, reality, becoming, and how these concepts relate to broad categories of entities.
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The ontology of ethics is about value-bearing things or properties, i.e. the kind of things or stuff referred to by ethical propositions. Non-descriptivists and non-cognitivists believe that ethics does not need a specific ontology since ethical propositions do not refer. This is known as an anti-realist position.
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In the 1990s the name was changed to "Design & Engineering Methodology for Organizations". In the new millennium Jan Dietz further elaborated DEMO into "enterprise ontology", in which the graphic note of object-role modeling is integrated.Jan L.G. Dietz (2006). Enterprise Ontology - Theory and Methodology, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. p.46.
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Recently, conservative extensions have been used for defining a notion of module for ontologies: if an ontology is formalized as a logical theory, a subtheory is a module if the whole ontology is a conservative extension of the subtheory. An extension which is not conservative may be called a proper extension.
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CIDOC CRM is an object-oriented and extensible ontology. It defines concepts and relationships that are necessary for the description of cultural heritage objects. Being an ontology, CIDOC CRM is based on formal logic and graph oriented. LIDO, on the other hand, is a specific XML based application of CIDOC CRM.
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BFO has been documented in the textbook Building Ontologies with Basic Formal Ontology, published by MIT Press in 2015.
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His entire philosophical system was based on his ontology of situation, which Wolniewicz treated mainly as a philosophical tool.
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Edition l'Harmattan. he investigates multiple questions related to interactivity,Costa, Mario (2012). Ontology of the media. Edition postmedia books.
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Each GeoNames feature is represented as a web resource identified by a stable URI. This URI provides access, through content negotiation, either to the HTML wiki page, or to a RDF description of the feature, using elements of the GeoNames ontology. This ontology describes the GeoNames features properties using the Web Ontology Language, the feature classes and codes being described in the SKOS language. Through Wikipedia articles URL linked in the RDF descriptions, GeoNames data are linked to DBpedia data and other RDF Linked Data.
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The BioMOBY Object Ontology controls the valid data structures in exactly the same way as an OWL ontology defines an RDF data instance. BioMOBY Web Services consume and generate BioMOBY XML, the structure of which is defined by the BioMOBY Object Ontology. As such, BioMOBY Web Services have been acting as prototypical Semantic Web Services since 2001, despite not using the eventual RDF/OWL standards. However, BioMOBY does utilize the RDF/OWL standards, as of 2006, for the description of its Objects, Namespaces,Service, and Registry.
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BORO (Business Objects Reference Ontology) is an approach to developing ontological or semantic models for large complex operational applications that consists of a top ontology as well as a process for constructing the ontology. It was originally developed as a method for mining ontologies from multiple legacy systems – as the first stage in an architectural transformation Described in Booch (2008) or software modernization. It has also been used to enable semantic interoperability between legacy systems. It is described in detail in (Partridge 1996, 2005).
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The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) initiated the Semantic Sensor Networks Incubator Group (SSN-XG) to develop the Semantic Sensor Network (SSN) ontology, intended to model sensor devices, systems, processes, and observations. The Incubator Group later transitioned into the Semantic Sensor Networks Community Group. It was then picked up in the joint OGC and W3C Spatial Data on the Web Working Group and published as a W3C Recommendation.Semantic Sensor Network Ontology The Semantic Sensor Network (SSN) ontology enables expressive representation of sensor observations, sampling, and actuation.
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The MGED Ontology was originally identified in the transcriptomics domain by the FGED Society and was developed to address the needs of data integration. Following a mutual decision to collaborate, this effort later became a wider collaboration between groups such as FGED, PSI and MSI in response to the needs of areas such as transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics and the FuGO (Functional Genomics Investigation Ontology)Whetzel, PL et al. Development of FuGO: an ontology for functional genomics investigations. OMICS 10, 199–204 was created.
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Cognitive ontology is ontology (study of being) which begins from features of human cognition directly, as opposed to its collective summary which is reflected in language. The more radical forms of it challenge also the central position of mathematics as "just another language" which biases human cognition. Perceptual psychology is a very closely related field, as it studies the limits of what humans can perceive. Barry Smith is perhaps the principal developer of this field,Smith, B. (1995): Formal Ontology, Common Sense and Cognitive Science.
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There is no place for the atoms posited by mereological nihilism in gunky ontologies. This causes a problem because if all that exists are atoms, but there is nothing like an atom that exists within an ontology, then nothing can be said to exist (Van Cleve, 2008). Noting the appeal of accepting that things do exist, one must reject mereological nihilism in order to maintain a gunky ontology. Not everyone will strive to maintain a gunky ontology and so mereological nihilism is still potentially a viable position.
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WordNet is sometimes called an ontology, a persistent claim that its creators do not make. The hypernym/hyponym relationships among the noun synsets can be interpreted as specialization relations among conceptual categories. In other words, WordNet can be interpreted and used as a lexical ontology in the computer science sense. However, such an ontology should be corrected before being used, because it contains hundreds of basic semantic inconsistencies; for example there are, (i) common specializations for exclusive categories and (ii) redundancies in the specialization hierarchy.
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Information that is added to CARD includes: antibiotic resistance genes, antibiotic ontology and antibiotic resistance mechanism of action. Currently as of June 2020, CARD contains 4463 Ontology Terms, 2984 Reference Sequences, 1334 SNPs, 2685 Publications, 3030 AMR Detection Models. Resistome predictions: 88 pathogens, 9560 chromosomes, 21362 plasmids, 102181 WGS assemblies, 222011 alleles.
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Applications include intelligent agents, Semantic Web, knowledge-bases networking, ontology management, integration of information, security policy analysis, automated database normalization, and more.H. Chen, T. Finin, and A. Joshi (2003). An ontology for context-aware pervasive computing environments, The Knowledge Engineering Review 18:3, Cambridge University Press.Y. Zou, T. Finin, H. Chen (2005).
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The FAO geopolitical ontology is implemented in OWL. It consists of classes, properties, individuals and restrictions. Table 1 shows all classes, gives a brief description and lists some individuals that belong to each class. Note that the current version of the geopolitical ontology does not provide individuals of the class "disputed" territories.
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Parmenides was among the first to propose an ontological characterization of the fundamental nature of reality. Ontology is the philosophical study of being. More broadly, it studies concepts that directly relate to being, in particular becoming, existence, reality, as well as the basic categories of being and their relations.“Ontology.” Merriam-Webster Dictionary.
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DogmaModeler Screenshot DogmaModeler is a free and open source (GNU GPL) ontology modeling tool based on object-role modeling (ORM). The philosophy of DogmaModeler is to enable non-IT experts to model ontologies with a little or no involvement of an ontology engineer. This challenge is tackled in DogmaModeler through well-defined methodological principles: the (1) double- articulation and the (2) modularization principles. Other important features are: (3) the use of ORM as a graphical notation for ontology modeling; (4) the verbalization of ORM diagrams into pseudo natural language (supporting flexible verbalization templates for 11 human languages, including English, Dutch, German, French, Spanish, Arabic, Russian, etc.) that allows non-experts to check, validate, or build ontologies; (5)the automatic composition of ontology modules, through a well-defined composition operator; (6) the incorporation of linguistic resources in ontology engineering; (7) the automatic mapping of ORM diagrams into the DIG description logic interface and reasoning using Racer; and many other functionalities.
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In political theory, weak ontology describes a pragmatic approach that seeks to avoid foundationalist commitments of the classic sort (which it calls 'strong ontology'), yet acknowledges the indispensable role of an ontological imaginary implicit in every act of political theorizing (both critical and normative). 'Weak ontology' makes explicit and affirms one's ontological commitments (and assumptions) but at the same time acknowledges their historical, contestable character. The term was first used in this context by Stephen K. White, professor of politics at the University of Virginia, who ascribes this approach to thinkers such as William E. Connolly, George Kateb, Judith Butler, and Charles Taylor. Category:Ontology Category:Political concepts Category:Political realism An early version of this approach was pioneered by William E. Connolly, who White calls "the most conscious contemporary articulator of weak ontology." In his 1987 work Politics and Ambiguity, Connolly argues that it is impossible to conceptualize politics without calling on an underlying ‘social ontology’.
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In the context of the Semantic Web, Ontology versioning is the process of formally distinguishing between different versions of vocabularies.
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Application areas of ontology-based reasoning include, but are not limited to, information retrieval, automated scene interpretation, and knowledge discovery.
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Cambridge University Press, p. 169\. .Žižek, Slavoj (2000). The Ticklish Subject: The Absent Centre of Political Ontology. Verso Books, pp.
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Hitzler is also one of the authors of the OWL 2 Web Ontology Language Primer, which is a W3C standard.
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One of the most widespread is the Gene ontology which describes gene function. There are also ontologies which describe phenotypes.
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Van Harmelen's research interests include artificial intelligence, knowledge representation and the semantic web, approximate reasoning and Medical Protocols. He was one of the co- designers of the Web Ontology Language (OWL) and the Ontology Inference Layer (OIL), and has published books on meta-level inference, on knowledge-based systems, and on the Semantic Web.
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In the philosophical sub-discipline of ontology, animalism is a theory of personal identity according to which human persons are animals.Eric T. Olson (2007) What are we?: a study in personal ontology, Oxford University Press, section 2.1. The concept of animalism is advocated by philosophers Eric T. Olson, Paul Snowdon, Stephan Blatti, and David Wiggins.
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Sheth has investigated, demonstrated, and advocated for the comprehensive use of metadata. He explored syntactical, structural, and semantic metadata; recently, he has pioneered ontology-driven approaches to metadata extraction and semantic analytics. He was among the first researchers to utilize description logic-based ontologies for schema and information integration (a decade before W3C adopted a DL-based ontology representation standard), and he was the first to deliver a keynote about Semantic Web applications in search. His work on multi-ontology query processing includes the most cited paper on the topic (over 930 citations).
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Modularity—the ability to define boundaries around specific domains and problem spaces—is essential for these languages because as stated by Tom Gruber, "Every ontology is a treaty- a social agreement among people with common motive in sharing." There are always many competing and differing views that make any general purpose ontology impossible. A general purpose ontology would have to be applicable in any domain and different areas of knowledge need to be unified.Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2010), Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (3rd ed.), Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, , p.
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Noy moved from Northeastern to Stanford University, to work with Mark Musen on the Protégé ontology editor as a postdoctoral researcher, and later as a research scientist. It was here she did her seminal work on Prompt published in 2002, an environment for automatic ontology alignment. This work was awarded the AAAI classic paper award in 2018 for identifying the specifics of the problem and outlining an innovative solution. By far her most widely distributed work, however, was the Ontology 101 tutorial, which Noy developed as part of the education program for Protégé customers.
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The approach was developed in the late 1980s and early 1990s by a team of KPMG consultants led by Chris Partridge. The team was working on a complex legacy systems re-engineering project and needed a new approach. The prime challenge of the re-engineering work was to clarify the underlying ontology of the systems and the work focussed on developing a process for mining ontologies and a top ontology that formed the foundation for the analysis. The top ontology was tailored to meet the needs of the re-engineering.
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The Cell Ontology, for example, populates downward from BFO by importing the BFO branch terminating with object, and defining a cell as a subkind of object. Other examples of ontologies extending BFO are the Ontology for Biomedical Investigations (OBI) and the ontologies of the Open Biomedical Ontologies Foundry. In addition to these examples, BFO and extensions are increasingly being used in defense and security domains, for example in the AIRS framework. BFO serves as the upper level of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) Interface Ontology developed by the United Nations Environment Programme.
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In this sense, they intend to be just descriptive (vs prescriptive) notions, which support the formal specification of domain conceptualizations. DOLCE-Ultralite, designed by Aldo Gangemi and colleagues at the Semantic Technology Lab of National Research Council (Italy) is the Web Ontology Language (OWL) version of DOLCE. It simplifies some modal axioms of DOLCE, and extends it to cover the Descriptions and Situations framework, also designed in the WonderWeb project. DOLCE-Ultralite is the source of some core ontology design patterns, and is widely adopted in ontology projects worldwide.
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No ontology chart node has more than two ontological antecedents. Where you find an arc on the ontology chart between a role name and a node, read that as an arc between the right hand side of the role name. So the arc from employee to works at is an arc between employment and works at Mathematically, ontology charts are a graphical representation of semi-lattice structures; specifically they are Hasse diagrams of a single root and no cycles. Ontological dependency is a relationship known mathematically as a partial order set relation (poset).
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His emphasis on formal rigor in specifying the type of knowledge that was eventually to be called "ontologies" by computer scientists, led him to the field of formal ontology in philosophy, where he began to study the metaphysics literature, focusing on the work of such notables as Quine, Strawson, and especially Simons. Guarino founded the Formal Ontology in Information Systems conference in 1998, a recurring academic conference focused on ontologies themselves, not the languages they are represented in. He has worked tirelessly to promote research in ontology and maintain a level of scientific rigor.
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For a seamless integration of gene-disease association data, we developed the DisGeNET association type ontology. All association types as found in the original source databases are formally structured from a parent GeneDiseaseAssociation class if there is a relationship between the gene/protein and the disease, and represented as ontological classes. It is an OWL ontology that is integrated into the Sematicscience Integrated Ontology (SIO), which provides essential types and relations for the rich description of objects, processes and their attributes. You can check SIO gene-disease association classes from this URL.
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2000): 551-561. "A Trinitarian Ontology of Persons in Society." Scottish Journal of Theology Volume 47 No. 3 (1994): 283-300.
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He has also worked on the ontology of material, digital objects and of cyberspace and the relation between philosophy and psychoanalysis.
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Scott Farrar and D. Terence Langendoen (2003) "A linguistic ontology for the Semantic Web." GLOT International. 7 (3), pp.97-100, .
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An ontology of linguistic annotations. In LDV Forum (Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 1-16). GOLD, ISOcat,Chiarcos, C. (2010, May).
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According to the ontologist Barry Smith (forthcoming), with documentality, Ferraris advances an innovative approach to social ontology that implies three steps.
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Paradigm classification in ontology is a two-dimensional classification scheme, such as a spreadsheet. It is a subset of faceted classification.
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Meta- Object Facility Illustration. A US FEA Business reference model.FEA (2005) FEA Records Management Profile, Version 1.0. December 15, 2005. ontology.
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Brock, B., Burke, K., Burgess, P., & Simons, H. (1985) "Dramatism as ontology or epistemology: A symposium". Communication Quarterly, 33, 17-33.
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The Zeitgeist framework, used by GNOME and Ubuntu's Unity user interface, uses the NEPOMUK ontology, as does the Tracker search engine.
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Wikidata is arguably easier to understand and use than the traditional ontology models (which require a high degree of specific expertise).
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The IDEAS work has been presented at a number of conferences.Bailey, Ian; Partridge, Chris. Working with Extensional Ontology for Defence Applications. Ontology in Intelligence Conference, 2009, GMU, Fairfax, VA It has also been cited in a Cutter Consortium white paper and in a book on Systems Engineering from Springer VerlagTolk, Andreas; Jain, Lakhmi C. (Eds.) Intelligence-Based Systems Engineering.
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Ontology is the philosophical study of the nature of being, becoming, existence or reality, as well as the basic categories of being and their relations. Traditionally listed as the core of metaphysics, ontology often deals with questions concerning what entities exist and how such entities may be grouped, related within a hierarchy, and subdivided according to similarities and differences.
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Original SD-file text: "von jeher national. Loyal auch gegenüber dem NS, ohne pol. Aktivität, aber durchaus sozial eingestellt. (Siehe Zuwendung für die NSV, Aufnahme von Ferienkindern usw.)" In 1942, Hartmann edited a volume entitled Systematische Philosophie, in which he contributed the essay Neue Wege der Ontologie (New Ways of Ontology), which summarizes his work in ontology.
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Services that are used to define and manipulate the data models (e.g. ontologies) that are used to store the semantic information. The Apache Stanbol Ontology Manager provides a controlled environment for managing ontologies, ontology networks and user sessions for semantic data modeled after them. It provides full access to ontologies stored into the Stanbol persistence layer.
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The mapping/expansion phase of the project was motivated by a desire to increase breadth—the mapping had the effect of moving from 884 concepts to well past the initial goal of 1000—and to move Large-Scale Concept Ontology for Multimedia from a one- dimensional hierarchy of concepts, to a full-blown ontology of rich semantic connections.
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With Simon Laflamme, Doug Porpora and many other sociologists, he insists on the difference between the "relational" approach (which is based on a stratified ontology) and "relationalist" approaches (which support a flat ontology) for social sciences. This difference is the badrock for new studies on human relations vis-à-vis the spreading of artificial intelligence and robotics.
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Ontology development requires extensive iterations, discussions, reviews, and introspection. Knowledge extraction is usually a discovery process and requires considerable introspection. It requires a process that incorporates both significant expert involvement as well as the dynamics of a group effort. Given the open-ended nature of ontological analyses, it is not prudent to adopt a “cookbook” approach to ontology development.
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Lis has written 17 books of genealogy, ontology, epistemology, history and poetry and is the founder of the Alternative Academy of History.
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The Web Rule Language (WRL) is a rule-based ontology language for the Semantic Web. The language is characterised by formal semantics.
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it is clear that he identifies ontology with the description of existence, reality, and gnoseology with that of consciousness, ideas about reality.
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How to achieve semantic interoperability for more than a few restricted scenarios is currently a matter of research and discussion. For the problem of General Semantic Interoperability, some form of foundation ontology ('upper ontology') is required that is sufficiently comprehensive to provide the definition of concepts for more specialized ontologies in multiple domains. Over the past decade, more than ten foundation ontologies have been developed, but none have as yet been adopted by a wide user base. The need for a single comprehensive all-inclusive ontology to support Semantic Interoperability can be avoided by designing the common foundation ontology as a set of basic ("primitive") concepts that can be combined to create the logical descriptions of the meanings of terms used in local domain ontologies or local databases.
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Automated processing of information not interpretable by software agents can be improved by adding rich semantics to the corresponding resources, such as video files. One of the approaches for the formal conceptualization of represented knowledge domains is the use of machine-interpretable ontologies, which provide structured data in, or based on, RDF, RDFS, and OWL. Ontology engineering is the design and creation of such ontologies, which can contain more than just the list of terms (controlled vocabulary); they contain terminological, assertional, and relational axioms to define concepts (classes), individuals, and roles (properties) (TBox, ABox, and RBox, respectively). Ontology engineering is a relatively new field of study concerning the ontology development process, the ontology life cycle, the methods and methodologies for building ontologies,Asunción Gómez-Pérez, Mariano Fernández-López, Oscar Corcho (2004).
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Meinong's jungle is the name given by Richard Routley (1980) to the repository of non-existent objects in the ontology of Alexius Meinong.
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FuncAssociate tool enables Gene Ontology and custom enrichment analyses. It allows inputting ordered sets as well as weighted gene space files for background .
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According to Floridi, it is possible to equate the Infosphere to the totality of Being. This equation leads him to an informational ontology.
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Lawson has engaged in debates with numerous contributors, including, early on, over the use of econometrics, and later, regarding the value of ontology to social theorising, including to feminist theorising. In addition, Edward Fullbrook’s Ontology and Economics: Tony Lawson and his Critics, contains a series of debates between Lawson and leading heterodox economists. Recently Lawson has debated the relative advantages of competing conceptions of social ontology with several ontologists such as John Searle, Doug Porpora and Colin Wight. Moreover, he has debated the nature of specific social existents, such as money, with Searle and Geoffrey Ingham.
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In computer science, a weak ontology is an ontology that is not sufficiently rigorous to allow software to infer new facts without intervention by humans (the end users of the software system). By this standard – which evolved as artificial intelligence methods became more sophisticated, and computers were used to model high human impact decisions – most databases use weak ontologies. A weak ontology is adequate for many purposes, including education, where one teaches a set of distinctions and trying to induce the power to make those distinctions in the student. Stronger ontologies only tend to evolve as the weaker ones prove deficient.
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The Ontology Definition MetaModel (ODM) is an Object Management Group (OMG) specification to make the concepts of Model-Driven Architecture applicable to the engineering of ontologies. Hence, it links Common Logic (CL), the Web Ontology Language (OWL), and the Resource Description Framework (RDF). OWL and RDF were initially defined to provide an XML-based machine to machine interchange of metadata and semantics. ODM now integrates these into visual modeling, giving a standard well-defined process for modeling the ontology, as well as, allowing for interoperability with other modeling based on languages like UML, SysML and UPDM.
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In philosophy, a core ontology is a basic and minimal ontology consisting only of the minimal concepts required to understand the other concepts. It must be based on a core glossary in some human language so humans can comprehend the concepts and distinctions made. Each natural language tends to rely on its own conceptual metaphor structure, and so tends to have its own core ontology (according to W. V. Quine). It could be said also to represent the moral core of a human linguistic culture, and to self-correct so as to better represent core cultural ideas.
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Descriptive Ontology for Linguistic and Cognitive Engineering (DOLCE) is a foundational ontology designed in 2002 in the context of the WonderWeb EU project, developed by Nicola Guarino and his associates at the Laboratory for Applied Ontology (LOA). As implied by its acronym, DOLCE is oriented toward capturing the ontological categories underlying natural language and human common sense. DOLCE, however, does not commit to a strictly referentialist metaphysics related to the intrinsic nature of the world. Rather, the categories it introduces are thought of as cognitive artifacts, which are ultimately depending on human perception, cultural inprints, and social conventions.
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This submission was the starting point for the language (later called OWL) to be developed by W3C's web ontology working group, WebOnt. DAML+OIL was a syntax, layered on RDF and XML, that could be used to describe sets of facts making up an ontology. DAML+OIL had its roots in three main languages - DAML, as described above, OIL (Ontology Inference Layer) and SHOE, an earlier US research project. A major innovation of the languages was to use RDF and XML for a basis, and to use RDF namespaces to organize and assist with the integration of arbitrarily many different and incompatible ontologies.
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In the field of computer science ontologies are used to capture the concept and objects in a specific domain, along with associated relationships and meanings. In addition, ontology capture helps coordinate projects by standardizing terminology and creates opportunities for information reuse. The IDEF5 Ontology Capture Method has been developed to reliably construct ontologies in a way that closely reflects human understanding of the specific domain. In the IDEF5 method, an ontology is constructed by capturing the content of certain assertions about real-world objects, their properties and their interrelationships, and representing that content in an intuitive and natural form.
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For Williams, ontology is the study of the categories of being. The subject matter of ontology is traditionally examined using an analytic mode of inquiry. An analysis of some X is in terms of X’s parts, whatever X might be. Analysis gets us the nature of X. Analysis in this sense is the classic decompositional sense, giving explanatory priority to parts over wholes.
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The Global Plant Phenology Data Portal is an interface that allows users to see data that have been ingested by the PPO. It provides a way for those unfamiliar with the ontology to search for and download plant phenology data of interest. It has also served as a proof of concept during ontology development, and as a means of checking these data.
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Enterprise Ontology and the Identification of Business Components Keynote Lectures at the ICSOFT 2007. Retrieved 24 Junly 2008. The identification of business components seems still to be in its infancy. The notion of enterprise ontology, as developed by Jan Dietz at Delft University of Technology, appears to be a powerful revelation of the essence of an enterprise or an enterprise network.
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No particular upper ontology has yet gained widespread acceptance as a de facto standard. Different organizations have attempted to define standards for specific domains. The 'Process Specification Language' (PSL) created by the National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST) is one example. Another important factor leading to the absence of wide adoption of any existing upper ontology is the complexity.
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In computer science and artificial intelligence, ontology languages are formal languages used to construct ontologies. They allow the encoding of knowledge about specific domains and often include reasoning rules that support the processing of that knowledge. Ontology languages are usually declarative languages, are almost always generalizations of frame languages, and are commonly based on either first-order logic or on description logic.
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Such informational objects are to be understood as constraining affordances. Pancomputationalists like Lloyd (2006), who models the universe as a quantum computer, can still maintain an analogue or hybrid ontology; and informational ontologists like Kenneth Sayre and Floridi embrace neither a digital ontology nor a pancomputationalist position.See Floridi talk on Informational Nature of Reality, abstract at the E-CAP conference 2006.
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This has led to the development of certain proposed principles of good practice in ontology development, which are now being put into practice within the framework of the Open Biomedical Ontologies consortium through its OBO Foundry initiative. OBO ontologies form part of the resources of the National Center for Biomedical Ontology, where they form a central component of the NCBO's BioPortal.
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He was full professor of Ontology, Theodicy and Scientific Methodology and, for some years, a librarian in the "Aloisianum" Faculty of Philosophy of Gallarate.
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This enzyme participates in starch and sucrose metabolism. , no proteins with this activity are known in the UniProt/NiceZYme or the gene ontology database.
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This syntax closely follows the structure of an OWL2 ontology. It is used by OWL2 to specify semantics, mappings to exchange syntaxes and profiles.
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Sadegh-Zadeh devotes himself extensively to pure, formal, and applied ontology to use them in his logical analysis of medical-ontological issues of medical knowledge, clinical practice, nosology, psychiatry, psychosomatics, and biomedicine such as, for example, whether diseases exist or are fictitious entities invented by nosologists and physicians, and whether particular other things such as genes, psyche, and schizophrenia exist or are mere myths. To settle these enduring controversies and similar ones in medicine, he first distinguishes between ontology de re and ontology de dicto. The distinction is based on a syntactic criterion similar to Barcan formula and enables differentiation between fictional entities such as Sherlock Holmes and real ones. Second, he inaugurates an intriguing fuzzy ontology by introducing a many-place existence operator and fuzzyfying this operator to obtain a quantitative concept of existence that he calls the Heraclitean operator.
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The Continuum and Columbia University Press editions have the brief essay "The Actual and the Virtual" in which Deleuze outlines an ontology of the virtual.
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Kirchoff, B.K.; Pfeifer, E.; Rutishauser, R. 2008. Plant structure ontology: How should we label plant structures with doubtful or mixed identities? Zootaxa 1950: 103-122.
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PROTON (PROTo ONtology) is a basic subsumption hierarchy which provides coverage of most of the upper-level concepts necessary for semantic annotation, indexing, and retrieval.
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Because ontology charts have a root that all affordances (realisations/things) are ultimately dependent upon for their existence, they are graphical representation of semi-lattices.
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Schema and ontology matching with COMA++. Proc. of the 2005 International Conference on Management of Data, pp. 906-908 taxonomies,S. Ponzetto, R. Navigli. 2009.
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FOAF (an acronym of friend of a friend) is a machine-readable ontology describing persons, their activities and their relations to other people and objects. Anyone can use FOAF to describe themselves. FOAF allows groups of people to describe social networks without the need for a centralised database. FOAF is a descriptive vocabulary expressed using the Resource Description Framework (RDF) and the Web Ontology Language (OWL).
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Uberon is a comparative anatomy ontology representing a variety of structures found in animals, such as lungs, muscles, bones, feathers and fins. These structures are connected to other structures via relationships such as part-of and develops-from. One of the uses of this ontology is to integrate data from different biological databases, and other species-specific ontologies such as the Foundational Model of Anatomy.
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Husserl's ideas on formal ontology were developed especially by his Polish student Roman Ingarden in his Controversy over the Existence of the World.Roman Ingarden, Controversy over the Existence of the World. Volumes I and II, translated by Arthur Szylewicz, Bern: Peter Lang, 2013 / 2016. The relations between the Husserlian tradition of formal ontology and the Polish tradition of mereology are set forth in Parts and Moments.
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Any ontological and metaphysical postulations we make can claim epistemic justification, only if they are grounded in our experience of the world. In this regard, he agrees with the Kantian critique of human knowledge,As found in Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason (1781, 1787) without, however, endorsing its agnosticism about metaphysics. Kaipayil further describes ontology as investigation of the being-principle of things.Critical Ontology.
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16th international World Wide Web conference (WWW 2007) The accuracy of YAGO was manually evaluated to be above 95% on a sample of facts. To integrate it to the linked data cloud, YAGO has been linked to the DBpedia ontology and to the SUMO ontology. YAGO3 is provided in Turtle and tsv formats. Dumps of the whole database are available, as well as thematic and specialized dumps.
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Basic taxonomic tree of the General Formal Ontology GFO (General Formal ontology) draws a fundamental distinction between concrete entities, categories and sets. Sets are described by an axiomatic fragment of set theory of Zermelo-Fraenkel, although fragments of anti-foundation axiom set theories such as ZF-AFA are considered. Concrete entities are entities which are in time and space, while categories have universal character.
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Advancements in construction engineering began with the ten volumes on architecture completed by Vitruvi, a 1 century B.C. Roman. Vitruvi laid the key and lasting foundation for a study of construction. A principle of construction is a use of an applied ontology based in the upper ontology. In practice, these ontologies take on a form of breakdown structures such as the work breakdown structure.
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ATC can be used to build taxonomies for search engines, to improve search results. ATC systems are a key component of ontology learning (also known as automatic ontology construction), and have been used to automatically generate large ontologies for domains such as insurance and finance. They have also been used to enhance existing large networks such as Wordnet to make them more complete and consistent.
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The logo of the Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project (InPhO ) is a project of Indiana University's Cognitive Science Program funded by a grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities. It is an attempt to create a model of the discipline of philosophy as an online resource. The website makes it possible to search and navigate via relations among philosophical ideas, scholars and works.
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The terms in such a vocabulary do not become part of the OWL language. So OWL does not include definitions of the terms in a natural language, such as road, car, bolt or length. However, it can be used to define them and to build an ontology. The upper ontology part of Gellish can also be used to define terms and the relations between them.
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An ontology might contain a concept representing 'mobility of the arm'. In a nonformal ontology a concept like this can often be classified as for example a 'finding of the arm', right next to other concepts such as 'bruising of the arm'. This method of modeling might create problems with increasing amounts information, as there is no foolproof way to keep hierarchies like this, or their descendant hierarchies (one is a process, the other is a quality) from entangling or knotting. In a formal ontology, there is an optimal way to properly classify this concept, it is a kind of 'mobility', which is a kind of quality/property (see above).
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The first reference to this term was at the 1999 AAAI Ontologies Panel. The panel was organized by Chris Welty, who at the prodding of Fritz Lehmann and in collaboration with the panelists (Fritz, Mike Uschold, Mike Gruninger, and Deborah McGuinness) came up with a "spectrum" of kinds of information systems that were, at the time, referred to as ontologies. The "ontology spectrum" picture appeared in print in the introduction to Formal Ontology and Information Systems: Proceedings of the 2001 Conference. The ontology spectrum was also featured in a talk at the Semantics for the Web meeting in 2000 at Dagstuhl by Deborah McGuinness.
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In computer science the INtelligent Data Understanding System is a project of the University of Iowa Computer Science Department. INDUS is a federated, query-centric system for metadata discovery from distributed, semantically heterogeneous data. INDUS employs ontologies and inter-ontology mappings, to enable a user or an application to view a collection of physically distributed, autonomous, semantically heterogeneous data sources (regardless of location, internal structure and query interfaces) as though they were a collection of tables structured according to an ontology supplied by the user. This allows INDUS to answer user queries against distributed, semantically heterogeneous data sources without the need for a centralized data warehouse or a common global ontology.
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For every set of properties, there is exactly one object that encodes exactly that set of properties and no others. This allows for a formalized ontology.
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202-204, 236-242 and M. Ferraris, Documentalità, cit.: pp. 176-177. Keeping this in mind, Ferraris advances an innovative approach to social ontology called Documentality.
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The Ontology Lookup Service (OLS) is a repository for biomedical ontologies, part of the ELIXIR infrastructure. It is supported by the European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI).
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In: James D. Wright (ed.), International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioural Sciences. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2015, 2nd edition, Vol. 14, p. 438. Dominic Hyde, Vagueness, Logic and Ontology.
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Recently, the works of Bruno Latour have reawoken interests on Souriau's oeuvre, specially his works on ontology and metaphysics regarding his theories of different modes of existence.
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Data parameters are associated with biomedical ontology terms in order to facilitate data sharing and to aid in the identification of phenotypic mouse-models of human diseases.
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Hirsch, Eli. 2011. "Physical-object ontology, verbal disputes and common sense." Pp. 144–77 in Quantifier Variance and Realism: Essays in Metaontology. New York: Oxford University Press. .
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His thesis, entitled Ontological Foundations for Structural Conceptual Models, lays the foundation of what came to be known as the Unified Foundational Ontology and the OntoUML language.
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According to the neo- Aristotelian approach to ontology, the goal of ontology is to determine which entities are fundamental and how the non-fundamental entities depend on them. Fundamentality can be expressed in terms of grounding. For example, according to Aristotle, substances have the highest degree of fundamentality because they exist in themselves. Properties, on the other hand, are less fundamental because they depend on substances for their existence.
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Dietz' main research interests is in modeling, design and redesigning and engineering and reengineering of organizations, and in the development of ICT-applications to support them. In the new millennium Dietz has focussed on the emerging field of Enterprise engineering, which emerged in between information systems engineering and the organizational sciences. In 2006 he published a book on Enterprise Ontology,Jan Dietz (2006). Enterprise Ontology - Theory and Methodology.
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In the computer science fields of knowledge engineering and ontology, the Sigma knowledge engineering environment is an open source computer program for the development of formal ontologies. It is designed for use with the Suggested Upper Merged Ontology. It originally included only the Vampire theorem prover as its core deductive inference engine, but now allows use of many other provers that have participated in the CASC/CADE competitions.
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In order to simplify the navigation process, complex ontology structures are hidden and browsing is via search strings. Users can type in their searches and select the general term of interest, which directs them to the most specific term. With these terms, the ancestry and context can be found through external ontology browsers. Canto guides the user through the curation process with prompts for evidence, phenotype annotations, and other relevant data.
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If the players are able to ground those 1.8 Million conceptual elements properly in the Proton ontology, this will create the largest general interest ontology for annotating Web resources – 1.8 Million identifiers for anything from artists to high schools, from products to organizations. An upcoming game is OntoTube, which aims at annotating YouTube videos on the Web. Players have to answer several questions and solve a couple challenges per video.
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OPM offers a way to model systems of almost any domain, be it artificial or natural. OPM has an ontological commitment to a universal minimal ontology according to which objects exist, while processes transform them.See also: Transformation includes object creation and consumption, as well as change of the state of an object. Hence, stateful objects and processes that transform them are the only two concepts in OPM's universal minimal ontology.
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One goal of setting up MicrobesOnline is to store functional information of microbial genomes. Such information includes gene ontology and microarray-based gene expression profiles, which can be accessed through two interfaces called GO browser and Expression Data Viewer respectively. The GO browser provides links to genes organised by gene ontology terms and the Expression Data Viewer provides both the access to expression profiles and information of experimental conditions.
