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"maquis" Definitions
  1. thick scrubby evergreen underbrush of Mediterranean shores
  2. a guerrilla fighter in the French underground during World War II
  3. a band of maquis
"maquis" Synonyms
resistance guerrillas partisans underground freedom fighters resistance movement illegal opposition terrorists paramilitaries irregulars mercenaries rebels revolutionaries soldiers fighters radicals commandos soldiers of fortune insurgents revolutionists
"maquis" Antonyms
slaves bondslaves bootlickers brownnosers grovellers servants thralls backscratchers bondmen bondservants bondswomen captives grovelers puppets vassals bondsmen serfs unfree varlets chattels

840 Sentences With "maquis"

How to use maquis in a sentence? Find typical usage patterns (collocations)/phrases/context for "maquis" and check conjugation/comparative form for "maquis". Mastering all the usages of "maquis" from sentence examples published by news publications.

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The Maquis marched down the street with four women whose heads were bald as babies.
The winner in Paris was Le Maquis, a compact, market-driven spot on the northern edge of the city.
Forced to team up with a similarly stranded group of Federation freedom fighters called the Maquis, Voyager's newly mixed crew sets out on their long journey home.
Heading south along N196, we saw forests that gave way to roadside cemeteries and vineyards, which gave way to maquis, a tangled underbrush of rosemary, shrubs and succulents.
Tip: Go hungry and ask the cheese stewards for samples of esoteric products like the Fleur de Maquis, a Corsican ewe cheese encased in rosemary and juniper berries.
For nearly four decades, the conflict has been marked by bombings, shootings, hundreds of arrests, and "blue nights" when police lights illuminated the wild Corsican maquis, as the island's fragrant scrub is called.
In the years since, the Neverwhere world has been adapted into a star-studded BBC Radio teleplay and expanded through a short story, How the Maquis Got His Coat Back, but this week's announcement marks the first official confirmation of a proper sequel.
Maquis Tante Marie Located at Pram Pram beach, this easygoing open-air restaurant has bamboo furniture, bright yellow tablecloths and a big wooden bar where you can find popular dishes from across Ghana and the Ivory Coast, including nyama choma (grilled spiced mutton) and fish yassa (grilled in a sauce of preserved lemons and onions).
And for his macaron bar, he added to his lineup reinterpretations of the highly successful trio of scents he composed for L'Occitane in 2015: Miel, Immortelle & Mandarine (honey made by bees feeding on Corsican shrub land called maquis, a Mediterranean bloom called immortelle and mandarin orange); Jasmin, Néroli & Immortelle (néroli is an essential oil distilled from the flowers of the Seville orange) and Pamplemousse & Rhubarbe (grapefruit and rhubarb).
Honey from the island of Corsica has been given AOC status. There are six certified varietals of Corsican honey: Printemps, Maquis de printemps, Miellats du maquis, Châtaigneraie, Maquis d'été, and Maquis d'automne.
In 1944, the French Maquis started numerous uprisings in France. To defeat the French forces, units of the Freiwilligen-Stamm-Division were used in various operations. This included German operations against the Maquis du Mont Mouchet, Maquis de l'Ain et du Haut-Jura and the Maquis du Vercors. Part of these anti-Maquis operations also included , in which units of the Freiwilligen-Stamm-Division participated.
The predominant plant communities are maquis, low shrublands, and pine forests. Maquis is woody shrubland characterized by low trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants. Maquis species include strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo) Arbutus andrachne, sweet bay (Laurus nobilis), olive (Olea europaea), carob (Ceratonia siliqua), Erica arborea, and Spartium junceum. Maquis includes many aromatic plants, particularly species in the mint family (Lamiaceae).
Henri Romans-Petit (13 February 1897 – 1 November 1980) was a member of the French Resistance during the Second World War. He organised several maquis, notably the maquis de l'Ain et du Haut-Jura and the maquis de Haute-Savoie.
The Maquis Vallier was one of the maquis groups of resistance fighters during World War II. The maquis operated in the north of the Var département, particularly in the valley of the Verdon. The maquis Vallier was initially part of the Mouvements Unis de la Résistance (MUR) organization, before becoming the primary structure of the Armée secrète (AS) in its zone. In 1944, it was under the authority of the comité départemental de libération. The maquis Vallier was led by the Lieutenant Claude Vallier (Gleb Sivirine).cahier rouge du maquis/L’Homme boussole, Paroles, collection « Biface », 2007.
On 22 August the city of Grenoble was liberated from German control and maquis from the Vercors marched in the victory parade. Casualties among the maquis during the battle were heavy with estimates of 659 maquis fighters and 201 civilians killed. German losses were 65 killed and 18 missing.
The Maquis de Fontjun was one of the maquis networks of French resistance fighters against the German occupation during World War II. The Fontjun maquis was active in the west of the Hérault département, between Saint-Pons and Béziers. Geographic organization of the French Resistance, showing the Hérault in R3.
"Alfonso Domingo: El canto del búho. La vida en el monte de los guerrilleros antifranquistas. OberonMemoria, Grupo ANAYA, Madrid 2002. . "En total, de los 13.000 españoles que estaban en el maquis francés, unos 4000 se alistaron,", that is "In total, of the 13,000 Spanish that were with the French maquis, some 4000 were listed. and 7,000Secundino Serrano: Maquis.
The Maquis du Haut-du-Bois, also known as the Maquis d'Éloyes, was a combat unit of the French forces of the interior within the Maquis des Vosges. The unit made a large contribution towards liberating the Éloyes region. Armed operations by the maquisards were supported by regular distributions of tracts and newspapers calling out to the resistance..
Sallent, Barcelona, Spain, commemorating the actions of the maquis The term maquis comes from the French term maquis, which in turn comes from the Corsican term macchia, the maquis shrubland, a type of biome found in the Mediterranean basin, mostly associated with Corsica. In France, the term was first used to refer to a group of guerrillas of the French resistance against the German occupation of France during World War II. The resistance fighters in these encampments were referred to as maquisards.
The Maquis du Vercors was a rural group of the French Forces of the Interior (FFI) (maquis) that resisted the 1940–1944 German occupation of France in World War II. The Maquis du Vercors used the prominent scenic plateau known as the Massif du Vercors (Vercors Plateau) as a refuge. Initially the maquis carried out only sabotage and partisan operations against the Germans, but after the Normandy Invasion on 6 June 1944, the leadership of an army of about 4,000 maquis declared the "Free Republic of Vercors," raised the French flag, and attempted to create a conventional army to oppose the German occupation. The allies supported the maquis with parachute drops of weapons and by supplying teams of advisors and trainers, but the uprising was premature. In July 1944 as many as 10,000 German soldiers invaded the massif and killed more than 600 of the maquis, known as maquisards, and 200 civilians.
Unlike the urban resistance groups that emerged in 1940–42, who took political names such as Combat, Liberté or Libération, the maquis bands chose apolitical names, such as the names of animals (Ours, Loup, Tigre, Lion, Puma, Rhinocéros and Eléphant) or people (Maquis Bernard, the Maquis Socrate, the Maquis Henri Bourgogne, or one band whose leader was a doctor, hence the name Maquis le Doc). The maquis bands that emerged in the countryside soon formed a subculture with its own slang, dress and rules. The most important maquis rule was the so-called "24-hour rule", under which a captured maquisard had to hold out under torture for 24 hours to give time for his comrades to escape. An underground pamphlet written for young men considering joining the maquis advised: Another pamphlet written for the maquis advised: One maquisard recalled his first night out in the wildness: Ousby stated that the "breathless prose" in which this maqusiard remembered his first night out in the forest was typical of the maqusiards whose main traits were their innocence and naivety; many seemed not to understand just precisely who they were taking on or what they were getting themselves into by fleeing to the countryside.
This species is usually found along watercourses running through maquis shrublands.
Both garrigue and maquis are associated with the Mediterranean climate within the Mediterranean region. However, the distinction is not clear and term use is inconsistent. Maquis shrubland is broadly similar to garrigue, but the vegetation is more dense, being composed of numerous closely spaced shrubs. Maquis is associated with siliceous (acid) soils, unlike the relatively alkaline calcareous soils of the garrigue.
Like many maquis in that region, the maquis Vallier did not participate directly in the liberation of its sector, but joined the Massif des Maures and the coast in August 1944 to support the Provence landings.
The Sabotage and Maquis sections were added to the network in 1943.
Thus, some maquis joined Communist groups simply to be part of a more active resistance movement and not because of their politics. Georges Guingouin was one of the most active Communist maquis leaders. The British Special Operations Executive (SOE) helped the Maquis who were affiliated with the Free French with supplies and agents, but not the Communist maquis groups. The American Office of Strategic Services (OSS) also began to send its own agents to France in cooperation with the SOE and the French BCRA agents, as part of Operation Jedburgh.
He prepares to poison the atmosphere of a Maquis colony in retaliation, and reveals his sinister plan to all. Eddington is prepared to call his bluff. Sisko orders the deadly torpedoes launched, and the Maquis scramble to evacuate. Sisko says that he is prepared to eliminate every Maquis colony in the DMZ, and Eddington, realizing Sisko is serious, makes the "heroic" gesture of offering himself in exchange.
