906 Sentences With "minima" | Random Sentence Generator

Adorno, in "Minima Moralia," defined culture as whatever resists the domination of the material world.

Sorting through messy, complex imagery and finding local minima and maxima is a specialty of today's ML systems, and the aerial imagery from the drones is rich in relevant data.

"For reasons not yet fully understood, the number of sunspots occurring during both the previous and current solar minima have been unusually low," explained the authors of the APOD post.

More than a few of the titles on offer—" The Marx-Engels Reader ," Theodor W. Adorno's " Minima Moralia ," works by Angela Davis—seem to protest against the materialism all around.

Giorni fa, Silvio Berlusconi, il leader del partito di centro-destra Forza Italia, di probabile influenza dopo il voto, ha proposto una pensione minima per le madri dall'età di 67 anni.

It should be explained that by neutral, she means specifically with regard to the neutral positions of the joints in the body, which have certain minima and maxima it is well to observe.

"You would not expect the coincident minima of two cycles, long and short, to manifest within just a few months, without some hint it was headed there in a previous minimum," he wrote in an email.

Think back to precalculus—the initial conjecture essentially said that the behavior the physical field governing dark energy derived from a mathematical function with no maxima or minima, a line on a graph with no peaks or valleys.

"(PKO plans to) effectively and rationally manage its capital adequacy so that the TCR (total capital ratio) and CET1 (common equity tier 1) are above the regulatory and supervisory minima, allowing it to pay out dividend," it also said.

"The data for each brown dwarf can be modeled with two or three bands," the authors write, with waves of varying brightness kind of like a jet stream with and maxima and minima of light instead of air temperatures and pressures.

In response to the pilot's request, the air traffic controller advised that cloud tops were reported at 2,400 feet msl and queried the pilot's intentions; the pilot then requested a special VFR clearance (an ATC authorization to proceed in controlled airspace at less than VFR weather minima).

IMC and VMC are mutually exclusive. In fact, instrument meteorological conditions are defined as less than the minima specified for visual meteorological conditions. The boundary criteria between VMC and IMC are known as the VMC minima. There is also a concept of "marginal VMC", which are certain conditions above VMC minima, which are fairly close to one or more of the VMC minima.

Sybra minima is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Breuning in 1939.BioLib.cz - Sybra minima. Retrieved on 8 September 2014.

Stathmodera minima is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Breuning in 1960.BioLib.cz - Stathmodera minima. Retrieved on 8 September 2014.

Corestheta minima is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1958. It is known from Australia.BioLib.cz - Corestheta minima.

Escobaria minima. The Nature Conservancy. This cactus is found only in Brewster County, Texas, in the United States, where there are three populations remaining near Marathon.Escobaria minima.

Malthonea minima is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Martins and Galileo in 1995. It is known from Peru.BioLib.cz - Malthonea minima.

Tethystola minima is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Galileo and Martins in 2001. It is known from Venezuela.BioLib.cz - Tethystola minima.

Acalolepta minima is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1939. It is known from Indonesia.BioLib.cz - Acalolepta minima.

Tulista minima is a species of succulent plant, from the far south of the Western Cape, South Africa. It was formerly classed in the genus Haworthia, as Haworthia minima. However this was not the correct name, as the name Haworthia minor in fact had priority.Haworthia minima - WCSPHaworthia minor - WCSP When the species was transferred to the new genus Tulista, a combination was first published for Tulista minima, which was likewise invalid.

Gabriola minima is a species of geometrid moth in the family Geometridae. It is found in North America. The MONA or Hodges number for Gabriola minima is 6783.

Eunidia minima is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1942.BioLib.cz - Eunidia minima. Retrieved on 8 September 2014.

Niphoparmena minima is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1939.BioLib.cz - Niphoparmena minima. Retrieved on 8 September 2014.

One reason for this sensitivity is the existence of multiple minima — the function \cos\left (\beta x\right ) has minima at parameter value \hat\beta and \hat\beta + 2n\pi.

Cells will be trapped in clusters around the local pressure minima creating different patterns depending on the number of cells trapped. The peaks in the graph correspond to the pressure minima.

When a molecule contains identical nuclei--which is commonly the case--there are a number of minima related by the permutations of the identical nuclei. The minima, distinguished by different numberings of identical nuclei, can be partitioned in equivalent classes. Two minima are equivalent if they can be transformed into one other by rotating the molecule, that is, without surmounting any energy barrier (bond breaking or bond twisting). The molecules with minima in different equivalent classes are called versions.

Systems with multiple local energy minima like the Potts model become hard to sample as the algorithm gets stuck in the system's local minima. This motivates other approaches, namely, other sampling distributions.

Blidingia minima is considered to be a food for periwinkles.

Boyle occasionally referred to his postulated corpuscles as minima naturalia.

Acontista minima is a species of mantid in the family Acontistidae.

Reproduction in Salvinia minima occurs asexually through fragmentation. Though sporocarps, spore-producing sacs, may be present on the leaves of this species, Salvinia minima is thought to be sterile and can only reproduce asexually. Any part of a rhizome that buds or breaks off can form another daughter plant. Since fragmentation can occur continuously, Salvinia minima often shows exponential growth.

Bocainella minima is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae, and the only species in the genus Bocainella. It was described by Monne and Monne in 2008.Biolib.cz - Bocainella minima. Retrieved on 8 September 2014.

Stormsia minima is a species of freshwater snail, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Paludomidae. Stormsia minima is the only species in the genus Stormsia.Brown D. S. (1994). Freshwater Snails of Africa and their Medical Importance.

As a system is formed from a solid surface and a drop of liquid, energy minima and maxima are produced by the free energy of the system. When the solid surface is rough or homogeneous, the system, which is made up of a solid, a liquid, and a fluid, could have multiple minima produced from the free energy at different minima points. One of these minima is called the global minimum. The global minimum has the lowest free energy within the system and is defined to be the stable equilibrium state.

The velocity maxima and minima do not necessarily occur when the crank makes a right angle with the rod. Counter-examples exist to disprove the idea that velocity maxima/minima occur when crank-rod angle is right angled.

Quadratic coupling or cubic elastic terms lead to a warping along this "minimum energy path", replacing this infinite manifold by three equivalent potential minima and three equivalent saddle points. In other JT systems, linear coupling results in discrete minima.

Cladodromia minima is a species of dance flies, in the fly family Empididae.

Alma's high elevation and location helps to limit both extreme minima and maxima.

Glandirana minima is a small frog: male frogs are and females frogs long.

In certain special cases, controllers may reduce separation below the usually required minima.

Minima vary from 10-16 °C in summer to 0-8 °C in winter.

Manulea minima is a moth of the family Erebidae. It is found in China.

So repetitive local stress maxima and minima could be detected during solute drag creep.

Digitivalva minima is a moth of the family Acrolepiidae. It is known from Africa.

This technique has been especially valuable for identifying glacial maxima and minima in the Pleistocene.

Indarbela minima is a moth in the family Cossidae. It is found in Sri Lanka.

Agdistis minima is a moth in the family Pterophoridae. It is known from Socotra, Yemen.

Popular varieties include T. minima var. poellnitziana, as well as the opalina and obrata varieties.

Puya minima is a species in the genus Puya. This species is endemic to Bolivia.

Chemical herbicides that have been used with the best success on S. minima include the ingredients fluridone, imazamox, and penoxsulam. Some of these herbicides kill S. minima more successfully when a surfactant is added to make the chemicals stick to the surface of the leaves. Though herbicides are effective in controlling S. minima, they can have adverse effects. Herbicides can kill or cause harm to native organisms that are not the intended target.

Because they have an odd degree, septic functions appear similar to quintic or cubic function when graphed, except they may possess additional local maxima and local minima (up to three maxima and three minima). The derivative of a septic function is a sextic function.

By Fermat's theorem, all local maxima and minima of a differentiable function occur at critical points. Therefore, to find the local maxima and minima, it suffices, theoretically, to compute the zeros of the gradient and the eigenvalues of the Hessian matrix at these zeros.

Peragrarchis minima is a moth in the family Carposinidae. It is found on the New Hebrides.

Pouteria minima is a species of plant in the family Sapotaceae. It is endemic to Brazil.

Ancilla minima is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Ancillariidae.

Langsdorfia minima is a moth in the family Cossidae. It is found in Ecuador (Loja Province).

In a tri-oval, there are six such points, alternating between three minima and three maxima.

Lampanella minima is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Batillariidae.

It is not known how frequently B. minima reproduces, but a typical clutch contains two eggs.

These functions, their negativity and minima have a direct interpretation in algebraic topology (Baudot & Bennequin, 2015).

On the coast, maxima in January range from in the south to , with minima generally around . In July, temperatures show a wider range, from in the north to around in the south, where minima can be as low as in Alice Springs in June and July.

Proathorybia minima is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Tabasco, Mexico.

Knema minima is a species of plant in the Myristicaceae (nutmeg) family. It is endemic to Brunei.

Lissotesta minima is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk, unassigned in the superfamily Seguenzioidea.

The average annual temperature is 17 °C with minima of -6 °C and maxima of 31.7 °C.

Stackhousia minima is a perennial herb species in the family Celastraceae. It is native to New Zealand.

Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter 153 15-19. It is naturalized in Hawaii.Rhynchosia minima. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk.

Minima! is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Machiko Sakurai. It was cancelled in February 2008.

Coronilla minima is a species of flowering plant from the family Fabaceae found in Eastern and Central Spain.

Perdita minima is a species of mining bee in the family Andrenidae. It is found in North America.

Dubiraphia minima is a species of riffle beetle in the family Elmidae. It is found in North America.

Thus, the graph of solar declination, as seen from this highly tilted Earth, would resemble a triangle wave rather than a sine wave, zigzagging between plus and minus 90°, with linear segments between the maxima and minima. If the 90° axial tilt is decreased, then the absolute maximum and minimum values of the declination would decrease, to equal the axial tilt. Also, the shapes of the maxima and minima on the graph would become less acute ("pointy"), being curved to resemble the maxima and minima of a sine wave. However, even when the axial tilt equals that of the actual Earth, the maxima and minima remain more acute than those of a sine wave.

The velocity maxima and minima do not occur at crank angles (A) of plus or minus 90°. The velocity maxima and minima occur at crank angles that depend on rod length (l) and half stroke (r), and correspond to the crank angles where the acceleration is zero (crossing the horizontal axis).

Rhynchosia minima is a species of flowering plant in the legume family known by the common names least snout-bean, burn-mouth-vine, and jumby-bean. It can be found on every continent.Morris, J. B. (2008). Rhynchosia minima (L.) DC. - regeneration, characterization and potential uses for natural products and flavonoids.

Escobaria minima (syn. Coryphantha minima) is a rare species of cactus known by the common names Nellie cory cactus, Nellie's pincushion cactus, birdfoot cactus, and others. It is a very popular species among cactus collectors. This is one reason why it is a highly endangered species in the wild today.

Schwartziella minima is a species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Zebinidae. The species name minima is Latin and refers to the small size of the shell.Rolán E. & Luque Á.A. 2000. The subfamily Rissoininae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Rissoidae) in the Cape Verde Archipelago (West Africa).

Pseudobabylonella minima is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Cancellariidae, the nutmeg snails.

Serrata minima is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Marginellidae, the margin snails.

Saotomea (Bondarevia) minima is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Volutidae, the volutes.

Autumn is the rainiest season of the year, lasting from October to December. Maxima are around and minima around .

Blidingia minima is a species of seaweed in the Kornmanniaceae family. It was described by Johann Kylin in 1947.

In the summer, average maxima typically are around 30 °C (86 °F) in Borden and about 27 °C (80 °F) in the southern plains. Summer minima range from about 16 °C (60 °F) in the south to 18 °C (64 °F) in Borden. In the winter, maximum temperatures typically are a very pleasant 16 °C (60 °F) and minima are about 8 °C (46.4 °F). On Bluff Knoll, winter temperatures range from maxima of about 11 °C (52 °F) to minima of 3 °C (37 °F).

Cryptantha minima, common names little cryptantha, little catseye or small cryptantha, is a small, herbaceous annual of the family Boraginaceae. It is found in the semi-arid grasslands and intermontane basins of central North America from Alberta to Texas. Cryptantha minima is listed in Canada under the Species at Risk Act as endangered.

Eastern cities on the North Island such as Gisborne, Napier, and Hastings also have mean yearly maxima of between but have slightly lower yearly mean minima of around . The two largest cities on the South Island, Christchurch and Dunedin, have mean yearly maxima of and and yearly mean minima of and respectively.

Plants of note include small cud-weed Filago minima, dwarf elder Sambucus ebulus, and slender bird's-foot trefoil Lotus angustissimus.

The curve displays four minima and four maxima. The spectra of the asteroid does not display evidence of aqueous alteration.

Lankesterella is a genus in the phylum Apicomplexa. Species in this genus infect amphibians. The type species is Lankesterella minima.

Photedes minima, the small dotted buff, is a species of moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in Europe.

The minima of the electrostatic potential V(r) is another proposed criterion. Yet another considers the electron localization function (ELF).

Microcalicha minima is a moth of the family Geometridae. It was first described by English entomologist William Warren in 1896.

Selective adsorption is the effect when minima associated with bound-state resonances occur in specular intensity in atom-surface scattering.

When separation minima and route spacing are determined using a conventional sensor-based approach, the navigation performance data used to determine the separation minima or route spacing depend on the accuracy of the raw data from specific navigation aids such as VOR, DME or NDB. In contrast, PBN requires an RNAV system that integrates raw navigation data to provide a positioning and navigation solution. In determining separation minima and route spacing, this integrated navigation performance "output" is used. The navigation performance required from the RNAV system is part of the navigation specification.

Alloclemensia minima is a moth of the family Incurvariidae. It was described by Kozlov in 1987. It is found in Russia.

Lycaenopsis minima, the tiny hedge blue, is a small butterfly found in India that belongs to the lycaenids or blues family.

Some jurisdictions set no such minima. In the United Kingdom, city status is awarded by the Crown and then remains permanently.

Daily pressure maxima occur at 10 a.m. and 10 p.m. local time, while minima occur at 4 a.m. and 4 p.m.

Punia is a genus of cicadas in the family Cicadidae. There is at least one described species in Punia, P. minima.

Stormsia minima is found in Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Tanzania, and Zambia. Its natural habitat is freshwater lakes.

Some of the supposed brightest minima may simply be due to incomplete observational coverage. Longterm BAA and AAVSO data show minima consistently between about magnitude 13 and 14 throughout the 20th century. The period from maximum to maximum or minimum to minimum is not consistent, and can vary by up to 40 days either side of the mean.

A single counter-example is sufficient to disprove the statement "velocity maxima/minima occur when crank makes a right angle with rod".

Siccia minima is a moth of the family Erebidae first described by George Hampson in 1900. It is found in Sri Lanka.

Nectandra minima is a species of plant in the family Lauraceae. It is endemic to Cuba. It is threatened by habitat loss.

Bactra minima is a moth of the family Tortricidae first described by Edward Meyrick in 1909. It is found in Sri Lanka.

Idionyx minima is a species of dragonfly in the family Corduliidae. It is known only from the Western Ghats of Kerala, India.

Vitularia minima is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.

Allocapnia minima, the boreal snowfly, is a species of small winter stonefly in the family Capniidae. It is found in North America.

Langona minima is a jumping spider species in the genus Langona that lives in Kenya. The female was first described in 1949.

Correbia minima is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Herbert Druce in 1905. It is found in Venezuela.

Females lay a single egg on or occasionally nearby host plants. They have been reported to oviposit on the least snoutbean (Rynchosia minima).

This species occurs at sand plains, behind foredunes and low hind dunes. The host of this species is the endemic plant Zoysia minima.

Cymbiodyta minima, the water scavenger beetle, is a species of water scavenger beetle in the family Hydrophilidae. It is found in North America.

Bosara minima is a moth in the family Geometridae. It is found in Queensland, New Guinea, the Bismarck Archipelago and the Solomon Islands.

Tigrioides minima is a moth in the family Erebidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1903. It is found on New Guinea.

Furthermore, the other minima illustrate the metastable equilibrium states of the system. In between these minima are the energy barriers which hinder the motion of energy between the various metastable states in the system. The transition of energy between metastable states is also affected by the availability of external energy of the system, which is as well associated with the volume of the liquid drop on top of the solid surface. Likewise, the volume of the liquid could potentially have an impact on the locations of the minima points, which could influence the contact angles created by the solid and the liquid.

To determine separation minima and route spacing, airspace planners fully exploit that part of the navigation specification which describes the performance required from the RNAV system. Airspace planners also make use of the required performance (accuracy, integrity, availability and continuity) to determine route spacing and separation minima. In procedurally controlled airspace, separation minima and route spacing on RNP specifications are expected to provide a greater benefit than those based on RNAV specifications. This is because the on-board performance monitoring and alerting function could alleviate the absence of ATS surveillance service by providing an alternative means of risk mitigation.

Minima naturalia ("natural minima") were theorized by Aristotle as the smallest parts into which a homogeneous natural substance (e.g., flesh, bone, or wood) could be divided and still retain its essential character. In this context, "nature" means formal nature. Thus, "natural minimum" may be taken to mean "formal minimum": the minimum amount of matter necessary to instantiate a certain form.

Wentworth has a Semi-arid climate (BSh) with hot summers and mild winters. Historical maxima and minima are 48.1 °C and −2.8 °C, respectively.

Avatha minima is a species of moth of the family Erebidae first described by Charles Swinhoe in 1918. It is found in the Philippines.

The condition that abla f=\lambda \, abla g correctly identifies all four points as extrema; the minima are characterized in particular by \lambda =0.

Similarly to the exponential distribution, the class of PH distributions is closed under minima of independent random variables. A description of this is here.

Fernandocrambus minima is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by John Frederick Gates Clarke in 1965. It is found in Chile.

Séguy, E. (1934) Diptères: Brachycères. II. Muscidae acalypterae, Scatophagidae. Paris: Éditions Faune de France 28 Bibliotheque Virtuelle Numerique pdf as Peletophila minima Becker, 1904.

Atimura minima is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Breuning in 1939.BioLib.cz - Atimura. Retrieved on 8 September 2014.

Pseudopyrausta minima is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by W. von Hedemann in 1894. It is found on the Virgin Islands.

Schmidt attempts to do this using Marten's data. The curves' characteristic minima seem to correspond to very low Hersey numbers in the range 0.00005-0.00015.

T. orientalis is widespread in Asia, Australia, and New Zealand. T. laxmannii, T. minima, and T. shuttleworthii are largely restricted to Asia and southern Europe.

Metepeira minima is a species of orb weaver in the spider family Araneidae. It is found in a range from the United States to Honduras.

These approaches have slightly lower minima than the VOR-A. Aircraft in categories C and above are still NA. For details, check current approach charts.

Aenigmacaris is an extinct genus of malacostracan crustacean, which includes the species Aenigmacaris cornigerum and Aenigmacaris minima. Their closest extant relatives are the mantis shrimp.

Surrounding auxin maxima are cells with low auxin troughs, or auxin minima. For example, in the Arabidopsis fruit, auxin minima have been shown to be important for its tissue development. Auxin has a significant effect on spatial and temporal gene expressions during the growth of apical meristems. These interactions depend both on the concentration of Auxin as well as the spatial orientation during primordial positioning.

January is the warmest month, with mean maxima of 34 °C (93.2 °F) and minima of 24 °C (75.2 °F) and more rain; July experiences the coldest temperatures, with mean maxima of 25 °C (77 °F) and minima of 15 °C (59 °F) and sun. The cerrado landscape is characterized by extensive savanna formations crossed by gallery forests and stream valleys. Cerrado includes various types of vegetation.

It has a rotation period of and a lightcurve with an amplitude of 0.18 mag. The lightcurve shows 4 maxima and 4 minima per cycle, suggesting an irregular shape. The previously accepted period of 10.42 hours with 2 maxima and minima per cycle was proven to be wrong by Pilcher in 2016, showing that correct rotation periods still have not been found for all low-numbered asteroids.

The A-Minima is a Super 16 movie camera that was introduced by Aaton in 1999. Touted as the smallest reflex viewfinder movie camera at the time, the camera is distinguished by its low-profile form-factor. It has a size comparable to a small prosumer video camera, and weights including film and battery. The A-Minima was the first Super 16 only camera.

The one principle that limited what could be assigned to them was that their duties must not concern them with minima, "little things". They were by definition doers of maxima. This principle of Roman law became a principle of later European law: Non curat minima praetor, that is, the details do not need to be legislated, they can be left up to the courts.

Capitis Deminutio Media The next change of state, capitis deminutio media, consisted of a loss of citizenship and family without any forfeiture of personal liberty. Capitis Deminutio Minima The least change of state, capitis deminutio minima, consisted of a person ceasing to belong to a particular family, without loss of liberty or citizenship.Thomas Mackenzie and John Kirkpatrick, Studies in Roman Law, Chapter II, pp. 71–72.

R Sagittae is classified as an RV Tauri variable because of the distinctive regular variations with alternating deep and shallow minima. The period is conventionally quoted as the time between two deep minima and is the fundamental pulsation mode. The shallow minimum is the result of a first overtone pulsation. It is further classified as RVb since the average and maximum magnitude varies slowly over several years.

The problem of finding the local maxima and minima subject to constraints can be generalized to finding local maxima and minima on a differentiable manifold M. In what follows, it is not necessary that M be a Euclidean space, or even a Riemannian manifold. All appearances of the gradient abla (which depends on a choice of Riemannian metric) can be replaced with the exterior derivative d.

The minimum brightness of the dips alternates between magnitude 5.55 and 5.66. The deep minima have a somewhat rounded bottom, while the less deep minima have flat bottoms with a constant magnitude for several hours. The VV Orionis system contains two stars which are very close but are not touching. Their orbit is aligned almost perpendicularly to us and there are both primary and secondary eclipses.

Quantum clustering (QC), is a data clustering algorithm accomplished by substituting each point in a given dataset with a Gaussian. The width of the Gaussian is a sigma value, a hyper-parameter which can be manually defined and manipulated to suit the application. Gradient descent is then used to "move" the points to their local minima. These local minima then define the cluster centers.

Winter temperature inversions can also occur given the correct conditions allowing very low minima to occur. Nonetheless, on average the region is one of the warmest non-coastal areas in the UK, with overall night time minima in particular rivalling more urban areas. Indeed, despite the notable low absolute minima (several weather-observing sites nearby having fallen below −20 °C in the past) the annual average frost ratio is a mere 33 days per year (1971–00), actually lower than more urbanised weather station locations such as London's Heathrow Airport. A new absolute minimum of −19.5 °C (−3.1 °F) was recently set during the record cold month December 2010.

His influence on wider culture include Theodor Adorno in Minima Moralia (paragraph 122) and "Drei Gedichte von Theodor Däubler" song settings (Opus 8) and Carl Schmitt.

Diarhabdosia minima is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae first described by Arthur Gardiner Butler in 1878. It is found from Mexico to the Amazon region.

Halenia minima is a species of plant in the Gentianaceae family. It is endemic to Ecuador. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland.

Algol variables undergo eclipses with one or two minima separated by periods of nearly constant light. The prototype of this class is Algol in the constellation Perseus.

Cariblatta minima, the least yellow cockroach, is a species of cockroach in the family Ectobiidae. It is found in the Caribbean Sea, North America, and the Caribbean.

Flora of North America. The cactus is limited to one outcrop in the Marathon Uplift, where it grows in rocky novaculite soils.Escobaria minima. Center for Plant Conservation.USFWS.

Determination that Echinocereus viridiflorus var. davisii and Coryphantha minima are endangered species. Federal Register November 7, 1979. It was added to the endangered species list in 1979.

The radius seems to have the same value in both the primary and secondary minima, while the temperature shows a 500 K variation between minima. The spectrum of SX Centauri shows infrared excess, indicating the presence of a circumstellar disk of hot dust around the star. interferometric observations constrained the diameter of the disk to less than 11 arcseconds (18 AU at the star's distance), indicating a very compact system.

Bistable behavior can occur in mechanical linkages, electronic circuits, nonlinear optical systems, chemical reactions, and physiological and biological systems. In a conservative force field, bistability stems from the fact that the potential energy has two local minima, which are the stable equilibrium points. These rest states need not have equal potential energy. By mathematical arguments, a local maximum, an unstable equilibrium point, must lie between the two minima.

Online Atlas of the British Flora Arnoseris minima photographed in Poland in 2008 The word 'succory' is an anglicization of the French 'cichorie' (chicory). The 'lamb' in the name denotes that it is a chicory only suitable for animal consumption.a New Universal Etymological and Pronouncing Dictionary of the English Language The genus Arnoseris comes from the Ancient Greek 'arnos seris' meaning 'sheep's endive'. The species epithet minima means 'small'.

Being so close to the equator, the forest zone experiences almost no variation in temperatures across the year. The climate is consistently hot, with maxima typically being about 31 °C and minima around 24 °C. In the Fouta Djallon and around Mont Nimba, maxima are about 27 °C but minima can be relatively low at 16 °C. The major factor governing the climate of the forest zone is rainfall.

Two approaches exist for practical extreme value analysis. The first method relies on deriving block maxima (minima) series as a preliminary step. In many situations it is customary and convenient to extract the annual maxima (minima), generating an "Annual Maxima Series" (AMS). The second method relies on extracting, from a continuous record, the peak values reached for any period during which values exceed a certain threshold (falls below a certain threshold).

Quercus minima, the dwarf live oak or minimal oak, is a North American species of shrubs in the beech family. It is native to the southeastern United States. Quercus minima is an evergreen or semi-evergreen shrub rarely more than 2 meters (6.7 feet) tall, reproducing by seed and also by means of underground rhizomes. It commonly forms extensive cloned colonies with many stems, many of them unbranched.

U Mon can often be seen with the naked eye between Sirius and Procyon, but drops below naked eye visibility at deep minima. It lies about two degrees west of α Mon, at fourth magnitude the brightest star in Monoceros. At its brightest U Mon can reach magnitude 5.45. At a shallow minimum it drops to about magnitude 6.0, but at its deepest minima it is below magnitude 7.5.

If separation is lost between two aircraft, they are said to be in a conflict. When an aircraft passes behind or follows another aircraft, wake turbulence minima are applied due to the effect of the wingtip vortices of the preceding aircraft on the following aircraft. These minima vary depending on the relative size of the two aircraft. This is acute on final approach with a smaller aircraft following larger aircraft.

The small cackling goose (Branta hutchinsii minima), also known as the Ridgway's goose, is the smallest subspecies of cackling goose and the smallest variant of white-cheeked goose.

Lantanophaga minima is a moth of the family Pterophoridae. It is known from the Galápagos Islands. The wingspan is about 10 mm. Adults are on wing in March.

Standard radar separation varies from airspace to airspace and country to country, however 3 nms in terminal airspace and 5 nms in en route airspace are common minima.

The Gabon batis (Batis minima) or Verreaux's batis, is a species of small bird in the family Platysteiridae. It occurs in the humid forests of western Central Africa.

Xenorhina minima is a species of frog in the family Microhylidae. It is endemic to West Papua, Indonesia. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.

B. minima is endemic to Nosy Be, an island located just off the northwest coast of Madagascar, but has extralimital distribution to Manongarivo Reserve on Madagascar's northwest coast.

Vigna dalzelliana is a perennial herb with yellow flowers that commonly is used as fodder. The plant is poorly understood and was previously confused with its relative Vigna minima.

Visionen, Paradigmen, Leitmotive. Berlin, Springer 2004, . p. 185. The biconjugate gradient method provides a generalization to non-symmetric matrices. Various nonlinear conjugate gradient methods seek minima of nonlinear equations.

Replica of Young's two-source interference diagram (1807), with sources A and B producing minima at C, D, E, and FCf. Young, 1807, vol. 1, p. 777 & Fig. 267.

Paludinella minima is a species of minute salt marsh snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Assimineidae. This species is endemic to Japan.

Light curve of AC Herculis, a fairly typical RV Tauri variable RV Tauri variables are luminous variable stars that have distinctive light variations with alternating deep and shallow minima.

Whereas maxima and minima must be members of the subset that is under consideration, the infimum and supremum of a subset need not be members of that subset themselves.

Each nation has specific and often different rules that govern when a pilot is permitted to fly VFR OTT. Most countries have requirements that specify weather minima, aircraft equipment and pilot qualifications. In some countries pilots are required to get an air traffic control (ATC) clearance, or in absence of a controller, advise the nearest flight service station or center. Pilots are required to adhere to VFR minima when climbing and descending over the clouds.

The spectrum of R Scuti is peculiar, especially at cooler temperatures near the minima. In deep minima, much of the spectrum corresponds to an early K supergiant, but the spectrum also develops TiO bands more typical of an M-class star. The recognised spectral type of G0Iae-K2p(M3)Ibe gives an idea of the complexities of this star. Both the radius and temperature change, with maximum brightness corresponding to maximum temperature.

Use of the 300 and 200 hPa constant pressure charts can indicate the strength of systems in the lower troposphere, as stronger systems near the Earth's surface are reflected as stronger features at these levels of the atmosphere. Isotachs are drawn at these levels, which a lines of equal wind speed. They are helpful in finding maxima and minima in the wind pattern. Minima in the wind pattern aloft are favorable for tropical cyclogenesis.

Intuitively, the watershed is a separation of the regional minima from which a drop of water can flow down towards distinct minima. A formalization of this intuitive idea was provided in J. Cousty, G. Bertrand, L. Najman and M. Couprie. Watershed Cuts: Minimum Spanning Forests and the Drop of Water Principle, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 31(8) pp. 1362-1374, 2009, for defining a watershed of an edge-weighted graph.

ICAO recommends the VMC minima internationally; they are defined in national regulations, which rarely significantly vary from ICAO. The main variation is in the units of measurement as different states use different units of measurement in aviation. The minima tend to be stricter in controlled airspace, where there is much traffic therefore greater visibility and cloud clearance is desirable. The degree of separation provided by air traffic control is also a factor.

Gravitcornutia minima is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Brazil. The wingspan is 8 mm. The ground colour of the forewings is ochreous yellow.

Arnoseris minima is a source of the simple coumarin aesculetin and the flavonoids luteolin, luteolin 7-O-β-D-glucoside, luteolin 4'-O-β-D-glucoside, and 3-O-methylquercetin.

On average, there are 4.9 days annually with + highs, 63 days of + highs, 9.4 days where the temperature does not rise above freezing, and 4.8 days with or lower minima.

Acroncosa minima is a species of snout moth in the genus Acroncosa. It was described by Herbert H. Neunzig in 2003 and is endemic to the US state of California.

Caloptilia dondavisi is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from the Galápagos Islands. The larvae feed on Rhynchosia minima. They mine the leaves of their host plant.

"Specific distinctness and biogeography of the dwarf chameleons Brookesia minima, B. peyrierasi and B. tuberculata (Reptilia: Chamaeleonidae): evidence from hemipenial and external morphology". Journal of Zoology 247 (2): 225-238.

Claude Gaspard Bachet de Méziriac translated Diophantus's Greek word into Latin as adaequalitas. Paul Tannery's French translation of Fermat’s Latin treatises on maxima and minima used the words adéquation and adégaler.

Helicoverpa hardwicki is a species of moth of the family Noctuidae. It is endemic to the Northern Territory and Western Australia. Larvae have been reared on Crotalaria crispata and Rhyncosia minima.

Aiphanes minima is widely planted as an ornamental.Henderson et al. (1996) pp. 171–174 The endosperm of the seeds is edible, and is similar in taste to that of a coconut.

The probable cause was ascribed to pilot error in not monitoring descent rate during approach in Instrument Meteorological Conditions (IMC) and continuing an approach below company minima without sighting the runway.

A fractal function, however, is statistically stationary, meaning that its bulk statistical properties are the same everywhere. Thus, any real approach to modeling landscapes requires the ability to modulate fractal behavior spatially. Additionally real landscapes have very few natural minima (most of these are lakes), whereas a fractal function has as many minima as maxima, on average. Real landscapes also have features originating with the flow of water and ice over their surface, which simple fractals cannot model.

Barra has a typical tropical climate, with warm to hot temperatures and high relative humidity all throughout the year. However, these conditions are relieved by a near absence of extreme temperatures and pleasant trade winds blowing from the ocean. January is the warmest month, with mean maxima of 31 °C and minima of 22 °C and more sun; July experiences the coolest temperatures, with mean maxima of 26 °C and minima of 17 °C and more rain.

De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum. 2(3): 355 in LatinGaertner, Joseph. 1791. De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum. 2(3):plate 157, figure 3 line drawing as illustrationTropicos, Arnoseris Gaertn. The only known species is Arnoseris minima, native to Europe, Morocco, and the Middle East; naturalized in parts of northeastern North America (Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Maine, New Hampshire, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan).Biota of North America Program 2013 county distribution mapAltervista Flora Italiana, Arnoseris minima (L.) Schweigg.

Low-dimensional problems can be solved with grid-based algorithms that overlay a grid on top of configuration space, or geometric algorithms that compute the shape and connectivity of Cfree. Exact motion planning for high-dimensional systems under complex constraints is computationally intractable. Potential-field algorithms are efficient, but fall prey to local minima (an exception is the harmonic potential fields). Sampling-based algorithms avoid the problem of local minima, and solve many problems quite quickly.

This minimum can trap atoms which are low-field-seeking if they do not have enough kinetic energy to escape the minimum. Typically, magnetic traps have relatively shallow field minima and are only able to trap atoms whose kinetic energies correspond to temperatures of a fraction of a kelvin. The field minima required for magnetic trapping can be produced in a variety of ways. These include permanent magnet traps, Ioffe configuration traps, QUIC traps and others.

Elatine minima is a species of flowering plant in the family Elatinaceae, native to eastern Canada (Newfoundland island, Nova Scotia, Ontario and Prince Edward Island), the north-central United States (Minnesota and Wisconsin), the northeastern United States (Connecticut, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York state, Pennsylvania and Rhode Island), and the southeastern United States (Maryland, Tennessee, and Virginia). It was first described by Thomas Nuttall in 1817 as Crypta minima and transferred to Elatine in 1836.

Spotted patterning appears to be a stress colouration, and unstressed individuals have a more or less uniform dark brown body, apart from a beige area in front of the eyes (1). The B. minima adult has a flattened head and an orbital crest with large scales forming triangular plates above its eyes. Along its back are two rows of granular protrusions. B. minima specimens sometimes have lateral yellow stripes over their basic drab grayish-brown color.

Agriocnemis minima is a species of damselfly in the family Coenagrionidae. It is distributed across Indochina and can be found in Cambodia, Thailand and Singapore. It breeds in marshes and wet habitats.

Wettinia minima is a species of flowering plant in the family Arecaceae found only in Ecuador. Its natural habitat being subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, it is threatened by habitat loss.

Beddomeia minima is a species of very small freshwater snail that has a gill and an operculum, an aquatic operculate gastropod mollusc in the family Hydrobiidae. This species is endemic to Australia.

Local optimization tends to work well when the initial guess is close to the global minimum, but it is also prone to get stuck in local minima if provided with poor initialization.

Freziera minima is a species of plant in the Pentaphylacaceae family. It is endemic to Ecuador. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests and subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland.

Figure 2. An example solution of the Stoner–Wolhfarth model. Both and are between and . The solid red and blue curves are energy minima, the dashed red and blue lines are energy maxima.

Additional work completed by Spasojevic et al. showed that local minima in the geoid could be accounted for by the processes that occur in and around slab graveyards, as indicated in their models.

115 Thyra is a fairly large and bright inner main-belt asteroid that was discovered by Canadian-American astronomer J. C. Watson on August 6, 1871 and was named for Thyra, the consort of King Gorm the Old of Denmark. Based upon its spectrum, it is categorized as a stony S-type asteroid. Observations made between 1978 and 1981 produced a composite light curve with two minima and maxima. However, a subsequent study in 1983 only found a single minima and maxima.

He has published in the last years of his life with his friend, the geophysicist Wilfried Schröder, many works in the Earth and space physics, including solar variability. In addition, the edition of the book Einstein and geophysics, as well as some volumes of the works of Hans Ertel. Focus of their work was the solar minima (Sporer, Maunder and Dalton minima) and the physical consequences for the solar activity. Treder was chairman of the International Society "History of Geophysics and Cosmical Physics".

"C Colaguori" Agon Culture: Competition, Conflict and the Problem of Domination. de Sitter Publications, Whitby, Ontario, Agonism forms part of the instituted social order where society "produces and reproduces itself precisely from the interconnection of the antagonistic interests of its members" (Adorno, 1974).Theodor Adorno, 1974, "Minima Moralia". London: Verso Editions For Adorno, agonism is also about the "theodicy of conflict" where opponents "want to annihilate one another... to enter the agon, each the mortal enemy of each" (Minima Moralia).

Aiphanes has been placed in the subfamily Arecoideae, the tribe Cocoseae and the subtribe Bactridinae, together with Desmoncus, Bactris, Acrocomia and Astrocaryum. In his 1932 revision of the genus, German botanist Max Burret divided Aiphanes into two subgenera, and placed A. minima in the subgenus Macroanthera. In their 1996 monograph, Finn Borchsenius and Rodrigo Bernal concluded that Macroanthera would be a viable taxon only if it were to be reduced to three species—A. aculeata, A eggersii and A. minima.

Twenty months before the flight, the British Airline Pilots' Association had recommended to the Civil Aviation Authority that weather minima for visual flights were unsatisfactory, but the recommendations were still being reviewed at the time of the flight. The minima listed in the British Airways Helicopters operating manual was similar to other helicopter operators, though Cooper noted that too much discretion was allowed to the flight crew regarding how much they monitored flight instruments during a visual flight.AAIB 1985, pp. 27–32.

Winckel, Fritz (1967). Music, Sound and Sensation: A Modern Exposition, p.134. Courier. . If a graph is drawn to show the function corresponding to the total sound of two strings, it can be seen that maxima and minima are no longer constant as when a pure note is played, but change over time: when the two waves are nearly 180 degrees out of phase the maxima of one wave cancel the minima of the other, whereas when they are nearly in phase their maxima sum up, raising the perceived volume. It can be proven with the help of a sum-to-product trigonometric identity (see List of trigonometric identities) that the envelope of the maxima and minima form a wave whose frequency is half the difference between the frequencies of the two original waves.

Eupromerella minima is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Bates in 1861.Bezark, Larry G. A Photographic Catalog of the Cerambycidae of the World. Retrieved 8 October 2020.

Thus, the network is properly trained when the energy of states which the network should remember are local minima. Note that, in contrast to Perceptron training, the thresholds of the neurons are never updated.

Certain wavelengths of EUV vary by as much as 2 orders of magnitude between solar minima and maxima, and therefore may contribute to climatic changes, notably the cooling of the atmosphere during solar minimum.

Gagea minima is a Eurasian species of plants in the lily family.Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant FamiliesKomarov, V.L. (ed.) (1935). Flora SSSR 4: 1-586. Izdatel'stov Akademii Nauk SSSR, Leningrad.Pavlov, N.V. (ed.) (1958).

In order to protect native environments, efforts to eradicate or contain the spread of Salvinia minima have been attempted. Management tactics include various methods and research studies that have shown a range of effectiveness.

Caladenia longicauda subsp. minima is classified as "Priority Two" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife, meaning that it is poorly known and known from only one or a few locations.

At the pump's electric field minima, the electric field at frequency u is squeezed. This way, the vacuum state (Fig. 1e) is transferred to a squeezed vacuum state (Fig. 1d). A displaced coherent state (Fig.

Clovelly is a suburb in the Cape Peninsula area of Cape Town in South Africa. In biology, Clovelly is home to several seaweeds found only around the Cape Peninsula, including Chaetomorpha, Cladophora and Laurenciophila minima.

Patissa minima is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Inoue in 1995. It is found in China (Anhui, Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangxi) and Japan. The forewings are white with pale yellow fasciae.

Gorybia minima is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Martins in 1976.Bezark, Larry G. A Photographic Catalog of the Cerambycidae of the World . Retrieved on 22 May 2012.

However, Leadhills' slightly more exposed and elevated location than Braemar results in absolute minima being higher than one might expect - the December absolute minimum of compares favourably to usually milder Glasgow Airport's absolute minimum of .

Metafroneta is a genus of South Pacific dwarf spiders that was first described by A. D. Blest in 1979. it contains only three species, found in New Zealand: M. minima, M. sinuosa, and M. subversa.

Selknamia is a genus of South American anyphaenid sac spiders containing the single species, Selknamia minima. It was first described by M. J. Ramírez in 2003, and has only been found in Chile and Argentina.

Scythris minima is a moth of the family Scythrididae. It was described by Bengt Å. Bengtsson in 1997. It is found in Spain."Scythris Hübner, [1825]" at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms.

Gray) A. Gray The only known species is Hemizonella minima (opposite- leaved tarweed), native to British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, California, Montana, Idaho, NevadaFlann, C (ed) 2009+ Global Compositae Checklist Hemizonella bonap The plant grows in many types of forest, scrub, and chaparral habitats, from mountains to deserts. It is found in the Sierra Nevada and Cascade Range, and Mojave Desert. Hemizonella minima is a small annual herb producing a thin, fuzzy stem up to about in maximum height. The pointed, hairy leaves are no more than long.

In a criticism of infinitesimal calculus that predated George Berkeley's, Rolle presented a series of papers at the French academy, alleging that the use of the methods of infinitesimal calculus leads to errors. Specifically, he presented an explicit algebraic curve, and alleged that some of its local minima are missed when one applies the methods of infinitesimal calculus. Pierre Varignon responded by pointing out that Rolle had misrepresented the curve, and that the alleged local minima are in fact singular points with a vertical tangent..

Ramchundra (Ramachandra Lal) (Devanagari,रामचन्द्र लाल) (1821–1880) was a British Indian mathematician. His book, Treatise on Problems of Maxima and Minima, was promoted by the prominent mathematician Augustus De Morgan. In his introduction to Ramchundra's book, De Morgan says that he was born in 1821 in Panipat to Sunder Lal, a Kayasth of Delhi. De Morgan came to know of Ramchundra when, in 1850, he was sent by a friend to work on maxima and minima by the 29-year-old self-taught mathematician.

His technical term is adaequare. (Hofmann uses the symbol \scriptstyle \approx.) Peer Strømholm (1968)Strømholm, P.: Fermat's method of maxima and minima and of tangents. A reconstruction. Arch. Hist Exact Sci. 5 (1968), 47–69, p.

Ramila minima is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Fu-Qiang Chen and Chun-Sheng Wu in 2014. It is found in China (Shandong) and Vietnam. The wingspan is 15–16 mm.