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Simplistic example of the sort of semantic net used in Semantic Web technology The ultimate goal of semantic technology is to help machines understand data. To enable the encoding of semantics with the data, well-known technologies are RDF (Resource Description Framework) and OWL (Web Ontology Language). These technologies formally represent the meaning involved in information. For example, ontology can describe concepts, relationships between things, and categories of things.
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The study of these acts from an ontological perspective is one of the driving forces behind relationship- oriented applied ontology. This can involve concepts championed by ordinary language philosophers like Ludwig Wittgenstein. Applying ontology can also involve looking at the relationship between a person's world and that person's actions. The context or clearing is highly influenced by the being of the subject or the field of being itself.
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Klaus Hemmerle: for Church and for Society, Focolare.org, May 13, 2013.Bishops, Focolare.org.Trinitarian Ontology amid philosophy and theology: Tracing the footsteps of Klaus Hemmerle, a breakthrough philosopher, Sophia.
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The term "soft ontology", coined by Eli Hirsch in 1993, refers to the embracing or reconciling of apparent ontological differences, by means of relevant distinctions and contextual analyses.
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Ph.D. in philosophy (1989) and Ph.D. in sociology (2000). He is known for his research in the areas of philosophy of science, analytic philosophy, ontology and applied logic.
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Following the publication of Harman's early work, several scholars from varying fields employing object-oriented principles in their own work. Levi Bryant began what he describes as "a very intense philosophical email exchange" with Harman, over the course of which Bryant became convinced of the credibility of object-oriented thought. Bryant subsequently used the term "object-oriented ontology" in 2009 to distinguish those ontologies committed to an account of being composed of discrete beings from Harman's object-oriented philosophy, in order to mark a difference between object-oriented philosophy (OOP) and object-oriented ontology (OOO).Graham Harman, "Series Editor's Preface", in Levi R. Bryant, Onto- Cartography: An Ontology of Machines and Media, IX.
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In 1993, the widely cited web page and paper "Toward Principles for the Design of Ontologies Used for Knowledge Sharing" by Tom Gruber used ontology as a technical term in computer science closely related to earlier idea of semantic networks and taxonomies. Gruber introduced the term as a specification of a conceptualization: > An ontology is a description (like a formal specification of a program) of > the concepts and relationships that can formally exist for an agent or a > community of agents. This definition is consistent with the usage of > ontology as set of concept definitions, but more general. And it is a > different sense of the word than its use in philosophy.
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The latter three-quarters of the dialogue consists of consequences drawn from eight hypotheses about Unity, which commentators traditionally have paired in ways that make them appear contradictory. This book shows that when the hypothesis are paired in a different but no less plausible way, the consequences not only are compatible but moreover add up to a defense of Plato's later Pythagorean ontology against the Eleatic Ontology of the middle dialogues. In Metaphysics and Method in Plato's Statesman (2006), the part on metaphysics brings passages from Aristotle's Neoplatonic commentators to bear in showing that the ontology of the Philebus is present in the Statesman as well.Kenneth M. Sayre, Metaphysics and Method in Plato's Statesman, Cambridge University Press, 2006.
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Although an active participant in the Semantic Web movement from the start, it was only after he moved to IBM Research, that he formally joined the W3C Web Ontology Language working group, as a co-editor of the OWL Guide. From 2004-2005, at the end of the OWL WG, Welty led the Ontology Engineering and Patterns efforts in the Semantic Web Best Practices WG, helping to edit several important notes on using OWL, as well as the first W3C ontology for part-whole relations and time. From 2005-2009, he was co-chair of the Rule Interchange Format (RIF) working group. In 2007, he gave a keynote talk at the 6th International Semantic Web Conference in Busan, Korea.
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Moreover, the definition given here is oblivious to whether two expressions really should denote the same thing. Note that this notion of ontology is different from (and weaker than) ontology as is sometimes understood in philosophy; in our sense there is no claim that the expressions actually denote anything which exists physically or spatio-temporally (to use W. Quine's formulation). For example, a stochastic model of stock prices includes in its ontology a sample space, random variables, the mean and variance of stock prices, various regression coefficients etc. Models of quantum mechanics in which pure states are represented as unit vectors in a Hilbert space include in their ontologies observables, dynamics, measurement operators etc.
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The argument from a world made only of stuff was first noted by van Cleve (1986). Defenders of a stuff ontology are Michael Jubien (1993) and Mark Heller (1990).
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2, p. 204-209. See also: Jesús Mosterín (1994). “Mereology, Set Theory, and Biological Ontology”. In D. Prawitz and D. Westerståhl (eds.): Logic and Philosophy of Science in Uppsala.
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Some important individuals are included in the ontology, such as individual countries and seas. These individuals are given separate IndividualIDs and linked with their concepts through the InstanceOf relation.
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The theory of Documentality has been summarized by his author (Ferraris 2009a) in eleven fundamental theses:M. Ferraris, Documentalità, cit.: pp. 358-362. :1. Ontology catalogues the world of life.
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Martin Anton Maurus Marty (; 18 October 18471 October 1914) was a Swiss-born Austrian philosopher and Catholic priest. He specialized in philosophy of language, philosophy of psychology and ontology.
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First published as "Physical-Object Ontology, Verbal Disputes, and Common Sense."Hirsch, Eli. 2011. "Quantifier variance and realism." Pp. 68–95 in Quantifier Variance and Realism: Essays in Metaontology.
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Grammatical categories and cognition: A case study of the linguistic relativity hypothesis, Cambridge, 1996 Thus, different languages would entail different ways to conceptualize reality, therefore determining a different ontology.
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As a result of his argument that economics should concern itself with ontology, Lawson has developed and defended his own theory of the constitution and nature of social reality. The main philosophical influence for this is the Cambridge Social Ontology Group. An early influence was the work of Roy Bhaskar. Indeed, in his early work, Lawson joined Bhaskar and others in referring to the account of social reality defended as "transcendental realism".
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For Emmanuel Levinas, what was meontological was what had meaning beyond being, beyond ontology; for him this was the ethical, the primary demand of the other in the face-to-face encounter. In this sense he sought to clarify or take further some of the issues raised by Heidegger and explicitly give ontology a secondary role to ethics rather than continue to parallel them in saying that the Being means care (German: Sorge).
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The Moby project defines three Ontologies that describe biological data-types, biological data-formats, and bioinformatics analysis types. Most of the interoperable behaviours seen in Moby are achieved through the Object (data-format) and Namespace (data- type) ontologies. The MOBY Namespace Ontology is derived from the Cross- Reference Abbreviations List of the Gene Ontology project. It is simply a list of abbreviations for the different types of identifiers that are used in bioinformatics.
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The great thing about a formal ontology, in contrast to rigid taxonomies or classifications, is that it allows for indefinite expansion. Given proper modeling, just about any kind of conceptual information, no matter the content, can find its place. To disambiguate a concept's place in the ontology, often a context model is useful to improve the classification power. The model typically applies rules to surrounding elements of the context to select the most valid classification.
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OntoClean was the first attempt to formalize notions of ontological analysis for information systems. The idea was to justify the kinds of decisions that experienced ontology builders make, and explain the common mistakes of the inexperienced. Alan Rector, during a debate at the KR-2002 conference in Toulouse, said, "What you have done is reduce the amount of time I spend arguing with medics." The notions Guarino & Welty focused on were drawn from philosophical ontology.
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Gene Ontology for MOtifs (GOMO) is a tool for identifying possible roles for DNA binding motifs. It does so by comparing genes the motif occurs upstream of to a Gene Ontology database. If the motif occurs statistically significantly upstream of genes related to a particular function (for example, lactose digestion), it suggests that the transcription factor that binds the motif may regulate that function (for example, by promoting transcription of proteins that digest lactose).
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Thus, ontology terms for resistance profiles and mechanisms of actions were created for ARDB. Other things classified by ontology include drug target modification, drug enzymatic destruction and drug transport. Drug transporters are further subclassified by MFS Efflux pumps, SMR Efflux pumps, ABC Efflux pumps, RND Efflux pumps following conventions outlined in this paper. Currently, ARDB contains resistance information for 13,293 genes, 377 types, 257 antibiotics, 632 genomes, 933 species and 124 genera.
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Kisala, p.77. As can be seen, Tenrikyo's ontology, which rests on the existence on a single creator deity (God the Parent), differs from Buddhist ontology, which does not contain a creator deity. Also Tenrikyo's concept of salvation, which is to live the Joyous Life in this existence and therefore does not promise a liberated afterlife outside of this existence, differs from Buddhist concepts of saṃsāra and nirvana.Tenrikyo-Christian Dialogue, p. 429-430.
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Ginsberg's dissertation, On the Concepts of Existential Dependence and Independence, was published in 1931 during the anniversary of the Polish Philosophical Society. Several years later, Barry Smith would include an English translation of this publication in a collection of works on logic and formal ontology called Parts and Moments: Studies in Logic and Formal Ontology. This is her only surviving work. Like her husband, Ginsberg also wrote several works in response to Edmund Husserl's theories.
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During 1999-2000, while on sabbatical from Vassar College in Padova, Italy, he formed a productive collaboration with Nicola Guarino to develop OntoClean, a notable and widely recognized contribution in Artificial Intelligence, specifically Ontologies. According to Thompson-ISI, work on OntoClean was the most cited of academic papers on Ontology. OntoClean was important as it was the first formal methodology for ontology engineering, applying scientific principles to a field whose practice was mostly art.
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The smallest unit of statement in NLP is a sentence. Each sentence is stated in terms of concepts from the underlying ontology, attributes in that ontology and named objects in capital letters. In an NLP text every sentence unambiguously compiles into a procedure call in the underlying high-level programming language such as MATLAB, Octave, SciLab, Python, etc. Symbolic languages such as Wolfram Language are capable of interpreted processing of queries by sentences.
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The past is the object of study within such fields as time, history, archaeology, archaeoastronomy, chronology, geology, historical geology, historical linguistics, ontology, paleontology, paleobotany, paleoethnobotany, palaeogeography, paleoclimatology, etymology and cosmology.
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A synonym ring can be expressed by a series of statements in the Web Ontology Language (OWL) using the `classEquivalence` or the `propertyEquivalence` or instance equivalence statement – the `sameAs` property.
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Enterprise engineering is the discipline concerning the design and the engineering of enterprises, regarding both their business and organization.Jan Dietz (2006). Enterprise Ontology - Theory and Methodology. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
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In researching Luther's interpretation of the Psalms, Ebeling discovered the central role of the and developed the idea in the context of an ontology. He died on 30 September 2001.
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ConceptScope: Organizing and Visualizing Knowledge in Documents based on Domain Ontology. arXiv preprint arXiv:2003.05108. The CSO Classifier is an open-source python tool for automatically annotating documents with CSO.
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FMA ontology contains approximately 75,000 classes and over 120,000 terms, over 2.1 million relationship instances from over 168 relationship types.About FMA – Contents – The Foundational Model of Anatomy (retrieved 2012-11-06).
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The Gene Ontology (GO) consortium has also developed their own online GO term enrichment tool, allowing species-specific enrichment analysis versus the complete database, coarser-grained GO slims, or custom references.
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The IEC Technical Committee 1, Terminology, is currently considering whether there is interest in the IEC community to evolve the vocabulary towards an electrotechnology ontology covering electrical, electronic and related technologies.
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In a 4D ontology, an individual is identified by its spatio-temporal extent. Examples of formal extensional ontologies are BORO, ISO 15926 and the model in development by the IDEAS Group.
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Sociologia Ruralis, 41(2), 182-200. Coole and Frost, 2010;Coole, D., & Frost, S. (Eds.) (2010). New Materialisms: Ontology, Agency, and Politics. Duke University Press. Introna, 2013;Introna, L. D. (2013).
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The W3C standard language for representing ontologies is the Web Ontology Language (OWL). Ontologies frequently contain formal business rules formed in discrete logic statements that relate data elements to each another.
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ODRL can be implemented in three serializations: XML, RDF/OWL Ontology, and JSON. Communities adopting ODRL can use standardized actions for Permissions, Prohibitions, and Duties that are expressed in policy statements.
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This 1999–2001 incarnation of semantic search (as described in the patent document) started with extensive tooling to create an ontology/WorldModel (today's knowledge graph) to design a schema and then automatically extract information (through knowledge extraction agents) and incorporate knowledge from multiple high-quality sources to populate the ontology and keep it fresh. This involves machinery for disambiguation to identify what is new and what has changed. Then the data extraction agents which supported diverse content either pulled (crawled) or pushed (e.g., syndicated news in NewsML), called upon a nine- classifier committee (using bayesian, HMM, and knowledge-based classifiers) to determine the domains of the content, identify the relevant subset of the ontology to use, and perform semantic annotation.
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She led the team responsible for the systematic annotation of the Drosophila melanogaster genome, which included development of the Gadfly annotation pipeline and database framework, and the annotation curation tool Apollo. Lewis' work in genome annotation also includes playing instrumental roles in the GASP community assessment exercises to evaluate the state of the art in genome annotation, development of the Gbrowse genome browser, and the data coordination center for the modENCODE project. In addition to her work in genome annotation, Lewis has been a leader in the development of Open Biomedical Ontologies (OBO), National Center for Biomedical Ontology (NCBO), contributing to the Gene Ontology Sequence Ontology, Uberon anatomy ontologies, and developing open software for editing and navigating ontologies such as AmiGO, OBO-Edit and Phenote.
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In the contemporary debate, one of the main theories of social objectsFor the position of Documentality in the contemporary debate on social ontology, See Torrengo 2009. For a critical comparison between the social ontology put forward by Searle and Documentality, see Casetta 2010. has been proposed by the American philosopher John R. Searle, in particular in his book The Construction of Social Reality (1995). Searle's ontology recognizes the sphere of social objects, defining them as higher order objects with respect to physical objects, in accordance with the rule > X counts as Y in C meaning that the physical object X, for instance a colored piece of paper, counts as Y, a 10 euro banknote, in context C, the Europe of the year 2010.
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In information science a conceptualization is an abstract simplified view of some selected part of the world, containing the objects, concepts, and other entities that are presumed of interest for some particular purpose and the relationships between them. An explicit specification of a conceptualization is an ontology, and it may occur that a conceptualization can be realized by several distinct ontologies. An ontological commitment in describing ontological comparisons is taken to refer to that subset of elements of an ontology shared with all the others. "An ontology is language-dependent", its objects and interrelations described within the language it uses, while a conceptualization is always the same, more general, its concepts existing "independently of the language used to describe it".
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In generalizing the agential alterity of being as a foundational ontological principle, Bryant posits three theses: First, wilderness ontology signals the absence of ontological hierarchy, such that all forms of being exist on equal footing with one another. Second, wilderness ontology rejects the topological bifurcation of nature and culture into discrete domains, instead holding that cultural assemblages are only one possible set of relations into which nonhuman entities may enter in the wilderness. Third, wilderness ontology extends agency to all entities, human and nonhuman, rather than casting nonhuman entities as passive recipients of human meaning projection. Employing these theses, Bryant pluralizes agential being beyond human finitude, contending that in so doing, the intentionality of the nonhuman world may be investigated without reference to human intent.
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The Ontology 5 platform provides the key capabilities that underpin Ontology’s applications for communication service providers: Intelligent 360 for Network Operators and Intelligent 360 for Real- Time Inventory. Ontology Systems offer functionality aimed at communications service providers in the form of the "Intelligent 360 for Network Operators" product, which operators use to construct a unified model of their network, the services it implements and the customers they are sold to.Galbraith, Craig (18 April 2013), "Vodacom Taps Ontology for Service Assurance", Billing and OSS World. Retrieved 24 July 2014 Under the strap-line "Know Your Network: Now", Intelligent 360 for Network Operators addresses operational challenges in the areas of network change management, network troubleshooting, customer and inventory navigation and data integrity tracking and reporting.
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Multimedia Ontology language (M-OWL) is an ontology representation language that enables such perceptual modeling. It assumes a causal model of the world, where observable media features are caused by underlying concepts. In MOWL, it is possible to associate different types of media features in different media format and at different levels of abstraction with the concepts in a closed domain. The associations are probabilistic in nature to account for inherent uncertainties in observation of media patterns.
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The CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (CRM) provides an extensible ontology for concepts and information in cultural heritage and museum documentation. It is the international standard (ISO 21127:2014) for the controlled exchange of cultural heritage information.ISO 21127:2014 Information and documentation — A reference ontology for the interchange of cultural heritage information Galleries, libraries, archives, museums (GLAMs), and other cultural institutions are encouraged to use the CIDOC CRM to enhance accessibility to museum-related information and knowledge.
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There is a whole family of KL-ONE-like systems. One of the innovations that KL-ONE initiated was the use of a deductive classifier, an automated reasoning engine that can validate a frame ontology and deduce new information about the ontology based on the initial information provided by a domain expert. Frames in KL-ONE are called concepts. These form hierarchies using subsume-relations; in the KL-ONE terminology a super class is said to subsume its subclasses.
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The study of Geo-ontology has also been of interest to researchers in this field. Geo-ontology involves the study of the variations among different cultures in how they view and sense landforms, how to communicate spatial knowledge with other cultures while overcoming such barriers, an understanding of the cognitive aspects of spatial relations, and how to represent them in computational models.Mark, David M. "Spatial representation: a cognitive view." Geographical information systems: Principles and applications 1 (1999): 81–89.
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The nomenclature system developed for P. syringae effectors has been adopted by researchers characterizing effector repertoires in other bacteria, and methods used for bioinformatic effector identification have been adapted for other organisms. In addition, researchers working with P. syringae have played an integral role in the Plant-Associated Microbe Gene Ontology working group, aimed at developing gene ontology terms that capture biological processes occurring during the interactions between organisms, and using the terms for annotation of gene products.
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Arabic Ontology is a linguistic ontology for the Arabic language, which can be used as an Arabic Wordnet with ontologically-clean content. People use it also as a tree (i.e. classification) of the concepts/meanings of the Arabic terms. It is a formal representation of the concepts that the Arabic terms convey, and its content is ontologically well-founded, and benchmarked to scientific advances and rigorous knowledge sources rather than to speakers’ naïve beliefs as wordnets typically do .
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Critical ontology, ontic relationalism, and Being-principle are the three major concepts found in Kaipayil's thought. Building on his basic understanding of philosophy as critical reflection on human experience (to form a rational theory of the world),The Epistemology of Comparative Philosophy . Rome: Centre for Indian and Inter-religious Studies, 1995. Kaipayil argues that ontology, the theory of being, (and metaphysics for that matter) should be “critical,” meaning that it should be based on empirical experience.
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What ontologies in both information science and philosophy have in common is the attempt to represent entities, ideas and events, with all their interdependent properties and relations, according to a system of categories. In both fields, there is considerable work on problems of ontology engineering (e.g., Quine and Kripke in philosophy, Sowa and Guarino in computer science), and debates concerning to what extent normative ontology is possible (e.g., foundationalism and coherentism in philosophy, BFO and Cyc in artificial intelligence).
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In the example infobox, the triple ("crostata", type, "tart") indicates that a crostata is a type of tart. The article's topic is used as the subject, the parameter name is used as the predicate, and the parameter's value as the object. Each type of infobox is mapped to an ontology class, and each property (parameter) within an infobox is mapped to an ontology property. These mappings are used when parsing a Wikipedia article to extract data.
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They were not after the seemingly endless arguments about what the right ontology of the universe is, but rather the techniques these philosophers use to analyze, support, and criticize each other's arguments. These techniques make very little, if any, commitment to a particular ontology, instead they expose what are often very subtle distinctions. The ideas underlying OntoClean appeared first in the literature in a series of three papers published in 2000.Guarino, Nicola, and Chris Welty. 2000.
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This form of neutral monism was formulated by William James. It was done mostly in response to his colleages dismissal of its rank "among first principles". Consciousness, in William James perspective, is the epistemic foundation upon which all other knowledge rests; if an ontology is incompatible with its existence, then it is the ontology that must be dismissed, not consciousness. William James considered "the perceived and the perceiver" to simply be two sides of the same coin.
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According to Ronkin, the canonical Pāli Abhidhamma remains pragmatic and psychological, and "does not take much interest in ontology" in contrast with the Sarvastivada tradition. Paul Williams also notes that the Abhidhamma remains focused on the practicalities of insight meditation and leaves ontology "relatively unexplored".Ronkin, Noa; Early Buddhist Metaphysics, p. 77. Ronkin does note however that later Theravāda sub-commentaries (ṭīkā) do show a doctrinal shift towards ontological realism from the earlier epistemic and practical concerns.
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The first part, the knowledge base, represents facts about the world, often in some form of subsumption ontology (rather than implicitly embedded in procedural code, in the way a conventional computer program does). Other common approaches in addition to a subsumption ontology include frames, conceptual graphs, and logical assertions. The second part, the inference engine, allows new knowledge to be inferred. Most commonly, it can take the form of IF-THEN rules coupled with forward or backward chaining approaches.
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The OBO Foundry is open to participations of any interested individuals. Ontologies that intend to be officially part of the OBO Foundry have to adhere to the OBO principles and pass a series of reviews done by the members, when "the Foundry coordinators serve as analogs of journal editors". There are ontologies that follow OBO principles but are not officially part of OBO, such as eagle-i's Reagent Application Ontology. and the Animals in Context Ontology.
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Disease Ontology Identifiers (DOIDs) consist of the prefix DOID: followed by number, for example, Alzheimer's disease has the stable identifier DOID:10652. DO is cross-referenced in several resources such as UniProt.
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With specific knowledge domains, the boundaries of the metadata for each must be managed, since a general ontology is not useful to experts in one field whose language is knowledge-domain specific.
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23, 869–899., a theory of values and the language game of goodness including the ethics of the good versus the ethics of the best.Nørreklit, L. (2013). Applied Ethics and Practice Ontology.
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OMA has important applications in protein function prediction. Dessimoz's approach to benchmarking had a major impact on three key subfields of computational biology: orthology inference, sequence alignment, and the gene ontology (GO).
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It is in this sense that, by weakening Derrida's thesis, Ferraris proposed to develop a social ontology starting from the intuition that nothing social exists outside the text.M. Ferraris, Dove sei?, cit.: pp.
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The paradigms axiology, ontology, epistemology, and methodology are reflective of social justice practice in evaluation. These examples focus on addressing inequalities and injustices in society by promoting inclusion and equality in human rights.
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It is possible that observables and states of quantum mechanics are as physically real as the electrons they model, but by adopting this purely formal notion of ontology we avoid altogether this question.
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His expressions like "ontology of sensability" when referring to the body, indicate influence by phenomenological thought.Caponigri, A. Robert (1971). A History of Western Philosophy. University of Notre Dame. Vol. V, pp. 284–285.
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Beanbags also do not have legs, but few would argue that they aren't chairs. Questions like this are the core questions that drive research and work in the fields of taxonomy and ontology.
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While classes are suitable to represent a population of individuals, metaclasses can, as one of their feature, be used to represent the conceptual dimension of an ontology. Metaclasses are supported in the ontology language OWL and the data-modeling vocabulary RDFS. Metaclasses are often modeled by setting them as the object of claims involving rdf:type and rdfs:subClassOf—built-in properties commonly referred to as instance of and subclass of. Instance of entails that the subject of the claim is an instance, i.e.
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Semantic decision tables (SDT) use modern ontology engineering (OE) technologies to enhance traditional decision tables. The term "semantic decision table" was coined by Yan Tang and Prof. Robert Meersman from VUB STARLab (Free University of Brussels) in 2006. An SDT is a (set of) decision table(s) properly annotated with an ontology. It provides a means to capture and examine decision makers’ concepts, as well as a tool for refining their decision knowledge and facilitating knowledge sharing in a scalable manner.
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Tony Lawson is a British philosopher and economist. He is professor of economics and philosophy in the Faculty of Economics at the University of Cambridge. He is a co-editor of the Cambridge Journal of Economics, a former director of the University of Cambridge Centre for Gender Studies, and co- founder of the Cambridge Realist Workshop and the Cambridge Social Ontology Group. Lawson is noted for his contributions to heterodox economics and to philosophical issues in social theorising, most especially to social ontology.
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MusicDNA is a file system that consists of an ontology that describes the underlying structure of the events that make up musical history – "who did what, where, and when" together with a set of user interfaces that allow subscribers to view, add and edit entries. MusicDNA is implemented using a specially developed version of Topic Maps. MusicDNA uses "persistent subject identifiers" to refer to subjects or topics and an ontology or "conceptual reference model" to describe the relationships between those subjects.
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The Zachman Framework of enterprise architecture The Zachman Framework is an enterprise ontology and is a fundamental structure for Enterprise Architecture which provides a formal and structured way of viewing and defining an enterprise. The ontology is a two dimensional classification schema that reflects the intersection between two historical classifications. The first are primitive interrogatives: What, How, When, Who, Where, and Why. The second is derived from the philosophical concept of reification, the transformation of an abstract idea into an instantiation.
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Her book on euphemism in political language (Der Euphemismus in der politischen Sprache) is particular important. She also drew attention to texts and their meanings as evolutionary systems. Her research was intertwined with Werner Leinfellner’s and, therefore, it should not come as a surprise that they co-authored publications, most notably a book on ontology, systems theory and semantics (Ontologie, Systemtheorie und Semantik). This comprehensive book is an original attempt to connect the traditional philosophical field of ontology with a cognitive-recursive semantics.
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In 1929 Hartmann married Frida Rosenfeld, with whom he had a son, Olaf (1930), and a daughter, Lise (1932). In 1931 he became Professor of Theoretical Philosophy in Berlin. He held the Chair until 1945. During this time he successively published many pieces of his ontology: Das Problem des geistigen Seins (The Problem of Spiritual Being) (1933), Zur Grundlegung der Ontologie (On the Foundation of Ontology) (1935), Möglichkeit und Wirklichkeit (Possibility and Actuality) (1938) and Der Aufbau der realen Welt.
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Thus, SPARQL provides a full set of analytic query operations such as `JOIN`, `SORT`, `AGGREGATE` for data whose schema is intrinsically part of the data rather than requiring a separate schema definition. However, schema information (the ontology) is often provided externally, to allow joining of different datasets unambiguously. In addition, SPARQL provides specific graph traversal syntax for data that can be thought of as a graph. The example below demonstrates a simple query that leverages the ontology definition `foaf` ("friend of a friend").
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Brahman, along with Soul/Self (Atman) are part of the ontologicalthat is things, beings or truths that are presumed to exist for its philosophical theory to be true, and what is the nature of that which so exists?; see: Edward Craig (1998), Ontology, Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, premises of Indian philosophy.Edward Craig (1998), Ontology, Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, , Accessed (13 June 2015)Stephen H. Phillips (2001), Could There Be Mystical Evidence for a Nondual Brahman? A Causal Objection, Philosophy East and West, Vol.
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Unlike other speculative realisms, object- oriented ontology maintains the concept of finitude, whereby relation to an object cannot be translated into direct and complete knowledge of an object. Since all object relations distort their related objects, every relation is said to be an act of translation, with the caveat that no object can perfectly translate another object into its own nomenclature. Object-oriented ontology does not restrict finitude to humanity, however, but extends it to all objects as an inherent limitation of relationality.
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Applied ontology is considered a spiritual successor to prior work in philosophy, however many current efforts are more concerned with establishing controlled vocabularies of narrow domains than first principles, the existence of fixed essences or whether enduring objects (e.g., perdurantism and endurantism) may be ontologically more primary than processes. Every field uses ontological assumptions to frame explicit theories, research and applications. For instance, the definition and ontology of economics is a primacy concern in Marxist economics, but also in other subfields of economics.
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An example of economics relying on information science occurs in cases where a simulation or model is intended to enable economic decisions, such as determining what capital assets are at risk and by how much (see risk management). Artificial intelligence has retained the most attention regarding applied ontology in subfields like natural language processing within machine translation and knowledge representation, but ontology editors are being used often in a range of fields like education without the intent to contribute to AI.
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In light of his fundamental ontology, Martin Heidegger interprets Aristotle in such a way that phronesis (and practical philosophy as such) is the original form of knowledge and thus primary to sophia (and theoretical philosophy).Günter Figal, Martin Heidegger zur Einführung, Hamburg 2003, p. 58. Heidegger interprets the Nicomachean Ethics as an ontology of Human Existence. The practical philosophy of Aristotle is a guiding thread in his Analysis of Existence according to which "facticity" names our unique mode of being-in-the-world.
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He intuited that natural science was struggling to overcome a traditional ontology of timeless material substances that does not suit natural phenomena. According to Whitehead, material is more properly understood as 'process'. In 1929, he produced the most famous work of process philosophy, Process and Reality, continuing the work begun by Hegel but describing a more complex and fluid dynamic ontology. Process thought describes truth as "movement" in and through substance (Hegelian truth), rather than substances as fixed concepts or "things" (Aristotelian truth).
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Early work established that a key factor was to make a series of clear metaphysical choices to provide a solid (metaphysical) foundation. A key choice was for an extensional (and hence, four-dimensional) ontology which provided neat Criterion of identity. Using this top ontology as a basis, a systematic process for re-engineering legacy systems was developed. From a software engineering perspective, a key feature of this process was the identification of common general patterns, under which the legacy system was subsumed.
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Since 2000, critical realist philosophy has also been increasingly influential in the field of international relations (IR) theory. Patrick Thaddeus Jackson has called it 'all the rage' in the field.Jackson, Patrick Thaddeus (2011) The Conduct of Inquiry in International Relations, Routledge p. xiv Bob Jessop, Colin Wight, Milja Kurki, Jonathan Joseph and Hidemi Suganami have all published major works on the utility of beginning IR research from a critical realist social ontology—an ontology they all credit Roy Bhaskar with originating.
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Genome Statistics For each genome: number of sequences, number of sequences with assignment, percentage of sequences with assignment, percentage total sequence coverage, number of domains assigned, number of superfamilies assigned, number of families assigned, average superfamily size, percentage produced by duplication, average sequence length, average length matched, number of domain pairs, and number of unique domain architectures. Gene Ontology Domain-centric Gene Ontology (GO) automatically annotated. Due to the growing gap between sequenced proteins and known functions of proteins, it is becoming increasingly important to develop a more automated method for functionally annotating proteins, especially for proteins with known domains. SUPERFAMILY uses protein-level GO annotations taken from the Genome Ontology Annotation (GOA) project, which offers high-quality GO annotations directly associated to proteins in the UniprotKB over a wide spectrum of species.
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In order to found his ontology, Aristotle doesn't use the concepts of essence, of attribute, of place, etc.; he uses the principle according to which reasoning can't go on infinitely — a principle that isn't founded on ontology and its categories, but which allows the conception of an original science. Kant doesn't build his transcendental ontology with the help of his table of categories but the help of the "ideas" of liberty and eternity, of the transcendental ideal, of the kingdom of ends. Hegel himself recognizes the difference between the Logic of Being (that of metaphysical categories), that of the Essence and that of Reality, the last of which must, among other things, make the meaning of the first part of the entire logic, starting, from the metaphysical categories, understood.
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Biological processes that might be active in the tear fluid, based on Gene Ontology data. From de Souza et al., 2006. The tear film is composed of three layers: the lipid, aqueous, and mucin.
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Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. and is continuing working on Enterprise Architecture. To promote these ideas he initiated an international network under the name "Cooperation & Interoperability - Architecture & Ontology" (CIAO).CIAO website Delft University of Technology.
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A Formal Ontology of Properties. In, Dieng, R., and Corby, O., eds, Proceedings of EKAW-2000: The 12th International Conference on Knowledge Engineering and Knowledge Management. Berlin:Springer LNCS Vol. 1937/2000. Pp. 97-112.
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To solve this problem, some genuinely top level ontologies have been developed, which are deliberately designed to have minimal overlap with any domain ontologies. Examples are Basic Formal Ontology and the DOLCE (see below).
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This parabola-shaped lava flow illustrates the application of mathematics in physics—in this case, Galileo's law of falling bodies. Mathematics and ontology are used in physics. Physics is used in chemistry and cosmology.
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The stated goal of the project is to facilitate comparative and evolutionary studies.Bertens, et al. (2011). "A generic organ based ontology system, applied to vertebrate heart anatomy, development and physiology." Journal of Integrative Bioinformatics.
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Many XML-based applications now exist, including the Resource Description Framework as RDF/XML, XForms, DocBook, SOAP, and the Web Ontology Language (OWL). For a partial list of these, see List of XML markup languages.
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TEDDY logo Terminology for the Description of Dynamics (TEDDY) aims to provide an ontology for dynamical behaviours, observable dynamical phenomena, and control elements of bio-models and biological systems in Systems Biology and Synthetic Biology.
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The Kinetic Simulation Algorithm Ontology (KiSAO) supplies information about existing algorithms available for the simulation of systems biology models, their characterization and interrelationships. KiSAO is part of the BioModels.net project and of the COMBINE initiative.
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Blake's research interests are in genome evolution, biomedical ontologies and mouse genetics. She is one of the leaders and founding principal investigators (PIs) of the Gene Ontology (GO) consortium and the Mouse Genome Database (MGD).
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Digital philosophy (also digital ontology) is a direction in philosophy and cosmology advocated by certain mathematicians and theoretical physicists, including: Edward Fredkin, Konrad Zuse, Stephen Wolfram, Rudy Rucker, Gregory Chaitin, Seth Lloyd, and Paola Zizzi.
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Barry Smith (born June 4, 1952) is an academic working in the fields of ontology and biomedical informatics. Smith is the author of more than 600 scientific publications,scholar.google.com including 15 authored or edited books.
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Mondeca is a leading provider of software based on semantic technologies. It has been recognized by Gartner as a top vendor in the Semantic Web as well as in the Taxonomy and Ontology Management categories.
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OntoLex is the short name of a vocabulary for lexical resources in the web of data (OntoLex-Lemon) and the short name of the W3C community group that created it (W3C Ontology-Lexica Community Group).
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Since 2010, Zahavi has worked increasingly on social emotions and on issues in social ontology. He has written on shame, on shared emotions, we-experiences, collective intentionality, and the importance of the I–thou relation.
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The Pacific Symposium on Biocomputing has been a venue for the popularization of the ontology mapping task in the biomedical domain, and a number of papers on the subject can be found in its proceedings.
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Much of McHenry's philosophical work focuses on the philosophy of Alfred North Whitehead and process studies. He has devoted attention to Whitehead's attempt to construct a unified general theory from the revolutionary developments in modern physics. McHenry has argued that Whitehead's event ontology is a more adequate basis for achieving this unification than a traditional substance metaphysics. His papers on this subject and a book, The Event Universe, investigate the influence of Maxwell's electromagnetic field and Einstein's special theory of relativity on the ontology of events.