The New Caledonian species, Calochilus neocalidonium grows in maquis shrubland on rocky soils.
Los hermanos Quero y la resistencia antifranquista. Granada, Comares, 2010 In Madrid, the maquis' character was predominantly communist, supported by the PCE. Their activities did not, however, last long. On the other hand, the maquis acting in Barcelona, were mainly anarchists.
This was not without difficulties; his initial attempts were met with mistrust, for fear of infiltration by Gestapo moles. Nonetheless, the German anti-fascists found strong support among the Protestant-majority population of Cévennes. Kühne quickly became the leader of this maquis, with a reputation for solidity, intransigence and inflexibility. He became the political officer for the "Montaigne" maquis which merged three German maquis at the beginning of 1944.
He then took part in the fight as a member of the Dordogne Maquis.
In late August 1944, the four groups of maquis in Witherington's Wrestler network were ordered by French authorities, now asserting their control of the maquis as the Germans were being pushed out of France, to move to the Forest of Gatine near the town of Valencay. The objective was to stop the German army in southern France from linking up with German forces in northern France. Witherington opposed the movement, but nevertheless accompanied the Wrestler maquis. On September 9-10, in a battle more than 19,000 German soldiers under the command of General Botho Elster were threatened by French maquis.
The Maquis de Rieumes was one of the maquis groups of French resistance fighters during the Second World War. In 1942, the Juge d'instruction of Muret, André Reboul, along with other patriots, founded the group which in 1944 would become the Maquis de Rieumes. In 1943, the group reinforced itself and was joined by, among others, Jules Delattre, a retired air force captain who would become the commander of the Maquis de Rieumes. It was also joined by some other Rieumois: Doctor Robert Roger (Médecin Capitaine de réserve), Doctor Charles Chwartz (Médecin Lieutenant de réserve), Jean Lécussan (a retired army Adjudant chef).
The larvae feed on sclerophyllous oaks of woodland and maquis: holm oak and kermes oak.
The Maruia Maquis skink (Phasmasaurus maruia) is a species of skink found in New Caledonia.
After it was dissolved, the remaining resistance fighters resumed contact without forming a new maquis.
Maquis and Garrique Mediterranean dry woodlands and steppe, Mediterranean woodlands and forests, lower Northern slopes of Rif and Tell Atlas. The climax of the Mediterranean coast is a well-developed maquis commonly associated with Clematis, Smilax, Lonicera and Asparagus. Except in inaccessible or protected places the vegetation has been heavily grazed by domestic animals and this degraded maquis, called garrigue, is widespread. Poterium spinosum, various Salvia and Cistus are the dominant plants of the garrigue.
From 15 May 1944 Farmer was responsible for parachuting weapons to the Maquis in their Redoubt of La Truyère (Cantal). As a result of these activities, the Maquis groups posed such a serious threat to the Germans that on 21/22 June 1944 the Germans attacked the Redoubt with several infantry battalions supported by armoured cars, tanks, artillery, and aircraft. Fighting was intense and the Maquis were forced to disperse into the hills.
The Maquis de Saffré was one of the maquis groups of French resistance fighters active in the Loire-Atlantique region, in the triangle formed by the communes of Héric, Nort-sur-Erdre et Saffré. One of Germany's last operations, in June 1944, was the destruction of this maquis, where 350 poorly equipped young resistance fighters ("maquisards") stood up to 2,500 Germans, before dispersing. On 29 June, 27 captured maquisards were shot at La Bouvardière château.
Marcel·lí Massana Bancells (1918–1981) was an anarchist guerrilla among the most famed maquis in Catalonia.
Kühne fought in the battles of 7–8 April 1944 at Saint-Étienne-Vallée-Française (Lozère), where the German maquis destroyed a patrol of the Feldgendarmerie and in an ambush against the Waffen SS on 5 June 1944 at La Rivière. He was leading a small group of about 10 maquisards when the maquis dispersed to evade an attempted encirclement by the SS reacting to these maquis operations. When the various elements of the German maquis reformed at the Plan de Fontmort, a high place of resistance of the Camisards, Kühne took command. He worked with the French "Bir Hakeim", although this was not without conflict.
The Maquis had many different sub groups with their own objectives and political affiliations. In 1944 an OSS agent by the name of Robert R. Kehoe was embedded within a group of Maquis and described the organization as “Fractured.” Also saying “the various components were quite independent, with members loyal to their own leaders and to the political forces behind them” Examples of the independence of separate Maquis groups can be found all throughout France during the Second World War. For example, Maquis groups in Brittany often did not speak French and were focused on the expulsion of German forces from their region and not from France as a whole.
Cypress in maquis. The ridge and its environs offer a number of different ecologies. The crest is a sharp divide between the xerophytic southern slopes and the forested northern slopes, with of maquis and of mixed pine. Around the base of the promontory is a maritime environment.
The natural vegetation mainly consists of mixed woods of evergreen and deciduous species, shrublands and Mediterranean maquis.
Openings of pine forests, maquis, garigue on limestone or igneous formations from 0 to 1200 m altitude.
This melaleuca occurs only in south of Grande Terre in open maquis in soils on ultramafic rock.
Many individuals claimed membership in the maquis to escape being labeled Nazi collaborators. Operations carried out by the maquis were often inefficient and meant to grab attention, not destroy key military targets. Allied intelligence received reports that the maquis would use explosives on targets that did not require them, to make their actions heard. Lack of centralization led to groups taking action to garner attention so that more members would join and they would receive more supplies from the Allied war effort.
The highest peak is . Dana Adası is quite rocky and covered with maquis shrubland and yellow pine forest.
Throughout this period, Heslop was under increasing pressure from the de Gaullists to declare support for General de Gaulle, who many of the maquis and especially the communists opposed. In late August, Heslop traveled by automobile south to near Grenoble to meet the American army advancing north. He agreed that 2,000 maquis would shadow the American advance through the strategic Belfort Gap, but declined to participate in the liberation of Lyon as the maquis were incapable of taking on large conventional forces in pitched battles. In a bizarre incident in mid- September, Henri Romans-Petit, the commander of the maquis supplied by Heslop, was arrested and imprisoned for a few weeks by the new French government of de Gaulle.
Ro's career with the Maquis is also chronicled in the novels. In Rogue Saucer, she is responsible for planning out the attack on the Enterprise in which the Maquis steal a prototype saucer section. Ro appears in the novel Tunnel Through the Stars, set during the events of the Dominion War. Ro and the remaining Maquis join forces with Picard and the USS Enterprise-E to defeat the Dominion forces that are attempting to build an artificial wormhole to bypass the one near Deep Space Nine.
316 According to scholar Ryme Seferdjeli, "Women have been reluctant to address the question of marriages in the maquis". While marriages did occur during the war, whether or not marriages were ever forced has not been entirely determined. Many interviewed women combatants were evasive in regards to the topic of marriage within the maquis. Further, within "a few wilayat the FLN strongly encouraged mujahidat to marry" and many mujahidat "who joined the ALN during the war ended up marrying" the male combatants in the maquis.
German repression of the maquis on the Vercors Massif began on 11 June with a reconnaissance-in-force from the city of Grenoble to the village of Saint-Nizier-du-Moucherotte. The small German force was repulsed by the maquis controlling the only road leading up the massif to Saint-Nizier. On 15 June the Germans returned with artillery and a larger force and forced the maquis to withdraw. During the remainder of June, the Germans sent several more probing attacks onto the Vercors.
This included reprisals against civilians living in areas where the French resistance was active, such as the Oradour- sur-Glane, Maillé and Tulle massacres by SS troops. The Maquisards were later to take their revenge in the épuration sauvage that took place after the war's end. Most of the Maquis cells—like the Maquis du Limousin or the Maquis du Vercors—took names after the area they were operating in. The size of these cells varied from tens to thousands of men and women.
Politically, the Maquis were very diverse, including socialists, communists, and anarchists. Some Maquis bands that operated in southwest France were composed entirely of left-wing Spanish veterans of the Spanish Civil War. Spanish Civil War veteran Carlos Romero Giménez was a center-democratic liberal operating from Bordeaux. According to Matthew Cobb, the Communist maquis groups adopted more active and immediate guerrilla tactics to combat the Nazis, while the groups affiliated with De Gaulle were asked to wait for a larger attack later in the war.
The maquis were clandestine groups which did not wear uniforms, so as to blend in the population. However, over time many started wearing the Basque beret because it was common enough not to arouse suspicion but distinctive enough to be effective. In leadership and the more technical aspects of leading a resistance group women were often more involved in the Maquis than men, helping the front line fighters. It was very common for young educated women to be used as couriers from one maquis group to another.
Trinquier took over the command of the GCMA in early 1953 and directed the fighting behind Viet Minh lines, creating a maquis in the Tonkinese upper region and in Laos, totaling around 30,000 men. Trinquier's maquis contributed to the successful evacuation of the fortified airhead at Na San, in August 1953, and the reoccupation of the Phong Saly and Sam Neua provinces. After the French withdrawal following the defeat of Dien Bien Phu, Trinquier's maquis was left behind and hunted down by Ho Chi Minh's forces.