However, over a quarter of years receive no snowfall. The state capital is about south of Portland, but actually has a lower average temperature than that of Portland (), due in part to the lower daily minima.

Cercospora minima is a fungal plant pathogen. In the European pear, it is the cause of the disease known as late leaf spot. The geographic distribution includes India, South America, and the south-eastern United States.

Boronia juncea grows in winter-wet areas. Subspecies juncea is found between Bunbury and Mandurah, subspecies laniflora and micrantha between Mount Melville and Mount Elphinstone in Albany, and subspecies minima between Margaret River, Augusta and Northcliffe.

Learning implies that the previous history, for example the memory about the previously found local minima, is mined to produce better and better starting points for local search. The implicit assumption is that of a clustered distribution of local minima: when minimizing a function, determining good local minima is easier when starting from a local minimum with a low value than when starting from a random point. The only caveat is to avoid confinement in a given attraction basin, so that the kick to transform a local minimizer into the starting point for the next run has to be appropriately strong, but not too strong to avoid reverting to memory-less random restarts. Iterated Local Search is based on building a sequence of locally optimal solutions by: # perturbing the current local minimum; # applying local search after starting from the modified solution.

In the early modern period, Aristotelian hylomorphism fell out of favor with the rise of the "mechanical philosophy" of thinkers like Descartes and John Locke, who were more sympathetic to the ancient Greek atomism of Democritus than to the natural minima of Aristotle. However, the concept of minima naturalia continued to shape philosophical thinking even among these mechanistic philosophers in the transitional centuries between the Aristotelianism of the medieval Scholastics and the worked-out atomic theory of modern scientists like Dalton. The mechanist Pierre Gassendi discussed minima naturalia in the course of expounding his opposition to Scholastic Aristotelianism, and his own attempted reconciliation between the atomism of Epicurus and the Catholic faith. Aristotle's mininima naturalia became "corpuscles" in the alchemical works of Geber and Daniel Sennert, who in turn influenced the corpuscularian alchemist Robert Boyle, one of the founders of modern chemistry.

Oreodera minima is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Galileo and Martins in 1999.Bezark, Larry G. A Photographic Catalog of the Cerambycidae of the World . Retrieved on 22 May 2012.

Peritapnia minima is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Chemsak and Linsley in 1978.Bezark, Larry G. A Photographic Catalog of the Cerambycidae of the World . Retrieved on 22 May 2012.

Hapalomantis minima is a species of praying mantis in the genus Hapalomantis. This mantis is native to Africa but according to a 1998 paper it "must be deleted from the list of the Mantodea known from Angola".

Kalore minima is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Galileo and Martins in 2011.Bezark, Larry G. A Photographic Catalog of the Cerambycidae of the World . Retrieved on 22 May 2012.

Matters are further complicated by Southern live oaks hybridizing with both of the above two species, and also with the dwarf live oak (Q. minima), swamp white oak (Q. bicolor), Durand oak (Q. durandii), overcup oak (Q.

There is one particular problem that we will face in this method. Sometimes, there will be only one local maxima or minima element in the input data, so it will cause the distance array to be empty.

Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 52 (1): 3-71. The larvae feed on Medicago sativa and Medicago minima. They spin together the terminal leaves of their host plant. Pupation takes place in a white cocoon between the spun leaves.

Photometric observations of this asteroid at multiple observatories during 1981–82 gave an unusual light curve with three minima and maxima. The curve changed with varying phase angle of the asteroid relative to the viewer and the position of the Sun, indicating the changing influence of shadows cast by surface features. The composite light curve has a best fit period estimate of 7.33 hours. Austrian astronomer Hans Josef Schober has suggested that the multiple minima and maxima during each period may be an indication of a binary nature.

According to (Mladenović, 1995), VNS is a metaheuristic which systematically performs the procedure of neighborhood change, both in descent to local minima and in escape from the valleys which contain them. VNS is built upon the following perceptions: # A local minimum with respect to one neighbourhood structure is not necessarily a local minimum for another neighbourhood structure. # A global minimum is a local minimum with respect to all possible neighborhood structures. # For many problems, local minima with respect to one or several neighborhoods are relatively close to each other.

In the field of optimization, linear programming studies the maxima and minima of linear functions; these maxima and minima occur on the boundary of an n-dimensional polytope. In linear programming, polytopes occur in the use of generalized barycentric coordinates and slack variables. In twistor theory, a branch of theoretical physics, a polytope called the amplituhedron is used in to calculate the scattering amplitudes of subatomic particles when they collide. The construct is purely theoretical with no known physical manifestation, but is said to greatly simplify certain calculations.

Reduced vertical separation minima or minimum (RVSM) is the reduction, from 2,000 feet to 1,000 feet, of the standard vertical separation required between aircraft flying between flight level 290 (29,000 ft) and flight level 410 (41,000 ft). Expressed in the International System of Units (SI), it is the reduction, from 600 m to 300 m, of required vertical separation of aircraft between altitudes 8,850 and 12,500 m. This reduction in vertical separation minima therefore increases the number of aircraft that can fly in a particular volume of controlled airspace.

Colour changes at these minima suggest a transfer of luminosity from the visual to the infrared, either as a result of cooling or recycling by the surrounding envelope. Following the deep minima, smaller brightness peaks are observed. Overall, the variability in brightness has been much stronger since 2000. The variations in infrared brightness compared to visual brightness correspond quite well to the light curve, suggesting that brightness changes are related to colour or extinction changes, but there has been a secular trend in the B-V colour index.

The Muknal cave, part of the Naranjal subsystem, contained the remains of a 40 to 50-year-old man, the Muknal Grandfather (9,600 cal BP). Unlike the other two skeletons in the subsystem, the Muknal Grandfather shows evidence of secondary burial. Analysis of these skeletons suggests that Ox Bel Ha was likely used as an important site for ritual burial. Muknalia minima mandible A new genus and species of extinct peccary, Muknalia minima, was identified from a fossil mandible found in the Muknal cave of the Ox Bel Ha system.

Nepenthes minima is a tropical pitcher plant native to Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. It grows in seasonally dry grasslands at elevations of 1000–1700 m above sea level, and has a number of adaptations to survive wildfires. It is the only pyrophytic Nepenthes species known from outside Indochina and the Philippines. The specific epithet minima, Latin for "smallest", was chosen as an antonym to that of the closely allied N. maxima, with which this species was long conflated and from which it differs in being smaller in all respects.

Furthermore, polynomial interpolation may exhibit oscillatory artifacts, especially at the end points (see Runge's phenomenon). Polynomial interpolation can estimate local maxima and minima that are outside the range of the samples, unlike linear interpolation. For example, the interpolant above has a local maximum at x ≈ 1.566, f(x) ≈ 1.003 and a local minimum at x ≈ 4.708, f(x) ≈ −1.003. However, these maxima and minima may exceed the theoretical range of the function—for example, a function that is always positive may have an interpolant with negative values, and whose inverse therefore contains false vertical asymptotes.

Morse position, showing minima, saddles and a maximum, and as an illustration a movie for the Kinoshita-Terasaka knot A slice knot is a mathematical knot in 3-dimensional space that bounds a disc in 4-dimensional space.

Hypocrisias minima, the least hypocrisias, is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. The species was first described by Neumoegen in 1883. It is found in Mexico, southern Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas. The wingspan is 31–33 mm.

The endemic frogs include flat-headed frog (Limnodynastes depressus), cave-dwelling frog (Ranoidea cavernicola), magnificent tree frog (Ranoidea splendida), Derby toadlet (Uperoleia aspera), small toadlet (U. minima), fat toadlet (U. crassa), marbled toadlet (U. marmorata), Mjoberg's toadlet (U.

This perennial herb has twining or trailing stems which can reach 1.2 meters in length. The leaves are made up of three leaflets measuring up to 3Rhynchosia minima. FAO. to 3.5 centimeters long.Woods, M. and J. Key. (2009).

30–32 The fruit, flowers and seeds of Aiphanes minima are consumed by the vulnerable Saint Vincent amazon (Amazona guildingii) and is also considered a potentially important food species for the critically endangered Puerto Rican amazon (Amazona vittata).

Spring lasts usually from March to late May, although in some years it might get into June. Maxima are around and minima around . Rain is more frequent in spring than in winter and summer, but less than autumn.

According to the most recent USDA Hardiness zone maps, the lowland areas of the county fall into Zone 7b, with an expected annual minimum temperatures of , while higher areas fall into Zone 7a, with expected annual minima of .

The shorting bar is slid down the line and the position of two successive current minima is noted, the distance between them is half a wavelength. With care, Lecher lines can measure frequency to an accuracy of 0.1%.

The limiting equivalent conductivity of solutions based on mixed solvents like water alcohol has minima depending on the nature of alcohol. For methanol the minimum is at 15 molar % water, and for the ethanol at 6 molar % water.

It is also possible to employ mechanisms that search more directly for energy minima, either instead of or in conjunction with physical simulation. Such mechanisms, which are examples of general global optimization methods, include simulated annealing and genetic algorithms.

In optimization, Newton's method is applied to the derivative of a twice- differentiable function to find the roots of the derivative (solutions to ), also known as the stationary points of . These solutions may be minima, maxima, or saddle points.

For fields , the two curves overlap and there are two stable directions. This is the region where hysteresis occurs. Three energy profiles are included (insets). The red and blue stars are the stable magnetization directions, corresponding to energy minima.

The small toadlet (Uperoleia minima) is a species of frog in the family Myobatrachidae. It is endemic to Australia. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry lowland grassland and subtropical or tropical seasonally wet or flooded lowland grassland.

The Paranaense region has only two distinct seasons: summer from October to March and winter from May to August. In transitional months of April and September, temperatures below the midsummer averages include nocturnal minima that may dip below freezing.

The sepals are brownish or purplish fading to thinned, papery, whitish or translucent edges. The fruit is a minute utricle measuring half a millimeter long. The two subspecies differ in size; ssp. minima has a smaller caudex and smaller inflorescences.

A min/max kd-tree is a k-d tree with two scalar values - a minimum and a maximum - assigned to its nodes. The minimum/maximum of an inner node is equal to the minimum/maximum of its children's minima/maxima.

Adi Mehameday is characterized as semiarid to arid climatic regions. The average annual temperature for the region, in general, varies from 24 - 29 °C. Records obtained show temperature maxima of and minima of . November and December are the coldest months.

The larvae have been reported feeding on a various plants, including Hypoestes betsiliensis, Campylanthus salsoloides, Centipeda minima, Hydrolea species, Spergularia maritima, Vaccinium species, Sabatia species, Clinopodium vulgare, Antirrhinum majus and Samolus. Adults are on wing in February, April, July and September.

It can be shown, however, that this operator will also return false edges corresponding to local minima of the gradient magnitude. Moreover, this operator will give poor localization at curved edges. Hence, this operator is today mainly of historical interest.

The vervain hummingbird (Mellisuga minima) is a species of hummingbird found in the Dominican Republic, Haiti, and Jamaica, and is a vagrant to Puerto Rico. Its natural habitats are tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests and heavily degraded former forests.

In addition to the fundamental period given, RV Tauri also exhibits small variations in its mean brightness over a period of 1,216 days. The maxima and minima in each period vary by several tenths of a magnitude with no obvious regularity.

If neighborhood searched is limited to just one or a very small number of changes from the current solution, then it can be difficult to escape from local minima, even with additional meta-heuristic techniques such as Simulated Annealing or Tabu search. In large neighborhood search techniques, the possible changes from one solution to its neighbor may allow tens or hundreds of values to change, and this means that the size of the neighborhood may itself be sufficient to allow the search process to avoid or escape local minima, though additional meta-heuristic techniques can still improve performance.

These extrema are found by moving the probe back and forth along the line and the level at that point can then be measured on the meter.Gupta, pages 113–114 The extrema are not of any great interest in themselves, but are used in the calculation of several more useful parameters. Some of these parameters require the measurement of the exact position of the extremum. Either maxima or minima can equally be used, from a mathematical point of view, but minima are preferred because they are always much sharper than maxima, especially for large reflections, as shown in figure 4.

The fruit, flowers and seeds of A. minima are consumed by the vulnerable Saint Vincent amazon (Amazona guildingii) and is also considered a potentially important food species for the critically endangered Puerto Rican amazon (Amazona vittata). Several species show clumped distributions. Dispersal limitation has been invoked to explain the clumped distribution of adults and limited recruitment of seedlings in both A. erinacea in Ecuador and A. minima in Puerto Rico. Similarly, the rarity of A. lindeniana and A. simplex in Colombian forests may be linked to limited seed production and the limited effectiveness of seed dispersal by avian and mammalian frugivores.

In total, there seem to have been 18 periods of sunspot minima in the last 8,000 years, and studies indicate that the Sun currently spends up to a quarter of its time in these minima. A paper based on an analysis of a Flamsteed drawing suggests that the Sun's surface rotation slowed in the deep Maunder minimum (1684). During the Maunder Minimum aurorae had been observed seemingly normally, with a regular decadal- scale cycle. This is somewhat surprising because the later, and less deep, Dalton sunspot minimum is clearly seen in auroral occurrence frequency, at least at lower geomagnetic latitudes.

Aristotle's brief comments on minima naturalia in the Physics and Meteorology prompted further speculations by later philosophers. The idea was taken up by John Philoponus and Simplicius of Cilicia in late Antiquity and by the Islamic Aristotelian Averroes (Ibn Rushd). Minima naturalia were discussed by Scholastic and Renaissance thinkers including Roger Bacon, Albertus Magnus, Thomas Aquinas, Giles of Rome, Siger of Brabant, Boethius of Dacia, Richard of Middleton, Duns Scotus, John of Jandun, William of Ockham, William Alnwick, Walter Bury, Adam de Wodeham, Jean Buridan, Gregory of Rimini, John Dumbleton, Nicole Oresme, John Marsilius Inguen, John Wycliffe, Albert of Saxony, Facinus de Ast, Peter Alboinis of Mantua, Paul of Venice, Gaetano of Thiene, Alessandro Achillini, Luis Coronel, Juan de Celaya, Domingo de Soto, Didacus de Astudillo, Ludovicus Buccaferrea, Francisco de Toledo, and Benedict Pereira. Of this list, the most influential Scholastic thinkers on minima naturalia were Duns Scotus and Gregory of Rimini.

This showed a rotation period of 23.613 ± 0.001 hours and a brightness variation of 0.12 ± 0.02 magnitude. The curve shows three maxima and minima during each cycle. This value for the period differs from the 15.789 hour estimate produced in a 2008 study.

Porphyrosela neodoxa is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from Bihar, India.Global Taxonomic Database of Gracillariidae (Lepidoptera) The larvae feed on Cajanus cajan, Cajanus indicus, Desmodium, Rhynchosia species (including Rhynchosia minima). They probably mine the leaves of their host plant.

Coleophora sisteronica is a moth of the family Coleophoridae. It is found in southern France, Spain and Italy. The larvae feed on Coronilla minima. They create a dark brown composite leaf case of 2.5–4 mm with a mouth angle of 45°.

Even this simple procedure is complicated in practice by the fact that the validation error may fluctuate during training, producing multiple local minima. This complication has led to the creation of many ad-hoc rules for deciding when overfitting has truly begun.

Escobaria minima. Texas Parks and Wildlife. Collectors have long visited the small patch of land where the cactus occurs. Much of this land is privately owned and not open to surveys or visitors, and the exact abundance of the cactus is not known.

The costa is pale brown proximally and white distally. The hindwings pale grey on both sides. Adults have been recorded on wing from April to October. The larvae have been reared on the leaves of Quercus geminata, Quercus minima and Galactia regularis.

The period, defined for an RV Tau star as the time between two deep minima, is 72 days. The slow variations in amplitude have been measured, represented by a period of 69 days producing beats. None of these variations correspond to the orbital motion.

Numerically certified global minima and the corresponding solutions were obtained using interval methods for up to n = 10Vanaret C. (2015) Hybridization of interval methods and evolutionary algorithms for solving difficult optimization problems. PhD thesis. Ecole Nationale de l'Aviation Civile. Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse, France..

When initializing with random offsets, we use independent uniform samples across the full range of image B. This algorithm avoids using an initial guess from the previous level of the pyramid because in this way the algorithm can avoid being trapped in local minima.

Accessed 26 January 2009. A few Brookesia chameleons from Madagascar are equally small, with a reported snout- vent length of 15–18 mm for male dwarf chameleons (B. minima), 14–19 mm for male Mount d'Ambre leaf chameleons (B. tuberculata)Glaw, F., & Vences, M. (2007).

The multicanonical ensemble is not restricted to physical systems. It can be employed on abstract systems which have a cost function F. By using the density of states with respect to F, the method becomes general for computing higher-dimensional integrals or finding local minima.

Liquid–vapour phase diagrams for other systems may have azeotropes (maxima or minima) in the composition curves, but the application of the phase rule is unchanged. The only difference is that the compositions of the two phases are equal exactly at the azeotropic composition.

Phyllosticta minima is a fungus of the division Ascomycota which causes purple-bordered leaf spot, a largely cosmetic disease that infects maple trees. It grows on living and fallen leaves, creating tan, ovular lesions inch in diameter and ringed with 'purple' or black spores.

Tentax minima is a moth of the family Erebidae first described by George Hampson in 1926. It is found in Indonesia (Sumbawa). The wingspan is about 7 mm. The forewings are light grey brown, with dark-brown subterminal and terminal areas, including the fringes.

Caladenia longicauda subsp. minima is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, herb with an underground tuber and which usually grows as solitary plants. It has a single hairy leaf, long and wide. Up to three mostly white flowers long and wide are borne on a spike tall.

Eublemma minima, the everlasting bud moth, is a moth of the family Erebidae. The species was first described by Achille Guenée in 1852. It is found in Kenya, Madagascar, South Africa and Yemen, as well as in the United States, Brazil, Argentina, Caribbean and Paraguay.

Chloroselas minima, the tiny gem, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in central Kenya and along the coast and along the northern coast of Tanzania. The habitat consists of arid savanna. Adults have been recorded feeding from flowers in open grassland.

However, at lower resolutions (typically lower than 2.0Å), sequences/structures should either match known structures, or be supported by complementary techniques such as Mass Spectrometry. Also, monosaccharides have clear conformational preferences (saturated rings are typically found in chair conformations), but errors introduced during model building and/or refinement (wrong linkage chirality or distance, or wrong choice of model - see for recommendations on carbohydrate model building and refinement and for reviews on general errors in carbohydrate structures) can bring their atomic models out of their energy minima. Around 20% of the deposited carbohydrate structures are in unjustified energy minima. A number of carbohydrate validation web services are available at glycosciences.

Speculation on minima naturalia provided philosophical background for the mechanistic philosophy of early modern thinkers such as Descartes, and for the alchemical works of Geber and Daniel Sennert, who in turn influenced the corpuscularian alchemist Robert Boyle, one of the founders of modern chemistry. A chief theme in late Roman and Scholastic commentary on this concept is reconciling minima naturalia with the general Aristotelian principle of infinite divisibility. Commentators like John Philoponus and Thomas Aquinas reconciled these aspects of Aristotle's thought by distinguishing between mathematical and "natural" divisibility. With few exceptions, much of the curriculum in the universities of Europe was based on such Aristotelianism for most of the Middle Ages.

Stem of Aiphanes minima showing spines and leaf scarsDetails of the stem, petioles and leaf bases of Aiphaes horrida showing its spiny nature Aiphanes minima is a single-stemmed, spiny palm with pinnately compound leaves—rows of leaflets emerge on either side of the axis of the leaf in a feather-like or fern-like pattern. Stems are usually tall, though occasionally as little as tall and in diameter. Younger stems are covered with rings of black spines, but on older stems these are often lost. Individuals bear 10–20 leaves which are pinnately compound, bearing 18 to 34 pairs of leaflets along a central rachis that is long.

Figure 4. Standing wave patterns on a line for various reflection coefficients showing maxima and minima When the slotted line is terminated with a precision matching load there is no variation in the detected power along the line, other than a very small decrease due to losses in the line. However, when this is replaced by a device under test (DUT) which is not perfectly matched to the line there will be a reflection back towards the source. This causes a standing wave to be set up on the line with periodic maxima and minima (collectively, extrema) due to alternating constructive and destructive interference.

The pygidium is papillated, with two anal cirri twice as long as the dorsal cirri. Sphaerosyllis levantina and Sphaerosyllis minima are alike, by having serrated blades of falcigers throughout the body. S. minima, however has a stronger dorso-ventral gradation of the falcigers' blades. Sphaerosyllis capensis, Sphaerosyllis taylori, and Sphaerosyllis sandrae also show similarities with S. levantina, especially with regards to the shape and serration of the falcigers' blades, but S. capensis has all antennae positioned in line, and S. taylori shows no dorso-ventral gradation of the falciger blade length, while S. sandrae has smooth falcigerous blades posteriorly and parapodial glands with hyaline material.

Procedural separation is separation based upon the position of the aircraft, based upon reports made by the pilots over the radio. It therefore does not necessarily require the use of radar to provide air traffic control using procedural separation minima. In procedural control, any period during which two aircraft are not vertically separated is said to be "level change". In some cases, procedural separation minima are provided for use with radar assistance, however it is important not to get this mixed up with radar separation as in the former case the radar need not necessarily be certified for use for radar separation purposes, the separation is still procedural.

Elophila minima is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by David John Lawrence Agassiz in 2012. It is found in Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, South Africa and Uganda. The wingspan is 9–12 mm for males and 12–14 mm for females.

The contributing factors were: #Continuation of approach beyond the outer marker equivalent position without the required minima. #Continuation of descent below decision height without adequate visual reference. #Uncoordinated operation of the power levers and the flight controls. #In-flight operation of the power levers below flight idle.

Other plants and lichens in the area include Bonamia grandiflora, Hypericum cumulicola, Polygonella basaramia, Cladonia perforata, Eryngium cuneifolium, and Liatris ohlingerae. The northern subspecies, ssp. minima occurs in the white sand edges of ponds and sinkholes in karst substrate. It is present in Bay and Washington Counties.

Lysimachia minima (chaffweed) is a 1-4 inch (2–10 cm) perennial herb in the primula family (Primulaceae). A cosmopolitan species, this small plant is native widely across North America and Eurasia.Flora of North America It can be found growing in moist soils and seasonal pools.

Michael Sean Mahoney (1971)Mahoney, M.S.: Fermat, Pierre de. Dictionary of Scientific Biography, vol. IV, Charles Scribner's Sons, New York (1971), p.569. wrote: > Fermat's Method of maxima and minima, which is clearly applicable to any > polynomial 'P(x), originally rested on purely finitistic algebraic > foundations.

Phaeoacremonium aleophilum is a fungus species in the genus Phaeoacremonium. It is associated with Phaeomoniella chlamydospora in esca in mature grapevines and decline in young vines (Petri disease), two types of grapevine trunk disease. Togninia minima is the teleomorph (the sexual reproductive stage) of P. aleophilum.

RT Normae is an R Coronae Borealis type variable star in the constellation Norma. It has a baseline magnitude of 9.8, dropping down to 14.7 at its minima. It has less than 55% the mass of the Sun and an effective (surface) temperature of around 7000 K.

Coleophora flaviella is a moth of the family Coleophoridae. It is found from Germany to the Iberian Peninsula, Sicily and Greece and from France to Romania. The larvae feed on Coronilla coronata and Coronilla minima. Young larvae live within a pod and feed on the seeds.

As a result, two order statistics, including MAX and MIN, will be used for approximating the upper and lower envelope. The size of the filter will depend on the maxima and minima maps obtained from the input. The steps of the FABEMD algorithm are listed below.

For interband optical transitions, carriers change momentum through a slow, intermediate scattering process, dramatically reducing the optical emission intensity. Intersubband optical transitions however, are independent of the relative momentum of conduction band and valence band minima and theoretical proposals for Si/SiGe quantum cascade emitters have been made.

Short-term conflict alert (STCA) is an automated warning system for air traffic controllers (ATCO). It is a ground-based safety net intended to assist the controller in preventing collision between aircraft by generating, in a timely manner, an alert of a potential or actual infringement of separation minima.

2019, Swoon: Every Portrait is a Vessel, Treason Gallery, Seattle, WA, April 4 - May 18. 2019, Swoon, Galerie Henrik Springmann, Freiburg, Germany. 2018, Raggedy Hecate and the Memory Box, Chandran Gallery, San Francisco, CA, November 30 - February 8. 2018, Mirai Minima, SNOW Contemporary, Tokyo, Japan, October 6 - November 2.

RV Tau stars in particular show irregularities in their light curves, with slow variations in the brightness of both maxima and minima, variations in the period, intervals with little variation, and sometimes a temporary breakdown into chaotic behaviour. R Scuti has one of the most irregular light curves.

Lygephila minima is a moth of the family Erebidae first described by Oleg Pekarsky in 2013. It is found in southern Russia (the Stavropol region) and Armenia. The wingspan is about 33 mm. The forewings are beige with silver shining, irrorated (sprinkled) with a few blackish-brown scales.

Both adults and larvae of this lady beetle are predators, feeding on scale insects; the species consumed include Aonidiella aurantii, Aspidiotus destructor, Carulaspis minima, Coccus viridis, Diaphorina citri, Melanaspis glomerata, Parlatoria blanchardi, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona and Selenaspidus articulatus, many of which are major pests of citrus and other crops.

The British Virgin Islands have a tropical savanna climate, moderated by the trade winds. Temperatures vary little throughout the year. In the capital, Road Town, typical daily maxima are around in the summer and in the winter. Typical daily minima are around in the summer and in the winter.

The British Virgin Islands have a tropical rainforest climate, moderated by trade winds. Temperatures vary little throughout the year. In the capital, Road Town, typical daily maxima are around in the summer and in the winter. Typical daily minima are around in the summer and in the winter.

Anthene minima, the little hairtail, is a butterfly of the family Lycaenidae. It is found in South Africa and Botswana. In South Africa, it is found in north-eastern KwaZulu-Natal, Mpumalanga, and Limpopo. The wingspan is 18–22 mm for males and 19–23 mm for females.

The normal absorption spectrum is replaced by emission lines, especially HeI, CaII, NaI, and other metals. The lines are typically very narrow at this stage. Helium emission lines sometimes show P Cygni profiles. In deep minima, many of the metal lines disappear although the Ca doublet remains strong.

Maximal temperature: ; minimal temperature . Average 2011 temperature: ; average speed of wind: , mainly from SSE. Number of days with frost was 96 during year 2012; 18 days had minima below and 165 days with an average temperature on or above . Number of days with maxima on or above was 42.

In order to accommodate the camera design, Aaton worked with Eastman Kodak to create a specially designed flexible flange daylight spool. Because of the spool's particular design and the fact that the camera requires A-wind 16 mm film, the A-Minima can only use Kodak film stock, manufactured specifically for use with the A-Minima. The 200 foot length (approximately 5.5 minutes at 24 frame/s) and slightly noisy sound rating of 29 dB make it convenient as a B-camera or second unit camera; however, the small size and ease of use, along with an integrated AatonCode timecode unit, allow for less conspicuous and cumbersome shooting on Super 16. The camera is aimed at documentary filmmakers.

Romania map of Köppen climate classification, according to Clima României from the Administrația Națională de Meteorologie, Bucharest 2008 Average temperature and precipitations in Bucharest Owing to its distance from the open sea, Romania has a continental climate. Summers are generally very warm to hot, with average maxima in Bucharest being around , with temperatures over not unknown in the lower-lying areas of the country. Minima in Bucharest and other lower-lying areas are around , but at higher altitudes both maxima and minima decline considerably. Satellite image of Romania in December, showing most of its territory under snow In the coldest months of winter (December and January) the average temperatures are between 3˚C and -15˚C.

Natal has a typical tropical climate, specifically a tropical wet and dry climate (Köppen climate classification: As), with warm to hot temperatures and high relative humidity all throughout the year. However, these conditions are relieved by a near absence of extreme temperatures and pleasant trade winds blowing from the ocean. February is the warmest month, with mean maxima of 31 °C (88 °F) and minima of 24 °C (75 °F), while July is the coolest with mean maxima of 29 °C (84 °F) and minima of 22 °C (71 °F). Rainfall is heavy at around per year, but there is a dry season between about September and January that is more distinct than further south on the Atlantic coast.

Min/max kd-trees may be constructed recursively. Starting with the root node, the splitting plane orientation and position is evaluated. Then the children's splitting planes and min/max values are evaluated recursively. The min/max value of the current node is simply the minimum/maximum of its children's minima/maxima.

In the vegetative state, Gagea spathacea is distinguished by its fistular leaves from Gagea lutea or Hyacinthoides non- scripta, both of them having flat leaves above and a projecting median vein below. Gagea minima differs from Gagea spathacea by its unique, basal non- fistular leaf, and by its spathe-shape.

The writing lasers form a grating by modulating density of matter or by localizing matter (trapping) on the regions of maxima (or minima) of the writing interference fields. A thermal grating is an example. Matter gratings have slow dynamics (milliseconds) compared to population and phase gratings (potentially nanoseconds and faster).

The climate is quite cold in winter (with minima around -15 ° / -20 °C). The rainfall is low. In spring and summer, temperatures rise remarkably, with peaks of 20 ° / 22 °C and the wind is more frequent. Summer is short, with autumn starting in September, accompanied by drier days and lower temperatures.

Portions of protein structures often deviate from the equilibrium state. Some such excursions are harmonic, such as stochastic fluctuations of chemical bonds and bond angles. Others are anharmonic, such as sidechains that jump between separate discrete energy minima, or rotamers. Evidence for local flexibility is often obtained from NMR spectroscopy.

In their 1996 monograph, Borchsenius and Bernal questioned the applicability of these subgenera. They recognised that if Macroanthera was reduced to three species (A. horrida, A. eggersii and A. minima) it could form a viable grouping, but that this would leave Brachyanthera overly heterogeneous. Consequently, they abandoned Burret's use of subgenera.

Physalis minima is a species of perennial herbs elonging to the family Solanaceae. Native gooseberry, wild cape gooseberry and pygmy groundcherry are some of the popular common names in English. It is a pantropical annual herb 20–50 cm high at its maturity. It can be found near the marshes of Java.

The sifting process is as follows: # Identify all the local extrema in the test data. # Connect all the local maxima by a cubic spline line as the upper envelope. # Repeat the procedure for the local minima to produce the lower envelope. The upper and lower envelopes should cover all the data between them.

Vieques has a warm, relatively dry, tropical to subtropical climate. Temperatures vary little throughout the year, with average daily maxima ranging from in January to in July. Average daily minima are about 10 °F / 6 °C lower. Rainfall averages around per year, with the months of May and September-November being the wettest.

The Breda Formation (; abbreviation: BR) is a geologic formation in the subsurface of the Netherlands. The formation consists of marine glauconiferous sands and clays that were deposited during the Miocene epoch. Although the formation is not very rich in fossils, sometimes bones of fishes, mammals (Leptophoca cf. proxima, Protophocaena minima),Liessel at Fossilworks.

Advantages: IIR filters can satisfy the prescribed frequency response because it can reduce the filter`s order requirements. Disadvantages: The performance surfaces of adaptive LMS IIR Adaptive filters are nonquadratic and may have local minima. Meanwhile, adaptive IIR filters may become unstable during the adaptation, thus some kind of stability monitoring is needed.

The raw protein content of ricebean is lower than that of most pulses, although there is considerable variation. Gopinathan et al. (1987) note that the protein content of related wild species (e.g. Vigna minima) tends to be higher than of cultivated lines, so there may be potential to breed for improved protein content.

Path planning is realized with propagating wavefronts The wavefront expansion algorithm is a specialized potential field path planner with breadth-first search to avoid local minima. It uses a growing circle around the robot. The nearest neighbors are analyzed first and then the radius of the circle is extended to distant regions.

In reality, Earth's orbit is elliptical. Earth moves more rapidly around the Sun near perihelion, in early January, than near aphelion, in early July. This makes processes like the variation of the solar declination happen faster in January than in July. On the graph, this makes the minima more acute than the maxima.

Auliepterix is an extinct genus of small primitive metallic moths within the family Micropterigidae. The genus is represented by two species, Auliepterix mirabilis in the Karabastau Svita of the Upper Jurassic of Kazakhstan (near Aulye) and Auliepterix minima in Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous rocks near Khotont Somon in the Mongolian People's Republic.

Mellisuga is a genus of hummingbirds in the family Trochilidae. The genus was introduced by the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson in 1760 with the vervain hummingbird (Mellisuga minima) as the type species. The name Mellisuga is a combination of the Latin words mel or mellis, meaning "honey" and sugere, meaning "to suck".

The theory here relates to data maxima and the distribution being discussed is an extreme value distribution for maxima. A generalised extreme value distribution for data minima can be obtained, for example by substituting (−x) for x in the distribution function, and subtracting from one: this yields a separate family of distributions.

Pronounced intensity minima were first observed in 1930 by Estermann, Frisch, and Stern, during a series of gas-surface interaction experiments attempting to demonstrate the wave nature of atoms and molecules. The phenomenon has been explained in 1936 by Lennard-Jones and Devonshire in terms of resonant transitions to bound surface states.

The El Molino Formation is a Maastrichtian geologic formation pertaining to the Puca Group of central Bolivia. The formation comprises fine-grained sandstones and sandy limestones with stromatolites deposited in a shallow marine to lacustrine environment. The formation has provided fossils of Dolichochampsa minima,Buffetaut, 1987 and ichnofossils of Ankylosauria indet., Ornithopoda indet.

Taxiway signs indicating the ILS category of a runway as CAT II/III In contrast to other operations, CAT III weather minima do not provide sufficient visual references to allow a manual landing to be made. CAT IIIb minima depend on roll-out control and redundancy of the autopilot, because they give only enough time for the pilot to decide whether the aircraft will land in the touchdown zone (basically CAT IIIa) and to ensure safety during rollout (basically CAT IIIb). Therefore, an automatic landing system is mandatory to perform Category III operations. Its reliability must be sufficient to control the aircraft to touchdown in CAT IIIa operations and through rollout to a safe taxi speed in CAT IIIb (and CAT IIIc when authorized).

The De philosophia mundi is divided into four books, covering physics, astronomy, geography, meteorology and medicine. William explains the world as composed of elements (elementa), which he defines as "the simplest and minimum part[s] of any body—simple in quality, minimum in quantity"."Elementum ergo, ut ait Constantinus in Pantegni, est simpla et minima pars alicuius corporis—simpla ad qualitatem, minima ad quantitatem" (De philosophia mundi, Liber primus, capitulum XXII). He identifies the elements with the traditional four elements (fire, air, water, earth) but (following Constantine the African) not as they are perceived, since as such they are neither simple in quality nor minimum in quantity: earth, for example, contains something hot, something cold, something dry and something wet at the same time.

In this case the valleys are a property of the 2nd derivative of a Lorentzian. (x-axis position is relative to the position of the peak maximum on a scale of half width at half height). #Resolution enhancement with 4th derivative (positive peaks). The minima are a property of the 4th derivative of a Lorentzian.

In the Mott insulator phase, atoms will be trapped in the potential minima and cannot move freely, which is similar to the electrons in an insulator. In the case of Fermionic atoms, if the well depth is further increased the atoms are predicted to form an antiferromagnetic, i.e. Néel state at sufficiently low temperatures.

Experimental observations, however, show that the 1,5-shifts of norcaradienes proceed antarafacially.Klarner, F.G. Topics in Stereochemistry, 1984, 15, 1–42. Theoretical calculations found the [1,5] shift to be a diradical process, but without involving any diradical minima on the potential energy surface.Kless, A.; Nendel, M.; Wilsey, S.; Houk, K. N. J. Am. Chem. Soc.

Massartia minima is a species of leaf beetle. It is distributed in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Sudan. It was first described by the Belgian entomologist in 1942, from specimens collected by Gaston-François de Witte from the Albert National Park between 1933 and 1935. Host plants for the species include Combretum binderianum.

Botanicheskii Zhurnal. Moscow & Leningrad 91: 917-951. Its native range is quite large, as it is found in much of south- central, southeastern, central and northern Europe (Italy, Germany, Scandinavia, and from there eastwards into European Russia), with additional populations in the Caucasus region.Altervista Flora Italiana, Cipollaccio giallo minore Gagea minima (L.) Ker Gawl.

The Nymphaeaceae family, also known as the water-lily family, comprises eight genera and 70 species; taxonomic synonyms include Nuphar lutea subsp. pumila, Nuphar microphylla, and Nuphar minima. Nuphar pumila is also known as Bwlyts Lleiaf in Welsh, Konnanulpukka in Finnish, Kleine Teichrose in German, "Бяцхан сахуу цэцэг" in Mongolian and Stulík malý in Czech.

Diplopseustis is a genus of snout moths in the subfamily Lathrotelinae of the family Crambidae. It was described in 1884 be Edward Meyrick with Cymoriza minima Butler, 1881 as its type species, which is now considered a synonym of Diplopseustis perieresalis. The genus currently comprises seven species distributed in the Afrotropical, Indomalayan and Australasian realm.

For () has two stable equilibrium values (in each 2π interval): , where . They corresponding to two energy minima. Correspondingly, there are two fractional vortices (topological solitons): one with the phase going from to , while the other has the phase changing from to . The first vortex has a topological change of 2φ and carries the magnetic flux .

Erik Svensson & Ryan Calsbeek Oxford Press. Natural selection (the influence of the exterior features) is represented by a vector. Unlike the evolutionary landscapes of those who would follow, in Janet's concept, natural selection pulls species toward the minima instead of the maxima. This is because the y-axis does not represent fitness but stability.

The stationary points are the red circles. In this graph, they are all relative maxima or relative minima. The blue squares are inflection points. In mathematics, particularly in calculus, a stationary point of a differentiable function of one variable is a point on the graph of the function where the function's derivative is zero.

N. vaccinii is a basidiomycete rust fungi with a number of different synonyms, including Pucciniastrum vaccinii and Pucciniastrum myrtilli, but was moved to the Naohidemyces genus due to its dome-shaped covering over the aecia. N. vaccinii is now thought to be the western form of the fungi, and Thekopsora minima as the eastern form.

Phoberomys burmeisteri is an extinct rodent that lived in the late Miocene of southern South America. Their remains were recovered from the Ituzaingó Formation in Entre Ríos Province, Argentina. Many species of Phoberomys (P. praecursor, P. insolita, P. lozanoi and P. minima) were described for the Ituzaingó Formation, but were recently synonymized with P. burmeisteri.

Two other species—A. ulei and A. weberbaueri—occur in both acaulescent populations and those which produce above-ground stems. Several species are single-stemmed understorey palms, an unusual growth form. Aiphanes grandis and A. minima are single- stemmed palms which grow to be more than tall, while the remainder are multi- stemmed understorey species.

In 1791 Joseph Gaertner included a species of Aiphanes in his De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum, calling it Bactris minima. This is the oldest validly published name for any member of the genus. The name Aiphanes was coined by German botanist Carl Ludwig Willdenow in 1801. He described a single species, A. aculeata, in 1806.

If a ray tracing is next made as if a light wave (as understood in classical physics) is wide enough to take both paths, then that ray tracing will accurately predict the appearance of maxima and minima on the detector screen when many particles pass through the apparatus and gradually "paint" the expected interference pattern.

Compair Maxam Ltd was losing business. Departmental managers picked teams of core staff who could be retained to keep the business viable. They chose on personal preference for what they thought would be good for the company, but the union was not consulted. Other employees were dismissed for redundancy and given money beyond statutory minima.

Speculation on minima naturalia in late Antiquity, in the Islamic world, and by Scholastic and Renaissance thinkers in Europe provided a conceptual bridge between the atomism of ancient Greece and the mechanistic philosophy of early modern thinkers like Descartes, which in turn provided a background for the rigorously mathematical and experimental atomism of modern science.

The European green toad can be found in Nordby Hills, which makes it the northernmost habitat for the frog in Europe. The sand lizard thrive in the hills, though the lizard is threatened in Denmark. Rare Danish plants in the hills include anacamptis morio, potentilla neumanniana and medicago minima. Naturstyrelsen.dk "Seværdigheder" Retrieved 5 August 2020Naturstyrelsen.

Each of the students added to the work. Hudde's contribution described Hudde's rules and made a study of maxima and minima. Hudde corresponded with Baruch Spinoza and Christiaan Huygens, Johann Bernoulli, Isaac Newton and Leibniz. Newton and Leibniz mention Hudde many times and used some of his ideas in their own work on infinitesimal calculus.

Mibora minima, the early sandgrass, is a small (between 2 and 15 cm high) annual species of grass that is native in western and southwestern Europe. It is an invasive species on both sides of the Canada–United States border from Lake Huron east to Maine. It grows on moist sand in open vegetations.

This can be used to apparently improve spectral resolution. The diagram shows the second derivative of the black curve in the diagram above it. Whereas the smaller component produces a shoulder in the spectrum, it appears as a separate peak in the 2nd. derivative.Component peak maxima in the spectrum are minima in the 2nd.

In mathematical optimization, the fundamental theorem of linear programming states, in a weak formulation, that the maxima and minima of a linear function over a convex polygonal region occur at the region's corners. Further, if an extreme value occurs at two corners, then it must also occur everywhere on the line segment between them.

The process carries on continuously, and in an idealized, simplified scenario, each 11-year sunspot cycle corresponds to a change in the polarity of the Sun's large-scale magnetic field. Long minima of solar activity can be associated with the interaction between double dynamo waves of the solar magnetic field caused by the beating effect of the wave interference.

Hapana minima is a species of moth of the family Thyrididae. It is found in Cameroon, Mozambique and Angola.Whalley, 1971, The Thyrididae (Lepidoptera) of Africa and its islands, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology, Supplement 17, p.100-103 They have a wing length of 6.5 mm and are the smallest moths of the genus Hapana.

The mean minimum temperature in January is and the maximum , although temperatures above are commonly reached. The highest temperature officially recorded was , during the 2009 southeastern Australia heat wave. There is also a disputed recording of (on 14 January 1862). The mean minimum temperature in July is and winter minima below are recorded 28 nights per year on average.

The climate of the basin is hot and arid. In January, temperatures throughout the basin average around during the day and decline only to about at night. In winter, they typically range from during the day to at night. On occasions, however, frost has been reported in all areas of the basin: Winton has recorded minima as low as .

The Weiskirchen transmitter forms together with Hoher Meissner transmitter a single frequency network. The directive pattern of the transmitter has a maximum toward northwest and two minima pointing toward northeast and southeast. By regulation of the feeding power for each mast, the directivity pattern can be changed, in cooperation with Hoher Meissner transmitter the maximum even to the east.