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437-439 There is a long history of work attempting to build ontologies for a variety of task domains, e.g., an ontology for liquids,Hayes P, Naive physics I: Ontology for liquids. University of Essex report, 1978, Essex, UK. the lumped element model widely used in representing electronic circuits (e.g.,Davis R, Shrobe H E, Representing Structure and Behavior of Digital Hardware, IEEE Computer, Special Issue on Knowledge Representation, 16(10):75-82.), as well as ontologies for time, belief, and even programming itself.
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He hopes to have paved the way thereby for a precise medical model theory in analogy to the mathematical one, which might enable sophisticated knowledge ontology in medicine and elsewhere, and thus, advanced medical epistemology. "In such a medical model theory, relationships between models of different items of medical knowledge, including theories, could be precisely analyzed".Cf. p. 778 of the Handbook However, he is very skeptical about what has recently come to be known as biomedical ontology engineering in biomedical computer and information sciences.
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The Indefinite Dyad also is referred to as the Great and the Small by Aristotle. Sayre's second book, Plato's Late Ontology: A Riddle Resolved (1983), argues that these views in fact are present in the Philebus but are expressed in terminology not frequently used by Aristotle.Kenneth M. Sayre, Plato's Late Ontology: A Riddle Resolved, Princeton University Press, 1983. The unifying theme of Plato's Literary Garden (1995) is that Plato wrote his dialogues to engage his readers in philosophic conversations similar to those he shared with Socrates.
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The ontologies of present concern are those that include compositional objects among posited types. Compositional objects are objects made of a collection of one or more parts . These objects seem to be included in any intuitively constructed ontology as objects ordinarily encountered are doubtless composed of parts. For example, any ontology that affirms the existence of tables, rabbits, or rocks necessarily commits to the inclusion of some compositional objects. The specification of ‘some’ compositional objects foretells the point of attack suffered by these theories.
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In knowledge representation, a class is a collection of individuals or objects. A class can be defined either by extension (specifying members), or by intension (specifying conditions), using what is called in some ontology languages like OWL. According to the Type–token distinction, the ontology is divided into individuals, who are real worlds objects, or events, and types, or classes, who are sets of real world objects. Class expressions or definitions gives the properties that the individuals must fulfill to be members of the class.
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Blast2GO, first published in 2005, is a bioinformatics software tool for the automatic, high-throughput functional annotation of novel sequence data (genes proteins). It makes use of the BLAST algorithm to identify similar sequences to then transfers existing functional annotation from yet characterised sequences to the novel one. The functional information is represented via the Gene Ontology (GO), a controlled vocabulary of functional attributes. The Gene Ontology, or GO, is a major bioinformatics initiative to unify the representation of gene and gene product attributes across all species.
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The Open Biological and Biomedical Ontologies (OBO; formerly Open Biomedical Ontologies) is an effort to create ontologies (controlled vocabularies) for use across biological and medical domains. A subset of the original OBO ontologies has started the OBO Foundry, which leads the OBO efforts since 2007. The creation of OBO in 2001 was largely inspired by the efforts of the Gene Ontology project. OBO forms part of the resources of the U.S. National Center for Biomedical Ontology (NCBIO) and a central element of the NCBO's BioPortal.
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Tennison was born in Cambridge, England and educated at the University of Nottingham gaining a Bachelor of Science degree in Psychology in 1994 and a PhD in collaborative ontology development in 1999, supervised by Nigel Shadbolt.
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David Andreoff Evans (born 1948 in St. Louis) is a scientist in the field of computational linguistics, best known for his research into indexing using natural language processing, and in ontology learning, especially in medical informatics.
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Recent use of dcGO is to build a domain network from a functional perspective for cross-ontology comparisons, and to combine with species tree of life (sTOL) to provide a phylogenentic context to function and phenotype.
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Investigators at IGS work on Disease Ontology research, the Data Analysis and Coordination Center (DACC) for HMP, and other grants. IGS is one of the Genome Sequencing Center for Infectious Diseases (GSCID) centers designated by NIAID.
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Security requirements are applicable to the information sent over the network. The discipline dealing with security over a network is called Network security.Simmonds, A; Sandilands, P; van Ekert, L (2004). "An Ontology for Network Security Attacks".
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Sets and possibles alike make for a > crowded ontology. Sets and possibles alike raise questions we have no way to > answer. [...] I propose to be equally undisturbed by these equally > mysterious mysteries.David Lewis, Convention, 1968, p.
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A number of newer Web 2.0 RESTful frameworks are now providing resource-oriented architecture (ROA) infrastructure for building collections of resources in a sort of Semantic Web ontology, based on concepts from Resource Description Framework (RDF).
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At the same time, the word itself performs this entanglement and confusion of differential meanings, for it depends on a minimal difference (the substitution of the letter "a" for the letter "e") which cannot be apprehended in oral speech, since the suffixes "-ance" and "-ence" have the same pronunciation in French. The "phonemic" (non-)difference between and can only be observed in writing, hence producing differential meaning only in a partial, deferred and entangled manner. has been defined as "the non- originary, constituting-disruption of presence": spatially, it differs, creating spaces, ruptures, and differences and temporally, it defers, delaying presence from ever being fully attained."Differential Ontology" at the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy Derrida's criticism of essentialist ontology draws on the differential ontology of Friedrich Nietzsche (who introduced the concept of , "difference", in his unpublished manuscripts (KSA 11:35[58], p.
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He was a member of the object-oriented philosophy movement and coined the term object-oriented ontology in 2009 to distinguish positions that are committed to the thesis that beings are composed of things from Graham Harman's object-oriented philosophy. His own version of object-oriented thought, called 'onticology', disprivileges human experience from a central position in metaphysical inquiry, while holding that objects are always split between two domains, virtuality and actuality. For Bryant, virtuality refers to the powers and potential of any given object, whereas actuality designates the qualities manifested by the actualization of an object's potential at any given point in time. Later Bryant, concerned with the doctrine of withdrawal and the non- relationism of object-oriented philosophy, departed from the object-oriented ontology movement and developed a machine-oriented ontology that argues being is composed entirely of machines or processes.
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This makes his theory a one-category ontology. Tropes comprise the one fundamental category of being. Keith Campbell carries this argument forward in Abstract Particulars (1990). There are several objections in the literature against Williams’s trope theory.
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A living being is held in both schools to be the union of matter and mind. The Yoga school differs from the Samkhya school in its views on the ontology of Purusha, on axiology and on soteriology.
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Where two or more external information sources map to one and the same formal ontology concept a crossmapping/translation is achieved, as you know that those concepts—no matter what their phrasing is—mean the same thing.
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Later in life, Lukács undertook a major exposition on the ontology of social being, which has been partly published in English in three volumes. The work is a systematic treatment of dialectical philosophy in its materialist form.
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Emilie Garanaud, Smeaton, A., and Koskela, M., "Evaluation of a Video Annotation Tool Based on the LSCOM Ontology," in Proceedings of the First International Conference on Semantics and Digital Media Technology, Athens, Greece, 6-8 December 2006.
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In formal ontology, a branch of metaphysics, and in ontological computer science, mereotopology is a first-order theory, embodying mereological and topological concepts, of the relations among wholes, parts, parts of parts, and the boundaries between parts.
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Some, such as Henry Corbin, understand the imaginary to be quite real indeed, while others ascribe to it only a social or imagined reality. John R. Searle considered the ontology of the social imaginary to be complex, but that in practice 'the complex structure of social reality is, so to speak, weightless and invisible. The child is brought up in a culture where he or she simply takes social reality for granted....The complex ontology seems simple'.John R. Searle, The Construction of Social Reality (Penguin 1996) p.
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In stark contrast to the work of Michael R. Heim, who has promoted a Platonic dualism in his discussions of cyberspace and virtual reality, Koepsell has argued for a Searlean realism about all expression. Cyberspatial entities are expressions of the same type as any other intentionally produced, man-made object. Koepsell's work uses legal ontology and common sense ontology to examine social objects. In the process, Koepsell criticized the distinction between patentable and copyrightable objects as artificial, and argued for an open-source approach to all intellectual property.
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"Semantic Enhancement Engine: A Modular Document Enhancement Platform for Semantic Applications over Heterogeneous Content" is one of the earliest publications demonstrating the unusual effectiveness of knowledge-based classifiers compared with more traditional ML techniques. The third component of the system utilized ontology and metadata (annotation) to support semantic search, browsing, profiling, personalization, and advertising. This system also supported a dynamically- generated "Rich Media Reference" (a.k.a. Google's Infobox) which not only displayed metadata about the searched entity pulled from the ontology and metabase but also provided what was termed "blended semantic browsing and querying".
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GWASdb, a database that combines collections of GVs from GWAS together with their functional annotations and disease classifications. The database provides the following information: (i) In addition to all the GVs annotated in the NHGRI GWAS Catalog, we manually curated the GVs that are marginally significant (P value < 1.0×10-3) collected from supplementary materials of each original publication. (ii) We provide extensive functional annotations for these GVs. (iii) The GVs have been manually classified according to disease using Disease-Ontology Lite (DOLite) and Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO).
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A number of publications of NEMO about ontologies and OntoUML can be found in: In 2016 a group of former students from NEMO founded Menthor, a startup aiming at providing ontology engineering-related products and services. Among these products, they offer the Menthor Editor, an open-source ontology engineering tool for dealing with OntoUML models. It also includes OntoUML syntax validation, Alloy simulation,[2][3] Anti-Pattern verification,[4] and MDA transformations from OntoUML to OWL,[5][6] SBVR and Natural Language (Brazilian Portuguese). Menthor Editor is derived from OLED.
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One persistent misunderstanding recurs in discussion of semantics is "the confusion of words and meanings". The meanings of words change, sometimes rapidly. But a formal language such as used in an ontology can encode the meanings (semantics) of concepts in a form that does not change. In order to determine what is the meaning of a particular word (or term in a database, for example) it is necessary to label each fixed concept representation in an ontology with the word(s) or term(s) that may refer to that concept.
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The task of determining which terms in which contexts (each database is a different context) is then separated from the task of creating the ontology, and must be taken up by the designer of a database, or the designer of a form for data entry, or the developer of a program for language understanding. When the meaning of a word used in some interoperable context is changed, then to preserve interoperability it is necessary to change the pointer to the ontology element(s) that specifies the meaning of that word.
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The Legal Knowledge Interchange Format (LKIF) was developed in the European ESTRELLA project and was designed with the goal of becoming a standard for representing and interchanging policy, legislation and cases, including their justificatory arguments, in the legal domain. LKIF builds on and uses the Web Ontology Language (OWL) for representing concepts and includes a reusable basic ontology of legal concepts. The core of LKIF consists of a combination of OWL-DL and SWRL.Boer, Alexander, Thomas F. Gordon, Kasper van den Berg, Marcello Di Bello, András Förhécz, and Réka Vas.
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He does not regard this endeavor as ontology at all because it is actually concerned with vocabularies and terminologies confirming the slogan "ontology recapitulates philology".Cf. pp. 797–800 of the HandbookOn page viii of his book Word and Object (paperback edition 1964), Willard Van Orman Quine attributes the sardonic slogan to James Grier Miller (ii) On medical truth. After a thorough discussion of truth theories, Sadegh-Zadeh shows that there is sufficient evidence to support the assertion that medical truths are system-relative, and are produced within the respective health care systems themselves.
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Theories on how to conceptualize reality date back as far as Plato and Aristotle. The term 'formal ontology' itself was coined by Edmund Husserl in the second edition of his Logical Investigations (1900–01), where it refers to an ontological counterpart of formal logic. Formal ontology for Husserl embraces an axiomatized mereology and a theory of dependence relations, for example between the qualities of an object and the object itself. 'Formal' signifies not the use of a formal-logical language, but rather: non-material, or in other words domain-independent (of universal application).
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In contrast with his former mentor Edmund Husserl, Heidegger (in his Being and Time) put ontology before epistemology and thought that phenomenology would have to be based on an observation and analysis of Dasein ("being-there"), human being, investigating the fundamental ontology of the Lebenswelt (lifeworld, Husserl's term) underlying all so-called regional ontologies of the special sciences. In Heidegger's philosophy, people are thrown into the world in a given situation, but they are also a project towards the future, possibility, freedom, wait, hope, anguish.Farina, Gabriella (2014). Some reflections on the phenomenological method.
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In computer science and information science, an ontology encompasses a representation, formal naming and definition of the categories, properties and relations between the concepts, data and entities that substantiate one, many or all domains of discourse. More simply, an ontology is a way of showing the properties of a subject area and how they are related, by defining a set of concepts and categories that represent the subject. Every academic discipline or field creates ontologies to limit complexity and organize data into information and knowledge. New ontologies improve problem solving within that domain.
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The standard defines a data model, serializations, and definitions to support the interchange of provenance information on the Web. Here provenance includes all "information about entities, activities, and people involved in producing a piece of data or thing, which can be used to form assessments about its quality, reliability or trustworthiness". PROV is a set of recommended standards of the World Wide Web Consortium. These include its data model, an XML schema for that model, an OWL2 ontology mapping that model to RDF, and a mapping from that ontology to Dublin Core.
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Natalya Fridman Noy is a Russian-born American computer scientist who works at Google Research in Mountain View, CA. She is best known for her work with the Protégé ontology editor and the Prompt alignment tool, for which she and co- author Mark Musen won the classic paper award from the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI) in 2018. Noy served as president of the Semantic Web Sciences Association in 2012–2017, and her Ontology 101 Tutorial is one of the most cited and downloaded documents on the semantic web.
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For Whitehead's ontology of processes as defining the world, the actual entities exist as the only fundamental elements of reality. The actual entities are of two kinds, temporal and atemporal. With one exception, all actual entities for Whitehead are temporal and are occasions of experience (which are not to be confused with consciousness). An entity that people commonly think of as a simple concrete object, or that Aristotle would think of as a substance, is, in this ontology, considered to be a temporally serial composite of indefinitely many overlapping occasions of experience.
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Zizioulas worked on the theology of the person, appealing to the work of St Irenaeus and St Maximus the Confessor. The primary focus of his work was to develop his own ontology of personhood derived from an extensive investigation of Greek philosophy, patristic era writings and modern rationalist philosophy. He argues that full humanity is achieved only as person so that they may participate (koinonia) in the Trinitarian life of God. However, an essential component of the ontology of personhood is the freedom to self-affirm the participation in relationship.
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The BORO approach is designed to be a simple, repeatable process for developing formal ontologies. The method takes an extensional approach to ontology development. The method aims to be grounded in physical reality so that if followed to the letter the method should consistently produce the same ontology given the same inputs. It can then be used for comparing multiple data-sources for semantic matches/mismatches and for re- engineering multiple legacy systems into a coherent whole (either as a new monolithic system, or as a method for designing federation of existing systems).
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More modern methods have introduced a semantic approach, where the analyst will tend to analyse the underlying senses of the word (meaning). A lot of it depends on the analyst’s domain knowledge and linguistic interpretation. Although BORO produces an ontology (information science) in the very strictest sense of the term, it is not intended to produce the type of ontology (information science) that computer scientists would use for reasoning and inference. BORO is different to many other data analysis techniques in that treats the names of things as a secondary concern.
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A continuant domain ontology descending from BFO can be conceived as an inventory of entities existing at a time. Each occurrent ontology can be conceived as an inventory of processes unfolding through a given interval of time. Both BFO itself and each of its extension sub- ontologies can be conceived as a window on a certain portion of reality at a given level of granularity. More than 200 extension ontologies of BFO have been created, applying the BFO architecture to different domains through the strategy of downward population.
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As of October 2020 it is at version 9.4. gist was the subject of a paper exploring how to bridge modeling differences between ontologies. In a paper describing the OQuaRE methodology for evaluating ontologies, the gist unit of measure ontology (at that time, a separate module) scored the highest in the manual evaluation against 10 other unit of measure ontologies, and scored above average in the automated evaluation. The authors stated: "This ontology could easily be tested and validated, its knowledge could be effectively reused and adapted for different specified environments".
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Brinkman also co-leads the Integrated Rapid Infectious Disease Analysis (IRIDA) Project and Consortium and is a founding member of the Genomic Epidemiology Ontology (GenEpiO) Consortium and the Food Ontology (FoodOn) Group. In the Vancouver academic community, Brinkman currently serves as the Co-Director of the Bioinformatics Graduate Training Program run through Simon Fraser University, the University of British Columbia, and the BC Cancer Agency and as the SFU representative for the Canadian Society of Microbiologists. She is a Core Faculty Member for the Canadian Bioinformatics Workshops. Notable graduates from her lab include Jennifer Gardy.
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In human geography there are two types of ontology: small "o" which accounts for the practical orientation, describing functions of being a part of the group, thought to oversimplify and ignore key activities. The other "o", or big "O", systematically, logically, and rationally describes the essential characteristics and universal traits. This concept relates closely to Plato's view that the human mind can only perceive a bigger world if they continue to live within the confines of their "caves". However, in spite of the differences, ontology relies on the symbolic agreements among members.
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That is: "To know oneself is to know the everlasting reality that is consciousness, and to know it is to be it.". His ontology is interconnected simultaneously with his epistemology, because according to him, full actualization of the potentialities of the universe can only take place through the self-awareness of human beings. This ontology can only be realized by the training of the human soul, or education in the widest sense of the term. His view of the structure of the reality is succinctly explained in the beginning of his work Rahanjām-nāma.
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As theory of knowledge, epistemology differs from ontology, which is a subbranch of metaphysics, theory of reality. Ontology poses which categories of being—what sorts of things exist—and so, although a scientific theory's ontological commitment can be modified in light of experience, an ontological commitment inevitably precedes empirical inquiry.Bechtel, Philosophy of Science (Lawrence Erlbaum, 1988), ch 1, subch "Areas of philosophy that bear on philosophy of science", § "Metaphysics", pp 8–9, § "Epistemology", p 11. Natural laws, so called, are statements of humans' observations, thus are epistemological—concerning human knowledge—the epistemic.
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He had an encyclopedical conception of philosophy and spread his ideas in very diverse fields such as ethics, politics, aesthetics, philosophy of religion, philosophy of history, theory of knowledge, and ontology. He dealt with almost every field where philosophy can be applied. His preferred fields, nevertheless, were, above all, Philosophy of Arts and Aesthetics, on the one hand, and Philosophy of Religion, on the other. He always tried to derive his whole thought from his own personal conception of ontology, which is usually called the “Philosophy of Limit”.
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Indeed, "metaphysics is onto-theo-logy," and Western metaphysics "since the beginning with the Greeks has eminently been both ontology and theology." The problem with this intermixing of ontology and theology according to Heidegger's analysis, and the reason why Heidegger and his successors sought to overcome it, is at least twofold. First, by linking the philosophical with the theological, and vice versa, the distinctiveness of each respective discourse is clouded over. As such, the nature of philosophy as a factually unknown and structurally unknowable path of thought is restricted by an economy of faith.
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The fruit of that inspiration is non-Frege logic, one of the key achievements of the post-war Polish logic. One student of Suszko and a colleague of Wolniewicz was a logician Mieczysław Omyła, who continued both logical and ontological work of Suszko and referenced Wolniewicz's situational ontology more than once. Situational ontology also inspires mathematical papers on conditionally distributive lattices by Jan Zygmunt and Jacek Hawranek. Wolniewicz's papers were also met with interest from philosophers and logicians abroad, as evidenced by multiple reviews of his English papers in "Mathematical Review".
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So, Lambert argues, to reject his construction of free logic requires you to reject Quine's philosophy, which requires some argument and also means that whatever logic you develop is always accompanied by the stipulation that you must reject Quine to accept the logic. Likewise, if you reject Quine then you must reject free logic. This amounts to the contribution that free logic makes to ontology. The point of free logic, though, is to have a formalism that implies no particular ontology, but that merely makes an interpretation of Quine both formally possible and simple.
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The data described by an ontology in the OWL family is interpreted as a set of "individuals" and a set of "property assertions" which relate these individuals to each other. An ontology consists of a set of axioms which place constraints on sets of individuals (called "classes") and the types of relationships permitted between them. These axioms provide semantics by allowing systems to infer additional information based on the data explicitly provided. A full introduction to the expressive power of the OWL is provided in the W3C's OWL Guide.
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The ultimate ontology of universals would only be realised with the completion of physical science. Mass would thus be a universal (subject to mass not being discarded by future physicists). Armstrong realises that we will need to refer to and use properties that are not considered universals in his sparse ontology—for instance, being able to refer to something being a game (to use the example from Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations). Armstrong then suggests that a supervenience relation exists between these second order properties and the ontologically authentic universals given to us by physics.
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Mapping from OBO IDs to OBO Unified Resource Identifiers (URIs), unique for each item. Terms should be unique in the OBO space, meaning that each item has a unique ontology prefix (such as CHEBI, GO, PRO) and a local numeric identifier within the ontology. The choice of a numerical ID was made in order to improve maintenance and evolution of the resources. In order to participate in OBO Foundry, ontologies have to be orthogonal and the concepts it models must be unique within OBO, so each concept has a single Universal Resource Identifier (URI).
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Enigma uses linking, ontology mapping, and entity resolution capabilities to uncover new information about people, places, and companies and deliver linked information through an API. Enigma’s knowledge graphs integrate machine learning of Elasticsearch results, to improve entity resolution.
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The Paradox developers described the software as a Mace-style method after the McCune's tool of that name. Paradox was developed up to version 4, the final version being effective in model finding for Web Ontology Language OWL2.
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Joanne Faulkner (born 14 April 1972) is an Australian writer, philosopher and Future Fellow in Cultural Studies at Macquarie University. She is known for her research on the ontology of childhood, Nietzsche's thought, and the ethics of innocence.
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Albert identified knowledge, familial life, material possessions, and health as focal values for Ramah Navajo. Albert studied Navajo ontology through Navajo myths, origin stories, songs, and rituals that she recorded during her fieldwork and discussed in her publications.
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By formulating ontology as concentrated on the knowledge by means of which we can understand the world it offers a description of the very foundation of scientific activity. Lorhard characterised human rationality as 'the natural light of reason'.
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Here what the document does is to create an ontology into which these new lands and their peoples fit; it is creating a place for them in the existing Spanish and European political structure and Christian belief structure.
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In GFF files, additional meta information can be included and follows after the ## directive. This meta information can detail GFF version, sequence region, or species (full list of meta data types can be found at Sequence Ontology specifications).
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The compound word ontology combines onto-, from the Greek ὄν, on (gen. ὄντος, ontos), i.e. "being; that which is", which is the present participle of the verb εἰμί, eimí, i.e. "to be, I am", and -λογία, -logia, i.e.
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Morton's theoretical writings espouse an eclectic approach to scholarship. His subjects include the poetry and literature of Percy Bysshe Shelley and Mary Shelley, the cultural significance and context of food, ecology and environmentalism, and object-oriented ontology (OOO).
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OSF was expanded with an ontology manager, structOntology in August 2012. The version 2.x developments of OSF occurred for enterprise sponsors in the period of early 2012 until the end of 2013. None of these interim 2.
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Recently, White's research has focused upon the concept of weak ontology, which he uses to describe a non-foundationalist approach to normative affirmation extrapolated from the works of George Kateb, Charles Taylor, Judith Butler, and William E. Connolly.
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In these disciplines, axioms include only statements asserted as a priori knowledge. As used here, "axioms" also include the theory derived from axiomatic statements. ;Events: the changing of attributes or relations Ontologies are commonly encoded using ontology languages.
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Ontology features in the Samkhya school of Hindu philosophy from the first millennium BCE.Larson, G. J., R. S. Bhattacharya, and K. Potter, eds. 2014. "Samkhya." Pp. 3–11 in The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies 4. Princeton University Press. .
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More precisely, Field holds that the existence of sets may be denied, in opposition to Quine–Putnam indispensability argument of Quine and Putnam.Yablo, Stephen. "Does Ontology Rest on a Mistake?", Aristotelian Society Supplementary Volume 72.1 (1998), p. 231.
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"New APPS Interview: Beth Lord". New APPS. Accessed 21 December 2016. Her doctoral thesis, which was supervised initially by Andrew Benjamin and then by Stephen Houlgate, was entitled Kant's Productive Ontology: Knowledge, Nature and the Meaning of Being.
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This can be done by comparing the input gene set to each of the bins (terms) in the gene ontology – a statistical test can be performed for each bin to see if it is enriched for the input genes.
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Phenomenon and Thing-in-Itself 現象與物自身 (1975). This develops Mou's famous doctrine of "two-level ontology," patterned off of Kantian and Buddhist metaphysics. Treatise on Summum Bonum () (1985). This is Mou's last major work.
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The Function-Behaviour- Structure ontology is the basis for two frameworks of designing: the FBS framework, and its extension, the situated FBS framework. They represent the process of designing as transformations between function, behaviour and structure, and subclasses thereof.
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In this traditional terminology, 'substance' is a term of ontology, referring to really existing things; only individuals are said to be substances (subjects) in the primary sense. Secondary substance, in a different sense, also applies to man-made artifacts.
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This shapes his approach to "Orthodox Christian anarchism," which he proposes as the only political philosophy which is consistent with Orthodox Christian anthropology and ontology. He also works in various media artistically including video art, performance, painting, and sculpture.
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The classes are not necessarily logically identical. According to Euzenat and Shvaiko (2007),Jérôme Euzenat and Pavel Shvaiko. 2013. Ontology matching , Springer-Verlag, 978-3-642-38720-3. there are three major dimensions for similarity: syntactic, external, and semantic.
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Example of an IDEF5 Composition Schematic for a Ballpoint Pen. IDEF5 (Integrated Definition for Ontology Description Capture Method) is a software engineering method to develop and maintain usable, accurate domain ontologies.Perakath C. Benjamin et al. (1994). IDEF5 Method Report.
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Heidegger claims that traditional ontology has prejudicially overlooked the question of being. His analysis employs a hermeneutic circle, relying upon repetitive yet progressive acts of interpretation."der methodische Sinn der Phänomenologischen Deskription ist Auslegung," Sein und Zeit, p. 37.
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These approaches, of methodology and historiography are looked at from archival standpoints within Oriental and Mediaevalist Studies, fail to recognize the fact that philosophy in Islam can still be a living intellectual tradition. He maintains that its renewal requires a radical reform in ontology and epistemology within Islamic thought. El-Bizri's interpretations of Avicenna (Ibn Sina) from the standpoint of Heidegger's critique of the history of metaphysics, and specifically against the background of the unfolding of the essence of technology, aim at finding new pathways in ontology that are not simply Avicennian nor Heideggerian, even though El-Bizri's approach in rethinking falsafa amounts to a "Neo-Avicennism" that carries resonances with novel modern philosophical ways of reading Aristotelianism and Thomism. El- Bizri engages contemporary issues in philosophy through a fundamental critical analytic of the evolution of key concepts in the history of ontology and epistemology.
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Concurrent to those technological advances, art historians have shown increasing interest in new theoretical approaches to the nature of artworks as objects. Thing theory, actor–network theory, and object-oriented ontology have played an increasing role in art historical literature.
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Cherniss's pre-war preface announces this as the first as two volumes, but after the war he never published the sequel on Plato's supposed mathematical ontology. Cherniss's views on this question, however, are summarized in The Riddle of the Early Academy.
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Classifiers originated with KL-ONE Frame languages. They are increasingly significant now that they form a part in the enabling technology of the Semantic Web. Modern classifiers leverage the Web Ontology Language. The models they analyze and generate are called ontologies.
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Znamierowski is noted in Polish law for his contributions to social sciences (social ontology) and jurisprudence, particularly the concept of legal system which is similar to H.L.A. Hart's ideas, but was published almost forty years before Hart's The Concept of Law.
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Cyc was meant to address this problem. The language they defined was known as CycL. After CycL, a number of ontology languages have been developed. Most are declarative languages, and are either frame languages, or are based on first-order logic.
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LightShed in 2006 Liz Magor works in sculpture, installation, public art and photography. Her sculptural work investigates the ontology of ordinary or familiar objects, which she remakes and presents in new contexts.Emily Carr University of Art + Design. "Liz Magor – Faculty Bio".
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Managing an ontology network means that you can activate or deactivate parts of a complex model from time to time, so that your data can be viewed and classified under different "logical lenses". This is especially useful in Reasoning operations.
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In information science an ontology is formal if it is specified in a formal language, otherwise it is informal. In philosophy, a separate distinction between formal and nonformal ontologies exists, which does not relate to the use of a formal language.
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Certain claims activists make on behalf of their social movement "resonate" with audiences including media, elites, sympathetic allies, and potential recruits. Successful frames draw upon shared cultural understandings (e.g. rights, morality). This perspective is firmly rooted in a social constructivist ontology.
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Mou fails to recognize that Heidegger's Time represents the transcendental metaphysics that overcome the normal sense of time in phenomenal world. This failure limits Mou's understanding of Heidegger's philosophy only as the immanent metaphysics that stick to the attached (phenomenal) ontology.
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Morris Weitz Morris Weitz (; July 24, 1916 – February 1, 1981) "was an American philosopher of aesthetics who focused primarily on ontology, interpretation, and literary criticism". From 1972 until his death he was Richard Koret Professor of Philosophy at Brandels University.
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Maoist Dialectics remained the dominant paradigm into the 1970s, and most debates were on technical questions of dialectical ontology. In the 1980s the Dengist reforms led to a large-scale translation and influence of works of Western Marxism and Marxist Humanism.
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72, 77 Le Moi el le monde mapped out an independent phenomenology and ontology, imagining situations in which the "coexistence" of individual minds creates an implicit need for time perception, which inevitably leads them to the noumenon—hence, "cosmogony is anthropomorphic".
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In philosophy, being means the material or immaterial existence of a thing. = "being [...] Existence, the fact of belonging to the universe of things material or immaterial. " Anything that exists is being. Ontology is the branch of philosophy that studies being.
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Florin Giripescu Sutton, Existence and enlightenment in the Laṅkāvatāra-sūtra: a study in the ontology and epistemology of the Yogācāra school of Mahāyāna Buddhism. SUNY Press, 1991, page 58.Hajime Nakamura, Trevor Leggett. A History of Early Vedānta Philosophy, Part 2.
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This understanding of rebirth is upheld in causality as well.Kisala, p.77. "...traditional karmic beliefs in personal responsibility, extending over innumerable lifetimes, are upheld in doctrines concerning individual innen." Tenrikyo's ontology, however, differs from older karmic religious traditions such as Buddhism.
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The initiative also describes an extension mechanism for adding additional properties. In 2012, the GoodRelations ontology was integrated into Schema.org. Public discussion of the initiative largely takes place on the W3C public vocabularies mailing list. Much of the vocabulary on Schema.
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"Review: $urplus: Spinoza, Lacan." Rethinking Marxism: A Journal of Economics, Culture and Society 22.1 (2010): pp. 157. and further, that this new ontology works "not simply to overturn the Platonic hierarchy but collapses it as obsolete."Kordela, A. Kiarina. 2007. $urplus.
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A large corpus of Part-Of- Speech tagged sentences and an initial ontology with predefined categories, relations, mutually exclusive relationships between same-arity predicates, subset relationships between some categories, seed instances for all predicates, and seed patterns for the categories.
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Accessed 24 Nov 2008. The technique for visualizing these relationships among different concepts is called concept mapping. Concept maps have been used to define the ontology of computer systems, for example with the object-role modeling or Unified Modeling Language formalism.
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Ruttenberg, et al. (2007). "Advancing translational research with the Semantic Web." BMC Bioinformatics. Retrieved 28 September 2012 One of the current applications of ontology-based search in the biomedical sciences is GoPubMed, which searches the PubMed database of scientific literature.
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Ontology learning is the automatic or semi-automatic creation of ontologies, including extracting the corresponding domain's terms from natural language text. As building ontologies manually is extremely labor-intensive and time consuming, there is great motivation to automate the process.
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101 Nature and role of philosophy 11 Metaphysics 111 General metaphysics. Ontology 122/129 Special Metaphysics 13 Philosophy of mind and spirit. Metaphysics of spiritual life 14 Philosophical systems and points of view 141 Kinds of viewpoint. Including: Monism. Dualism. Pluralism.
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AGROVOC is used by researchers, librarians and information managers for indexing, retrieving and organizing data in agricultural information systems and web pages.AGROVOC Uses Within the context of the Semantic Web also new users are emerging, like software developers and ontology builders.
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Machine interpretation of documents and services in Semantic Web environment is primarily enabled by (a) the capability to mark documents, document segments and services with semantic tags and (b) the ability to establish contextual relations between the tags with a domain model, which is formally represented as ontology. Human beings use natural languages to communicate an abstract view of the world. Natural language constructs are symbolic representations of human experience and are close to the conceptual model that Semantic Web technologies deal with. Thus, natural language constructs have been naturally used to represent the ontology elements.
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SDT is modeled based on the framework of Developing Ontology- Grounded Methods and Applications (DOGMA). The separation of an ontology into extremely simple linguistic structures (also known as lexons) and a layer of lexon constraints used by applications (also known as ontological commitments), aiming to achieve a degree of scalability. According to the DOGMA framework, an SDT consists of a layer of the decision binary fact types called SDT lexons and a SDT commitment layer that consists of the constraints and axioms of these fact types. A lexon l is a quintuple <γ,t1,r1,r2,t2>.
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Philosophy addresses two different aspects of the topic of reality: the nature of reality itself, and the relationship between the mind (as well as language and culture) and reality. On the one hand, ontology is the study of being, and the central topic of the field is couched, variously, in terms of being, existence, "what is", and reality. The task in ontology is to describe the most general categories of reality and how they are interrelated. If a philosopher wanted to proffer a positive definition of the concept "reality", it would be done under this heading.
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Tillich used the concept of being (Sein) throughout his philosophical and theological work. Some of his work engaged with the fundamental ontology of Martin Heidegger.The development of Tillich's intellectual profile happened in a context in which the fundamental ontology of Martin Heidegger was also taking shape. The relation of Tillich's understanding of being to Heidegger's reflection on the question of being (Seinsfrage) in Sein und Zeit (Being and Time) has received little scholarly attention. A recent account has been published in Nader El-Bizri, 'Ontological Meditations on Tillich and Heidegger', Iris: Annales de Philosophie Volume 36 (2015), pp.