Plant communities include forests, woodlands, maquis shrublands, grasslands, low shrublands, and wetlands. The predominant trees are evergreen sclerophyll broadleaf species and conifers. Forests of holm oak (Quercus ilex) were once predominant in plains and valleys with deep alluvial soil. Over centuries these forests have been converted to agriculture, pasture, or maquis shrubland.
Aranc has many mountain bike trails including one of the paths used by the resistance of the Maquis of Ain.
In 2014, the Palais des sports et des congrès de l'Alpe d'Huez hosted a temporary exhibition on the Oisans maquis.
Notable dansi bands include DDC Mlimani Park, International Orchestra Safari Sound, Juwata Jazz, Maquis Original, Super Matimila, and Vijana Jazz.
The Cyprian tulip grows in juniperus phoenicea maquis pastures and cereal fields, on limestone at altitudes of above sea level.
At least 40,000 Frenchmen (80% of the resistance were people under thirty) fled to the countryside, becoming the core of the maquis guerrillas. They rejected the term réfractaire with its connotations of laziness and called themselves the maquis, which originated as Corsican Italian slang for bandits, whose root word was macchia, the term for the scrubland and forests of Corsica. Those who lived in the macchia of Corsica were usually bandits, and those men fleeing to the countryside chose the term maquis as a more romantic and defiant term than réfractaire. By June 1943, the term maquis, which had been a little-known word borrowed from the Corsican dialect of Italian at the beginning of 1943, became known all over France.
FFI hospital in Alpes d'Huez, summer 1944 In addition to its activities against the German and Militia forces, the Oisans maquis was responsible for the F.F.I. hospital for the entire Isère area. In 1944 there was a small chalet ("Le Chalet du Signal") which was made available to the F.F.I. in early July by its owner. A surgical block was installed there by Captain Robert Tissot, a doctor and soldier, for the wounded of the maquis; this chief-doctor brought himself his 10kg of surgical equipment. At the beginning of August, after the maquis defeats of the Vercors and Glières (Savoy), the German 157th Division attempted to encircle the Oisans in order to put an end to the maquis and free an essential road towards Italy.
In the weeks leading up to the invasion of Normandy (D-Day) on 6 June 1944, the guidance and instructions given by the Allies to the maquis on the Vercors Massif were contradictory and inconsistent. One issue was whether the maquis should rise in armed opposition to the Germans immediately after D-Day or wait until later when they could be of maximum help to the allies. The contradictions are illustrated by the differences in the D-Day messages of allied commander Dwight D. Eisenhower and Free French leader Charles de Gaulle. Eisenhower urged all the maquis in France to be cautious and patient; De Gaulle's emotional message was interpreted by the maquis as a call to take up arms immediately.
Pep"Entrevista a Joan Busquets, maquis supervivent de la guerrilla contra Franco. 'Els maquis som els oblidats de la lluita contra la dictadura franquista'", interview of Joan Busquets by Txema Bofill, with the collaboration of Pep Cara, expanded version of the interview published in issue no. 132 of the Catalunya-Papers magazine, Oct. 19, 2011.
"Alfonso Domingo: El canto del búho. La vida en el monte de los guerrilleros antifranquistas. OberonMemoria, Grupo ANAYA, Madrid 2002. . "En total, de los 13.000 españoles que estaban en el maquis francés, unos 4000 se alistaron,", that is "In total, of the 13,000 Spanish that were with the French maquis, some 4000 were listed.
The Sabaté brothers Quico and Pepe (Francesc Sabaté i Llopart, and Josep Sabaté i Llopart) were among the famed Catalan Spanish maquis and urban guerrilla of the Francoist post-Civil War period. They participated in an anarchist guerrilla vigilante group of expropriators prior to the war. Afterwards, as maquis, they turned their focus from unlikely anarchist mass insurrection to converting others to anti-Francoism. The maquis descended from exile in the French Pyrenees to the Barcelona area, attacking Francoists and continuing vigilante robberies as a form of propaganda by deed.
The maquis were careful about concealing fires and could usually avoid aerial detection. The only other way of breaking up the maquis bands was to send in a spy, which was highly dangerous work as the maquisards would execute infiltrators. Joining the men fleeing the service with the STO were others targeted by the Reich, such as Jews, Spanish Republican refugees, and Allied airmen shot down over France. One maquis band in the Cévennes region consisted of German communists who had fought in the Spanish Civil War and fled to France in 1939.
Romans-Petit was involved in starting maquis in Haute-Savoie, before he passed over his responsibilities to Tom Morel so that he could dedicate himself completely to the Maquis de L'Ain. Over the summer of 1944 Romans-Petit set up a full civil administration at Nantua, and brought La voix du maquis into being. On the liberation of France, he was imprisoned for several weeks at Fort Lamothe at Lyon by the new commissaire de la République, Yves Farge. Romans-Petit died on the 1 November 1980 at Ceignes in the Ain département.
German columns advanced south along a road from Saint-Nizier in the northeast and from the south along a road from the town of Die. Alpine troops crossed the formidable, but thinly defended, eastern ramparts of the massif. The preparations being made for these assaults were readily visible to the maquis; the surprise element in the offensive was the landing of 200 airborne soldiers by glider near the village of Vassieux in the rear of the maquis defense. The glider landings were supported by warplanes bombing and strafing maquis positions.
For this reason, outside of the areas of maquis activity, the population had practically no knowledge of the maquis. On the rare occasion that an item appeared in the press, the maquis were always referred to as "bandoleros" (bandits), in order to strip the actions of all political context. Steadily, Francoist forces isolated the guerrillas. Most of their members were middle-aged or older by 1950, with the consequent detriment of their physical capacities accelerated by years of living exposed to the elements and the lack of proper medical and food supplies.
Marcel, visibly saddened by her death, is comforted by Keith, who has finally learned to respect the Maquis and their bravery.
Editorial Temas de Hoy, Madrid, 2001. After the German army was driven from France, Spanish maquis returned their focus to Spain.
He participated in the training of the maquis but expressed his fears to Tom about the concept of fortress plateau as practised in the Vercors, preferring a maquis war."Rôle dans la résistance", récit tiré d'une lettre à Chamine, 1958 This preparation made it possible to limit the losses significantly during the German attack on the Glières.
Maquis vegetation in Balagne, Corsica Its typical habitat in Europe is the Maquis shrubland, up to 700–800 meters above sea level. This comprises thick, mixed scrub forests, often on hillsides, in hot and dry regions. The butterfly is found wherever its larval host plants are abundantly available. In Africa it is found in savanna and thornbelt habitats.
Relations with the maquis were not always easy and they had to cope with a series of vicious German counterattacks on Mont Mouchet and the surrounds. Once Paris had fallen to the allies, Cardozo led a maquis operation to stop a German battalion leaving Aurillac; his efforts in this operation lead him to be awarded the Military Cross.
Its plant communities are often suites associated with holm oak. Calcifuges such as Erica and Calluna are present in the maquis ecoregion.
He quit his career as a maquis in 1951 and returned to France. Massana died in the country's Foix region in 1981.
In 1943 the steering committee of Combat learned that refugees from the Service du travail obligatoire forced labour had fled to Haute-Savoie and the Maquis had been created in the mountainous massifs. The service Maquis was established in Combat's Military affairs branch with the aim of helping all those who had "taken the maquis" to survive and to fight, and of providing them lives and armaments, and of integrating them into Combat's network. While the objective for Combat was to develop, oversee and organise these armed groups, there were some divisions relating to this at the heart of the MUR; some, like Charles Delestraint, saw the Maquis as actual pockets of resistance within French territory, whereas others like Frenay saw them as armed bands operating by ambush and disappearing once their mission was accomplished.
In spite of its central role in the liberation of Grenoble and the Isère département, the Oisans maquis has little national and international renown, compared to the Vercors or the Savoie maquis, for example. The memory concerning it rarely goes beyond the communal or departmental scale. Place du maquis de l'Oisans, in Séchilienne A monument to the dead of the Oisans maquis was built at Livet-et-Gavet, the Mémorial de l'Infernet. A memorial plaque has been placed at the La Fare lake (Vaujany commune) with the following text: Dans ce modeste refuge et alentour séjourna au cours de l’été 1944, l’Hôpital Départemental des Forces Françaises de l’Intérieur qui, sous la direction de son médecin chef le docteur Robert TISSOT couvert par un groupe de protection maquisard, aidé par 11 hommes d’un équipage de l’U.
Zohary, M. "The maquis of Quercus calliprinos in Israel, Palestine, and Jordan." Bulletin of the Research Council of Israel 9.2 (1960): 51-72.
Melaleuca gnidioides is found in the south of Grande Terre where it grows in maquis near watercourses and in hollows in ultramafic soils.
Juniperus phoenicea, Pistacia lentiscus, Quercus coccifera and Ceratonia siliqua are common tree and large shrub species in the maquis. The upper plateau includes areas of garrigue, two maquis communities, one dominated by Pistacia lentiscus and the other a mixed maquis in which the endemic Arbutus pavarii is prominent, and forests of Cupressus sempervirens, Juniperus phoenicea, Olea europaea, Quercus coccifera, Ceratonia siliqua, and Pinus halepensis. Areas of red soil are found on the Marj Plain, which has borne abundant crops of wheat and barley from ancient times to the present day. Plenty of springs issue on the highlands.
