142 Sentences With "lower limits" | Random Sentence Generator

These results place the first lower limits on dinosaur incubation times.

And individuals would face lower limits on contributions to state and national political parties.

But during that time, lenders also set upper and lower limits on mortgage payments.

First, people with cost-sharing subsidies get lower limits on their out-of-pocket maximums.

Past government schemes have tried to tackle this problem, but with far lower limits on payouts.

The average cap is $25,000, and most states impose lower limits on specific benefits like counseling.

Short version: the algorithm understands your sense of hearing's upper and lower limits for different sound frequencies.

The group had already submitted a petition to the government, seeking upper and lower limits on plane temperatures.

The lower limits normally in place for overnight trading are set to apply again starting at 5 p.m.

Upper and lower limits of the sound, the two modes of breathing provoke each other across an uneasy distance.

This is the 48th lowest Medicaid eligibility threshold in the country (Missouri, Idaho, and Texas have slightly lower limits).

And in fact they have: Lower limits on pain-and-suffering claims for minor injuries took effect last April.

The new report's drinking water samples held concentrations higher than those lower limits in more than a dozen places.

In the U.S., driving with a BAC of 0.08 g/dL or higher is illegal, with lower limits for commercial drivers.

BHP was "fully supportive" of the International Maritime Organization's decision to impose lower limits on sulfur levels in marine fuels, Bhatti added.

Dog-bite liability is often capped at lower limits, and policy details may exclude certain breeds or pets that have previously bitten someone.

For example, he pushed back after reports emerged that lawmakers were considering lower limits on pre-tax contributions to 401(k) retirement plans.

As Mr. Powell begins his term as Fed chairman, the question is how much he is willing to test the lower limits of unemployment.

The central bank will guide local authorities to set specific lower limits on mortgage rates to reflect local real estate market conditions, the central bank said.

But poker has built-in safeguards against rampant bumhunting — new players tend to play at lower limits, which make it harder for bumhunters to take in huge profits.

The NDRC said Medtronic had carried out monopolistic behavior with its distributors and local partners to fix prices and set lower limits on the resale price to hospitals.

But keep in mind that raising those limits may not help, if your policy already stipulates lower limits for dog-related injuries, or excludes your pet from coverage entirely.

Lower limits for tax-free contributions would produce new revenue to help Republicans pay for tax cuts they have proposed for high-income earners, corporations and wealthy families' inheritances.

This is not a trending market so there is a better probability that the Australian dollar will continue to trade between the upper and lower limits of the trading band.

Commonwealth Bank of Australia said there was "sufficient capacity" under the regulator's lower limits to accommodate its foreign exposures, including taking into account the additional capital requirement for New Zealand banks.

The hazard came to light when, in 2016, the US Environmental Protection Agency issued a health advisory recommending that drinking water have lower limits of two common types, PFOA and PFOS.

In its corridor management, the PBOC sets the upper and lower limits of the interbank rate band and uses short-term money market instruments to keep the rates within that range.

Ballot Proposal 1: Yes The first proposal would lower limits for contributions to candidates who participate in the campaign finance system, while increasing the funding match given for candidates in the program.

The central bank said on Sunday China will set lower limits on mortgage rates, in an apparent bid to curb housing risks following its reform to switch to a market-based reference rate.

Allowing the upper and lower limits of stock prices to readjust periodically as the best bid and offer change might be sufficient to absorb volatility, said Joe Mecane, a managing director at Barclays.

CME "determined that there is a material likelihood that the vote may result in increased price volatility" during the hours when the lower limits are normally in place, the company said in a notice to customers.

For starters, he should try to close the loophole that allows secretive limited liability companies to contribute as much as individuals can to candidates in statewide races, thus evading the much lower limits imposed on corporations.

Adopting even lower limits on refugees is the latest move by the president to restrict immigration at a time when the country's proportion of foreign-born residents has reached its highest level in nearly a century.

Lower limits on legal immigration, and the resulting squeeze on the labour market, could lead to a rise in the number of migrants working in the country illegally, both of their own free will and under duress.

Smaller wineries may lack resources or expertise to negotiate additional coverage for issues such as spoilage caused by utility failures, which is typically subject to far lower limits than other parts of a policy, Aon's Pagano said.

Today's rate is a welcome course correction back to letting data, not speculation, determine the pace of rate increases and letting the economy test the lower limits of unemployment that can be reached without setting off inflation.

Scott Gottlieb, the commissioner of the FDA, said the agency will soon issue a new regulation for much lower limits on the amount of nicotine in tobacco, essentially forcing companies to reengineer cigarettes so they'll be less addictive.

In addition to Monday's Chinese stock selloff, the yuan currency had its worst day since August, and Shanghai-traded commodities from oil to copper hit their lower limits - all despite the central bank's injection of 1.2 trillion yuan ($174 billion) into money markets.

If the 10 largest investors hold more than half of the fund it will have to comply with lower limits on the weighted average maturity and weighted average life, and maintain a higher proportion of assets maturing within a week (see table).

Meanwhile, if the unemployment rate continues drifting down and testing the lower limits of Nairu further, 2018 may turn out to be the first time in nearly two decades to test just what good things might result from a Lycra-tight labor market.

By that point, Needleman's research had been superseded by newer research used to justify even lower limits of allowable lead.

E. calendulina is known only from the lower limits of the Cachil Forest of Peru. The species is threatened by habitat destruction.

Classic studies by Robert Paine established that when sea star predators are removed, mussel beds extend to lower tide heights, smothering resident seaweeds. Thus, mussels' lower limits are set by sea star predation. Conversely, in the presence of sea stars, mussels' lower limits occur at a tide height at which sea stars are unable to tolerate climate conditions. Competition, especially for space, is another dominant interaction structuring intertidal communities.

The catalytic activity of enzymes also allows lower limits of detection compared to common binding techniques. However, the sensor's lifetime is limited by the stability of the enzyme.

It may be the most massive planet currently known around a red dwarf star (though only lower limits are known for those planets detected by the radial velocity method).

Lower limits are generally estimated to be about 50 kilometers. More difficulties arise trying to define the upper bounds of "space", as it would require more inquiry into the nature of the universe and the role of Earth as a planet.

Many questions arise from the difficulty of defining the term "space". Scholars not only debate its geographical definition (i.e. upper and lower limits), but also whether or not it also encompasses various objects within it (i.e. celestial objects, human beings, man-made devices).