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GOOSE, GO Online SQL Environment; allows direct SQL querying of the GO database AmiGO can be used online at the GO website to access the data provided by the GO Consortium, or can be downloaded and installed for local use on any database employing the GO database schema (e.g.). It is free open source software and is available as part of the go-dev software distribution. OBO-Edit is an open source, platform-independent ontology editor developed and maintained by the Gene Ontology Consortium. It is implemented in Java, and uses a graph-oriented approach to display and edit ontologies.
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The Gene Ontology was originally constructed in 1998 by a consortium of researchers studying the genomes of three model organisms: Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly), Mus musculus (mouse), and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (brewer's or baker's yeast). Many other Model Organism Databases have joined the Gene Ontology Consortium, contributing not only annotation data, but also contributing to the development of the ontologies and tools to view and apply the data. Many major plant, animal and microorganism databases make a contribution towards this project. As of July 2019, the GO contains 44,945 terms; there are 6,408,283 annotations to 4,467 different biological organisms.
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Structuralism is an epistemologically realistic view in that it holds that mathematical statements have an objective truth value. However, its central claim only relates to what kind of entity a mathematical object is, not to what kind of existence mathematical objects or structures have (not, in other words, to their ontology). The kind of existence mathematical objects have would clearly be dependent on that of the structures in which they are embedded; different sub- varieties of structuralism make different ontological claims in this regard. The ante rem structuralism ("before the thing") has a similar ontology to Platonism.
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In 2010, Gill Bejerano from Stanford University released the Genomic region enrichment of annotations tool (GREAT), a software which takes advantage of regulatory domains to better associate gene ontology terms to genes. Its primary purpose is to identify pathways and processes that are significantly associated with factor regulating activity. This method maps genes with regulatory regions through a hypergeometric test over genes, inferring proximal gene regulatory domains. It does this by using the total fraction of the genome associated with a given ontology term as the expected fraction of input regions associated with the term by chance.
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Some commentators contend that object-oriented ontology degrades meaning by placing humans and objects on equal footing. Matthew David Segall has argued that object-oriented philosophers should explore the theological and anthropological implications of their ideas in order to avoid "slipping into the nihilism of some speculative realists, where human values are a fluke in an uncaring and fundamentally entropic universe". Other critical commentators such as David Berry and Alexander Galloway have commented on the historical situatedness of an ontology that mirrors computational processes and even the metaphors and language of computation. Pancomputationalism and digital philosophy explore these ideas further.
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34 Eliade describes this view of reality as a fundamental part of "primitive ontology" (the study of "existence" or "reality"). Here he sees a similarity with the philosophy of Plato, who believed that physical phenomena are pale and transient imitations of eternal models or "Forms" (see Theory of forms). He argued: > Plato could be regarded as the outstanding philosopher of 'primitive > mentality,' that is, as the thinker who succeeded in giving philosophic > currency and validity to the modes of life and behavior of archaic humanity. Eliade thinks the Platonic theory of forms is "primitive ontology" persisting in Greek philosophy.
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The internal–external distinction is a distinction used in philosophy to divide an ontology into two parts: an internal part consisting of a linguistic framework and observations related to that framework, and an external part concerning practical questions about the utility of that framework. This division was introduced by Rudolf Carnap in his work "Empiricism, Semantics, and Ontology". It was subsequently criticized at length by Willard Van Orman Quine in a number of works, and was considered for some time to have been discredited. However, recently a number of authors have come to the support of some or another version of Carnap's approach.
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Computational analyses employ special formats of pathway representation. In the simplest form, however, a pathway might be represented as a list of member molecules with order and relations unspecified. Such a representation, generally called Functional Gene Set (FGS), can also refer to other functionally characterised groups such as protein families, Gene Ontology (GO) and Disease Ontology (DO) terms etc. In bioinformatics, methods of pathway analysis might be used to identify key genes/ proteins within a previously known pathway in relation to a particular experiment / pathological condition or building a pathway de novo from proteins that have been identified as key affected elements.
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The Process Specification Language (PSL) is a set of logic terms used to describe processes. The logic terms are specified in an ontology that provides a formal description of the components and their relationships that make up a process. The ontology was developed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), and has been approved as an international standard in the document ISO 18629. The Process Specification Language can be used for the representation of manufacturing, engineering and business processes, including production scheduling, process planning, workflow management, business process reengineering, simulation, process realization, process modelling, and project management.
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BTO is one of the first tissue-specific ontologies in life sciences, not restricted to a specific organism or a specific organism group providing a user-friendly access to the wide range of tissue and cell-type information. Databases, such as Ontology Lookup Service or ses, such as MIRIAM Registry or of the EBI-EMBL, the TissueDistributionDB, including the Tissue Synonym Library of the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) in Heidelberg or the Bioportal plattform of the National Center for Biomedical Ontology in Stanford, USA rely on BTO and implement the encyclopedia as an essential repository of information into their respective plattform.
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According to Husserl, Being and Time claimed to deal with ontology but only did so in the first few pages of the book. Having nothing further to contribute to an ontology independent of human existence, Heidegger changed the topic to Dasein. Whereas Heidegger argued that the question of human existence is central to the pursuit of the question of being, Husserl criticised this as reducing phenomenology to "philosophical anthropology" and offering an abstract and incorrect portrait of the human being.See Edmund Husserl, Psychological and transcendental phenomenology and the confrontation with Heidegger (1927–1931) (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1997).
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Basic Formal Ontology (BFO) is a top-level ontology developed by Barry Smith and his associates for the purposes of promoting interoperability among domain ontologies built in its terms through a process of downward population. A guide to building BFO-conformant domain ontologies was published by MIT Press in 2015. The standard is currently under development. The structure of BFO is based on a division of entities into two disjoint categories of continuant and occurrent, the former comprehending for example objects and spatial regions, the latter comprehending processes conceived as extended through (or as spanning) time.
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Milan Uzelac (; 1950, Vršac, Vojvodina, Serbia, Yugoslavia) is a Serbian poet, essayist, PhD, full Professor of Ontology and Aesthetics of the University of Novi Sad (Serbia) Milan Uzelac — Serbian poet, essayist, PhD, full Professor of Ontology and Aesthetics Milan Uzelac was born on 8 April 1950 in Vršac (Serbia), where he received his elementary and secondary education. He studied Philosophy at the University of Belgrade, where he got his B.A. (1974) and M.A. (1980) degrees and was awarded a doctorate in philosophy from the University of Zagreb in 1985. He worked as a lecturer at the Teacher Training College in Kikinda (1981-1986), and his affiliation with the University of Novi Sad started in 1986, when he became an assistant professor in Theory of Art and Sociology of Art (1986-1990), then an associate professor in Esthetics (1990-1995). In 1995 he became a professor of philosophy at the University of Novi Sad, where he teaches courses in Esthetics and Ontology.
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Considerations in the development of an ontology for a generalized intelligent framework for tutoring. In I3M defense and homeland security simulation Conference (DHSS 2012)., ASSISTments BuilderRazzaq, L., Patvarczki, J., Almeida, S. F., Vartak, M., Feng, M., Heffernan, N. T., & Koedinger, K. R. (2009).
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He completed his B.S.S. in 1949. He then went on to graduate study in philosophy at Columbia University, where he earned his Ph.D. in 1953. He wrote a dissertation which was later published under the title Kierkegaard and Heidegger: the Ontology of Existence.
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In human and computer interactions, a semantic gap usually exists between human and computer's understandings towards mutual behaviors. Ontology, as a formal representation of domain-specific knowledge, can be used to address this problem, through solving the semantic ambiguities between the two parties.
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An autoencoder ANN was used in bioinformatics, to predict gene ontology annotations and gene-function relationships. In medical informatics, deep learning was used to predict sleep quality based on data from wearables and predictions of health complications from electronic health record data.
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The relation between these terms is shown in the figure to the right. Not all workers in knowledge engineering use the term ‘conceptualization’, but instead refer to the conceptualization itself, or to the ontological commitment of all its realizations, as an overarching ontology.
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1\. sarvam khalv idam brahma from Chandogya Upanishad 3.14.1 Translated literally, this means All this is Brahman. The ontology of Vishishtadvaita system consists of: a. Ishvara is Para-brahman with infinite superlative qualities, whose substantive nature imparts the existence to the modes b.
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Gene ontology analysis provides a standard way to define these relationships. Gene ontologies start with very broad categories, e.g., "metabolic process" and break them down into smaller categories, e.g., "carbohydrate metabolic process" and finally into quite restrictive categories like "inositol and derivative phosphorylation".
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Optimized Index Structures for Querying RDF from the Web Andreas Harth, Stefan Decker, 3rd Latin American Web Congress, Buenos Aires, Argentina, October 31 to November 2, 2005, pp. 71–80 As RDFS and OWL demonstrate, one can build additional ontology languages upon RDF.
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Fugglestone was part of a hundred called Branch and Dole.Fugglestone St Peter: GBHGIS AU Gazetteer/Ontology: Relationships at port.ac.uk The astrologer Simon Forman was born at Quidhampton in the parish in 1552.Ann Hoffman, Lives of the Tudor age, 1485-1603 (1977), p.
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Muñoz departs from Peggy Phelan's argument that the ontology of performance lies in its disappearance. Muñoz parts from this view as it is confined to a narrow view of time. He suggests live performance exists ephemerally then without completely disappearing after it vanishes.
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Recently, knowledge based configuration has been extended to service and software configuration. Modeling software configuration has been based on two main approaches: feature modeling, and component-connectors. Kumbang domain ontology combines the previous approaches building on the tradition of knowledge based configuration.
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Democritus and Epicurus, however, did not hold to a monist ontology since they held to the ontological separation of matter and space (i.e. space being "another kind" of being) indicating that the definition of materialism is wider than the given scope of this article.
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Researchers have also made use of more discrete units of online communication such as web comments or tweets. King (2008) used an ontology of terms trained from many thousands of pre- classified documents to analyse the subject matter of a number of search engines.
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3-20Brian Massumi, "The Future Birth of the Affective Fact: The Political Ontology of Threat," The Affect Theory Reader, ed. Gregory Seigworth and Melissa Gregg (Durham: Duke University Press, 2010), pp. 52-70. Revised and reprinted in Massumi, Ontopower, op. cit., pp. 189-205.
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C.]: Zero, 2009). Fisher argues that capitalist realism has propagated a business ontology which concludes that everything should be run as a business, including education and health care (see New Public Management).Mark Fisher, Capitalist Realism: Is There No Alternative? (Winchester, UK; Washington [D.
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Inleidingen en Teksten (Amsterdam: Buijten en Schipperheijn, 1992), 155-159; citation from p. 156 (valedictory address 1963). Since “knowing is a part of being,” the theory of knowledge presupposes ontology, hence analysis needs to proceed from created reality and respect its being law-bound.
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Sean D. Kirkland is an American philosopher and associate professor of philosophy at DePaul University. He is known for his expertise on Ancient Greek Philosophy. Kirkland won the 2013 Symposium Book Award for his monograph The Ontology of Socratic Questioning in Platos Early Dialogues.
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This double process cycle is iteratively applied until an optimal balance of differences and commonalities between stakeholders are reached that meets the semantic integration requirements. This approach is based on research on community-based ontology engineering () that is validated in European projects, government and industry.
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Thereby, for Zubiri, "Being" had been "substantivised" by Western philosophy. For Zubiri, reality is paramount to Being, which is not a noun, but a verb. Being is a particular aspect of reality and not the other way around. Metaphysics studies reality and ontology studies being.
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In our ontology chart the node labelled #IBM is a particular organisation. The arcs represent ontological dependency relations directed from left to right. The right affordance is ontologically dependent on the left affordance. The left affordance is the ontological antecedent of the right affordance.
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Example of an IDEF5 composition schematic for a ballpoint pen IDEF5, or integrated definition for ontology description capture method, is a software engineering method to develop and maintain usable, accurate, domain ontologies.Perakath C. Benjamin et al. (1994). IDEF5 Method Report. Knowledge Based Systems, Inc.
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"Ken Wilber (1949 -)" , The Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature, p. 1743. London: Continuum Wilber's ideas have grown more and more inclusive over the years, incorporating ontology, epistemology, and methodology.Esbjörn-Hargens, Sean (2006). "Editor’s Inaugural Welcome," AQAL: Journal of Integral Theory and Practice, p. v.
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His academic focus was primarily on Buddhist ontology, Buddhist metaphysics, and Buddhist epistemology. He completed his PhD in Philosophy from Assumption University of Thailand. Evans teaches Buddhist philosophy at Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya University. He is also chief editor of Journal of International Association of Buddhist Universities.
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Stanley Burnshaw (June 20, 1906 – September 16, 2005) was an American poet, primarily known for his ontology The Seamless Web (1970). His style was particularly writing political poems, prose, editorials, etc. Aside from political poetry, Burnshaw is known for his works on social justice.
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For example, they may postulate the existence of basic entities such as value, beauty, and God. Then they use these postulates to make their own arguments about consequences resulting from them. When philosophers in these subjects make their foundations they are doing applied metaphysics, and may draw upon its core topics and methods to guide them, including ontology and other core and peripheral topics. As in science, the foundations chosen will in turn depend on the underlying ontology used, so philosophers in these subjects may have to dig right down to the ontological layer of metaphysics to find what is possible for their theories.
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The word comes from the Ancient Greek μή, me "non" and ὄν, on "being" (confer ontology). It refers not exactly to the study of what does not exist, but an attempt to cover what may remain outside of ontology. Meontology has a slim tradition in the West (see Parmenides, Plato's Sophist, and apophatic theology), but has always been central to the Eastern philosophies of Taoism and the later Buddhism. Nishida was the first to thoroughly expand the Eastern notion of nothingness in the Continental paradigm and is thus responsible for bringing to the West a clearer understanding of the Buddhist notion of non-being.
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Gene ontology terms describe gene functions and the relationships between those functions into three classes: #Molecular function #Cellular component #Biological process Gene Ontology (GO) term enrichment is a technique used to identify which GO terms are over-represented or under-represented in a given set of genes. In single- cell analysis input list of genes of interest can be selected based on differentially expressed genes or groups of genes generated from biclustering. The number of genes annotated to a GO term in the input list is normalised against the number of genes annotated to a GO term in the background set of all genes in genome to determine statistical significance.
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Some argue that a particular interpretation of the world, a conscious or subconscious ontology, accounts for the phenomenon. They argue that the active shooter lives in a world of victims and victimizers, that all are one or the other. The ontology accommodates no nuance, no room between the categories for benevolence, friendship, decency, nor indeed, for a mixture of good and bad. His interpretation of the world may grow out of or be fed by bullying or violent imagery (hence the common obsession with violent movies, books or video games), but it is the absolutist interpretation of his world that drives him both to kill and to die.
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In 1924 he married Sophie Wertheim, a mathematician. He returned to Freiburg in 1928 to study with Edmund Husserl and write a habilitation with Martin Heidegger, which was published in 1932 as Hegel's Ontology and the Theory of Historicity (Hegels Ontologie und die Theorie der Geschichtlichkeit). This study was written in the context of the Hegel renaissance that was taking place in Europe with an emphasis on Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel's ontology of life and history, idealist theory of spirit and dialectic. With his academic career blocked by the rise of the Third Reich, in 1933 Marcuse joined the Institute for Social Research, popularly known as the Frankfurt School.
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Since the time of Plato and Aristotle, some philosophers have posited true reality as "timeless", based on permanent substances, while processes are denied or subordinated to timeless substances. If Socrates changes, becoming sick, Socrates is still the same (the substance of Socrates being the same), and change (his sickness) only glides over his substance: change is accidental, whereas the substance is essential. Therefore, classic ontology denies any full reality to change, which is conceived as only accidental and not essential. This classical ontology is what made knowledge and a theory of knowledge possible, as it was thought that a science of something in becoming was an impossible feat to achieve.
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Discussions of the work in the European Journal of Philosophy include those by Gianfranco Soldati, Irene McMullin, and Lambert Zuidervaart. Soldati criticized the laws Husserl formulated concerning "the relations between dependent and independent parts of a whole", finding them "incomplete and not always easy to grasp." He also noted that some commentators have seen Husserl as maintaining that formal ontology is independent of formal logic, while others believe that for Husserl, formal ontology belongs to formal logic. Mcmullin argued that while in the Logical Investigations, Husserl's discussion of "expression" was focused exclusively on its linguistic meaning, he developed a significantly expanded notion of expression in his later work.
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Despite the strong debate, the Quaternary saw official ratification as a geological unit from the IUGS in June 2009, placing its lower boundary to the Gelasian Stage/Age at Monte San Nicola, Sicily, Italy (until then uppermost part of the Pliocene Series/Epoch, and thus of the Neogene System/Period), 2.58 Ma BP. In addition to publishing paper and document (PDF) versions of the International Stratigraphic Chart, the ICS also provides a machine-readable version of the chart formulated using the Web Ontology Language (OWL) and, in particular, Time Ontology in OWL. The ICS' chart web page also provides an interactive version of the chart, based on the OWL data.
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Ontology is the investigation of what exactly something is, and Taruskin asserts that an art object becomes that which society and succeeding generations made of it. For example, Johann Sebastian Bach's St. John Passion, composed in the 1720s, was appropriated by the Nazi regime in the 1930s for propaganda. Taruskin claims the historical development of the St John Passion (its ontogeny) as a work with an anti-Semitic message does, in fact, inform the work's identity (its ontology), even though that was an unlikely concern of the composer. Music or even an abstract visual artwork can not be truly autonomous ("absolute") because it is defined by its historical and social reception.
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The semantic spectrum (sometimes referred to as the ontology spectrum or the smart data continuum or semantic precision) is a series of increasingly precise or rather semantically expressive definitions for data elements in knowledge representations, especially for machine use. At the low end of the spectrum is a simple binding of a single word or phrase and its definition. At the high end is a full ontology that specifies relationships between data elements using precise URIs for relationships and properties. With increased specificity comes increased precision and the ability to use tools to automatically integrate systems but also increased cost to build and maintain a metadata registry.
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James' solution was that by clarifying "pragmatically" whether "around" meant traversing north/east/south/west of something versus traversing left/right/before/behind something, the dispute was readily solvable. Hirsch actually calls James' example a "verbal" dispute and explains, at some length, the connection between verbal and soft ontological disagreements (they are, according to Hirsch, partly but not completely overlapping sets of problems). Soft ontological dilemmas are contrasted with hard ones—those which would not admit of translation, reconciliation, or overlap, and would instead require a systematic or paradigmatic shift of one's ontology. One can choose to construct a hard or soft ontology, depending on the flexibility one intends to obtain.
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Soft ontology, as proposed in computer science circles by Aviles et al. (2003), is a definition of a domain in terms of a flexible set of ontological dimensions. It can be regarded as a subclass of ontologies as they are conceived of in computer science, in Gruber's terms (1993) as definitions of conceptualization. Unlike standard ontologies, the approach allows the number of its constitutive concepts to increase or decrease dynamically, any subsets of the ontology to be taken into account at a time, or the order their mutual weight or priority to vary in a graded manner so as to allow different ontological perspectives.
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He is known for his approach towards Conceptual Modeling, which advocates that, if Conceptual Modeling is about representing conceptualizations of reality to support human understanding communication and problem-solving, it must rely on foundations that take formal ontology in philosophy, cognitive science and linguistic seriously. He has been, for the past two decades, an active promoter of the so-called field of “Ontology-Driven Conceptual Modeling”, in general, and of the role of philosophy for Information Systems Engineering, in particular. He frequently gives keynote addresses as well as interviews on these topics. He defended his PhD thesis in 2005 in the University of Twente.
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An ontology class in a natural-language program that is not a concept in the sense as humans use concepts. Concepts in an NLP are examples (samples) of generic human concepts. Each sentence in a natural-language program is either (1) stating a relationship in a world model or (2) carries out an action in the environment or (3) carries out a computational procedure or (4) invokes an answering mechanism in response to a question. A set of NLP sentences, with associated ontology defined, can also be used as a pseudo code that does not provide the details in any underlying high level programming language.
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Columbia University Press. . His conduct was hence considered to be that of the "ideal saint" and "perfect bhakta (devotee)", providing a tangible and graspable example for the spiritual aspirant to follow.Hanna Kim Being Swaminarayan: The Ontology and Significance of Belief in the Construction of a Gujarati Diaspora.
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Other scholars such as Thomas Nail have critiqued "vitalist" versions of new materialism for its depoliticizing "flat ontology" and for being ahistorical in nature. Quentin Meillassoux proposed speculative materialism, a post-Kantian return to David Hume which is also based on materialist ideas.Meillassoux, Quentin. 2008. After Finitude.
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Fowler, Martin. Patterns of Enterprise Application Architecture. Addison Wesley, 2003, p. 116.Fowler, Martin. "P of EAA - Domain Model" In ontology engineering, a domain model is a formal representation of a knowledge domain with concepts, roles, datatypes, individuals, and rules, typically grounded in a description logic.
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These three points, the method, the results, and the philosophy of history, are with him intimately connected. They are developments in a natural order of sequence. They become in practice Psychology, Ontology and Eclecticism in history. Cousin strongly insisted on the importance of method in philosophy.
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Grundriß der allgemeinen Kategorienlehre (The Structure of the Real World. Outline of the General Theory of Categories) (1940). The unrest of the National Socialist period seems to have left Hartmann relatively undisturbed in his task of developing a new ontology. In the "'-Dossiers über Philosophie-Professoren" (i.e.
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Some of the people interviewed are John Updike, David Deutsch, Adolf Grünbaum, John Leslie, Derek Parfit, Roger Penrose, Richard Swinburne, Steven Weinberg, and Andrei Linde. Along the way, Jim Holt also introduces the reader to the philosophy of mathematics, theology, physics, ontology, epistemology, and other subjects.
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He was accepted and received everywhere with enthusiasm. He presented a clear and well-balanced teaching, both scientific and metaphysical, neither predominantly orientalist or occidentalist. His teachings were many and varied and included Buddhism, The Bible, Philosophy, Ontology, Geophysics, Cosmobiology, Meta-Astronomy, Medicine, and Hermetic Science.
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Richard Utz, Valerie B. Johnson, and Travis Denton (Atlanta: School of Literature, Media, and Communication, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2014), pp. 69-71, provides a quick general definition. In 2009, Levi Bryant rephrased Harman's original designation as "object-oriented ontology", giving the movement its current name.
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He was the first to produce a reliable stereotaxic space for the brain of rats, mice, and primates — a factor fueling the explosion in neuroscience research since the 1980s. He developed the first comprehensive nomenclature and ontology for the brain, covering humans, birds, and developing mammals.
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In this sense, Descola utilizes ontology as an elementary analytical tool to explore how worlds are constructed in a manner that is distinct from the way anthropologists generally discuss worldviews. Descola proposes that anthropology can utilize ontological frameworks to best account for how worlds are composed.
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Today there are only two ontological alternatives in philosophy: the "objectivistic" variant of philosophy which was carefully developed by Nicolai Hartmann, and the "subjectivistic" fundamental ontology of Heidegger. For a variety of reasons, recently, the majority of philosophers give preference to the second, to Heidegger's alternative.
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In linguistics, an empty category is an element in the study of syntax that does not have any phonological content and is therefore unpronounced.Kosta, Peter, and Krivochen, Diego Gabriel. Eliminating Empty Categories: A Radically Minimalist View on Their Ontology and Justification. Frankfurt: Peter Lang GmbH, 2013. Print.
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In a general sense, a glossary contains explanations of concepts relevant to a certain field of study or action. In this sense, the term is related to the notion of ontology. Automatic methods have been also provided that transform a glossary into an ontologyR. Navigli, P. Velardi.
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From Glossaries to Ontologies: Extracting Semantic Structure from Textual Definitions, Ontology Learning and Population: Bridging the Gap between Text and Knowledge (P. Buitelaar and P. Cimiano, Eds.), Series information for Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications, IOS Press, 2008, pp. 71-87. or a computational lexicon.R. Navigli.
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A number of upper ontologies have been proposed, each with its own proponents. Library classification systems predate upper ontology systems. Though library classifications organize and categorize knowledge using general concepts that are the same across all knowledge domains, neither system is a replacement for the other.
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This is the origin of mind or intelligence, as the system should be able to select the right actions for the given conditions. These "condition-action" relations are the basis of knowledge.Heylighen, F. (2011). Self-organization of complex, intelligent systems: an action ontology for transdisciplinary integration.
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Part 7 provides RDF mappings of the different MLR entities introduced in the MLR framework: Data element specifications, resource classes, data elements, application profiles, MLR records and data element group specifications. It also provides an OWL 2 DL ontology for the resource classes and data element specifications.
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PPLs often extend from a basic language. The choice of underlying basic language depends on the similarity of the model to the basic language's ontology, as well as commercial considerations and personal preference. For instance, Dimple and Chimple are based on Java, Infer.NET is based on .
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The ontologies should have textual definitions for each item, in a human-readable way. That means that beside the alphanumeric identification for each item, they should be described in natural language by logical affirmations following the Aristotelian logic in a way that is unique within the ontology.
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Although not the first to mention the word "ontology" in computer science (that distinction belongs to John McCarthy ), Hayes was one of the first to actually do it, and inspired an entire generation of researchers in knowledge engineering, logical formalisations of commonsense reasoning, and ontology. In the middle of the 1990s, while serving as president of the AAAI, Hayes began a series of attacks on critics of AI, mostly phrased in an ironic light, and (together with his colleague Kenneth Ford) invented an award named after Simon Newcomb to be given for the most ridiculous argument "disproving" the possibility of AI. The Newcomb Awards are announced in the AI Magazine published by AAAI. At the turn of the century he became active in the Semantic Web community, contributing substantially (perhaps solely) to the revised semantics of RDF known as RDF-Core, one of the three designers (along with Peter Patel-Schneider and Ian Horrocks) of the Web Ontology Language semantics, and most recently contributed to SPARQL. He is also, along with philosopher Christopher Menzel the primary designer of the ISO Common Logic standard.
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The variations in natural language definitions of what constitutes an organ, their degree of precision, and the variations in how they map to ontologies and taxonomies in information science (for example, to count how many organs exist in a typical human body) are topics explored by writer Carl Engelking of Discover magazine in 2017 as he analyzed the science journalism coverage of the evolving scientific understanding of the mesentery. He explored a challenge now faced by anatomists: as human understanding of ontology generally (that is, how things are defined, and how the relationship of one thing to another is defined) meets applied ontology and ontology engineering, unification of varying views is in higher demand. However, such unification always faces epistemologic frontiers, as humans can only declare computer ontologies with certainty and finality to the extent that their own cognitive taxonomy (that is, science's understanding of the universe) is certain and final. For example, the fact that the tissues of the mesentery are continuous was something that was simply not known for sure until it was demonstrated with microscopy.
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Michael F. Uschold (born 1955) is an American computer scientist, Artificial Intelligence researcher, and consultant, known for his work on knowledge representation and ontology.Guarino, Nicola, ed. Formal Ontology in Information Systems: Proceedings of the First International Conference (FIOS'98), June 6–8, Trento, Italy. Vol. 46. IOS press, 1998.
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The philosophy of engineering is an emerging discipline that considers what engineering is, what engineers do, and how their work affects society, and thus includes aspects of ethics and aesthetics, as well as the ontology, epistemology, etc. that might be studied in, for example, the philosophy of science.
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Xenopus can be used to model human diseases caused by common genes.Nenni et al. (2019). Xenbase: Facilitating the use of Xenopus to Model Human Disease, Frontiers in Physiology, Volume 10, doi:10.3389/fphys.2019.00154 Xenbase supports this by mapping Disease Ontology and OMIM diseases to Xenopus genes and publications.
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A basis swap involves exchanging floating interest rates based on different money markets. The principal is not exchanged. The swap effectively limits the interest-rate risk as a result of having differing lending and borrowing rates."Financial Industry Business Ontology" Version 2, Annex D: Derivatives, EDM Council, Inc.
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In 1944 he wrote his first essays on social science and Max Weber,Suzi Adams. Castoriadis's Ontology: Being and Creation. New York: Fordham University Press, 2011, p. 218. . which he published in a magazine named Archive of Sociology and Ethics (Αρχείον Κοινωνιολογίας και Ηθικής, Archeion Koinoniologias kai Ithikis).
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The falsifiability of this claim is perhaps the central problem in the cognitive science of mathematics, a field that attempts to establish a foundation ontology based on the human cognitive and scientific process.Dehaene, S. (1997) The number sense: How the mind creates mathematics. New York: Oxford University Press.
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The simplified version is obtained automatically from a full domain model by ignoring propositions deleted by actions. In 2000 he got interested in logic again because the development of the semantic web made it seem newly applicable. He did work on ontology translation and on semantic web services.
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Michael David Resnik (; born March 20, 1938) is a leading contemporary American philosopher of mathematics.M. D. Resnik (1974) On the Philosophical Significance of Consistency Proofs, Journal of Philosophical Logic pp. 133–147 URL DOIM. D. Resnik (1981) Mathematics as a Science of Patterns: Ontology and Reference, Noûs Vol.
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Jaap Kruithof (circa 2001) Jaap Kruithof (Berchem, 13 December 1929 - Boechout, 25 February 2009) was a Belgian philosopher and writer. His parents were Dutch Protestants. He took degrees in history, law and philosophy in Ghent, and in Paris. Then he earned a Ph.D. on Hegel's ontology, with honours.
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In Smith (2001) he describes philosophical roots of Gibson's ideas going back to Aristotle.Smith, Barry (2001), Objects and their environments: From Aristotle to ecological ontology, Anderson, Yamagishi and Karavia (2002) found that merely looking at an object primes the human brain to perform the action the object affords.
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VBT allows computer systems integrators to more automatically "look up" the definitions of data elements in a centralized data dictionary and use that definition and the equivalent mappings to transform that data element into a foreign namespace. The Web Ontology Language (OWL) language also support three semantic equivalence statements.
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But even then, the real existence of atoms was debated by some. Such debate might be labeled 'microcosmic ontology'. Here the word 'microcosm' is used to indicate a physical world of small entities, such as for example atoms. Subatomic particles are usually considered to be much smaller than atoms.
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Jin also founded a new philosophical system combining elements from Western and Chinese philosophical traditions (especially the concept of Tao). Not much work on Jin's philosophy has been done in the West in English, although a decent amount has been done in Chinese.Zinda, Yvonne Schulz. Jin Yuelin's Ontology.
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Continuing philosopher Graham Harman's work on Occasionalism in the context of Object Oriented Ontology, in 2020 Simon Weir proposed an alternate view of the relationship between Quantum theory and Occasionalism, opposed to the Copenhagen Interpretation, where virtual particles act as one of many kinds of mediating sensual objects.
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Jerrold Levinson (born 11 July 1948 in Brooklyn) is Distinguished University Professor of Philosophy at the University of Maryland, College Park. He is particularly noted for his work on the aesthetics of music, as well as for his search for meaning and ontology in film, art and humour.
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The Swaminarayan ontology comprises five eternal entities: jiva (jīva), ishwar (iśvara), maya (māyā), Aksharbrahman (Akṣarabrahman, also Akshara, Akṣara, or Brahman), Parabrahman (Parabrahman, or Purushottam, Puruṣottama). The entities are separate and distinct from one another and structured within a hierarchy.Mukundcharandas, Sadhu (2004). Vachnamrut Handbook (Insights into Bhagwan Swaminarayan's Teachings).
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American Journal of Sociology, 91(4), 969-977. Structuration theory allows researchers to focus on any structure or concept individually or in combination. In this way, structuration theory prioritizes ontology over epistemology. In his own work, Giddens focuses on production and reproduction of social practices in some context.
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The result page displays all enzymes which are isolated or detected in the searched tissue term, directly linked to BTO. BTO and BRENDA are freely accessible for academic users. It can be freely downloaded via the “Ontology Explorer” of the BRENDA website or in the OBO format from “Obofoundry”.
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The ontologies should be useful for multiple different people, and ontology developers should document the evidence of use. This criterion is important for the review process. Examples of use include linking to terms by other ontologies, use in semantic web projects, use in annotations or other research applications.
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The central problem in Asian (religious) philosophy is not the body-mind problem, but the search for an unchanging Real or Absolute beyond the world of appearances and changing phenomena, and the search for liberation from dukkha and the liberation from the cycle of rebirth. In Hinduism, substance-ontology prevails, seeing Brahman as the unchanging real beyond the world of appearances. In Buddhism process ontology is prevalent, seeing reality as empty of an unchanging essence. Characteristic for various Asian religions is the discernment of levels of truth, an emphasis on intuitive-experiential understanding of the Absolute such as jnana, bodhi and kensho, and an emphasis on the integration of these levels of truth and its understanding.
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Hegel's Ontology and the Theory of Historicity received a mixed review from the philosopher Theodor W. Adorno in the Zeitschrift für Sozialforschung. The book's English translation received positive reviews from Brent Nelson in Library Journal, the sociologist George E. McCarthy in Contemporary Sociology, and H. N. Tuttle in Choice. The translation also received a mixed review from K. R. Dove in The Philosophical Review, and was discussed by Adam Sitze in Theory and Event. According to Benhabib, Adorno noted that the work advanced an interpretation of historicity that departed from Heidegger's views, moving from the "meaning of Being" toward the disclosure of beings, from fundamental ontology toward the philosophy of history, and from historicity toward history.
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F-logic was developed by Michael Kifer at Stony Brook University and Georg Lausen at the University of Mannheim. F-logic was originally developed for deductive databases, but is now most frequently used for semantic technologies, especially the semantic web. F-logic is considered as one of the formalisms for ontologies, but description logic (DL) is more popular and accepted, as is the DL-based OWL. A development environment for F-logic was developed in the NeOn project and is also used in a range of applications for information integration, question answering and semantic search. Prior to the version 4 of Protégé ontology editor, F-Logic is supported as one of the two kinds of ontology.
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The Plant Phenology Ontology (PPO) is a collection of OBO Foundry ontologies that facilitate integration of heterogeneous data about seed plant phenology from various sources. These data sources include observations networks, such as the National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON), the National Phenology Network (NPN), and the Pan-European Phenology Database (PEP725), remote sensing, herbarium specimens, and citizen science observations. The initial focus during ontology development was to capture phenological data about one plant or a population of plants as observed by a person, and this enabled integration of data across disparate observation network sources. Because phenological scorings vary in their methods and reporting, this allows these data to be aggregated and compared.
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An XML serialization of this ontology is defined in the Moby API such that any given ontology node has a predictable XML structure. Thus, between these two ontologies, a service provider and/or a client program can receive a piece of Moby XML, and immediately know both its structure, and its "intent" (semantics). The final core component of Moby is the MOBY Central web service registry. MOBY Central is aware of the Object, Namespace and Service ontologies, and thus can match consumers who have in-hand Moby data, with service providers who claim to consume that data-type (or some compatible ontological data-type) or to perform a particular operation on it.