The last gasps of the organized resistance were on 23 July with the surviving maquis taking refuge in the forests or escaping to the lowlands surrounding the Vercors. The American team led by Hoppers and the SOE team led by Longe both escaped. Huet hid in the forests until 6 August when he attempted to rally his surviving forces and, reverting to guerilla tactics, on 8 August the maquis carried out several raids, claiming they killed 27 Germans. The long-expected allied landing in southern France took place on 15 August and the allied forces advanced rapidly northward, aided by the maquis.
Some actions taken by these splintered groups were not always in favor of the larger war effort. Another controversy was their harsh punishment of German prisoners and French collaborators. In one instance recorded by an American OSS agent embedded in the maquis, a group of fighters had captured three French men accused of collaborating with the Germans and giving them information about the Maquis location. The agent describes one man’s punishment saying, “he was tied up in public before he was subsequently beaten and shot.” There are also reports of French Maquis units which executed German prisoners.
On the night of 6-7 June the maquis damaged 52 locomotives with explosives in Ambérieu-en-Bugey. Two days later they damaged 38 locomotives in Bourg-en-Bresse, another prominent rail center. In the case of Bourg, the allied command had warned that the town would be bombed by air, causing civilian casualties, if the maquis were not able to damage the railyard. The Germans counterattacked strongly in July and August, partially to destroy the maquis and partially to keep a route open for the retreat of their army in southern France after the allied invasion (Operation Dragoon) on 15 August.
Maquis (NPSNS.42.36392) was a pigeon who received the Dickin Medal in 1945 from the People's Dispensary for Sick Animals for bravery in service during the Second World War. Maquis was cited for successfully delivering messages from enemy-occupied territory on three occasions. These were in May 1943, February 1944 and June 1944 while serving with the Special Service on the Continent.
The Maquis des Vosges were groups of French resistance fighters in the Department of the Vosges during the Second World War. They were associated through an amalgamation of different resistance groups roughly when the Conseil national de la Résistance was created on 27 May 1943. Maquis shrubland is a Mediterranean biome of dense scrub, which provided the guerrillas with cover.
Taking the pseudonym of Lieutenant Noëlle, she joined the Maquis du Mont Mouchet, serving until June 1944. She subsequently joined another maquis which focused on sabotaging trains. De Chambrun was a member of the Commission nationale consultative des droits de l'homme, where she championed the human rights of the homeless and undocumented immigrants. She campaigned for abortion rights in France.
Dominant maquis/matorral trees are wild olive (Olea europaea) and carob (Ceratonia siliqua). Low shrubland, known as garrigue, grows on dry rocky slopes, often near the seacoast. Garrigue is characterized by low aromatic and medicinal shrubs, along with herbs and grasses. Maquis of stone pines and the shrubs Juniperus phoenicea, Pistacia lentiscus, Myrtus communis, and Chamaerops humilis grow on stabilized coastal dunes.
The first such band is the Nuta Jazz Band, which worked for the National Union of Tanzania. The 1970s saw the popularization a laid-back sound popularized by Orchestre Safari Sound and Orchestre Maquis Original. These groups adopted the motto "Kamanyola bila jasho" (dance Kamanyola without sweating). Maquis hailed from Lubumbashi in southeastern Zaire, moving to Dar es Salaam in the early 70s.
The maquis de Vabre ranged across 38 communes, from the west of Montredon-Labessonnié to the eastern tip of Tarn, beyond Murat-sur-Vèbre.
The serotine bat utilises in a wide variety of habitats including temperate and subtropical dry forest, maquis, agricultural land, semi-desert and suburban areas.
The majority of the prisoners were probably shot hereafter, except for a handful of soldiers of Polish origin who agreed to join the Maquis.
Referring to the contribution of the Spanish Maquis to the French resistance movement, Martha Gellhorn wrote in The Undefeated (1945): Also during World War II, Spaniards assassinated the German generals von Schaumberg (commandant of the region around Paris) and von Ritter (a recruiter of forced labor). In October 1944 a group of 6,000 maquis including Antonio Téllez Solà invaded Spain via the Aran Valley but were driven back after ten days. Few details of the maquis' actions in Spain have been made public because of the secrecy of the Franco government, but guerrillas, including Francesc Sabaté Llopart, Jose Castro Veiga, and Ramon Vila Capdevila were responsible for the deaths of hundreds of Guardia Civil (Civil Guard) officers, and uncountable acts of industrial sabotage. Between 1943 and 1952, 2,166 maquis were reported arrested by the Civil Guard, nearly wiping out the movement.
On its official weekly report 0032/SG/08, F.C. Bravos do Maquis forfeited 3 points regarding their 15 round home match against Primeiro de Maio.
Bâ was tortured but did not speak. On 18 December 1943, Bâ was shot at Épinal along with the leader of the maquis, Marcel Arburger.
This hypothesis was rejected by Branche, who underlined the hostility of the FLN towards Maillot's attempt to set up a maquis in the Ouarsenis region..
At the higher zone, it is mainly covered by oak forests (especially Quercus conferta) and at lower parts by beech and chestnut forests. Maquis covers the lower zone. At the eastern part of the mountain it is very dense and dominated by holm oak (Quercus ilex). The rest of maquis is dominated by kermes oak and wild olive and has deteriorated as a result of intense grazing.
Another British plane was downed above the hamlet of Colangette. The main organised resistance in Thury's surroundings was the Maquis 3, which started in March–April 1944 in a wood north of Saint- Sauveur. This maquis then had to move east and was established near Thury on the Montagne des Alouettes in late July 1944. About 250-strong, the group had weapons parachuted by Allied planes.
They were joined by the village priest. The men were questioned in the nearby hotel about the presence of Maquis in the region, despite the presence in the area of the Maquis and Camille Bernard, no information was given. The women and children remaining in their homes were terrorized. At 10pm, during an electricity blackout and a storm, gunfire was heard in the village.
Bène was conseiller municipal of Pézenas in 1929, then mayor in 1931. He was recalled by the Vichy regime. He involved himself in the resistance and created the La Tourette maquis, one of the maquis networks of resistance fighters, in the commune of Ferrières-Poussarou. For this he would be decorated with the Légion d'honneur, the Croix de guerre and the médaille de la Résistance.
After three attempts to join North Africa by Switzerland or Spain, he subscribed at the Oriental language school at Paris and conducted several visits to the Maquis where he became an instructor with the rank of a Caporal-chef (Senior Corporal) on June 1, 1943. In March 1944, he left this Maquis group to join a clandestine group of Saint-Cyr, at another Maquis () group at the corps of the resistance army organization (ORA). Denounced as a traitor, he was taken by the Germans on June 7, 1944. Interrogated at Fresnes, he was deported on August 15, to the Laura commando of the Buchenwald camp.
Voyager was launched in 2371. The crew's first orders were to track down a Maquis ship in the Badlands. An alien force called the Caretaker transported both Voyager and the Maquis vessel across 70,000 light-years to the Delta Quadrant, damaging Voyager and killing several crewmembers (including the medical staff, helm officer Stadi, first officer Cavit and the chief engineer). Voyager and the Maquis ship are ultimately stranded in the Delta Quadrant to prevent a genocide of the Ocampans, a species on a nearby planet under the Caretaker's protection from the Kazon, an antagonistic race native to the Delta Quadrant who seek the resources of the Ocampa.
Argophyllum laxum is a species of shrub that is endemic to the south of Grande Terre, New Caledonia, where it occurs in dense rainforests and maquis.
Phasmasaurus tillieri, also known commonly as Tillier's maquis skink, is a species of lizard in the family Scincidae. The species is endemic to New Caledonia. www.reptile-database.org.
Gordon Nornable MC (9 January 1915 – 4 November 2002) won the Military Cross and Croix de Guerre in 1944 fighting with the French Maquis in eastern France.
The First World War (1914–1918) stimulated growth in shipyards and military industries in the region, but weakened the agricultural and food industries. In 1942 the German Army moved from Occupied France into the zone libre, which included the Var department. The French Fleet was sabotaged in Toulon Harbour to keep it from falling into German hands. The Maquis Vallier, a group of maquis resistance fighters, was active.
Under the dictatorship, the PCE was the main opposition to the Francoist dictatorship. In the early years of the dictatorship, many PCE members joined the Spanish Maquis, a group of guerillas who fought against the regime. Years later, the Maquis' power declined, and the PCE abandoned the military strategy. Instead, it chose to interfere in the only legal syndicate (which was part of the Francoist apparatus), the Vertical Syndicate.
Guingouin refused, and relations with the party became strained. After this, he joined with the FTPF. Nicknamed Lo Grand (the Great) by the locals, Guingouin organised his first maquis, notably in Châteauneuf-la-Forêt. Certain types of operations under his command led to him being titled "prefect" of the maquis: in December 1942, he attempted to put a stop to hay and wheat requisitioning by blowing up the baler at Eymoutiers.
Gotha Go 242 glider in flight The road over Col de Tourniol on the western flank of the massif. The village of Vassieux. German Lt. General Karl Ludwig Pflaum was the commander of the German forces attacking the Vercors maquis. With eight to ten thousand soldiers, Pflaum established a cordon of soldiers around the massif to prevent the escape of maquis and on 21 July launched a full scale attack.