It is possible to set lower limits from deep galaxy surveys.Madau P., Pozzetti L., 2000, MNRAS, 312, L9Keenan R. C., Barger A. J., Cowie L. L., Wang W. H., 2010, ApJ, 723, 40 On the other hand, VHE observations of extragalactic sources set upper limits to the EBL.

Conventional upper and lower limits of flammability apply to such weapons. Close in, blast from the dispersal charge, compressing and heating the surrounding atmosphere, will have some influence on the lower limit. The upper limit has been demonstrated strongly to influence the ignition of fogs above pools of oil.Nettleton, arch. combust.

Wallemia sebi have lower limits for growth below water activity of 0.75 (0.69-0.75)aw, while most microorganisms are limited to 0.95 and above. Wallemia sebi has been isolated from hair, hay, textiles and man. It can grow slowly without additional solute in the growth medium, and form small, reddish-brown, powdery colonies.

The record-setting thermophile, Methanopyrus kandlerii, was isolated from a hydrothermal vent. Hydrothermal vents provide abundant energy and nutrients. Several groups of Archaea and Bacteria thrive in the shallow seafloor at temperatures between 80 and 105°C. In more energy-limited environments, cells are expected to have lower limits on the temperature.

For flat LED of the same size, the lower limits on the unification scale results are consistent with n ≥ 4. The details of the analysis is as follows: A sample of 6 gamma-ray faint NS sources not reported in the first Fermi gamma-ray source catalog that are good candidates are selected for this analysis, based on age, surface magnetic field, distance, and galactic latitude. Based on 11 months of data from Fermi -LAT, 95% CL upper limits on the size of extra dimensions R from each source are obtained, as well as 95% CL lower limits on the (n+4)-dimensional Planck scale M_D. In addition, the limits from all of the analyzed NSs have been combined statistically using two likelihood-based methods.

In a healthy man, the stroke volume is approximately 70 mL, and the left ventricular end-diastolic volume (EDV) is approximately 120 mL, giving an estimated ejection fraction of , or 0.58 (58%). Healthy individuals typically have ejection fractions between 50% and 65%, although the lower limits of normality are difficult to establish with confidence.

In addition, the pass includes several hazardous curves, and is frequently hit with snow, ice, and fog during winter storms. In winter, it is common for the highway to be closed one to four times per year by transportation authorities due to hazardous conditions. The speed limit is , but lower limits are set for larger vehicles.

It is likely that some donors have over one hundred genetic children. Some sperm banks impose lower limits; e.g., the Sperm Bank of California has a limit of ten families per donor,The Sperm Bank of California information on donor sperm and the Rainbow Flag Sperm Bank has a limit of donor children by six different women.

107, 110–111 Party doctrinaires paid tribute to various alternative models that could still protect peasants from economic modernity, "looking for a Third Way between liberalism and communism."Harre, pp. 63–64 In programmatic terms, the PNȚ favored "the free circulation of land", but short of land grabbing, proposing upper and lower limits on property purchase.Ilincioiu, p.

In 1993 Voere of Austria began selling a gun and caseless ammunition. Their system used a primer, electronically fired at 17.5 ± 2 volts. The upper and lower limits prevent fire from either stray currents or static electricity. The direct electrical firing eliminates the mechanical delays associated with a striker, reducing lock time and allowing for easier adjustment of the rifle trigger.

Conversely for silicon on gold, where the modest cross section Si2p line sits on the large background below the Au4f lines, detection limits would be much worse for the same acquisition time. Detection limits are often quoted as 0.1–1.0 % atomic percent (0.1% = 1 part per thousand = 1000 ppm) for practical analyses, but lower limits may be achieved in many circumstances.

Pitchers are pottery that has been broken in the course of manufacture. Biscuit (unglazed) pitchers can be crushed, ground and re-used, either as a low-percentage addition to the virgin raw materials on the same factory, or elsewhere as grog. Because of the adhering glaze, glost pitchers find less use.In USA, Lower Limits For Leaching Of Lead From Ceramic Pitchers.

If an EECR is not a proton, but a nucleus with A nucleons, then the GZK limit applies to its nucleons, which carry only a fraction of the total energy of the nucleus. For an iron nucleus, the corresponding limit would be . However, nuclear physics processes lead to limits for iron nuclei similar to that of protons. Other abundant nuclei have even much lower limits.

"Barrens" has been used almost interchangeably with savanna in different parts of North America. Sometimes midwestern savanna were described as "grassland with trees". Different authors have defined the lower limits of savanna tree coverage as 5–10% and upper limits range as 25–80% of an area. Two factors common to all savanna environments are rainfall variations from year to year, and dry season wildfires.

Insofar as Quantity describes the upper and lower Limits between which a specific Quality can maintain itself, it serves as a (a) Rule. The Rule is an arbitrary external standard or Amount that measures something other than itself. Although it is often tempting to assume so, there is in actuality no object that can serve as a completely universal standard of measurement, i.e., be pure Quantity.

The government fixes the exchange value of the currency. For example, the European Central Bank (ECB) may fix its exchange rate at €1 = $1 (assuming that the euro follows the fixed exchange-rate). This is the central value or par value of the euro. Upper and lower limits for the movement of the currency are imposed, beyond which variations in the exchange rate are not permitted.

Under the act, personal possession of up to 30 grams of cannabis is legal for Illinois residents at least 21 years of age, with lower limits for non- residents. The bill contains expungement provisions supported by civil liberties advocates. Around 700,000 marijuana-related police records and court convictions are expected to qualify to be erased under the bill. Cases of marijuana possession under 30 grams will automatically be expunged.

The route is described from Westerfield to Felixstowe. Features on the up side will be on the right when facing towards Felixstowe, those on the down side on the left. Spring Road Viaduct The Felixstowe branch is an unelectrified, single track secondary line with a maximum line speed of 75 mph, although lower limits apply at some places. It has a W10 loading gauge but W9 rolling stock is excluded .

These restrictions placed higher limits on old, more polluting cars and lower limits on new, less polluting cars. The 1992 reform led to a significant impact on the emissions created by local pollutants in Santiago. A price effect that favored less polluting car models was also seen. Households in localities facing restrictions owned more 1992 or older built vehicles without catalytic converter than households in localities that did not face restrictions.

The entry also contains upper and lower limits of allowable offsets within the bank. Virtual addresses that are outside the limits generate a fault interrupt. This allows small banks, for example containing a message, to have only the virtual space reserved for it that it actually needs and provides a debugging check against bad pointers and indices. The BD also contains a key value and access control fields.