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Object- oriented ontology is often viewed as a subset of speculative realism, a contemporary school of thought that criticizes the post-Kantian reduction of philosophical enquiry to a correlation between thought and being (correlationism), such that the reality of anything outside of this correlation is unknowable. Object-oriented ontology predates speculative realism, however, and makes distinct claims about the nature and equality of object relations to which not all speculative realists agree. The term "object-oriented philosophy" was coined by Graham Harman, the movement's founder, in his 1999 doctoral dissertation "Tool-Being: Elements in a Theory of Objects".Bogost's "Understanding the 'Experience' of Objects," in: Humanistic Perspectives in a Technological World, ed.
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She finished elementary school in UK and after returning to Iran, in an international Partian school. She received an English translation diploma when she was 13 and continued her studies at Alzahra University in graphic design and painting, in addition to research and translation in inner-science, eastern and western ontology. Her published translated works include Talons of Time of Paul Twitchell, The Seeker of Phil Morimitsu and The Spiritual Exercises of ECK of Harold Klemp. She concentrated solely on inner-science and eastern ontology and worked as a researcher and teacher of Metaphysics at the Rah-e Ma’refat (Road of Wisdom) institute. She was also a teacher at Rah-e Ma’refat institute which was officially registered.
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In its placing of Thomas Aquinas' thought squarely within the history of the development of doctrine, it also seemed to the same neo-Thomists to relativise the theology of Thomas Aquinas, as well as human truth claims in general.Hans Boersma, Nouvelle théologie and sacramental ontology, (2009), pp99-104 When de Lubac's Surnaturel was published in 1946, Bouillard's book became part of a more general debate on the position of the Fourvière theologians.Hans Boersma, Nouvelle théologie and sacramental ontology, (2009), p27 In 1950, Bouillard was removed from his teaching post at Fourvière because of his connections to the strands of thought known as nouvelle théologie. In the seven years that followed, he embarked on a large study of Karl Barth.
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In this way measurements no longer play a special role; rather, any interaction that causes decoherence causes the world to split. Since decoherence is never complete, there will always remain some infinitesimal overlap between two worlds, making it arbitrary whether a pair of worlds has split or not. Wallace argues that this is not problematic: it only shows that worlds are not a part of the fundamental ontology, but rather of the emergent ontology, where these approximate, effective descriptions are routine in the physical sciences. Since in this approach the worlds are derived, it follows that they must be present in any other interpretation of quantum mechanics that does not have a collapse mechanism, such as Bohmian mechanics.
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The first principle follows from Davidson's view of the ontology of events and the nature of the relationship of mental events (specifically propositional attitudes) with physical actions. Davidson subscribes to an ontology of events where events (as opposed to objects or states of affairs) are the fundamental, irreducible entities of the mental and physical universe. His original position, as expressed in Actions and Events, was that event-individuation must be done on the basis of causal powers. He later abandoned this view in favour of the individuation of events on the basis of spatio-temporal localization, but his principle of causal interaction seems to imply some sort of, at least, implicit commitment to causal individuation.
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Ulrich's thought circles in manifold variations around the ontological difference between non-subsistent being and subsisting beings. He sees the full form, and thus the actual interpretive horizon, of this difference in the personal difference of I and Thou. Ontology and anthropology, therefore, are integrally related to each other without being confused. With his radical understanding of being as love, Ulrich stands both in the tradition of those who would overcome metaphysics, especially metaphysics in the form of a static substance ontology, and in the tradition of those who would (for example, with Heidegger), bring their metaphysics back to its ground out of the profound experience of being in the philosophy of the great tradition.
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Metaphysical realism maintains that "whatever exists does so, and has the properties and relations it does, independently of deriving its existence or nature from being thought of or experienced."Laird Addis, Greg Jesson, Erwin Tegtmeier (eds.), Ontology and Analysis: Essays and Recollections about Gustav Bergmann, Walter de Gruyter, 2007, p. 107.
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The second phase requires choosing an ontology by which to organize categories of things. Temporal expressions and some numerical expressions (i.e., money, percentages, etc.) may also be considered as named entities in the context of the NER task. While some instances of these types are good examples of rigid designators (e.g.
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Some Questions about Relations (1957) is an analysis of the ontology of relations. Glassen argues that a relation has both properties (e.g. reflexivity (R), symmetry (S), transitivity (T)) and content. There must be content because many relations share the same set of properties while not being the same relation (e.g.
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They hold that a number has an independent reality, arguing that substances such as fire and water were not the real essences of the things they are predicated. In describing Greek philosophy, Charles Kahn identified predication as one of the three concepts - along with truth and reality - that ontology connected.
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Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing Ltd, 2008. See also object-oriented ontology. This is an important reason why, as Alfred Korzybski noted, people frequently confuse the symbolic representation of reality, conveyed by languages and signs, with reality itself.Alfred Korzybski, Science and Sanity: An Introduction to Non- Aristotelian Systems and General Semantics (5th ed.).
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This issue arises from real dichotomies in nature, the most prevalent example is the occurrence of an event. It either happened or it did not happen. This ontology sets a logical construct that cannot be reasonably applied to epistemology. False dilemma refers to misuse of the xor or nand operators.
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McMahon's research on computer aided design and manufacture (CADCAM) includes the introduction of a general purpose ontology-driven annotation approach for recording view-point dependent information in CAD, and work on the use of parametric and associative CAD systems to support the complex and lengthy design activities in the automotive industry.
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Together with Sabine Timpf he published "Multiple representations for cartographic objects in a multi-scale tree—An intelligent graphical zoom" and refined the ideas to "Tiers of ontology and consistency constraints in geographical information systems". With Peter A. Burrough he edited a book collecting contributions on "Geographic Objects with Indeterminate Boundaries".
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The FBS ontology has been used as a basis for modelling designs (the results of designing) and design processes (the activities of designing) in a number of design disciplines, including engineering design, architecture, construction and software design.Deng (2002)Christophe et al. (2010)Clayton et al. (1999)Kruchten (2005)Howard et al.
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In addition to SoyBase, objects identified by exact lexical matches to the query term, the tool also uses a soybean-specific ontology to identify biologically-related SoyBase objects. Some SoyBase sequence data and annotations are available through an InterMine instance (SoyMine), which is a collaboration with the Legume Information System Project.
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This definition differs from that of "axioms" in generative grammar and formal logic. In those disciplines, axioms include only statements asserted as a priori knowledge. As used here, "axioms" also include the theory derived from axiomatic statements ; Events : The changing of attributes or relations Ontologies are commonly encoded using ontology languages.
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In the early 2000s, Mark and Andrew Turk created the area of study called "Ethnophysiography" to study how language and culture are related to people's naïve conceptualizations of the physical landscape. He continues to work on most of these topics, with special focus on establishing a foundational ontology of the landscape.
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Heidegger argues "Dasein is an entity which does not just occur among other entities. Rather it is ontically distinguished by the fact that, in its very Being, that Being is an issue for it".Martin Heidegger, Being and Time, §4. Human beings are in a privileged position to understand fundamental ontology.
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Traditionally listed as a part of the major branch of philosophy known as metaphysics, ontology deals with questions concerning what things or entities exist or can be said to exist, and how such things or entities can be grouped, related within a hierarchy, and subdivided according to similarities and differences.
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Retrieved 3 May 2020. Traditionally listed as a part of the major branch of philosophy known as metaphysics, ontology often deals with questions concerning what entities exist or may be said to exist and how such entities may be grouped, related within a hierarchy, and subdivided according to similarities and differences.
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Coincidentally, they roughly correspond to the dimensions identified by Cognitive Scientists below. A number of tools and frameworks have been developed for aligning ontologies, some with inspiration from Cognitive Science and some independently. Ontology alignment tools have generally been developed to operate on database schemas,J. Berlin and A. Motro. 2002.
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His philosophical work concerns ontological and related ethical problems. He attempts to show the relevance of ontology without any substance or grounding. Bondy's work is very distinctive. He was a close friend of Bohumil Hrabal, another Prague writer, and is one of the most influential Czech intellectuals of the 20th century.
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Perceptual learning is a more in-depth relationship between experience and perception. Different perceptions of the same sensory input may arise in individuals with different experiences or training. This leads to important issues about the ontology of sensory experience, the relationship between cognition and perception. An example of this is money.
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Johannes Adrianus Petrus (Jan) Hoogervorst (born ca 1952) is a Dutch organizational theorist, business executive, management consultant, and Professor Enterprise Governance and Enterprise Engineering at the University of Antwerp, known for his work in the field of enterprise engineering.Dietz, Jan L.G. What is Enterprise Ontology?. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006.Hacklin, Fredrik.
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BORO forces the ontology developer to consider each concept in terms of its physical extent. This means there can be no argument about names or meaning - something either exists or it doesn't. The BORO Method also deals with classes and relationships by tracing them back to their members (classes) or ends (relationships).
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Semantic processing of media data calls for perceptual modeling of domain concepts with their media properties. M-OWL has been proposed as an ontology language that enables such perceptual modeling. While M-OWL is a syntactic extension of OWL, it uses a completely different semantics based on probabilistic causal model of the world.
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Haendel started working in healthcare informatics in 2004. She switched the focus of her research from neuroscience and the biology of zebrafish to the development of resources for the Oregon Health & Science University library. She was made Associate Professor of Medical Informatics in 2015. Hanedel's research considers ontology development, biocuration and data harmonsation.
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The Logic and Metaphysics of Intentionality. Oxford: Clarendon.—utilizes a modal theory including "impossible worlds" to deal with supposed objects, like the "round square." Sylvan's formulation is logically consistent, and avoids certain paradoxes associated with Meinong's original ontology; although, like many Meinongian views, it faces criticism due to its presumed ontological implausibility.
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In Part III David Harvey offers some concluding remarks. He takes stock of Marx's ontology and epistemology, and through each step he investigates how it influences the analysis of a complex concept like urbanism (287). In the new edition of the book Harvey's essay The Right to the City is also included.
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In recent years Stein has focused on the phylostratographic understanding of gene evolution. Litman T, Stein WD. Obtaining estimates for the ages of all the protein-coding genes and most of the ontology-identified noncoding genes of the human genome, assigned to 19 phylostrata. Semin Oncol. 2019 Feb;46(1):3–9.
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Bijan Abdolkarimi (born 1963 in Tehran) () is an Iranian philosopher, thinker, translator and editor. He is associate professor of philosophy at Islamic Azad University North Tehran Branch. His main interests are ontology, political philosophy and the critique of religious and intellectual traditions. He claims to challenge the dominant ideological discourse in Iran.
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In light of her investigations, Ruetsche ultimately offers a deflated particle ontology by anchoring the concept of a particle in phenomenological framework. She then proceeds to defend IP by exploiting the fact that macroscopically distinct equilibrium phases can co-exist given certain values of parameters of a quantum theory such as temperature.
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Kepler provides a model for the semantic annotation of workflow components using terms drawn from an ontology. These annotations support many advanced features, including improved search capabilities, automated workflow validation, and improved workflow editing.Berkley, Chad, Shawn Bowers, Matthew B. Jones, Bertram Ludaescher, Mark Schildhauer, Jing Tao. 2005. Incorporating Semantics in Scientific Workflow Authoring.
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An ontology is a formal representation of knowledge which includes the concepts (such as objects, processes etc.) in a domain and some relations between them. If the stored information is of linguistic nature, one can speak of a lexicon.Vossen, Piek: Ontologies. In: Mitkov, Ruslan (ed.) (2003): Handbook of Computational Linguistics, Chapter 25.
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Ontology Grounded Metalanguage (OGML) is a metalanguage like MOF. The goal of OGML is to tackle the difficulties of MOF:Atkinson, C.; Kuhne, T. (2003). Model-driven development: a metamodeling foundation linear modeling architecture, ambiguous constructs and incomprehensible/unclear architecture. OGML provides a nested modeling architecture with three fixed layers (models, languages and metalanguage).
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Kubovy, Michael (1999): Gestalt Psychology. In: Robert A. Wilson/Frank C. Keil (Eds.), The MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences, pp. 346–349. TIA has been drawn on in the context of music research, in the areas of music philosophy,Nussbaum, Charles O. (2007): The Musical Representation. Meaning, Ontology, and Emotion, Cambridge, Mass.
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The entire database is also available for download under the GNU General Public License. Each term in the database is associated with an identifier from the Gene Ontology in order to allow integration with other bioinformatics resources. As of 2014, PSORTdb is maintained through the laboratory of Fiona Brinkman at Simon Fraser University.
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This will involve the following steps #Mapping of logical nodes of IEC 61850 (SCL) to equipment defined in CIM. #Use Web Ontology Language to define the mapping patterns for the areas to which the automatic mapping cannot be performed. #The complete approach should not modify the existing models to a large extent.
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The ontologies are openly available and have to be released under either the license CC-BY 3.0 or under the public domain (CC0). The openess of the ontologies has enabled, for example, the import of terms from the Gene Ontology (one of the ontologies that follow OBO Principles) to the Wikidata project.
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Efforts have been made to expand the scope of the ontology to include observations made on herbarium specimens. Because the backbone of the existing PPO is built around the concept of whole plants, new logic had to be added to enable reasoning over data from parts of plants, because this is usually, though not always, what is captured by an herbarium specimen. The concept of 'portion of a plant' was added to the ontology, and a new relationship 'is or was part of' was added to describe how a 'portion of a plant' relates to a 'whole plant'. The new PPO release allows integration of phenology data from herbarium specimens, provided that observations or phenological scorings for the specimens already exist.
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This phenomenon of ontology becoming stronger over time parallels observations in folk taxonomy about taxonomy: as a society practices more labour specialization, it tends to become intolerant of confusions and mixed metaphors, and sorts them into formal professions or practices. Ultimately, these are expected to reason about them in common, with mathematics, especially statistics and logic, as the common ground. On the World Wide Web, folksonomy in the form of tag schemas and typed links has tended to evolve slowly in a variety of forums, and then be standardized in such schemes as microformats as more and more forums agree. These weak ontology constructs only become strong in response to growing demands for a more powerful form of search engine than is possible with keywording.
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Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. stated that mathematics had accepted informal proofs and proof by authority, and had made and corrected errors all through its history. Also, he stated that Euclid's system of proving geometry theorems was unique to the classical Greeks and did not evolve similarly in other mathematical cultures in China, India, and Arabia. This and other evidence led many mathematicians to reject the label of Platonists, along with Plato's ontology which, along with the methods and epistemology of Aristotle, had served as a foundation ontology for the Western world since its beginnings. A truly international culture of mathematics would, Putnam and others (1983)Benacerraf, Paul, and Putnam, Hilary (eds.), 1983, Philosophy of Mathematics, Selected Readings, 1st edition, Prentice–Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1964.
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This magazine was published in place of the SIGART Bulletin from 1999 to 2001. Welty began to make his first scientific contributions in the early 1990s, when he emerged as a leading figure in the Automated Software Engineering community, whose on-line bibliography lists his 1995 paper as one of the best papers that year (this would be the year he finished his PhD), becoming in each successive year the program chair, general chair, and steering committee chair of that conference. His PhD work focused on extending the work of Prem Devanbu at AT&T; on Lassie with a better developed ontology. After his PhD, he moved to Vassar College, where his work shifted away from Software Engineering and towards ontology.
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Central to Armstrong's philosophy is the idea of states of affairs ("facts" in Russell's terminology): in Sketch for a Systematic Metaphysics, Armstrong claims that states of affairs are "the fundamental structures in reality". A state of affairs roughly put is an instantiation of a particular and a universal: a state of affairs might be that a particular atom exists, instantiating a universal (say, that it is of a particular element, if chemical elements are ultimately accepted as part of Armstrong's universals). The particulars in Armstrong's ontology must have at least one universal—just as he rejects uninstantiated universals, he also rejects "unpropertied particulars". Armstrong argues that states of affairs are distinct things in ontology because they are more than the sum of their parts.
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Other European philosophers have criticized Deleuze's theory of subjectivity. For example, Manfred Frank claims that Deleuze's theory of individuation as a process of bottomless differentiation fails to explain the unity of consciousness. Slavoj Žižek claims that Deleuze's ontology oscillates between materialism and idealism,Slavoj Žižek, Organs without Bodies, 2004, pp. 19–32, esp. p.
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Referential density is a concept of ficto-narrative theory put forward by Thomas G. Pavel in his 1986 book, Fictional Worlds.Pavel, Thomas G. Fictional Worlds. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1986. The concept refers to the referential relationship of a text to a fictional world, the ontology of which can be established by a possible worlds approach.
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In the same year the term did appear in Göckel's Lexicon philosophicum (p. 16), where it is mentioned briefly as follows: "ontologia, philosophia de ente" (i.e., "ontology, the philosophy of being"). Lorhard was influenced by Peter Ramus, who set about transforming dialectical reasoning into a single method of pedagogical logic supplemented by diagrammatical tools.
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The Avant journal is interested in current trends in interdisciplinary studies and philosophy of science. The journal publishes reviews and review papers, polemical texts, comments, opinions, academic essays and interviews; it focuses on new approaches in cognitive science, phenomenology, psychology, sociology, anthropology, studies on art, social ontology, constructivism, robotics, sciences of complexity and others.
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Metropolitan Health Networks, Inc. (MetCare) is an American health care service company providing services network (PSN) operation. The company was founded in 1996 and is based in Boca Raton, Florida. As of December 21, 2011 the company has delivered services through 33 wholly owned care practices, an ontology practice and 450 independent primary practices.
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Op 't Land received his Propedeuse in Chemistry in 1979 at the Leiden University, and also his MSc in Mathematics in 1984. Later in 2008 he received his PhD from the Delft University of Technology with a thesis titled "Applying architecture and ontology to the splitting and allying of enterprises" under supervision of Jan Dietz.
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A swap, in finance, is an agreement between two counterparties to exchange financial instruments or cashflows or payments for a certain time. The instruments can be almost anything but most swaps involve cash based on a notional principal amount.Financial Industry Business Ontology Version 2, Annex D: Derivatives, EDM Council, Inc., Object Management Group, Inc.
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A modal property is a property representing possession of the qualities (especially action qualities) required to do something or get something done. It is a base concept, one of the base concepts mentioned as base types in the WordNet ontology of semantics. It is not a mental property. It is not a physical property.
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He has subsequently worked on the creation of the influential Gene Ontology with Michael Ashburner and Suzanna Lewis. He is one of the founding editors of the journal Molecular Biology of the Cell, along with Erkki Ruoslahti and Keith Yamamoto. In 2013, Botstein was named Chief Scientific Officer of Google's anti-aging health startup Calico.
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"Culture and Imaginary Significations", Thesis Eleven, February 1989, 22(1): 25–45. In the last few years, there has been growing interest in Castoriadis's thought, including the publication of two monographs authored by Arnason's former students: Jeff Klooger's Castoriadis: Psyche, Society, Autonomy (Brill), and Suzi Adams's Castoriadis's Ontology: Being and Creation (Fordham University Press).
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In Descartes' substance–attribute–mode ontology, extension is the primary attribute of corporeal substance. He describes a piece of wax in the Second Meditation (see Wax argument). A solid piece of wax has certain sensory qualities. However, when the wax is melted, it loses every single apparent quality it had in its solid form.
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Barber, Anthony W. Buddhism in the Krishna River Valley of Andhra. 2008. p. 1 André Bareau has stated that there can be found Mahāyāna ontology prefigured in the Mahāsāṃghika schools, and has offered an array of evidence to support this conclusion.Ray, Reginald. Buddhist Saints in India: A Study in Buddhist Values and Orientations. 1999. p.
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Ontology (from the Greek Ontos meaning “being” or “that which is”)Liddell and Scott A Greek-English Lexicon, 1940, pr.p. of ennai “to be” is that branch of metaphysics which deals with being, and, particularly in relation to value theory, with the “ontological categories” or plain categories of being.Zimmerman Op.cit.9, p.52; cf.
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Wimmer (born 1942) is an associate professor at the university of Vienna. It is important to him to liberate the concept of philosophy from eurocentrism. He defines the contents of philosophy regarding to questions asked. Any tradition concerning themselves with either logic, ontology, epistemology or the justification of norms and values is indeed philosophical.
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The earlier Alexandrine grammatical tradition was familiar with distinctions such as that between genos and eidos, but these were not used in refining distinctions between the parts of speech. Apollonius drew on Stoic ontology to analyse the noun and the verb. Like his son, Aelius Herodianus, he had an enormous influence on all later grammarians.
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Identity is fundamental to ontology, and especially to information systems ontologies. Identity is well known in metaphysics and in database conceptual modeling. In the latter case, it is an accepted best practice to specify a primary key for rows in a table. If "two" rows have identical primary keys, they are considered the same row.
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13, 19. The process metaphysics elaborated in Process and Reality posits an ontology which is based on the two kinds of existence of an entity, that of actual entity and that of abstract entity or abstraction, also called 'object'.Palter, R.M. (1960). Whitehead's Philosophy of Science, University of Chicago Press, Chicago IL, p. 23.
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The deliverable of scoping is an initial upper common ontology that organizes the key upper common patterns that are shared and accepted by the community. These upper common patterns define the current semantic interoperability requirements of the community. Once the community is scoped, all stakeholders syntactically refine and semantically articulate these upper common patterns.
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Building lifecycle management or BLM is the adaptation of product lifecycle management (PLM)-like techniques to the design, construction, and management of buildings. Building lifecycle management requires accurate and extensive building information modeling (BIM). Life-cycle management of the built environment requires a standardized ontology and the integration of disparate competencies, technologies, and processes.
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Routledge.), one should avoid the epistemic fallacy, i.e. the conflation between what is and what we know. Beyond this strong statement (not ontologically neutral itself), it is probably important to keep in mind the possibility that epistemology and ontology sometimes need to be distinguished. [2] The theoretical debate quickly leads to the ontological debate.
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Most major scientific journals, and some funding agencies, now require scientists to submit their structure data to the PDB. Many other databases use protein structures deposited in the PDB. For example, SCOP and CATH classify protein structures, while PDBsum provides a graphic overview of PDB entries using information from other sources, such as Gene ontology.
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Instead of dealing with a specific enemy, the protagonist takes on the world and clears his own path, which demonstrates self-centered vanity and unrestricted freedom from collective morals or duties. The servant’s actions in this tale carries meaning in terms of the ontology involving the strong and the weak rather than good and evil.
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637 He presents a universe where everything has the same status because everything is made up of the same fabric. Scholar Yvonne Schulz Zinda writes, “he established a kind of ontological certainty that integrates individuals the evolutionary process of dao, through which they are interrelated with each other”.Zinda, Yvonne Schulz. Jin Yuelin's Ontology.
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Stein's current research projects include Reactome, WormBase, BioPerl, Gramene, ENCODE, the Generic Model Organism Database, the Sequence Ontology and Cloud computing. Stein is also the original developer of CGI.pm and a contributor to mod_perl, both widely used in the Perl programming language for web applications, as well as many other Perl modules and associated books.
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Thomas Robert "Tom" Gruber (born 1959) is an American computer scientist, inventor, and entrepreneur with a focus on systems for knowledge sharing and collective intelligence. He did foundational work in ontology engineering and is well known for his definition of ontologies in the context of artificial intelligence.Tom Gruber Keynote at ISWC2006. Retrieved 6 Oktober 2008.
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Another use of ontologies is within databases such as SwissProt, Ensembl and TrEMBL, which use this technology to search through the stores of human proteome- related data for tags related to the search term.Verschelde, et al. (2007). "Ontology-Assisted Database Integration to Support Natural Language Processing and Biomedical Data-mining." Journal of Integrative Bioinformatics.
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A basis swap is an interest rate swap which involves the exchange of two floating rate financial instruments. A basis swap functions as a floating- floating interest rate swap under which the floating rate payments are referenced to different bases.Financial Industry Business Ontology Version 2, Annex D: Derivatives, EDM Council, Inc., Object Management Group, Inc.
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Lidén is best known for his studies on the plant family Fumariaceae (the bleeding heart family), and the genus Dionysia (cushion primroses). His research has taken him to the Mediterranean, Central Asia, Iran, and the Sino-Himalayan area (southwest China and northeast India). Lidén has also worked on species concepts, evolutionary ontology, and biological nomenclature.
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The college functions as a community in residence, sharing tuition, meals, assemblies and prayer times together. Since its founding in 1923 BISA has trained over two thousand men and women in a variety of subjects including Hermeneutics, Biblical and Systematic Theology, the Doctrines of Scripture, Old and New Testament Studies, Ontology, Christian Thinking and Hebrew & Greek bible languages.
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Joseph Tanke (Ph.D., Boston College; born 1978) is an American philosopher and Professor of Philosophy at the University of Hawaii at Manoa. His work focuses on Continental philosophy, the history of philosophy, aesthetics, art theory, and historical ontology. Tanke is known for his analysis of major figures in the French philosophical tradition, such as Michel Foucault and Jacques Rancière.
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This led to development of a new kind of inference engine known as a classifier. A classifier could analyze a class hierarchy (also known as an ontology) and determine if it was valid. If the hierarchy was invalid the classifier would highlight the inconsistent declarations. For a language to utilize a classifier it required a formal foundation.
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Protege Ontology Editor The earliest versions of classifiers were logic theorem provers. The first classifier to work with a Frame language was the KL-ONE classifier. A later system built on common lisp was LOOM from the Information Sciences Institute. LOOM provided true object-oriented capabilities leveraging the Common Lisp Object System, along with a frame language.
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For example, all MODs use the Gene Ontology (GO) to describe functions, processes and cellular locations of specific gene products. Projects also exist to enable software sharing for curation, visualization and querying between different MODs. Organismal diversity and varying user requirements however mean that MODs are often required to customize capture, display, and provision of data.
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One of Walker's biggest contributions to International Relations discourse is his analysis of theories. Walker rejects the dichotomy between theory and practice, where epistemology is favoured over ontology. Practice is "Theory-laden", inseparable, and a different theoretical approach will reveal different practical outcomes.Walker, RBJ (1993) "Inside/Outside: International Relations as Political Theory", Cambridge University Press, p.
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A location-based service (LBS) is a general term denoting software services which utilize geographic data and information to provide services or information to users. LBS can be used in a variety of contexts, such as health, indoor object search,B. Guo, S. Satake, M. Imai. Home-Explorer: Ontology-based Physical Artifact Search and Hidden Object Detection System .
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His last book is called The Instant and the Time. His system consists of an ontology, a poetics, an ethics and a political philosophy, all deriving from an original "ontological model". The influences comes from Péguy, Pascal, the Scholastics and from Husserl. Sora considered himself ever since his first book as "Cartesian of the utmost consequence", i.e.
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He stated that four elements need to be conquered for ultimate salvation: dharma, bhakti (devotion), gnana (knowledge) and vairagya (detachment). Doctrinally, Swaminarayan was close to eleventh century philosopher Ramanuja and was critical of Shankaracharya's concept of advaita, or monistic non-dualism. Swaminarayan's ontology maintained that the supreme being is not formless and that God always has a divine form.
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Trope can also play the role of events and truthmakers and serve as the contents of mental acts such as perception and play the role of mental acts and states themselves. His trope theory remains a strong candidate for being the best explanation we have in analytic ontology. See also the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry on Williams.
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His epistemological views can be described as extreme nominalism. He stressed: In ontology "existence", as Gafurov understands it, is "the ability to provide any object three spatial and one temporal coordinates." In general, the epistemological views of Gafurov are close to Marxist positivism. In the field of aesthetics, Gafurov's views are characterized by snobbery, arrogance and mechanistics.
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He proposed a middle way between these extremes, relying not on ontology but on causality. Eternalism included the belief that the extinction of things means their latency and the production of things means their manifestation — this violates the Buddha's principle of the middle way.K. Venkata Ramanan, Nagarjuna's Philosophy: As Presented in the Maha-Prajnaparamita-Sastra. Motilal Banarsidass Publ.
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The UPDM (Unified Profile for DoDAF and MODAF) is an OMG initiative to standardize UML and SysML usage for USA and UK defense architecture frameworks. In addition, the multi- national IDEAS Group, which is supported by Australia, Canada, Sweden, UK, USA, with NATO observers, has launched an initiative to develop a formal ontology for enterprise architectures.
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The FRBRoo ("FRBR-object oriented") initiative is a joint effort of the CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model and Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records international working groups to establish "a formal ontology intended to capture and represent the underlying semantics of bibliographic information and to facilitate the integration, mediation, and interchange of bibliographic and museum information."FRBRoo Introduction .
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In ontology, the different kinds or ways of being are called categories of being; or simply categories. To investigate the categories of being is to determine the most fundamental and the broadest classes of entities.PhilPapers-A Return to the Analogy of Being. A distinction between such categories, in making the categories or applying them, is called an ontological distinction.
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Hegel's Ontology and the Theory of Historicity () is a 1932 book about the philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel and his theory of historicity by the philosopher Herbert Marcuse. It is influenced by the philosopher Martin Heidegger. The book received positive reviews upon its publication in English translation in 1987. It is considered essential for understanding Marcuse's later intellectual development.
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Dordrecht- Boston-London: Kluwer Academic Publishers. P. 511-524. . All these concerns converge in his recent philosophy of animality, which combines the ontology of animals as paradigmatic individuals with the insights and results of biological research. This general theory of animals provides a solid foundation for the development of anthropology, conceived as the science of human primates.
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Under Pope Pius XII (1939–1958), Fr. Guérard des Lauriers served as a professor at the Pontifical Lateran University in Rome.Boersma, Hans. Nouvelle Théologie and Sacramental Ontology, OUP Oxford, 2009, p. 27 Some time prior to 1950, Guérard des Lauriers, O.P., was an advisor to the Pope on the dogma of the Assumption of Mary (proclaimed in Munificentissimus Deus).
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Although the original KIF group intended to submit to a formal standards body, that did not occur. A later version called Common Logic has since been developed for submission to ISO and has been approved and published. A variant called SUO-KIF is the language in which the Suggested Upper Merged OntologySuggested Upper Merged Ontology. is written.
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The community edition of Reactive Blocks also allows full editing of the models as well as compilation, as long as the work is published under the Eclipse Public License. Visual modeling languages are an area of active research that continues to evolve, as evidenced by increasing interest in DSM languages, visual requirements, and visual OWL (Web Ontology Language).
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AGGF1 functions to regulate angiogenesis and vascular development. Gene ontology has also implicated AGGF1 in cell adhesion, positive regulation of angiogenesis and endothelial cell proliferation. Additionally, AGGF1 has been shown to protect against inflammation and ischemic injuries. During embryongenesis, AGGF1 is required for hematopoietic stem cell specification and the differentiation of hematopoietic and endothelial cell lineages.
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They are usually built with a specific application-perspective in mind and their hierarchical structure represents this. A formal ontology, on the other hand, represents entities without a particular application scope. Its hierarchy reflects ontological principles and a basic class-subclass relation between its concepts. A consistent framework like this is ideal for crossmapping data sources.
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CycL in computer science and artificial intelligence is an ontology language used by Doug Lenat's Cyc artificial intelligence project. Ramanathan V. Guha was instrumental in the design of early versions of the language. There is a close variant of CycL known as MELD. The original version of CycL was a frame language, but the modern version is not.
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In metaphysics and ontology, Austrian philosopher Alexius Meinong advanced nonexistent objects in the 19th and 20th century within a "theory of objects". He was interested in intentional states which are directed at nonexistent objects. Starting with the "principle of intentionality", mental phenomena are intentionally directed towards an object. People may imagine, desire or fear something that does not exist.
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Jean Piaget, founder of constructivism Constructivism is a theory in education that recognizes the learners' understanding and knowledge based on their own experiences prior to entering school. It is associated with various philosophical positions, particularly in epistemology as well as ontology, politics, and ethics. The origin of the theory is also linked to Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development.
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Gert & Gert Op.cit.85 then the first group of theories (ontology and deontology) looks at the principles themselves, the second group of theories (teleology and consequentialism) looks at the aims and outcomes of conduct, and the third group of theories (virtue ethics and fitting-attitude theory) looks at the concept of the person, their character and attitudes.
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According to Kosanke, Vernadat and Zelm, enterprise engineering is an enterprise life-cycle oriented discipline for the identification, design, and implementation of enterprises and their continuous evolution, supported by enterprise modelling. The discipline examines each aspect of the enterprise, including business processes, information flows, material flows, and organizational structure.Jan Dietz (2006). Enterprise Ontology - Theory and Methodology.
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R. Bruce Hyde (September 14, 1941 – October 13, 2015) was an American educator and actor. He was professor of communication studies at St. Cloud State University in Minnesota. His academic work mainly focused on ontology, specifically ontological approach to education, Martin Heidegger's contribution to communication studies,Hyde, R. Bruce. "Listening Authentically: A Heideggerian Perspective on Interpersonal Communication".
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An inquiry into the good His ontology derived from absolute nothingness. Watsuji Tetsuro criticized Western selfish individualism.The significance of ethics as the study as man His ethics says human beings are not in an isolated existence but related existence. He insisted that individual and social beings should be aware of their own individuality and social membership.
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Jerzy Perzanowski Jerzy Perzanowski (April 23, 1943, Aix-les-Bains – May 17, 2009, Bydgoszcz), was a Polish logician and ontologist, Professor of Logic to the University of Toruń (Poland) from 1992 to 2004. Founder of the Polish review Logic and Logical Philosophy, his main contributions are to the development of modal logic, paraconsistent logic and ontology.
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Stanislav Aseyev born in Donetsk in 1989. In 2006 he graduated from secondary school in the town of Makiivka and started courses in Institute of Informatics and Artificial Intelligence of Donetsk National Technical University. There he earned a Masters of Religious Studies with Honors in 2012. His philosophical interests include 20th-century French and German ontology.
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Direct realism defines perception as perception of external objects where an "external object" is allowed to be a photon in the eye but not an impulse in a nerve leading from the eye. Recent work in neuroscience suggests a shared ontology for perception, imagination and dreaming, with similar areas of brain being used for all of these.
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The search for such conditions led him finally to Speculative philosophy, to the question of the Absolute. For the mind, thinking, has essentially to do with universal determinations, according to Cramer. Theory of mind makes the question for universals unavoidable. Thus his philosophy of the subject leads him consistently into ontology, theory of categories and finally to the Absolute.
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In the semantic web, Simple HTML Ontology Extensions are a small set of HTML extensions designed to give web pages semantic meaning by allowing information such as class, subclass and property relationships. SHOE was developed around 1996 by Sean Luke, Lee Spector, James Hendler, Jeff Heflin, and David Rager at the University of Maryland, College Park.