The nearest weather station has historically been the London Weather Centre at Kingsway/ Holborn, although observations ceased in 2010. Now St. James Park provides the nearest official readings. The City has an oceanic climate (Köppen "Cfb") modified by the Urban Heat Island in the centre of London. This generally causes higher night-time minima than outlying areas.

Based upon a light curve that was generated from photometric observations of this asteroid at Pulkovo Observatory, it has a rotation period of 13.722 ± 0.001 hours and varies in brightness by 0.10 ± 0.0s in magnitude. The light curve displays three maxima and minima per cycle. The JPL Small-Body Database lists a rotation period of 13.7204 hours.

Copaeodes minima, the southern skipperling, is a butterfly of the family Hesperiidae. It is found in the United States from Arkansas east to North Carolina, south through Florida, the Gulf States, Texas, and Mexico to Panama. 200px The wingspan is 16–22 mm. There are two generations with adults on wing from March to October in Louisiana.

Net balance is the mass balance determined between successive mass balance minimums. This is the stratigraphic method focusing on the minima representing a stratigraphic horizon. In the northern mid- latitudes, a glacier's year follows the hydrologic year, starting and ending near the beginning of October. The mass balance minimum is the end of the melt season.

An ellipse has exactly four vertices: two local maxima of curvature where it is crossed by the major axis of the ellipse, and two local minima of curvature where it is crossed by the minor axis. In a circle, every point is both a local maximum and a local minimum of curvature, so there are infinitely many vertices.

Evolution after branching is illustrated using trait evolution plots. These show the region of coexistence, the direction of evolutionary change and whether points where the selection gradient vanishes are fitness maxima or minima. Evolution may well lead the dimorphic population outside the region of coexistence, in which case one morph is extinct and the population once again becomes monomorphic.

Longrich, N.R., Tokaryk, T. and Field, D.J. (2011). "Mass extinction of birds at the Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) boundary." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(37): 15253-15257. C. minima and C. petra were transferred to the new genus Lamarqueavis by Federico Agnolin in 2010, based on their similarity to the South American species L. australis.

Depicted is a transition in which a photon excites an electron from the valence band to the conduction band. Bulk band structure for Si, Ge, GaAs and InAs generated with tight binding model. Note that Si and Ge are indirect band gap with minima at X and L, while GaAs and InAs are direct band gap materials.

In numerical analysis, stochastic tunneling (STUN) is an approach to global optimization based on the Monte Carlo method-sampling of the function to be objective minimized in which the function is nonlinearly transformed to allow for easier tunneling among regions containing function minima. Easier tunneling allows for faster exploration of sample space and faster convergence to a good solution.

Stochastic tunneling (STUN) is an approach to global optimization based on the Monte Carlo method- sampling of the function to be objectively minimized in which the function is nonlinearly transformed to allow for easier tunneling among regions containing function minima. Easier tunneling allows for faster exploration of sample space and faster convergence to a good solution.

Medicago minima is a plant species of the genus Medicago. It is native to the Mediterranean basin but is found worldwide.Jepson Manual Treatment It forms a symbiotic relationship with the bacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti, which is capable of nitrogen fixation. Common names include bur medick, little bur- clover, little bur medick, little medick, small medick, and woolly bur medick.

If η<1, the tip slides continuously across the landscape (superlubricity regime). If η>1, the tip motion consists in abrupt jumps between the minima of the energy landscape (stick-slip regime). The name "Tomlinson model" is, however, historically incorrect: the paper by Tomlinson that is often cited in this context G. A. Tomlinson, Phil. Mag., 1929, v.

In addition to saw palmetto, the shrubs Appalachian tea (Ilex glabra), coastal plain staggerbush (Lyonia fruticosa), dwarf live oak (Quercus minima), shiny blueberry (Vaccinium myrsinites), and rosy camphorweed (Pluchea rosea) can be found in the flatwoods. Wiregrass (Aristida beyrichiana) is the dominant grass. This system is similar to Florida dry prairie, but has taller and denser shrub cover.

Odonate species inhabiting the area in the vicinity of Lily Lake include Aeshna clepsydra, Celithemis eponina, Libellula incesta, Ischnura kellicotti, and Sympetrum semicinctum. Plant species in the vicinity of the lake include Bidens discoidea, Myriophyllum heterophyllum, Schoenoplectus torreyi, and Utricularia intermedia. Species such as Elatine minima and Potamogeton robbinsii have also been observed near the lake in the past.

In signal processing there is another definition of pseudomedian filter for discrete signal. For a window of width 2N + 1 pseudomedian defined as the average of the maximum of the minima and the minimum of the maxima of the N + 1 sliding subwindows of length N + 1.W. Pratt, T. Cooper, and I. Kabir. Pseudomedian filter.

The system tends to develop from the state with higher energy (higher cost) to the state with lower energy, thus local minima of this functional are usually related to the stable stationary states. Studying such states is part of the optimization problems, where the terms energy functional or cost functional are often used to describe the objective function.

Similarly, the magnitude of each maximum and minimum varies. The mean apparent magnitude is 11.6, with a mean maximum magnitude of 9.9. The brightest recorded maxima are at magnitude 9.0, and the faintest minima at magnitude 15.0. The rise to maximum brightness is faster than the fall to minimum, taking on average 40% of the period.

Also, since perihelion and aphelion do not happen on the exact dates as the solstices, the maxima and minima are slightly asymmetrical. The rates of change before and after are not quite equal. The graph of apparent solar declination is therefore different in several ways from a sine wave. Calculating it accurately involves some complexity, as shown below.

Photometric observations in 1992 gave a lightcurve with a period of 6.328 ± 0.012 hours and a brightness variation of 0.10 ± 0.02 in magnitude. The curve is regular with two maxima and minima. In the Tholen classification, its spectrum has been characterized as that of an X-type asteroid, while polarimetric observations refined its classification to a primitive P-type.

The replica exchange method is a generalized ensemble. It was originally created to deal with the slow dynamics of disordered spin systems. It is also called parallel tempering. The replica exchange MD (REMD) formulation tries to overcome the multiple-minima problem by exchanging the temperature of non-interacting replicas of the system running at several temperatures.

In 1901 Orator F. Cook created two new genera—Curima, into which he put A. minima, and Tilmia, which housed A. horrida.Borchsenius & Bernal (1996), pp. 2–3 In 1932, after publishing a species in Martinezia, Burret changed his mind about the genus and synonymised it with Aiphanes. This led to the current delimitation of the genus.

Glandirana minima (known as Fujian frog or little gland frog) is a species of frog in the family Ranidae. It is endemic to the eastern parts of the Fujian province, China, (in Fuzhou, Fuqing, Yongtai and Changle, Xianyou). Its natural habitats are rivers, swamps, freshwater marshes, intermittent freshwater marshes, ponds, and irrigated land. It is threatened by habitat loss.

In convex analysis and the calculus of variations, branches of mathematics, a pseudoconvex function is a function that behaves like a convex function with respect to finding its local minima, but need not actually be convex. Informally, a differentiable function is pseudoconvex if it is increasing in any direction where it has a positive directional derivative.

Over time, particles are accelerated towards those particles within their communication grouping which have better fitness values. The main advantage of such an approach over other global minimization strategies such as simulated annealing is that the large number of members that make up the particle swarm make the technique impressively resilient to the problem of local minima.

RZ Normae is an R Coronae Borealis type variable star in the constellation Norma. It has a baseline magnitude of 10.2, dropping down to dimmer than 16.2 at its minima. It was discovered by the astronomer Sergei Gaposchkin in 1952. It has around 60% the mass of the Sun and an effective (surface) temperature of around 6750 K.

Bowral has an oceanic climate (Cfb), enjoying warm summers and quite cool to cold winters. Frost is common during winter although temperatures rarely fall below −5 degrees Celsius. Snow falls occasionally, and falls in excess of 15 cm have been recorded. Historic maxima and minima have ranged from on 4 January 2020 to on 11 July 1971.

B. minima is native to the rain forests of its native island. It has a relatively active habit for a chameleon and likes moving around in the low branches and leaf litter of its native rain forests. Though they are moderately aggressive toward one another, population and densities in the wild may approach one animal per square meter.

An Abrolhos dwarf bearded dragon (Pogona minor minima) on West Wallabi Island 23 terrestrial reptile species are known to occur on the islands of the Houtman Abrolhos. This relatively low biodiversity is apparently due to the homogeneity of habitat on the islands, which provide few distinct ecological niches. The most significant terrestrial reptile species are the spiny-tailed skink (Egernia stokesii stokesii) and the carpet python (Morelia spilota imbricata), both of which are listed as rare and therefore afforded special protection under the Wildlife Conservation Act 1950; and the Abrolhos dwarf bearded dragon (Pogona minor minima), a Houtman Abrolhos endemic that is listed as a Priority 4 species by the Department of Environment and Conservation. For a full list of species, see list of reptiles of the Houtman Abrolhos.

In the 17th century, European mathematicians Isaac Barrow, René Descartes, Pierre de Fermat, Blaise Pascal, John Wallis and others discussed the idea of a derivative. In particular, in Methodus ad disquirendam maximam et minima and in De tangentibus linearum curvarum, Fermat developed an adequality method for determining maxima, minima, and tangents to various curves that was closely related to differentiation. Isaac Newton would later write that his own early ideas about calculus came directly from "Fermat's way of drawing tangents." On the integral side, Cavalieri developed his method of indivisibles in the 1630s and 1640s, providing a more modern form of the ancient Greek method of exhaustion, and computing Cavalieri's quadrature formula, the area under the curves xn of higher degree, which had previously only been computed for the parabola, by Archimedes.

By the time of Ars Nova, the perfect division of the tempus was not the only option as duple divisions became more accepted. For Vitry the breve could be divided, for an entire composition, or section of one, into groups of two or three smaller semibreves. This way, the tempus (the term that came to denote the division of the breve) could be either "perfect" (tempus perfectum), with ternary subdivision, or "imperfect" (tempus imperfectum), with binary subdivision. In a similar fashion, the semibreve's division (termed prolation) could be divided into three minima (prolatio perfectus or major prolation) or two minima (prolatio imperfectus or minor prolation) and, at the higher level, the longs division (called modus) could be three or two breves (modus perfectus or perfect mode, or modus imperfectus or imperfect mode respectively).

With good visibility, pilots can determine the aircraft attitude by utilising visual cues from outside the aircraft, most significantly the horizon. Without such external visual cues, pilots must use an internal source of the attitude information, which is usually provided by gyroscopically-driven instruments such as the attitude indicator ("artificial horizon"). The availability of a good horizon cue is controlled by meteorological visibility, hence minimum visibility limits feature in the VMC minima. Because the basic traffic avoidance principle of flying under visual flight rules (VFR) is to "see and avoid", it follows that distance from clouds is an important factor in the VMC minima: as aircraft flying in clouds cannot be seen, a buffer zone from clouds is required (to provide for time to react to an aircraft exiting the clouds).

The algorithm is based on the facts that in a well-quasi-order (A,\le), any upward closed set has a finite set of minima, and any sequence S_1 \subseteq S_2 \subseteq ... of upward-closed subsets of A converges after finitely many steps (1). The algorithm needs to store an upward-closed set S_s of states in memory, which it can do because an upward-closed set is representable as a finite set of minima. It starts from the upward closure of the set of error states S_e and computes at each iteration the (by monotonicity also upward-closed) set of immediate predecessors and adding it to the set S_s. This iteration terminates after a finite number of steps, due to the property (1) of well-quasi-orders.

Momentum is analogous to a ball rolling down a hill; we want the ball to settle at the lowest point of the hill (corresponding to the lowest error). Momentum both speeds up the learning (increasing the learning rate) when the error cost gradient is heading in the same direction for a long time and also avoids local minima by 'rolling over' small bumps. Momentum is controlled by a hyper parameter analogous to a ball's mass which must be chosen manually—too high and the ball will roll over minima which we wish to find, too low and it will not fulfil its purpose. The formula for factoring in the momentum is more complex than for decay but is most often built in with deep learning libraries such as Keras.

While the descent direction is usually determined from the gradient of the loss function, the learning rate determines how big a step is taken in that direction. A too high learning rate will make the learning jump over minima but a too low learning rate will either take too long to converge or get stuck in an undesirable local minimum. In order to achieve faster convergence, prevent oscillations and getting stuck in undesirable local minima the learning rate is often varied during training either in accordance to a learning rate schedule or by using an adaptive learning rate. The learning rate and its adjustments may also differ per parameter, in which case it is a diagonal matrix that can be interpreted as an approximation to the inverse of the Hessian matrix in Newton's method.

The species in this genus show great similarities in body shape and colouration making them difficult to tell apart. Call analysis is often required to confirm identification. This genus is the largest of any in the family Myobatrachidae. Clicking Uperoleia include U. glandulosa, U. aspera, U. minima, U. trachyderma, U. lithomoda, U. littlejohni, U. altissima, U. mimula, and U. rugosa.

Gullberg, Jan. Mathematics from the birth of numbers, W. W. Norton & Company; p. 548. In Methodus ad disquirendam maximam et minimam and in De tangentibus linearum curvarum, Fermat developed a method (adequality) for determining maxima, minima, and tangents to various curves that was equivalent to differential calculus.Florian Cajori, "Who was the First Inventor of Calculus" The American Mathematical Monthly (1919) Vol.

Z. lorquinii H.-Schaff. (82 d) resembles minima very much and has been considered a form of it. But Butler draws attention to the differences between them, lorquinii having the wing-bases above dusted with purplish violet instead of blue-green. The ocelli of the underside are differently arranged, the submarginal row being much more regular and more evenly curved in lorqiiinii.

The other passive system orients the satellite along Earth's magnetic field thanks to a magnet.Attitude and Determination Control Systems for the OUFTI nanosatellites. Vincent Francois-Lavet (2010-05-31) These purely passive attitude control systems have limited pointing accuracy, because the spacecraft will oscillate around energy minima. This drawback is overcome by adding damper, which can be hysteretic materials or a viscous damper.

The females can reproduce asexually in galls of the oaks Quercus geminata, Quercus virginiana, and Quercus minima. These oak species are all in the Virentes subsection of Quercus. Galls are formed on the oaks' stem underneath the bark. Mature B. pallida come out of the galls in March or April, coinciding with the production of new leaves on the oak.

Leaves are soft and smooth (not furry), with entire or jagged margins, 2.5–12 cm long. Cream to yellowish flowers are followed by edible yellowish fruit encapsulated in papery cover which turns straw brown and drops to the ground when the fruit is fully ripe. P. minima fruit The plant tends to have a weedy character, often found growing in disturbed sites.

Their mean is m1. The difference between the data and m1 is the first component h1: :X(t)-m_1 = h_1.\, Ideally, h1 should satisfy the definition of an IMF, since the construction of h1 described above should have made it symmetric and having all maxima positive and all minima negative. After the first round of sifting, a crest may become a local maximum.

Every convex curve that is the boundary of a closed convex set has a well-defined finite length. That is, these curves are a subset of the rectifiable curves. According to the four-vertex theorem, every smooth convex curve that is the boundary of a closed convex set has at least four vertices, points that are local minima or local maxima of curvature..

A committee of machines (CoM) is a collection of different neural networks that together "vote" on a given example. This generally gives a much better result than individual networks. Because neural networks suffer from local minima, starting with the same architecture and training but using randomly different initial weights often gives vastly different results. A CoM tends to stabilize the result.

Pogona minor minor lizards are large, 38 cm in length (15 cm from snout to vent), P. m. minima is slightly smaller, at 11cm snout to vent, and P. m. mitchelli has a snout to vent length of 16cm. All bearded dragons have a chameleon-like colour, either blending into their environments or presenting brighter displays during interaction with others.

The potential energy diagram of this model is characterized by a double-well with two energy minima. The non- classical view (Figure 1.b) involves the delocalization of two electrons over three atoms (1 hydrogen and 2 carbon atoms). The model is characterized by a 3-membered ring where a hydrogen atom is located between two other atoms with partial sigma bonds.

In mathematics, specifically in control theory, subspace identification (SID) aims at identifying linear time invariant (LTI) state space models from input- output data. SID does not require that the user parametrizes the system matrices before solving a parametric optimization problem and, as a consequence, SID methods do not suffer from problems related to local minima that often lead to unsatisfactory identification results.

These zeros play an important role in numerical integration based on Gaussian quadrature. The specific quadrature based on the P_n's is known as Gauss-Legendre quadrature. From this property and the facts that P_n(\pm 1) e 0 , it follows that P_n(x) has n-1 local minima and maxima in (-1,1) . Equivalently, dP_n(x)/dx has n -1 zeros in (-1,1) .

The ecoregion has a high number of plant species – The Abruzzo Mountains have 1,200 species, Gran Sasso and Monti della Laga have 1,500 species, and the Maiella Mountains have 1,800 species. Endemic species represent between 10 and 20% of the total number of species, increasing at higher elevations. Endemic species include Androsace mathildae, Ranunculus magellensis, Aquilegia magellensis, and Soldanella minima samnitica.

Twelve species are recognized, at least three of which (S. molesta, S. herzogii, and S. minima) are believed to be hybrids, in part because their sporangia are found to be empty. Salvinia is related to the other water ferns, including the mosquito fern Azolla. Recent sources include both Azolla and Salvinia in Salviniaceae, although each genus was formerly given its own family.

Two modes of learning are available: stochastic and batch. In stochastic learning, each input creates a weight adjustment. In batch learning weights are adjusted based on a batch of inputs, accumulating errors over the batch. Stochastic learning introduces "noise" into the process, using the local gradient calculated from one data point; this reduces the chance of the network getting stuck in local minima.

During deep minima, the carbon-related spectral bands become less prominent, and some emission lines are seen. In typical R CrB variables, the spectra at minimum show many strong emission lines of metals, but in DY Persei only a few are detected. A broad emission line of neutral sodium is seen, together with possible emission from neutral calcium and carbon.

Vertical divisions are 10−4. Note that the error graph does indeed take on the values \pm \varepsilon at the six test points, including the end points, but that those points are not extrema. If the four interior test points had been extrema (that is, the function P(x)f(x) had maxima or minima there), the polynomial would be optimal.

Quasi-Newton methods are methods used to either find zeroes or local maxima and minima of functions, as an alternative to Newton's method. They can be used if the Jacobian or Hessian is unavailable or is too expensive to compute at every iteration. The "full" Newton's method requires the Jacobian in order to search for zeros, or the Hessian for finding extrema.

Salvinia minima undergoes three unique stages of growth. In the primary (initial) stage, a single bud or a small number of buds of the fern are introduced to an environment. In this stage, the leaves will lie flat on the surface of the water. In the secondary stage, the ferns have been growing and multiplying and the leaves will begin to curl upward.

In contrast, as much as may fall during a strong La Niña year like 1933/1934, 1970/1971, 1988/1989, 1999/2000 or 2010/2011, with the highest monthly totals being over . Temperatures in the ABC islands are uniformly hot, averaging around year-round, with comfortable humidity and minima rarely falling below even on the mildest mornings, although afternoons rarely top .

Harmonic functions satisfy the following maximum principle: if K is a nonempty compact subset of U, then f restricted to K attains its maximum and minimum on the boundary of K. If U is connected, this means that f cannot have local maxima or minima, other than the exceptional case where f is constant. Similar properties can be shown for subharmonic functions.

Reproductive biology of Deeringothamnus rugelii and D. pulchellus (Annonaceae). Taxon 52:3 547-55. This plant occurs in slash pine woods on wet, sandy substrates among other plant species, including saw palmetto, fetterbush (Lyonia lucida), shiny blueberry (Vaccinium myrsinites), dwarf live oak (Quercus minima), and wiregrass (Aristida stricta). It is limited to Volusia County, where there are perhaps 23 occurrences remaining.

The evolute will have a cusp at the center of the circle. The sign of the second derivative of curvature determines whether the curve has a local minimum or maximum of curvature. All closed curves will have at least four vertices, two minima and two maxima (the four-vertex theorem). In general a curve will not have 4th-order contact with any circle.

The basic principle is the same as in interferometry or holography. An interference pattern between two or more coherent light waves is set up and recorded in a recording layer (photoresist). This interference pattern consists of a periodic series of fringes representing intensity minima and maxima. Upon post-exposure photolithographic processing, a photoresist pattern corresponding to the periodic intensity pattern emerges.

These were the first series of observations showing the minima of the light variations. Since the start of the 20th century, it has been monitored closely by multiple observers. The earliest spectra of χ Cygni could only be taken near maximum light. They show weak absorption lines, with bright emission lines superimposed, and it was typically classified as around M6e at maximum brightness.

Ephedra monosperma, also called Ephedra minima or dan zi ma huang (in Chinese), is small shrub in the family of Ephedraceae. It is distributed from China to Siberia and found growing in rocky slopes or dry places. Its ephedrine extract has been used in traditional medicine in China and Japan, but is banned in USA since 1994 for causing various adverse effects.

By 2012, consensus was a small cycle, as solar cycles are much more predictable 3 years after minima. In May 2009 the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center's Solar Cycle 24 Prediction Panel predicted the cycle to peak at 90 sunspots in May 2013. In May 2012 NASA's expert David Hathaway predicted a peak in Spring of 2013 with about 60 sunspots.

Aspasma minima is a species of clingfish found in the Pacific Ocean near the shores of southern Japan. This species grows to in standard length. This species is the only species in the monotypic genus Aspasma. This species was described in 1887 by the German zoologist and paleontologist Ludwig Heinrich Philipp Döderlein from a type collected at a depth of 100-150 fathoms in Sagami Bay, Japan.

That E should be as small as possible is nowhere said > and is at best expressed by the word "adaequalitas". (Wieleitner uses the symbol \scriptstyle\sim.) Max Miller (1934)Miller, M.: Pierre de Fermats Abhandlungen über Maxima und Minima. Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft, Leipzig (1934), p.1 wrote: > Thereupon one should put the both terms, which express the maximum and the > minimum, approximately equal (näherungsweise gleich), as Diophantus says.

Chrysopogon plumulosus is the most common Poaceae in the area. Other plants have more Mediterranean characteristics, such as Globularia alypum and Lavandula pubescens or the more tropical Abutilon fruticosum and Rhynchosia minima. Saharomontane grasslands are found on the slopes, plateaus and the upper portions of the wadis at elevations between . They are dominated by Stipagrostis obtusa and Aristida caerulescens, as well some Eragrostis papposa locally.

He contributed to meta learning and proposed flat minima as preferable solutions of learning artificial neural networks to ensure a low generalization error. He developed new activation functions for neural networks like exponential linear units (ELUs) or scaled ELUs (SELUs) to improve learning. He contributed to reinforcement learning via actor-critic approaches and his RUDDER method. He applied biclustering methods to drug discovery and toxicology.

On 30 May 1973, Flight 440 was a scheduled domestic passenger flight from Madras (now Chennai), Tamil Nadu to New Delhi. A Boeing 737 named Saranga was used for the flight. As Flight 440 approached Palam International Airport in driving dust and a rainstorm, the aircraft struck high tension wires during a NDB approach with visibility below minima. The aircraft crashed and caught fire.

Potential problems of stability and convergence on image-based and position- based visual servoing. In D. Kriegman, G. Hagar, and S. Morse, editors, Con- fluence of Vision and Control, Lecture Notes in Control and Information Systems, volume 237, pages 66–78. Springer-Verlag, 1998 provides good insight into the two major problems with IBVS. One, servoing to a local minima and second, reaching a Jacobian singularity.

SX Centauri is a variable star in the constellation Centaurus. An RV Tauri variable, its light curve alternates between deep and shallow minima, varying its apparent magnitude from 9.1 to 12.4. From the period-luminosity relationship, it is estimated to be around 1.6 kpc (5200 light-years) from Earth. Gaia Data Release 2 gives a parallax of 0.2175 mas, corresponding to distance of about .

The interesting characteristic of AAIW is how far it extends northward. The salinity minima associated with the AAIW can be seen in intermediate waters (~1000m) as far north as 20°N, with trace amounts as far as 60°N. It is by far the largest spreading intermediate water of all the ocean intermediate water masses. It continues northward until it encounters other intermediate water masses (e.g.AIW).

A 16 mm spring-wound Bolex camera. A modern 16 mm Arri camera. The professional industry tends to use 16 mm cameras from Aaton and Arri, most notably the Aaton Xtera, Aaton XTRprod, Arriflex 16SR3, and Arriflex 416. Aaton also released the A-Minima, which is about the size of a video camcorder and is used for specialized filming requiring smaller, more versatile cameras.

In the northern portion of its range, Aiphanes minima grows on limestone hills and is dependent on gaps in the forest canopy to reach maturity. In the southern part it is a tree of the subcanopy or forest understorey, as it does in Turner's Hall Woods in Barbados. The flowers have a sweet scent, and are believed to be pollinated by bees.Borchsenius & Bernal (1996), pp.

Winter landscape in the Reveille Range The climate is continental and arid, with annual precipitation of about . Mean temperatures are about , with maxima and minima of and respectively. Vegetation is scarce and consists mostly of sagebrush steppe with bushes like greasewood and saltbrush with grass such as Indian ricegrass underneath. The Lunar Crater is also the type location of the "Lunar Crater Howell's-buckwheat", Johanneshowellia crateriorum.

S Coronae Borealis was discovered to vary in brightness by German amateur astronomer Karl Ludwig Hencke in 1860. It was classified as a long period variable star as other similar objects were discovered, and later as a Mira variable. The maximum range of variation is from magnitude 5.8 to 14.1 although individual maxima and minima can vary in brightness. The period of 360 days is fairly predictable.

Models may not consistently converge on a single solution, firstly because local minima may exist, depending on the cost function and the model. Secondly, the optimization method used might not guarantee to converge when it begins far from any local minimum. Thirdly, for sufficiently large data or parameters, some methods become impractical. The convergence behavior of certain types of ANN architectures are more understood than others.

It is the second windiest area of the United Kingdom, the majority of winds coming from the south-west and north-east. Government organisations predict the region to rise in temperature and become the hottest region in the United Kingdom. Inland areas of low altitude experience the least amount of precipitation. They experience the highest summer maxima temperatures, but winter minima are colder than the coast.

Aiphanes species have a long history of human use. The remains of carbonised seeds thought to belong to A. horrida have been found in archaeological sites in Colombia dating back to about 2800 BP; seeds of this species are still consumed and are traded in local markets.Borchsenius & Bernal (1996), p. 47 Aiphanes horrida is also widely planted as an ornamental, as is A. minima.

In many cases the weevil has cleared salvina infestations by 90% or more in under one year. Entire waterways have been unclogged by the weevil's feeding. It also feeds upon Salvinia minima, a related aquatic weed. It is similar to the closely related Cyrtobagous singularis, but the two weevil species have slightly different ecologies and C. singularis is generally an ineffective substitute for C. salviniae.

By plotting the freezing line, isotherms can be useful in determination of precipitation type. Mesoscale boundaries such as tropical cyclones, outflow boundaries and squall lines also are analyzed on surface weather analyses. Isobaric analysis is performed on these maps, which involves the construction of lines of equal mean sea level pressure. The innermost closed lines indicate the positions of relative maxima and minima in the pressure field.

The minima are called low-pressure areas while the maxima are called high-pressure areas. Highs are often shown as H's whereas lows are shown as L's. Elongated areas of low pressure, or troughs, are sometimes plotted as thick, brown dashed lines down the trough axis. Isobars are commonly used to place surface boundaries from the horse latitudes poleward, while streamline analyses are used in the tropics.

Graphs can be drawn with split-screen viewing of graphs as well as tables or zooms. Graphed areas can be shaded in customizable colors. The graph viewport can be resized and shifted (these settings can be saved for later retrieval), and points along the graph curves can be traced. Graph solver tools can also be used to find useful points, such as maxima/minima and intersection points.

Photometric observations of this asteroid at the Organ Mesa Observatory in Las Cruces, New Mexico in 2011 gave a light curve with a period of 37.394 ± 0.002 hours and a brightness variation of 0.10 ± 0.01 in magnitude. The curve is asymmetrical with four uneven minima and maxima. Occultation data from October 9, 2006 using 15 chords shows the asteroid is about 130 km in diameter.

R Andromedae light curve R Andromedae shows periodic variations in its brightness approximately every 409 days. The maximum brightness is not the same every cycle and can reach a peak magnitude of mv = 5.8, with the lowest known minima nearly 10 magnitudes fainter. The rise to maximum brightness is approximately twice as fast as the fall to minimum brightness. It is classified as a Mira variable.

Each iteration has two phases: YO- and –YO. In this phase sources start the process to propagate to each sink the smallest values of the sources connected to that sink. Yo- #A source (local minima) transmits its value to all its out- neighbours #An internal node waits to receive a value from all its in- neighbours. It calculates the minimum and sends it to out-neighbour.

In the tertiary (final) stage, the individual ferns will become much more dense and appear as mats on top of the water. The leaves may be almost vertical in this stage because of crowding.Tewari, S. and Johnson, S (2011). “Impact of two herbivores, Samea multiplicalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) and Cyrtobagous salviniae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), on Salvinia minima in south Louisiana.” Journal of Aquatic Plant Management 49: 36-43.

Cochliomyia is a genus in the family Calliphoridae, known as blowflies, in the order Diptera. Cochliomyia is commonly referred to as the New World screwworm flies, as distinct from Old World screwworm flies. Four species are in this genus: C. macellaria, C. hominivorax, C. aldrichi, and C. minima. C. hominivorax is known as the primary screwworm because its larvae produce myiasis and feed on living tissue.

Saskatchewan has 367 rare species of vascular plants of which 135 of these have been listed as endangered. There is listed Small White Lady's Slipper (Cypripedium candidum) as the only local extinction, (extirpated) plant. Endangered plants include the Sand Verbena (Abronia micrantha), Western Spiderwort (Tradescantia occidentalis), Tiny Cryptantha (Cryptantha minima), and Hairy Prairie-Clover (Dalea villosa). Threatened plants include the Slender Mouse-Ear Cress (Halimolobos virgata).

Remains of these species have been found in assorted locations around North America, including Florida, Texas, Kansas, Nebraska, Arizona, Mexico, California, Oklahoma, New Mexico, Colorado, and Washington. The "large-headed llama", H. macrocephala, was widely distributed in North and Central America, with H. vera being known from the western United States and northern Mexico. H. minima has been found in Florida, and H. guanajuatensis in Mexico.

The notice period will usually be in the written agreement, otherwise there are statutory minimums but a court can imply a reasonable period and often will if it thinks the employee has been treated shabbily - for example, one week can turn into a month, and one month can turn into three months. The statutory minima are one week for one month to two years' service then one extra week per year of service from two to twelve years up to a maximum of 12 weeks. The minima will also override contractual provisions if insufficient.Employment Rights Act 1996 s86 Common law notice, used by courts where the contract is silent, depends on the work, seniority, length of service and payment intervals, but not on what the employer can afford;Clark v Fahrenheit 451 (Communications) Ltd EAT/591/99 senior specialists can be given six or even up to twelve months.

For a variety of distances from the source to the obstacle and from the obstacle to the field point, he compared the calculated and observed positions of the fringes for diffraction by a half-plane, a slit, and a narrow strip – concentrating on the minima, which were visually sharper than the maxima. For the slit and the strip, he could not use the previously computed table of maxima and minima; for each combination of dimensions, the intensity had to be expressed in terms of sums or differences of Fresnel integrals and calculated from the table of integrals, and the extrema had to be calculated anew.Crew, 1900, pp. 127–8 (wavelength), 129–31 (half-plane), 132–5 (extrema, slit); Fresnel, 1866–70, vol. 1, pp. 350–55 (narrow strip). The agreement between calculation and measurement was better than 1.5% in almost every case.Buchwald, 1989, pp. 179–82.

Double bottom confirmation A double bottom is the end formation in a declining market. It is identical to the double top, except for the inverse relationship in price. The pattern is formed by two price minima separated by local peak defining the neck line. The formation is completed and confirmed when the price rises above the neck line, indicating that further price rise is imminent or highly likely.

Out of Heath's selection of 50 propositions said to cover normals, only 7, Book V: 27-33, state or imply maximum/minimum lines being perpendicular to the tangents. These 7 Fried classifies as isolated, unrelated to the main propositions of the book. They do not in any way imply that maxima/minima in general are normals. In his extensive investigation of the other 43 propositions, Fried proves that many cannot be.

Cowden Clarke published many useful books, and edited the text for John Nichol's edition of the British poets. His most important work consisted of lectures delivered between 1834 and 1856 on Shakespeare and other literary subjects. Some of the more notable series were published, among them being Shakespeare's Characters, chiefly those subordinate (1863), and Molière's Characters (1865). In 1859 he published a volume of original poems, Carmina Minima.

Capitalist development has changed the nature of people themselves, and how one's life will go is more and more unpredictable.Theodor W. Adorno, Minima Moralia [1951]. London: Verso, 2005, p. 37. There is no longer any clear and consensual view of how "personal identity" or "human character" should be defined anyway (other than by identity cards)Pauline Marie Rosenau, Post- modernism and the social sciences: insights, inroads, and intrusions.

HP Lyr varies by about 0.5 magnitude over a "halfperiod" of 68.4 days. The formal period, defined for an RV Tauri variable as being from deep minimum to deep minimum is twice that length. Its spectrum changes from A2-3 at maximum to F2 at the deepest minima. The radial velocity changes are typical for the pulsations of an RV Tauri variable, but not compatible with a binary orbit.

Legendre (1786) laid down a method, not entirely satisfactory, for the discrimination of maxima and minima. Isaac Newton and Gottfried Leibniz also gave some early attention to the subject. To this discrimination Vincenzo Brunacci (1810), Carl Friedrich Gauss (1829), Siméon Poisson (1831), Mikhail Ostrogradsky (1834), and Carl Jacobi (1837) have been among the contributors. An important general work is that of Sarrus (1842) which was condensed and improved by Cauchy (1844).

Pogona minor minima, the Abrolhos bearded dragon or Abrolhos dwarf bearded dragon, is an agamid lizard found only on islands at Houtman Abrolhos, and commonly named for this location. It is closely related to other bearded dragons found in Western Australia. The size of the dragon is smaller than related subspecies, no more than 360 mm long (115 mm snout-vent length). It occurs in sandy habitats or outcrops of limestone.

Therefore, such kind of SASER is tunable (i.e. its wavelength of operation can be altered in a controlled manner). Common semiconductor lasers can be realised only in direct gap semiconductors. The reasoning behind that is that a pair of electron and hole near minima of their bands in an indirect gap semiconductor can recombine only with production of a phonon and a photon, due to energy and momentum conservation laws.

RT And, database entry, Combined General Catalog of Variable Stars (GCVS4.2, 2004 Ed.), N. N. Samus, O. V. Durlevich, et al., CDS ID II/250 Accessed on line 2009-06-22. The system consists of a G-type main-sequence star slightly more massive than the Sun, and a K-type main-sequence star slightly less massive; the light curve of this eclipsing binary exhibits secular variations of period and minima.

They are mostly grey, yellow or red micaceous, shaly sandstones. ;Upper Ludlow fossils The common Upper Ludlow fossils include: plants (Actinophyllum, Chondrites), ostracods, phyllocarids, eurypterids; trilobites (less common than in the older Ludlow sub-groups); numerous brachiopods (Lingula cornea, Lingula minima, Chonetes striatella); crustaceans (ostracods); gasteropods (Phyllocarida, Platyschisma helicites); bivalvia; and cephalopods (Orthoceras bullatum); and fish (Cephalaspis, Cyathaspis, Auchenaspis). Numerous s and ostracods, and ' and ' also occur as fossils.

In quantum field theory, the term moduli (or more properly moduli fields) is sometimes used to refer to scalar fields whose potential energy function has continuous families of global minima. Such potential functions frequently occur in supersymmetric systems. The term "modulus" is borrowed from mathematics, where it is used synonymously with "parameter". The word moduli (Moduln in German) first appeared in 1857 in Bernhard Riemann's celebrated paper "Theorie der Abel'schen Functionen".

The spatial resolution of the traction field that can be recovered with TFM is limited by the number of displacement measurements per area. The spacing of independent displacement measurements varies with experimental setups, but is usually on the order of one micrometer. The traction patterns produced by cells frequently contain local maxima and minima that are smaller. Detection of these fine variations in local cellular traction with TFM remains challenging.

Most subspecies of C. longicauda are classified as "Not Threatened" but subspecies extrema and insularis are classified as "Priority One" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife meaning that they are known from only one or a few locations which are potentially at risk. Subspecies minima is classified as "Priority Two", meaning that it is poorly known and from only one or a few locations.

In economics, a trough is a low turning point or a local minimum of a business cycle. The time evolution of many variables of economics exhibit a wave like behavior with local maxima (peaks) followed by local minima (troughs). A business cycle may be defined as the period between two consecutive peaks. The period of the business cycle in which real GDP is increasing is called the expansion.

It has one of the longest periods known for an RV Tau variable, and the light curve has a number of unusual features: occasional extreme minima; intermittent standstills with only small erratic variation that may last for years; and periods of chaotic brightness changes. AAVSO light curve of R Sct from 1 Jan 2009 to 24 Nov 2010. Up is brighter and down is fainter. Day numbers are Julian day.

He was Treasurer of the Linnean Society of London and Geological Society of London for many years. Jeffreys was also a member of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. After the death of his wife in 1881, Jeffreys moved to Kensington, and he died there 24 January 1885. Among the species first scientifically described by Jeffreys are Rissoella opalina (1848), Cima minima (1858), and Cheirodonta pallescens (1867).

Energy profiles for different hydrogen bond types between oxygen heteroatoms. Standard hydrogen bonds are asymmetrical, with the hydrogen being associated with one heteroatom. When the pKa between the heteroatoms is equal, a symmetrical hydrogen bond forms with the hydrogen properly between two locations. At shorter distances, the barrier between the two energy minima is low enough that the hydrogen is equally bound as a low-barrier, or single-well hydrogen bond.

On 12 September 2012 at about 12:20 local time (00:20 UTC), Petropavlovsk- Kamchatsky Air Flight 251, operated by an Antonov An-28, crashed while attempting to land at Palana Airport in Russia. Both pilots were killed, together with 8 of the 12 passengers. All 4 survivors were in serious condition. The aircraft descended below minima on approach in instrument meteorological conditions and impacted a forested slope.

In 1997 Tisiphone was studied by Worman and Christianson at the Feder Observatory located near Minnesota State University, Moorhead, with the goal of determining its rotational period. A period of 8.824 ± 0.009 was arrived at, with the lightcurve data showing two distinct maxima and minima in its rotation. In 2001 Lagerkvist et al. published their results on a study of the Cybele asteroid family, which includes 466 Tisiphone.

Borchsenius & Bernal (1996), p. 2 The oldest description of the species that is considered valid is Joseph Gaertner's description of Bactris minima, which he published in 1791 in De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum. This name, which was based on a single fruit of unknown origins, is the basis for the modern name of the species. The name Aiphanes was coined a decade later by German botanist Carl Ludwig Willdenow in 1801.

By plotting the freezing line, isotherms can be useful in determination of precipitation type. Mesoscale convective systems such as tropical cyclones, outflow boundaries and squall lines also are analyzed on surface weather analyses. Isobaric analysis is performed on these maps, which involves the construction of lines of equal mean sea level pressure. The innermost closed lines indicate the positions of relative maxima and minima in the pressure field.

The algorithm may restart with a new random assignment if no solution has been found for too long, as a way of getting out of local minima of numbers of unsatisfied clauses. Many versions of GSAT and WalkSAT exist. WalkSAT has been proven particularly useful in solving satisfiability problems produced by conversion from automated planning problems. The approach to planning that converts planning problems into Boolean satisfiability problems is called satplan.

In this regime, the single particle dispersion relation can host a BEC in each minima. The result is that the BEC has 2 momentum components which can interfere in real space. The interference pattern will appear as fringes in the density of the BEC. The periodicity of the fringes is a result of the Raman coupling beam wavelength modified by the coupling strength and by interactions within the BEC.

If the scalar field potential U(\sigma) has two degenerate or almost degenerate minima, one of them have to be the real (true) minimum in which we happen to leave. Inside NTS \sigma occupies another one. In such a model non-zero vacuum energy appears only at the NTS surface, not in its volume. This allows for the NTS to be very big without falling in gravitational collapse.

The incident light is split into two rays, parallel to each other and displaced by an amount depending on the thickness of the mirror. The rays are recombined at the second mirror and ultimately imaged onto a screen. If a phase-shifting element is added to one arm of the interferometer, then the displacement it causes can be determined by simply counting the interference fringes, i.e., the minima.

One approach is to treat the robot's configuration as a point in a potential field that combines attraction to the goal, and repulsion from obstacles. The resulting trajectory is output as the path. This approach has advantages in that the trajectory is produced with little computation. However, they can become trapped in local minima of the potential field and fail to find a path, or can find a non-optimal path.

The genus Polypompholyx, the pink petticoats, contained just two species of carnivorous plant, Polypompholyx tenella and Polypompholyx multifida, previously distinguished from the otherwise similar genus Utricularia by their possession of four calyx lobes rather than two. The genus has now been subsumed into Utricularia. The genus Biovularia contained the species Biovularia olivacea (also known as B. brasiliensis or B. minima) and Biovularia cymbantha. The genus has been subsumed into Utricularia.

In the Kronig equation, energy positions Wn correspond to the zone boundaries, i. e. not the absorption maxima or minima, but the first rise in each fine structure maximum. abg are the Miller indices, a is the lattice constant and q is the angle between the electron direction and the reciprocal lattice direction. When averaged over all directions with a non-polarized x-ray beam and a polycrystalline absorber, cos2q = 1.

Leaves are alternate, up to 12 cm (4.8 inches) long, and toothless or with irregular teeth or lobes. Lobes, when present, are usually spine-tipped. Leaves are retained through the winter, dropping just before or as new growth resumes in late winter or early spring. Quercus minima is native to the coastal plain of the southeastern United States, primarily in Florida but extending from there to the Carolinas and eastern Louisiana.

Free spectral range (FSR) is the spacing in optical frequency or wavelength between two successive reflected or transmitted optical intensity maxima or minima of an interferometer or diffractive optical element. The FSR is not always represented by \Delta u or \Delta\lambda, but instead is sometimes represented by just the letters FSR. The reason is that these different terms often refer to the bandwidth or linewidth of an emitted source respectively.