I-95 in Columbia, Maryland, built to modern standards Being freeways, Interstate Highways usually have the highest speed limits in a given area. Speed limits are determined by individual states. From 1974 to 1986, the maximum speed limit on any highway in the United States was , in accordance with federal law. Typically, lower limits are established in Northeastern and coastal states, while higher speed limits are established in inland states west of the Mississippi River.

Any vulcanoids that exist must be relatively small. Previous searches, particularly from the STEREO spacecrafts, rule out asteroids larger than in diameter. The minimum size is about ; particles smaller than 0.2 μm are strongly repulsed by radiation pressure, and objects smaller than 70 m would be drawn into the Sun by Poynting–Robertson drag. Between these upper and lower limits, a population of asteroids between and in diameter is thought to be possible.

MAUP can be used as a methodology to calculate upper and lower limits as well as average regression parameters for multiple sets of spatial groupings. The MAUP is a critical source of error in spatial studies, whether observational or experimental. As such, unit consistency, particularly in a time-series cross-sectional (TSCS) context, is essential. Further, robustness checks of unit sensitivity to alternative spatial aggregation should be routinely performed to mitigate associated biases on resulting statistical estimates.

White dwarfs, imaged by NASA's Hubble Space Telescope Another key aspect of SIM Lite's mission was determining the upper and lower limits of star's masses. Today, scientists understand that there are limits to how small or large a star can be. Objects that are too small lack the internal pressure to initiate thermonuclear fusion, which is what causes a star to shine. These objects are known as brown dwarfs and represent the lower end of the stellar mass scale.

In 2005, members voted 102,455 to 19,898 against a proposed change to "recognize the need to adopt lower limits on migration to the United States." With the increased number of progressive activists joining the club in recent years, the Sierra Club has dramatically shifted its stance on immigration further towards the affirmative. Today, the Sierra Club supports a path to citizenship for undocumented immigrants, opposes a border wall and works with immigrant groups to promote environmental justice.

EE is ideal for pharmaceuticals with low concentrations of active ingredient, such as those containing proteins and peptides, because of its ability to lower limits of detection for liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis.Stroink; Paarlberg; Waterval; Bult; Underberg. Electrophoresis, 2001, 22, 2374. In addition, sample enrichment by EE helps overcome the low injection volumes and short optical path length of UV-Vis detectors that accompany CE. EE coupled to CE has been used to separate and analyze antisense oligonucleotides.

The term is particularly used in the United Kingdom, where they are also called fruit machines, and are found in amusement arcades and public houses. The distinction with slot machines is not clearly defined; in the United Kingdom, such machines found in arcades and pubs are called AWPs, while machines in casinos may instead be called slots. There is different licensing depending on the premise, with AWP machines having lower limits on stake wagered and payout.

Some centers, such as the renin–angiotensin system, control more than one variable. When the receptor senses a stimulus, it reacts by sending action potentials to a control center. The control center sets the maintenance range—the acceptable upper and lower limits—for the particular variable, such as temperature. The control center responds to the signal by determining an appropriate response and sending signals to an effector, which can be one or more muscles, an organ, or a gland.

Equine population estimates in each HMA can vary significantly from year to year, depending on habitat condition in a given area, fecundity of the animals, or if a gather has occurred. Census-gathering methods also vary, and wild horse advocacy groups frequently question the validity of the population counts. Nonetheless, each HMA is given an Appropriate Management Level (AML), usually given as a range showing upper and lower limits. This is the BLM's assessment of the number of equines the land can sustain.

Rock, dirt and other types of materials commonly hauled in trucks of this type are quite heavy, and almost any style of truck can be easily overloaded. Because of that, this type of truck is frequently configured to take advantage of local weight limitations to maximize the cargo. For example, within the United States, the maximum weight limit is throughout the country, except for specific bridges with lower limits. Individual states, in some instances, are allowed to authorize trucks up to .

The OC curve characterizes the probabilities of both type I and II errors. Risk curves for model builder's risk and model user's can be developed from the OC curves. Comparing curves with fixed sample size tradeoffs between model builder's risk and model user's risk can be seen easily in the risk curves. If model builder's risk, model user's risk, and the upper and lower limits for the range of accuracy are all specified then the sample size needed can be calculated.

Applying his gift for discerning the root of a problem, he considered plasma permeation through a picket fence magnetic system and, in 1957, was the first to theoretically determine the width of a magnetic gap for a cusp system. His approach is still used. Around the same time, Firsov also carried out two of his best-known works. In 1957, he found the exact upper and lower limits of the interaction potential between two atoms in the Thomas-Fermi approximation.

Pinyon- Juniper woodland in Elko County, Nevada Continuing up in elevation, you reach the pinyon-juniper community. The main plants in this community are singleleaf pinyon pine and Utah juniper, often with a sagebrush and bitterbrush understory. Other species of junipers also occur in this zone, including Juniperus communis, and Juniperus occidentalis. The elevational range of this zone varies, but it is usually found between , with lower limits determined by lack of moisture and the upper limits determined by temperature.

1927/32 adapted from the regimental field-gun obr.1927. By 1936, this weapon was being replaced by the KT-28 cannon (length of barrel 16.5 calibers), which was also used on the Т-28 medium tank. The mounting allowed for vertical training (aiming) with upper and lower limits of -7° and +23°, respectively. As an auxiliary weapon in the main turret, to the right of the cannon, the 7.62mm DT machine gun was placed autonomously in a ball setting.

HD 154857 c is an extrasolar planet located approximately 224 light-years away in the constellation of Ara, orbiting the star HD 154857. This planet takes about 3470 days (9.5 years) to orbit the star. The first signs of this planet were noticed on 9 February 2007 by O’Toole in Australia using the method Doppler spectroscopy, along with HD 23127 b and HD 159868 b. The orbit had not yet been completely observed, so the values quoted were lower limits.

Tone proportions in Stockhausen's Elektronische Studie I (, citing the 1964 reprint of ). The fundamental hypothesis for Studie I was that its serial system should begin in the middle of the human auditory range and extend in both directions to the limits of pitch perception. Durations and amplitudes are inversely proportional to the distance from this central reference, so the sounds become both shorter and softer as they approach the upper and lower limits of pitch audibility . Sets of six values determine the entire work.