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He suggests that such a relational ontology is in close accord with our spontaneous perceptual experience; it would draw us back to our senses and to the primacy of the sensuous terrain, enjoining a more respectful and ethical relation to the more-than-human community of animals, plants, soils, mountains, waters, and weather-patterns that materially sustains us.
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There are many other kinds of dependence, see [Fine and Smith, 1983] and especially [Simons, 1987]Simons, P., 1987, Parts: A Study in Ontology, Oxford: Clarendon Press.. It is an open problem to adapt them into the OntoClean framework. Being dependent is indicated with +D, being independent with -D. +D (but not -D) is inherited down the class hierarchy.
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These modifications include: acetylation, formylation, methylation, palmitoylation, etc. the extension of the traditional IUPAC codes allows these amino acids to be represented in sequence form as well. BIND also utilizes a unique visualization tool known as OntoGlyphs. The OntoGlyphs were developed based on Gene Ontology (GO) and provide a link back to the original GO information.
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Treatise on Basic Philosophy, vol. 4. Ontology II: A World of Systems, p. 61-2. link. Biomolecules include large macromolecules (or polyanions) such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids, as well as small molecules such as primary metabolites, secondary metabolites and natural products. A more general name for this class of material is biological materials.
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Regardless of the approach used, most natural-language- understanding systems share some common components. The system needs a lexicon of the language and a parser and grammar rules to break sentences into an internal representation. The construction of a rich lexicon with a suitable ontology requires significant effort, e.g., the Wordnet lexicon required many person-years of effort.
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Trevor Bench-Capon (born 1953) is a British computer scientist and an Honorary Visiting Professor of computer science at the University of Liverpool, where he taught from 1987 until his retirement in 2012. He is the author of work on computer science and ontology and is one of the editors in chief of the Artificial Intelligence and Law Journal.
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SSME articles have appeared in the leading journals of major professional associations. For instance, see IEEE Computer Steps Toward a Science of Service Systems and the special issue of Communications of the ACM focused entirely on service science. For a framework for service ontology evaluation see. SSME degree programs and research centers have been created at universities globally.
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During unification, a new proposal for the next version of the upper common ontology is produced, aligning relevant parts from the common and divergent stakeholder perspectives. If the semantic reconciliation results in a number of reusable language-neutral and context-independent patterns for constructing business semantics that are articulated with informal meaning descriptions, then the unification is worthwhile.
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Although brief, the Qingjing Jing is philosophically complex. It synthesizes Daoist and Buddhist theories of psychology, cosmology, ontology, and teleology. The Qingjing Jing is described by Komjathy. > An anonymous text probably dating from the 9th century, this is one of a > group of Tang-dynasty (618-907) works that could be labeled "Clarity-and- > Stillness" literature.
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Because humans cannot predict all future scientific discoveries, they cannot build a unified ontology that is totally certain and will never again change. However, one of the points made by an anatomist interviewed by Engelking is that, finality aside, much more could be done even now to represent existing human knowledge more clearly for computing purposes.
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He did so largely in reaction to neo-Kantianism, which was prevalent at the time. Bertrand Russell is perhaps the best known advocate of neutral monism. Russell expressed interest in neutral monism early on his career, and officially endorsed the view from 1919 onward. He has hailed the ontology as the "supreme maxim in scientific philosophising".
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ROMULUS is a foundational ontology repository aimed at improving semantic interoperability. Currently there are three foundational ontologies in the repository: DOLCE, BFO and GFO. Features of ROMULUS include: # It provides a high-level view of the foundational ontologies with only the most general concepts common to all implemented foundational ontologies. # Foundational ontologies in ROMULUS are modularised.
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Data can be queried by means of SPARQL. In any implementation a restricted number of Façades can be involved, with different access rights. This is done by means of creating a CPF Server (= Confederation of Participating Façades). An Ontology Browser allows for access to one or more Façades in a given CPF, depending on the access rights.
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Ecology is hence co- entangled with ontology, whereby the worldly existential analytics are grounded in earthiness, and environmentalism is orientated by ontological thinkingNader El-Bizri, "Being at Home Among Things: Heidegger's Reflections on Dwelling", Environment, Space, Place Vol. 3 (2011), pp. 47–71; Nader El- Bizri, "On Dwelling: Heideggerian Allusions to Architectural Phenomenology", Studia UBB. Philosophia, Vol.
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In theory, the ontology is neutral, and it has been proven in some industrial applications.Cho, J. and Hsu, C. "A Tool for Minimizing Update Errors for Workflow Applications: the CARD Model," Computers and Industrial Engineering, Vol. 49, 2005, pp 199-220. However, it needs more development to establish it for the field as an open technology.
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With Berlin director Christopher Roth, he has produced the film Hyperstition (2016), which draws on ontology, science fiction, and sociology to question the concept of time. Screened at several festivals in Europe and the United States, the film consists of conversations with established as well as younger philosophers such as Nick Srnicek, Elie Ayache, Ray Brassier and others.
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This greatly facilitated the development and maintenance of expert systems. A more recent approach to knowledge acquisition is a re-use based approach. Knowledge can be developed in ontologies that conform to standards such as the Web Ontology Language (OWL). In this way knowledge can be standardized and shared across a broad community of knowledge workers.
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Several branches were manually improved by domain experts. The current version (CSO 3.2) includes about 14K research topics and 160K semantic relationships.Salatino, A.A., Thanapalasingam, T., Mannocci, A., Birukou, A., Osborne, F. and Motta, E. (2019) The Computer Science Ontology: A Comprehensive Automatically-Generated Taxonomy of Research Areas, Data Intelligence. CSO is available in OWL, Turtle, and N-Triples.
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Reism is a pansomatism (from Greek: πᾶν 'all' + σῶμα 'body') ontology as well as semantic theory developed by Kotarbiński and most extensively exposed in his major work: Elements of the Theory of Knowledge, Formal Logic and Methodology of the Sciences, first published in 1929. Kotarbiński was the creator of the term reism, a word derived from Latin res 'thing'.
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CSDB is cross-linked to other glycomics databases, such as MonosaccharideDB, Glycosciences.DE, NCBI Pubmed, NCBI Taxonomy, NLM catalog, International Classification of Diseases 11, etc. Besides a native notation, CSDB Linear, structures are presented in multiple carbohydrate notations (SNFG, SweetDB, GlycoCT, WURCS, GLYCAM, etc.). CSDB is exportable as a Resource Description Framework (RDF) feed according to the GlycoRDF ontology.
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She proposed a notion of dualism rather than "duality of structure". She primarily examined structural frameworks and the action within the limits allowed by those conditions. She combined realist ontology and called her methodology analytical dualism. Archer maintained that structure precedes agency in social structure reproduction and analytical importance, and that they should be analysed separately.
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Using the pathway history one can also revert to a previous revision of a pathway. Pathways can also be tagged with ontology terms from three major BioPortal ontologies (Pathway, Disease and Cell Type). The pathway content at WikiPathways is freely available for download in several data and image formats. WikiPathways is completely open access and open source.
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Thomas Mormann (born 1951) is Professor of Philosophy at the University of the Basque Country in Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain. He obtained his PhD in Mathematics from the University of Dortmund (1978). He obtained his Habilitation from the University of Munich. He works in the philosophy of science, formal ontology, structuralism, Carnap studies, and neo-Kantianism.
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These can be viewed as questions of ontology. For example, one can, at the lower level of formalism, define a property called 'existence'. However, at the higher level, the question of whether an electron exists in the same sense that a bacterium exists still needs to be resolved. Some actual formal theories on facts have been proposed.
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Lorhard follows Ramus in believing that the students will gain a deeper understanding of the ontological truths through considering such diagrams. This became a very influential view on education across Europe, influencing the Danish professor Jens Kraft who used these techniques in a school for young people expected to become national leaders. Kraft thought that a deeper understanding of ontological truths would help the students becoming better people ethically as well as having a better understanding of the world. He was more directly influenced by Clemens Timpler of Heidelberg, whose Metaphysicae systema methodicum was published in Steinfurt in 1604. Lorhard followed Timpler by defining ontology as “the knowledge of the intelligible by which it is intelligible”. This emphasis on the intelligibility of the world as essential for metaphysics is central to Lorhard’s ontology.
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This marked a key milestone for NTENT, whose core technology stack has evolved to include branches of Artificial Intelligence (AI) such as machine learning, knowledge representation and natural language understanding, to create a proprietary ontology with the ability to interpret taxonomic relationships and organize concepts regardless of language. NTENT’s platform uses enhanced semantic ranking and knowledge base technologies. By applying advanced semantic ranking algorithms across a vast lexicon and custom ontology using machine learning and natural language understanding, NTENT’s semantic and knowledge base technologies disambiguates complex queries to detect user intention and deliver relevant results for users. Today, NTENT's Voice and Search Platform as a Service (PaaS) has followed the natural progression of the times; first people used a computer to find things, then they used their phone.
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The Gene Ontology (GO) is a major bioinformatics initiative to unify the representation of gene and gene product attributes across all species. More specifically, the project aims to: 1) maintain and develop its controlled vocabulary of gene and gene product attributes; 2) annotate genes and gene products, and assimilate and disseminate annotation data; and 3) provide tools for easy access to all aspects of the data provided by the project, and to enable functional interpretation of experimental data using the GO, for example via enrichment analysis. GO is part of a larger classification effort, the Open Biomedical Ontologies, being one of the Initial Candidate Members of the OBO Foundry. Whereas gene nomenclature focuses on gene and gene products, the Gene Ontology focuses on the function of the genes and gene products.
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In terms of the binary gender system, genderqueerness may be considered unintelligible and abjected.Hale, J.C. (1998) "...[O]ur embodiments and our subjectivities are abjected from social ontology: we cannot fit ourselves into extant categories without denying, eliding, erasing, or otherwise abjecting personally significant aspects of ourselves ... When we choose to live with and in our dislocatedness, fractured from social ontology, we choose to forgo intelligibility: lost in language and in social life, we become virtually unintelligible, even to ourselves..." from Consuming the Living, Dis(Re)Membering the Dead in the Butch/FtM Borderlands in the Gay and Lesbian Quarterly 4:311, 336 (1998). Retrieved on April 7, 2007. Social discrimination in the context of discrimination against non-binary and gender non-conforming people includes hate-motivated violence and excusing of such.
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39 (2010): 23-32. It turns out that Mou may agree with Heidegger more than he believes. Heidegger's discussions of Being actually achieve a similar metaphysical level with Mou's discussions of transcendental concepts, such as God, freedom, ren or Dao. Instead of being “floating”, Heidegger's fundamental ontology finds its root in the “transcendent metaphysics” in Being. Far away from “a way of being” in immanent metaphysics, Heidegger's Being actually serves as an ontological basis for beings in phenomenal world. Moreover, in Heidegger's theory, the unveiledness of the Being of beings (“beings” encompass the phenomenal world) is inseparable from the practical and ethical reason. This echoes with Mous’ belief in unifying phenomenal world with metaphysical ontology through the intellectual intuition. They also share a similar interpretation of the “knowledge”.
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Some upper ontologies -- Cyc is often cited as an example in this regard—are very large, ranging up to thousands of elements (classes, relations), with complex interactions among them and with a complexity similar to that of a human natural language, and the learning process can be even longer than for a natural language because of the unfamiliar format and logical rules. The motivation to overcome this learning barrier is largely absent because of the paucity of publicly accessible examples of use. As a result, those building domain ontologies for local applications tend to create the simplest possible domain-specific ontology, not related to any upper ontology. Such domain ontologies may function adequately for the local purpose, but they are very time-consuming to relate accurately to other domain ontologies.
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In 1968, Kanai released two short stories: Umi no Kajitsu ("The Fruit of the Sea"), which was retitled as Shizen no Kodomo ("Children in Nature"), and "Eonta" (Ontology). Both were well received. The same year, Kanai was awarded the Gendaishi Techou Prize for poetry. Her first poetry collection, Madamu Juju no ie ("The House of Madam Juju") was published in 1971.
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77–87 Syādvāda is not only an extension of Anekānta ontology, but a separate system of logic capable of standing on its own force. As reality is complex, no single proposition can express the nature of reality fully. Thus the term “syāt” should be prefixed before each proposition giving it a conditional point of view and thus removing any dogmatism in the statement.
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Energeticism is the physical view that energy is the fundamental element in all physical change. It concerns posits an ontology, or philosophy of being, which holds that all things are ultimately composed of energy and is opposed to ontological idealism. Energeticism might be associated with the physicist and philosopher Ernst Mach, though his attitude to it is ambiguous.John T. Blackmore.
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For metaphysics Clauberg suggested the names ontosophy or ontology, the latter being afterwards adopted by Wolff. In the prolegomena to his Elementa philosophiae sive Ontosophiae (1647), Clauberg says: Étienne Gilson writes:In L'être et l'essence. Paris, Vrin, 1948 (English edition: Being and some philosophers, Toronto, Pontifical Institute for Mediaeval Studies, 1952), p. 112. Clauberg died in Duisburg, and lies buried in the city's cathedral.
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This reading of Scotus has been criticised itself by Daniel Horan and Thomas Williams, both of whom claim that the radical orthodox movement confuses Scotus' epistemology and semantics with ontology. The majority within the movement appear to support John Milbank's "Blue Socialism" in politics, although some have aligned with the traditionalist-conservative "Red Tory" movement in the UK and Canada.
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With her late husband, Egon Guba (March 1, 1924 - March 26, 2008), Lincoln wrote Naturalistic Inquiry in 1985. The book offers a critique of positivism and suggests the ontology, epistemology, axiology, methodology, and methods that comprise a "naturalistic" paradigm for inquiry. Since its publication in 1985, Naturalistic Inquiry has been translated into 8 languages including Spanish, Portuguese, Chinese, Korean, and Japanese.
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Egan holds a Bachelor of Science degree in Mathematics from the University of Western Australia. He published his first work in 1983. He specialises in hard science fiction stories with mathematical and quantum ontology themes, including the nature of consciousness. Other themes include genetics, simulated reality, posthumanism, mind uploading, sexuality, artificial intelligence, and the superiority of rational naturalism to religion.
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As well as sponsoring a Zambian clinical officer to study the Clinical Audiology and Public Health Ontology diploma at the University of Nairobi, Sound Seekers also provided a HARK vehicle for usage in outreach programs, as well as helped set up a teleaudiology link between Mr. Mwamba with his team in Ndola and to Malawi from his base in Lusaka.
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Iain Hamilton Grant (Bristol, 21st November, 1963) is a British philosopher. He is a senior lecturer at the University of the West of England in Bristol, United Kingdom. His research interests include ontology, European philosophy, German Idealism (especially Schelling), and both contemporary and historical philosophy of nature. He is often associated with the recent philosophical current known as Speculative Realism.
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Maslow's hierarchy of needs applies psychology to biology by using pure logic. Numerous psychologists, including Carl Jung and Sigmund Freud have developed systems which logically organize psychological domains, such as personalities, motivations, or intellect and desire. Often these domains consist of general categories following a corollary such as a theorem. Logic has been applied to categories such as taxonomy, ontology, assessment, and hierarchies.
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He questions the separation between subject and object, seeing these as only two incomplete perspectives and descriptions of the same physical process.Manzotti, R. and V. Tagliasco, (2001), Coscienza e Realtà. Una teoria della coscienza per costruttori e studiosi di menti e cervelli, Bologna, Il Mulino. He supports a process ontology that endorses a mind spread physically and spatio-temporally beyond the skin.
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Here Enterprise modelling can be part of the early, middle and late information system development life cycle. Explicit representation of the organizational and technical system infrastructure is being created in order to understand the orderly transformations of existing work practices. This field is also called Enterprise architecture, or defined with Enterprise Ontology as being two major parts of Enterprise architecture.
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Generic enterprise ontologies allow for reusability of and automation of components. Because ontologies are schemata or outlines, the use of ontologies does not ensure proper enterprise model definition, analysis, or clarity. Ontologies are limited by how they are defined and implemented. An ontology may or may not include the potential or capability to capture all of the aspects of what is being modelled.
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17Bryan, B. (2000). Property as Ontology: on Aboriginal and English Understandings of Property. Canadian Journal of Law and Jurisprudence, 13, 3–31. In this article Bradley Bryan claimed that property is about much more than a set of legal relations: it is 'an expression of social relationships because it organizes people with respect to each other and their material environment' p.
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In 2006, a more rigorously controlled experiment was conducted at Johns Hopkins University, and yielded similar results. To date there is little peer-reviewed research on this subject, due to ongoing drug prohibition and the difficulty of getting approval from institutional review boards. Furthermore, scientific studies on entheogens present some significant challenges to investigators, including philosophical questions relating to ontology, epistemology and objectivity.
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Henderik Alex (Erik) Proper (born 22 May 1967) is a Dutch computer scientist, Professor of Information Systems at the Radboud University Nijmegen, and IT consultant, known for work on conceptual modelling of information systemsJarrar, Mustafa, Jan Demey, and Robert Meersman. "On using conceptual data modeling for ontology engineering." Journal on Data Semantics I. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. 185–207. and enterprise engineering.
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From socialist philosophers like György Lukács, he was regarded as anachronistic. An exception was Martin Heidegger, who found in Schelling's On Human Freedom central themes of Western ontology - being, existence, and freedom - and expounded on them in his 1936 lectures. In the 1950s, the situation began to change. In 1954, the centennial of his death, an international conference on Schelling was held.
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Divine self-manifestation has an important role in epistemology and ontology for mystics. Two concepts are important to Tajalli; one is shams, the sun of truth, and the other is the mirror of the heart. According to the symbolical language of mysticism, the sun is a password of Truth and the mirror is the key to the universe and the heart.
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Its purpose was to work to free the rebels and to care for their families, as well as to serve as an auxiliary for the National Party. Brandt served as secretary at the party's first congress, held in Johannesburg.‘Men of Influence’ – the ontology of leadership in the 1914 Boer Rebellion, Journal of Historical Sociology, Chapter 4, vol. 17, no.
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The Sydney Philosophy Disturbances He was a senior lecturer in the "Traditional and Modern" one but is now an emeritus professor in the recombined Department of Philosophy (part of the School of Philosophical and Historical Inquiry). Campbell is known as a co-editor of Ontology, Causality, and Mind: Essays in Honour of D. M. Armstrong, and as author of Body and Mind.
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In 1962, he published Cybernetic ontology and transjunctional operations. Later he lectured at the University of Hamburg until he died in that city, in 1984 at the age of 84. According to Isaac Asimov, who considered Gunther "a good friend," Gunther "felt that civilization was a product of the Old World and could not flourish indigenously in the New."In Memory Yet Green.
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An EP was released in May 2008 containing original and remix versions of "Little Busters!", "Faraway", and "Alicemagic"; the remix versions are from the second OTSU Club Music Compilation album. A remix album titled Ontology containing arranged versions of nine tracks from Little Busters! Ecstasy was released bundled with the limited edition release of that game on July 25, 2008.
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" Philosophy Study, Issue 10 (2002): 42-48+80. According to Mou, the reason why Heidegger's fundamental ontology fails to reach the realm of moral metaphysics is that Heidegger sticks to the Kantian thesis of the finitude of human being and fails to recognize the intellectual intuition (zhi de zhijue) of human beings.• Mou, Zongsan. "Phenomenon and Thing-in-Itself (Xianxiang yu Wuzishen).
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Within the field of anthropology, ontological ideas first began emerging around the 1990s. However, the first influence of ontological understandings within anthropology emerged in the work of Roy Wagner, Marilyn Strathern, and Eduardo Viveiros de Castro. Following these initial deliberations, the ontological turn took hold of British anthropology. From there, North American anthropologists began considering how ontology might be useful in ethnographic research.
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Ontology learning is the automatic or semi-automatic creation of ontologies, including extracting a domain's terms from natural language text. As building ontologies manually is extremely labor-intensive and time-consuming, there is great motivation to automate the process. Information extraction and text mining have been explored to automatically link ontologies to documents, for example in the context of the BioCreative challenges.
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YAGO (Yet Another Great Ontology) is an open source knowledge base developed at the Max Planck Institute for Computer Science in Saarbrücken. It is automatically extracted from Wikipedia and other sources. As of 2019, YAGO3 has knowledge of more than 10 million entities and contains more than 120 million facts about these entities. The information in YAGO is extracted from Wikipedia (e.g.
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RDF provides the means for integrating existing structured data assets in any format, with semi-structured data like XML and HTML, and unstructured documents or text. The OSF framework is made operational via ontologies that capture the domain or knowledge space, matched with internal ontologies that guide OSF operations and data display. This design approach is known as ODapps, for ontology-driven applications.
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Plato's forms exist as universals, like the ideal form of an apple. For Aristotle, both matter and form belong to the individual thing (hylomorphism). Like his teacher Plato, Aristotle's philosophy aims at the universal. Aristotle's ontology places the universal (katholou) in particulars (kath' hekaston), things in the world, whereas for Plato the universal is a separately existing form which actual things imitate.
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This was written as his second dissertation, at the Sorbonne, and was defended in the presence of Barth himself.Hans Boersma, Nouvelle théologie and sacramental ontology, (2009), pp104-6 He was Professor of Fundamental Theology at the Institut Catholique in Paris, and, together with Jean Daniélou, founded the Institut de science et théologie des religions (ISTR) in 1967. He died in Paris in 1981.
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An important specialization of non-rigid properties are anti-rigid properties (~R), which are properties that must be changeable. Think of being a student - all students must possibly not be students. ~R (but not -R or +R) is inherited down the class hierarchy. Note that these are just examples - it is certainly possible to have an ontology in which Person is anti-rigid.
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The earliest form of logic was developed by the Babylonians, notably in the rigorous nonergodic nature of their social systems. Babylonian thought was axiomatic and is comparable to the "ordinary logic" described by John Maynard Keynes. Babylonian thought was also based on an open-systems ontology which is compatible with ergodic axioms. Logic was employed to some extent in Babylonian astronomy and medicine.
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Therefore, it is clear how the different models conform to each other and can be handled. Constructs in OGML are chosen from the science of ontology, making the distinction between properties / objects and classes / objects very clear. This commitment makes explicit certain oddities of the definition of, for example, relations. Furthermore, OGML provides an explicit notion of instantiation:Laarman, A. (2009).
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This approach to deriving the preferred basis has been criticized as creating a circularity with derivations of probability in the many-worlds interpretation, as decoherence theory depends on probability, and probability depends on the ontology derived from decoherence. Wallace contends that decoherence theory depends not on probability but only on the notion that one is allowed to do approximations in physics.
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Lightness is a philosophical concept most closely associated with continental philosophy and existentialism, which is used in ontology. The term "lightness" varies in usage but is differentiated from physical weight, such as "the lightness of balsa wood". In other words, "light like a bird," as Paul Valéry wrote, "and not like a feather". Lightness is also considered as a noun.
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At this point, the analyst can add one or both of the bridges to the ontology, then apply the appropriate names to each. The process also works for types of things. Take “bridges” as a concept. It doesn’t have spatiotemporal extent, so we go to the next question “does it have members ?”. It does – the members are all the bridges in the world.
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A tuple is a relationship between things. If the concept under analysis is neither a type nor an individual, then it must be a tuple. We identify the things at the end of the tuple then add it to the ontology. Traditional methods of data analysis tend to be linguistic; comparison of concepts is based on the names these concepts have.
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For them, philosophy concerned the clarification of thoughts, rather than having a distinct subject matter of its own. The positivists adopted the verification principle, according to which every meaningful statement is either analytic or is capable of being verified by experience. This caused the logical positivists to reject many traditional problems of philosophy, especially those of metaphysics or ontology, as meaningless.
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These determinations are both too restrictive and too total for what I have in mind. For example, the logos in ontology already suggests a fundamental logic, principle, or design of being. But it can and has been urged that the most fundamental thing about being is that it contains no such overriding logic or design. 'Ontopolitical interpretation' may come closer, then.
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Jessica Frazier is Lecturer in Theology and Religion at Trinity College, Oxford, and a Fellow of the Oxford Centre for Hindu studies. Her work explores key philosophical themes across cultures, from Indian concepts of Being to 20th century phenomenology. She is particularly interested in questions about ontology, value, selfhood and human flourishing. Frazier is the founding editor of the Journal of Hindu Studies.
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Open Knowledge Base Connectivity (OKBC) is a protocol and an API for accessing knowledge in knowledge representation systems such as ontology repositories and object-relational databases. It is somewhat complementary to the Knowledge Interchange Format that serves as a general representation language for knowledge. It is developed by SRI International's Artificial Intelligence Center for DARPA's High Performance Knowledge Base program (HPKB).
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The material turn is therefore not just philosophical and ontological discussions, but fundamentally about what is happening in organizations and societies. [1] Ontology is about what is, in contrast to epistemology which explores what we know and how we know it. For Bhaskar (1979)Bhaskar, R. (1979, 2014). The Possibility of Naturalism: A Philosophical Critique of the Contemporary Human Sciences.
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Compositional objects are wholes instantiated by collections of parts. If an ontology wishes to permit the inclusion of compositional objects it must define which collections of objects are to be considered parts composing a whole. Mereology, the study of relationships between parts and their wholes, provides specifications on how parts must relate to one another in order to compose a whole.
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They are usually dropped from the ontology chart but they are implied and obvious. In the case of hourly rate and name they are currency and language respectively. The names on the arcs are role names of the carrier, the left node, in the relationship node on the right. For example, the ‘employee’ is the role name of a person while in employment.
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Annotations can also be transferred from one gene to another efficiently due to the lack of free-text and syntax errors. Despite that, users can still add comments to certain aspects of the annotation or the entire article. Aside from gene ontology terms, users can curate physical and genetic interactions. Canto has also allowed users to export their data in JSON format.
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Ecological humanities aims to bridge the divides between the sciences and the humanities, and between Western, Eastern and Indigenous ways of knowing nature. Like ecocentric political theory, the ecological humanities are characterised by a connectivity ontology and a commitment to two fundamental axioms relating to the need to submit to ecological laws and to see humanity as part of a larger living system.
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Petrović discusses the relevance of the philosopher Karl Marx's thought to contemporary philosophy. He discusses "the relationship between philosophy and Marxism, the essence and development of Marx's thought and the difference between creative and dogmatic Marxism", as well as subjects such as praxis, freedom, socialism, and humanism, and issues of ontology and epistemology, such as being, truth, knowledge, logic, and mathematics.
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The service presents data in MADS/RDF and SKOS where appropriate, but also uses its own ontology to describe classification resources and relationships more accurately. All records are available individually via content negotiation as XHTML/RDFa, RDF/XML, N-Triples, and JSON. Each vocabulary is also available to download in its entirety. Id.loc.gov does not currently provide a SPARQL endpoint.
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Whitehead's abstractions are conceptual entities that are abstracted from or derived from and founded upon his actual entities. Abstractions are themselves not actual entities, but are the only entities that can be real. An abstraction is a conceptual entity that involves more than one single actual entity. Whitehead's ontology refers to importantly structured collections of actual entities as nexuses of actual entities.
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Automatic extraction of protein interactions and associations of proteins to functional concepts (e.g. gene ontology terms) has been explored. The search engine PIE was developed to identify and return protein- protein interaction mentions from MEDLINE-indexed articles. The extraction of kinetic parameters from text or the subcellular location of proteins have also been addressed by information extraction and text mining technology.
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Using the framework number of the multi-agent system has been developed including Natural Language Processing applications such as English to Sinhala Agent-based Multi-agent system, Sinhala Ontology Generator and Multi-agent based Morphological Analyzer. In addition to the above Intelligent chatbot and a communication platform for Agricultural domain, File sharing application through the distributed environment has already developed through the MaSMT.
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Meinong von Handschuchsheim family arms, granted with the title of Ritter in 1851. Alexius Meinong Ritter von Handschuchsheim (17 July 1853 – 27 November 1920) was an Austrian philosopher, a realist known for his unique ontology. He also made contributions to philosophy of mind and theory of value.Jacquette, D., Alexius Meinong, The Shepherd of Non-Being (Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer, 2015), pp. 1–3.
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OWL (Web Ontology Language/Ontological Web Language) and Gellish are both meant for use on the semantic web. Gellish can be used in combination with OWL, or on its own. There are many similarities between the two languages, such as the use of unique identifiers (Gellish UIDs, OWL URIs (Uniform Resource Identifiers)) but also important differences. The main differences are as follows: 1\.
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Although the ontology of fictional things in general has been discussed in philosophy since Plato, the paradox was first suggested by Colin Radford and Michael Weston in their 1975 paper How Can We Be Moved by the Fate of Anna Karenina?. Since Radford and Weston's original paper, they and others have continued the discussion by giving the problem slightly differing formulations and solutions.
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Ontologies are being used for product representation (e.g.L. Patil, D. Dutta, R.D. Sriram, Ontology-based exchange of product data semantics, IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering 2 (3) (2005) 213–225.C. Bock, X.F. Zha, Ontological product modeling for collaborative design, NIST IR, NIST, Gaithersburg, MD, 2007V.C. Liang, C. Bock, X.F. Zha, Ontological modeling platform, NIST IR, NIST, Gaithersburg, MD, 2008).
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Several approaches have been developed to analyze the location of organelles, genes, proteins, and other components within cells. This is relevant as the location of these components affects the events within a cell and thus helps us to predict the behavior of biological systems. A gene ontology category, cellular compartment, has been devised to capture subcellular localization in many biological databases.
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A repository of several hundred biological models encoded into CellML can be found on the CellML community website at CellML Model Repository. These models are actively undergoing a curation process aiming to provide annotations with biological ontologies such as Gene Ontology and to validate the models against standards of unit balance and biophysical constrains such as conservation of mass, charge, energy etc.
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Maurizio Ferraris (born February 7, 1956 in Turin) is an Italian continental philosopher and scholar, whose name is associated especially with the philosophical current named "new realism" -- Ferraris wrote the Manifesto of New Realism in 2012, which was published by SUNY Press in 2014) -- which shares significant similarities with speculative realism and object oriented ontology. A pupil of Gianni Vattimo, and influenced by Jacques Derrida, Ferraris began as a theorist of hermeneutics before turning his attention to analytic philosophy. Over the years he has been able to create an effective synthesis between the two approaches, creating a new ontological realism that rejects Kant's schematism in the domain of cognition. Since 1995, Ferraris has been Professor of Philosophy in the Department of Literature and Philosophy at the University of Turin, where he also runs the LabOnt (Laboratory for Ontology).
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In general, Mou holds a critical attitude towards Heidegger's fundamental ontology in his treatise Intellectual Intuition and Chinese Philosophy: > Heidegger’s descriptions could let us think of a disclosure of a “true mind” > (zhen xin) for instance when he speaks about “call of consciousness”(Ruf, > liangxin de huhuan), feeling of guilt ( jiuze zhi gan), dread (Sorge, > jiaolü), determined being (Entschlossenheit, jueduan) or nothingness > (Nichtigkeit, xuwu). Nevertheless, all these descriptions are still > “floating” and he has not been able to pave the way for a “true mind.”• Mou, > Zongsan. "Intellectual Intuition and Chinese Philosophy (Zhi de Zhijue yu > Zhongguo Zhexue)." Taipei(2000): 362. According to Mou, Heidegger's descriptions are “floating” because Heidegger's thought does not recognize any transcendental reality (chaoyue de shiti) but focus on the immanent metaphysics (neizai xingershangxue) to develop his fundamental ontology. “True metaphysics” is “transcendent.”• Mou, Zongsan.
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Among the things a comprehensive commonsense knowledge base would contain are: objects, properties, categories and relations between objects; situations, events, states and time; causes and effects; knowledge about knowledge (what we know about what other people know); and many other, less well researched domains. A representation of "what exists" is an ontology: the set of objects, relations, concepts, and properties formally described so that software agents can interpret them. The semantics of these are captured as description logic concepts, roles, and individuals, and typically implemented as classes, properties, and individuals in the Web Ontology Language. The most general ontologies are called upper ontologies, which attempt to provide a foundation for all other knowledge by acting as mediators between domain ontologies that cover specific knowledge about a particular knowledge domain (field of interest or area of concern).
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As described in and DiShIn (Disjunctive Shared Information) is method to calculate that shared information content by complementing the value of most informative common ancestor (MICA) with their disjunctive ancestors by exploring the multiple inheritance of an ontology. The shared information content of two terms in an Ontology (information science) is a popular technique to measure their semantic similarity.. DiShIn re-defines the shared information content between two concepts as the average of all their disjunctive ancestors, assuming that an ancestor is disjunctive if the difference between the number of distinct paths from the concepts to it is different from that of any other more informative ancestor. In other words, a disjunctive ancestor is the most informative ancestor representing a given set of parallel interpretations. DiShIn is an improvement of GraSM in terms of computational efficiency and in the management of parallel interpretations.
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After several years as a lecturer, senior lecturer, reader then Professor in Manchester, Horrocks moved to the University of Oxford in 2008. His work on tableau reasoning for very expressive description logics has formed the basis of most description logic reasoning systems in use today, including Racer, FaCT++, HermiT and Pellet. Horrocks was jointly responsible for development of the OIL and DAML+OIL ontology languages, and he played a central role in the development of the Web Ontology Language (OWL). These languages and associated tools have been used by Open Biomedical Ontologies (OBO) Consortium, the National Cancer Institute (NCI) in America, the United Nations (UN) Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) Ian Horrocks introduction on the www-webont-wg mailing list at the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) and a range of major corporations and government agencies.
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However, this aspect of ontology is not the most central to the distinction that Avicenna established between essence and existence. One cannot therefore make the claim that Avicenna was the proponent of the concept of essentialism per se, given that existence (al-wujud) when thought of in terms of necessity would ontologically translate into a notion of the Necessary-Existent-due-to-Itself (wajib al- wujud bi-dhatihi), which is without description or definition, and particularly without quiddity or essence (la mahiyya lahu). Consequently, Avicenna's ontology is 'existentialist' when accounting for being qua existence in terms of necessity (wujub), while it is 'essentialist' in terms of thinking about being qua existence (wujud) in terms of contingency qua possibility (imkan; or mumkin al-wujud: contingent being).For recent discussions of this question see: Nader El-Bizri, "Avicenna and Essentialism", The Review of Metaphysics, Vol.
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141; "Defining 'Taxonomy'," Straights Knowledge website. Clauzewitz' conceptual "blink" represents a tentative ontology which organizes a set of concepts within a domain. A conventional military taxonomy might be an hierarchical set of classifications for a given set of objects; and the progress of reasoning is developed from the general to the more specific. In such taxonomic schema, a conflative term is always a polyseme.