In cases of instability (as for the inverted double-well potential) this equation possesses negative eigenvalues indicative of this instability, i.e. decay. Application of the perturbation method of Dingle and Müller (applied originally to the Mathieu equation, i.e. a Schrödinger equation with cosine potential) requires exploitation of parameter symmetries of the Schrödinger equation for the quartic potential. One expands around one of the two minima of the potential.

Between the surface and an altitude of , no aircraft should come closer vertically than 300 metres, unless some form of horizontal separation is provided (Note: for countries that measure altitude in feet, a 1,000 feet minimum is observed rather than the 984.252 feet found in 300 meters). Above , no aircraft shall come closer than 600 m (or 2,000 feet), except in airspace where Reduced Vertical Separation Minima (RVSM) can be applied.

EU insurance legislation aims to unify a single EU insurance market and enhance consumer protection. The third- generation Insurance Directives established an "EU passport" (single licence) for insurers to operate in all member states if they fulfilled EU conditions. Many member states concluded the EU minima were not enough, and took up their own reforms, which still led to differing regulations, hampering the goal of a single market.

Wasilla has a climate similar to that of Anchorage, but with slightly warmer daytime maxima and colder nighttime minima due to its inland location. Classified as subarctic climate (Dfc) by Köppen-Geiger climate classification. On average, over the course of the entire year, there are 30–31 days of sub- lows, 37–38 days of + highs, and 1.4 days of + highs. The average annual precipitation is , with of snowfall.

Electromagnetic waves can be imagined as a self-propagating transverse oscillating wave of electric and magnetic fields. This 3D animation shows a plane linearly polarized wave propagating from left to right. The electric and magnetic fields in such a wave are in-phase with each other, reaching minima and maxima together. Electrodynamics is the physics of electromagnetic radiation, and electromagnetism is the physical phenomenon associated with the theory of electrodynamics.

Summer maxima averages range from to and winter minima averages range from to across the south-west. It is the second windiest area of the United Kingdom, the majority of winds coming from the south-west and north-east. Government organisations predict the area will experience a rise in temperature and become the hottest region in the United Kingdom. Inland areas of low altitude experience the least amount of precipitation.

They have the highest summer maxima temperatures, but winter minima are lower than those of the coast. Snowfalls are more frequent in comparison to the coast, but less so in comparison to higher ground. They experience the lowest wind speeds and the total sunshine hours are between those of the coast and the moors. This typical climate of inland areas is more noticeable the further north-east into the region.

Oppenheim's research focused on the ergodic properties of actions of subgroups of semisimple Lie groups. In 1929, Oppenheim's conjecture was published and presented to The National Academy of Sciences. In 1930, Oppenheim was awarded the PhD at the University of Chicago, after defending his thesis, "Minima of Indefinite Quadratic Quaternary Forms". Oppenheim was awarded a second doctorate, a DSc from the University of Oxford for additional academic work.

The academic Michael D. Jackson is another important philosophical anthropologist. His research and fieldwork concentrate on existential themes of "being in the world" (Dasein) as well as interpersonal relationships. His methodology challenges traditional anthropology due to its focus on first-person experience. In his most well known book, Minima Ethnographica which focuses on intersubjectivity and interpersonal relationships, he draws upon his ethnographic fieldwork in order to explore existential theory.

Developed by David Horn and Marvin Weinstein in 2009, Dynamic Quantum Clustering (DQC) approaches the complexity problem from a different heading than AQC. Using a mathematical shortcut to simplify the gradient descent, it also features the ability of nearby points in adjacent local minima to "tunnel" and resolve to a single cluster. A tunneling hyper-parameter determines whether or not a data point "tunnels" based on the width of the Gaussian.

A 1999 paper in the Journal of Zoology disputed a 1995 paper which considered this species and B. peyrierasi to be the same species as B. minima. The later paper discussed the same details as the first – subtle morphological differences in the hemipenises of the respective species and determined they were not conspecific. They also found differences in the arrangement of head crests and in minute spines above the eyes.

NASA funded and used Ken Schatten's physics-based models, which utilized a solar Dynamo model, to accurately predict the low. This method used the correlation between solar magnetic field strength at solar minimum to sunspot number at solar maximum to accurately predict the peak solar flux of each of the last three solar cycles. Schatten's predictions become accurate as early as solar minima, 5–6 years before solar max.

He acknowledged the directionality of the secondary sources and the variation in their distances from the observation point, chiefly to explain why these things make negligible difference in the context, provided of course that the secondary sources do not radiate in the retrograde direction. Then, applying his theory of interference to the secondary waves, he expressed the intensity of light diffracted by a single straight edge (half-plane) in terms of integrals which involved the dimensions of the problem, but which could be converted to the normalized forms above. With reference to the integrals, he explained the calculation of the maxima and minima of the intensity (external fringes), and noted that the calculated intensity falls very rapidly as one moves into the geometric shadow.Crew, 1900, pp. 101–8 (vector-like representation), 109 (no retrograde radiation), 110–11 (directionality and distance), 118–22 (derivation of integrals), 124–5 (maxima & minima), 129–31 (geometric shadow).

The scale of changes resulting in the production of carbon-14 in one cycle is small (about one percent of medium abundance) and can be taken into account when radiocarbon dating is used to determine the age of archaeological artifacts. The interpretation of the beryllium-10 and carbon-14 cosmogenic isotope abundance records stored in terrestrial reservoirs such as ice sheets and tree rings has been greatly aided by reconstructions of solar and heliospheric magnetic fields based on historic data on Geomagnetic storm activity, which bridge the time gap between the end of the usable cosmogenic isotope data and the start of modern spacecraft data. PDF Copy PDF Copy Other historical sunspot minima have been detected either directly or by the analysis of the cosmogenic isotopes; these include the Spörer Minimum (1450–1540), and less markedly the Dalton Minimum (1790–1820). In a 2012 study, sunspot minima have been detected by analysis of carbon-14 in lake sediments.

Photometric observations of this asteroid in 1985 gave a light curve with a period of 9.127 ± 0.009 hours and a brightness variation of 0.29 ± 0.03 in magnitude. The curve is symmetrical with a single maxima and minima. This object has a spectrum that matches an XC classification; occupying the transition range between an X-type and a C-type asteroid. Eight occultations of stars by Lomia have so far been observed, between 2000 and 2018.

A model of the goliath frog (Conraua goliath) in the American Museum of Natural History. The park has recorded 265 species of birds. Some of the prominent species include three montane species, Coracina caesia, Dryoscopus angolensis and Phylloscopus herberti; Phylloscopus budongoensis, the only warblers species found in the park; Picathartes oreas; Melignomon zenkeri; Muscicapa tessmanni and Batis minima; possibly Apus sladeniae. The park has 105 mammal species which includes 16 species of primates.

Dutch astronomer Willem Jacob Luyten noted this star to be variable in 1935. Minima were retrospectively identified in old photographic plates from 1913 and 1919, and then observed by Howarth in 1936. Initially thought to be an R Coronae Borealis variable, its true nature as an eclipsing binary became clear in the 1940s. The primary component is a yellow supergiant, whose spectral type has been calculated as either F5Iab/b or F4Ib.

Strawman theory traces its origins to the ancient Roman legal practice of capitis deminutio ("decrease of head"), a term used in Roman trials for the extinguishment of a person's former legal capacity. Capitis deminutio minima meant a person ceased to belong to a particular family, without loss of liberty or citizenship. Capitis deminutio media involved loss of citizenship and family, but not liberty. Capitis deminutio maxima involved loss of family, citizenship and liberty (i.e.

In October 2011, a rotational lightcurve of Wallia was obtained from photometric observations by Italian amateur astronomers Giovanni Casalnuovo and Benedetto Chinaglia at the Eurac Observatory in southern Tyrol. (They also began observing at the Filzi School Observatory located south of Bolzano). Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of hours with a brightness amplitude of magnitude (). Contrary to the common bimodal shape, the lightcurve for Wallia shows three minima and three maxima.

The calculus of variations may be said to begin with a problem of Johann Bernoulli (1696). It immediately occupied the attention of Jakob Bernoulli but Leonhard Euler first elaborated the subject. His contributions began in 1733, and his Elementa Calculi Variationum gave to the science its name. Joseph Louis Lagrange contributed extensively to the theory, and Adrien-Marie Legendre (1786) laid down a method, not entirely satisfactory, for the discrimination of maxima and minima.

Trifurcula ortneri is a moth of the family Nepticulidae. It is widespread in the western Mediterranean region, where it is known from the Algarve in Portugal, Spain, France and Italy (Emilia-Romagna, Veneto). It has also been recorded from Croatia (Dalmatia), Morocco and Algeria, eastern Austria, Hungary, Slovakia and Germany (Baden-Württemberg and Thüringen). The larvae feed on Coronilla coronata, Coronilla emerus, Coronilla minima, Coronilla vaginalis, Coronilla valentina, Coronilla valentine glauca and Coronilla viminalis.

IRAS 08544-4431 is classified as an RV Tauri star, a type of pulsating variable star which shows cycles with alternating shallow and deep minima. In addition, IRAS 08544-4431 shows slow variations in amplitude from cycle to cycle over approximately 1,600 days, a defining characteristic of a type b RV Tauri variable. The maximum amplitude is only 0.18 magnitudes. It was given the variable star designation of V390 Velorum in 2006.

Geosiphon is not usually considered to be a lichen, and its peculiar symbiosis was not recognized for many years. The genus is more closely allied to endomycorrhizal genera. Fungi from Verrucariales also form marine lichens with the brown algae Petroderma maculiforme, and have a symbiotic relationship with seaweed like (rockweed) and Blidingia minima, where the algae are the dominant components. The fungi is thought to help the rockweeds to resist desiccation when exposed to air.

Flahive graduated from St. Joseph's College in New York in 1969. She completed her Ph.D. at the Ohio State University in 1976. Her dissertation, On The Minima Of Indefinite Binary Quadratic Forms, was supervised by Alan C. Woods, and cites the mentorship of another Ohio State mathematician, Jill Yaqub. She published it under the name Mary Flahive Gbur, and some of her journal papers from this period use the name Mary E. Gbur.

While the GPS has a very high inherent precision, the reliability is not high enough for landing. GPS signals may be intentionally jammed, or lose integrity. In such cases, it may take the GPS receiver a few seconds to detect the malfunction, which is too long for critical flight stages. GPS can be used to lower the decision height below the unaided threshold, down to cat I decision height minima, but not lower.

Capitis deminutio or capitis diminutio (diminished capacity) is a term used in Roman law, referring to the extinguishing, either in whole or in part, of a person's former status and legal capacity. There were three changes of state or condition attended with different consequences: maxima, media, and minima. Capitis Deminutio Maxima The greatest, capitis deminutio maxima, involved the loss of liberty, citizenship, and family (e.g. being made a slave or prisoner of war).

TOC is often an indicator of the degree of biological productivity in a lake. This would suggest that high productivity correlated with a warm/wet climate at Mono Lake, while low productivity correlated with a cold/dry climate at Mono Lake. The timing of these oscillations matched the timing of Dansgaard-Oeschger events of the GISP2 core from 46 - 27 ka. Minima in δ18O and maxima in TOC correlated with 11 different Dansgaard-Oeschger events.

NCLB pressures schools to guarantee that nearly all students meet the minimum skill levels (set by each state) in reading, writing, and arithmetic—but requires nothing beyond these minima. It provides no incentives to improve student achievement beyond the bare minimum. Programs not essential for achieving mandated minimum skills are neglected or canceled by those districts. In particular, NCLB does not require any programs for gifted, talented, and other high-performing students.

The crimson-backed sunbird or small sunbird (Leptocoma minima) is a sunbird endemic to the Western Ghats of India. Like other sunbirds, they feed mainly on nectar although they take insects, especially to feed their young. They are tiny birds that are resident and are found in forests but are particularly attracted to gardens at the edge of the forest where people grow suitable flower-bearing plants. They usually perch while taking nectar.

Often one wants to calculate a total energy as a function of deformation. Minima of this function are predicted equilibrium shapes. Adding the single-particle energies does not work for this purpose, partly because kinetic and potential terms are out of proportion by a factor of two, and partly because small errors in the energies accumulate in the sum. For this reason, such sums are usually renormalized using a procedure introduced by Strutinsky.

Arithmetic expressions involving operations such as additions, subtractions, multiplications, divisions, minima, maxima, powers, exponentials, logarithms, square roots, absolute values, etc., are commonly used in risk analyses and uncertainty modeling. Convolution is the operation of finding the probability distribution of a sum of independent random variables specified by probability distributions. We can extend the term to finding distributions of other mathematical functions (products, differences, quotients, and more complex functions) and other assumptions about the intervariable dependencies.

This corresponds to a prior belief in small parameter values (and therefore smooth output functions) in a Bayesian framework. RBF networks have the advantage of avoiding local minima in the same way as multi- layer perceptrons. This is because the only parameters that are adjusted in the learning process are the linear mapping from hidden layer to output layer. Linearity ensures that the error surface is quadratic and therefore has a single easily found minimum.

Sorbus minima, commonly known as the lesser whitebeam or least whitebeam, is a shrub belonging to the subgenus Aria (whitebeams) in the genus Sorbus. It is endemic to Wales where it grows at a few sites in Breconshire. It is an apomictic microspecies which reproduces asexually and so is reproductively isolated from its close relatives such as the Swedish whitebeam, S. intermedia. It probably originated as a hybrid between the rock whitebeam (S.

The main geographic factors that influence New Zealand's climate are the temperate latitude, with prevailing westerly winds; the oceanic environment; and the mountains, especially the Southern Alps. Conditions vary sharply across regions from extremely wet on the West Coast of the South Island to almost semi-arid in Central Otago and the Mackenzie Basin of inland Canterbury and subtropical in Northland. Historical maxima and minima are in Rangiora, Canterbury and in Ranfurly, Otago.

The derivative of the momentum of a body with respect to time equals the force applied to the body; rearranging this derivative statement leads to the famous equation associated with Newton's second law of motion. The reaction rate of a chemical reaction is a derivative. In operations research, derivatives determine the most efficient ways to transport materials and design factories. Derivatives are frequently used to find the maxima and minima of a function.

Trieste along with the Istrian peninsula has evenly distributed rainfall above in total; it is noteworthy that no true summer drought occurs. Snow occurs on average 0–2 days per year. Temperatures are very mild—lows below zero are somewhat rare and highs above aren't as common as in other parts of Italy. Winter maxima are lower than in typical Mediterranean zone (~ 5–11 °C) but with quite high minima (~2–8 °C).

Energy profiles for different hydrogen bond types between oxygen heteroatoms. Standard hydrogen bonds are asymmetrical, with the hydrogen being associated with one heteroatom. When the pKa between the heteroatoms is equal, a symmetrical hydrogen bond forms with the hydrogen in equilibrium between two locations. At shorter distances, the barrier between the two energy minima is low enough that the hydrogen is equally bound as a low-barrier, or single-well hydrogen bond.

This method uses an appropriate algorithm (e.g. steepest descent) to find the molecular structure of a local energy minimum. These minima correspond to stable conformers of the molecule (in the chosen force field) and molecular motion can be modelled as vibrations around and interconversions between these stable conformers. It is thus common to find local energy minimization methods combined with global energy optimization, to find the global energy minimum (and other low energy states).

The Bay of Plenty has a temperate, maritime climate, with warm, humid summers and mild winters. It is one of the warmest regions in New Zealand, particularly along the coastline, and most areas experience at least 2,200 hours of sunshine per annum. Average daily maximum temperatures range from 10–16 °C in winter and 22–26 °C in summer. Typical minima vary from 0–9 °C in winter and 11–17 °C during summer.

These glacial advances loosely correlate to minima in the level of Lake Turkana around 4800, 4200, 3700, 3500, 3000, 2500, 2500, 2000 and 1600-1400 ya. As glaciers would have advanced during the dry phases when the temperature was cooler, it is not known why the correlation is not better, but it could be due to inaccuracies in dating. Since 1900 the glaciers have been steadily retreating and 7 out of 18 have disappeared.

He used what would later be known as the "Ruffini-Horner method" to numerically approximate the root of a cubic equation. He also developed the concepts of the maxima and minima of curves in order to solve cubic equations which may not have positive solutions. He understood the importance of the discriminant of the cubic equation and used an early version of Cardano's formula to find algebraic solutions to certain types of cubic equations.

Maragogi has a typical tropical climate, with warm to hot temperatures and high relative humidity all throughout the year. However, these conditions are relieved by a near absence of extreme temperatures and trade winds blowing from the ocean. January is the warmest month, with mean maxima of 31 °C and minima of 22 °C and more sun; July experiences the coolest temperatures, with means of 26 °C and 17 °C and more rain.

In machine learning, the goal is to train a system to minimize a cost function or (referring to ALOPEX) a response function. Many training algorithms, such as backpropagation, have an inherent susceptibility to getting "stuck" in local minima or maxima of the response function. ALOPEX uses a cross-correlation of differences and a stochastic process to overcome this in an attempt to reach the absolute minimum (or maximum) of the response function.

Taralga has an oceanic climate. Temperatures are warm in summer, whereas winters are cool during days and with frequent air frosts by nightfall. Precipitation is relatively frequent year-round, peaking in winter and spring with a notable quantity of snowfall and sleet. Summer minima can occasionally be cold due to high diurnal temperature variation, as well as lack of strong winds or cloud—unlike winter, in which cloud and strong winds are frequent.

During the day propagation is limited to local contacts, but long distance contacts are possible at night, especially around sunrise and sunset and during periods of sunspot minima. Much about ionospheric and propagation on 160 meters is still not completely understood. Phenomena such as "chordal hop" propagation are frequently observed, as well as other unexplained long-distance propagation mechanisms. Inexplicable radio blackouts occur on 160 meters – sometimes also on the AM broadcast band.

In winter, maximum temperatures vary between 13 °C and 19 °C, while minima vary between 6 °C and 11 °C. Ground frosts are rare due to the region being encircled by the moderating Pacific and Tasman waters; however, light frosts do occur infrequently around Dargaville in the lowlands. The hottest months are January and February. In January 2009, excessive sunlight hours and below-average rainfall resulted in the region being declared a drought zone.

In 1865, Julius Schmidt first reported that η Geminorum was a variable star. The light variations were described by Schmidt and other observers as having long maxima of constant brightness, minima of greatly varying size and shape, and a period around 231 days. The star was classified as both a semiregular variable and an eclipsing variable. The eclipse period has been set at about eight years, corresponding to the orbit of an unseen companion.

Current research (since 2010) in nonnegative matrix factorization includes, but is not limited to, # Algorithmic: searching for global minima of the factors and factor initialization. # Scalability: how to factorize million-by-billion matrices, which are commonplace in Web-scale data mining, e.g., see Distributed Nonnegative Matrix Factorization (DNMF), Scalable Nonnegative Matrix Factorization (ScalableNMF), Distributed Stochastic Singular Value Decomposition. # Online: how to update the factorization when new data comes in without recomputing from scratch, e.g.

14, 1987. to vector-valued functions of time, where the vector derivative does not have maxima and minima, and the second derivative does not have zero crossings, by putting segment boundaries instead at maxima of the Euclidean magnitude of the vector derivative of the smoothed vector signals. This technique has been applied to segmentation of speech and of text.Slaney, M. Ponceleon, D., "Hierarchical segmentation using latent semantic indexing in scalespace", Proc. Intl. Conf.

In 1842, Carl Gustav Jacobi tackled the problem of whether the variational principle always found minima as opposed to other stationary points (maxima or stationary saddle points); most of his work focused on geodesics on two-dimensional surfaces.G.C.J. Jacobi, Vorlesungen über Dynamik, gehalten an der Universität Königsberg im Wintersemester 1842–1843. A. Clebsch (ed.) (1866); Reimer; Berlin. 290 pages, available online Œuvres complètes volume 8 at Gallica-Math from the Gallica Bibliothèque nationale de France.

Positive and negative deviations from Raoult's law. Maxima and minima in the curves (if present) correspond to azeotropes or constant boiling mixtures. If the vapor pressure of a mixture is lower than expected from Raoult's law, there is said to be a negative deviation. Negative deviations from Raoult's law arise when the forces between the particles in the mixture are stronger than the mean of the forces between the particles in the pure liquids.

Mordellistena minima is a species of beetle in the family Mordellidae which is in the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1854 and can be found in Europe, Near East and North Africa. In Europe, it can be found on such islands as Balearic, Corsica, and Sicily, and in such mainland countries as Bulgaria, France, Greece, Hungary, Spain, all states of former Yugoslavia (except for Bosnia and Herzegovina and Slovenia), and in European part of Turkey.

Due to the high altitude, temperatures in Hazara are cooler than on the plains, though Abbottabad at still has maxima around 32 °C (90 °F) with high humidity in June and July. Further up, temperatures are cooler, often cooler than the Northern Areas valleys due to the cloudiness. In winter, temperatures are cold, with minima in January around 0 °C (32 °F) and much lower in the high mountains. Snowfalls are not uncommon even at lower levels.

These are yellow supergiant stars (actually low mass post-AGB stars at the most luminous stage of their lives) which have alternating deep and shallow minima. This double-peaked variation typically has periods of 30–100 days and amplitudes of 3–4 magnitudes. Superimposed on this variation, there may be long-term variations over periods of several years. Their spectra are of type F or G at maximum light and type K or M at minimum brightness.

For rod length 6" and crank radius 2", numerically solving the acceleration zero- crossings finds the velocity maxima/minima to be at crank angles of ±73.17615°. Then, using the triangle sine law, it is found that the crank-rod angle is 88.21738° and the rod-vertical angle is 18.60647°. Clearly, in this example, the angle between the crank and the rod is not a right angle. Summing the angles of the triangle 88.21738° + 18.60647° + 73.17615° gives 180.00000°.

As imperial administrators, their duties extended to matters that the republic would have considered minima. Two praetors were appointed by Claudius for matters relating to Fideicommissa (trusts), when the business in that department of the law had become considerable, but Titus reduced the number to one; and Nerva added a Praetor for the decision of matters between the Fiscus (treasury) and individuals. Marcus AureliusCapitolinus, Vita Marci Antonini Chapter 10. appointed a Praetor for matters relating to tutela (guardianship).

The author show that image points alone do not make good features due to the occurrence of singularities. The paper continues, by discussing the possible additional checks to prevent singularities namely, condition numbers of J_s and Jˆ+_s, to check the null space of ˆ J_s and J^T_s . One main point that the author highlights is the relation between local minima and unrealizable image feature motions. Over the years many hybrid techniques have been developed.

The emergence of protected dimorphism near singular points during the course of evolution is not unusual, but its significance depends on whether selection is stabilising or disruptive. In the latter case, the traits of the two morphs will diverge in a process often referred to as evolutionary branching. Geritz 1998 presents a compelling argument that disruptive selection only occurs near fitness minima. To understand this heuristically, consider a dimorphic population r_1 and r_2 near a singular point.

Genus Thyene Simon, 1885 # Thyene imperialis (Rossi, 1846) Distribution: Old World XLIII.bf. Genus Viciria Thorell, 1877 # Viciria diademata Simon, 1902 Comments: Endemic to India # Viciria diatreta Simon, 1902 Comments: Endemic to India # Viciria minima Reimoser, 1934 Comments: Endemic to India XLIII.bg. Genus Yaginumaella Prószyn’ski, 1979 # Yaginumaella senchalensis Prószyn’ski, 1992 Comments: Endemic to India XLIII.bh. Genus Yllenus Simon, 1868 # Yllenus baltistanus Caporiacco, 1935 Comments: Endemic to India # Yllenus karnai Logunov & Marusik, 2003 Comments: Endemic to India XLIII.bi.

In a 2D plot, the value to be plotted is coded with an intensity or a color. In the 3D variant of the plot, it is often coded as a height. When visualized, particularly the color-coded variant of the plot may easily show a carpet-like pattern. Temporal Raster Plots make it easy to show time-based relations within a large sets of time-interval data and often make it easy to recognize local maxima and minima.

Schematic picture of a 2-bridge knot. In the mathematical field of knot theory, a 2-bridge knot is a knot which can be regular isotoped so that the natural height function given by the z-coordinate has only two maxima and two minima as critical points. Equivalently, these are the knots with bridge number 2, the smallest possible bridge number for a nontrivial knot. Other names for 2-bridge knots are rational knots', 4-plats, and ''''' ().

Uncertainties of individual observations exceed irradiance variability (∼0.1%). Thus, instrument stability and measurement continuity are relied upon to compute real variations. Long-term radiometer drifts can be mistaken for irradiance variations that can be misinterpreted as affecting climate. Examples include the issue of the irradiance increase between cycle minima in 1986 and 1996, evident only in the ACRIM composite (and not the model) and the low irradiance levels in the PMOD composite during the 2008 minimum.

They are similar in appearance to Pogona nullarbor and Caimanops amphiboluroides (mulga dragon), but are distinguished by smaller heads, and the arrangement of spines on their undersides and necks. The western bearded dragon is widespread in Southwest Australia and central deserts; the range includes semiarid regions such as woodland or heathland, and arid desert or coastal dunes. This subspecies also occurs on Dirk Hartog Island. Pogona minor minima is found on West, North, and East Wallabi Islands, Houtman Abrolhos.

Wettinia is a palm genus, consisting of flowering plants in the family Arecaceae. The genus, established in 1837, contains some 20 species, but more seem to await discovery considering that 4 species - W. aequatorialis, W. lanata, W. minima and W. panamensis - were described as late as 1995. The genus is broadly divided into two groups. One group has the fruits tightly packed, while the other, formerly classified as genus Catoblastus, has fruits scattered along the inflorescence branches.

R Coronae Borealis-type deep minima in 1992 In 1943, a star designated AN 377.1943 was discovered to be a previously-unknown variable star. It was designated CSV 5066 as a suspected variable, and then FG Sagittae as a confirmed variable star. At the time, its variations were described as being irregular, but it was soon noted that the average brightness was steadily increasing. It brightened by about two magnitudes between 1943 and 1970, and then began to fade.

The variational Bayesian methods used for model estimation in DCM are based on the Laplace assumption, which treats the posterior over parameters as Gaussian. This approximation can fail in the context of highly non-linear models, where local minima may preclude the free energy from serving as a tight bound on log model evidence. Sampling approaches provide the gold standard; however, they are time consuming and have typically been used to validate the variational approximations in DCM.

There is not much seasonal variation in Djibouti's climate. Hot conditions prevail year-round along with winter rainfall. Mean daily maximum temperatures range from 32 to 41 °C (90 to 106 °F), except at high elevations. In Djibouti City, for instance, afternoon highs in April typically range from 28 °C (82 °F) to 34 °C (93 °F) in April. Nationally, mean daily minima generally vary between sites from about 15 to 30 °C (59 to 86 °F).

Each component potential function is fit to experimental data or properties predicted by ab initio calculations. Molecular mechanics is useful in predicting equilibrium geometries and transition states as well as relative conformational stability. As a reaction occurs the atoms of the molecules involved will generally undergo some change in spatial orientation through internal motion as well as its electronic environment. Distortions in the geometric parameters result in a deviation from the equilibrium geometry (local energy minima).

The climate is warming due to anthropogenic influences, clearly witnessed by the fact that the previous record of 37,5 C was measured just a year before. Also in the past minima have been at and probably below -20 C in winter months. Snowcover, days with airfrost and icedays (Tx < 0,0 C) have greatly diminished and with it ice speedskating on the canals, a favourite sport in the winter months, has become very infrequent since 2013 especially.

When inserted into the TARDIS console, the locator first reveals a segment to be on Cyrrenhis Minima, but then moves to Ribos. Ribos is an icy planet with late- medieval-type inhabitants who are unaware of alien cultures. A human from Earth named Garron tries to sell Ribos to an exiled tyrant called the Graff Vynda-K. The Graff is impressed by the planet's supposed quantity of jethrik, the rarest and most valued mineral in the galaxy.

Also use MPI, which is part of the NAG libraries, gives significant quick and better solution by combining the max. levels of continuation. Moreover, the system is designed to allow users to steer simulations using visualised output. An example is utilising local minima, or layering additional details when around a local in and out of the simulation and it can imagine the information which is produced in any sharp and also still allow to steer the simulation.

The high altitude, however, limits extreme minima as in the coldest weather Climax may be warmer than lower valleys; the record low being on January 12, 1963 and December 23, 1990. The hottest temperature has been on July 7, 1981; 1981 was also the hottest full year at , whilst 1973 with an annual mean of is the coldest calendar year. The hottest month has been July 2003 with a mean of ; the coldest has been January 1979 which averaged .

He taught mathematics at the University of Heidelberg for the rest of his life. He did research on differential equations, the calculus of variations and mechanics. His research on the integration of partial differential equations and a search to determine maxima and minima using variational methods brought him close to the investigations that Sophus Lie was carrying out around the same time. Several letters were exchanged between Mayer and mathematician Felix Klein from 1871 to 1907.

Salvinia minima commonly grows on the surface of still or slow-moving freshwater areas, such as lakes, ponds, and canals. It can tolerate water salinity of up to 4 to 7 parts per thousand (ppt) (or 1.003-1.005 SG) and also inhabits brackish water, including swamps, marshes, and wetlands. This species can also be found in backyard ponds and private lakes and can be purchased in states where it is not prohibited as a noxious plant.

Lilaea (minor planet designation: 213 Lilaea) is a large main belt asteroid. It was discovered by German-American astronomer C. H. F. Peters on February 16, 1880, in Clinton, New York and was named after Lilaea, a Naiad in Greek mythology. Photometric observations of this asteroid in 1986 gave a light curve with a period of 8.045 ± 0.008 hours and a brightness variation of 0.20 ± 0.01 in magnitude. The curve is asymmetrical with two distinct minima.

His first book was Lágrimas de cocodrilo, historia minima de las telenovelas en México published in 1998. This book won a Galardón de Honor in 1999. His next book was Sangre de mi Sangre, verdades de las telenovelas en América Latina, published in 2001 about the phenomenon of telenovelas in Latin America. In 2005, Alvaro Cueva presenta Telenovelas de México was published, the first dictionary dedicated to the subject. It covers over 872 telenovelas and contains over 500 photographs.

An important problem involved with this solution is the possibility of local minima. This can occur if nodes are in a situation that is optimal only considering a local neighborhood, while ignoring the possibility of a higher optimality resulting from swaps with distant nodes. In the above paper, the authors proposed a simulated annealing method where less-than-optimal swaps were made with a small probability. This probability was proportional to the value of making the switches.

This plant occurs in slash pine woods on sandy substrates among other plant species, including saw palmetto, fetterbush (Lyonia lucida), shiny blueberry (Vaccinium myrsinites), dwarf live oak (Quercus minima), and tarflower (Bejaria racemosa). It is known from three Florida counties: Charlotte, Lee, and Orange Counties. The Orange County occurrences are about 100 miles disjunct from the Charlotte and Lee populations. Both regions are becoming ever more urbanized, with wild habitat claimed for residential, commercial, and agricultural purposes.

At Vanderbilt University he is, since 2001, a professor and director of the Center for Constructive Approximation and was from 2004 to 2007 the Executive Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences. His research deals with approximation of complex functions by polynomials and rational functions, approximate solutions of differential equations, Padé approximants, geometry of polynomials, special functions, Hardy spaces, conformal mappings (including numerical analysis). and potential theory (minima of energy under boundary value constraints or external fields).

Caladenia longicauda subsp. minima, commonly known as the little white spider orchid, is a plant in the orchid family Orchidaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It has a single hairy leaf and up to three mainly white flowers with long, drooping lateral sepals and petals. It is a relatively rare orchid which is similar to the daddy-long-legs spider orchid (subspecies borealis) but has smaller flowers and a more easterly distribution.

At the same time, the January temperatures were rising and the yearly precipitation increased. In Northern Africa and in the Near East, the interval from 4700 to 4100 years BP had renewed and lasting dry conditions, as is indicated by lake level minima. Between 4500 and 4100 years BP, monsoonal precipitations weakened, a possible cause for the upheavals that led to the end of the Old Kingdom of Egypt. The Levant shows a similar climatic evolution.

A one-dimension example of scale-space segmentation. A signal (black), multi- scale-smoothed versions of it (red), and segment averages (blue) based on scale-space segmentation The dendrogram corresponding to the segmentations in the figure above. Each "×" identifies the position of an extremum of the first derivative of one of 15 smoothed versions of the signal (red for maxima, blue for minima). Each "+" identifies the position that the extremum tracks back to at the finest scale.

The aircraft in question, VT-EGD, had been involved in an earlier accident. On 15 January 1986, the pilot of flight 529 attempted to land at Tiruchirapalli in conditions below weather minima (reported Wx was exactly the minima). During a go-around (wave-off, just before touch down) the wing contacted the runway due to an excessive bank angle (the delay in spool- up times for both engines were more than 5 seconds apart with the right engine slow). The HIALS was not switched on at the time 529 was approaching and the ATC anemometer was unserviceable. The wing was substantially damaged, but there were no injuries among the 6 crew and 122 passengers. The pilot displayed great skill in manually flying the B737 at FL100 and diverted to Chennai and landed safely with flight controls in "manual reversion" on runway 07 The aircraft was to be phased out by the end of the year per Indian government guidelines which do not allow aircraft over 20 years old to operate in Indian airspace.

The full title of the published work is "Nova methodus pro maximis et minimis, itemque tangentibus, quae nec fractas nec irrationales quantitates moratur, et singulare pro illis calculi genus." In English, the full title can be translated as "A new method for maxima and minima, and for tangents, that is not hindered by fractional or irrational quantities, and a singular kind of calculus for the above mentioned." It is from this title that this branch of mathematics takes the name calculus.

Lichen-like fossils have been found in the Doushantuo Formation in China dating back about 600 million years ago. Fungi from Verrucariales also form marine lichens with the brown algae Petroderma maculiforme, and have a symbiotic relationship with seaweed like (rockweed) and Blidingia minima, where the algae are the dominant components. The fungi is thought to help the rockweeds to resist desiccation when exposed to air. In addition, lichens can also use yellow-green algae (Heterococcus) as their symbiotic partner.

Most neural networks use gradient descent rather than neuroevolution. However, around 2017 researchers at Uber stated they had found that simple structural neuroevolution algorithms were competitive with sophisticated modern industry-standard gradient-descent deep learning algorithms, in part because neuroevolution was found to be less likely to get stuck in local minima. In Science, journalist Matthew Hutson speculated that part of the reason neuroevolution is succeeding where it had failed before is due to the increased computational power available in the 2010s.

880 Herba is a minor planet orbiting the Sun that was discovered by German astronomer Max Wolf on 22 July 1917 in Heidelberg. Photometric observations of this asteroid at the Organ Mesa Observatory in Las Cruces, New Mexico, in 2011 gave a light curve with a period of 12.266 ± 0.001 hours and a brightness variation of 0.13 ± 0.02 in magnitude. The curve is asymmetrical with one maxima and one minima. 880 Herba is named after Herba, the Greek god of misery and poverty.

More recently, the study of chemosynthtetic fauna has extended to the communities that develop in other reducing habitats such as whale falls, sunken wood and areas of oxygen minima when they intersect with the margin or seamounts. Since the first discovery of hydrothermal vents, more than 600 species have been described from vents and seeps. This is equivalent of 1 new description every 2 weeks(!). As biologists, geochemists, and physicists combine research efforts in these systems, new species will certainly be discovered.

The altitude and dryness of the air cause day–night temperature differences to be severe year-round, averaging throughout the year. There was a long-term annual average of 227 days per year with a minimum of or less. In the 1981–2010 period, there was an average of 46 nights with minima at or below . On July 10, 2020, Alamosa made weather history by measuring a record low temperature and a record high temperature in less than 12 hours.

Photometric observations at the Organ Mesa Observatory in Las Cruces, New Mexico during 2008–09 were used to generate a light curve that showed four unequal minima and maxima per cycle. The curve shows a period of 8.909 ± 0.001 hours with a brightness variation of 0.28 ± 0.02 in magnitude. This result is compatible with previous studies. Speckle interferometric observations carried out with the Nicholas U. Mayall Telescope at the Kitt Peak National Observatory during 1982–84 failed to discover a satellite companion.

An artist's rendering of the Epsilon Aurigae system. The most prominent variable star in Auriga is Epsilon Aurigae (Al Maz, Almaaz), an F0 class eclipsing binary star with an unusually long period of 27 years; its last minima occurred in 1982–1984 and 2009–2011. The distance to the system is disputed, variously cited as 4600 and 2,170 light-years. The primary is a white supergiant, and the secondary may be itself a binary star within a large dusty disk.

The males of Brookesia micra reach a maximum snout-vent length of , and the total body length of both of the sexes is less than , ranking it among the smallest amniote vertebrates found anywhere in the world. Compared to Brookesia minima, B. micra has a shorter tail and a larger head. Adults of B. micra also have orange tails, as opposed to an inconspicuous brown one. The size of the lizard may be linked to its habitat, due to insular dwarfism.

During solar minima coronal holes are the primary sources of space weather disturbances. Typically, geomagnetic (and proton) storms originating from coronal holes have a gradual commencement (over hours) and are not as severe as storms caused by coronal mass ejections (CMEs), which usually have a sudden onset. Due to the fact coronal holes can last for several months, it is often possible to predict the recurrence of this type of disturbance significantly farther in advance than for CME related disturbances.

The calculus of variations is concerned with the maxima or minima (collectively called extrema) of functionals. A functional maps functions to scalars, so functionals have been described as "functions of functions." Functionals have extrema with respect to the elements of a given function space defined over a given domain. A functional is said to have an extremum at the function if has the same sign for all in an arbitrarily small neighborhood of The function is called an extremal function or extremal.

The binodal and spinodal meet at the critical point. It is when a material is moved into the spinodal region of the phase diagram that spinodal decomposition can occur. The free energy curve is plotted as a function of composition for a temperature below the convolute temperature, T. Equilibrium phase compositions are those corresponding to the free energy minima. Regions of negative curvature (∂2f/∂c2 < 0 ) lie within the inflection points of the curve (∂2f/∂c2 = 0 ) which are called the spinodes.

Paraprionopelta is a genus of ants in the subfamily Amblyoponinae containing the single species Paraprionopelta minima. The genus was erected by Kusnezov (1955) for males collected in Tucumán, Argentina. The placement of the genus within the subfamily is uncertain; they differ from Amblyoponini males in the shape of the head and mandibles and reduced antennal segmentation. Due to their small size and antennal segmentation, Brown (1960) speculated that the species may represent the males of Amblyopone degenerata (now Stigmatomma degeneratum).

This species is associated with other plants such as Zizania aquatica, Ludwigia palustris, Isoetes riparia, Schoenoplectus pungens, Bidens eatonii, Bidens hyperborea, Polygonum punctatum, Lindernia dubia var. inundata, Elatine minima, Elatine americana, Sagittaria subulata, Sagittaria latifolia, Sagittaria calycina, Acorus calamus, Limosella australis, Micranthemum micranthemoides, Pontederia cordata, Orontium aquaticum, and, in more brackish waters, Spartina alterniflora. There are about 130 occurrences of this plant today, many of which are in Quebec and Maine. There are many known occurrences that are now believed extirpated.

As seen from northern middle latitudes, as the diagram shows, the earliest sunset occurs some time before the December solstice – typically a week or two before it – and the latest sunrise happens a week or two after the solstice. Thus, the darkest evening occurs in early to mid-December, but the mornings keep getting darker until about the New Year. Graph of time of sunrise for Libreville, Gabon, which is very near the Equator. Note there are two maxima and two minima.

Philosophy was among the interests fostered by its academics and intellectuals.A. Cassola, The Literature of Malta: An example of unity in diversity, European Commission, Minima, Malta, 2000, pp. vii–ix. For the greater part of its history, in Malta philosophy was simply studied as part of a basic institutional programme which mainly prepared candidates to become priests, lawyers or physicians.J. Cassar Pullicino, ‘The re-opening of the university in 1800’, Journal of the Faculty of Arts, Malta, 1958, 2, pp. 144–5.

It is easy to coordinate the climbers' movement between the peaks and valleys (local maxima and minima of the functions). The difficulty is that to progress, the climbers must occasionally go down the mountain, either one or the other, or both climbers. Similarly, either one or the other climber must backtrack towards the beginning of the journey. In fact, it has been observed that for a mountain with peaks and valleys the number of turns can be as large as quadratic in .

In each period of 75 days it has two maxima and two minima. AC Her is also a binary star, although the secondary can only be detected by its effect on the radial velocity of the primary. The invisible secondary is more massive than the supergiant primary, so the primary moves at relatively high velocity in its three years and three months orbit. The two stars are also surrounded by a dusty disc filling the region between 34 and 200 astronomical units (AU).

The range of habitats is equally wide with woodland and scrub in the lower parts and moorland higher up. There are numerous caves and disused quarries along the escarpment. The limestone cliffs are home to many scarce plants including maiden pink (Dianthus deltoides), hutchinsia (Hornungia petraea) and the most southerly British population of alpine enchanter's nightshade (Circaea alpina). Five species of whitebeam occur including the narrow-leaved whitebeam (Sorbus leptophylla) and lesser whitebeam (Sorbus minima) which are endemic to Wales.

There are four similar species in the least skipper's range. They are the European skipper (Thymelicus lineola), the tropical least skipper (Ancyloxypha arene), the orange skipperling (Copaeodes aurantiaeca), and the southern skipperling (Copaeodes minima). The European skipper has more pointed wings than the least skipper, the antennae are short and not checkered, and the upper side of the wings is mostly orange or reddish orange with thin black wing margins. Males also have very thin, black stigmata near the costal forewing edge.

The airport has a gravel runway that is well compacted, well cared for, cleared of snow daily, and lit. Qikiqtarjuaq is considerably closer to Kangerlussuaq, Greenland than Iqaluit (CYFB). The instrument approach minima for the non-directional beacon (NDB) approach at CYVM is relatively high (2,000 feet barometric, 1,982 AGL) due to high terrain surrounding the airport. An airport advisory service, Qikiqtarjuaq Airport Radio, (a Community Airport Radio Station [CARS]) provides assistance to pilots during normal business hours, and provides weather observation services.

In 1842, Carl Gustav Jacobi tackled the problem of whether the variational principle found minima or other extrema (e.g. a saddle point); most of his work focused on geodesics on two-dimensional surfaces. The first clear general statements were given by Marston Morse in the 1920s and 1930s, leading to what is now known as Morse theory. For example, Morse showed that the number of conjugate points in a trajectory equaled the number of negative eigenvalues in the second variation of the Lagrangian.