These speeds correspond to transit times from the Sun out to the mean radius of Earth's orbit of about 13 hours to 86 days (extremes), with about 3.5 days as the average. The average mass ejected is . However, the estimated mass values for CMEs are only lower limits, because coronagraph measurements provide only two-dimensional data. The frequency of ejections depends on the phase of the solar cycle: from about 0.2 per day near the solar minimum to 3.5 per day near the solar maximum.

When using fluorescent antibodies to image proteins in western blots, normalization requires that the user define the upper and lower limits of quantitation and characterize the linear relationship between signal intensity and the sample mass volume for each antigen. Both the target protein and the normalization control need to fluoresce within the dynamic range of detection. Many HKPs are expressed at high levels and are preferred for use with highly-expressed target proteins. Lower expressing proteins are difficult to detect on the same blot.

The practice was eventually formalized with the passage of the Act Fixing a Minimum Wage in 1604 by King James I for workers in the textile industry. By the early 19th century, the Statutes of Labourers was repealed as increasingly capitalistic England embraced laissez-faire policies which disfavored regulations of wages (whether upper or lower limits). The subsequent 19th century saw significant labor unrest affect many industrial nations. As trade unions were decriminalized during the century, attempts to control wages through collective agreement were made.

Other sections through urban areas remained at the lower limits as well. The Kansas Department of Transportation requested an Interstate designation for the Emporia–Topeka segment of the turnpike by May 1987, which they received on October 23, 1987, when that section was given the I-335 designation to allow for a speed limit. Later in November 1995, Congress repealed the National Maximum Speed Limit; Kansas initially left their limits alone after the repeal. Legislation that raised the speed limits to took effect on March 22, 1996.

The cadmium-113 total cross section clearly showing the cadmium cut-off Naturally occurring cadmium is composed of 8 isotopes. Two of them are radioactive, and three are expected to decay but have not done so under laboratory conditions. The two natural radioactive isotopes are 113Cd (beta decay, half-life is ) and 116Cd (two-neutrino double beta decay, half-life is ). The other three are 106Cd, 108Cd (both double electron capture), and 114Cd (double beta decay); only lower limits on these half-lives have been determined.

The cisternal tap may be used in myelography when the upper margin of a spinal block needs to be defined; however, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become the procedure of choice for defining the upper and lower limits of spinal cord or spinal cord-compressing lesions. It is necessary at times in the intrathecal administration of irritating medications, such as amphotericin B. Medications are diluted more rapidly in the larger and more rapidly circulating volume of cisterna magna than in the smaller lumbar sac.

As ectotherms, Naultinus geckos will move to positions of higher or lower temperature in order to thermoregulate. Because Naultinus spend most of their time on the top of plant foliage, they gain much of their heat directly from the sun. Thus, control of the upper limits of temperature is achieved by moving from the outside of the foliage in areas of direct sunlight, to shaded areas beneath the outside of the vegetation. Control of the lower limits of temperature involves more movement for the animals.

As the output voltage reaches upper or lower limits, the charging or discharging is reversed using a comparator, producing the linear triangle wave. By varying the current and the size of the capacitor, different frequencies may be obtained. Sawtooth waves can be produced by charging the capacitor slowly, using a current, but using a diode over the current source to discharge quickly - the polarity of the diode changes the polarity of the resulting sawtooth, i.e. slow rise and fast fall, or fast rise and slow fall.

On 22 February 2002 lower limits were placed on fishing related to minimum size and period of fishing. The deliberative council was created on 20 June 2006. An ordinance of 9 January 2012 provided for a consistent and integrated approach to preparing management plans for the conservation units in the BR-319 area of influence. These are the Abufari Biological Reserve, Cuniã Ecological Station, Nascentes do Lago Jari and Mapinguari national parks, Balata-Tufari, Humaitá and Iquiri national forests, and the Lago do Capanã-Grande, Rio Ituxi, Médio Purus and Lago do Cuniã extractive reserves.

Frequency band A frequency band is an interval in the frequency domain, delimited by a lower frequency and an upper frequency. The term may refer to a radio band or an interval of some other spectrum. The frequency range of a system is the range over which it is considered to provide satisfactory performance, such as a useful level of signal with acceptable distortion characteristics. A listing of the upper and lower limits of frequency limits for a system is not useful without a criterion for what the range represents.

The remainder of the highway is a two-lane single carriageway until Kalgoorlie, where a dual carriageway exists. The speed limit is from The Causeway to Midland, near the bottom of Greenmount Hill, and from Greenmount to Sawyers Valley. From the eastern edge of Perth it is generally , but with lower limits for sections near the towns the highway encounters en route to Kalgoorlie. sign The highway runs mostly parallel to the Mundaring to Kalgoorlie water pipeline, which supplies the Goldfields with water from Mundaring Weir in the eastern part of Perth.

There are several natural units of time for each of these rates, with rates being characterized either as mutations per base pair per cell division, per gene per generation, or per genome per generation. The mutation rate of an organism is an evolved characteristic and is strongly influenced by the genetics of each organism, in addition to strong influence from the environment. The upper and lower limits to which mutation rates can evolve is the subject of ongoing investigation. However, the mutation rate does vary over the genome.

Since the inception of Rodger's method, some researchers who use it have had their work published in prestigious scientific journals, and this continues to happen. Nevertheless, it is fair to currently conclude that “Rodger’s work on deduced inference has been largely ignored” (Bird, 2011, p. 434). Bird uses implication equations, similar to Rodger's, to deduce interval inferences concerning any contrasts not included in an analysis from the upper and lower limits of confidence intervals on J − 1 linearly independent planned contrasts; a procedure that Rodger himself opposes.Rodger, R. S. (2012).

A side effect of this trait is slow growth, even when conditions are good, which may be a major factor in setting the lower limits of subalpine zones. Because subalpine tree species have such slow growth, they are out- competed at lower elevations by trees capable of more rigorous growth, such as red fir. Slow growth, however, may be an adaptation in and of itself in extremely harsh environments as it leads to very long-lived individuals. Many of the tree species in Sierran subalpine are capable of living over 500 years.

Hearing is birds' second most important sense and their ears are funnel-shaped to focus sound. The ears are located slightly behind and below the eyes, and they are covered with soft feathers – the auriculars – for protection. The shape of a bird's head can also affect its hearing, such as owls, whose facial discs help direct sound toward their ears. The hearing range of birds is most sensitive between 1 kHz and 4 kHz, but their full range is roughly similar to human hearing, with higher or lower limits depending on the bird species.