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"Hauntology" originates from Derrida's discussion of Karl Marx in Spectres of Marx, specifically Marx's proclamation that "a spectre is haunting Europe—the spectre of communism" in The Communist Manifesto. Derrida calls on Shakespeare's Hamlet, particularly a phrase spoken by the titular character: "the time is out of joint". The word functions as a deliberate near-homophone to "ontology" in Derrida's native French (cf. "Hantologie", and "ontologie", ).
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She created a personal ontology and a personal mythology inspired by the thousands year of Sufi Tradition. May 2009, she has published an album-book called Doğunun Kapısı: Diyarbakır (The Gate of East: Diyarbakir). The book is about the city called Diyarbakir, which is ancestral homeland of Kurdish and Armenian people. She has written a history of the city, which is nearly 3000 years old.
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Identity allows the construction of a platonic ideal world, the ontology or conceptual model, that is often used as basis of object-oriented thinking. The conceptual model describes the client side view to a domain, terminology or an API. This world contains point-like objects as instances, properties of the objects and links between those objects. The objects in the world can be grouped to form classes.
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For instance, cars may be a specific type of vehicle: car is a vehicle. Subtyping doesn't describe a relationship between different objects, but instead, says that objects of a type are simultaneously objects of another type. The study of such relationships is ontology. In prototype-based programming languages such as JavaScript, objects can dynamically inherit the behaviors from a prototype object at the moment of their instantiation.
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The Mouse genome Database (MGD) is the international community resource for integrated genetic, genomic and biological data about the laboratory mouse. MGD provides full annotation of phenotypes and human disease associations for mouse models (genotypes) using terms from the Mammalian Phenotype Ontology and disease names from OMIM.C. Bult and J. Eppig, "The Mouse genome Database (MGD): mouse biology and model systems," Nucleic Acids Research, vol. 36, no.
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Moral ontology attempts to answer question, "What is the nature of moral judgments?" Amongst those who believe there to be some standard(s) of morality (as opposed to moral nihilists), there are two divisions: # universalists, who hold that the same moral facts or principles apply to everyone everywhere; and # relativists, who hold that different moral facts or principles apply to different people or societies.
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Henri de Lubac's theological work on the distinction of nature and grace has been influential in the movement's articulation of ontology. Hans Urs von Balthasar's theological aesthetics and literary criticism are also influential. The strong critique of liberalism found in much of radical orthodoxy has its origin in the work of Karl Barth. The Oxford Movement and the Cambridge Platonists are also key influences of radical orthodoxy.
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Further on, he explored the theme of the interval in his On Angels, a book of angelology, arising at the intersection between metaphysics and the philosophy of religion. In this book, the entities called angels are analysed as a cases of "beings of the interval". The entire exercise has thus the secondary value of ontology of the interval. Sorin Vieru is one of the few Păltiniş logicians.
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Plane of immanence () is a founding concept in the metaphysics or ontology of French philosopher Gilles Deleuze. Immanence, meaning "existing or remaining within" generally offers a relative opposition to transcendence, that which is beyond or outside. Deleuze rejects the idea that life and creation are opposed to death and non-creation. He instead conceives of a plane of immanence that already includes life and death.
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Another theory of the ontology of the state is that the state is a spiritual, or "mystical entity" with its own being, distinct from the members of the state. The German Idealist philosopher Georg Hegel (1770–1831) was perhaps the greatest proponent of this theory. The Hegelian definition of the state is "the Divine Idea as it exists on Earth". (citing Hegel's Philosophy of History, trans.
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He believed that the physical world was a mere reflection of the more perfect abstract world. Hungarian mathematician Paul Erdős spoke of an imaginary book, in which God has written down all the most beautiful mathematical proofs. When Erdős wanted to express particular appreciation of a proof, he would exclaim "This one's from The Book!" Twentieth-century French philosopher Alain Badiou claims that ontology is mathematics.
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Also known as the Ship of Theseus, this is a classical paradox on the first branch of metaphysics, Ontology (philosophy of existence and identity). The paradox runs thus: There used to be the great ship of Theseus which was made out of, say, 100 parts. Each part has a single corresponding replacement part in the ship's storeroom. The ship then sets out on a voyage.
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Badiou makes repeated use of several concepts throughout his philosophy. One of the aims of his thought is to show that his categories of truth are useful for any type of philosophical critique. Therefore, he uses them to interrogate art and history as well as ontology and scientific discovery. Johannes Thumfart argues that Badiou's philosophy can be regarded as a contemporary reinterpretation of Platonism.
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Set theory mathematics has consequently 'pragmatically abandoned' an area which philosophy cannot. And so, Badiou argues, there is therefore only one possibility remaining: that ontology can say nothing about the event. Several critics have questioned Badiou's use of mathematics. Mathematician Alan Sokal and physicist Jean Bricmont write that Badiou proposes, with seemingly "utter seriousness," a blending of psychoanalysis, politics and set theory that they contend is preposterous.
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UTOPIA (User-friendly Tools for Operating Informatics Applications) is a suite of free tools for visualising and analysing bioinformatics data. Based on an ontology-driven data model, it contains applications for viewing and aligning protein sequences, rendering complex molecular structures in 3D, and for finding and using resources such as web services and data objects. There are two major components, the protein analysis suite and UTOPIA documents.
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Jerome Inglott (1776–1835) was a Maltese philosopher and theologian. His areas of specialisation in philosophy were chiefly metaphysics and ontology. He held the Chair of Philosophy at the University of Malta (1822–27), and was one of the Philosopher-Rectors at the same university (1826–33).Mark Montebello, Il- Ktieb tal-Filosofija f’Malta (A Source Book of Philosophy in Malta), PIN Publications, Malta, 2001, Vol.
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However, he soon dissented from moral and spiritual ontology, and turned to a philosophy of disillusionment. Perry was an advocate of a militant democracy: in his words "total but not totalitarian". Puritanism and Democracy (1944) is a famous wartime attempt to reconcile two fundamental concepts in the origins of modern America. Between 1946 and 1948, he delivered in Glasgow his Gifford Lectures, titled Realms of Value.
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The difference between the two parts is that while the essays in Part I are ideological in the Marxist sense, the essays in Part II are ideological in the western (Non-Marxist) sense. Part III, titled ‘Synthesis’ summarizes the significance of Marx's ontology and epistemology on his theoretical formulations, and ends with a review of urbanism and right to the city as theorized by Henri Lefebvre.
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Grounding an ontology of linguistic annotations in the Data Category Registry. In LREC 2010 Workshop on Language Resource and Language Technology Standards (LT<S;), Valetta, Malta (pp. 37-40). CLARIN Concept Registry,Rehm, G., Galanis, D., Labropoulou, P., Piperidis, S., Welß, M., Usbeck, R., et al (2020). Towards an Interoperable Ecosystem of AI and LT Platforms: A Roadmap for the Implementation of Different Levels of Interoperability.
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The comparative information today is huge when compared to the early days of genomics. A single error is compounded and then made complex. The Genome Comparison Project performs a complete pairwise comparison between all predicted protein sequences, obtaining indices used (together with standardized Gene OntologyThe Gene Ontology website) as a reference repository for the annotator community. The project provides invaluable data sources for biologists.
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This involves introducing a new notion of macroscopic objects as quantum kinds, instead of classical objects. In this regard, he is also developing two further new ideas within physics: the ontology of "Objective, Semantic Information" (OSI) and corresponding "Relational Properties" (RPs). As part of developing his version of MQM, Gomatam has related interests in exotic manifolds, semantic information processing, quantum computation, and philosophy of ordinary language.
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Theologian Paul Tillich wrote: "what I learned from Schelling became determinative of my own philosophical and theological development".Paul Tillich, A History of Christian Thought 438 Simon and Schuster, 1972. Maurice Merleau-Ponty likened his own project of natural ontology to Schelling's in his 1957–58 Course on Nature. In the 1970s nature was again of interest to philosophers in relation to environmental issues.
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In metadata, the term date is a representation term used to specify a calendar date in the Gregorian calendar. Many data representation standards such as XML, XML Schema, Web Ontology Language specify that ISO date format ISO 8601 should be used. Note that Date should not be confused with the DateAndTime representation term which requires that both the date and time to be supplied.
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Peña's existence-oriented ontology identifies each entity with a fact, its existence. Ontological truth is also identified with existence, which is a reduplicative property. Ontophantics follows Frege's view of sentences as names of objects, but in this case the objects under consideration are states of affairs. From a linguistic perspective phenomena of nominalization are thus gone into from an outlook which eliminates any categorical cleavages.
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Kisiel is known for his research on the development of Heidegger's early thought. Among his students are Gerry Stahl, Steven Crowell and Govert Schüller. According to Kisiel, Heidegger views the entire history of both Eastern and Western philosophy (starting with Parmenides) as dominated by ontology, or "the metaphysics of permanent presence". Heidegger sees his work as focusing instead on the temporal, contingent, "thrown" existence of the individual.
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Jan Verelst (born ca 1960) is a Belgian computer scientist, Professor and Dean of the Department of Management Information Systems at the University of Antwerp, and Professor at the Antwerp Management School, known for his work on Normalized Systems.Huysmans, P., Bellens, D., Van Nuffel, D., & Ven, K. (2010). "Aligning the constructs of enterprise ontology and normalized systems". In Advances in Enterprise Engineering IV (pp. 1-15).
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Type Description Language (TDL) is the name of a data type specification language defined in the book Implementing Typed Feature Structure Grammars. It is a modeling language specifically used to describe an ontology of HPSG types, these are typically used to model natural language phenomena. The LinGO suite, amongst other DELPH-IN (Deep Linguistic Processing with HPSG) open- source project. software and implementations, utilize TDL.
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In fact, the modeling practice is often more important than the language chosen. Information models can also be expressed in formalized natural languages, such as Gellish. Gellish, which has natural language variants Gellish Formal English, Gellish Formal Dutch (Gellish Formeel Nederlands), etc. is an information representation language or modeling language that is defined in the Gellish smart Dictionary-Taxonomy, which has the form of a Taxonomy/Ontology.
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On January 31, 1881, Eddy was granted a charter to form the Massachusetts Metaphysical College to teach "pathology, ontology, therapeutics, moral science, metaphysics, and their application to the treatment of disease." The college lived wherever Eddy did; a new sign appeared on 8 Broad Street.Cather and Milmine (McClure's), September 1907, p. 567; Bates and Dittemore 1932, p. 210. In October 1881 there was a revolt.
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Gnosiology being the study of types of knowledge i.e. memory (abstract knowledge derived from experimentation being "episteme" or teachable knowledge), experience induction (or empiricism), deduction (or rationalism), scientific abductive reasoning, contemplation (theoria), metaphysical and instinctual or intuitive knowledge. Gnosiology is focused on the study of the noesis and noetic components of human ontology."The Illness and Cure of the Soul" by Metropolitan Hierotheos of Nafpaktos.
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Vilfredo Pareto Method is with him a synthetic, subjective and psychological instrument. He reconstructs, as he declares, ontology, and begins with the ideal formula, the "Ens" creates ex nihilo the existent. God is the only being (Ens); all other things are merely existences. God is the origin of all human knowledge (called lidea, thought), which is one and so to say identical with God himself.
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The Journal of Web Semantics is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Elsevier. It covers knowledge technologies, ontology, software agents, databases and the semantic grid, information retrieval, human language technology, data mining, and semantic web development. The journal is abstracted and indexed by Scopus and the Science Citation Index. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2017 impact factor of 1.348.
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He has been awarded the position of "People's Artist" in the Republic of Azerbaijan, which is the highest honor given to artists in that country. He has been introduced in "Azerbaijan Temporary Music Ontology" as one of the most outstanding opera singers in Azerbaijan Republic. He is married to Narmina Afandiyeva, who is a well-known pianist in Azerbaijan. They have a son and a daughter.
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"Mou Zongsan's Transformation of Kant's Philosophy." Journal of Chinese Philosophy Vol. 33 (2006): 125-139. In his treatise Intellectual Intuition and Chinese Philosophy (zhi de zhexue yu zhongguo zhexue) 智的直覺與中國哲學 (1971), Mou not only wrote his reflection on Heidegger’s philosophy (and translated two chapters from Being and Time), but also criticized Heidegger’s fundamental ontology with his moral metaphysics.
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Parallel to his historical studies ran an untiring interest in philosophy which he wrote down in Considérations abrégées des operations de l'entendement sur les idées on the model borrowed from the famous Port-Royal Logic by Antoine Arnauld: psychology of the mind, logic, and method; to which he added ontology. His influences, apart from the Schola of his early education, were Gassendi, Descartes, Malebranche, Locke and Spinoza.
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It assists firms in aligning their activities by illustrating potential trade- offs. The nine "building blocks" of the business model design template that came to be called the Business Model Canvas were initially proposed in 2005 by Alexander Osterwalder based on his earlier work on business model ontology. See also: Since the release of Osterwalder's work around 2008, new canvases for specific niches have appeared.
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Alonzo Church (June 14, 1903 – August 11, 1995) was an American mathematician and logician who made major contributions to mathematical logic and the foundations of theoretical computer science. He is best known for the lambda calculus, Church–Turing thesis, proving the unsolvability of the Entscheidungsproblem, Frege–Church ontology, and the Church–Rosser theorem. He also worked on philosophy of language (see e.g. Church 1970).
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That way the Kantian restriction of knowledge to the field of appearances is transcendent. In this spirit Hans Wagner characterises Cramer: However, one should be aware that, although Cramer started to work on the topic of old metaphysics, he did not present a full-sized, complete ontology like the systems before Kant. Rather he constantly searched for minimal determinations, that means necessary conditions for finite subjectivity.
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Some contributions in this direction are Jaakko Hintikka's interrogative model and Andrzej Wiśniewski's inferential erotetic logic (IEL). In the interrogative model, questioning is seen as game played between two parties. One of these parties may be reality. In 2011 Anna Brożek published The Theory of Questions which started with philosophical context (ontology, epistemology), then use in human intercourse, with a consideration of cognition and answers.
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Hacking is the first Anglophone to be elected to a permanent chair in the Collège's history.Jon Miller, "Review of Ian Hacking, Historical Ontology", Theoria 72(2) (2006), p. 148. After retiring from the Collège de France, Hacking was a Professor of Philosophy at UC Santa Cruz, from 2008 to 2010. He concluded his teaching career in 2011 as a visiting professor at the University of Cape Town.
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Complex problems are asking for more elaborated analyzing techniques of existing information. Instead of creating a simple script for aggregating different numerical values into one, it make sense to focus on semantic based data preprocessing. Here is the idea to build a dedicated ontology which explains on a higher level what the problem is about. The Protégé (software) is the standard tool for this purpose.
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Within the ontology of color, there are various competing types of theories. One way of posing their relationship is in terms of whether they posit colors as sui generis properties (properties of a special kind that can't be reduced to more basic properties or constellations of such). This divides color primitivism from color reductionism. A primitivism about color is any theory that explains colors as irreducible properties.
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The ontology library is between an agent application and a low-level (mediator) library. Currently, SmartSlog employs the KPI_low interface (oriented to small embedded devices) for triplet-based communications with SIB. The project SmartConference is an intelligent system for automation of processes during conference. It provides conference participants possibilities to control their presentations using their mobile devices, automated scheduling system and other useful services.
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The theological work of Metropolitan John has focused upon the twin themes of ecclesiology and theological ontology. The theology of Metropolitan John reflects the influence of Russian émigré theologians such as Nikolai Afanassieff, Vladimir Lossky and his teacher Georges Florovsky. Zizioulas has also been significantly influenced by the ascetical theology of Archimandrite Sophrony (Sakharov), founder of the Stavropegic Monastery of St John the Baptist in Essex, England.
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For Chandrakirti, a true Mādhyamika only uses reductio ad absurdum arguments and does not put forth positive arguments. Chandrakirti saw in the logico- epistemic tradition a commitment to a foundationalist epistemology and essentialist ontology, while for him a Mādhyamika's job should be to just deconstruct concepts which presuppose an essence.Dreyfus, Georges B. J. 'Recognizing Reality: Dharmakirti's Philosophy and Its Tibetan Interpretations.' SUNY Press, 1997, page 19.
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Later on, he concentrated on the philosophy of mind and consciousness,M. Bitbol, “Is Consciousness Primary ?”, NeuroQuantology, 6, 53-71, 2008 defending a strongly anti-reductionistM. Bitbol, “Ontology, matter and emergence”, Phenomenology and the Cognitive Science, 6, 293-307, 2007 and neo-Wittgensteinian view.M. Bitbol, “Science as if situation mattered”, Phenomenology and the Cognitive Science, 1, 181-224, 2002 He collaborated with Francisco Varela on this subject.
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It may seem contradictory to suggest that is neither a word nor a concept. The difference itself between words cannot only be another word. If that is the case then appeals to ontology, creating an even bigger problem. So is either an appeal to an infinite mystery (similar to God in theology) or becomes empty of any and all meaning and is thus rendered superfluous.
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LOINC applies universal code names and identifiers to medical terminology related to electronic health records. The purpose is to assist in the electronic exchange and gathering of clinical results (such as laboratory tests, clinical observations, outcomes management and research). LOINC has two main parts: laboratory LOINC and clinical LOINC. Clinical LOINC contains a subdomain of Document Ontology which captures types of clinical reports and documents.
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Technologies based on mathematics, like computation have made computational physics an active area of research. The distinction between mathematics and physics is clear-cut, but not always obvious, especially in mathematical physics. Ontology is a prerequisite for physics, but not for mathematics. It means physics is ultimately concerned with descriptions of the real world, while mathematics is concerned with abstract patterns, even beyond the real world.
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Ontology is the most generic study of what exists. > Evidence for what exists, at least in the physical world, is provided solely > by empirical research. Hence the proper object of most metaphysics is the > careful analysis of our best scientific theories (and especially of > fundamental physical theories) with the goal of determining what they imply > about the constitution of the physical world.Maudlin, Tim, The Metaphysics > Within Physics.
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It is planned to create the infrastructure for a “semantic web for technology and science” based on OMDoc. To this end, OMDoc is being extended towards sciences other than mathematics. The first result is PhysML, an OMDoc variant extended towards physics. For a better integration with other Semantic Web applications, an OWL ontology of OMDoc is under development, as well as an export facility to RDF.
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Chef Moz, an offshoot of DMOZ, was an open content directory of World Wide Web links of restaurants. The website was constructed and maintained by a community of volunteer editors, and owned by Netscape. Chef Moz, similar to its parent DMOZ, used a hierarchical ontology scheme for organizing site listings. Listings on a similar topic were grouped into categories, which can then include smaller categories.
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In 1921 Miller received his master's degree and, under the direction of Hocking, went on to compose a work on the fundamental connection among epistemology, semiotics, and ontology. This work, titled "The Definition of the Thing," earned him the doctorate in 1922. Miller's teaching career began in 1922 with an appointment at Connecticut College. During this time he married Katherine S. Gisel (1897–1993).
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The Open University also runs the Open Research Online (ORO) website. ORO is a collection of over 40,000 open access research outputs across a broad range of research areas.Open Research Online, accessed 21 September 2008, 2h03Z. The Open University produced in collaboration with Springer Nature the Computer Science Ontology, which is a large-scale automatically generated taxonomy of research topics in the field of Computer Science.
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At the same time, Gabb has given a generally appreciative commentary of left-libertarian Kevin Carson's work on organization theoryGabb, "Review". and Clark has supported animal rights, gender inclusiveness and non-judgmental attitude toward some unconventional sexual arrangements.Stephen R. L. Clark, The Moral Status of Animals (Oxford: Clarendon-OUP 1977).Stephen R. L. Clark, "Sexual Ontology and Group Marriage," Philosophy 58 (1983): 215-227.
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The former's data is compiled from NCBI while the annotations are from UniProt and Gene Ontology. BacMet provides information on the resistant genes, their sequences, and their molecular functions. The database has over 700 confirmed genes and over 150,000 predicted genes that are organized by molecular function and resistant phenotypes. , BacMet was last updated in March 2018 and is based at the University of Gothenburg in Sweden.
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All data in the database is non-proprietary or is derived from a non-proprietary source. It is thus freely accessible and available to anyone. In addition, each data item is fully traceable and explicitly referenced to the original source. The EFO data is available through a public web interface, BioPortal Web Service hosted at the National Centre for Biomedical Ontology (NCBO) and downloads.
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Prominent examples include human persons, concrete physical objects, and certain abstract objects such as programs. Unlike objects of higher logical orders such as properties and relations, individuals essentially are not multiply instantiable. Individuals are also known as first-order objects. ;Referent : A construct in the IDEF5 elaboration language used to refer to a kind, object, property, relation, or process kind in another ontology or an IDEF model.
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All knowledge from pure reason is architectonic in that it is a systematic unity. The entire system of metaphysic consists of: (1.) Ontology—objects in general; (2.) Rational Physiology—given objects; (3.) Rational cosmology—the whole world; (4.) Rational Theology—God. Metaphysic supports religion and curbs the extravagant use of reason beyond possible experience. The components of metaphysic are criticism, metaphysic of nature, and metaphysic of morals.
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Since the late 1960s, he started becoming famous abroad. In 1967, at the University of Chicago (as a visiting associate professor) he gave a trimester lecture on ontology of objects and facts. The same year, he gave a talk at the University of Boston and Cornell University. In 1968 he was one of the four lecturer at the Colloquium of the International Wittgenstein Congress in Vienna.
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Ontology essentially poses the question of what, exactly, the theorist is examining. One must consider the very nature of reality. The answer usually falls in one of three realms depending on whether the theorist sees the phenomena through the lens of a realist, nominalist, or social constructionist. Realist perspective views the world objectively, believing that there is a world outside of our own experience and cognitions.
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The names of all competitors were sealed, opened only after declaring a winner. Of about 200 philosophical works, only hers - titled "The Intuitional-Theoretical Principles of Positivism" - was awarded the prize. She later became known for work on an ontology of reality. She also married Theodor Conrad who helped provide for her as at this time women academics tended to struggle to make a living.
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Rahel Jaeggi, 2015 Rahel Jaeggi (born July 19, 1967 in Bern) is a professor of practical philosophy and social philosophy at the Humboldt University of Berlin. Her research areas are in social philosophy, political philosophy, ethics, philosophical anthropology, social ontology, and critical theory. Since February 2018 she has been the head of the Berlin campus of the newly founded International Center for Humanities and Social Change.
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Jnanarnava is an important work in Jainism focusing on dhayana (meditation), its techniques and results. But it does not focus only on meditation, but is underpinned by Jain ontology and presents the Jain teachings in the light of Yoga. Subhacandra distinguishes three categories of dhyana—good, evil and pure, in conformity with the three types of purposes, viz., the auspicious, the inauspicious and the transcendental.
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The condition which has only ones is thus dominated by any condition which has zeros in it [cf. pp. 367–71 in Being and Event].) Badiou reasons using these conditions that every discernible (nameable or constructible) set is dominated by the conditions which don't possess the property that makes it discernible as a set. (The property 'one' is always dominated by 'not one'.) These sets are, in line with constructible ontology, relative to one's being- in-the-world and one's being in language (where sets and concepts, such as the concept 'humanity', get their names). However, he continues, the dominations themselves are, whilst being relative concepts, not necessarily intrinsic to language and constructible thought; rather one can axiomatically define a domination – in the terms of mathematical ontology – as a set of conditions such that any condition outside the domination is dominated by at least one term inside the domination.
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The central tenet of Graham Harman and Levi Bryant's object-oriented ontology (OOO) is that objects have been neglected in philosophy in favor of a "radical philosophy" that tries to "undermine" objects by saying that objects are the crusts to a deeper underlying reality, either in the form of monism or a perpetual flux, or those that try to "overmine" objects by saying that the idea of a whole object is a form of folk ontology. According to Harman, everything is an object, whether it be a mailbox, electromagnetic radiation, curved spacetime, the Commonwealth of Nations, or a propositional attitude; all things, whether physical or fictional, are equally objects. Sympathetic to panpsychism, Harman proposes a new philosophical discipline called "speculative psychology" dedicated to investigating the "cosmic layers of psyche" and "ferreting out the specific psychic reality of earthworms, dust, armies, chalk, and stone".Graham Harman (2009), Prince of Networks, 213.
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Book cover of Das politische und der Mensch. His final major work Das Politische und der Mensch (The Political and Man) remained unfinished at the time of his death, but nevertheless managed to present a unified social-scientific theory or "value-free" description of social phenomena, encompassing socio-ontological, sociological and historical aspects of the study of human affairs. Kondylis's conception of social ontology does not offer any fixed causalities or laws nor does it say what people ought to do or not do in any given situation or how their social action should unfold. The task of social ontology is accordingly not to reduce fluid and varied phenomena to basic samples and basic genetic factors; what is sought is to show the spectrum of the forces and factors, which can only be constituted and become discernible from the – irreducible and inexhaustible – diversity of form.
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However, this aspect of ontology is not the most central to the distinction that Avicenna established between essence and existence. One cannot therefore make the claim that Avicenna was the proponent of the concept of essentialism per se, given that existence (al-wujud) when thought of in terms of necessity would ontologically translate into a notion of the "Necessary-Existent-due-to-Itself" (wajib al-wujud bi-dhatihi), which is without description or definition and, in particular, without quiddity or essence (la mahiyya lahu). Consequently, Avicenna's ontology is 'existentialist' when accounting for being–qua–existence in terms of necessity (wujub), while it is essentialist in terms of thinking about being–qua–existence in terms of "contingency–qua–possibility" (imkan or mumkin al-wujud, meaning "contingent being").For recent discussions of this question, see Nader El-Bizri, "Avicenna and Essentialism", The Review of Metaphysics, Vol.
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Olsen, being an academic and an author, is also known for his rebellious streak and willingness to explore new and emerging theoretical or philosophical directions while persuading the reader to give said theory more thought. He brings material culture and the weight of identifying an object's ontology upon discovery to light in his 2010 book In Defense of Things: Archaeology and the Ontology of Objects. By first introducing the reader to the meaning of material culture, which is defined as objects influenced by human interaction maintain their integrity through time, he then begins to tie this material significance of landscape and topography to the discipline of archaeology. Olsen puts it best by stating “This book is grounded in a realist attitude in the sense that I do believe the material world exists and that things constitute a fundamental and persistent foundation of our existence.
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Together with Alfred Tarski and Jan Łukasiewicz, he formed the troika, which made the University of Warsaw, during the interbellum, perhaps the most important research center in the world for formal logic. His main contribution was the construction of three nested formal systems, to which he gave the Greek-derived names of protothetic, ontology, and mereology. ("Calculus of names" is sometimes used instead of ontology, a term widely employed in metaphysics in a very different sense.) A good textbook presentation of these systems is that by Simons (1987), who compares and contrasts them with the variants of mereology, more popular nowadays, descending from the calculus of individuals of Leonard and Goodman. Simons clarifies something that is very difficult to determine by reading Leśniewski and his students, namely that Polish mereology is a first-order theory isomorphic to what is now called classical extensional mereology.
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Popular neoliberal thought supports the destruction of public spheres in favor of the privatization of public institutions such as education and health based on the assumption that the market best determines public needs. In this vein, Fisher also raises the idea of 'business ontology', which is the capitalist ideology in which purposes and objectives are understood exclusively in business terms. He further postulates that in the case of uniformly business-oriented social conditions there is no place for the public and its only chance at survival is by means of extinguishing the business framework in public services, adding that "if businesses can't be run as businesses, why should public services?" Thus, a frequent topic of Fisher's writing is the future of the public sphere in the face of neoliberal business ontology and what it might look like in absence of a centralized state-run industry.
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An exploration of meaning and meaninglessness or "commonsense" and "nonsense" through metaphysics, epistemology, grammar, and eventually psychoanalysis, The Logic of Sense consists of a series of thirty-four paradoxes followed by an appendix that contains five previously published essays, including a brief overview of Deleuze's ontology entitled "Plato and the Simulacrum". The Deleuzian understanding of nonsense considers that there is a "surface level" of nonsense which creates innocent, childlike preoccupations with contradictions (represented by Lewis Carroll), and the inner space of nonsense which deals with strong and violent contradictions (represented by Antonin Artaud). Leading on from Deleuze's ontology in his 1968 book Difference and Repetition, sense can only itself be understood as a constant set of correlations and associations. Nonsense, especially through the literature he analyzes, intrinsically avoids being defined, and can only be seen as "that which has no sense," but "is opposed to the absence of sense".
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Opeola asserts that Àjẹ́ are "against class systems" and "exploitation." From a position rooted in acknowledgement of equality, Àjẹ́ work to ensure societal, political, and cultural balance and harmony. One of the many praise names for the Àjẹ́ collective is Ẹgbẹ́ Ọ̀gbà, which means a collective of equals. That Àjẹ́ is rooted in equality illustrates key differences between contemporary Yoruba ontology and that of the autochthonic inhabitants of Ile-Ife.
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From 1832 until his death in 1853 he was Magistrate in Mandal. In the years 1751–1753, he published a number of short textbooks on logic, ontology, cosmology, psychology and natural theology. In 1812, he entered into a collaboration with Danish librarian Rasmus Nyerup. Almindelig Morskabslæsning i Danmark og Norge igjennem Aarhundreder, a lexicon of the literature of Denmark, Norway and Iceland whuch was published jointed 1818–20.
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Once resolved, consumers of this service can inspect, and potentially modify the attributes of the entity as well as get its schema as described in Web Ontology Language (OWL). In addition to basic identity attribute values like strings and numbers, the data entity referred to by an r-card can have complex attribute values consisting of aggregates of basic attribute types as well as UDI links to other entities.
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In Greek philosophy, Kahn identified predication as one of the three concepts - along with truth and reality - that ontology connected.Reding, Jean-Paul (2017-03-02). Comparative Essays in Early Greek and Chinese Rational Thinking. Routledge. . His work on Why Existence does not Emerge as a Distinct Concept in Greek Philosophy is remarked 24 years after its appearance by Allan Back in his book on Aristotle's Theory of Predication.
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Praxis editors had a strong tendency to publish articles that went against the Leninist theory and praxis promoted and enforced by the League of Communists of Yugoslavia. They were also advocates of freedom of speech and of the press. According to Praxis School member Žarko Puhovski, Praxis articles on controversial areas such as politics and ideology were often disguised as writings about more abstract topics such as aesthetics or ontology.
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Romero has worked extensively on gamma-ray, neutrino and cosmic-ray astrophysics, black holes, and scientific philosophy. He is well-known for his investigations of blazars, microquasars, and unidentified gamma-ray sources. His research has received around 11000 citations in the academic literature, making him on of the most cited scientists of Argentina . In the field of philosophy, he has contributed with research on Supertask, spacetime ontology , and aesthetics .
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Commenting on his "Quantum mechanics for cosmologists", Barbour writes that "his proposal is very close to mine in two of its three main elements. He may have believed in time, but his emphasis on memories and records and their rather natural occurrence in the quantum context are valuable support for me. So are his views on ontology and psychophysical parallelism. This is the third common element" (p. 301).
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He has worked extensively on non-empirical presuppositions in the work of physicist Albert Einstein as well as on theological discussions of the neurosciences and new trends in evolutionary theory. He has also written textbooks in the areas of eschatology and ethics. Prof. Mühling's approach can be characterized as work towards establishing and widening an ontology of narrative relationality that focuses on constitutive processual relations.Cf. M. Mühling (2013), 17–20.
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Manuscripts of the work give it the subtitle "peri hēdonēs, ēthikos" ("ethics/moral concerning pleasure") implying that its topic is "concerning pleasure" and it is a work on ethics — that is, the question of what way of life is best. However "there are large parts in the dialogue that deal with dialectics and ontology but have nothing to do with pleasure and ethics, or if so, only indirectly". page 306.
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GermaNet is a semantic network for the German language. It relates nouns, verbs, and adjectives semantically by grouping lexical units that express the same concept into synsets and by defining semantic relations between these synsets. GermaNet is free for academic use, after signing a license. GermaNet has much in common with the English WordNet and can be viewed as an on-line thesaurus or a light-weight ontology.
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Tadeusz Kotarbiński considered reism as a project rather than a theory. Reism or concretism is a view that only concrete material things exist. It is a philosophical theory associated with Tadeusz Kotarbiński who proposed that it involves both the proper view about the kinds of objects that exist and the literal way of speaking about things. It is based on the ontology of Stanislaw Lesniewski, specifically, his "calculus of names".
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Lawson argues repeatedly that if social science is to be successful then it must fashion methods that are appropriate to its subject matter. He argues that this requires an explicit orientation to social ontology. The reason that mathematical modelling in economics fails to provide insight, he reasons, is simply because such methods are quite inappropriate, given the nature of social material. Lawson develops dialectical methods that he systematises as contrast explanation.
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The commitment made selecting one or another ontology can produce a sharply different view of the task at hand. Consider the difference that arises in selecting the lumped element view of a circuit rather than the electrodynamic view of the same device. As a second example, medical diagnosis viewed in terms of rules (e.g., MYCIN) looks substantially different from the same task viewed in terms of frames (e.g.
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From OpenURL 1.0 COinS borrows one of its serialization formats ("KEV") and some ContextObject metadata formats included in OpenURL implementation guidelines. The ContextObject implementation guidelines of COinS include four publication types (article with several subtypes, book, patent, and generic) and a couple of simple fields. However the guidelines are not required part of COinS, so the standard does not provide a strict metadata model like Dublin Core or the Bibliographic Ontology.
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He earned his PhD degree at the same university in 1958 with a dissertation about the ontology of Nicolai Hartmann. Until 1966 Pejović was president of the Croatian Philosophy Society. Pejović was part of the wing of Yugoslav philosophical thought that was defending critical, unorthodox views. When the journal Praxis was established in 1964, Pejović joined its editorial board, becoming a co-editor of the journal, together with Gajo Petrović.
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The medium is an important concept, and somewhat paradoxical, as it is both necessary and yet forgotten. Plato deals with a similar concept in the purity of experience. He tells us that speech is more immediate than writing, because the words emerge more directly from the speaker's mind. Immediacy also possesses characteristics of both of the homophonic heterographs 'immanent' and 'imminent', and what entails to both within ontology.
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René Descartes is considered as the founder of modern philosophy. Modern philosophy began in France with the philosophy of René Descartes (1596–1650). His Meditations on First Philosophy changed the primary object of philosophical thought from ontology to epistemology and overcame the Aristotelian dogmatism inherited in philosophy from Scholasticism, the dominant form of thought in preceding centuries, while simultaneously raising some of the most fundamental problems for future generations of philosophers.