This movement of the polar jet stream was presumably caused by an increase in the Northern American ice sheet. Two δ18O minima at 18 ka and 13.1 ka in Mono Lake sediments reflected two lake level high-stands of Mono Lake. These lake level high-stands presumably corresponded to two passages of the polar jet stream over Mono Lake that precipitated large amounts of rainwater with a depleted δ18O composition. Following, the polar jet stream was forced south of Mono Lake.

The first botanical description of the species was made by French botanist Charles Plumier. Plumier made three trips to the West Indies between 1689 and 1695, and among his descriptions were two palm species that he named Palma dactylifera, aculeata, fructu corallino, major and Palma dactylifera, aculeata, fructu corallino, minor, using pre-Linnean names. Both of these are now considered to belong to Aiphanes minima. In 1763, Dutch botanist Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin described the same species, using the name Palma Grigri Martinicensibus.

Unlike normal metals, graphene's longitudinal resistance shows maxima rather than minima for integral values of the Landau filling factor in measurements of the Shubnikov–de Haas oscillations, whereby the term integral quantum Hall effect. These oscillations show a phase shift of π, known as Berry’s phase. Berry’s phase arises due to the zero effective carrier mass near the Dirac points. The temperature dependence of the oscillations reveals that the carriers have a non-zero cyclotron mass, despite their zero effective mass.

According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Clay Springs has a cool-summer Mediterranean climate, abbreviated Csb on climate maps. Winters are very cold at night and cool to cold during the day, with on average 3.7 nights below and 171.1 nights below . April to June warms up and is generally the driest part of the year before monsoon storms hit between July and mid-September. Typically 17 days will hit , but minima are generally not above due to the altitude.

Much like the Sun, the star spot activity undergoes a periodic cycle of maxima and minima lasting roughly yr. Its apparent magnitude varies between a maximum of 5.92 and a minimum of 5.95 over a period of 24.9 days. However, the rotation period is on average 4.84 days. The star shows an anti-solar pattern of rotation, with the rotation rate steadily increasing during each cycle before dropping back to the initial value upon the start of a new cycle.

Discussion of this proposal appeared to stimulate the development of numerous subdivisions in the RSAs. Three years after the expansion was initiated, the RSA land management plan was adopted, which increased the minimum lot size in the agricultural rural zones to minima. In 2000, a purchase of development rights plan was adopted, granting the city the power to purchase the development rights of existing farms; in 2001, $40 million were allocated to the plan from a $25-million local, $15-million state grant.

The set for the Bishop home was constructed and filmed inside a former Linens 'n Things store in Middletown, Rhode Island. Conanicut Island Light, a decommissioned Rhode Island lighthouse, was used for the exterior. Cinematographer Robert Yeoman shot the film on Super 16mm film (with a 1.85:1 aspect ratio), using Aaton Xterà and A-Minima cameras. Anderson said the Aaton cameras were ideal for photographing child actors, as they were roughly the same height as the camera set up.

Minima fall below freezing on an average of 121.3 mornings, but has been reached only during two exceptional cold waves in January 1962 and December 1978, when the record low of was reached on the 9th. Except for the freakishly wet December 1991 when fell from a series of subtropical cyclones, monthly rainfalls above are restricted to the monsoon season: the wettest month between 1971 and 2000 was July 1981 with . The wettest day has been June 28 of 1981 with .

Solar minima and maxima are the two extremes of the Sun's 11-year and 400-year activity cycle. At a maximum, the Sun is peppered with sunspots, solar flares erupt, and the Sun hurls billion- ton clouds of electrified gas into space. Sky watchers may see more auroras, and space agencies must monitor radiation storms for astronaut protection. Power outages, satellite malfunctions, communication disruptions, and GPS receiver malfunctions are just a few of the things that can happen during a solar maximum.

The other roles in an ant colony are usually undertaken by workers. Fire ant workers are haphazardly divided into different size classes, namely minima, minor, media, and major workers. The major ants are known for their larger size and more powerful mandibles typically used in macerating and storing food items (i.e. as repletes), while smaller workers take care of regular tasks (the main tasks in a colony are caring for the eggs/larvae/pupae, cleaning the nest, and foraging for food).

In quantum chromodynamics, the instanton fluid model is a model of Wick rotated Euclidean quantum chromodynamics. If we examine the path integral of the action, we find that it has infinitely many local minima, corresponding to varying instanton numbers. It turns out that the dominant contribution to the path integral comes from configurations consisting of a pool of instantons and antiinstantons. The exponential suppression coming from the increased action is compensated by the increased phase space factor coming from all the instantons.

Due to restrictions imposed by the aircraft not being compliant with reduced vertical separation minima (RVSM) regulations, the submitted flight plan, with a nominated cruising flight level (FL) higher than 280 (approximately in altitude), was in violation of protocols. The flight plan, which was approved by AASANA, included a cruising altitude of FL300 (approximately ). The flight plan was sent for review to Colombian and Brazilian authorities as well, in accordance with regional regulations. The aircraft was estimated to be overloaded by nearly .

These are attracted to field maxima, which do not exist in free space. Diamagnets (which induce a negative moment) are attracted to field minima, and there can be a field minimum in free space. A thin slice of pyrolytic graphite, which is an unusually strong diamagnetic material, can be stably floated in a magnetic field, such as that from rare earth permanent magnets. This can be done with all components at room temperature, making a visually effective demonstration of diamagnetism.

Stem of Aiphanes minima showing spines and leaf scars While some species are single-stemmed, others form multi-stemmed (caespitose) clumps. Coupled with variation in stem size, this produces a diversity of growth forms in the genus—solitary (single- stemmed) palms that grow into the subcanopy of the forest, solitary or caespitose palms that grow in the forest understorey and acaulescent palms which lack an aboveground stem. Two species are characterised by an acaulescent growth habit—A. acaulis and A. spicata.

The brightness variation is maximum in the v band, with an amplitude of 0.13 magnitudes. The light curve in this band is symmetrical and has two distinct minima separated by half a rotation period, while the two maxima are igual. In other bands the variability is smaller or even absent, and doesn't show a regular pattern like in v. The star is similar in many aspects to rapidly oscillating Ap stars, but does not display the rapid pulsations typical of these stars.

Jatiúca has a typical tropical climate, with warm to hot temperatures and high relative humidity all throughout the year. However, these conditions are relieved by a near absence of extreme temperatures and pleasant trade winds blowing from the ocean. January is the warmest month, with mean maxima of 31 °C and minima of 22 °C; July experiences the coolest temperatures, with means of 26 °C and 15 °C. The absolute maximum and minimum are respectively 33 °C and 11,3 °C.

The type species, Faxinalipterus minima was named and described in 2010 by José Fernando Bonaparte, Marina Bento Soares and César Leandro Schultz. The generic name is derived from Faxinal do Soturno and a Latinised Greek pteron, "wing". The specific name, from Latin minimus, means "smallest". Fossils of the species were found in 2002 and 2005 at a site 1.5 kilometres northeast of Faxinal do Soturno, Rio Grande do Sul, from the Caturrita Formation dating from the Carnian-Norian, 220–215 million years old.

In mathematics, nonlinear programming (NLP) is the process of solving an optimization problem where some of the constraints or the objective function are nonlinear. An optimization problem is one of calculation of the extrema (maxima, minima or stationary points) of an objective function over a set of unknown real variables and conditional to the satisfaction of a system of equalities and inequalities, collectively termed constraints. It is the sub- field of mathematical optimization that deals with problems that are not linear.

Pajuçara has a typical tropical climate, with warm to hot temperatures and high relative humidity all throughout the year. However, these conditions are relieved by a near absence of extreme temperatures and pleasant trade winds blowing from the ocean. January is the warmest month, with mean maxima of 31°C and minima of 22°C; July experiences the coolest temperatures, with means of 26°C and 15°C. The absolute maximum and minimum are respectively 33°C and 11,3°C.

Visual flight rules (VFR) are a set of regulations under which a pilot operates an aircraft in weather conditions generally clear enough to allow the pilot to see where the aircraft is going. Specifically, the weather must be better than basic VFR weather minima, i.e. in visual meteorological conditions (VMC), as specified in the rules of the relevant aviation authority. The pilot must be able to operate the aircraft with visual reference to the ground, and by visually avoiding obstructions and other aircraft.

It was already well known, from a geometrical and topological generalization of the classical four-vertex theorem, that a plane curve has at least four extrema of curvature, specifically, at least two local maxima and at least two local minima (see right figure), meaning that a (convex) mono- monostatic object does not exist in two dimensions. Whereas a common anticipation was that a three-dimensional body should also have at least four extrema, Arnold conjectured that this number could be smaller.

Etch from the Flora Batavaflorets, 2nd from left facing upMibora minima is a small annual species of grass, with tufts of thin stems of about 0.3 mm wide and 10 cm long, each with 2 or 3 leaves at or very near the base, consisting of tender, shallowly grooved sheaths, rounded at their back, 0.2–1 mm long ligules, flat or enrolled blades of 1–5 cm long which are up to 0.5 mm wide and have a stump tip.

A 1999 paper in the Journal of Zoology disputed a 1995 paper which considered this species and B. tuberculata to be the same species as B. minima. The later paper discussed the same details as the first – subtle morphological differences in the hemipenises of the respective species and determined they were not conspecific. They also found differences in the arrangement of head crests and in minute spines above the eyes.Glaw F, Vences M, Ziegler T, Böhme W, Köhler J (1999).

The temperature varies at different minima. One study calculated that the bolometric luminosity of AG Carinae decreases during the S Doradus outbursts, unlike most LBVs which remain at approximately constant luminosity. The luminosity drops from around at visual minimum to around at visual maximum, possibly due to the energy required to expand a considerable fraction of the star. Evolutionary models of the star suggest that it had a low rotation rate for much of its life, but current observations show fairly rapid rotation.

He also observed that roughly one-third of known pterosaurs were discovered during this brief interval. One of the most notable of these was Darwinopterus, whose body resembled the more primitive long-tailed "rhamphorynchoids", while its skull resembled those of the more advanced short-tailed pterodactyloids. These traits establish the species as an important transitional form, documenting one of the most important phases of pterosaur evolution. Another important new species is Faxinalipterus minima, which might well be the world's oldest pterosaur.

Temperature variation throughout the day is also relatively small. The exception to this is inland areas and to the east of the ranges with daily variations that can be over 25 °C and differences of up to 14 °C between the average summer and winter high temperatures. Temperatures also drop about 0.7 °C or 1.3 °F for every 100 m of altitude. Northern cities such as Auckland, Whangarei, and Tauranga experience mean yearly maxima of between and mean yearly minima of around .

The relation between length and area is closely related to the physical phenomenon known as surface tension, which gives a visible form to the comparable relation between surface area and volume. The familiar shapes of drops of water express minima of surface area. Room with a pillar The purpose of this article is to explain another such relation between length and area. A space is called simply connected if every loop in the space can be contracted to a point in a continuous fashion.

Fermat's theorem is central to the calculus method of determining maxima and minima: in one dimension, one can find extrema by simply computing the stationary points (by computing the zeros of the derivative), the non-differentiable points, and the boundary points, and then investigating this set to determine the extrema. One can do this either by evaluating the function at each point and taking the maximum, or by analyzing the derivatives further, using the first derivative test, the second derivative test, or the higher-order derivative test.

An overview of three solar cycles shows the relationship between the sunspot cycle, galactic cosmic rays, and the state of our near-space environment. The Waldmeier effect names the observation that cycles with larger maximum amplitudes tend to take less time to reach their maxima than cycles with smaller amplitudes;Waldmeier M., 1939, Astron. Mitt. Zurich, 14, 439 maximum amplitudes are negatively correlated to the lengths of earlier cycles, aiding prediction. Solar maxima and minima also exhibit fluctuations at time scales greater than solar cycles.

Gamma Phoenicis is a star system in the constellation Phoenix, located around distant. γ Phoenicis is a spectroscopic binary and a small amplitude variable star. The star system shows regular variations in brightness that were reported as a 97.5 day period in the Hipparcos catalogue, but have since been ascribed to a 193-day orbital period with primary and secondary minima. Although the light curve appears to show eclipses, the high orbital inclination suggests the variations are due to ellipsoidal stars as they rotate in their orbit.

The upper panel shows the full light curve. The second panel is a blow-up where tiny secondary minima are visible (their depth is 1% of the deeper minimum). The third panel shows the projection on the plane of the sky (i.e. as we see the system) at different phases. From Carla Maceroni and the CoRoT binary team # HD 174884: Tidally induced pulsations have been detected in the high eccentricity (e=0.29) and short period binary system HD 174884 consisting of two B stars.

HP Lyr was first reported to be variable in 1935 by Otto Morgenroth of the Sonneberg Observatory. The range was given as 9.5 - 10.5 and the variability type only as long-period. In 1961, it was formally designated as a β Lyr eclipsing variable with two A type supergiants in a close orbit producing smooth continuous variations with alternating minima of different depths. The period was given as 140.75 days, covering two maxima, and both a deep primary minimum and a slightly less deep secondary minimum.

The calculus of variations is a field of mathematical analysis that uses variations, which are small changes in functions and functionals, to find maxima and minima of functionals: mappings from a set of functions to the real numbers. Functionals are often expressed as definite integrals involving functions and their derivatives. Functions that maximize or minimize functionals may be found using the Euler–Lagrange equation of the calculus of variations. A simple example of such a problem is to find the curve of shortest length connecting two points.

Brunhild (minor planet designation: 123 Brunhild) is a stony S-type main-belt asteroid. It was discovered by German-American astronomer C. H. F. Peters on July 31, 1872, and named after Brünnehilde, a Valkyrie in Norse mythology. Brunhild has been mistaken for the non-existent variable star KN Gem. In 1983, 123 Brunhild was observed photometrically from the Observatoire de Haute- Provence, producing an irregular light curve that showed eight extremes, including two minima and two maxima that were more accentuated than the others.

Model of the Peano surface in the Dresden collection In mathematics, the Peano surface is the graph of the two-variable function :f(x,y)=(2x^2-y)(y-x^2). It was proposed by Giuseppe Peano in 1899 as a counterexample to a conjectured criterion for the existence of maxima and minima of functions of two variables. The surface was named the Peano surface () by Georg Scheffers in his 1920 book Lehrbuch der darstellenden Geometrie. It has also been called the Peano saddle.

Transport links between Russia and China rely heavily on ice roads which link border Chinese and Russian towns/cities. Because winter temperatures in the Sino-Russian border have average January minima between , border rivers such as the Amur and Ussuri are well frozen by late October/early November. Russian and Chinese border trade heavily rely on the ice roads. Notable examples include the ice road linking the Chinese city of Heihe and the Russian city of Blagoveshchensk, and the ice road linking Suifenhe in China and Pogranichny.

It has a maximum height of 30 cm, is herbaceous and does not spread vegetatively.Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora The species became extinct across the British Isles in 1971.Woodland Trust - 7 Extinct Plants in the UK and the Rarest Plants to Save There was an attempt to reintroduce the species, and there has been one recent sighting in England.Online Atlas of the British Flora Arnoseris minima is an annual weed of cornfields and fallow fields, favouring infertile, sandy, acidic soils.

Dangerous made his first racecourse appearance at Ascot in June. He started at odds of 5/2 and finished second of the three runners in a Sweepstakes to a filly named Minima. At Stockbridge Racecourse later that month he started odds-on favourite for Sweepstakes but was easily beaten by Glaucus, who went on to be one of the season's leading colts. On his final start of the season he was unplaced behind Trepidation in a half-mile race at Warwick on 5 September.

42 p. for instance, measured temperatures in northern Finland from 1974 through 1985 in 3 clear-felled areas and in 3 neighouring forest stands dominated by Norway spruce. Clear felling had no significant influence on air temperature at 2 m above the ground surface, but the daily air temperature maxima at 10 cm were greater in the clear-felled area than in the uncut forest, while the daily minima at 10 cm were lower. Night frosts were more common in the clear-felled area.

As noted above, spatial resolution is a fundamental challenge in ECT/ECVT. The spatial resolution is limited by the soft-field nature of ECT/ECVT and the fact that the interrogating electric field in ECT/ECVT is quasi-static in nature. The latter property implies that the potential distribution between the plates is a solution of Laplace equation. As a consequence, there cannot be any relative minima or maxima for the potential distribution between the plates and hence no focal spots can be produced.

The subsequent accident investigation established the failure of the aircraft's left windscreen wiper as the primary cause. It furthermore identified the pilot's mistake in confusing runway 08 at Drigh Road PAF Base with runway 07 at Karachi International Airport when landing in meteorological conditions below those recommended as minima by the Pakistan Department of Civil Aviation as a secondary cause.ASN Aircraft accident description Handley Page HP.81 Hermes 4A G-ALDK — Drigh Road Pakistan Air Force Base, Karachi The fatal accident occurred on 5 November 1956.

Box C shows the strong coupling limit where the double degenerate minima in the first band merge into a single ground state at k=0. Superstripes (Also called Stripe Phase) can also form in Bose Einstein Condensates (BEC) with Spin orbit coupling. The spin orbit coupling is achieved by selecting 2 spin states from the manifold of hyperfine states to couple with a two photon process. For weak coupling, the resulting Hamiltonian has a spectrum with a double degenerate ground state in the first band.

The Coastal Zone, or Sub-Canarian Zone, extends the length of the approximately 754-kilometer-long Atlantic coast. Prevailing oceanic trade winds from the Canary Islands modify the influence of the harmattan, producing a humid but temperate climate. Rainfall here is minimal; in Nouadhibou it averages less than three centimeters annually and occurs between July and September. Temperatures are moderate, varying from mean maxima of 28 °C and 32 °C for Nouadhibou and Nouakchott, respectively, to mean minima of 16 °C and 19 °C.

Coleophora nubivagella is a moth of the family Coleophoridae. It is found from Germany and Poland to the Pyrenees, Italy, North Macedonia and Romania. The larvae feed on Anthyllis vulneraria, Anthyllis vulneraria alpestris, Arenaria ciliata, Cerastium alpinum lanatum, Cerastium arvense, Cerastium arvense, Cerastium glandulosum, Dianthus myrtinervius, Dianthus plumarius, Dianthus pyrenaicus, Dryas octopetala, Gypsophila repens, Minuartia austriaca, Minuartia setacea, Primula auricula, Primula minima, Saponaria ocymoides, Silene acaulis, Silene pusilla, Silene saxifraga and Silene vulgaris. Young larvae make a corridor from which the first case is cut.

In the SIMP method a lower bound on the Young's modulus is added, E_0 , to make sure the derivatives of the objective function are non-zero when the density becomes zero. The higher the penalisation factor, the more SIMP penalises the algorithm in the use of non-binary densities. Unfortunately, the penalisation parameter also introduces non-convexitiesvan Dijk, NP. Langelaar, M. van Keulen, F. Critical study of design parameterization in topology optimization; The influence of design parameterization on local minima.. 2nd International Conference on Engineering Optimization, 2010.

The earliest botanical description of a species in the genus was made by French botanist Charles Plumier, who described two species based on his visits to the West Indies between 1689 and 1695. Both of Plumier's species are now considered to be Aiphanes minima. The same species was described by Dutch botanist Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin in 1763. Spanish botanist José Celestino Mutis produced a detailed description of A. lindeniana and illustrations of that species and what is thought to be A. horrida in 1779.

Figure 1 shows an example of a collision-induced absorption spectra of H2-He complexes at a variety of temperatures. The spectra were computed from the fundamental theory, using quantum chemical methods, and were shown to be in close agreement with laboratory measurements at temperatures, where such measurements exist (for temperatures around 300 K and lower). The intensity scale of the figure is highly compressed. At the lowest temperature (300 K), a series of six striking maxima is seen, with deep minima between them.

Also, if a large area of S. minima is sprayed with an herbicide all at once, the dead plant matter will sink into the water and decompose, which can deplete oxygen in the water and result in fish kills. Smaller sections can be sprayed at a time to combat this side effect. It is impractical to treat very large bodies of water with herbicides as any fragments that do not die will regrow quickly. The cost of herbicides is high, from $198 to $297 per hectare.

Lateral separation minima are usually based upon the position of the aircraft as derived visually, from dead reckoning or internal navigation sources, or from radio navigation aids ('beacons'). In the case of beacons, to be separated, the aircraft must be a certain distance from the beacon (measured by time or by DME) and their tracks to or from the beacon must diverge by a minimum angle. Other lateral separation may be defined by the geography of pre-determined routes, for example the North Atlantic Track system.

In the geometry of convex polytopes, a distributive polytope is a convex polytope for which coordinatewise minima and maxima of pairs of points remain within the polytope. For example, this property is true of the unit cube, so the unit cube is a distributive polytope. It is called a distributive polytope because the coordinatewise minimum and coordinatewise maximum operations form the meet and join operations of a continuous distributive lattice on the points of the polytope. Every face of a distributive polytope is itself a distributive polytope.

1984, pp. 150--153. included the notion that a one-dimensional signal could be unambiguously segmented into regions, with one scale parameter controlling the scale of segmentation. A key observation is that the zero- crossings of the second derivatives (minima and maxima of the first derivative or slope) of multi-scale-smoothed versions of a signal form a nesting tree, which defines hierarchical relations between segments at different scales. Specifically, slope extrema at coarse scales can be traced back to corresponding features at fine scales.

The mean period depends on the period of observations used, but is generally taken to be 408.7 days. There is some evidence that the mean period has increased by about 4 days over the last three centuries. Period variations on shorter timescales appear to be random rather than cyclical, although it is possible that the secular period increase is not linear. The period change is only significant when calculated using the maxima and not when using the minima which are only available for more recent cycles.

Activation energy can be thought of as the magnitude of the potential barrier (sometimes called the energy barrier) separating minima of the potential energy surface pertaining to the initial and final thermodynamic state. For a chemical reaction to proceed at a reasonable rate, the temperature of the system should be high enough such that there exists an appreciable number of molecules with translational energy equal to or greater than the activation energy. The term Activation Energy was introduced in 1889 by the Swedish scientist Svante Arrhenius.

A learning rate schedule changes the learning rate during learning and is most often changed between epochs/iterations. This is mainly done with two parameters: decay and momentum . There are many different learning rate schedules but the most common are time-based, step-based and exponential. Decay serves to settle the learning in a nice place and avoid oscillations, a situation that may arise when a too high constant learning rate makes the learning jump back and forth over a minima, and is controlled by a hyperparameter.

For example, in class A and B airspace where all aircraft are provided with positive separation, the VMC minima feature visibility limits only, whereas in classes C–G airspace where some or all aircraft are not separated from each other by air traffic control, the VMC minima also feature cloud separation criteria. It is important not to confuse IMC with IFR (instrument flight rules) – IMC describes the actual weather conditions, while IFR describes the rules under which the aircraft is flying. Aircraft can (and often do) fly IFR in clear weather, for operational reasons or when flying in airspace where flight under VFR is not permitted; indeed by far the majority of commercial flights are operated solely under IFR. It is possible to be flying VFR in conditions that are legally considered VMC and have to rely on flight instruments for attitude control because there is no distinct external horizon, for example, on a dark night over water (which may create a so-called black hole effect) or a clear night with lights on the water and stars in the sky looking the same.

By 1900, when the human population neared 20,000, the islands were again covered densely with juniper, although many of these were juvenile trees. The respite proved temporary, however. In the 1940s, it was realised that two species of scale insect, Lepidosaphes newsteadi and Carulaspis minima, had accidentally been introduced, and were rapidly killing off the junipers, which had no immunity to their toxicological effect. Attempts were made to control the infestation naturally, which involved the large-scale introduction of ladybird beetles (Coccinellidae), but these were to no avail.

Atoms are cooled and congregate in the locations of potential minima. The resulting arrangement of trapped atoms resembles a crystal lattice and can be used for quantum simulation. Atoms trapped in the optical lattice may move due to quantum tunneling, even if the potential well depth of the lattice points exceeds the kinetic energy of the atoms, which is similar to the electrons in a conductor. However, a superfluid–Mott insulator transition may occur, if the interaction energy between the atoms becomes larger than the hopping energy when the well depth is very large.

A graph showing the zonally averaged monthly precipitation. The tropics receive more precipitation than higher latitudes. The precipitation maximum, which follows the solar equator through the year, is under the rising branch of the Hadley circulation; the sub-tropical minima are under the descending branch and cause the desert areas. Aerial view of Bora Bora, French Polynesia Tropical sunset over the sea in Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia "Tropical" is sometimes used in a general sense for a tropical climate to mean warm to hot and moist year-round, often with the sense of lush vegetation.

In opposition to Henri Bergson's and Martin Heidegger's views, which delineate with different shades a pure form of temporality, more original than its representations and spatializations, Marramao declares that the link time-space is inseparable and, also connecting to contemporary Physics, he asserts that the structure of Time possesses an aporetic and impure profile, compared to which the dimension of space is the formal reference necessary to think its paradoxes (Minima temporalia, 1990, new edition in 2005; Kairos: Towards an Ontology of Due Time, 1992, new edition in 2005).

Digital oscilloscopes usually analyze waveforms and provide numerical values as well as visual displays. These values typically include averages, maxima and minima, root mean square (RMS) and frequencies. They may be used to capture transient signals when operated in a single sweep mode, without the brightness and writing speed limitations of an analog storage oscilloscope. The displayed trace can be manipulated after acquisition; a portion of the display can be magnified to make fine detail more visible, or a long trace can be examined in a single display to identify areas of interest.

His focal idea is that of the "interval", the in-between of existence, as a space of itinerancy. Plesu wrote one of the very few Romanian treatises of ethics, Minima Moralia, which is subtitled "an ethics of the interval". It begins by affirming that only the man in the condition of itinerancy has moral competence, needing to make choices at every step of the way. Thus, true ethics is not a major one of the great problems and puzzles, but a minor ethics of the quotidian life and of ordinary situations.

Wicks is an Associate of the Wrestling School. In 2010 Wicks was invited to the Segal Theatre Center in New York as guest of Theatre Minima to celebrate a day-long event on the work of Howard Barker."Playwright Howard Barker (UK) at the Segal Center" , City University of New York, May 2010 Wicks played the hgh priestess of the Sybillines in The Fires of Pompeii, a 2008 episode of Doctor Who. In 2014, she played Dorothy Clarke in The Imitation Game and Susannah Marshall in the E4 drama Glue (2014).

Criticism of label readability is not uncommon; for example, Canadian researchers found that medicine labels did not consistently follow legibility guidelines. In some countries and industries, for example the UK (food) and EU (medicines) label guidelines are not legally binding (the latter using phrases such as "The type size should be as large as possible to aid readers...") and thus are unenforceable. On the other hand, countries may stipulate legal minima for readability, such as the USA's FDA on nutritional information and Australia/New Zealand's code for food labels and packs.

Around the time of the insolation maximum in the precession cycle the North African Monsoon is at its strongest and the Sahara region becomes dominated by large monsoonal lakes. Then as time progress toward the insolation minima, these lakes begin to dry out due to weakening North African Monsoon. As the lakes dry up thin sediment deposits containing freshwater diatoms are exposed. Finally, when the prevailing northeasterly winds arrive during winter, the freshwater diatom deposits in the dried lake beds are picked up as dust and carried thousands of kilometers out into the tropical Atlantic.

Decay is also particularly sensitive to external factors of the space environment such as solar activity, which are not very predictable. During solar maxima the Earth's atmosphere causes significant drag up to a hundred kilometers higher than during solar minima. Atmospheric drag exerts a significant effect at the altitudes of space stations, space shuttles and other manned Earth-orbit spacecraft, and satellites with relatively high "low earth orbits" such as the Hubble Space Telescope. Space stations typically require a regular altitude boost to counteract orbital decay (see also orbital station-keeping).

In the late 1990s, a network of astronomers worldwide gathered lightcurve data that was ultimately used to derive the spin states and shape models of 10 new asteroids, including Hidalgo. The authors describe the shape model as having 'very large flat areas and a "rectangular" pole-on silhouette, which are strong indications of a highly nonconvex shape'. Some of the light curves show sharp minima, which indicates the object shape may have two lobes. Lightcurve data has also been recorded by observers at the Antelope Hills Observatory in Colorado, United States.

Swallowtail catastrophe surface :V = x^5 + ax^3 + bx^2 + cx \, The control parameter space is three-dimensional. The bifurcation set in parameter space is made up of three surfaces of fold bifurcations, which meet in two lines of cusp bifurcations, which in turn meet at a single swallowtail bifurcation point. As the parameters go through the surface of fold bifurcations, one minimum and one maximum of the potential function disappear. At the cusp bifurcations, two minima and one maximum are replaced by one minimum; beyond them the fold bifurcations disappear.

At the swallowtail point, two minima and two maxima all meet at a single value of x. For values of , beyond the swallowtail, there is either one maximum-minimum pair, or none at all, depending on the values of b and c. Two of the surfaces of fold bifurcations, and the two lines of cusp bifurcations where they meet for , therefore disappear at the swallowtail point, to be replaced with only a single surface of fold bifurcations remaining. Salvador Dalí's last painting, The Swallow's Tail, was based on this catastrophe.

A patch is a file that can be loaded to fix problems or provide extensions to a particular version of a system. Symbolics developed a version named Open Genera, that included a virtual machine that enabled executing Genera on DEC Alpha based workstations, plus several Genera extensions and applications that were sold separately (like the Symbolics S-Graphics suite). Also, they made a new operating system named Minima for embedded uses, in Common Lisp. The original Lisp machine operating system was developed in Lisp Machine Lisp, using the Flavors object-oriented extension to that Lisp.

The value is not listed as the record lowest temperature as it was measured by remote sensing from satellite and not by ground-based thermometers, unlike the 1983 record. The temperature announced reflects that of the ice surface, while the Vostok readings measured the air above the ice, and so the two are not directly comparable. More recent work shows many locations in the high Antarctic where surface temperatures drop to approximately . Due to the very strong temperature gradient near the surface, these imply near-surface air temperature minima of approximately .

The layers, or more appropriately "regions", are directly affected by the sun on a daily diurnal cycle, a seasonal cycle and the 11-year sunspot cycle and determine the utility of these modes. During solar maxima, or sunspot highs and peaks, the whole HF range up to 30 MHz can be used usually around the clock and F2 propagation up to 50 MHz is observed frequently depending upon daily solar flux 10.7cm radiation values. During solar minima, or minimum sunspot counts down to zero, propagation of frequencies above 15 MHz is generally unavailable.

The magnetocrystalline anisotropy energy of a ferromagnetic crystal can be expressed as a power series of direction cosines of the magnetic moment with respect to the crystal axes. The coefficient of those terms are the anisotropy constant. In general the expansion is limited to few terms. Normally the magnetization curve is continuous respect to applied field up to saturation but, in certain intervals of the anisotropy constant values, irreversible field induced rotations of the magnetization are possible implying first order magnetization transition between equivalent magnetization minima, the so- called first order magnetization process (FOMP).

Glaciers typically accumulate mass during part of the year, and lose mass the rest of the year; these are the "accumulation season" and "ablation season" respectively. This definition means that the accumulation rate is greater than the ablation rate during the accumulation season, and during the ablation season the reverse is true.Knight (1999), p. 23-27. A "balance year" is defined as the time between two consecutive minima in the glaciers mass—that is, from the start of one accumulation season through to the start of the next.

The snow surface at these minima, where snow begins to accumulate again at the start of each accumulation season, is identifiable in the stratigraphy of the snow, so using balance years to measure glacier mass balance is known as the stratigraphic method. The alternative is to use a fixed calendar date, but this requires a field visit to the glacier each year on that date, and so it is not always possible to strictly adhere to the exact dates for the fixed year method.Benn & Evans (2010), pp. 37-38.

However, between each pair of tangencies, the curvature must decrease to less than that of the circle, for instance at a point obtained by translating the circle until it no longer contains any part of the curve between the two points of tangency and considering the last point of contact between the translated circle and the curve. Therefore, there is a local minimum of curvature between each pair of tangencies, giving two of the four vertices. There must be a local maximum of curvature between each pair of local minima, giving the other two vertices..

A graph of the potential energy of a bistable system; it has two local minima x_1 and x_2. A surface shaped like this with two "low points" can act as a bistable system; a ball resting on the surface can only be stable at those two positions, such as balls marked "1" and "2". Between the two is a local maximum x_3. A ball located at this point, ball 3, is in equilibrium but unstable; the slightest disturbance will cause it to move to one of the stable points.

The chair and twist-boat are energy minima and are therefore conformers, while the half-chair and the boat are transition states and represent energy maxima. The idea that the chair conformation is the most stable structure for cyclohexane was first proposed as early as 1890 by Hermann Sachse, but only gained widespread acceptance much later. The new conformation puts the carbons at an angle of 109.5°. Half of the hydrogens are in the plane of the ring (equatorial) while the other half are perpendicular to the plane (axial).

R Scuti Lightcurve (AAVSO) Historically Type II Cepheids were called W Virginis variables, but are now divided into three subclasses based on the length of their period. Stars with periods between 1 and 4 days are of the BL Herculis subclass and 10–20 days belong to the W Virginis subclass. Stars with periods greater than 20 days, and usually alternating deep and shallow minima, belong to the RV Tauri subclass. RV Tauri variables are usually classified by a formal period from deep minimum to deep minimum, hence 40 days or more.

Quasirandom numbers can also be used for providing starting points for deterministic algorithms that only work locally, such as Newton–Raphson iteration. Quasirandom numbers can also be combined with search algorithms. A binary tree Quicksort-style algorithm ought to work exceptionally well because quasirandom numbers flatten the tree far better than random numbers, and the flatter the tree the faster the sorting. With a search algorithm, quasirandom numbers can be used to find the mode, median, confidence intervals and cumulative distribution of a statistical distribution, and all local minima and all solutions of deterministic functions.

1984, pp. 150–153. in scale space included the notion that a one-dimensional signal could be unambiguously segmented into regions, with one scale parameter controlling the scale of segmentation. A key observation is that the zero-crossings of the second derivatives (minima and maxima of the first derivative or slope) of multi-scale-smoothed versions of a signal form a nesting tree, which defines hierarchical relations between segments at different scales. Specifically, slope extrema at coarse scales can be traced back to corresponding features at fine scales.

These algorithms are also applied to solve problems and sketch the analysis of computational complexity. Some recent algorithms have attempted to include additional support for biclustering rectangular matrices in the form of other datatypes, including cMonkey. There is an ongoing debate about how to judge the results of these methods, as biclustering allows overlap between clusters and some algorithms allow the exclusion of hard-to-reconcile columns/conditions. Not all of the available algorithms are deterministic and the analyst must pay attention to the degree to which results represent stable minima.

His work is considered to be an early precursor of modern welfare economics. Bentham stated that pleasures and pains can be ranked according to their value or "dimension" such as intensity, duration, certainty of a pleasure or a pain. He was concerned with maxima and minima of pleasures and pains; and they set a precedent for the future employment of the maximisation principle in the economics of the consumer, the firm and the search for an optimum in welfare economics. Bentham advocated "Pauper Management" which involved the creation of a chain of large workhouses.

Aristotle has often been criticized for rejecting atomism, but in ancient Greece the atomic theories of Democritus remained "pure speculations, incapable of being put to any experimental test. Granted that atomism was, in the long run, to prove far more fruitful than any qualitative theory of matter, in the short run the theory that Aristotle proposed must have seemed in some respects more promising". Minima naturalia were theorized by Aristotle as the smallest parts into which a homogeneous natural substance (e.g., flesh, bone, or wood) could be divided and still retain its essential character.

Wind barb interpretation Centers of surface high- and low-pressure areas that are found within closed isobars on a surface weather analysis are the absolute maxima and minima in the pressure field, and can tell a user in a glance what the general weather is in their vicinity. Weather maps in English-speaking countries will depict their highs as Hs and lows as Ls,Weather Doctor. Weather's Highs and Lows: Part 1 The High. while Spanish-speaking countries will depict their highs as As and lows as Bs.Agencia Estatal de Meteorología.

Low-pressure systems, also known as cyclones, are located in minima in the pressure field. Rotation is inward at the surface and counterclockwise in the northern hemisphere as opposed to inward and clockwise in the southern hemisphere due to the Coriolis force. Weather is normally unsettled in the vicinity of a cyclone, with increased cloudiness, increased winds, increased temperatures, and upward motion in the atmosphere, which leads to an increased chance of precipitation. Polar lows can form over relatively mild ocean waters when cold air sweeps in from the ice cap.

However, this would leave the other subgenus, Brachyanthera, as an overly broad and heterogeneous entity, and they decided to abandon Burrets use of subgenera.Borchsenius & Bernal (1996), p. 33 Borchsenius and Bernal placed all Caribbean Aiphanes (except those in Trinidad and Tobago) in a single species, A. minima, but this is not universally accepted. American botanist George Proctor disagreed with this, stating that he believed that there were several species present, and maintained that populations in Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic should be maintained in a separate species, A. acanthophylla.

The minima are called low-pressure areas, and the maxima are called high-pressure areas. A High is often shown as H, and a low is shown as L. Elongated areas of low pressure, or troughs, are sometimes plotted as thick, brown dashed lines down the trough axis. Isobars are commonly used to place surface boundaries from the horse latitudes poleward, while streamline analyses are used in the tropics. A streamline analysis is a series of arrows oriented parallel to wind, showing wind motion within a certain geographic area.

When they are on or above the middle line (just when they are above this line in vocal notation), they are drawn with stems on the left of the notehead facing down. The American term half note is a 19th-century loan translation of German halbe Note. The Catalan, French, and Spanish names (meaning "white") derive from the fact that the minima was the shortest unfilled note in mensural white notation, which is true of the modern form as well. The form in the earlier black notation resembles the modern quarter note (crotchet).

His contributions to the calculus of variation are mainly devoted to the proof of existence and uniqueness theorems for maxima and minima of functionals of particular form, in conjunction with his studies on variational inequalities and linear elasticity in theoretical and applied problems: in the paper a semicontinuity theorem for a functional introduced in the same paper is proved in order to solve the Signorini problem, and this theorem was extended in to the case where the given functional has general linear operators as arguments, not necessarily partial differential operators.

Proteins spend a large portion – nearly 96% in some cases – of their folding time "waiting" in various thermodynamic free energy minima. Consequently, a straightforward simulation of this process would spend a great deal of computation to this state, with the transitions between the states – the aspects of protein folding of greater scientific interest – taking place only rarely. Adaptive sampling exploits this property to simulate the protein's phase space in between these states. Using adaptive sampling, molecular simulations that previously would have taken decades can be performed in a matter of weeks.

Pogona minor is a species of agamid lizard from a group commonly known as bearded dragons, and is found on the southwest coast and interior of Western Australia. This taxonomic name includes the widespread type known as western bearded dragon, Pogona minor minor which is widespread across West Australia between the Pilbara and the south coast, and the subspecies, Pogona minor minima is confined to the Wallabi Group of islands. There is another subspecies, Pogona minor mitchelli which lives in tropical woodlands of the Kimberley area of West Australia.

These polynomials have the property that, in the interval of orthogonality, :T_n(x) = \cos(n\,\arccos(x)). (To prove it, use the recurrence formula.) This means that all their local minima and maxima have values of −1 and +1, that is, the polynomials are "level". Because of this, expansion of functions in terms of Chebyshev polynomials is sometimes used for polynomial approximations in computer math libraries. Some authors use versions of these polynomials that have been shifted so that the interval of orthogonality is [0, 1] or [−2, 2].

These figures are minima since they concern only immediately heard words. Many words that may seem spontaneous are in fact delayed imitations heard days or weeks previously. At 13 months children who imitate new words (but not ones they already know) show a greater increase in noun vocabulary at four months and non noun vocabulary at eight months. A major predictor of vocabulary increase in both 20 months, 24 months, and older children between 4 and 8 years is their skill in repeating nonword phone sequences (a measure of mimicry and storage).

Coonabarabran has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa), with hot summers and cool winters. Owing to its location near the Warrumbungle Mountains, winter minima are much colder than other towns in northwestern New South Wales, and are in fact comparable to Canberra or Orange or Armidale along the Great Divide. On average 56.6 mornings, including 16.3 in July, fall below , and in July 2002 the mean minimum was as low as . Rainfall can occur at any time of year but is most frequent from December to February with summer thunderstorms.

Arctic sea ice minima in 2005, 2007, and the 1979-2000 average. Recent projections of sea ice loss suggest that the Arctic ocean will likely be free of summer sea ice sometime between 2059 and 2078. Models showing decreasing sea ice also show a corresponding decrease in polar bear habitat. Some scientists see the polar bear as a species which will be affected first and most severely by global warming because it is a top-level predator in the Arctic, which is projected to warm more than the global average.

Despite the deteriorating weather conditions at Jersey's States Airport, the crew decided to continue its approach to runway 27. This approach was abandoned because runway visual range fell below minima. When the aircraft made its second approach, it first hit a tree before striking the outermost pole of the approach light system at a height of , short of the runway threshold. This caused the aircraft to crash into the approach lights and catch fire, which killed 26 of the 27 occupants (three out of four crew members and all 23 passengers).

Each feature is also associated with a penalty p_i (initially set to 0) to record the number of occurrences of the feature in local minima. The features and costs often come directly from the objective function. For example, in the traveling salesman problem, “whether the tour goes directly from city X to city Y” can be defined to be a feature. The distance between X and Y can be defined to be the cost. In the SAT and weighted MAX-SAT problems, the features can be “whether clause C satisfied by the current assignments”.

Katekavia Flight 9357 was an Antonov An-24 regional aircraft on a domestic flight from Krasnoyarsk to Igarka in Russia that crashed on final approach in fog in the early hours of 3 August 2010, killing twelve out of the fifteen people on board. The accident investigation concluded that the crew attempted an approach to land in visibility conditions worse than the approved minima for that airfield and aircraft, and failed to execute a missed approach procedure in a timely manner before the aircraft struck trees and terrain.

Extensive facilities are also available for many types of ensemble calculations where the experimental data cannot be accounted for by a unique structure. Many of the structure calculation protocols involve the use of simulated annealing designed to overcome local minima on the path of the global minimum region of the target function. These calculations can be carried out using any combination of Cartesian, torsion angle and rigid body dynamics and minimization. Currently Xplor-NIH is the most versatile, comprehensive and widely used structure determination/refinement package in NMR structure determination.

Typical cloud clearance requirements vary from merely remaining clear of clouds to remaining at least one mile away (1,500 m in some countries) from clouds horizontally and 1,000 feet away from clouds vertically. For instance, in Australia, VMC minima outside controlled airspace are clear of cloud with 5,000 m visibility below 3,000 ft AMSL or 1,000 ft AGL (whichever is higher), and 1,000 ft vertical/1,500 m horizontal separation from cloud above these altitudes or in controlled airspace. Above 10,000 ft, 8,000 m visibility is required to maintain VMC.