A few systems provide that the tax is payable only on wages above a particular amount. Such upper or lower limits may apply for retirement but not for health-care components of the tax. Some have argued that such taxes on wages are a form of "forced savings" and not really a tax, while others point to redistribution through such systems between generations (from newer cohorts to older cohorts) and across income levels (from higher income-levels to lower income-levels) which suggests that such programs are really tax and spending programs.

46 Cancri is a star in the zodiac constellation of Cancer, located around 680 light years away from the Sun. It is a dim, yellow-hued star, near the lower limits of visibility to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 6.12. The star is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of –13.1 km/s. It has a stellar classification of G5 III, matching an aging giant star that has consumed the hydrogen at its core and evolved away from the main sequence.

These values are also lower limits because ejections propagating away from Earth (backside CMEs) usually cannot be detected by coronagraphs. Current knowledge of coronal mass ejection kinematics indicates that the ejection starts with an initial pre-acceleration phase characterized by a slow rising motion, followed by a period of rapid acceleration away from the Sun until a near-constant velocity is reached. Some balloon CMEs, usually the slowest ones, lack this three-stage evolution, instead accelerating slowly and continuously throughout their flight. Even for CMEs with a well-defined acceleration stage, the pre-acceleration stage is often absent, or perhaps unobservable.

An example of a Levey–Jennings chart with upper and lower limits of one and two times the standard deviation A Levey–Jennings chart is a graph that quality control data is plotted on to give a visual indication whether a laboratory test is working well. The distance from the mean is measured in standard deviations. It is named after Stanley Levey and E. R. Jennings, pathologists who suggested in 1950 that Shewhart's individuals control chart could be used in the clinical laboratory. The date and time, or more often the number of the control run, is plotted on the x-axis.

Toxotes chatareus are found in India, Burma, Indonesia and New Guinea, and northern Australia. They are generally found in temperature ranges of , though they have been recorded at temperatures as high as in the Alligator Rivers region and as low as in the Burdekin river region; these are believed to be the upper and lower limits of their tolerance, respectively. Brackish mangrove swamps form its main habitat, but T. chatareus are also found in freshwater rivers and streams. It occurs in rivers of the Kimberley region of Western Australia, the Kakadu area of the Northern Territory and Arnhem Land in Australia.

By contrast, ad-hoc stream processors easily reach over 10x performance, mainly attributed to the more efficient memory access and higher levels of parallel processing.Kapasi, Dally, Rixner, Khailany, Owens, Ahn and Mattson, "Programmable Stream Processors", Universities of Stanford, Rice, California (Davis) and Reservoir Labs. Although there are various degrees of flexibility allowed by the model, stream processors usually impose some limitations on the kernel or stream size. For example, consumer hardware often lacks the ability to perform high-precision math, lacks complex indirection chains or presents lower limits on the number of instructions which can be executed.

Experiments at the Super-Kamiokande detector in Japan gave lower limits for proton mean lifetime of for decay to an antimuon and a neutral pion, and for decay to a positron and a neutral pion. Another experiment at the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory in Canada searched for gamma rays resulting from residual nuclei resulting from the decay of a proton from oxygen-16. This experiment was designed to detect decay to any product, and established a lower limit to a proton lifetime of . However, protons are known to transform into neutrons through the process of electron capture (also called inverse beta decay).

Iawo has proposed a sequential sampling test based on this regression. The upper and lower limits of this test are based on critical densities mc where control of a pest requires action to be taken. : N_u = im_c + t( i ( a + 1 ) m_c + ( b - 1 ) m_c^2 )^{1/2} : N_l = im_c - t( i ( a + 1 ) m_c + ( b - 1 ) m_c^2 )^{1/2} where Nu and Nl are the upper and lower bounds respectively, a is the constant from the regression, b is the slope and i is the number of samples. Kuno has proposed an alternative sequential stopping test also based on this regression.

The lower lateral limit is the anterior crest of the ilium and Poupart's ligament, which runs from the anterior superior spine of the ilium to the spine of the pubis. These lower limits are marked by visible grooves. Just above the pubic spines on either side are the external abdominal rings, which are openings in the muscular wall of the abdomen through which the spermatic cord emerges in the male, and through which an inguinal hernia may rupture. One method by which the location of the abdominal contents can be appreciated is to draw three horizontal and two vertical lines.

Since a large fraction of the fuels produced worldwide go to powering heat engines, perhaps up to half of the useful energy produced worldwide is wasted in engine inefficiency, although modern cogeneration, combined cycle and energy recycling schemes are beginning to use this heat for other purposes. This inefficiency can be attributed to three causes. There is an overall theoretical limit to the efficiency of any heat engine due to temperature, called the Carnot efficiency. Second, specific types of engines have lower limits on their efficiency due to the inherent irreversibility of the engine cycle they use.

Following Laplace, he argued that to maintain mass-proportionality the upper limit for S is at the most a ten- millionth of the Earth's surface. Now, drag (i.e. the resistance of the medium) is proportional to Sρv and therefore the ratio of drag to attraction is inversely proportional to Sv. To reduce drag, Poincaré calculated a lower limit for v = 24 · 1017 times the speed of light. So there are lower limits for Sv and v, and an upper limit for S and with those values one can calculate the produced heat, which is proportional to Sρv3.

Marine Corps Drive passes the War Dead Cemetery and turns northeasterly residential areas on both sides of the roadway through Yigo before reaching its terminus at Salisbury Junction, the main entrance to the Air Force Base, where the road continues to the northwest as GH-9. Like most major highways on Guam, a speed limit is posted throughout most of its length. In the past, GH-1 was one of the few roads to post a limit on lengths of less-developed roadway. However, as more of the area became developed, certain sections of the roads were posted with lower limits.

WDS utilizes Bragg diffraction from crystals to select X-ray wavelengths of interest and direct them to gas-flow or sealed proportional detectors. In contrast, EDS uses a solid state semiconductor detector to accumulate X-rays of all wavelengths produced from the sample. While EDS yields more information and typically requires a much shorter counting time, WDS is generally a more precise technique with lower limits of detection because its superior X-ray peak resolution and greater peak to background ratio. Chemical composition is determined by comparing the intensities of characteristic X-rays from the sample material with intensities from known composition (standards).

To validate the indicators and verify that required performance-in-use has been achieved it is necessary using appropriate methods and tools. Levels of performance requirements can be stated as part of the preparation of SoRs, as part of project programs, or as part of requests for proposals and procurement contracts. It is preferable adopting a flexible approach to the expression and comparison of performance levels, so required and achieved performance can be expressed not as single values but as bands between upper and lower limits. In consequence, in performance terms the criteria can be expressed as graduated scales, divided into broad bands.