Lieutenant Romann, first head of the Eloyes maquis, gave the deceased a vibrant elegy. The next day, the 29 September, Lieutenant Romann was killed in a car incident at "Trou Vauthier" in unclear circumstances. On Monday 2 October 1944, a ceremony took place at the church for the dead of the maquis du Haut-du-Bois and others who were shot at Jarménil. A detachment of FFI gave the honours.
There were several factors in the decline and disappearance of the Spanish maquis. On one side, the commencement of the Cold War made it evident that the Allies would not intervene in the maquis's fight against the Spanish State. This led the PCE to change strategy, ending its support for the guerrilla groups in the 1950s. The government had a policy of total silence on the actions of the maquis.
Later that month the German army and Milice attacked the plateau in force, defeating and dispersing 700 maquis. In early 1944 the impatient and newly- armed maquis were all too eager to take on the German military directly rather than confining themselves to sabotage and guerrilla tactics, as advised by Heslop and the SOE. As a result of the German victories, Heslop found himself on the run to evade capture.
Digne was liberated by the American army two days after Cammaerts was released from prison. The maquis had cleared the way for the Americans and there was little opposition. On August 20, Cammaerts and Granville met the American commander, Brigadier General Frederic B. Butler, at Sisteron who dismissed them as "bandits." Leaving the American army behind, the two proceeded to Gap where the maquis had captured the German garrison.
Italy's varied geological structure, including the Alps and the Apennines, Central Italian woodlands, and Southern Italian Garigue and Maquis shrubland, also contribute to high climate and habitat diversity.
The larva feeds on Fabaceae - Dorycnium pentaphyllum, Anthyllis cytisoides, Lotus creticus, Lotus longisiliquosus in maquis, garrigue, scrub, arid grasslands, mountain slopes, dry river gorges and very sparse woodland.
As the maquis grew, the Milice was deployed to the countryside to hunt them down and the first milicien was killed in April 1943. As neither the maquis or the milice had many guns, the casualties were low at first, and by October 1943 the Milice had suffered only ten dead. The SOE made contact with the maquis bands, but until early 1944 the SOE were unable to convince Whitehall that supplying the Resistance should be a priority. Until 1944, there were only 23 Halifax bombers committed to supplying Resistance groups for all of Europe, and many in the SOE preferred resistance groups in Yugoslavia, Italy and Greece be armed rather than French ones.
The expectations of the Vercors maquis were that the invasion of southern France would be shortly after D-Day, when in reality it took place more than two months later. The maquis also anticipated incorrectly that allied paratroopers would land on the massif to assist them and that they would be supplied with anti-tank and other heavy weapons to fight the Germans. "We shall not forget the bitterness of having been abandoned alone and without support in time of battle," wired the French Forces of the Interior (FFI) commander to London. The priorities of the allied forces were the Normandy front and the upcoming Operation Dragoon landing in Southern France, not the maquis of Vercors.
Although the Maquis used whatever arms they could get, the groups affiliated with the Free French relied heavily on airdrops of weapons and explosives from the British SOE. SOE parachuted agents in with wireless sets (for radio communication) and dropped containers with various munitions including Sten guns, pencil detonators, plastic explosives, Welrod pistols (a silenced specialized assassination weapon favored by covert operatives) and assorted small arms such as pistols, rifles and sub-machine guns. The Maquis also used German weapons captured throughout the occupation; the Mauser 98k rifle and MP 40 submachine gun were very common. The French Militia (Milice française), who was well equipped by the French state, was also a target of maquis actions wherever available.
The maquis were nearby.Denise > Vernay's 1946 Franc-Tireur Testimony, Struthof: Site of the former > Natzweiler concentration camp.Rodrigue, Dona. "Les sanglots longs des > violons" ("The long sobs of the violins").
Pierre Pranchère was born in Brive-la-Gaillarde, France on 1927. Pierre Pranchère works with his farming parents. He is the general secretary of the Maquis de Corrèze collective.
This melaleuca is found in only a few location in the north-west of Grande Terre. It grows in maquis in loose, eroded laterite and soil on ultramafic rock.
During the period between 1950 and 1951, with the maquis detachments very much weakened, Andrade moves to the area of Betanzos, with his loyal friend Manuel Villar, Manolito. On March 9, 1952, Andrade is injured in a leg and captured in Oza dos Ríos. During the operation, Manolito is killed along other maquis and the Guardia Civil officer, Cesáreo Diez. During the interrogation he declared that he got support from some of the local authorities.
Comité de libération du cinéma français was an organization of filmmakers in France created in 1943. The most well-known members are Jacques Becker, Pierre Blanchar, Louis Daquin, Jean Painlevé, and Jean-Paul Le Chanois. Members of this organization made projects for French cinema for after the War. During the German occupation of France in World War II they made films about the Maquis, such as one showing a Maquis camp in Vercors.
S. Air Force, dû se replier sous la pression des Alpenjager de la 157ème Division Alpine Bavaroise. Après l’arrêt brutal de l’avance allemande par le groupe mobile n°4 du maquis de l’Oisans à la bataille des Grandes Rousses le 14 août 1944, la totalité des personnels et blessés de l’Hôpital purent regagner Grenoble libéré. Translated as: Several streets have been named "rue du Maquis de l'Oisans", notably in Vizille and Bourg d'Oisans.
On 15 June 1944 German troops together with men from the French Milice attacked a hundred Maquis resistance fighters holed up in a place called La Grotte (The Cave). Fighting resulted in 39 dead attackers and 6 dead Maquis with 4 wounded. The six dead were: Serge Boillereau, Ferruccio Borillo, Louis Evrard, Jean Fiorese, Jean Poulet, and André Rebill. This feat of arms continues to be celebrated each year on the site of the battle.
Basse-sur-le- Rupt was notable during the Second World War. Piquante Pierre, one of the highest summits in the commune, through its height and its surrounding forests provided shelter to a Maquis. This unit was destroyed on 21 September 1944 by the German army. Piquante PierreLe maquis de la piquante pierre, secteurs de la Moselotte et de la Vologne became thereafter a memorial to the dead, commemorating the 83 maquisards who were lost.
This city was the last urban place to see activity of maquis. Attempts to extend the fight to other capitals like Valencia and Bilbao were unsuccessful. The generally rural and isolated character of the areas of guerrilla activity constituted an obstacle to the maquis' objectives. In effect, given the silence of the press and government on the situation, very few and scattered inhabitants of areas of maqui activity were actually aware of the conflict.
The Franc-Garde () was the armed wing of the French Milice (Militia), operating alone or alongside German forces in major battles against the Maquis from late 1943 to August 1944.
Genista corsica is endemic to Corsica and Sardinia where it is associated with sunny open landscapes and poor stony soil. It is a common constituent of garrigue and maquis communities.
This melaleuca is found in the southern part of Grande Terre. It grows in maquis, along watercourses, areas that are subject to flooding and in lateritic soils on ultramafic rock.
It was also known in Catalonia as the "García Line", named after General Rafael García Valiño who participated in the fighting against the Valle de Aran's invasion by the Spanish Maquis.
The herbs which are part of Maquis () and the chestnuts and oak nuts of the Corsican forests are eaten by local animals, resulting in a noticeable flavour in the food there.
Boia, pp. 310–311, 334 By 1949, the Securitate secret police was clamping down on some less loyal PSȚ members. Mihadaș had established contacts with the anticommunist maquis and Western countries.
Because of the unusual vegetation, this Heimberg-Schäferberg-Felsenberg landscape is sometimes compared to certain parts of central Italy or Dalmatia and the tree-sparse steppe heaths and maquis found there.
Josemar Tiago Machaísse (born 7 August 1987) is Mozambican footballer who plays for F.C. Bravos do Maquis in Angola as a midfielder. He is a member of Mozambique national football team.
Major plant communities in the ecoregion include broadleaf sclerophyllous shrublands (maquis and garrigue), pine forests (chiefly of Turkish pine (Pinus brutia) and Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis)), and dry oak (Quercus spp.) woodlands and steppes. Turkish pine is more common in the Turkish coastal region, and Aleppo pine in the Levant. Neither pine is found naturally in the eastern Mesopotamian part of the ecoregion. Maquis is found on coastal slopes in southern Anatolia and along the Levantine coast.
Along with Cammaerts they organized, trained, and armed the maquis to prepare them for an important role in support of the allied invasion of southern France. The Union group departed France in May 1944. The Germans had no soldiers stationed on the Vercors Massif, but in response to sabotage activities of the maquis conducted periodic raids usually launched from Grenoble. The first raid was on 25 November 1943 and resulted in a wireless operator captured and another wounded.
The Maquis eventually became the national service, due to the large influx of young people in revolt against the S.T.O.Claude Chambard, "The Making of an Army" in The Maquis: A History of the French Resistance Movement, ed. Elaine P. Halperin, (New York:Bobbs Merrill Company, Inc., 1976), 89. This unification was due, in part, to Michel Brault, a Parisian lawyer, who headed the organization of the resisters in April 1943 and to the drafted circulars establishing the Maquis’s charter.