Like the rest of Western Europe, August 2006 saw a dramatic turnaround, being a cloudy and wet month in many parts with daytime maxima below average – although the Central England Temperature (CET) was close to the long-term average, due to the cloud keeping night minima higher than normal. The month was notable for its lack of heat waves, being the first August since 1993 when ) was not recorded anywhere in the country. However, August 2008, which followed a much cooler July, was even duller and wetter. August 2010 again followed a similar pattern.

Elements high on the periodic table are more likely to be wide bandgap materials. With regard to III-V compounds, nitrides are associated with the largest bandgaps, and, in the II-VI family, oxides are generally considered to be insulators. Bandgaps can often be engineered by alloying, and Vegard's Law states that there is a linear relation between lattice constant and composition of a solid solution at constant temperature. The position of the conduction band minima versus maxima in the band structure determine whether a bandgap is direct or indirect.

A small number of Australian AM radio services had been commissioned with directional antennas providing pattern minima towards co-channel services. This small deployment was quite effective and the increase in spectrum efficiency was dramatic. The ABCB announced in its Circular Letter B109 of 1975, a changed policy wherein existing services running 2 kW or less would be permitted to increase power to 5 kW, subject to the provision of a directional antenna. The majority of commercial AM radio services availed themselves of this option over the next decade.

The academy's motto, chosen by Cesi, was: "take care of small things if you want to obtain the greatest results" (minima cura si maxima vis). Since it was an uncertain time to conduct scientific research — in 1578 the Inquisition had closed Giambattista della Porta's Academia Secretorum Naturae in Naples under suspicion of sorceryfaculty.ed.umuc.edu, "Giambattista della Porta (1535-1615)", 2006 Jeff Matthews — the Accademia dei Lincei had rough beginnings. Cesi's own father forbade Cesi's association with the other three men, suspecting them of undermining his authority and trying to separate his son from family interests.

In statistics and physics, multicanonical ensemble (also called multicanonical sampling or flat histogram) is a Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling technique that uses the Metropolis–Hastings algorithm to compute integrals where the integrand has a rough landscape with multiple local minima. It samples states according to the inverse of the density of states, which has to be known a priori or be computed using other techniques like the Wang and Landau algorithm. Multicanonical sampling is an important technique for spin systems like the Ising model or spin glasses.

Determining the nature of this seasonal variation is difficult because good data on Uranus's atmosphere has existed for less than one full Uranian year (84 Earth years). A number of discoveries have however been made. Photometry over the course of half a Uranian year (beginning in the 1950s) has shown regular variation in the brightness in two spectral bands, with maxima occurring at the solstices and minima occurring at the equinoxes. A similar periodic variation, with maxima at the solstices, has been noted in microwave measurements of the deep troposphere begun in the 1960s.

HR 5171 shows erratic changes in brightness and colour. HR 5171B is apparently stable, with the changes being due to physical changes in the hypergiant star, variations in the envelope, and eclipses between the two close companions. The primary and secondary minima have depths of 0.21 and 0.14 magnitudes respectively at visual wavelengths. The light curve shows almost continuous variation due to the contact nature of the system, but there is a distinct flat bottom to the secondary minimum where the secondary passes in front of the primary.

Red, spherical fruit of Aiphanes minima Aiphanes is placed in the subfamily Arecoideae, the tribe Cocoseae and the subtribe Bactridinae, together with the genera Desmoncus, Bactris, Acrocomia and Astrocaryum. In his 1932 revision of the genus, German botanist Max Burret recognised 32 species. Seventeen of these were new species, mostly based on collections made by German botanist Wilhelm Kalbreyer in northern Colombia between 1877 and 1881. Working with a very narrow species concept, and not being familiar with the variation present in natural populations, Burret placed almost every specimen into a distinct species.

Oilbirds (Steatornis caripensis) consume the fruit and disperse the seeds of Aiphanes horrida. Aiphanes species are palms of the forest understorey and subcanopy. The most widely distributed species, A. horrida, occurs both in tropical dry forest and in more humid forest types, but there is a gap in its distribution which coincides with the wettest forests of the upper Amazon Basin. Two other species, A. minima and A. eggersii, are also found in drier environments; A. eggersii is found in areas receiving as little as of precipitation annually.

In particle physics, the Goldberger–Wise mechanism is a popular mechanism that determines the size of the fifth dimension in Randall–Sundrum models. The mechanism uses a scalar field that propagates throughout the five-dimensional bulk. On each of the branes that end the fifth dimension (frequently referred to as the Planck brane and TeV brane, respectively) there is a potential for this scalar field. The minima for the potentials on the Planck brane and TeV brane are different and causes the vacuum expectation value of the scalar field to change throughout the fifth dimension.

The second step of Remez's algorithm consists of moving the test points to the approximate locations where the error function had its actual local maxima or minima. For example, one can tell from looking at the graph that the point at −0.1 should have been at about −0.28. The way to do this in the algorithm is to use a single round of Newton's method. Since one knows the first and second derivatives of , one can calculate approximately how far a test point has to be moved so that the derivative will be zero.

And furthermore: > Gillette claims that whenever a planet is in solar longitude either of 108 > or 288 degrees, it causes a peak of a rainfall cycle, whether evidenced by > rainfall records, tree rings, or varves. Such peaks coincide with sunspot > maxima. In addition to the major cycle produced by each planet, it causes > harmonic sub-cycles of 1/3, 1/9, 1/27 of the length of the major one, etc. > The great maxima and minima of rainfall, of course, come when peaks and > depressions of cycles and subcycles coincide.

The UK government's aviation research facilities including the Blind Landing Experimental Unit (BLEU) set up during 1945/46 at RAF Martlesham Heath and RAF Woodbridge to research all the relevant factors. BEA's flight technical personnel were heavily involved in BLEU's activities in the development of Autoland for its Trident fleet from the late 1950s. The work included analysis of fog structures, human perception, instrument design, and lighting cues amongst many others. After further accidents, this work also led to the development of aircraft operating minima in the form we know them today.

The thin arrow is the vector sum of the thick arrows.In this type of plot (Figure 1), each axis represents a unique reaction coordinate, the corners represent local minima along the potential surface such as reactants, products or intermediates and the energy axis projects vertically out of the page. Changing a single reaction parameter can change the height of one or more of the corners of the plot. These changes are transmitted across the surface such that the position of the transition state (the saddle point) is altered.

A conflict is an event in which two or more aircraft experience a loss of minimum separation. This does not in itself suggest that the aircraft are at any risk of collision. However, the separation minima are set for risk mitigation and therefore it is central to a controller's job to prevent this situation from occurring. Conflicts are detected by data assistants, who report them to the actual controllers; the data assistants suggest how to solve the conflict, but the controller is not obligated to follow the suggested instructions.

It was called the Tramoieres and it was located in calle Quart, in front of the San Sebastian Minima convent and close to the Túria. This marked the origin of the present Botanical Garden. The University placed the famous botanist Vicente Alfonso Lorente in charge of the new facility and provided him with the means to develop it. The trapezoidal site of about four hectares accommodated planting plots on a checkerboard system, known as the Linnaeus system, and also provided for herbaria, premises for the professor of Botany, buildings for the gardeners and other outbuildings.

The primary component A is itself a spectroscopic binary with a period of 154.918 days. The variable radial velocity was discovered in 1906 and the first orbit published in 1928. More recently, the Hipparcos satellite data revealed the existence of a 1.282 day eclipsing binary within the system, with two equal minima where the brightness dips by half a magnitude. The short period eclipsing pair is the fainter component of the two longer period spectroscopic binary, forming an unusual triple star with the most massive component orbiting pair of smaller stars.

Type 1 landmarks are defined locally, i.e. in terms of structures close to that point; for example, an intersection between three sutures, or intersections between veins on an insect wing are locally defined and surrounded by tissue on all sides. Type 3 landmarks, in contrast, are defined in terms of points far away from the landmark, and are often defined in terms of a point "furthest away" from another point. Type 2 landmarks are intermediate; this category includes points such as the tip structure, or local minima and maxima of curvature.

The climate is mild to warm and generally humid to sub-humid. Summer temperatures are warm, with February means ranging from at Portland to in the northern part of the plain. Rainfall in summer is not uncommon but is only rarely heavy; though in March 1946 rains of up to in a week constitute easily the heaviest falls in the district. In winter, temperatures typically range from minima of around to maxima of , and rainfall is very frequent and reliable, averaging from in the driest area around Lake Bolac to at Portland.

Municipality of Kvilda lies on central plateau of Böhmerwald (Šumava) mountains at elevation of some 1045–1090 metres ASL (3430 – 3575 feet). This valley is often filled with cold air masses originating from nearby higher mountains; it is one of the coldest places in all central Europe with temperature minima often much below the freezing point even during summer season and even more so during colder seasons. Temperatures are sometimes plummeting to in April, in summer and up to during winters. Most winters see few weeks with at least .

The primary larval hostplant is eggplant or brinjal, Solanum melongena, where most of the economical impact of this species is reported. Secondary hostplants comprise tomato, potato, nightshade, Sodom apple, Ethiopian nightshade, potatotree, nipplefruit, black nightshade, turkey berry, tropical soda apple, Solanum anguivi, Solanum xanthocarpum, cape gooseberry, and Physalis minima. Eggs are laid during the night on the lower surface of the young leaves, green stems, flower buds, or calyces of the fruits. Within an hour of hatching, the caterpillar (larva) bores into the nearest tender shoot, flower, or fruit.

In econometrics, the Bry and Boschan routine finds statistical maxima and minima while using certain censoring rules and phase and cycle length constraints. , The OECD has composite leading indicators and turning points that are recession indicators with peak through the trough turning points chronologies determined by the rules in a computer routine (Bry and Boschan) The U.S. National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) uses a computer routine (Bry and Boschan) and includes a Phase-Average Trend (PAT) detrending procedure. The turning point detection algorithm is decoupled from the de- trending procedure.

This simple procedure is complicated in practice by the fact that the validation dataset's error may fluctuate during training, producing multiple local minima. This complication has led to the creation of many ad-hoc rules for deciding when overfitting has truly begun. Finally, the test dataset is a dataset used to provide an unbiased evaluation of a final model fit on the training dataset. If the data in the test dataset has never been used in training (for example in cross-validation), the test dataset is also called a holdout dataset.

Local governments were obliged to provide plans of areas suitable for economic housing, while strict price controls for building areas were introduced to prevent speculation. On 31 December 1962, the Parliament approved a law that extended compulsory education to the age of 14 and introduced a single unified curriculum, lasting for a 3-year period after primary education. On 12 August 1962, Fanfani introduced a supplementary pension payment, equal to one-twelfth of the annual amount of pension minima, while also introducing child supplements for pensioners. Moreover, on 5 March 1963, he introduced a voluntary pension insurance scheme for housewives.

Historical maxima and minima are 42.4 °C (108.3 °F) in Rangiora, Canterbury and −21.6 °C (−6.9 °F) in Ophir, Otago. Conditions vary sharply across the regions from extremely wet on the West Coast to semi-arid in the Mackenzie Basin of inland Canterbury. Most areas have between 600 and 1600 mm of rainfall with the most rain along the West Coast and the least rain on the East Coast, predominantly on the Canterbury Plains. Christchurch is the driest city, receiving about 640 mm (25 in) of rain per year while Invercargill is the wettest, receiving about 1,150 mm (45 in).

In 1984 he started to work in the field of computer vision at the University of Edinburgh. Together with Andrew Blake they wrote the book Visual reconstruction published in 1987, which is considered one of the seminal works in the field of computer vision. According to Fitzgibbon (2008) this publication was "one of the first treatments of the energy minimisation approach to include an algorithm (called "graduated non-convexity") designed to directly address the problem of local minima, and furthermore to include a theoretical analysis of its convergence."Andrew Fitzgibbon (2008) "Andrew Zisserman, BMVA Distinguished Fellow 2008 " Bmva.

The Arctic dipole anomaly has also been suggested to play an important role in the occurrence of several extreme sea ice minima that have occurred since the mid-1990s, including the minimum in 2007. Wang et al. suggest that in addition to anomalous winds driving sea ice out of the Arctic through the Fram Strait, the positive phase of the Arctic dipole anomalies may also increase the flow of relatively warm waters from the North Pacific through the Bering Strait into the Arctic Ocean. Warmer waters, in addition to increased sea ice export, could result in reduced sea ice areal extent.

The soil, rich in lime and salt, is arid and characterised by semi-deserts and steppes. The predominant weather is sub-tropical with a dry season and high temperatures during the entire year; the annual average is 21.5 °C, increased to 24 °C in the latest years, with maxima of up to 50 °C, with visible increases in temperature since 1970. Surprisingly, the maximum was of 38 °C before 1910; and minima of -5 °C, which has increased to -2 °C. The dry season, during the winter, receives an average of 120 mm of precipitation, but the annual average is 700 mm.

Rainfall in East Africa is influenced by El Niño events, which tend to increase rainfall except in the northern and western parts of the Ethiopian and Eritrean highlands, where they produce drought and poor Nile floods. Temperatures in East Africa, except on the hot and generally humid coastal belt, are moderate, with maxima of around and minima of at an altitude of . At altitudes of above , frosts are common during the dry season and maxima typically about or less. The unique geography and apparent suitability for farming made East Africa a target for European exploration, exploitation and colonialization in the nineteenth century.

An IMF is defined as a function that satisfies the following requirements: # In the whole data set, the number of extrema and the number of zero-crossings must either be equal or differ at most by one. # At any point, the mean value of the envelope defined by the local maxima and the envelope defined by the local minima is zero. It represents a generally simple oscillatory mode as a counterpart to the simple harmonic function. By definition, an IMF is any function with the same number of extrema and zero crossings, whose envelopes are symmetric with respect to zero.

Hirschmüller (2007), p. 334-335 A memory-efficient approximation of SGM stores for each pixel only the costs for the disparity values that represent a minimum along some direction, instead of all possible disparity values. The true minimum is highly likely to be predicted by the minima along the eight directions, thus yielding similar quality of the results. The algorithm uses eight directions and three passes, and during the first pass it stores for each pixel the cost for the optimal disparity along the four top-down directions, plus the two closest lower and higher values (for sub-pixel interpolation).

The final result is then selected among the four minima from the third pass and the intermediate result computed during the second pass.Hirschmüller et al. (2012), p. 373 In each pass four disparity values are stored, together with three cost values each (the minimum and its two closest neighbouring costs), plus the disparity and cost values of the intermediate result, for a total of eighteen values for each pixel, making the total memory consumption equal to 18 \times W \times H + 3 \times W \times D + D, at the cost in time of an additional pass over the image.

Paget garden. A threat to the continued existence of Bermuda's cedars arose in the mid-1940s when the species was attacked by two species of scale insects, Lepidosaphes newsteadi and Carulaspis minima, which were unintentionally introduced from the United States' mainland during the wartime construction of US airbases in Bermuda. By 1978, these parasites had killed 99% of Bermuda's cedars, some 8 million trees. However, the remaining 1% of the trees proved somewhat resistant to the scale insects, and efforts by Bermuda's Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Parks to propagate scale-resistant plants throughout Bermuda have helped in protecting the trees from extinction.

S Persei is classified as a semiregular variable star of type SRc, indicating that it is a supergiant, and it has one of the largest visual amplitudes of any variable of this type. While the General Catalogue of Variable Stars lists it as varying between magnitudes 7.9 and 12.0, it has since been seen fainter. The spectral type of S Persei also varies. Typically it is a red supergiant of spectral class M3 or M4, but particularly at deep visual minima it may show a much cooler spectral type of M7 or M8, highly unusual for a supergiant.

An ellipse (red) and its evolute (blue), showing the four vertices of the curve, each vertex corresponding to a cusp on the evolute. The classical four- vertex theorem states that the curvature function of a simple, closed, smooth plane curve has at least four local extrema (specifically, at least two local maxima and at least two local minima). The name of the theorem derives from the convention of calling an extreme point of the curvature function a vertex. This theorem has many generalizations, including a version for space curves where a vertex is defined as a point of vanishing torsion.

In quantum field theories, the possible vacua are usually labeled by the vacuum expectation values of scalar fields, as Lorentz invariance forces the vacuum expectation values of any higher spin fields to vanish. These vacuum expectation values can take any value for which the potential function is a minimum. Consequently, when the potential function has continuous families of global minima, the space of vacua for the quantum field theory is a manifold (or orbifold), usually called the vacuum manifold. This manifold is often called the moduli space of vacua, or just the moduli space, for short.

The monthly daily average temperature ranges from in December to in July. Over the course of a year, there is an average 5.3 days with maxima or above, 45 days with maxima reaching at least , 29 days with a maximum at or below the freezing mark, and 13 days with minima at or below . Extremes in temperature have ranged from on July 11, 1939, down to on 12 February 1899. The year 1989 saw temperatures as extreme as and , whilst the month of February 1962 saw temperatures as hot as on the 11th and as cold as on the 28th.

The discovery of the marsh is credited to Sir George Somers and his crew from England on their voyage which was shipwrecked between two reefs just off the coast of Bermuda in 1609. They were then the first to report on the dense primeval forest of cedar and palmetto found in the marsh lands of the island. Another historical incident reported is of the destructive introduction of two scale insects, Lepidosaphes newsteadi and Carulaspis minima, which caused extensive damage to cedar forest between 1946 and 1951. This reduced the extent of the cedar to just one percent of what had earlier existed.

On the other hand, quasirandom point sets can have a significantly lower discrepancy for a given number of points than purely random sequences. Two useful applications are in finding the characteristic function of a probability density function, and in finding the derivative function of a deterministic function with a small amount of noise. Quasirandom numbers allow higher-order moments to be calculated to high accuracy very quickly. Applications that don't involve sorting would be in finding the mean, standard deviation, skewness and kurtosis of a statistical distribution, and in finding the integral and global maxima and minima of difficult deterministic functions.

By the early 20th century, over-hunting and loss of habitat in the late 19th and early 20th centuries had resulted in a serious decline in the numbers of this bird in its native range. With improved game laws and habitat restoration and preservation programs, their populations have recovered in most of their range, although some local populations may still be declining, especially of the subspecies minima and leucopareia. Though the taxonomic distinctness of the Komandorski and Kuril Islands populations, which used to winter in Japan, is controversial, it is without doubt that they disappeared around 1929. B. h.

In medieval universities there were expressions of atomism. For example, in the 14th century Nicholas of Autrecourt considered that matter, space, and time were all made up of indivisible atoms, points, and instants and that all generation and corruption took place by the rearrangement of material atoms. The similarities of his ideas with those of al-Ghazali suggest that Nicholas may have been familiar with Ghazali's work, perhaps through Averroes' refutation of it (Marmara, 1973-74). Although the atomism of Epicurus had fallen out of favor in the centuries of Scholasticism, the minima naturalia of Aristotelianism received extensive consideration.

The most important are those relating to algebraic curves and surfaces, especially the short paper Allgemeine Eigenschaften algebraischer Curven. This contains only results, and there is no indication of the method by which they were obtained, so that, according to L. O. Hosse, they are, like Fermat's theorems, riddles to the present and future generations. Eminent analysts succeeded in proving some of the theorems, but it was reserved to Luigi Cremona to prove them all, and that by a uniform synthetic method, in his book on algebraic curves. Other important investigations relate to maxima and minima.

Before a new maximum or minimum reading can be taken, the thermometer must be reset by moving the markers to the top of the mercury, usually by hand using a small magnet to slide them along the tube. Any change in temperature after that will push one of the markers along with it. (If the markers are not reset, they will register maxima and minima only if they exceed the values already encountered.) If the temperature rises, the maximum scale marker will be pushed. If it falls, the moving mercury will push the minimum scale marker.

The point is that if a pilot is familiar with the terrain in the vicinity of the airfield he/she may easily find the way to the airport having the surface in sight. ATC must ensure that weather conditions at the airport are above certain minima (in the U.S., a ceiling of 1000 feet AGL or greater and visibility of at least 3 statute miles) before issuing the clearance. According to ICAO Doc. 4444, it is enough if the pilot reports that in his/her opinion the weather conditions allow a visual approach to be made.

The aircraft involved was a McDonnell Douglas DC-8-43, registration c/n 45761/237, delivered to the airline on October 14, 1965. Flight 402 was a Hong Kong to Tokyo to Vancouver flight, which took off at 16:14 Japan Time from Kai Tak International Airport on the first leg of the journey. The flight was in a holding pattern for almost one hour, waiting for visibility at the destination to improve from landing minima. The tower controller cleared the flight for an instrument approach when visibility improved, but the crew had to abort the approach when visibility dropped again.

Unless a pilot holds a current instrument qualification, they must remain in VMC at all times. The exact definition of VMC varies in the different classes of airspace, but they prescribe a certain in-flight visibility and distance to be kept from cloud, and may require the pilot to remain in sight of the surface. When meteorological conditions are worse than the VMC minima, instrument meteorological conditions (IMC) are said to exist, and an instrument qualification is required in order to fly legally. The training for the full Instrument Rating (IR) is very stringent and costly.

A PES is a conceptual tool for aiding the analysis of molecular geometry and chemical reaction dynamics. Once the necessary points are evaluated on a PES, the points can be classified according to the first and second derivatives of the energy with respect to position, which respectively are the gradient and the curvature. Stationary points (or points with a zero gradient) have physical meaning: energy minima correspond to physically stable chemical species and saddle points correspond to transition states, the highest energy point on the reaction coordinate (which is the lowest energy pathway connecting a chemical reactant to a chemical product).

Minima Moralia: Reflections From Damaged Life () is a 1951 book by the philosopher Theodor W. Adorno and a seminal text in critical theory. Adorno started writing it during World War II, in 1944, while he lived as an exile in America, and completed it in 1949. It was originally written for the fiftieth birthday of his friend and collaborator Max Horkheimer, who had co-authored the earlier book Dialectic of Enlightenment with Adorno. The book takes its title from Magna Moralia, a work on ethics that was traditionally attributed to Aristotle, though modern scholarly consensus attributes it to a later, though sympathetic, writer.

It is rare, though, that minima stay above , although thirteen mornings stayed this warm in 2015. The hottest minimum has been on July 22, 2003 and the hottest temperature on July 15, 2014. In the winter, afternoons are sunny and cool to cold with all but six topping freezing on average, although mornings typically range from freezing to frigid: 152 mornings fall below freezing in an average year and two fall to or below . The coldest temperature on record is on January 21, 1937 and the coldest month January 1949 which averaged with a mean minimum of .

Mount Charleston has a cool Mediterranean climate (Köppen Csb), with some continental influence (Dsb) by 0 °C isoterm. Very similar to that of Flagstaff, Arizona though with rather less frequent and abundant monsoonal storms. In contrast to the arid climate of the rest of Nevada, precipitation as rain and melted snow is sufficient to support coniferous forests, with typically of snow on the ground in February and a maximum monthly snowfall in a limited record of in December 2010. Summers are markedly cooler than in the lower deserts, with the average July high being only and minima often below .

As Flight 2605 crashed on Mexican soil, the accident investigation was carried out by the Direction General of Civil Aeronautics (DGAC). Details of its findings were re-published in ICAO circular 173-AN/109. The probable cause of the accident was determined to be "Non-compliance with the meteorological minima for the approach procedure, as cleared; failure to comply with the aircraft's operating procedures during the approach phase, and landing on a runway closed to traffic." A further investigation was carried out by the Air Line Pilots Association, and results summarized in the December, 1983 issue of Flying magazine.

This is in conflict with the suggested unitary nature of stroke as a relatively simple shape. In the research field of handwriting motor control, the term ballistic stroke is used. It is defined as the trajectory segment between two consecutive minima in the absolute velocity of the pen tip. The time delay between the cortical brain command and a muscle contraction is so large that the 100 millisecond ballistic strokes need to be planned in advance by the brain, as feedback by hand-eye coordination requires a much slower movement than is the case in the normal handwriting process.

In the mid-1850s, having forsaken the stage, Ghislanzoni became active in journalism in the bohemian circles of Milan, serving as director of Italia musicale and editor of the Gazzetta musicale di Milano. He also founded L'uomo di pietra the magazine Rivista minima, collaborating with, among others, Arrigo Boito. In 1869, Ghislanzoni retired from journalism and returned to his native Lombardy, where he dedicated himself to literature and writing libretti for operas. He wrote many short stories in verse and diverse novels including Un suicidio a fior d'acqua (1864), Angioli nelle tenebre (1865), La contessa di Karolystria (1883), Abracadabra and Storia dell'avvenire (1884).

In addition, the zones do not incorporate any information about summer temperature or insolation; thus sites which may have the same mean winter minima, but markedly different summer temperatures, will be accorded the same hardiness zone. For example, zone 8 covers coastal, high latitude, cool summer locations like Seattle and London, as well as lower latitude, hot summer climates like Charleston and Madrid. Farmers, gardeners, and landscapers in the former two must plan for entirely different growing seasons from those in the latter. Coastal Ireland and Miami are both Zone 10, but have radically different insolation and summer heat and humidity.

When this water reaches the North Atlantic it cools and sinks through convection, due to its decreased temperature and increased salinity resulting in increased density. NADW is the outflow of this thick deep layer, which can be detected by its high salinity, high oxygen content, nutrient minima, high 14C/12C, and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). CFCs are anthropogenic substances that enter the surface of the ocean from gas exchange with the atmosphere. This distinct composition allows its path to be traced as it mixes with Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW), which in turn fills the deep Indian Ocean and part of the South Pacific.

The theory is supported by both computational simulations of model proteins and experimental studies, and it has been used to improve methods for protein structure prediction and design. The description of protein folding by the leveling free-energy landscape is also consistent with the 2nd law of thermodynamics. Physically, thinking of landscapes in terms of visualizable potential or total energy surfaces simply with maxima, saddle points, minima, and funnels, rather like geographic landscapes, is perhaps a little misleading. The relevant description is really a high-dimensional phase space in which manifolds might take a variety of more complicated topological forms.

Great Easton is also home to the Opera Minima, which is an opera/theatre group registered as a charitable trust and based at the Old Corset Factory in the village and is sponsored by Leicestershire County Council, Harborough District Council, Creative LeicesterShire and the Welland Sub-Regional Strategic Partnership. The parish is protected and served by Leicestershire Constabulary (Harborough North Division). The local telephone dialling code is the Kettering and Corby code (01536) due to its proximity to Northamptonshire. Great Easton is the largest village and civil parish in South-East Leicestershire, however is only a small village itself.

However, the low humidity and clear high-altitude skies mean nights are cool even in summer, with minima rarely above . December is the wettest month, when the average precipitation totals about , although the wettest month has been May 1998 with , whilst zero precipitation has been reported during each month between July and October. Snowfall is rare despite temperatures falling well below freezing between mid-October and mid-April, with a median of only and usually negligible snow on the ground even in January, although during February 1989 a depth of was reached. The most snow in one month was in January 1975.

Qom has a hot desert climate (Köppen BWh border on BWk) with low annual rainfall due to remoteness from the sea and being situated in the vicinity of the subtropical anticyclone aloft. Summer weather is very hot and essentially rainless, whilst in winter weather can vary from warm to – when Siberian air masses are driven south across the Elburz Mountains by blocking over Europe – frigid. An example of the latter situation was in January 2008 when minima fell to on the 15th, whilst earlier similar situations occurred in January 1964 and to a lesser extent January 1950, January 1972 and December 1972.

Turandot (minor planet designation: 530 Turandot) is a minor planet orbiting the Sun that was discovered by German astronomer Max Wolf on 11 April 1904 and named for the title character in a play by Carlo Gozzi that was to become best known as an opera Turandot by Puccini. Photometric observations of this asteroid in 1986 gave a light curve with a period of 10.77 ± 0.03 hours and a brightness variation of 0.13 ± 0.02 in magnitude. The curve is asymmetrical with dual maxima and minima. This object has a spectrum that matches an F-type classification.

During spring temperatures warm steadily, although 2.7 mornings in May still expect subfreezing minima. Thunderstorm rains make this the wettest time of the year, with averages around of rain falling in May and June. During settled dry spells in the summer, temperatures can become exceedingly hot: the record being on July 15, 2006, while sustained spells of sweltering and extremely dry weather are not uncommon, for instance July 1974 averaged a maximum of and July 2012 . The whole calendar year of 2012 saw only of precipitation for the entire year, whereas the single month of May 1982 saw as much as .

The rotation period of Siarnaq was measured by the Cassini spacecraft to be 10.19 hours; this is the shortest rotation period of all prograde irregular moons of Saturn. Siarnaq displays a light curve with three maxima and minima over a full rotation, implying a roughly triangular shape. From Cassini observations of Siarnaq at different phase angles, the orientation of its north rotational pole has been determined to be pointing toward 98° ecliptic latitude and −23° ecliptic longitude. This corresponds to a sideways axial tilt, indicating that Siarnaq experiences long, extreme seasons similar to the planet Uranus.

Temperatures in summer are warm to very warm, with average maxima ranging from 28 °C (82 °F) around Canberra and Queanbeyan to 22 °C (71 °F) on the highest parts of the plateau. Nights in summer can be cool, but in winter the region is the coldest part of mainland Australia outside the Alps, with July minima averaging -0.3 °C (31.5 °F) in Canberra and -1.5 °C (29.3 °F) in Bombala. The Monaro region is characterised by rolling hills that rise to extremely rugged peaks in the Tinderry Mountains and to shallow valleys in the upper Murrumbidgee.

Let (M, g) be a connected Riemannian manifold. Then the following statements are equivalent: # The closed and bounded subsets of M are compact; # M is a complete metric space; # M is geodesically complete; that is, for every p in M, the exponential map expp is defined on the entire tangent space TpM. Furthermore, any one of the above implies that given any two points p and q in M, there exists a length minimizing geodesic connecting these two points (geodesics are in general critical points for the length functional, and may or may not be minima).

The surface of the oloid is a developable surface, meaning that patches of the surface can be flattened into a plane. While rolling, it develops its entire surface: every point of the surface of the oloid touches the plane on which it is rolling, at some point during the rolling movement. Unlike most axial symmetric objects (cylinder, sphere etc.), while rolling on a flat surface, its center of mass performs a meander motion rather than a linear one. In each rolling cycle, the distance between the oloid's center of mass and the rolling surface has two minima and two maxima.

The same holds for functions lower semi-continuous at x0. The composition f∘g of upper semi- continuous functions f and g is not necessarily upper semi-continuous, but if f is also non-decreasing, then f∘g is upper semi-continuous. Multiplying a positive upper semi-continuous function with a negative number turns it into a lower semi-continuous function. If C is a compact space (for instance a closed, bounded interval [a, b]) and f : C → [–∞,∞) is upper semi-continuous, then f has a maximum on C. The analogous statement for (–∞,∞]-valued lower semi-continuous functions and minima is also true.

Representation of the electric field vector of a wave of circularly polarized electromagnetic radiation. In homogeneous, isotropic media, electromagnetic radiation is a transverse wave, meaning that its oscillations are perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer and travel. The electric and magnetic parts of the field stand in a fixed ratio of strengths in order to satisfy the two Maxwell equations that specify how one is produced from the other. In dissipation-less (lossless) media, these E and B fields are also in phase, with both reaching maxima and minima at the same points in space (see illustrations).

The IPCC stated that "it is well-known that compared to non-urban areas urban heat islands raise night-time temperatures more than daytime temperatures." For example, Barcelona, Spain is cooler for daily maxima and warmer for minima than a nearby rural station. A description of the very first report of the UHI by Luke Howard in the late 1810s said that the urban center of London was warmer at night than the surrounding countryside by . Though the warmer air temperature within the UHI is generally most apparent at night, urban heat islands exhibit significant and somewhat paradoxical diurnal behavior.

Sluse contributed to the development of calculus and this work focuses upon spirals, tangents, turning points and points of inflection. He and Johannes Hudde found algebraic algorithms for finding tangents, minima and maxima that were later utilized by Isaac Newton. These algorithms greatly improved upon the complicated algebraic methods of Pierre de Fermat and René Descartes, who themselves had improved upon Roberval's kinematic, but geometric, non- algorithmic methods of determining tangents. Augustus De Morgan has the following to say about de Sluse's contribution to Newton's method of fluxions in his discussion of the Leibniz–Newton calculus controversy.

In 1704, appeared his Treatise on Fluxions, or an Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy, London, the first English work explaining Isaac Newton's method of infinitesimals. After an introduction on conic sections with concise proofs, Hayes applied Newton's method systematically, first to obtain the tangents of curves, then their areas, and lastly to problems of maxima and minima. His preface shows he was well read in mathematical literature. In 1710 he printed a pamphlet, New and Easy Method to find out the Longitude; and in 1723 The Moon, a Philosophical Dialogue, arguing that she is not opaque, but has some light of her own.

RV Tau variables exhibit changes in luminosity which are tied to radial pulsations of their surfaces. Their changes in brightness are also correlated with changes in their spectral type. While at their brightest, the stars have spectral types F or G. At their dimmest, their spectral types change to K or M. The difference between maximum and minimum brightness can be as much as four magnitudes. The period of brightness fluctuations from one deep minimum to the next is typically around 30 to 150 days, and exhibits alternating primary and secondary minima, which can change relative to each other.

This novel features another protagonist (Spino) on a quest to discover something (here, the identity of a corpse) but who is also looking for his own identity—which was to become a common mission for Tabucchi protagonists. Whether these characters succeed in the attempt is uncertain, but they are compelled to face their image as mirrored by others. A film was drawn from this book in 1993, directed by the Portuguese Fernando Lopes. In 1987, when I volatili del Beato Angelico and Pessoana Minima were published, he received France's Prix Médicis for best foreign novel (Notturno indiano).

RV Tau was discovered to be variable in 1905 by Lydia Ceraski, and by 1907 it was clear that it had minima of alternating brightness. Over a period of 78.5 days it shows two maxima at around magnitude 9.5, a minimum around magnitude 10.0, and another minimum about 0.5 magnitudes fainter. This change in brightness is caused by pulsations: the temperature and radius vary, causing some variation in luminosity but mostly a shift of the emitted radiation from visual to infrared. The spectral type varies in line with the temperature, being classified as G2 at its brightest and M2 at its dimmest.

Aiphanes has been placed in the subfamily Arecoideae, the tribe Cocoseae and the subtribe Bactridinae, together with Desmoncus, Bactris, Acrocomia and Astrocaryum. In his 1932 revision of the genus, German botanist Max Burret placed Aiphanes eggersii in the subgenus Macroanthera, one of the two subgenera into which he divided the Aiphanes. In their 1996 monograph, Finn Borchsenius and Rodrigo Bernal recognised that if Macroanthera was reduced to three species (A. horrida, A. minima, and this species) it could form a viable grouping, but that this would leave the other subgenus, Brachyanthera overly heterogeneous, and consequently the abandoned Burret's use of subgenera.

The seamless integration of all Units permits the application of 5NM separation minima throughout the total covered area, also at transfers of traffic from one ATC unit to the next one. 3NM separation can be done following an in-depth operational evaluation of the ARTAS behaviour in the local environments. Through a User/Server type of interface, the systems connected to ARTAS (e.g. local display system, remote users like Terminal Areas without own Radar Data Processing System, Flow Management Units, etc.) may, in a very flexible way, define exactly the modalities of the track services to be provided, e.g.

Flight 980 made a normal departure from Kennedy Airport, and had an uneventful flight to the Caribbean. After the flight was given descent clearance to , regional air traffic control (ATC) advised that weather in St. Maarten was below landing minima, a set of criteria that determine whether landing is possible. The captain elected to divert to San Juan, but shortly thereafter, the tower at St. Maarten advised them that the weather had improved sufficiently for landing. The flight made an initial approach to St. Maarten, but failed to see the runway in time to line up for landing, and announced a missed approach.

A video of the series of coronal mass ejections in August 2010 A coronal mass ejection (CME) is a massive burst of solar wind and magnetic fields rising above the solar corona. Near solar maxima, the Sun produces about three CMEs every day, whereas solar minima feature about one every five days. CMEs, along with solar flares of other origin, can disrupt radio transmissions and damage satellites and electrical transmission line facilities, resulting in potentially massive and long-lasting power outages.Wired world is increasingly vulnerable to coronal ejections from the Sun, Aviation Week & Space Technology, 14 January 2013 issue, pp.

Coronal mass ejections are often associated with other forms of solar activity, but a broadly accepted theoretical understanding of these relationships has not been established. CMEs most often originate from active regions on the Sun's surface, such as groupings of sunspots associated with frequent flares. Near solar maxima, the Sun produces about three CMEs every day, whereas near solar minima, there is about one CME every five days. The largest recorded geomagnetic perturbation, resulting presumably from a CME hitting the Earth's magnetosphere, was the solar storm of 1859 (the Carrington Event), which took down parts of the recently created US telegraph network, starting fires and shocking some telegraph operators.

In mathematics, Fermat's theorem (also known as interior extremum theorem) is a method to find local maxima and minima of differentiable functions on open sets by showing that every local extremum of the function is a stationary point (the function's derivative is zero at that point). Fermat's theorem is a theorem in real analysis, named after Pierre de Fermat. By using Fermat's theorem, the potential extrema of a function \displaystyle f, with derivative \displaystyle f', are found by solving an equation in \displaystyle f'. Fermat's theorem gives only a necessary condition for extreme function values, as some stationary points are inflection points (not a maximum or minimum).

There is little evidence concerning his school education, but it was probably at the Collège de Navarre in Montauban. He attended the University of Orléans from 1623 and received a bachelor in civil law in 1626, before moving to Bordeaux. In Bordeaux, he began his first serious mathematical researches, and in 1629 he gave a copy of his restoration of Apollonius's De Locis Planis to one of the mathematicians there. Certainly, in Bordeaux he was in contact with Beaugrand and during this time he produced important work on maxima and minima which he gave to Étienne d'Espagnet who clearly shared mathematical interests with Fermat.

The HIO algorithm uses negative feedback in Fourier space in order to progressively force the solution to conform to the Fourier domain constraints (support). Unlike the error reduction algorithm which alternately applies Fourier and object constraints the HIO "skips" the object domain step and replaces it with negative feedback acting upon the previous solution. Although it has been shown that the method of error reduction converges to a limit (but usually not to the correct or optimal solution) there is no limit to how long this process can take. Moreover, the error reduction algorithm will almost certainly find a local minima instead of the global.

The precision attained in the CoRoT light curves also revealed the important role of granulation in pre-main sequence stars. The investigation of T Tauri stars and their interaction with their circumstellar matter using CoRoT data revealed the existence of a new class, the AA Tauri type objects. Previously to the CoRoT observations, T Tauri stars were known to either show sinusoidal light variations that are caused by spots on the stellar surface, or completely irregular variability that is caused by the gas and dust disks surrounding the young stars. AA Tauri type objects show periodically occurring minima that are different in depth and width, hence are semi-regular variables.

The base number of chromosomes of the earliest common ancestor of Felicia is probably nine, with most species diploid (2n=18), but some taxa in the section Felicia are tetraploid (4n=36), such as F. clavipilosa subsp. transvaalensis, F. fascicularis, and F. uliginosa. Divergent base chromosome numbers occur in the derived section Neodetris, with eight (2n=16) in F. amoena and F. elongata, six (2n=12) in F. minima and five (2n=10) in F. heterophylla, F. merxmuelleri and F. namaquana. About 60% of the species currently assigned to Felicia are shrubs, high, very rarely up to , most of which belong to the sections Lignofelicia, Anhebecarpaea and Felicia.

Instead eccentricity modulates the amplitude of the insolation maxima and minima that occur due to the precession cycle. Strong support for the modulation of the precession cycle by eccentricity can be found in Aeolian dust deposits in the Eastern Mediterranean. Upon close examination it can be shown that periods of low and high hematite fluxes correspond to both the 100,000 year and 400,000 year eccentricity cycles. It is believed that this evidence for the eccentricity cycles in the dust record of the Eastern Mediterranean indicates a stronger northward progression of the North African Monsoonal Front during times when the eccentricity and precession insolation maxima coincide.

Sepp Hochreiter worked in the field of reinforcement learning on actor-critic systems that learn by "backpropagation through a model". However this approach has major drawbacks stemming from sensitivity analysis like local minima, various instabilities when learning online, exploding and vanishing gradients of world model, neither contribution nor relevance for the reward is assigned to actions. Sepp Hochreiter introduced "RUDDER: Return Decomposition for Delayed Rewards" which is designed to learn optimal policies for Markov Decision Processes (MDPs) with highly delayed rewards. For delayed rewards, he proved that the biases of action-value estimates learned by temporal difference (TD) are corrected only exponentially slowly in the number of delay steps.

Pleasant Camp has a dry-summer subarctic climate (Köppen climate classification: Dsc), though it is extremely atypical of the type in its pronounced summer precipitation minimum, very heavy autumn rainfall, and extreme winter snowfall. The climate is basically, in fact, a cooler and snowier version of the climate found in the mildly shielded southeast Alaskan towns of Juneau and Haines, though the colder winters mean snowfall is among the heaviest on North America at around . Extreme minima are much milder than in interior British Columbia: temperatures have never reached whereas Prince George and Fort St. John though further south have reached during extreme cold periods.

Other species are found in the western or northern Amazon basin and Guiana Shield. Roupala sororopana is only known from tepuis in Venezuela and Suriname, while R. minima is restricted to plateaux between tepuis in Venezuela. Several species, including R. sculpta (known only from the São Paulo State Park Botanic Garden where it grows both wild and cultivated) and R. consimilis, are endemic to southern or southeastern Brazil. Central America supports three species in addition to the widespread R. montana: R. glaberrima which is found throughout Central America, R. loranthoides which is endemic to Guanacaste Province in Costa Rica, and R. percoriacea, a Panamanian endemic.

Lowe's method for image feature generation transforms an image into a large collection of feature vectors, each of which is invariant to image translation, scaling, and rotation, partially invariant to illumination changes and robust to local geometric distortion. These features share similar properties with neurons in primary visual cortex that are encoding basic forms, color and movement for object detection in primate vision. Key locations are defined as maxima and minima of the result of difference of Gaussians function applied in scale space to a series of smoothed and resampled images. Low-contrast candidate points and edge response points along an edge are discarded.

Where appropriate he gives precise measurements for areas, land values, prices, breadth and depth of the river, etc. He gives meteorological measurements taken (presumably by him, or under his instruction) twice a day at the manse for seven years and reports them with averages and maxima and minima. (His measurements were quoted throughout the 19th century, for example in the six-volume The Gallery of Nature, London 1821, and the 26-volume The London Encyclopaedia London, 1839. The data were also used for 20th century histories of weather, such as Historic Storms of the North Sea, British Isles and Northwest Europe, H. H. Lamb & Knud Frydendahl, CUP 1991.