Murray, David J. A History of Western Psychology. Second ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1983. Print. :ΔR/R = k ::ΔR: amount of stimulation that needs to be added to produce a jnd ::R: amount of existing stimulation ::K: constant (different for each sense) Weber’s law is invalid as the stimulus approaches the upper or lower limits of a sensory modality. Fechner took inspiration from Weber’s Law and developed what we know today as Fechner’s Law. Fechner’s Law varied and was advanced in the fact that Fechner had developed new methods for measuring just-noticeable differences in different sense modalities, making the measured results more accurate.

In econometrics, extreme bounds analysis is a type of sensitivity analysis which attempts to determine the most extreme possible estimates for a fixed subset of allowed coefficients and a variable set of linear homogeneous restrictions. It was originally developed by Edward E. Leamer in 1983, and subsequently refined by Clive Granger and Harald Uhlig in 1990. It is a more precise method of measuring specification uncertainty than traditional econometrics because it incorporates prior information, and uses a systematic methodology to examine the fragility of coefficients. It allows researchers to obtain upper and lower limits for the parameter of interest for any possible set of explanatory variables.

Historically, the probing process was performed in two steps because of the relative ease of producing primary and secondary antibodies in separate processes. This gives researchers and corporations huge advantages in terms of flexibility, reduction of cost, and adds an amplification step to the detection process. Given the advent of high- throughput protein analysis and lower limits of detection, however, there has been interest in developing one-step probing systems that would allow the process to occur faster and with fewer consumables. This requires a probe antibody which both recognizes the protein of interest and contains a detectable label, probes which are often available for known protein tags.

The threshold model hypothesized that both genetic and environmental risks combined to produce schizophrenia, and pushed an individual into a diagnosable condition when their influence grew strong enough. The reaction range concept is the idea that the genes and the environment control behavior, but with separate upper and lower limits on the strength of that control in each case, a concept now part of basic psychology. Before the study, the prevailing opinion was that schizophrenia originated from bad parental relationships. The researchers showed identical twins were more likely to either have or not have schizophrenia together, concluding the disorder was the "outcome of a genetically determined developmental predisposition".

The general speed limit for cars in Iceland is 50 km/h (31 m/h) in urban areas, 80 km/h (49.7 m/h)on rural gravel roads and 90 km/h (55.9 m/h) on paved rural roads. It is allowed to set higher speed limits up to 100 km/h (62.1 m/h) if deemed safe and necessary for traffic flow but no road actually has higher than the 90 km/h (55.9 m/h) limit. Some major urban highways well separated from pedestrians have higher limits of 60–80 km/h. Lower limits are also implemented such as 30 km/h (18.6 m/h) in residential areas.

On 11 April 2010, United States Secretary of Defense Robert Gates indicated that the United States already had a Prompt Global Strike capability. This coincided with the New START disarmament treaty signed on 8 April 2010, which set new, lower limits on arsenals of ballistic missiles and their warheads. The treaty does not distinguish between conventional and nuclear versions of weapons, meaning any ballistic PGS missiles and warheads would count toward the new limit. However, the U.S. State Department stated in 2010 that this would not constrain plans for PGS deployment, since plans for the system at that time did not come near the New START limits.

Open ocean OMZs exist in all ocean basins and have similar variation in spatial extent; an estimated 8% of global ocean volume is within OMZs. The largest OMZ is in the eastern tropical north Pacific and comprises 41% of this global volume, and the smallest OMZ is found in the eastern tropical North Atlantic and makes up only 5% of the global OMZ volume. The vertical extent of low oxygen conditions is also variable, and areas of persistent low oxygen have annual variation in the upper and lower limits of oxygen-poor waters. Typically, OMZs are expected to occur at depths of about 200 to 1,000 meters.

To help determine the capability of a process, statistically determined upper and lower limits are drawn on either side of a process mean on the control chart. The control limits are set at three standard deviations on either side of the process mean, and are known as the upper control limit (UCL) and lower control limit (LCL) respectively. If the process data plotted on the control chart remains within the control limits over an extended period, then the process is said to be stable. The tolerance values specified by the end-user are known as specification limits – the upper specification limit (USL) and lower specification limit (LSL) respectively.

Three functions are used in geostatistics for describing the spatial or the temporal correlation of observations: these are the correlogram, the covariance and the semivariogram. The last is also more simply called variogram. The sampling variogram, unlike the semivariogram and the variogram, shows where a significant degree of spatial dependence in the sample space or sampling unit dissipates into randomness when the variance terms of a temporally or in-situ ordered set are plotted against the variance of the set and the lower limits of its 99% and 95% confidence ranges. The variogram is the key function in geostatistics as it will be used to fit a model of the temporal/spatial correlation of the observed phenomenon.

Native mass spectrometry has emerged as an important tool in structural biology. Advantages of mass spectrometry compared to other methods like X-ray crystallography or nuclear magnetic resonance are for instance its lower limits of detection, its speed and its capability to deal with heterogeneous samples. CEF contributed to the development of laser- induced liquid bead ion desorption mass spectrometry (LILBID), a method developed at Goethe University that is especially suited to the analysis of large membrane protein complexes . A challenge in native mass spectrometry is maintaining the features of the proteins of interest, such as oligomeric state, bound ligands, or the conformation of the protein complex, during the transfer from the solution to the gas phase.

Human ear drums are sensitive to variations in the sound pressure, and can detect pressure changes from as small as a few micropascals (µPa) to greater than For this reason, sound pressure level is also measured logarithmically, with all pressures referenced to (or 1.97385×10−10 atm). The lower limit of audibility is therefore defined as but the upper limit is not as clearly defined. The upper limit is more a question of the limit where the ear will be physically harmed or with the potential to cause noise-induced hearing loss. A more rigorous exploration of the lower limits of audibility determines that the minimum threshold at which a sound can be heard is frequency dependent.

Various lower limits have been claimed for the noncommutative scale, (i.e. how accurately positions can be measured) but there is currently no experimental evidence in favour of such a theory or grounds for ruling them out. One of the novel features of noncommutative field theories is the UV/IR mixingSee, for example, Shiraz Minwalla, Mark Van Raamsdonk, Nathan Seiberg (2000) "Noncommutative Perturbative Dynamics," Journal of High Energy Physics, and Alec Matusis, Leonard Susskind, Nicolaos Toumbas (2000) "The IR/UV Connection in the Non-Commutative Gauge Theories," Journal of High Energy Physics. phenomenon in which the physics at high energies affects the physics at low energies which does not occur in quantum field theories in which the coordinates commute.