Heslop worked primarily in rural areas. SOE networks were more secure in rural areas which had a much smaller presence of German soldiers and milice, the pro-German French militia, than large urban areas. Heslop's primary contact was the maquis leader Henri Romans-Petit, commander of the Maquis of Ain and Haut-Jura. Romans had 1,000 followers in the Ain, mostly young men fleeing their homes to avoid being forced by the Germans to work in factories in Germany.
Primeiro de Agosto were crowned champions, while Bravos do Maquis, Progresso do Sambizanga and Sporting de Cabinda were relegated. Manucho Gonçalves of Petro Luanda finished as the top scorer with 16 goals.
"El maquis al norte del Ebro". Paloma Fernández Pancorbo. Editado por la Diputación General de Aragón. Zaragoza. 1988."Guerrilla y resistencia campesina. La resistencia armada contra el franquismo en Aragón (1939–1952)".
Much of the maquis has been degraded by frequent fires and over-grazing. The eastern and southernmost portions of the ecoregion are mostly low shrubland and grassland with a semi-desert character.
Since they did not operate like a normal resistance organization due to their lack of centralization, the Maquis would not be able to accomplish as much as the Allied nations had hoped.
It is characterized by a significant mass of pine trees and Mediterranean maquis. In addition, there are oaks, strawberry trees, roses, wild gladiola, and flowering shrubs. There are lizards, butterflies and insects.
Editora Nacional, Madrid (España) , pag. 1524, verbatim pag. 1579. during the Spanish Civil War. Subsequently, a member of the French Resistance, he fought the Nazi occupation from Bordeaux as part of the Maquis.
Amândio Manuel Filipe da Costa best known as Amaro (born November 12, 1986) is an Angolan footballer who plays for FC Bravos do Maquis as a midfielder in the Angolan premier league Girabola.
Melaleuca buseana is sparsely distributed in the southern part of Grande Terre. It is found in the undergrowth of dense, humid forest and maquis in loose, eroded gravel and soil on ultramafic rock.
The second group to the north east of Fayence headed towards the DZ, and had reached Tourettes village when they heard firing. Believing the Germans had occupied the village, the group sent a reconnaissance patrol out to establish the German positions. They discovered Tourettes was clear of Germans but Fayence had been occupied. Informed by the local Maquis about some wounded paratroopers nearby, they organised a stretcher party to bring them into the village where they were treated in the Maquis hospital.
Politically motivated anti-fascists, immigrant workers on the run, the réfractaires and Spanish Civil War veterans, along with the leniency of the Vichy administration's pursuit of réfractaires, contributed to the emergence of an aggressive movement, with a combative discourse and a romantic mystique of rural revolt. The speed with which the term ‘maquis’ spread was astonishing, since the concept did not exist in January 1943. By June, maquis discourse made its way from south-eastern France to the plains of northern France.
H. R. Kedward,"Hunters and Hunted, Summer-Autumn 1943", in In Search of the Maquis: Rural Resistance in Southern France (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 60. During the Allied invasion of Normandy, the Maquis and other groups played some role in delaying the German mobilization. The French Resistance (FFI Forces Françaises de l'Interieur for "French Forces of the Interior") blew up railroad tracks and repeatedly attacked German Army equipment and garrison trains on their way to the Atlantic coast.
They were scattered around the region in groups of 30 to 40 in camps hidden in the mountains and forests. With an infusion of money and arms airdropped from England, the number of resistors in the region increased to about 3,500, not all of whom would become armed combatants. The maquis began sabotage operations, including ambushes on German soldiers and units, although avoiding direct confrontations. SOE London responded by air dropping large quantities of arms and supplies for the maquis.
Addi Bâ arrived in France in 1938 with the family of a colonial tax collector and spent a year in Langeais in Indre-et-Loire before returning to Paris. He enlisted in the French army in 1939 as part of the 12th regiment of Senegalese Tirailleurs. Bâ was taken prisoner, but managed to escape and joined others in the maquis des Vosges. He was arrested on 18 November 1943 by Germans after the attack of the maquis of the Délivrance group.
Several attacks were perpetrated in 1955, people began to join the maquis to take up arms. One of the major events of this war is the one-night attack of 1956 against two depots, one with ammunition and the other with tobacco. To cope with the new situation, military reinforcements are sent to the village and a barracks is built 500 meters west of Tadmaït. To facilitate access to the maquis and track the mujahideen, roads are open to Mount Sidi Ali Bounab.
On 18 June, the maquis de Saint-Marcel was attacked by the Germans, but the parachutists of the SAS and the maquis fighters succeeded in containing the attack and retaliating after nightfall. In August, after linking up with the Allied forces, Chenailler was at the front line at Lorient and at la Vilaine with general Borgnis-Desborde. At the end of the war, Chenailler was promoted to the rank of Frigate captain, while still remaining lieutenant-colonel of the Armée de terre.
Resistance activity in German-occupied France increased significantly in 1944 after the Allied landings in Normandy. Various Maquis units staged uprisings throughout France, capturing villages and fighting the German occupiers. German units feared the imminent Allied landing in Southern France and ramped up anti-partisan operations to recapture and control the French countryside. One of the planned offensives was Operation Treffenfeld, a large-scale offensive aimed at destroying the French resistance of the Maquis de l'Ain et du Haut-Jura.
He would later become famous as "captain" of the troop of about 1,500 men of the main Oisans maquis. From the end of November 1942, the ranks of the maquis swelled after the introduction of the Service du Travail Obligatoire (STO), which encouraged many young people to "go underground" and hide in the mountains so as not to be forced to work in Germany. Captain André Lespiau was assigned to the Groupements Militaires d'Indigènes Coloniaux Rapatriables (GMICR) in Fréjus. With the appearance of important Resistance maquis in the Alps (Savoie/Haute- Savoie, Isère, Ain, Drôme, Hautes-Alpes, Alpes de Haute-Provence), he was then appointed, in February 1943, to command the 14th Company of the 1st Sub-Group of the 1st GMICR in Jarrie in Isère - neighbour of the 13th Company, in Pont- de-Claix.
Its name, literally meaning "stain" in Italian, derives from the maquis shrubland (), typical of the area. The village, mainly rural, developed in the last decades of the 20th century, with a small population increase.
A group of P. clusii growing on CreteThe typical subspecies grows in maquis on limestone between 200–1900 m altitude. Subspecies rhodia occurs as undergrowth of pines at an elevation of 350–850 m.
Neotinea tridentata, the three-toothed orchid, is a species of orchid found in southern Europe from Spain to Turkey; northwards to the Crimea, Poland and Germany. This orchid favours grassy places, woodland, scrub and maquis.
Cistus monspeliensis is a species of rockrose known by the common name Montpellier cistus. It is native to southern Europe and northern Africa, in the Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub ecosystems of matorral—maquis shrublands.
In World War II, during the German occupation of France, the area around Planchez was a focus for the Maquis. On 25 June 1944, as a collective punishment, the village was burned by German forces.
Many Germans chose to surrender to uniformed Allied armies rather than the French resistance groups. Some historians have stated that the controversy over the total effect and effectiveness of the Maquis is still relevant today.
These moths mainly inhabit rocky places, dry woods and grove rich grasslands.Lepidoptera and their ecology at Schmetterlinge und ihre Ökologie They are present in the Maquis shrubland, characterized by the widespread presence of Cistus species.
De Chambrun married Jacqueline Retourné, a paediatrician whom he met in the Maquis du Mont Mouchet. They had four children. He died on December 22, 2009 in Marvejols, Lozère, France. He was 100 years old.
Quico and Pepe's younger brother, Manolo (Manuel Sabaté i Llopart), was less political in comparison to his brothers. He pursued his dream of becoming a matador, spending his late teens in Andalucia, but later abandoned this pursuit and traveled to Eus in the Pyrenees mountains to join his brothers as a maquis. Quico and Pepe suggested that Manuel stay, study, and work in France instead. They doubted his devotion to the maquis cause and did not want Manuel along on their sojourns into Spain.
As children, they foil a Ferengi plot to steal the Enterprise and sell the crew as slave labor. In her final episode, "Preemptive Strike", Ro returns to the Enterprise as a Lieutenant after spending a year at Starfleet Advanced Tactical Training. During the course of the training, her commanding officer, Lieutenant Commander Chakotay, resigned from Starfleet to join the Maquis when his father is killed by the Cardassians. She is asked by Starfleet to infiltrate the rebel Maquis, who are undermining the Federation treaty with Cardassia.
He escaped to Spain on March 30 with the help of the Maquis (French Resistance) and returned to England on May 15, 1944. During his stay with the Maquis, Yeager assisted the guerrillas in duties that did not involve direct combat; he helped construct bombs for the group, a skill that he had learned from his father. He was awarded the Bronze Star for helping a B-24 navigator, "Pat" Patterson, who was shot in the knee during the escape attempt, to cross the Pyrenees.
Oisans topographic map, corresponding roughly to the Oisans maquis' set of action During the Second World War, the Oisans maquis was an important base for the French Resistance, in the Oisans, between the Belledonne range and Grenoble to the north, the "Grandes Rousses" and the Croix-de-Fer pass to the east, the Drac valley to the west and the Barre des Écrins and the Provencal Alps to the south. Its route mainly followed the Romanche valley from its birth to its confluence with the Drac.