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Jens Kraft (1720–1765) was a Dano-Norwegian mathematician and philosopher. He was born in Frederikshald in Norway, but at age 5 he became an orphan and was subsequently raised by his uncle in Thy in Jutland. As a philosopher he introduced the study of ontology to Scandinavian academic circles. He was influenced by Christian Wolff whilst still a student at Copenhagen, attending a lecture by Wolff while visiting Halle.
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Semantic Application Design Language (SADL), is an English-like open source language for building formal models composed of an OWL ontology, rules expressed in terms of the ontological concepts, queries for retrieving information from the model, and tests to validate and re-validate model content and entailments (implications). The SADL-IDE is an Eclipse-based integrated development environment(IDE) which facilitates authoring and maintaining models expressed in the SADL language.
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Temporal simplicity is endorsed by many theists but is highly controversial among Christian theologians. Morris describes Property simplicity as the property of having no properties, and this area is more controversial still. In the medieval era, theologians and philosophers held to a view called "constituent ontology" whereby natures were actual constituents of things. Following Aquinas, an individual nature was more like a concrete object than an abstract object.
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It shows a harmony with the Roman Catholic faith which caused Cousin to declare that Italian philosophy was still in the bonds of theology, and that Gioberti was no philosopher. Method is with him a synthetic, subjective and psychological instrument. He reconstructs, as he declares, ontology, and begins with the ideal formula, the "Ens" creates ex nihilo the existent. God is the only being (Ens); all other things are merely existences.
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TeLQAS includes three main subsystems: an online subsystem, an offline subsystem, and an ontology. The online subsystem answers questions submitted by users in real time. During the online process, TeLQAS processes the question using a natural language processing component that implements part-of-speech tagging and simple syntactic parsing. The online subsystem also utilizes an inference engine in order to carry out necessary inference on small elements of knowledge.
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See also pp. 756 and 766 of the Handbook His fuzzy ontology also includes a fuzzy mereology and mereotopology by means of which vague part-whole relationships, for example in anatomy, surgery and other medical fields, become logically tractable. In addition, he has developed a technique to bring to light the ontological commitments of any piece of medical knowledge so as to ascertain the ontological prerequisites of its satisfiability.
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For the German Idealists like Fichte, Schelling and Hegel, the extrapolation or universalisation of the human process of contradiction and reconciliation, whether conceptually, theoretically, or emotionally, were all movements of the universe itself. It is understandable then, why so many philosophers saw deep problems with Hegel's all-encompassing attempt at fusing anthropocentric and Eurocentric epistemology, ontology, and logic into a singular system of thought that would admit no alternative.
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Harré was one of the world's most prolific social scientists. He wrote on a wide variety of subjects including: philosophy of mathematics, philosophy of science, ontology, psychology, social psychology, chemistry, sociology and philosophy. He was an important early influence on the philosophical movement critical realism, publishing Causal Powers with E. H. Madden in 1975. He supervised Roy Bhaskar's doctoral studies, and continued to maintain close involvement with realism.
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Part–whole theory is the name of a loose collection of historical theories, all informal and nearly all unwitting, relating wholes to their parts via inclusion. Part–whole theory has been overtaken by mereology. Metaphysics, especially ontology, has invoked part–whole concepts ever since Aristotle founded the subject. Husserl (1970) (German original first published in 1901) was the first to consciously elaborate a part–whole theory (on which see Tieszen 1995).
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The counterpart to CADM within NASA is the NASA Exploration Information Ontology Model (NeXIOM), which is designed to capture and expressively describe the engineering and programmatic data that drives exploration program decisions. NeXIOM is intended to be a repository that can be accessed by various simulation tools and models that need to exchange information and data.Robert Shishko (2004). The Application of Architecture Frameworks to Modelling Exploration Operations Costs .
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Some authors have pointed to similarities between the Buddhist conception of nothingness and the ideas of Martin Heidegger and existentialists like Sartre,Steven William Laycock, Nothingness and Emptiness: A Buddhist Engagement with the Ontology of Jean-Paul Sartre, SUNY Press, 2001 .Charles B. Guignon, The Cambridge Companion to Heidegger, pp. 293–325, Cambridge University Press, 2006 . although this connection has not been explicitly made by the philosophers themselves.
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One solution is how biological databases cross-reference to other databases with accession numbers to link their related knowledge together. Relational database concepts of computer science and Information retrieval concepts of digital libraries are important for understanding biological databases. Biological database design, development, and long-term management is a core area of the discipline of bioinformatics. Data contents include gene sequences, textual descriptions, attributes and ontology classifications, citations, and tabular data.
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Quertle’s flagship product is its biomedical and life science search and discovery engine, Qinsight, which applies the Quantum Logic Linguistics approach in combination a knowledge extraction-specific ontology (as compared to typical classification ontologies). Qinsight is an outgrowth of the company’s prior Quertle.info and Quetzal web sites, which served as development and training test sites. Quertle also partners with other companies to embed its technologies in other websites and products.
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For each entry, cross-references are maintained to EnsEMBL, dbSNP, Entrez Gene, the NCBI Taxonomy database and PubMed. The information within ORegAnno is regularly mapped and provided as a UCSC Genome Browser track. Furthermore, each entry is associated with its experimental evidence, embedded as an Evidence Ontology within ORegAnno. This allows the researcher to analyze regulatory data using their own conditions as to the suitability of the supporting evidence.
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Mou confuses Heidegger's Time (Zeit, shijian) with temporality (Zeitlichkeit, shijian xing) and thereby fails to see the transcendental nature in neither Time nor Being. The different understanding of the concept Time further causes Mou's disagreement with Heidegger's discussions of finitude of human beings. In fact, Heidegger's discussions of finitude are based on his interpretation of the temporality of Dasein. It is not the rejection of the transcendental ontology.
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Object-oriented ontology holds that objects are independent not only of other objects, but also from the qualities they animate at any specific spatiotemporal location. Accordingly, objects cannot be exhausted by their relations with humans or other objects in theory or practice, meaning that the reality of objects is always present-at-hand. The retention by an object of a reality in excess of any relation is known as withdrawal.
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"If I have learned a formula in gibberish which in any way jogs my memory so as to enable me in each single case to act as though I had a general idea, what possible utility is there in distinguishing between such a gibberish... and an idea?" Peirce also held as a matter of ontology that what he called "thirdness", the more general facts about the world, are extra-mental realities.
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An ontology represents knowledge as a set of concepts within a domain and the relationships between those concepts. Knowledge representation and knowledge engineering are central to classical AI research. Some "expert systems" attempt to gather explicit knowledge possessed by experts in some narrow domain. In addition, some projects attempt to gather the "commonsense knowledge" known to the average person into a database containing extensive knowledge about the world.
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However, semantic web application objects do have multiple superclasses. The volatility of the Internet requires this level of flexibility and the technology standards such as the Web Ontology Language (OWL) are designed to support it. A similar issue is whether or not the class hierarchy can be modified at run time. Languages such as Flavors, CLOS, and Smalltalk all support this feature as part of their meta-object protocols.
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Asunción Gómez Pérez is a Spanish computer scientist, the Vice-Rector for Research, Innovation and Doctoral Studies and a Full Professor at the Technical University of Madrid. In 2015 she received National Prize of Informatics from Scientific Society of Informatics of Spain. She is also the recipient of the Ada Bryon Prize. She is working in the field of artificial intelligence, specifically in Semantic Web and ontology engineering.
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BIND was the first database of its kind to contain info on biomolecular interactions, reactions and pathways in one schema. It is also the first to base its ontology on chemistry which allows 3D representation of molecular interactions. The underlying chemistry allows molecular interactions to be described down to the atomic level of resolution. PreBIND an associated system for data mining to locate biomolecular interaction information in the scientific literature.
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One of the topics in the philosophy of color is the problem of the ontology of color. The questions comprising this field of research are, for example, what kind of properties colors are (i.e. are they physical properties of objects? Or are they properties of their own kind?), but also problems about the representation of colors, and the relationship between the representation of colors and their ontological constitution.
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In practice, time is a focus of the critical path method. With advances in computing, the representation of three dimensions of space has increased. The merging of space and the above discussed ontology formed the Information model, in the construction engineering field, known as building information modeling. The combination of space and time in practice is shown by the linear scheduling method and in close relation the 4D model.
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Writers for the Japanese video game magazine Famitsu appreciated how new developments occur after clearing each of the game's scenarios, and found that the game's worldview was consistent despite referencing various conflicting texts, such as the Bible and the Epic of Gilgamesh. They also felt that the game's use of themes such as virtual and real, human life and ontology gave the game a "cyber-science fiction youth" feeling.
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QBism claims that these points on which it differs from previous Copenhagen-type interpretations resolve the obscurities that many critics have found in the latter, by changing the role that quantum theory plays (even though QBism does not yet provide a specific underlying ontology). Specifically, QBism posits that quantum theory is a normative tool which an agent may use to better navigate reality, rather than a set of mechanics governing it.
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The Vaiśeṣika darśana is credited to Kaṇāda Kaśyapa from the second half of the first millennium BCE.Oliver Leaman, Key Concepts in Eastern Philosophy. Routledge, , 1999, page 269.Michael Brannigan (2009), Striking a Balance: A Primer in Traditional Asian Values, Rowman & Littlefield, , page 7 The foundational text, the Vaiśeṣika Sūtra, opens as follows: The Vaiśeṣika school is related to the Nyāya school but features differences in its epistemology, metaphysics and ontology.
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In an attempt to promote Durkheim's social theories to American academic audiences, many of Alpert's early studies as well as his highly influential book, Emile Durkheim and His Sociology,Alpert, Harry. Emile Durkheim and His Sociology. New York: Columbia University Press, 1939. aimed to clarify how Durkheim understood the ontology of the social word, social science methodology, relations between the social and natural sciences, and the social relevance of social science.
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The term computer language is sometimes used interchangeably with programming language.Robert A. Edmunds, The Prentice-Hall standard glossary of computer terminology, Prentice-Hall, 1985, p. 91 However, the usage of both terms varies among authors, including the exact scope of each. One usage describes programming languages as a subset of computer languages.Pascal Lando, Anne Lapujade, Gilles Kassel, and Frédéric Fürst, Towards a General Ontology of Computer Programs , ICSOFT 2007 , pp.
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ARDB also known as Antibiotic Resistance Genes Database is a database that tracks antibiotic resistance genes with information such as mechanism of action, resistance profile, ontology, Clusters of Orthologous Genes (COG) and Conserved Domain Database (CDD) annotations. It also contains links to external databases. The database is also for the identification of new resistance genes. During the creation of ARDB in 2009, there was no comprehensive annotation system available.
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The existing techniques along with utilized data sources, the limitations, and challenges were highlighted. The prominent approaches adopted include Machine Learning, Ontology, and Fuzzy logic. Social media data from Twitter and Facebook have been used by most of the studies to infer the social attributes of users. The literature showed that user social attributes, including age, gender, home location, wellness, emotion, opinion, relation, influence are still need to be explored.
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Fluxomics has the potential to provide a quantifiable representation of the effect the environment has on the phenotype because the fluxome describes the genome environment interaction. In the fields of metabolic engineering and systems biology, fluxomic methods are considered a key enabling technology due to their unique position in the ontology of biological processes, allowing genome scale stoichiometric models to act as a framework for the integration of diverse biological datasets.
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An example of a smart dictionary is the Open Source Gellish English dictionary. The term dictionary is also used to refer to an electronic vocabulary or lexicon as used for example in spelling checkers. If dictionaries are arranged in a subtype-supertype hierarchy of concepts (or terms) then it is called a taxonomy. If it also contains other relations between the concepts, then it is called an ontology.
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Early approaches used a fixed amount of manually created mapping rules to refine the 1:1 mapping. More elaborate methods are employing heuristics or learning algorithms to induce schematic information (methods overlap with ontology learning). While some approaches try to extract the information from the structure inherent in the SQL schema (analysing e.g. foreign keys), others analyse the content and the values in the tables to create conceptual hierarchies (e.g.
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Another type of focused crawlers is semantic focused crawler, which makes use of domain ontologies to represent topical maps and link Web pages with relevant ontological concepts for the selection and categorization purposes. In addition, ontologies can be automatically updated in the crawling process. Dong et al. introduced such an ontology-learning- based crawler using support vector machine to update the content of ontological concepts when crawling Web Pages.
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For explicitly stating similarity/equality, there exist special properties or relationships in most ontology languages. OWL, for example has "owl:equivalentClass", "owl:equivalentProperty" and "owl:sameAs". Eventually system designs may see the advent of composable architectures where published semantic-based interfaces are joined together to enable new and meaningful capabilities. These could predominately be described by means of design-time declarative specifications, that could ultimately be rendered and executed at run-time.
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In physics and cosmology, digital physics is a collection of theoretical perspectives based on the premise that the universe is describable by information. It is a form of digital ontology about the physical reality. According to this theory, the universe can be conceived of as either the output of a deterministic or probabilistic computer program, a vast, digital computation device, or a mathematical Isomorphism to such a device.
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Born 1974 in St. Gallen, Osterwalder obtained his MA in Political Science in 2000 at the University of Lausanne, where in 2004 he also obtained his PhD in Management Information Systems"Alexander Osterwalder, Business Model Innovator," at linkedin.com. Accessed March 18, 2015. under Yves Pigneur with the thesis, entitled "The Business Model Ontology - a proposition in a design science approach." In 1999 Osterwalder co-founded his first startup Netfinance.
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Political borders are imposed on the world through human agency.Robinson, Edward Heath. Reexamining Fiat, Bona Fide and Force Dynamic Boundaries for Geopolitical Entities and their Placement in DOLCE Applied Ontology 2012 7: pp. 93–108 That means that although a political border may follow a river or mountain range, such a feature does not automatically define the political border, even though it may be a major physical barrier to crossing.
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The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) created the Web-Ontology Working Group as part of their Semantic Web Activity. It began work on November 1, 2001 with co-chairs James Hendler and Guus Schreiber. The first working drafts of the abstract syntax, reference and synopsis were published in July 2002. OWL became a formal W3C recommendation on February 10, 2004 and the working group was disbanded on May 31, 2004.
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Siderits, Mark. Buddhism as philosophy, 2007, p. 6 The Buddhist traditions present a multitude of Buddhist paths to liberation, and Buddhist thinkers in India and subsequently in East Asia have covered topics as varied as phenomenology, ethics, ontology, epistemology, logic and philosophy of time in their analysis of these paths. Early Buddhism was based on empirical evidence gained by the sense organs (ayatana)David Kalupahana, Causality: The Central Philosophy of Buddhism.
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The challenge of applying ontology is ontology's emphasis on a world view orthogonal to epistemology. The emphasis is on being rather than on doing (as implied by "applied") or on knowing. This is explored by philosophers and pragmatists like Fernando Flores and Martin Heidegger. One way in which that emphasis plays out is in the concept of "speech acts": acts of promising, ordering, apologizing, requesting, inviting or sharing.
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Levinas was deeply influenced by Heidegger, and yet became one of his fiercest critics, contrasting the infinity of the good beyond being with the immanence and totality of ontology. Levinas also condemned Heidegger's involvement with National Socialism, stating: "One can forgive many Germans, but there are some Germans it is difficult to forgive. It is difficult to forgive Heidegger."Emmanuel Levinas, Nine Talmudic Readings (Indiana University Press, 1990), p.
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Philosophy of science is a branch of philosophy concerned with the foundations, methods, and implications of science. The central questions of this study concern what qualifies as science, the reliability of scientific theories, and the ultimate purpose of science. This discipline overlaps with metaphysics, ontology, and epistemology, for example, when it explores the relationship between science and truth. Philosophy of science focuses on metaphysical, epistemic and semantic aspects of science.
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The OBO file format is a biology-oriented language for building ontologies. It is based on the principles of Web Ontology Language (OWL). As a community effort, standard common mappings have been created for lossless roundtrip transformations between Open Biomedical Ontologies (OBO) format and OWL. The research contains methodical examination of each of the constructs of OBO and a layer cake for OBO, similar to the Semantic Web stack.
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Ontologies evolve in time, refining concepts and descriptions according to advances in the knowledge of their specific domains. In order to ensure that new versions are updated, but tools that use older version of the ontologies are still function, OBO enforces a system of versioning systems, with each ontology version receiving a unique identifier, either in the format of a date or a numbering system, and metadata dags.
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Hegel agrees with Kierkegaard that both reality and humans are incomplete, inasmuch as we are in time, and reality develops through time. But the relation between time and eternity is outside time and this is the "logical structure" that Hegel thinks we can know. Kierkegaard disputes this assertion, because it eliminates the clear distinction between ontology and epistemology. Existence and thought are not identical and one cannot possibly think existence.
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Similarly to another Polish mathematician Helena Rasiowa whose first unfinished master thesis in philosophy prepared under Jan Łukasiewicz burned with all house during the Warsaw uprising, Grzegorczyk was able to complete his originally underground education only after the World War II finished. Already in 1945 at the Philosophical Faculty of the Jagiellonian University in Kraków, supervised by a renowned philosopher of physics Zygmunt Michał Zawirski who in 1938–1939 was the Faculty's dean and in 1937 relocated to Kraków after uninterrupted nine years as the head of the Chair of Theory and Methodology of Sciences of the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań and investigated the problems on the borderline of philosophy and physics, Grzegorczyk finished the first higher study by a magister degree in philosophy with the thesis The Ontology of Properties, wherein with a help of Kotarbiński's reism, also propagated by Henryk Hiż, in the formal version by Stanisław Leśniewski, he successfully presented interpretation of Leśniewski's elementary ontology as a theory of higher logical types.
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In metaphysics object-oriented ontology (OOO) is a 21st-centuryPhilPapers, Foundations and Applications of Decision Theory pp 67-114, Conflict and Structure in Multi-Level Multiple Objective Decision-Making Systems, Authors- Tom R. Burns and Dave Meeker Heidegger-influenced school of thought that rejects the privileging of human existence over the existence of nonhuman objects. This is in contrast to what it calls the "anthropocentrism" of Kant's Copernican Revolution, as accepted by most other current metaphysics, in which phenomenal objects are said to conform to the mind of the subject and, in turn, become products of human cognition. Object-oriented ontology maintains that objects exist independently (as Kantian noumena) of human perception and are not ontologically exhausted by their relations with humans or other objects. For object-oriented ontologists, all relations, including those between nonhumans, distort their related objects in the same basic manner as human consciousness and exist on an equal footing with one another.
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" A criticism of Cramer's 2015 account of dealing with multi-particle quantum systems is found in Kastner 2016, "An Overview of the Transactional Interpretation and its Evolution into the 21st Century, Philosophy Compass (2016). It observes in particular that the account in Cramer 2015 is necessarily anti-realist about the multi-particle states: if they are only part of a 'map,' then they are not real, and in this form TI becomes an instrumentalist interpretation, contrary to its original spirit. Thus the so-called "retreat" to Hilbert space (criticized also below in the lengthy discussion of note ) can instead be seen as a needed expansion of the ontology, rather than a retreat to anti-realism/instrumentalism about the multi-particle states. The vague statement (under ) that "Offer waves are somewhat ephemeral three-dimensional space objects" indicates the lack of clear definition of the ontology when one attempts to keep everything in 3+1 spacetime.
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Bhaskar's main strategy was to argue that reality has depth, and that knowledge can penetrate more or less deeply into reality, without ever reaching the 'bottom'. Bhaskar has said that he reintroduced 'ontology' into the philosophy of science at a time when this was almost heresy, arguing for an ontology of stratified emergence and differentiated structure, which supported the ontological reality of causal powers independent of their empirical effects; such a move opened up the possibility for a non-reductivist and non-positivistic account of causal explanation in the human and social domain. This explanatory project was linked with a critical project the main idea of which is the doctrine of 'Explanatory Critique' which Bhaskar developed fully in Scientific Realism and Human Emancipation (1987). This developed the critical tradition of 'ideology critique' within a CR framework, arguing that certain kinds of explanatory accounts could lead directly to evaluations, and thus that science could function normatively, not just descriptively, as positivism has, since Hume's law, assumed.
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Frits Staal related the term to metalanguage concept that is found in logic both in Western and Indian traditions."The concept of metalanguage and its Indian background" Staal Frits - Journal of Indian Philosophy 3: 315-354 (1975)"Bibliography on Indian Logic and Ontology" Theory and History of Ontology by Raul Corazzon Retrieved on 2011-11-06 Staal considered the term metalanguage, or its German or Polish equivalent, to have been introduced in 1933 by the logician Alfred Tarski, whom he credits with having made apparent its real significance.Journal of Indian Philosophy 3 (1975) 315-354 Russell's 1902 solution to his logical paradox"Bertrand Russell and the Paradoxes of Set Theory" Book Rags synopsis comes in large part from the so-called vicious circle principle, that no propositional function can be defined prior to specifying the function's scope of application. In other words, before a function can be defined, one must first specify exactly those objects to which the function will apply (the function's domain).
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Nail's published work is divided into two primary books series. The first series is composed of six “core” books, each written with a similar organization on five major areas of philosophy: ontology, politics, aesthetics, science, and nature. Each book provides a theory, history, and contemporary case study of the kinetic method. The purpose of each book is to redefine its subject area from a kinetic or process materialist perspective. The Figure of the Migrant (2015) and Theory of the Border (2016) develop a theory and history of what he terms “kinopolitics” based on the study of patterns of social motion. Theory of the Image (2019) develops a “kinesthetics” of moving images in the arts. Theory of the Object (not yet published) develops a “kinemetrics” of moving objects in the sciences. Theory of the Earth (not yet published) develops a “geokinetics” of nature in motion, and Being and Motion (2018) develops an original historical ontology of motion.
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Furthermore, transforming WordNet into a lexical ontology usable for knowledge representation should normally also involve (i) distinguishing the specialization relations into subtypeOf and instanceOf relations, and (ii) associating intuitive unique identifiers to each category. Although such corrections and transformations have been performed and documented as part of the integration of WordNet 1.7 into the cooperatively updatable knowledge base of WebKB-2, most projects claiming to re-use WordNet for knowledge-based applications (typically, knowledge-oriented information retrieval) simply re- use it directly. WordNet has also been converted to a formal specification, by means of a hybrid bottom-up top-down methodology to automatically extract association relations from WordNet, and interpret these associations in terms of a set of conceptual relations, formally defined in the DOLCE foundational ontology. In most works that claim to have integrated WordNet into ontologies, the content of WordNet has not simply been corrected when it seemed necessary; instead, WordNet has been heavily re-interpreted and updated whenever suitable.
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The focus of the sponsors was to add three main functionalities: # Cross-study and ontology term support. # Support for modeling time series and sample data, to allow the storage of longitudinal and EHR data. # Creating the connection between tranSMART and Arvados, to support large data storage and analysis. In addition, another goal of the project was to improve the quality of the tranSMART back-end to make it ready for the future.
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PAU Commission for Natural Sciences Philosophy is a discussion panel for natural science scholars as 'philosophers' taking place with participation and under sui generis control of 'real' philosophers. The Commission is a group of representatives of Philosophy, Mathematics, Physics, Astronomy, Biology, Chemistry, Geology and Medicine. Its character is an interdisciplinary though, and focused on issues of an ontology aspect as well as issues concerning mutual influence Philosophy and other, more specialized, sciences.
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José Adriano Rodrigues Barata-Moura, GOSE (born 26 June 1948 in Lisbon) is a Portuguese philosopher, and a prestigious actual figure of the Portuguese culture. Dedicating his thought to many philosophical subjects such as politics, ethics and, most of all, to ontology. From May 7, 1998 until May 22, 2006, Barata-Moura served as the Rector of the University of Lisbon. He graduated from the University of Lisbon as a philosophy student in 1970.
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Factors contributing to the need for further EUC research include knowledge processing, pervasive computing, issues of ontology, interactive visualization, and the like. Some of the issues related to end-user computing concern software architecture (iconic versus language interfaces, open versus closed, and others). Other issues relate to intellectual property, configuration and maintenance. End-user computing allows more user-input into system affairs that can range from personalization to full-fledged ownership of a system.
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Katerina Kolozova (; ; born October 20, 1969) is a Macedonian academic, author and philosopher. She is a director of and professor of gender studies and philosophy at the Institute of Social Sciences and Humanities, Skopje and a professor of the University American College Skopje, both in Skopje, Macedonia. She has been associated with speculative realismO'Rourke, Michael (2016) "Girls Welcome!!! Speculative Realism, Object Oriented Ontology, and Queer Theory", in After the Speculative Turn: Realism, Philosophy and Feminism.
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Ancient Islamic (Arabic and Persian) Logic and Ontology) After the Latin translations of the 12th century, his writings on logic were also an important influence on Western medieval writers such as Albertus Magnus.Richard F. Washell (1973), "Logic, Language, and Albert the Great", Journal of the History of Ideas 34 (3), pp. 445–450 [445]. He wrote on the hypothetical syllogism and on the propositional calculus, which were both part of the Stoic logical tradition.
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It made early use of terms such as epistemology and upheld its prominence over ontology. Natorp had a decisive influence on the history of phenomenology and is often credited with leading Edmund Husserl to adopt the vocabulary of transcendental idealism. Emil Lask was influenced by Edmund Husserl's work,Karl Schuhmann and Barry Smith, “Two Idealisms: Lask and Husserl”, Kant- Studien, 83 (1993), 448–466. and himself exerted a remarkable influence on the young Martin Heidegger.
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He has continued to write and post his new scripts online. For the last decade he has been a regular contributor to an online forum: Aesthetics-L: Art, Aesthetics, and Philosophy. Prompted by this, McCormack began again to think and write about current issues in academic philosophy; more specifically, problems in philosophy of language, mind and ontology. This led him to write a full-length play about a philosopher-in-exile, INCOMPLETENESS, AND THE REST.
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Artificial intelligence is employed in online dispute resolution platforms that use optimization algorithms and blind-bidding.David Allen Larson, "Brother, Can You Spare A Dime?" Technology Can Reduce Dispute Resolution Costs When Times Are Tough and Improve Outcomes, 11 Nev. L.J. 523, 550 (2011) Artificial intelligence is also frequently employed in modeling the legal ontology, "an explicit, formal, and general specification of a conceptualization of properties of and relations between objects in a given domain".
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The ontology of GST is identical to that of ZFC, and hence is thoroughly canonical. GST features a single primitive ontological notion, that of set, and a single ontological assumption, namely that all individuals in the universe of discourse (hence all mathematical objects) are sets. There is a single primitive binary relation, set membership; that set a is a member of set b is written a ∈ b (usually read "a is an element of b").
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GoPubMed was a knowledge-based search engine for biomedical texts. The Gene Ontology (GO) and Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) served as "Table of contents" in order to structure the millions of articles in the MEDLINE database. MeshPubMed was at one point a separate project, but the two were merged. The technologies used in GoPubMed were generic and could in general be applied to any kind of texts and any kind of knowledge bases.
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This view of Nirvana in the Dhammakaya meditation system is in contrast to the orthodox Theravada via negativa description of Nirvana being "not Samsāra". The Dhammakaya is considered the "purest element" and the Buddha nature which is permanent and essential. This purest element has the shape of a luminous Buddha figure sitting within oneself. According to Scott, the full realization of the Dhammakaya ontology has been described in the Dhammakaya tradition as Nirvana.
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Rasmussen earned his B.A. (1971) from the University of Iowa, and his Ph.D. (1980) in Philosophy from Marquette University. Rasmussen's areas of scholarly interest include Political Philosophy, Ethics, Ontology, Epistemology, Business Ethics, and Political Economy.St. John's University website. "" Rasmussen has contributed articles to leading journals such as American Philosophical Quarterly, International Philosophical Quarterly, The New Scholasticism, Public Affairs Quarterly, The Review of Metaphysics, American Catholic Philosophical Quarterly, Social Philosophy and Policy, and The Thomist.
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His first book, Holes and Other Superficialities (1994, with Roberto Casati), was an exploration of the realist ontology of common sense and naive physics. His more recent work is inspired by a nominalist-conventionalist stance. Varzi is currently an editor of The Journal of Philosophy and an advisory editor of the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Varzi is also a prolific writer for the general public and contributes regularly to several Italian newspapers.
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The Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) is a compendium of many controlled vocabularies in the biomedical sciences (created 1986). It provides a mapping structure among these vocabularies and thus allows one to translate among the various terminology systems; it may also be viewed as a comprehensive thesaurus and ontology of biomedical concepts. UMLS further provides facilities for natural language processing. It is intended to be used mainly by developers of systems in medical informatics.
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As these annotations are not checked by a human, the GO Consortium considers them to be marginally less reliable and they are commonly to higher level, less detailed terms. Full annotation data sets can be downloaded from the GO website. To support the development of annotation, the GO Consortium provides workshops and mentors new groups of curators and developers. Many machine learning algorithms have been designed and implemented to predict Gene Ontology annotations.
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Some see qualities and the values they can assume (sometimes called quale) as a separate hierarchy besides endurants and perdurants (example: DOLCE). Others classify qualities as a subsection of endurants, e.g. the dependent endurants (example: BFO). Others consider property-instances or tropes that are single characteristics of individuals as the atoms of the ontology, the simpler entities of which all other entities are composed, so that all the entities are sums or bundles of tropes.
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The use of such a tool for epistemology and ontology in social science research has been referred to by Pierre Bourdieu.Pierre Bourdieu, The polythetic space of stochastic social science theory : Esquisse d'une théorie de la pratique, précédé de trois études d'ethnologie kabyle, (1972), Eng. Outline of a Theory of Practice, Cambridge University Press 1977. The nature of the outcome results gives a fine balance between the Positivist and Interpretivist paradigms, Positivism and Interpretivism.
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Quantum Reality is a 1985 popular science book by physicist Nick Herbert, a member the Fundamental Fysiks Group which was formed to explore the philosophical implications of quantum theory. The book attempts to address the ontology of quantum objects, their attributes, and their interactions, without reliance on advanced mathematical concepts. Herbert discusses the most common interpretations of quantum mechanics and their consequences in turn, highlighting the conceptual advantages and drawbacks of each.
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The GSC is interested in making and building links with other communities. As stated above, the GSC is engaged in ontology development within the OBO Foundry. The GSC is also a founding member community of the Minimum Information about a Biomedical or Biological Investigation (MIBBI), an umbrella community for supporting and co-ordinating the development of checklists describing Minimum Information Standards. GSC and the Earth Microbiome Project maintain the Biological Observation Matrix (BIOM) file format.
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Lewis believes that the concept of alethic modality can be reduced to talk of real possible worlds. For example, to say "x is possible" is to say that there exists a possible world where x is true. To say "x is necessary" is to say that in all possible worlds x is true. The appeal to possible worlds provides a sort of economy with the least number of undefined primitives/axioms in our ontology.
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3, Angers, France, 2003, pp. 77-88. Here, enterprise modelling can form part of the early, middle and late information system development life cycle. Explicit representation of the organizational and technical system infrastructure is being developed in order to understand the orderly transformations of existing work practices. This discipline is also known as Enterprise architecture, or along with Enterprise ontology, defined as being one of the two major sub- fields of Enterprise architecture.
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She puts special emphasis on quantifiable archaeological data, such as the number of different arrow points styles, than on contemporary observations to minimize cultural bias and notational bias. Some of her more recent work raises extremely controversial themes in philosophy of science and strongly challenges the particle physics foundation ontology (e.g. studying the "violation of Bell inequalities in the macroworld"). She is also known for her contributions to the subtle technology field.
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The field of ontology corresponds to the philosophical study of being. This focus on being, draws on Martin Heidegger's insights into the specific nature of what it means to "be" in the world. Heidegger's theorizing on the fundamental nature of being drew on ontological ideals that emerged from the traditions of the Platonic school. In this view, the mind or the experience of being a human, does not refer to a singular entity.
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The first implementation of the task-focused interface started as an open source project called Eclipse Mylyn, created in March 2005. The technology evolved with input and contributions from thousands of open source community developers. In 2006, a research group and the University of Victoria demonstrated the utility of the task-focused interface and degree-of- interest model for ontology visualization. In 2007, the Mylyn implementation was bundled with the majority of Eclipse IDE distributions.
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Big Mechanism is a $45 million DARPA research program, begun in 2014, aimed at developing software that will read cancer research papers, integrate them into a cancer model and frame new hypotheses by the end of 2017 through the automated collection of big data and integrating across various disciplines such as knowledge-based NLP, curation and ontology, systems and mathematical biology by reading research abstracts and papers to extract pieces of causal mechanisms.
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An écart, however, establishes a distance and thus maintains a tension between the things it separates. Even while producing its disturbance, the écart brings forth a between, precisely because of the distance established. If the "between" is the thing of which ontology cannot conceive—because it has no in- itself: i.e., no essence—it is also the space through which [the thing] passes, or occurs: the space of the operatory and the effective.
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Phronēsis allows a person to have moral or ethical strength.CP. Long - The Ethics of Ontology: A Structural Critique of the Carter and Reagan Years (p. 123) SUNY Press, 1 Feb 2012 [Retrieved 2015-04-22] In Plato's Meno, Socrates explains how phronēsis, a quality synonymous with moral understanding, is the most important attribute to learn, although it cannot be taught and is instead gained through the development of the understanding of one's own self.
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Kazimierz Twardowski Polish philosophy and the Lwów–Warsaw school were considerably influenced by Franz Brentano and his pupils Kazimierz Twardowski, Anton Marty, Alexius Meinong, and Edmund Husserl. Twardowski founded the philosophical school when he became the chair of the Lwów University. Principal topics of interest to the Lwów–Warsaw school included formal ontology, mereology, and universal or categorial grammar. The Lwów–Warsaw School began as a general philosophical school but steadily moved toward logic.
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Eudaldo Forment Giralt, Historia de la filosofía tomista en la España ontemporánea, Madrid 1998, , p. 47, José Escandell, Francisco Canals, in memoriam, [in:] Diarioya.es service, 14.02.09 Canals’ contribution to philosophy is spanned in-between metaphysics, ontology and epistemology, its three major threads being "la metafísica del conocimiento, la metafísica del ser y la metafísica de la persona";Forment Giralt 1998, p. 441 the key area of interest was the theory of cognition.
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Barrett discusses existentialism and its background, including the philosophical tradition to which existentialism was a reaction. He outlines the views of philosophers from Plato to Hegel, tracing the development of ideas about being, ontology, and metaphysics. He also attempts to explain how developments in science, economics, modern art and religion, including Protestantism, provided the background to existentialism. He argues that the modern world is becoming increasingly secularized and that faith has become "attenuated".
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