"Meteor Crater, Arizona", Geological Society of America Centennial Field Guide – Rocky Mountain Section. In 1960, Edward C. T. Chao and Shoemaker identified coesite at Meteor Crater, adding to the growing body of evidence that the crater was formed from an impact generating extremely high temperatures and pressures. The impact would have vaporized much of the main body of iron mass, while the pieces of Canyon Diablo meteorite found scattered around the site, had broken away from the main body before impact. Geologists used the nuclear detonation that created the Sedan crater, and other such craters from the era of atmospheric nuclear testing, to establish upper and lower limits on the potential energy of the meteor impactor.

In addition to being able to transfer money to a recipient, Zelle users can also submit requests for others to send them a payment or to split the cost of a payment with them. There are limits on the dollar amount and frequency of transactions allowed on Zelle that are imposed by the banking institution associated with the account being used. For example, transfers from a Wells Fargo funding account are limited to $2,500 per day and $4,000 in a 30-day period, and lower limits apply when using the Zelle mobile app rather than the bank's self-operated services. Transfers from a Chase checking account are limited to $2,000 per day and $16,000 per calendar month.

Speech and music, as well as various modulated noise stimuli have such temporal structure. For these stimuli, cortical responses phase-lock to both the envelope and fine-structure induced by interactions between unresolved harmonics of the sound, thus reflecting the pitch of the sound, and exceeding the typical lower limits of cortical phase-locking to the envelopes of a few 10’s of Hertz. This paradoxical relation between the slow and fast cortical phase-locking to the carrier “fine structure” has been demonstrated both in the auditory and visual cortices. It has also been shown to be amply manifested in measurements of the spectro-temporal receptive fields of the primary auditory cortex giving them unexpectedly fine temporal accuracy and selectivity bordering on a 5-10 ms resolution.

As a result, when 48Ca does decay, it does so by double beta decay to 48Ti instead, being the lightest nuclide known to undergo double beta decay. The heavy isotope 46Ca can also theoretically undergo double beta decay to 46Ti as well, but this has never been observed; the lightest and most common isotope 40Ca is also doubly magic and could undergo double electron capture to 40Ar, but this has likewise never been observed. Calcium is the only element to have two primordial doubly magic isotopes. The experimental lower limits for the half-lives of 40Ca and 46Ca are 5.9 × 1021 years and 2.8 × 1015 years respectively. Apart from the practically stable 48Ca, the longest lived radioisotope of calcium is 41Ca.

These aim at establishing professionally anchored lower limits for financial and human resources and call for science-based recommendations on process, structure and outcome of treatments. The need to improve the quality of treatment in psychiatric hospitals has been shown on several levels: by the decisions on preventive detention of the European Court of Human Rights and the German Constitutional Court through the resonance of the public in the event MollathSüddeutsche.de: Fall Mollath - Justizskandal in Bayern as well as the hitherto rising numbers of patients in forensic psychiatry.Statistisches Bundesamt: Im psychiatrischen Krankenhaus und in der Entziehungsanstalt aufgrund strafrichterlicher Anordnung Untergebrachte (Maßregelvollzug) In 2014, Müller was charged by the Ministry of Social Affairs Rheinland Pfalz with the development of appropriate quality indicators.

In 1988, one year after the privatization of the Japanese National Railways, the new operating company, JR Central, initiated a project to increase operating speeds through infrastructure improvement and a new train design. This resulted in the debut of the 300 Series and the Nozomi, the line's fastest service which took two and a half hours to traverse the route with a top speed of , on March 14, 1992. Speeds have been increased to , except for lower limits applying between Tokyo and Shin-Yokohama and in densely populated urban areas around Nagoya, Kyoto and Shin-Osaka stations. A new Shinkansen stop at Shinagawa Station opened in October 2003, accompanied by a major timetable change which increased the number of daily Nozomi services.

The national speed limit is 70 mph (112 km/h) on motorways, 70 mph (112 km/h) on dual carriageways, 60 mph (96 km/h) on single carriageways and generally 30 mph (48 km/h) in areas with street lighting (Built-up area). These limits may be changed by road signs and apply to cars, motorcycles, car-derived vans up to 2 tonnes maximum laden weight (MLW), and to motorhomes or motor caravans not more than 3.05 tonnes maximum unladen weight. Other classes of vehicles are subject to lower limits on some roads. Enforcement of UK road speed limits was traditionally done using police 'speed traps' set up and operated by the police who now increasingly use speed guns, automated in-vehicle systems and automated roadside traffic cameras.

New Driver P-plate in Israel For two years after passing the exam, the driver is required to affix a rectangle P-plate bearing the words "New Driver" in Hebrew language (נהג חדש; optionally, נהגת חדשה for female driver, or נהג\ת חדש\ה that suits both male and female drivers). The law defines the plate should be light-reflective with yellow background and black letters, it has to be fixed in a corner of the rear window, and there are lower limits on plate's size and width of the letters. The law restricts the usage of P-plates to new drivers only; the P-plate has to be fixed if and only if the person that drives the vehicle is a new driver.See Israeli Ministry of Transport web site (Hebrew).

A flexible spending account (FSA), also known as a flexible spending arrangement, is one of a number of tax-advantaged financial accounts, resulting in payroll tax savings. One significant disadvantage to using an FSA is that funds not used by the end of the plan year are forfeited to the employer, known as the "use it or lose it" rule. Under the terms of the Affordable Care Act however a plan may permit an employee to carry over up to $500 into the following year without losing the funds but this does not apply to all plans and some plans may have lower limits. The most common type of flexible spending account, the medical expense FSA (also medical FSA or health FSA), is similar to a health savings account (HSA) or a health reimbursement account (HRA).

Consensia began recruiting for Regular trainees in February 2001 and the first Regular trainees completed their initial training in April 2002. The process to form a pool of qualified candidates was, and in 2011 still is, conducted so that no- one receives less favourable treatment on grounds of gender, marital status, religion, political opinion, race, age (within upper and lower limits), sexual orientation or having or not having dependents or disability. Once a pool of qualified candidates has been formed, the Chief Constable appoint trainees on the basis of 50 per cent Roman Catholic and 50 per cent non-Roman Catholic. This "50:50" arrangement required special domestic legislation, and a temporary exception written into European Union equality legislation, in order to exempt it from the scope of non-discrimination law which, in Northern Ireland, ordinarily prohibits any differential treatment on religious grounds in the field of employment.