After the amalgamation of the Armée Secrète, ORA and FTPF resistance movements into the new French Forces of the Interior the structures of the armed resistance remained confused, so that in spite of the unification, the FTPF retained the possibility of acting autonomously. Photos of the maquis and its leader were taken at this time by the photographer Izis Bidermanas who had also taken up arms. At the start of July 1944, Guingouin had been warned that a German offensive was being prepared against his maquis.
In June 1944, at the aftermath of D-Day when the French Resistance went on an offensive against the German occupiers, the hills near Plan-d'Aups were the site of a bloody battle. Some 200 Maquis had set up a camp there, commanded by SOE agent Robert Burdett. They were attacked by large German forces. Though taken by surprise due to a faulty placing of guards, the Maquis did inflict considerable casualties on the Germans and many of them managed to escape into the surrounding mountains.
For several days the maquis had known that an attack on the camp was imminent, through information that had come to them about German troop movements. However, on the morning of 9 September 1944, "Achille", head of the maquis, left the camp to make contact in Eloyes with Major Brown, head of the Franco-British mission. On arrival at the village, he was arrested by a German patrol, interrogated and held in the former post office building near the hospice. He was freed the same evening.
Lieutenant Romann, head of the first "hundred" was likewise away from the maquis since he had left the camp beforehand with an overarmed group. Resistance members ("about a hundred") who had just received a second package of light weapons, were present on the maquis. In their leader's absence, Lieutenant Girod had taken command. For effective defence, he had a machine- gun set towards the north of the camp, and another above the Ruxelier stream gorge, to control the routes leading towards Cheniménil et Jarménil.
First Croatian online peljar The island is partially covered with maquis shrubland and low forests. Remains of an Illyrian fort are situated on the island.Sestrunj at adriatic-croatian.com The island's main industries are agriculture and fishing.
Hamelin was born Ginette Sylvere in Clermont-Ferrand, Puy-de-Dôme, France on March 4, 1913. Her father was Major Antoine Sylvère. He led a major maquis group in the southwest. Her sister was the singer .
Upon arrival, she was sent to co-ordinate the activities of the local maquis in sabotaging communication lines during German attempts to stem the Normandy landings. When he arrived in the Limousin, Philippe Liewer found the local maquis to be poorly led and less prepared for action than he expected. To better co-ordinate Resistance activity against the Germans, he decided to send his courier, Szabo, as his liaison officer to the more active Maquis of Correze and the Dordogne, led by Jacques Poirier (SOE), head of the renamed Digger circuit, who had taken over from Harry Peulevé of the Author circuit, upon the latter's arrest. However, due to poor intelligence gathering by the local Resistance, Liewer was unaware that the 2nd SS Panzer Division was making its slow journey north to the Normandy battlefields through his area.
Ocnogyna corsicum is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by Jules Pierre Rambur in 1832. It is found on Corsica and Sardinia. The habitat consists of grasslands, pastures, maquis, forest edges and mountain slopes.
Petro de Luanda were crowned champions, winning their 13th title, while Bravos do Maquis, Primeiro de Maio and Progresso do Sambizanga, were relegated. Flávio Amado of Petro de Luanda finished as the top scorer with 23 goals.
The remainder is a military reservation. The park's isolation has encouraged the return of the native ecology, which is 60% maquis shrubland. It is a refuge for species that used to be more abundant in the region.
He returned to England three months later when the US Army pushed the Germans out of that part of France. He took a month's leave, rented a cottage in the country, and wrote the manuscript of Maquis, the nickname of the French Resistance. The book was cleared for publication in 1945. In an immediate and vivid account, he drew on his journalistic skills to describe life living in the woods with the Maquis, various sabotage missions against the railways and trying to organise the villages before liberation by the Americans.
Fearing retribution, Elster didn't want to surrender to the maquis, but instead to a "regular army" and negotiated a surrender with American General Robert C. Macon. The French maquis who had harassed the Germans were not invited to attend or participate in the surrender on September 11 at Issoudun or the formal surrender on September 16 at Beaugency bridge. "Thus," said historian Robert Gildea, "the most tangible contribution of the FFI [ French Forces of the Interior ] was not even registered."Gildea, Robert (2015), Fighters in the Shadows, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, p. 406.
10, before joining the French forces of the interior. The Maquis de Vabre were structured as three companies, including the compagnie Marc Haguenau which was mainly composed of Jewish fugitive fighters from Tarn. The Jewish scouting organisation Éclaireurs israëlites de France, created by Robert Gamzon, joined the Protestant scouting organisation Éclaireurs unionistes to form this mountain maquis who participated in the liberation of Castres under the banner of the French forces of the interior, taking 4,500 German prisoners. They then joined the French First Army of General Jean de Lattre de Tassigny.
During an incident involving the Maquis ship and the USS Voyager, both vessels were unwillingly transported to the Delta Quadrant by the enigmatic Caretaker. When the Maquis ship was destroyed by crashing into a Kazon ship to save the USS Voyager, Tuvok was transported off the ship with a handful of other survivors, and resumed his duties as Security and Tactical Officer. At that time, Voyager also picked up two Delta Quadrant natives, Neelix, a Talaxian, and his partner Kes, from Ocampa. Tuvok recognized Kes' psionic abilities and helped her develop them.
A distribution network for clandestine tracts was put in place by Miss Marie Joseph Blaise, a student at the Nancy who lived at Saint-Étienne-lès- Remiremont. Blaise had made contact with the resistance to ensure that circulation of these papers in St-Étienne-lès-Remiremont. The various Maquis des Vosges paid a heavy price in the fight against the Germans and their allies. The seven men of the shooting at Ménafaing on 23 September 1944 in the Éloyes, were also members of the Maquis du Haut-du-Bois.
In "Cardassians", Dukat is at the center of a conspiracy which his exiled Cardassian enemy Elim Garak and Dr. Julian Bashir are trying to unravel. In "Civil Defense" he tries to blackmail the crew of Deep Space Nine when they cannot disarm an accidentally-triggered Cardassian counter-insurgency program.Erdmann, Terry J. Star Trek: Deep Space Nine Companion, (Pocket Books, 2000) 183. He is allied with the main Starfleet characters against the Maquis rebels in "The Maquis" and "Defiant" and against the Klingons when they invade Cardassia in "The Way of the Warrior".
In April and May 1944, as the French became aware that the allies would soon invade France, the situation on the ground for Heslop and his Marksman network changed. The GMR lost its enthusiasm for repressing the Resistance and its leaders began to come over to the side of the maquis. The number of recruits for the maquis increased, especially French officers who had straddled the fence for 4 years but now demanded commands in the Resistance. These late-comers were called the "Mothball Brigade" and were shunted aside into units of their own.
Working in territory still occupied by the German army and mostly without the assistance of other OSS agents, she supplied arms, training, and direction to French resistance groups, called maquis, especially in Haute-Loire where the maquis cleared the department of German soldiers prior to the arrival of the American army in September 1944. The Germans gave her the nickname Artemis, and the Gestapo reportedly considered her "the most dangerous of all Allied spies."Meyer, Roger (October 2008). "World War II's Most Dangerous Spy" The American Legion Magazine p.
The Maquis de Saint-Marcel was a force of French resistance fighters, 3000 men with 200 Free French SAS (Special Air Service), during World War II operating in Brittany, Morbihan. It was created just before the Normandy landings with the objectives of preventing German army reinforcements from reaching the coast, thus facilitating the task of the allied landing forces. The Maquis de Saint-Marcel lasted only a very short time. It had been infiltrated by German spies, allowing the Germans to attack it in an ambush on 18 June 1944.
The French escapees were mainly civilians, rather than a remnant of the defeated French army. From this time, the French term "maquis" began to be used to refer to the camps, and "maquisards" for those that occupied them.
However, after a few months, he was released from his contract and signed with C.D. Primeiro de Agosto; he continued playing in the land of his ancestors the following years, appearing for C.R.D. Libolo and F.C. Bravos do Maquis.
The captured officer was claimed to be SS- Sturmbannführer Helmut Kämpfe, commander of the 2nd SS Panzer Reconnaissance Battalion (also part of the Das Reich division). He may have been captured by the Maquis du Limousin the day before.
The 2016 Supertaça de Angola (29th edition) was contested by Recreativo do Libolo, the 2015 Girabola champion and Bravos do Maquis, the 2015 cup winner. Recreativo do Libolo was the winner, making it is's 2nd title in a row.
13 of 15-7-2009; the Ligurian SIC list is on-line at lrv.regione.liguria.it (access: August 2015) Among many interesting species living in the maquis shrubland covering most of the small island there are Campanula sabatia and Euphorbia dendroides.
In the past Xert had its own lligallo in order to organize cattle herding in its area. The village of La Barcella was abandoned in 1609 and Fontanals during the time of the Spanish Maquis in mid 20th century.
234 Resistance members and smugglers organized in the Comet line to help them cross the border. The Basque version of the French Maquis was centred in Soule, more intense on its highlands, and shaken by Nazi repression (raids, executions).
Kalukula began 1995 his career with Simba SC and signed 2001 for League rival Young Africans FC. after 196 games and 50 goals for Yanga FC signed in January 2008 for Angolan club Futebol Clube Onze Bravos do Maquis.