The NTSB investigators found that the weather data that the flight crew received in Medellín was nine to ten hours old. Additionally, the alternate airport on the flight plan, Logan International Airport in Boston, was forecast to be below the safe minima for landing. The NTSB also stated that the flight crew should have been more aware of these problems and cited these deficiencies as evidence of inadequacies in the dispatch of the airplane. The NTSB also found no evidence that the flight crew ever requested weather information en route or communicated with Avianca dispatchers about their fuel status and intents as other flights did.

Troughs in the flow gave snow showers to most parts and many places had a snow cover, and Oxford had by the 6th. High pressure to the west moved across the UK and under the clear skies and with a deep snow cover, very low minima were recorded with in parts of Norfolk and in parts of the Scottish Highlands. Freezing fog formed and was slow to clear, a maximum of was recorded at Ross-on-Wye in freezing fog. Milder air tried to push in from the Atlantic Ocean with a system and a heavy snowfall resulted across the UK, with depths of snow of being widely reported.

He investigated the effect of using an incorrect ephemeris to determine times of minimum light and analysed the nature of abrupt period changes, concluding that they are non-existent. He indicated that periods of broken contact must be of limited duration due to the formation of a gas stream between the binary components and demonstrated that asymmetric minima are caused by dark magnetic spots. Despite criticism, he predicted the existence of large equal-mass binaries which were discovered in 2007. He developed a technique to observe the light from faint binaries during minimum light when they become invisible at visible wavelengths, using an integrator.

Degenerate points between potential energy surfaces lie in what is called the intersection or seam space with a dimensionality of 3N-8 (where N is the number of atoms). Any critical points in this space of degeneracy are characterised as minima, transition states or higher-order saddle points and can be connected to each other through the analogue of an intrinsic reaction coordinate in the seam. In benzene, for example, there is a recurrent connectivity pattern where permutationally isomeric seam segments are connected by intersections of a higher symmetry point group. The remaining two dimensions that lift the energetic degeneracy of the system are known as the branching space.

Two-state fits to these profiles result in crossing of baselines indicating that the two- state assumption is no longer valid. This was recognized by Munoz and Sanchez- Ruiz, resulting in the development of the variable-barrier model. Instead of attempting a model-free inversion of the DSC profile to extract the underlying probability density function, they assumed a specific free energy functional with either one or two minima (similar to the Landau theory of phase transitions) thus enabling the extraction of free energy barrier heights. This model is the first of its kind in physical biochemistry that enables the determination of barrier heights from equilibrium experiments.

Foxhole Heath is an 85.2 hectare biological Site of Special Scientific Interest east of Eriswell in Suffolk. It is a Nature Conservation Review site, Grade I, and part of Breckland Special Area of Conservation and Breckland Special Protection Area under the European Union Directive on the Conservation of Wild Birds. The site is heathland and its vascular plant flora includes the following species: Slender Cudweed Filago minima, Shepherds Cress Teesdalia nudicaulis, Bird's-foot, Ornithopus perpusillus, Sand Sedge Carex arenaria, Purple Milk Vetch Astragalus danicus, Common Centaury Centaurium erythraea, Sheep's-bit Jasione montana and Larger Wild Thyme Thymus pulegioides. There are three nationally rare plants.

Rosa (minor planet designation: 223 Rosa) is a large Themistian asteroid. It is classified as a combination of C-type and P-type asteroids, so it is probably composed of carbonaceous material rich in water ice. It was discovered by Johann Palisa on 9 March 1882, in Vienna. The origin of the name is not known. Photometric observations made in 2011–2012 at the Organ Mesa Observatory in Las Cruces, New Mexico, produced a light curve with a period of 20.283 ± 0.002 hours and a brightness variation of 0.13 ± 0.02 in magnitude. The curve has two asymmetrical maxima and minima per 20.283-hour cycle.

The shape of the eclipse light curve suggests that the orbit is almost edge on to Earth, and that the secondary is slightly hotter than the primary. The eclipses occur against a background of intrinsic variations. Statistically, the system has a mean magnitude of 6.54 and average variations of 0.23 magnitude over a period from the middle of the 20th century until 2013, but within this there are decades with relatively little variation and others which are much more active. Three deep minima have been observed, in 1975, 1993, and 2000, with the brightness dropping below 7th magnitude each time for around a year.

Indeed, the 22 August 1946 law extended the family allowances to the entire population. The old age risk coverage has been almost universal since the establishment of minimum pension (1956) guaranteeing everyone a minimum pension, regardless of contributions to the mandatory pension insurance scheme. Health insurance has become universal after the establishment of personal insurance in case of sickness (1978) and especially since the Universal health coverage, established in 1999, allowing everyone to access a minimum of care. In addition, the "social minima", benefits ensuring a minimum income to a person in an insecure situation, offer anyone a minimum of resources to fight against the risk of social exclusion.

Autoland is the only way some major airports such as Charles de Gaulle Airport remain operational every day of the year. Some modern aircraft are equipped with enhanced flight vision systems based on infrared sensors, that provide a day-like visual environment and allow operations in conditions and at airports that would otherwise not be suitable for a landing. Commercial aircraft also frequently use such equipment for takeoffs when takeoff minima are not met.For example, Southwest Airlines flies HUD equipped Boeing 737 aircraft to fog-prone airports such as Sacramento International (KSMF), allowing flights to take off when they would otherwise be unable to do so.

The broad maxima roughly coincide with the H2 vibrational bands. With increasing temperature, the minima become less striking and disappear at the highest temperature (curve at the top, for the temperature of 9000 K). A similar picture is to be expected for the CIA spectra of pure hydrogen gas (i.e. without admixed gases) and, in fact for the CIA spectra of many other gases. The main difference, say if nitrogen CIA spectra are considered instead of those of hydrogen gas, would be a much closer spacing, if not a total overlapping, of the diverse CIA bands which appear roughly at the frequencies of the vibrational bands of the N2 molecule.

Impressed by Horkheimer's book of aphorisms, Dawn and Decline, Adorno began working on his own book of aphorisms, what later became Minima Moralia. While at Oxford, Adorno suffered two great losses: his Aunt Agathe died in June 1935, and Berg died in December of the same year. To the end of his life, Adorno never abandoned the hope of completing Berg's unfinished opera Lulu. At this time Adorno was in intense correspondence with Walter Benjamin about the latter's Arcades Project. After receiving an invitation from Horkheimer to visit the Institute in New York, Adorno sailed for New York on June 9, 1937, and stayed for two weeks.

555-557, doi: 10.1109/ITA.2008.4601052. However, computing the node which has accumulated the largest cost (either the largest or smallest integral path metric) involves finding the maxima or minima of several (usually 2K-1) numbers, which may be time consuming when implemented on embedded hardware systems. Most communication systems employ Viterbi decoding involving data packets of fixed sizes, with a fixed bit/byte pattern either at the beginning or/and at the end of the data packet. By using the known bit/byte pattern as reference, the start node may be set to a fixed value, thereby obtaining a perfect Maximum Likelihood Path during traceback.

As artificial floating islands (AFIs) have been used to help purify water in the restoration of the Beijing Wetlands. Several plants were studied in 2011, including soft stem bulrush (Scirpus validus Vahl), spiked loosestrlfe (Lythrum salicaria Linn.), yellow-flowered iris (Iris wilsonii) and dwarf cattail (Typha minima), to evaluate the chemical and vegetative characteristics of each type of plant. In 2012, Lythrum salicaria, Typha angustifolia and Iris wilsonii were studied to see which plants were ideal in removing nitrogen and phosphorus in lightly polluted urban landscape water. All three plants grew well in the polluted water could help to remove some of the pollutants in polluted rivers.

The south-west experiences a seasonal temperature variation, although it is less extreme than most of the United Kingdom. This is because the sea is in closer proximity to inland areas of the south-west than inland areas of most of the United Kingdom and the sea has less seasonal temperature variance. The sea is coldest between February and March; as a result Cornwall and Devon are coldest in February with daily minima ranging from in inland Devon to on the Isles of Scilly. The sea has less influence towards the north-east of the region, causing January to be the coldest month with mean minimum temperatures from or .

A simple two-element air-spaced lens has nine variables (four radii of curvature, two thicknesses, one airspace thickness, and two glass types). A multi-configuration lens corrected over a wide spectral band and field of view over a range of focal lengths and over a realistic temperature range can have a complex design volume having over one hundred dimensions. Lens optimization techniques that can navigate this multi-dimensional space and proceed to local minima have been studied since the 1940s, beginning with early work by James G. Baker, and later by Feder,D.P. Feder, "Automatic Optical Design," Appl. Opt. 2, 1209–1226 (1963). Wynne,C.

Single-engine light aircraft such as the Cessna 152, Cessna 172, and twin-engine light aircraft such as the Beechcraft King Air, the larger Beechcraft Super King Air or the well-known de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter can easily land there. The runway is unlit and the airstrip lacked an instrument landing system, radar and other radio navigation aids –used for landings in poor weather. As such, it could normally only support good weather Visual Flight Rules (VFR) daylight operations, in weather conditions generally clear enough to allow the pilot to see where the aircraft is going. Specifically, the weather must be better than basic VFR weather minima, i.e.

Atmospheric 14C concentration is lower during solar maxima and higher during solar minima. By measuring the captured 14C in wood and counting tree rings, production of radiocarbon relative to recent wood can be measured and dated. A reconstruction of the past 10,000 years shows that the 14C production was much higher during the mid-Holocene 7,000 years ago and decreased until 1,000 years ago. In addition to variations in solar activity, long term trends in carbon-14 production are influenced by changes in the Earth's geomagnetic field and by changes in carbon cycling within the biosphere (particularly those associated with changes in the extent of vegetation between ice ages).

Low-intensive human activity makes the park more natural and unique. The park includes a large variety of landscapes but the two most predominant are the forest complexes, composed mainly of pine, and Bug River valley. Flora of Bug Landscape Park counts about 1,300 species, among them there are 39 species of trees and 59 of shrubs. The park contains many protected plants, such as: silene dichotoma, saxifraga tridactylites, medicago minima, Turk's cap lily, twinflower and the variety of willow known as Salix starkeana The valley of Bug River with its wetlands provides the habitat to many endangered birds including the black stork, the common sandpiper, the common snipe, the Eurasian curlew, the grey heron, the ruff.

A rainbow spans a continuous spectrum of colors; the distinct bands (including the number of bands) are an artifact of human color vision, and no banding of any type is seen in a black-and-white photograph of a rainbow (only a smooth gradation of intensity to a maxima, then fading to a minima at the other side of the arc). For colors seen by a normal human eye, the most commonly cited and remembered sequence, in English, is Newton's sevenfold red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet (popularly memorized by mnemonics like Roy G. Biv). However, color-blind persons will see fewer colors. Rainbows can be caused by many forms of airborne water.

2, an isoprene unit has three single C-C bonds and there are two or three preferred rotational angles (orientations) about these bonds that have energy minima. Of the18 allowed rotational conformations, only 6 have extended end-to-end distances and forcing the isoprene units in a chain to reside in some subset of the extended states must reduce the number of rotational conformations available for thermal motion. It is this reduction in the number of available states that causes the entropy to decrease. As the chain continues to straighten, all of the isoprene units in the chain are eventually forced into extended conformations and the chain is considered to be ‘taut’.

This is then followed by cool onshore winds which bring low cloud, fog or drizzle to the region, but may, on occasions, produce substantial precipitation when coupled to an approaching cold front. Coastal lows are a common feature of the coastal weather in South Africa with an average of about 5 lows of varying intensities passing through Port Elizabeth per month. They are shallow (not more than 1000–1500 m deep), mesoscale (medium-sized) systems that are generally not more than 100–200 km across, trapped on the coastal plain by the escarpment on the inland side, Coriolis effects on the oceanic side, and an inversion layer above. The pressure minima of these systems lie just off-shore.

When one of these is found, it is necessary to move the search away from it if the experimenter is looking solely for local minima and transition structures. The total energy is determined by approximate solutions of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation, usually with no relativistic terms included, and by making use of the Born–Oppenheimer approximation, which allows for the separation of electronic and nuclear motions, thereby simplifying the Schrödinger equation. This leads to the evaluation of the total energy as a sum of the electronic energy at fixed nuclei positions and the repulsion energy of the nuclei. A notable exception are certain approaches called direct quantum chemistry, which treat electrons and nuclei on a common footing.

The oscillation periods of the Earth as a whole are not near the astronomical periods, so its flexing is due to the forces of the moment. The tide components with a period near twelve hours have a lunar amplitude (Earth bulge/depression distances) that are a little more than twice the height of the solar amplitudes, as tabulated below. At new and full moon, the Sun and the Moon are aligned, and the lunar and the solar tidal maxima and minima (bulges and depressions) add together for the greatest tidal range at particular latitudes. At first- and third- quarter phases of the moon, lunar and solar tides are perpendicular, and the tidal range is at a minimum.

The radio-auroras are observed mostly at high latitudes and rarely extend down to middle latitudes. The occurrence of radio-auroras depends on solar activity (flares, coronal holes, CMEs) and annually the events are more numerous during solar cycle maxima. Radio aurora includes the so-called afternoon radio aurora which produces stronger but more distorted signals and after the Harang-minima, the late- night radio aurora (sub-storming phase) returns with variable signal strength and lesser doppler spread. The propagation range for this predominantly back- scatter mode extends up to about 2000 km in east-west plane, but strongest signals are observed most frequently from the north at nearby sites on same latitudes.

Tombstone has a typical Arizona semi-arid climate (Köppen BSk/BSh) with three basic seasons. Winter, from October to March, features mild to warm days and chilly nights, with minima falling to under on 28.4 nights, although snowfall is almost unknown, with the median being zero and the heaviest monthly fall in January 1916, of which fell on January 16. The coldest temperature record in Tombstone has been on December 8, 1978. The summer season from April to June is extremely dry and gradually heats up – the hottest temperature on record being on July 4 of 1989 – before the monsoon season from July to September brings the heaviest rainfall, averaging out of an annual total of .

The converse to the four-vertex theorem states that any continuous, real-valued function of the circle that has at least two local maxima and two local minima is the curvature function of a simple, closed plane curve. The converse was proved for strictly positive functions in 1971 by Herman Gluck as a special case of a general theorem on pre-assigning the curvature of n-spheres. The full converse to the four-vertex theorem was proved by Björn Dahlberg shortly before his death in January 1998, and published posthumously. Dahlberg's proof uses a winding number argument which is in some ways reminiscent of the standard topological proof of the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra.

The divisions between the types are not always clearcut or agreed. For example, the dividing line between BL Her and W Vir types is quoted at anything between 4 and 10 days, with no obvious division between the two. RV Tau variables may not have obvious alternating minima, while some W Vir stars do. Nevertheless, each type is thought to represent a distinct different evolutionary stage, with BL Her stars being helium core burning objects moving from the horizontal branch towards the asymptotic giant branch (AGB), W Vir stars undergoing hydrogen or helium shell burning on a blue loop, and RV Tau stars being post-AGB objects at or near the end of nuclear fusion.

The classification of various species assigned to the genus Cimolopteryx has changed over the years, and many species once thought to belong to this genus have been reclassified or deemed indeterminate. As of a re-evaluation of the fossil remains in 2002 by Sylvia Hope, at most five species were recognized: Cimolopteryx rara, C. petra, C. maxima, C. minima, and one yet-unnamed species. C. rara and C. petra were considered almost identical, and found in the same environments (the Lance and Frenchman formations), but differed in size, with C. petra smaller than C. rara. In a 2009 review, Nicholas Longrich synonymized them as the same species, dismissing the size difference as possibly based on gender or growth stage.

In most early sources the duplex longa has twice the body of a longa, but before 1250 there is often no clear difference of shape and the presence of the duplex longa is instead merely suggested by a greater distance between the notes in the tenor (in score notation), caused by the greater number of notes in the upper parts . See "Mensural notation" for examples.100x100px The name for this note in European languages is derived from two of the three Latin names, either maxima or larga. (On "larga" as a term, see , 30–31 : "Nomina vero ipsarum sunt haec, scilicet larga, longa, brevis, semibrevis et minima".) In modern theoretical contexts, it is occasionally called an octuple whole note .

The Convair had arrived at Bradley Field from Boston Airport at 6:57 am for a scheduled stopover. At that time, weather at Albany was below airline landing minima, but was forecast to improve within limits by the flight's scheduled arrival time. The flight left Bradley at 7:14, and once in the Albany terminal area, found poor visibility preventing landings, with several aircraft ahead of it in a holding pattern. The flight joined the holding pattern, circling while awaiting weather conditions legal for landing.American Airlines Flight 723 at Aviation Safety Network At 7:50, a special weather observation reported thin obscurement, with an overcast cloud ceiling estimated at above the airport.

Figure 1: A half note with stem facing up, a half note with stem facing down, and a half rest In music, a half note (American) or minim (British) is a note played for half the duration of a whole note (or semibreve) and twice the duration of a quarter note (or crotchet). It was given its Latin name (minima, meaning "least or smallest") because it was the shortest of the five note values used in early medieval music notation . In time signatures with 4 as the bottom number, such as or , the half note is two beats long. However, when 2 is the bottom number (including alla breve, ), the half note is one beat long.

The chromium–chromium quintuple bond has been analyzed with multireference ab initio and DFT methods, which were also used to elucidate the role of the terphenyl ligand, in which the flanking aryls were shown to interact very weakly with the chromium atoms, causing only a small weakening of the quintuple bond. A 2007 theoretical study identified two global minima for quintuple bonded RMMR compounds: a trans-bent molecular geometry and surprisingly another trans-bent geometry with the R substituent in a bridging position. In 2005, a quintuple bond was postulated to exist in the hypothetical uranium molecule U2 based on computational chemistry. Diuranium compounds are rare, but do exist; for example, the anion.

In 1610, the year after Galileo Galilei turned a telescope to the sky, he became the first person to observe Saturn's rings, though he could not see them well enough to discern their true nature. In 1655, Christiaan Huygens was the first person to describe them as a disk surrounding Saturn. The concept that Saturn's rings are made up of a series of tiny ringlets can be traced to Pierre-Simon Laplace, although true gaps are few – it is more correct to think of the rings as an annular disk with concentric local maxima and minima in density and brightness. On the scale of the clumps within the rings there is much empty space.

CYANA (combined assignment and dynamics algorithm for NMR applications) is a program for automated structure calculation of biological macromolecules on the basis of conformational constraints from nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The combination of automated nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY) cross peak assignment, structure calculation with a fast torsion angle dynamics algorithm. The CYANA package includes the previous DYANA system, that uses simulated annealing combined with molecular dynamics in torsion angle space (torsion angle dynamics). The target function used as the potential energy, and system can move away from local minima of the target function because it is coupled to a temperature bath which is cooled down slowly from its initial high temperature.

Final report by MAK into the crash of RA-46524 A preliminary investigation indicated that the crash occurred due to fog in the area, leading the plane to hit trees ahead of the runway. The final accident report by Moscow's Interstate Aviation Committee (MAK) was released in October 2010, concluding that the cause of the crash was attempting the landing approach in conditions worse than the meteorological minima of the airfield, the aircraft, and the commander. The crew failed to make a timely decision to go-around. They descended below the established minimum safe altitude in the absence of reliable visual contact with runway or approach lights, which led to a collision of the aircraft with trees and terrain.

The term is useful when examining protein folding; while a protein can theoretically exist in a nearly infinite number of conformations along its energy landscape, in reality proteins fold (or "relax") into secondary and tertiary structures that possess the lowest possible free energy. The key concept in the energy landscape approach to protein folding is the folding funnel hypothesis. In catalysis, when designing new catalysts or refining existing ones, energy landscapes are considered to avoid low-energy or high- energy intermediates that could halt the reaction or demand excessive energy to reach the final products. In glassing models, the local minima of an energy landscape correspond to metastable low temperature states of a thermodynamic system.

Eagle Nest has a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb), bordering on a subalpine climate (Dfc), with very large day-night temperature variations, very warm days and chilly nights in summer, and extremely cold nights in winter. On average, 250 nights have minima below and 40.3 nights fall below , though maxima top freezing on all but 25.5 days. Eagle Nest holds numerous low temperature records for New Mexico, including the coldest temperatures ever recorded in the state during January, March, April, May, July, and November.Infoplease.com; New Mexico Temperature Extremes Snowfall is fairly heavy, averaging and reaching between July 1934 and June 1935, but the abundant sunshine and relatively low latitude limit cover even in mid-winter to .

Cara began her racing career at the July meeting at Newmarket where she ran in the Chesterfield Stakes, a race for two-year-old colts and fillies. Cara was not among the favourites for the race over the last half of the Bunbury Mile course and finished unplaced behind Mr Ford's filly Minima. The filly missed the next three months before returning on 29 October at the Newmarket Houghton meeting where she was made the 5/2 for the Criterion Stakes. The event was one of the most important two-year-old races of the season, and the field included the July Stakes winner Bulwark and the filly Reel, winner of the Clearwell Stakes.

A sample of cursive handwriting on ruled paper showing the four lines associated with lineation. In Western handwriting, lineation is the particular spacing between the baseline and the median or mean line (a distance known as the x-height or corpus size), the height of the ascenders, and the depth of the descenders. In many teaching methods of writing at primary school, these guidelines are actually present on ruled paper to aid the child in producing well-formed characters of the proper size. In adulthood the lineation remains, virtually, and can be used in handwriting recognition by performing an analysis of the horizontal density of minima and maxima of the writing trace.

Illustration of critique of De fluxionibus libri duo published in Acta Eruditorum, 1747 Maclaurin used Taylor series to characterize maxima, minima, and points of inflection for infinitely differentiable functions in his Treatise of Fluxions. Maclaurin attributed the series to Brook Taylor, though the series was known before to Newton and Gregory, and in special cases to Madhava of Sangamagrama in fourteenth century India. Nevertheless, Maclaurin received credit for his use of the series, and the Taylor series expanded around 0 is sometimes known as the Maclaurin series. Colin Maclaurin (1698–1746) Maclaurin also made significant contributions to the gravitation attraction of ellipsoids, a subject that furthermore attracted the attention of d'Alembert, A.-C.

In addition, the acquisition of the folded state had to become a sufficiently fast process. Even though nature has reduced the level of frustration in proteins, some degree of it remains up to now as can be observed in the presence of local minima in the energy landscape of proteins. A consequence of these evolutionarily selected sequences is that proteins are generally thought to have globally "funneled energy landscapes" (coined by José Onuchic) that are largely directed toward the native state. This "folding funnel" landscape allows the protein to fold to the native state through any of a large number of pathways and intermediates, rather than being restricted to a single mechanism.

The foundation publishes an eponymous quarterly in Latin. The foundation also published a 15,000-word Italian-Latin Lexicon Recentis Latinitatis (Dictionary of Recent Latin), which provides Latin coinages for modern concepts, such as a bicycle (birota), a cigarette (fistula nicotiana), a computer (instrumentum computatorium), a cowboy (armentarius), a motel (deversorium autocineticum), shampoo (capitilavium), a strike (operistitium), a terrorist (tromocrates), a trademark (ergasterii nota), an unemployed person (invite otiosus), a waltz (chorea Vindobonensis), and even a miniskirt (tunicula minima) and hot pants (brevissimae bracae femineae). Some 600 such terms extracted from the book appear on a page of the Vatican website. The Latinitas Foundation was superseded by the Pontifical Academy for Latin () in 2012.

Centers of action are extensive and almost stationary low or high pressure areas which control the movement of atmospheric disturbances over a large area. This does not mean that the position of the center is constant over a specific area but that the monthly atmospheric pressure corresponds to a high or a low pressure. The French meteorologist Léon Teisserenc de Bort was the first in 1881 to apply this term to maxima and minima of pressure on daily charts. The main centers of action in the Northern Hemisphere are the Icelandic Low, the Aleutian Low, the Azores/Bermuda High, the Pacific High, the Siberian High (in winter), and the Asiatic Low (in summer).

Bluefield is a mountain city with a humid subtropical climate (Cfa) bordering on humid continental (Dfa/Dfb) or highland climate, due to its elevation. It is characterized by moderately cold, snowy winters and pleasantly warm to hot summers. The normal monthly mean daily temperature ranges from in January to in July; on average, there are only 2.5 days with a maximum of at least or greater maxima, 1.3 days of minima at or below , and 23 days where the maximum does not rise above freezing. The hottest temperature ever recorded in the city was , set on July 28, 1952 and August 9, 1957, with the coldest temperature at , set on December 30, 1917.

As an example, both unnormalised and normalised sinc functions above have arg max of {0} because both attain their global maximum value of 1 at x = 0. The unnormalised sinc function (red) has arg min of {−4.49, 4.49}, approximately, because it has 2 global minimum values of approximately −0.217 at x = ±4.49. However, the normalised sinc function (blue) has arg min of {−1.43, 1.43}, approximately, because their global minima occur at x = ±1.43, even though the minimum value is the same."The Unnormalized Sinc Function ", University of Sydney In mathematics, the arguments of the maxima (abbreviated arg max or argmax) are the points, or elements, of the domain of some function at which the function values are maximized.

Box plots of the Michelson–Morley experiment, showing sample maxima and minima In statistics, the sample maximum and sample minimum, also called the largest observation and smallest observation, are the values of the greatest and least elements of a sample. They are basic summary statistics, used in descriptive statistics such as the five-number summary and Bowley's seven-figure summary and the associated box plot. The minimum and the maximum value are the first and last order statistics (often denoted X(1) and X(n) respectively, for a sample size of n). If the sample has outliers, they necessarily include the sample maximum or sample minimum, or both, depending on whether they are extremely high or low.

Figure 2 - HAA general signal processing scheme Audio input signal, acoustic feedback (echo) and background noise are captured by the microphone, summed and then divided into sub-band components with a lower sampling rate using an analysis filter bank (AFB). Estimation of noise is based on the minima controlled recursive averaging of past values of noise. Cleared of noise subband signal is cleared of acoustic echo by adaptive filtering. The subband audio components that are cleared of echo and noise are amplified by multiplying by the corresponding coefficients, which are calculated based on the level of input and output audio signals, ambient noise energy, as well as hearing thresholds (hearing loss frequency characteristics) of the user.

This dry period is attributed in some sources to a weakening of the Southern OscillationAllan, R.J.; Lindesay, J. and Parker, D.E.; El Niño, Southern Oscillation and Climate Variability; p. 70. and in others to reduced sea surface temperatures.Soils and landscapes near Narrabri and Edgeroi, NSW, with data analysis using fuzzy k-means Temperatures in these three periods were generally cooler than they are currently, with 1925 having the coolest minima of any year since 1910. However, the dry years of the 1920s and 1930s were also often quite warm, with 1928 and 1938 having particularly high maxima. The period from 1939 to 1967 began with an increase in rainfall: 1939, 1941 and 1942 were the first close-together group of relatively wet years since 1921.

Several predictions have been made for sunspot cycle 25 for example: based on different methods, for the forthcoming solar cycle 25, ranging from very weak to moderate magnitude. A recent physics-based prediction relying on the data-driven solar dynamo and solar surface flux transport models by Bhowmik and Nandy (2018) seems to have predicted the strength of the solar polar field at the current minima correctly and forecasts a weak but not insignificant solar cycle 25 similar or slightly stronger in strength relative to cycle 24. Notably, they rule out the possibility of the Sun falling in to a Maunder minimum like (inactive) state over the next decade. A preliminary consensus by a Solar Cycle 25 Prediction Panel was made in early 2019.

Heath's was accepted as the authoritative interpretation of Book V for the entire 20th century, but the changing of the century brought with it a change of view. In 2001, Apollonius scholars Fried & Unguru, granting all due respect to other Heath chapters, balked at the historicity of Heath's analysis of Book V, asserting that he “reworks the original to make it more congenial to a modern mathematician ... this is the kind of thing that makes Heath’s work of dubious value for the historian, revealing more of Heath’s mind than that of Apollonius.” Some of his arguments are in summary as follows. There is no mention of maxima/minima being per se normals in either the prefaces or the books proper.

From analysis of the cockpit voice recorder, the National Transportation Safety Committee (NTSC) concluded that the crew elected to continue flying into weather that was below VFR minima – that is, the minimum visibility and distance from cloud required to fly in accordance with visual flight rules, as the accident flight had planned to do. The crew subsequently lost situational awareness until the aircraft impacted a mountainside, without any action being taken by the crew to avoid the impact. The report noted that the crew had not received CFIT-specific training nor the Approach and Landing Accident Reduction (ALAR) training. Following the loss of Flight 823, Nusantara Buana Air took a number of safety measures, emphasizing the importance of maintaining visual meteorological conditions during VFR flights.

Part of flight planning often involves the identification of one or more airports which can be flown to in case of unexpected conditions (such as weather) at the destination airport. The planning process must be careful to include only alternate airports which can be reached with the anticipated fuel load and total aircraft weight and that have capabilities necessary to handle the type of aircraft being flown. In Canada, unlike the United States, unless specifically exempted by a company Operating Certificate, IFR flight plans require an alternate airport, regardless of the forecast destination weather. In order to be considered as a legally valid alternate, the airport must be forecast to be at or above certain weather minima at the estimated time of arrival (at the alternate).

When choosing the candidate generator one must also try to reduce the number of "deep" local minima—states (or sets of connected states) that have much lower energy than all its neighbouring states. Such "closed catchment basins" of the energy function may trap the simulated annealing algorithm with high probability (roughly proportional to the number of states in the basin) and for a very long time (roughly exponential on the energy difference between the surrounding states and the bottom of the basin). As a rule, it is impossible to design a candidate generator that will satisfy this goal and also prioritize candidates with similar energy. On the other hand, one can often vastly improve the efficiency of simulated annealing by relatively simple changes to the generator.

Matt Dunnerstick is an American film director. His first film, The Custom Mary, premiered at the 2011 New York International Latino Film Festival and also at the 2012 San Diego Black Film Festival, where it simultaneously won Best Cutting Edge film and Best Religious Topic Film, in addition to being nominated for Best Director, Best Feature, and Best Overall Film. It went on to play through the indie film circuit, particularly at Latino and Black film festivals, winning 8 awards and 4 nominations in the process. He is also involved in numerous digital art projects, including the author CAPitALLism (2003), a manifesto on progressive tax and maximum wage that has been feature in various galeries and art installations such as FILE, Rhizome, and a minima.

He was a Labour Member of Parliament for Brecon and Radnorshire from 1945, winning all succeeding elections (including two consecutive defeats, in 1950 and 1951, of David Gibson-Watt) until his retirement at the 1970 general election. He strongly supported the Parliament for Wales campaign in the early 1950s, and was also a supporter of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament. He visited the Soviet Union in 1961, and Patagonia in 1965. He is also credited with preserving the only known population of the lesser whitebeam (sorbus minima) which was endangered in 1947 by British Army mortar practice in and around its habitat, by raising the issue in the Commons, and inducing War Secretary Frederick Bellenger to order the Army to pull out of the area.

An implication of this is that where multiple random intercepts exist, the heterogeneity within certain combinations will be minimized. CMA can thus be used as a data mining method to identify the number of intercepts that may be present in the dataset by looking at which studies are included in the local minima that may be obtained through recombination. A further implication of this is that arguments over inclusion or exclusion of studies may be moot when the distribution of all possible results is taken into account. A useful tool developed by Dr. Gee (reference to come when published) is the "PPES" plot (standing for "Probability of Positive Effect Size," assuming differences are scaled such that larger in a positive direction is desired).

In May 1991, observations by Stefano Mottola using the now decommissioned ESO 1-metre telescope at ESO's La Silla Observatory in Chile gave a rotation period of 9.838 hours at an amplitude of 0.24 magnitude (). Follow-up observations were made in 1992 and 2009 – in order to rule out any alternative period solutions, as the irregular lightcurve showed additional maxima and minima – gave a concurring period of 9.840 hours with a brightness variation of 0.31 magnitude (). In April 2014, another rotational lightcurve was obtained by Robert Stephens and Daniel Coley at the Center for Solar System Studies in California in collaboration with Linda French from Illinois Wesleyan University. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 9.818 hours with an amplitude of 0.27 magnitude ().

Winters range from mild to moderately cold, with December, the coldest month, averaging ; historically January has been the coldest month, but, in recent years, December has had both lower daily maxima and minima. Typically, there are 5.2 nights with sub- lows and 23.6 days where the high does not rise above freezing. Snowfall is usually moderate and remains on the ground briefly because of direct sun, with the city receiving per season, although the mountains to the west often receive in excess of triple that amount; March is the snowiest month in the region, both by total accumulation and number of days with measurable snowfall. In addition, 8 of the top 10 heaviest 24-hour snowfalls have occurred from March to May.

On 23 August 2006, researchers at the Space Science Institute (Boulder, Colorado) and the University of Wisconsin observed a dark spot on Uranus's surface, giving scientists more insight into Uranus atmospheric activity. Why this sudden upsurge in activity occurred is not fully known, but it appears that Uranus's extreme axial tilt results in extreme seasonal variations in its weather. Determining the nature of this seasonal variation is difficult because good data on Uranus's atmosphere have existed for less than 84 years, or one full Uranian year. Photometry over the course of half a Uranian year (beginning in the 1950s) has shown regular variation in the brightness in two spectral bands, with maxima occurring at the solstices and minima occurring at the equinoxes.

The Lufeng Formation contains mudstones and siltstones from lakes, rivers, and overbank deposits. Many sauropodomorphs asides from Xingxiulong are known from the Lufeng Formation, including Lufengosaurus huenei, L. magnus, Yunnanosaurus huangi, "Gyposaurus" sinensis, Jingshanosaurus xinwaensis, Chuxiongosaurus lufengensis, Xixiposaurus suni, "Yizhousaurus sunae", and Pachysuchus imperfectus. Also present are the theropods Sinosaurus triassicus, Lukousaurus yini, Shidaisaurus jinae, and Eshanosaurus deguchiianus; the ornithischians Tatisaurus oehleri and Bienosaurus lufengensis; the crocodylomorphs Dibothrosuchus elaphros, Platyognathus hsui, Microchampsa scutata, and Dianosuchus changchiawaensis, and Dianchungosaurus lufengensis; the indeterminate archosaur Strigosuchus licinus; the sphenodontians Clevosaurus petilus, C. wangi, and C. mcgilli; the tritylodontid cynodonts Bienotherium yunnanense, B. minor, B. magnum, Lufengia deltcata, Yunnanodon brevirostre, and Dianzhongia longirostrata; the mammals Sinoconodon rigneyi, Morganucodon oehleri, M. heikoupengensis, and Kunminia minima; proganochelyid turtles; and a "labyrinthodont" amphibian.

For example, it can be used with linear algebra to find the "best fit" linear approximation for a set of points in a domain. Or it can be used in probability theory to determine the probability of a continuous random variable from an assumed density function. In analytic geometry, the study of graphs of functions, calculus is used to find high points and low points (maxima and minima), slope, concavity and inflection points. Green's Theorem, which gives the relationship between a line integral around a simple closed curve C and a double integral over the plane region D bounded by C, is applied in an instrument known as a planimeter, which is used to calculate the area of a flat surface on a drawing.

This approach was abandoned because runway visual range fell below minima. When the aircraft made a second approach, it struck the outermost pole of the approach light system at a height of , short of the runway threshold. This caused the aircraft to crash into the approach lights and catch fire, which killed 26 of the 27 occupants (three out of four crew members and all 23 passengers).ASN Aircraft accident Douglas C-47B-20-DK G-ANTB Jersey-States Airport, Channel Islands (JER) aviation-safety.net The first non-fatal incident was on 30 October 1961. It involved a BUA mainline Vickers Viscount 736 (registration: G-AODH operating an internal German charter flight under contract to BEA from Berlin Tempelhof Airport to Frankfurt Rhein-Main Airport.

Unfortunately, the solar minima in this period coincided with volcanic eruptions, which have a cooling effect on the global temperature. Because the eruptions caused a larger and less well quantified decrease in radiative forcing than the reduced solar irradiance, it is questionable whether useful quantitative conclusions can be derived from the observed temperature variations. Observations of volcanic eruptions have also been used to try to estimate climate sensitivity, but as the aerosols from a single eruption last at most a couple of years in the atmosphere, the climate system can never come close to equilibrium, and there is less cooling than there would be if the aerosols stayed in the atmosphere for longer. Therefore, volcanic eruptions give information only about a lower bound on transient climate sensitivity.

It was also recommended that the strength of both the passenger and attendant seats should be improved. All of the twin seats inside Oscar November sheared off, while the single seats remained fixed. The report suggested the weather minima for visual flight, and the related crew instrument monitoring procedures should be reviewed for helicopter flight, along with the specific altimeter and minimum Runway Visual Range (distance a pilot can see while approaching a runway) rules for the Penzance–St Mary's route. In order to aid rescue efforts, it was further recommended that helicopters being used for public transport should be fitted with an automatically deployable survival radio beacon, and the pilots should wear lifejackets with dual frequency personal locator beacons.

The temperature approaches a linear function because that is the stable solution of the equation: wherever temperature has a nonzero second spatial derivative, the time derivative is nonzero as well. The heat equation implies that peaks (local maxima) of u will be gradually eroded down, while depressions (local minima) will be filled in. The value at some point will remain stable only as long as it is equal to the average value in its immediate surroundings. In particular, if the values in a neighborhood are very close to a linear function A x + B y + C z + D, then the value at the center of that neighborhood will not be changing at that time (that is, the derivative \dot u will be zero).

According to the Canada Air Pilot, runway 24L has a heading of 227° true (237° magnetic), and the minima for the ILS approach are ceiling above ground level and visibility or runway visual range (RVR) of . The METAR for 21:00 UTC (17:00 EDT), nearly an hour after the accident, shows wind backing to the south and improving conditions generally, while noting smoke aloft from the burning plane. The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation reported that the accident happened two hours after a ground stop was declared at the airport because of severe thunderstorms in the area ("red alert" status, which, for safety reasons, halts all ground activity on the apron and gate area. Aircraft can still land, and take off if still in queue).

St. Shott's has an extremely water moderated subarctic climate (Dfc) at sea level, the second closest to the equator of its climate type in the Northern Hemisphere, behind the Kuril Islands. Due to the moderating effect of the Atlantic Ocean and Labrador Current, extreme maxima and minima are very limited. Summers are almost nonexistent, with temperatures above 70 °F (21.1 °C) being very rare, while winters being very mild by Canadian standards, can last half of the year or more some years, with very little snowfall. Any snow that falls is usually melted by falling rain, and ends up either completely melted or as leftover slush. Days with highs above 68 °F (20 °C) average 1.9, and with highs below 32 °F (0 °C) average 57.8.

The intrinsic reaction coordinate (IRC), derived from the potential energy surface, is a parametric curve that connects two energy minima in the direction that traverses the minimum energy barrier (or shallowest ascent) passing through one or more saddle point(s). However, in reality if reacting species attains enough energy it may deviate from the IRC to some extent. The energy values (points on the hyper-surface) along the reaction coordinate result in a 1-D energy surface (a line) and when plotted against the reaction coordinate (energy vs reaction coordinate) gives what is called a reaction coordinate diagram (or energy profile). Another way of visualizing an energy profile is as a cross section of the hyper surface, or surface, long the reaction coordinate.

Parker's consecration gave rise to a dispute, which continues to this day, in regard to its sacramental validity from the perspective of the Catholic Church. This eventually led to the condemnation of Anglican orders as "absolutely null and utterly void" by a papal commission in 1896. The commission could not dispute that a consecration had taken place which met all the legal and liturgical requirement or deny that a "manual" succession, that is, the consecration by the laying on of hands and prayer had not taken place. Rather the Pope asserted in the condemnation that the "defect of form and intent" rendered the rite insufficient to make a bishop in the apostolic succession (according to the Catholic understanding of the minima for validity).

In addition to the aphorisms that conclude Dialectic of Enlightenment, Adorno put together a collection of aphorisms in honor of Horkheimer's 50th birthday that were later published as Minima Moralia: Reflections from Damaged Life. These fragmentary writings, inspired by a renewed reading of Nietzsche, treated issues like emigration, totalitarianism, and individuality, as well as everyday matters such as giving presents, dwelling and the impossibility of love. In California Adorno made the acquaintance of Charlie Chaplin and became friends with Fritz Lang and Hanns Eisler, with whom he completed a study of film music in 1944. In this study the authors pushed for the greater usage of avant-garde music in film, urging that music be used to supplement, not simply accompany, films' visual aspect.

In mathematics, the order polytope of a finite partially ordered set is a convex polytope defined from the set. The points of the order polytope are the monotonic functions from the given set to the unit interval, its vertices correspond to the upper sets of the partial order, and its dimension is the number of elements in the partial order. The order polytope is a distributive polytope, meaning that coordinatewise minima and maxima of pairs of its points remain within the polytope. The order polytope of a partial order should be distinguished from the linear ordering polytope, a polytope defined from a number n as the convex hull of indicator vectors of the sets of edges of n-vertex transitive tournaments.

There is a "bump" approximately halfway from minimum to maximum, where the brightness increase temporarily slows before rising very quickly to maximum. The faster rise and bump are common features in the light curves of Mira variables with periods longer than 300 days. The rise time is 41–45% of the fall time. Both the maximum and minimum magnitude varies considerably from cycle to cycle: maxima may be brighter than magnitude 4.0 or fainter than 6.0, and minima fainter than magnitude 14.0 or brighter than magnitude 11.0. The maximum of 2015 may have been the faintest ever observed, barely reaching magnitude 6.5, while less than 10 years earlier the 2006 maximum was the brightest for over a century at magnitude 3.8.

The symbol was originally introduced in 1770 by Nicolas de Condorcet, who used it for a partial differential, and adopted for the partial derivative by Adrien-Marie Legendre in 1786.Adrien-Marie Legendre, "Memoire sur la manière de distinguer les maxima des minima dans le Calcul des Variations," Histoire de l'Academie Royale des Sciences (1786), pp. 7–37. It represents a specialized cursive type of the letter d, just as the integral sign originates as a specialized type of a long s (first used in print by Leibniz in 1686). Use of the symbol was discontinued by Legendre, but it was taken up again by Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi in 1841,Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi, "De determinantibus Functionalibus," Crelle's Journal 22 (1841), pp. 319–352.