The Qatari riyal is pegged to the US dollar at a fixed exchange rate of $1 USD = 3.64 QR. This rate was enshrined into Qatari law by Royal Decree No.34 of 2001, signed by Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani, Emir of Qatar, on 9 July 2001. Article (1) states that the Qatari riyal exchange rate shall be pegged against the US dollar at 3.64, and sets upper and lower limits of 3.6415 QR and 3.6385 QR for the Qatar Central Bank's purchase and sale of dollars with banks operating in Qatar. Article (2) provides the Qatar Central Bank with the authority to determine the volume and the time of sale of US dollars and the associated conditions of such sales and payments. Article (3) cancels the earlier Royal Decree No.60 of 1975, by which the riyal was officially pegged to the IMF's special drawing rights (SDRs).

Given two materials, A and B, if material A has a low population (or no population) of phonons with certain k value, there will be very few phonons of that wavevector to propagate from A to B. Further, due to the detailed balance, very few phonons of that wavevector will propagate the opposite direction, from B to A, even if material B has a large population of phonons with that wavevector. Thus as the overlap between phonon dispersions is small, there are less modes to allow for heat transfer in the material, giving at a high thermal interfacial resistance relative to materials with a high degree of overlap. Both AMM and DMM reflect this principle, but differ in the conditions they require for propagation across the interface. Neither model is universally effective for predicting the thermal interface resistance (with the exception of very low temperature), but rather for most materials they act as upper and lower limits for real behavior.

Those limits are not systematically signaled as they are the default limit. For instance the name of a town or village at its entry is an implicit limitation to 50 km/h; the crossed name at the exit is the corresponding end of limit. This matches the way 1968 Vienna Convention on Road Traffic defined a built-up area (in English, or agglomération in French). However, additional 50 km/h speed limit signs, or other speed limit sign, might be added to make it more explicit. Explicit 50 km/h sign in village entry at Issancourt-et-Rumel, Ardennes. Vehicles over 3.5 metric tons of maximum total weight have lower speed limits. Lorries of more than 12 metric tons (except dangerous goods and trailers that may have lower limits) may not exceed 50 km/h in urban areas (even if the speed limit was raised to 70 km/h), 90 km/h on highways, and 80 km/h elsewhere. Lorries under 12 metric tons but over 3.5 have the same limits except 90 km/h on 4-lane expressways.

Naturally occurring cadmium (48Cd) is composed of 8 isotopes. For two of them, natural radioactivity was observed, and three others are predicted to be radioactive but their decays have not been observed, due to extremely long half-lives. The two natural radioactive isotopes are 113Cd (beta decay, half- life is 8.04 × 1015 years) and 116Cd (two-neutrino double beta decay, half- life is 2.8 × 1019 years). The other three are 106Cd, 108Cd (double electron capture), and 114Cd (double beta decay); only lower limits on their half-life times have been set. At least three isotopes—110Cd, 111Cd, and 112Cd—are absolutely stable. Among the isotopes absent in natural cadmium, the most long-lived are 109Cd with a half-life of 462.6 days, and 115Cd with a half- life of 53.46 hours. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 2.5 hours and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 5 minutes. This element also has 12 known meta states, with the most stable being 113mCd (t1/2 14.1 years), 115mCd (t1/2 44.6 days) and 117mCd (t1/2 3.36 hours).

On 23 November 2010, at a meeting of Russian President Vladimir Putin and Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao, it was announced that Russia and China had decided to use their own national currencies for bilateral trade, instead of the US dollar. The move is aimed to further improve relations between Beijing and Moscow and to protect their domestic economies during the Great Recession. The trading of the Chinese yuan against the ruble has started in the Chinese interbank market, while the yuan's trading against the ruble was set to start on the Russian foreign exchange market in December 2010."China, Russia quit dollar" China Daily, 24 November 2010Chinese minister says China-Russia economic, trade co-op at new starting point Xinhua News, 25 November 2010 In January 2014, President Putin said there should be a sound balance on the ruble exchange rate; that the Central Bank only regulated the national currency exchange rate when it went beyond the upper or lower limits of the floating exchange rate; and that the freer the Russian national currency is, the better it is, adding that this would make the economy react more effectively and timely to processes taking place in it.

At the beginning of World War I, around 80% of the population worked in agriculture. While the Sfatul Țării envisioned distributing land freely to the peasants, Romanian pressure resulted in a significant modification of the plans, bringing the reform more in line with similar ones taking place in the Old Kingdom and Transylvania. While more radical than elsewhere, as it provided lower payments, lower limits for land exempt from expropriation and larger plots, the Romanian land reform also reverted some of the ad-hoc land distribution that had taken place during the Russian Revolution, raising discontent among the peasantry. Thus, of the 1.5 million dessiatin (40% of the agricultural land) held by the large landowners in 1917, more than one third (38.6%) was distributed to peasants, another third was restored to its previous owners, while the rest became state property and was to a large degree later awarded to officers of the Romanian army, officials and clergy. A significant number of plots were awarded to Romanians immigrants from Wallachia and Western Moldavia, while Romanian offices who married Bessarabian women were eligible to receive 100 hectares.

The AECB estimates that Step Three, the Gold Standard, would reduce overall CO₂ emissions by 95% compared with the UK average for buildings of each type, since this standard is almost identical to the Passivhaus Standard in terms of thermal efficiency but sets even lower limits on CO₂ emissions and overall primary energy use. As well as a requirement for energy-efficient electrical appliances, this standard demands a greater emphasis on electricity-producing renewables to offset power used for lighting, appliances and ventilation. The AECB, believing that rigorous alternative approaches based on successful overseas' experience for sustainable design and construction have a complementary place alongside UK government initiatives, has been lobbying for the Government's Code for Sustainable Homes to be aligned with its CLP, or at least for the CLP (despite its methodological and base-line measuring differences) to be treated as an alternative official route for effectively designing and delivering low energy and low carbon buildings. The AECB has taken the stance of inviting the design and construction industry to judge for itself, based on actual real world performance of the resulting buildings, which low carbon design codes and programmes best deliver genuinely low energy and low carbon performance cost effectively.