The compact city had a particularly strong influence on planning policy in the UK during the Labour Governments of 1997–2010. The first Labour Government in 1998 set up the Urban Taskforce under Lord Rogers of Riverside, which produced the report Towards an Urban Renaissance. Influenced by this report, the UK Government issued PPG 3 Planning Policy Guidance on Housing which introduced a 60% brownfield target, a minimum net residential density guideline of 30 dwellings per hectare, a sequential hierarchy beginning with urban brownfield land, maximum parking guidelines replacing the previous minima, and a policy of intensification around public transport nodes. Over the succeeding years, these targets were substantially exceeded, with the brownfield proportion reaching 80% by 2009, and average densities 43 dwellings per hectare.

Cooperative PJTE in BaTiO3-type crystals and ferroelectricity. In crystals with PJTE centers the interaction between the local distortions may lead to their ordering to produce a phase transition to a regular crystal phase with lower symmetry. Such cooperative PJTE is quite similar to the cooperative JTE; it was shown in one of the first studies of the PJTE in solid state systems that in the case of ABO3 crystals with perovskite structure the local dipolar PJTE distortions at the transition metal B center and their cooperative interactions lead to ferroelectric phase transitions. Provided the criterion for PJTE is met, each [BO6] center has an APES with eight equivalent minima along the trigonal axes, six orthorhombic, and (higher) twelve tetragonal saddle-points between them.

In contrast to Book I, Book V contains no definitions and no explanation. The ambiguity has served as a magnet to exegetes of Apollonius, who must interpret without sure knowledge of the meaning of the book's major terms. Until recently Heath's view prevailed: the lines are to be treated as normals to the sections. A normal in this case is the perpendicular to a curve at a tangent point sometimes called the foot. If a section is plotted according to Apollonius’ coordinate system (see below under Methods of Apollonius), with the diameter (translated by Heath as the axis) on the x-axis and the vertex at the origin on the left, the phraseology of the propositions indicates that the minima/maxima are to be found between the section and the axis.

Reptiles recorded on North Island include Binoe's prickly gecko (Heteronotia binoei), the gecko Christinus marmoratus, the Jew lizard (Pogona barbata), King's skink (Egernia kingii), the western limestone ctenotus (Ctenotus australis), the western worm lerista (Lerista praepedita), the common dwarf skink (Menetia greyii), and the Abrolhos bearded dragon (Pogona minor minima). The carpet python was reported as present on the island in very low numbers before 1960, but it has never been observed there by naturalists, and is now absent. The green turtle (Chelonia mydas) has been observed in large numbers near the shore, and it has been claimed that they breed on the island, but this has never been verified. If it is true, then North Island would be the species' most southerly breeding site in Western Australia.

In computer vision, blob detection methods are aimed at detecting regions in a digital image that differ in properties, such as brightness or color, compared to surrounding regions. Informally, a blob is a region of an image in which some properties are constant or approximately constant; all the points in a blob can be considered in some sense to be similar to each other. The most common method for blob detection is convolution. Given some property of interest expressed as a function of position on the image, there are two main classes of blob detectors: (i) differential methods, which are based on derivatives of the function with respect to position, and (ii) methods based on local extrema, which are based on finding the local maxima and minima of the function.

Like most of Montana outside of the highest mountains, Sun River has a cold semi-arid climate (Köppen BSk) characterised by hot summers with chilly nights, and cold winters with very high temperature variability due to warming by chinook winds contrasting with occasional severe chilling by polar air from Canada. During winter, maximum temperatures exceed on an average of 18.4 days between December and February, and a total of 26.7 days in November and March. During cold outbreaks minima fall below on 25.5 nights in an average winter, though only seven such nights occurred during the very mild winter of 1999–2000 but as many as fifty-two in the cold winter of 1968–69. In the summer temperature exceed on 14.2 days, although is exceeded merely once in five summers on average.

Birds of the moist forests include the Hispaniolan amazon (Amazona ventralis), Hispaniolan parakeet (Aratinga chloroptera), Hispaniolan lizard cuckoo (Coccyzus longirostris), palm crow (Corvus palmarum), American kestrel (Falco sparverius), vervain hummingbird (Mellisuga minima), narrow-billed tody (Todus angustirostris), stolid flycatcher (Myiarchus stolidus), Hispaniolan pewee (Contopus hispaniolensis), rufous-throated solitaire (Myadestes genibarbis), Hispaniolan woodpecker (Melanerpes striatus), white-necked crow (Corvus leucognaphalus), palmchat (Dulus dominicus), Hispaniolan trogon (Priotelus roseigaster), ruddy quail- dove (Geotrygon montana), red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis), white-winged warbler (Xenoligea montana), green-tailed warbler (Microligea palustris), Antillean siskin (Carduelis dominicensis), La Selle thrush (Turdus swalesi), eastern chat-tanager (Calyptophilus frugivorus), and Hispaniolan crossbill (Loxia megaplaga). Native mammals include the Hispaniolan hutia (Plagiodontia aedium), Hispaniolan solenodon (Solenodon paradoxus), and 18 bat species such as the Cuban flower bat (Phyllonycteris poeyi).

The shadow-of-trial argument asserts that in the aggregate, plea agreements merely reflect the outcome that would have transpired had the case gone to trial. For example, if the accused faces 10 years and has a 50% chance of losing in court, then an agreement will result in a five-year sentence, less some amount deducted for saving the government the cost of trial. Theoretically, the shadow-of-trial should work even better in criminal cases than in civil cases, because civil judgments are discretionary, while criminal judgments are often regulated by mandatory minima and sentencing guidelines, making sentences more predictable. A counter-argument is that criminal sentencing laws are "lumpy", in that the sentencing ranges are not as precise as the dollars-and-cents calibration that can be achieved in civil case settlements.

This year saw southern Victoria and Tasmania have heavy rains in January, as did Queensland, whilst February and March - though dry in New South Wales - again saw good rains there as cold fronts linked with tropical moisture. March and April saw heavy rains in southern Victoria continue, but these months were still dry in inland New South Wales and Queensland. With El Niño returning, however, May was very dry in most inland districts, but June was—welcomingly as it turned out—extremely wet in Victoria and northeastern South Australia. July, however, saw some of the coldest conditions on record in the grain country: in Melbourne, the mean minimum temperature of is the lowest on record and in many places sub-zero minima were general on most days during July and August.

Valleytronics (from valley and electronics) is an experimental area in semiconductors that exploits local minima ("valleys") in the electronic band structure. Certain semiconductors have multiple "valleys" in the electronic band structure of the first Brillouin zone, and are known as multivalley semiconductors. Valleytronics is the technology of control over the valley degree of freedom, a local maximum/minimum on the valence/conduction band, of such multivalley semiconductors. The term was coined in analogy to spintronics. While in spintronics the internal degree of freedom of spin is harnessed to store, manipulate and read out bits of information, the proposal for valleytronics is to perform similar tasks using the multiple extrema of the band structure, so that the information of 0s and 1s would be stored as different discrete values of the crystal momentum.

The aircraft are certified for Day, Night, VFR and IFR flights, and are approved for reduced vertical separation minima (RVSM) airspace and flight into known icing conditions, extended flight over water, Category II ILS, operations at high altitude airports up to 13800 ft and steep approach operations. Embraer offers an enhanced flight vision system constituted by the Rockwell Collins HGS-3500 Head-up display combined with the EVS-3000 Infrared camera, permitting a decision altitude necessitating visual references of 100 ft above touchdown at a projected price of $515,000. Federal Aviation Administration's draft AC 20-167A further proposes a descent below 100 ft if the required visual references can be observed using the EFVS, similar to Cat II and III approaches with limited instrument landing systems in many small airports.

Idealised depiction of the global circulation on Earth Atmospheric circulation is the large-scale movement of air, and is a means by which thermal energy is distributed on the surface of the Earth, together with the much slower (lagged) ocean circulation system. The large-scale structure of the atmospheric circulation varies from year to year, but the basic climatological structure remains fairly constant. Latitudinal circulation occurs because incident solar radiation per unit area is highest at the heat equator, and decreases as the latitude increases, reaching minima at the poles. It consists of two primary convection cells, the Hadley cell and the polar vortex, with the Hadley cell experiencing stronger convection due to the release of latent heat energy by condensation of water vapor at higher altitudes during cloud formation.

They performed a live session at Balcony TV- London in August 2009 where they played an unusual toy based set up. In 2010 "Portrait", "The Walk" and "Funky Monkey" were broadcast on Japan radio Takaoka The band was introduced by Tom Robinson on BBC Radio 6 (BBC Introducing) several times, for the first time in 2008 with the song "Vida Minima", then in 2010 with "The Walk", again in 2011 Tom Robinson officially presented "A Magnetic Field Called Love" single release,Tracklisting Sunday 20/02/2011 the video clip to the song was launched the same week. Finally in 2014 their song "You and Me" was played on (BBC Introducing). In 2015 the song "The Way I Like You" from their EP TWILY was featured in the popular video editing app Magisto.

VFR / VMC visibility requirements in the US In aviation, visual meteorological conditions (VMC) is an aviation flight category in which visual flight rules (VFR) flight is permitted—that is, conditions in which pilots have sufficient visibility to fly the aircraft maintaining visual separation from terrain and other aircraft. They are the opposite of instrument meteorological conditions (IMC). The boundary criteria between IMC and VMC are known as the VMC minima and are defined by: visibility, cloud ceilings (for takeoffs and landings), and cloud clearances. The exact requirements vary by type of airspace, whether it is day or night (for countries that permit night VFR), and from country to country. Typical visibility requirements vary from one statute mile to five statute miles (many countries define these in metric units as 1,500 m to 8 km).

With the largest global wake database, EUROCONTROL has developed advanced wake metrics to set up the European six category wake turbulence separation minima, RECAT-EU, as an alternative to the long established ICAO PANS-ATM categories, in order to safely support an increase in runway throughput at airports in Europe. RECAT-EU also integrates a Super Heavy category for the Airbus A380 bringing runway capacity benefits of up to 8% or more during peak traffic periods. As part of the wake turbulence recategorisation separation review, SESAR partners EUROCONTROL and NATS have developed RECAT-EU from the long understood concept of Time based separation (TBS). Following approval by the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA), RECAT-EU is to be initially deployed at Paris Charles de Gaulle airport by end-2015.

While the first derivative test identifies points that might be extrema, this test does not distinguish a point that is a minimum from one that is a maximum or one that is neither. When the objective function is twice differentiable, these cases can be distinguished by checking the second derivative or the matrix of second derivatives (called the Hessian matrix) in unconstrained problems, or the matrix of second derivatives of the objective function and the constraints called the bordered Hessian in constrained problems. The conditions that distinguish maxima, or minima, from other stationary points are called 'second-order conditions' (see 'Second derivative test'). If a candidate solution satisfies the first-order conditions, then the satisfaction of the second-order conditions as well is sufficient to establish at least local optimality.

They also concluded Faxinalipterus is the most basal known pterosaur, basal features including a lack of fusion between tibia and fibula, a thin radius and a coracoid that has not fused to the scapula. However, Alexander Kellner has suggested Faxinalipterus might be not be a pterosaur but a basal member of the Pterosauromorpha instead or, if the lack of fusion between tibia and fibula is plesiomorphic, even a sister taxon of the Ornithodira. Fabio Marco Dalla Vecchia (2013) stated that he was "unable to find any unequivocal pterosaur features" in the known fossils of F. minima; in fact, according to the author, "the purported humerus is quite unlike the humeri of the Triassic pterosaurs". Dalla Vecchia did not consider Faxinalipterus to be a pterosaur, but did not state what group of vertebrates it belonged to.

In air traffic control, separation is the name for the concept of keeping an aircraft outside a minimum distance from another aircraft to reduce the risk of those aircraft colliding, as well as prevent accidents due to secondary factors, such as wake turbulence. Separation can also apply to terrain, obstacles, and controlled airspace, wherein an aircraft must stay at a minimum distance from a block of airspace; as an example, all aircraft must be approved by the controller who "owns" the airspace before the aircraft is approved to enter that sector. Separation at cruising altitude Air traffic controllers apply rules, known as separation minima, to do this. Pairs of aircraft to which these rules have been successfully applied are said to be separated: the risk of these aircraft colliding is therefore remote.

This also applies to the ex- offshore pioneer Radio Caroline that now has a licence to use 648 kHz, which was used by the BBC World Service over decades. As the MW band is thinning out, many local stations from the remaining countries as well as from North Africa and the Middle East can now be received all over Europe, but often only weak with much interference. In Europe, each country is allocated a number of frequencies on which high power (up to 2 MW) can be used; the maximum power is also subject to international agreement by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). In most cases there are two power limits: a lower one for omnidirectional and a higher one for directional radiation with minima in certain directions.

PDF Copy Because geomagnetic latitude is an important factor in auroral occurrence, (lower-latitude aurorae requiring higher levels of solar-terrestrial activity) it becomes important to allow for population migration and other factors that may have influenced the number of reliable auroral observers at a given magnetic latitude for the earlier dates. Decadal-scale cycles during the Maunder minimum can also be seen in the abundances of the beryllium-10 cosmogenic isotope (which unlike carbon-14 can be studied with annual resolution) PDF Copy but these appear to be in antiphase with any remnant sunspot activity. An explanation in terms of solar cycles in loss of solar magnetic flux was proposed in 2012. PDF Copy The fundamental papers on the Maunder minimum have been published in Case studies on the Spörer, Maunder and Dalton Minima.

The ordinary Weibull distribution arises in reliability applications and is obtained from the distribution here by using the variable t = \mu - x , which gives a strictly positive support - in contrast to the use in the extreme value theory here. This arises because the ordinary Weibull distribution is used in cases that deal with data minima rather than data maxima. The distribution here has an addition parameter compared to the usual form of the Weibull distribution and, in addition, is reversed so that the distribution has an upper bound rather than a lower bound. Importantly, in applications of the GEV, the upper bound is unknown and so must be estimated, while when applying the ordinary Weibull distribution in reliability applications the lower bound is usually known to be zero.

A technique for protein sequences has been implemented in the software program SAGA (Sequence Alignment by Genetic Algorithm) and its equivalent in RNA is called RAGA. The technique of simulated annealing, by which an existing MSA produced by another method is refined by a series of rearrangements designed to find better regions of alignment space than the one the input alignment already occupies. Like the genetic algorithm method, simulated annealing maximizes an objective function like the sum-of-pairs function. Simulated annealing uses a metaphorical "temperature factor" that determines the rate at which rearrangements proceed and the likelihood of each rearrangement; typical usage alternates periods of high rearrangement rates with relatively low likelihood (to explore more distant regions of alignment space) with periods of lower rates and higher likelihoods to more thoroughly explore local minima near the newly "colonized" regions.

Alkanes generally have minimum energy when the C–C–C angles are close to 110 degrees. Conformations of the cyclohexane molecule with all six carbon atoms on the same plane have a higher energy, because some or all the C–C–C angles must be far from that value (120 degrees for a regular hexagon). Thus the conformations which are local energy minima have the ring twisted in space, according to one of two patterns known as chair (with the carbons alternately above and below their mean plane) and boat (with two opposite carbons above the plane, and the other four below it). If the energy barrier between two conformational isomers is low enough, it may be overcome by the random inputs of thermal energy that the molecule gets from interactions with the environment or from its own vibrations.

While any two arrangements of atoms in a molecule that differ by rotation about single bonds can be referred to as different conformations, conformations that correspond to local minima on the energy surface are specifically called conformational isomers or conformers. Conformations that correspond to local maxima on the energy surface are the transition states between the local-minimum conformational isomers. Rotations about single bonds involve overcoming a rotational energy barrier to interconvert one conformer to another. If the energy barrier is low, there is free rotation and a sample of the compound exists as a rapidly equilibrating mixture of multiple conformers; if the energy barrier is high enough then there is restricted rotation, a molecule may exist for a relatively long time period as a stable rotational isomer or rotamer (an isomer arising from hindered single-bond rotation).

In 1699, Fatio published Lineæ brevissimæ descensus investigatio geometrica duplex, cui addita est investigatio geometrica solidi rotundi in quo minima fiat resistentia ("A two- fold geometrical investigation of the line of briefest descent, to which is added a geometric investigation of the solid of revolution that produces the minimum resistance"), a pamphlet containing his own solutions to the brachistochrone and to another problem, treated by Newton in book II of the Principia (see Newton's minimal resistance problem), in what is modernly called the "calculus of variations". In his book, Fatio drew attention to his own original work on the calculus from 1687, while stressing Newton's absolute priority and questioning the claims of Leibniz and his followers. This provoked angry responses from Johann Bernoulli and Leibniz in the Acta Eruditorum. Leibniz stressed that Newton himself had admitted in his Principia to Leibniz's independent discovery of the calculus.

Recent and forthcoming publications include essays on art and technology in the 1960s, interactivity and agency, the historiography of art and technology, parallels between conceptual art and art and technology, and the cultural implications of cybernetics, telematics, robotics, and biotechnology. Shanken’s current research examines art-science collaboration and the relationship between the discourses of mainstream contemporary art and new media art. Following the first concern, he chaired the panel discussion,"Artists in Industry and the Academy: Interdisciplinary Research Collaborations" at the 2004 Annual Conference of the College Art Association and served as guest editor of a special series of essays under the same title in the Leonardo Journal (38:4 and 38:5) in 2005. More recently he guest-edited a special series of essays, “The Reception and Rejection of Art and Technology: Exclusions and Revulsions,” which appeared in the journals a minima (Mar 2008) and Leonardo 42: 2 (Apr 2008).

However, the boundaries between these forms of memory are not clear-cut, and they can vary depending on the task. Intermediate-term memory is thought to be supported by the parahippocampal cortex. In 1993, Rosenzweig and colleagues demonstrated that, in rats conditioned with an aversive stimulus, percent avoidance of the stimulus (and, by implication, memory of the aversive nature of the stimulus) reached relative minima at one minute, fifteen minutes, and sixty minutes. These dips were theorized to correspond to the time points in which the rats switched from working memory to intermediate-term memory, from intermediate-term memory to the early phase of long-term memory, and from the early phase of long-term memory to the late phase of long-term memory, respectively—thus demonstrating the presence of a form of memory that exists between working memory and long-term memory, which they referred to as "intermediate-term memory".

The IUPAC Gold BookIUPAC Goldbook definition of intermediate defines an intermediate as a molecular entity (atom, ion, molecule...) with a lifetime appreciably longer than a molecular vibration that is formed (directly or indirectly) from the reactants and reacts further to give (either directly or indirectly) the products of a chemical reaction. The lifetime condition distinguishes true, chemically distinct intermediates from vibrational states or such transition states which, by definition have lifetimes close to that of molecular vibration, and thus, intermediates correspond to potential energy minima of depth greater than available thermal energy arising from temperature, (RT, where R is gas constant and T is temperature). Many intermediates are short-lived and highly reactive, thus having a low concentration in the reaction mixture. As is always the case when discussing chemical kinetics, definitions like fast/slow short/long-lived are relative, and depend on the relative rates of all the reactions involved.

Discounting rotations of the whole molecule, that configuration is a single isomer — the so-called staggered conformation. Rotation between the two halves of the molecule 1,2-dichloroethane (– also has three local energy minima, but they have different energies due to differences between the H–H, Cl–Cl, and H–Cl interactions. There are therefore three rotamers: a trans isomer where the two chlorines are on the same plane as the two carbons, but with oppositely directed bonds; and two gauche isomers, mirror images of each other, where the two – groups are rotated about 109° from that position. The computed energy difference between trans and gauche is ~1.5 kcal/mol, the barrier for the ~109° rotation from trans to gauche is ~5 kcal/mol, and that of the ~142° rotation from one gauche to its enantiomer is ~8 kcal/mol.Kenneth B. Wiberg and Mark A. Murcko (1987): "Rotational barriers. 1. 1,2-Dihaloethanes".

Both the flight data recorder and the cockpit voice recorder were retrieved from the crash site and examined by investigators. The FDR data did not show any defect in the aircraft's controls and instruments. The official accident report by the Korea Aviation Accident Investigation Board was released on 4 March 2005. The Probable Cause read: #The flight crew of flight 129 performed the circling approach, not being aware of the weather minima of wide-body aircraft (B767-200) for landing, and in the approach briefing, did not include the missed approach, etc., among the items specified in Air China’s operations and training manuals. # The flight crew exercised poor crew resource management and lost situational awareness during the circling approach to runway 18R, which led them to fly outside of the circling approach area, delaying the base turn, contrary to the captain’s intention to make a timely base turn.

In physics, Averroes did not adopt the inductive method that was being developed by Al-Biruni in the Islamic world and is closer to today's physics. Rather, he was—in the words of historian of science Ruth Glasner—a "exegetical" scientist who produced new theses about nature through discussions of previous texts, especially the writings of Aristotle. because of this approach, he was often depicted as an unimaginative follower of Aristotle, but Glasner argues that Averroes' work introduced highly original theories of physics, especially his elaboration of Aristotle's minima naturalia and on motion as forma fluens, which were taken up in the west and are important to the overall development of physics. Averroes also proposed a definition of force as "the rate at which work is done in changing the kinetic condition of a material body"—a definition close to that of power in today's physics.

The mesopause is the point of minimum temperature at the boundary between the mesosphere and the thermosphere atmospheric regions. Due to the lack of solar heating and very strong radiative cooling from carbon dioxide, the mesosphere is the coldest region on Earth with temperatures as low as -100 °C (-148 °F or 173 K).International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. "mesosphere". Compendium of Chemical Terminology Internet edition The altitude of the mesopause for many years was assumed to be at around 85 km (53 mi.), but observations to higher altitudes and modeling studies in the last 10 years have shown that in fact the mesopause consists of two minima - one at about 85 km and a stronger minimum at about 100 km (62 mi). Another feature is that the summer mesopause is cooler than the winter (sometimes referred to as the mesopause anomaly).

The oxidation of water to molecular oxygen requires extraction of four electrons and four protons from two molecules of water. The experimental evidence that oxygen is released through cyclic reaction of oxygen evolving complex (OEC) within one PSII was provided by Pierre Joliot et al. They have shown that, if dark-adapted photosynthetic material (higher plants, algae, and cyanobacteria) is exposed to a series of single turnover flashes, oxygen evolution is detected with typical period-four damped oscillation with maxima on the third and the seventh flash and with minima on the first and the fifth flash (for review, see). Based on this experiment, Bessel Kok and co-workers introduced a cycle of five flash- induced transitions of the so-called S-states, describing the four redox states of OEC: When four oxidizing equivalents have been stored (at the S4-state), OEC returns to its basic S0-state.

Hot Springs has a cool semi-arid climate (Köppen BSk) bordering on a humid continental climate (Dfa/Dwa). Owing to its location in an area particularly prone to chinook winds, Hot Springs is one of the warmest places in South Dakota, with an annual mean temperature of . During the three winter months from December to February, twenty-five afternoons can be expected to exceed and five winter afternoons will climb to due to these warm winds. Nonetheless, extreme cold occurs frequently during the winter when the Föhn effect is absent: the average window for minima below or reaching is from December 3 to February 27, and fifteen mornings get this cold during an average winter, with reached twice per winter on average. Thirty afternoons each winter stay below , with all but seven in the severe month of January 1937 not topping the freezing point.

With temperature, the gradually reached transitions between the minima via the different kind of saddle-points explains the origin of all the four phases (three ferroelectric and one paraelectric) in perovskites of the type BaTiO3 and their properties. The predicted by the theory trigonal displacement of the Ti ion in all four phases, the fully disordered PJTE distortions in the paraelectric phase, and their partially disordered state in two other phases was confirmed by a variety of experimental investigations (see in ). Multiferroicity and magnetic-ferroelectric crossover. The PJTE theory of ferroelectricity in ABO3 crystals was expanded to show that, depending on the number of electrons in the dn shell of the transition metal ion B4+ and their low spin or high spin arrangement (which controls the symmetry and spin multiplicity of the ground and PJTE active excited states of the [BO6] center), the ferroelectricity may coexist with a magnetic moment (multiferroicity).

In a cum manu union, the wife was released from the control of her father and became a member of her husband's family, standing thereafter under potestas of her husband or her father-in- law.Judith P. Hallett and Thoman Van Nortwick, Compromising Traditions, Routledge, 1997, 34 Legally adopted by her husband, she received the same entitlements as other children in the family over matters of intestate succession and inherited thereafter not from her father but from her husband. However, the power he held over her was limited in comparison to that which he held over his own daughter; he lacked for example, the legal right of life and death, and noxal surrender or sale over her. This change of status, known as capitis diminutio minima,Susan Treggiari, Roman Marriage: Iusti Coniuges, Oxford University Press, 1993, 28 conferred on the wife the title of materfamilias.

It is possible to define a specific minimum isoperimetric quotient, proportional to the ratio between the area and the square of the perimeter of any given congressional voting district. Although technologies presently exist to define districts in this manner, there are no rules in place mandating their use, and no national movement to implement such a policy. One problem with the simplest version of this rule is that it would prevent incorporation of jagged natural boundaries, such as rivers or mountains; when such boundaries are required, such as at the edge of a state, certain districts may not be able to meet the required minima. One way of avoiding this problem is to allow districts which share a border with a state border to replace that border with a polygon or semi-circle enclosing the state boundary as a kind of virtual boundary definition, but using the actual perimeter of the district whenever this occurs inside the state boundaries.

In this era, important concepts in calculus such as the fundamental theorem of calculus (proved in 1668 by Scottish mathematician James Gregory) and finding extrema and minima of functions via differentiation using Fermat's theorem (by French mathematician Pierre de Fermat) were already known before Leibniz and Newton. Isaac Newton (1642–1727) developed some concepts in calculus (although Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz developed similar concepts outside the context of physics) and Newton's method to solve problems in physics. He was extremely successful in his application of calculus to the theory of motion. Newton's theory of motion, shown in his Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, published in 1687, modeled three Galilean laws of motion along with Newton's law of universal gravitation on a framework of absolute space—hypothesized by Newton as a physically real entity of Euclidean geometric structure extending infinitely in all directions—while presuming absolute time, supposedly justifying knowledge of absolute motion, the object's motion with respect to absolute space.

Force-directed methods in graph drawing date back to the work of , who showed that polyhedral graphs may be drawn in the plane with all faces convex by fixing the vertices of the outer face of a planar embedding of the graph into convex position, placing a spring-like attractive force on each edge, and letting the system settle into an equilibrium.. Because of the simple nature of the forces in this case, the system cannot get stuck in local minima, but rather converges to a unique global optimum configuration. Because of this work, embeddings of planar graphs with convex faces are sometimes called Tutte embeddings. The combination of attractive forces on adjacent vertices, and repulsive forces on all vertices, was first used by ;. additional pioneering work on this type of force-directed layout was done by .. The idea of using only spring forces between all pairs of vertices, with ideal spring lengths equal to the vertices' graph-theoretic distance, is from ..

Once very common, the guaraipo is now rather rare in nature, mainly due to the destruction of their native forests in the south-southeast of Brazil. Other groups of Brazilian stingless bees, genera Plebeia and Leurotrigona, are also very tame and much smaller, with one of them (Plebeia minima) reaching no more than 2.5 mm (3/32") in length, and the lambe-olhos (licks-eyes, Leurotrigona muelleri) being even smaller, at no more than 1.5 mm (3/32"). Many of these species are known as mirim ('small' in Tupi-Guarani languages), and they can be kept in very small artificial hives, thus being of interest for keepers who want them as pollinators in small glasshouses or just for the pleasure of having a ‘toy’ bee colony at home. Being so tiny, these species produce only a very small amount of honey, typically less than 500 ml (1/2 US pint) a year, so are not interesting for commercial honey production.

As early as 11 January, long-range ensemble forecast guidance from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts suggested the possibility of a storm forming over the Mozambique Channel. A low-pressure area eventually formed over southern Africa by 18 January, and was forecast by the MFR to develop within the channel as part of a complex series of developing low-pressure minima along a monsoon trough extending across Madagascar. A centre of circulation of monsoonal character began to develop on 22 January between Juan de Nova Island and the western Malagasy coast, prompting the MFR to designate the system as Zone of Disturbed Weather 06. The incipient disturbance tracked eastward across Madagascar, maintaining a corridor of strong winds. By the afternoon of 23 January, the centre of the system emerged over the Indian Ocean. The system then began to slowly consolidate with the aid of warm ocean waters, with the MFR upgrading it to a tropical depression on 24 January.

It is convenient to separate the atmospheric regions according to the two temperature minima at about 12 km altitude (the tropopause) and at about 85 km (the mesopause) (Figure 1). The thermosphere (or the upper atmosphere) is the height region above 85 km, while the region between the tropopause and the mesopause is the middle atmosphere (stratosphere and mesosphere) where absorption of solar UV radiation generates the temperature maximum near 45 km altitude and causes the ozone layer. Figure 1. Nomenclature of atmospheric regions based on the profiles of electric conductivity (left), temperature (middle), and electron number density in m−3(right) The density of the Earth's atmosphere decreases nearly exponentially with altitude. The total mass of the atmosphere is M = ρA H ≃ 1 kg/cm2 within a column of one square centimeter above the ground (with ρA = 1.29 kg/m3 the atmospheric density on the ground at z = 0 m altitude, and H ≃ 8 km the average atmospheric scale height).

Since 1890, under a mandate from the French state, Caisse des Dépôts has been receiving funds deposited by individuals at notaries (notably during inheritance or property transactions), creating a business which has developed over the 20th century. Nowadays, the scope of its missions has widened, it includes funds from administrators and legal representatives, court clerks, bailiffs, etc.. Moreover, it was entrusted with the management of new mandates like the Social Cohesion Fund (FCS) which is able to guarantee loans to natural or legal persons and also grants loans to job-seekers or social minima recipients creating their own company. Since 1816, in accordance with its role as a trusted third-party, Caisse des Dépôts has been exercising the profession of consignee, which consists of keeping sums or amounts over which legal disputes or disagreements still exist.Pierre Solanet et Maurice Chasse (préface), La Caisse des dépôts et consignations, Paris, Librairie du Recueil Sirey, 1943, 278 p.

This periodic wavefront can be generated by spatially coherent illumination of a periodic structure, like a diffraction grating, and if so the intensity distribution of the wave field at the Talbot length resembles exactly the structure of the grating and is called a self-image. It has also been shown that intensity patterns will be created at certain fractional Talbot lengths. At half the distance the same intensity distribution appears except for a lateral shift of half the grating period while at certain smaller fractional Talbot distances the self-images have fractional periods and fractional sizes of the intensity maxima and minima, that become visible in the intensity distribution behind the grating, a so-called Talbot carpet. The Talbot length and the fractional lengths can be calculated by knowing the parameters of the illuminating radiation and the illuminated grating and thus gives the exact position of the intensity maxima, which needs to be measured in GBI.

In 1922, Alfred J. Lotka proposed that natural selection might be understood as a physical principle that could be described in terms of the use of energy by a system, a concept later developed by Howard T. Odum as the maximum power principle in thermodynamics, whereby evolutionary systems with selective advantage maximise the rate of useful energy transformation. The principles of natural selection have inspired a variety of computational techniques, such as "soft" artificial life, that simulate selective processes and can be highly efficient in 'adapting' entities to an environment defined by a specified fitness function. For example, a class of heuristic optimisation algorithms known as genetic algorithms, pioneered by John Henry Holland in the 1970s and expanded upon by David E. Goldberg, identify optimal solutions by simulated reproduction and mutation of a population of solutions defined by an initial probability distribution. Such algorithms are particularly useful when applied to problems whose energy landscape is very rough or has many local minima.

At the same time, however, Adorno renewed his musical work: with talks at the Kranichsteiner Musikgesellschaft, another in connection with a production of Ernst Krenek's opera Leben des Orest, and a seminar on "Criteria of New Music" at the Fifth International Summer Course for New Music at Kranichstein. Adorno also became increasingly involved with the publishing house of Peter Suhrkamp, inducing the latter to publish Benjamin's Berlin Childhood Around 1900, Kracauer's writings and a two-volume edition of Benjamin's writings. Adorno's own recently published Minima Moralia was not only well received in the press, but also met with great admiration from Thomas Mann, who wrote to Adorno from America in 1952: Yet Adorno was no less moved by other public events: protesting the publication of Heinrich Mann's novel Professor Unrat with its film title, The Blue Angel; declaring his sympathy with those who protested the scandal of big-game hunting and penning a defense of prostitutes.

Theodor W. Adorno (;Oxford Dictionary of English ; born Theodor Ludwig Wiesengrund; September 11, 1903 – August 6, 1969) was a German philosopher, sociologist, psychologist, musicologist, and composer known for his critical theory of society. He was a leading member of the Frankfurt School of critical theory, whose work has come to be associated with thinkers such as Ernst Bloch, Walter Benjamin, Max Horkheimer, Erich Fromm, and Herbert Marcuse, for whom the works of Freud, Marx, and Hegel were essential to a critique of modern society. As a critic of both fascism and what he called the culture industry, his writings—such as Dialectic of Enlightenment (1947), Minima Moralia (1951) and Negative Dialectics (1966)—strongly influenced the European New Left. Amidst the vogue enjoyed by existentialism and positivism in early 20th-century Europe, Adorno advanced a dialectical conception of natural history that critiqued the twin temptations of ontology and empiricism through studies of Kierkegaard and Husserl.

The National Transportation Safety Board conducted an investigation of the accident that lasted almost 23 months. Its report, released on November 12, 1970, blamed the crash on "Spatial disorientation of the captain precipitated by atmospheric refraction of either the approach lights or landing lights at a critical point in the approach wherein the crew was transitioning between flying by reference to flight instruments and by visual reference to the ground." The NTSB noted that the captain of Flight 458, although experienced, had relatively few hours of experience as the pilot-in-command in CV-580s and that a captain more experienced with the CV-580 might have recognized the growing danger of a stall sooner and avoided the crash. It recommended that Federal Aviation Administration regulations be amended to require pilots to have more flying hours and landing experience in a given type of aircraft before being released from "high minima" landing requirements when serving as pilot-in-command in that type.

Fig. 1. Energy profiles in a two-level PJTE (lower - b) versus the JTE (upper - a) in a single distortion coordinate Q. The two branches of the APES for the case of strong PJTE resulting in the instability of the ground state (when the condition of instability (11) holds) are illustrated in Fig. 1b in comparison with the case when the two states have the same energy (Fig. 1a), i. e. when they are degenerate and the Jahn–Teller effect (JTE) takes place. We see that the two cases, degenerate and nondegenerate but close-in-energy (pseudodegenerate) are similar in generating two minima with distorted configurations, but there are important differences: while in the JTE there is a crossing of the two terms at the point of degeneracy (leading to conical intersections in more complicated cases), in the nondegenerate case with strong vibronic coupling there is an “avoided crossing” or “pseudo crossing”.

Three of the NTS bird species are found in the IBA, but more are likely to be found once detailed studies are conducted. Classified by BirdLife International, Amarambalam Reserve Forest lies in the Indian Peninsula Tropical Moist Forest (Biome-10): 15 bird species have been identified as typical biome assemblage, 12 species are found in this IBA. In 2003, Professor PO Nameer, Kerala Agricultural University, reported to have seen 11 species of woodpeckers, 11 species of flycatchers, nine species of babblers, seven species of bulbuls, and three species of barbets. As of 2004, there were populations of 10 IBA trigger species ranging from critically endangered/vulnerable to least concern according to IUCN categorisation and A1 to A3 according to IBA, namely Lesser adjutant (Leptoptilos javanicus), White- rumped vulture (Gyps bengalensis), Nilgiri wood-pigeon (Columba elphinstonii), Malabar parakeet (Psittacula columboides), Malabar grey-hornbill (Ocyceros griseus), White-bellied treepie (Dendrocitta leucogastra), Grey-headed bulbul (Pycnonotus priocephalus), Rufous babbler (Turdoides subrufus), White-bellied blue-flycatcher (Cyornis pallipes) and Crimson-backed sunbird (Nectarinia minima).

According to Barks and his successors, Magica lives on the slopes of Mount Vesuvius, next to Naples, Italy. Her primary motivation is to steal Scrooge's Number One Dime and melt it in the fires of the volcano, so she can turn it into a powerful magical amulet capable of granting the Midas Touch. While she has worked with criminals such as the Beagle Boys to get Scrooge's Dime, Magica typically works with individuals such as a raven named Ratface in the comics and apprentices like Samson Hex, a bungling no-hoper. Magica's family members have also appeared in the comics, such as her grandmother Granny De Spell, who has been no more successful in obtaining the Number One Dime despite claiming to be one of the most powerful witches; her sister the Wicked Witch of the West; the Wicked Witch's mischievous daughter and son Witch Child and Warlock, who Magica is sometimes tasked with babysitting; another niece called Minima De Spell; and a cousin named Witch Matilda, who has served under Magica as an apprentice.

Quantum annealing (QA) is a metaheuristic for finding the global minimum of a given objective function over a given set of candidate solutions (candidate states), by a process using quantum fluctuations (in other words, a meta- procedure for finding a procedure that finds an absolute minimum size/length/cost/distance from within a possibly very large, but nonetheless finite set of possible solutions using quantum fluctuation-based computation instead of classical computation). Quantum annealing is used mainly for problems where the search space is discrete (combinatorial optimization problems) with many local minima; such as finding the ground state of a spin glass or the traveling salesman problem. It was formulated in its present form by T. Kadowaki and H. Nishimori (ja) in "Quantum annealing in the transverse Ising model" though a proposal in a different form had been made by A. B. Finnila, M. A. Gomez, C. Sebenik and J. D. Doll, in "Quantum annealing: A new method for minimizing multidimensional functions". Quantum annealing starts from a quantum-mechanical superposition of all possible states (candidate states) with equal weights.

A well-structured systemParosh Aziz Abdulla, Kārlis Čerāns, Bengt Jonsson, Yih-Kuen Tsay: Algorithmic Analysis of Programs with Well Quasi-ordered Domains (2000), Information and Computation, Vol. 160 issues 1-2, pp. 109--127 is a transition system (S,\to) with state set S = Q \times D made up from a finite control state set Q, a data values set D, furnished with a decidable pre-order \leq \subseteq D \times D which is extended to states by (q,d)\le(q',d') \Leftrightarrow q=q' \wedge d\le d', which is well-structured as defined above (\to is monotonic, i.e. upward compatible, with respect to \le) and in addition has a computable set of minima for the set of predecessors of any upward closed subset of S. Well- structured systems adapt the theory of well-structured transition systems for modelling certain classes of systems encountered in computer science and provide the basis for decision procedures to analyse such systems, hence the supplementary requirements: the definition of a WSTS itself says nothing about the computability of the relations \le, \to.

A finding that would not be accounted for by their affinity originating from hydrogen bonding. To explore the possibility of electrostatic interactions, the use of molecular electrostatic potentials (MEP) were employed with model compound 34 (replacing the phenyltropane moiety with a methyl group). Focusing on the vicinity of the atoms @ positions A—C, the minima of electrostatic potential near atom position A (ΔVmin(A)), calculated with semi-empirical (AM1) quantum mechanics computations (superimposing the heterocyclic and phenyl rings to ascertain the least in the way of steric and conformational discrepancies) found a correlation between affinity @ DAT and ΔVmin(A): wherein the values for the latter for 32c = 0, 32g = -4, 32h = -50 & 32i = -63 kcal/mol. In contrast to this trend, it is understood that an increasingly negative ΔVmin is correlated with an increase of strength in hydrogen bonding, which is the opposing trend for the above; this indicates that the 2β-substituents (at least for the heterocyclic class) are dominated by electrostatic factors for binding in-the-stead of the presumptive hydrogen bonding model for this substituent of the cocaine-like binding ligand.

Aside from the city of Middelburg, the municipality also includes several population centres, including: Arnemuiden, Kleverskerke, Nieuw- en Sint Joosland and Sint Laurens. The town is close to the coast but the distance of 10-15 km means the winters are somewhat colder with especially lower winter minima and higher summer maxima. It has a temperate oceanic climate (Cfb) with few extremes. Winters tend to be mild, especially when we consider the northern latitude and summers are cool and precipitation is spreadout evenly over the year. All seasons are warming up by about 0,5 C/decade due to anthropogenic warming. The extreme since 2000 measured 2 km northeast of the city in the countryside with calibrated equipment have been -17,2 C on the 4th of February 2012 and 40,9 C on the 25th of July 2019. The latter unofficially being a new Dutch aaltime high record, slightly above the 40,7 C measured at Gilzerijen KNMI and 40,6 C in Westdorpe. Vlissingen KNMI measured -11,0 C and 37,5 C on the same dates, clearly showing how much the influence is diminished just 8 km further inland.

On opposing sides were Brown, who believed that the what appeared to be a non-classical carbocation represents the average of two rapidly equilibrating classical species (or possibly two structures exhibiting some degree of bridging or leaning but is nevertheless not symmetric) and that the true non-classical structure is a transition state between the two potential energy minima, and Winstein, who believed that a non-classical structure that possessed a plane of symmetry was the sole potential energy minimum and that the classical structures merely two contributing resonance forms of this non-classical species. George Olah's discovery of superacidic media to allow carbocations to be directly observed, together with a very sensitive NMR technique developed by Martin Saunders to distinguish between the two scenarios, played important roles in resolving this controversy.George A. Olah - Nobel Lecture At least for the 2-norbornyl cation itself, the controversy has been settled overwhelmingly in Winstein's favor, with no sign of the putative interconverting classical species, even at temperatures as low as 6 K, and a 2013 crystal structure showing a distinctly non-classical structure. A variety of carbocations (e.g.

The term Scapigliatura was derived from the novel La Scapigliatura e il 6 Febbraio by Cletto Arrighi, pen-name of Carlo Righetti (1830–1906), who was one of the forerunners of the movement. The main Italian inspiration of the Scapigliati was the writer and journalist Giuseppe Rovani (1818–1874), author of the novel Cento Anni and the influential aesthetic theories of his essays Le Tre Arti, an anti-conformist and charismatic figure on the fringes of the literary world of Milan, the city where the movement first developed through literary 'cenacles' which met in taverns and cafes. It attracted attention and scandalized the more conservative and Catholic circles of Italy with many pamphlets, journals and magazines like Arrighi's Cronaca Grigia, Antonio Ghislanzoni's Rivista Minima, Cesare Tronconi's Lo Scapigliato and Felice Cavallotti and Achille Bizzoni's Gazzettino Rosa, which challenged the status quo artistically, socially and politically. A wing of the movement became politically active, and known as Scapigliatura Democratica was central to the development of both the Socialist and Anarchist movements, with leaders such as the poet Felice Cavallotti who entered the Italian parliament on the extreme left, and whose libertarian ideals attracted much popular support for his political group, known as the Radicali.