As a result of mujahidat and fidayat not having many written accounts about them, oral testimonies have been the main source in understanding the significance of women's roles in the FLN-ALN and their contributions to the Algerian War. While these important pieces of testimony give a voice to women who were often "excluded from the history and memory of the Algerian War as well as victimized in postcolonial Algeria," there remain many omissions in the oral accounts of women combatants. Some particularly difficult issues that are often excluded from oral testimonies relate to "marriages in the maquis and the FLN-ALN's control of women's sexuality in the maquis." As noted by scholar Ryme Seferdjeli, "In two interviews with mujahidat (Layla Ettayeb and Djamila Amrane) who married in the maquis, they categorically refused to speak about the circumstances in which they got married; nor would they make any comment on it".
Vercors Plateau. Cammaerts was based in the hamlet of Saint-Julien-en-Vercors on the remote Vercors Plateau. Skarbek arrived in the midst of a large operation headed by British major Desmond Longe of supplying by parachute the local maquis with arms and supplies. She was out every night when the moon was bright organizing a reception committee to collect the canisters dropped by Allied airplanes on the plateau. On the morning of 14 July came a daylight drop of light arms and supplies from 72 American B-17s, the largest single-day airdrop to the maquis during World War II. Encouraged by a speech from the head of the provisional government, Charles de Gaulle, (but discouraged by Cammaerts who opposed large-scale guerrilla operations and pleaded unsuccessfully for artillery and anti-tank weapons for the maquis), a full- scale rebellion against the German occupiers broke out.
After the militarization that occurred in the spring of 1937, the column became the 153rd Mixed Brigade. A known member of the column was Ramon Vila Capdevila, also known as Caracremada, who became a maquis in the post-war period.
Much of the range is bare rock or stony ground covered with scrub and maquis. The highest parts of the range are a nature reserve inhabited by a number of rare species, including Bonelli's eagle, the Egyptian vulture and eagle owl. .
Habitat is deciduous forest, scrub and maquis. Arboreal, descending to visit flowers of white umbellifers, Caltha, Cistus, Euphorbia, Prunus, Ranunculus, Rubus, Taraxacum.de Buck, N. (1990) Bloembezoek en bestuivingsecologie van Zweefvliegen (Diptera, Syrphidae) in het bijzonder voor België. Doc.Trav. IRSNB, no.
Characteristic birds of the maquis include the red-legged partridge (Alectoris rufa), rock partridge (A. graeca), chukar partridge (A. chukar), subalpine warbler (Sylvia cantillans), Rüppell's warbler, cirl bunting (Emberiza cirlus), rock bunting (E. cia), and black-headed bunting (E. melanocephala).
Amaro played for Benfica de Luanda between 2006 and 2010, before joining Primeiro de Agosto in 2011. In 2017, he signed in for Kabuscorp. In 2019-20, he signed in for Bravos do Maquis in the Angolan league, the Girabola.
The maquis of Barcelona treated their social role with some theatricality and were known to have a level of friendliness and respect even while robbing people in their hometown. Their work was as much for personal gain as it was propaganda to share their message among their local comrades, who continued to support them. After one robbery, the Sabaté group left a note indicating that they, "anarchist resisters" and not "robbers", would redistribute the food to children of killed anti-fascists and continue fighting for freedom. The Sabaté brothers Quico and Pepe were among the most famed maquis and Quico himself, legendary.
Memorial stone for the Maquis of Ain (Colognat) The passive resistance of the village of Aranc was well-known because it was a rallying point for the Maquis of Ain. The hamlet of Gorges was an important rallying point for the resistance. They had to find a rallying point for the young rebels but also a place that could unite all the factions in the region of Aranc and Corlier. It was during the year 1943 that Colonel Henri Romans-Petit set up his headquarters in the tiny hamlet enclosed by mountains and difficult to access (hence the interest).
He wanted money and arms from the allies but was not cooperative until the French Forces of the Interior in London, the umbrella organization for the disparate resistance groups in France, instructed him to cooperate. SOE began sending in large amounts of arms, equipment, and money. Wake's duties were pinpointing locations at which the material and money were parachuted in, collecting it, and allocating it among the maquis, including pay to individual soldiers. Wake carried with her a list of the targets the maquis were to destroy before the invasion of France by the Allies (which would take place on 6 June).
His objective was to demonstrate that the resistance was able to liberate areas from the Germans with its own forces. On 2 June, the Germans launched a probing attack on Couloudon's base at Mont Mouchet; on 10 June the Germans launched a larger attack, and on 20 June encircled Couloudon's positions and forced the resistance fighters to flee after taking heavy casualties.Kedward, H. R. (1993), In Search of the Maquis, Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 164-168 Wake and the members of her team accompanied groups of maquis in a three-day , retreat westward to the village of Saint-Santin.
The Oisans maquis and its roads became, in two ways, strategic for German troops from the beginning of the occupation of the Southern Zone. Moreover, "Sector 1" (Oisans) had a special position in the region since, from November 1943 onwards, the Resistance within the city of Grenoble was directly under the command of the Oisans. This maquis is therefore the only one in the historic region of the Dauphiné (and perhaps in France) to have coordinated both its activities in the mountains (on wild summits over 3,000m high) and the city Resistance of the "capital of the Alps" in the plains.
It was truly from this moment that the various Alpine maquis "officially" took shape, under the command of General Delestraint (alias "Vidal") and then Officer Alain Le Ray (FFI). Thus, in Oisans, different groups united under the command of Lanvin, to control this area (called "Sector 1") from the Grenoble metropolis to the gates of Savoy in the east and as far as Lavaldens in the south. Another maquis was responsible for the southern part of the Oisans region (called "Sector 5"), which overflowed into the Trièves (Notre-Dame-de-Commiers, Monestier-de-Clermont, La Mure, Valbonnais).
In Spring 1944, the Das Reich Division had been withdrawn from Russia and sent to the south of France for refitting in preparation for the anticipated Allied invasion of occupied Europe. While in the southern France, Kämpfe was ordered to begin operations against the Maquis (rural guerillas who - according to German intelligence reports - were active in the southern uplands of central France). On 9 June 1944, he was captured east of Saint- Léonard-de-Noblat by a group led by a Sergeant Jean Canou from Colonel Georges Guingouin's Brigade, a group in the Maquis du Limousin. Canou handed him over to Guingouin.
The premiere episode has the USS Voyager and its crew pursuing a Maquis ship; both ships become stranded in the Delta Quadrant about 70,000 light-years from Earth. Faced with a 75-year voyage to Earth, the crews must work together to overcome challenges and shorten the voyage on their long and perilous journey home. Like Deep Space Nine, early seasons of Voyager feature more conflict between its crew members than seen in The Next Generation. Such conflict often arose from friction between "by-the-book" Starfleet crew and rebellious Maquis fugitives forced by circumstance to work together.
At the end of the Spanish Civil War the executions of the "enemies of the state" continued (some 50,000 people were killed), including the extrajudicial (death squad) executions of members of the Spanish maquis (anti–Francoist guerrillas) and their supporters (los enlaces, "the links");in the province of Córdoba 220 maquis and 160 enlaces were killed. Thousands of men and women were imprisoned after the civil war in Francoist concentration camps, approximately 367,000 to 500,000 prisoners were held in 50 camps or prisons. In 1933, before the war, the prisons of Spain contained some 12,000 prisoners,Tusell, Javier. La dictadura de Franco.
Tuvok is a fictional character in the Star Trek media franchise. One of the main characters on the television series Star Trek: Voyager, Tuvok is a member of the fictional Vulcan species who serves as the ship's second officer, Chief of Security, and Chief Tactical Officer. Tim Russ portrayed Tuvok throughout the show's run from 1995 to 2001, and has also been involved in subsequent portrayals. Tuvok's backstory is that, up to the time of the first episode, Caretaker, he was working as an undercover Federation agent in a Maquis group led by Chakotay aboard the Maquis ship the Val Jean.
In the last season, episode four, "Repression", introduced the premise that during the infiltration mission, Tuvok's identity was uncovered by a Maquis counter-intelligence agent, Teero Anaydis (Keith Szarabajka), who used Tuvok as a laboratory specimen for mind- control experiments. Although Tuvok was conscious throughout the experiments, Teero wiped his memory when he had finished, ensuring that Tuvok was unable to remember any details. Following the ordeal, Tuvok was released back among the Maquis. This "time-bomb" was activated by a message hidden in a letter from Tuvok's son that caused the events seven years later in the Voyager timeline.
The commune occupies a small area of 172 hectares on the coast bisected by small hills oriented north-south, the highest is a "saddle" straddling Algajola and Aregno which rises to 288m. To the west of the hills, Tebina is a flat area and Cocani covers the hillsides down to the resort. On both sides of the hills their slopes were once covered with maquis then were turned into terraces to cultivate strips of land. For a long time the maquis here consisted mainly of cistus and mastic, oaks and some wild olive trees which reestablished themselves on the abandoned terraces.
"Within one month, 20,000 copies of the text—which did not exceed the size of a playing card—were distributed throughout the southern zone". Michel Brault, in a report sent to London on 14 February 1944, listed the various elements available for action to the Allies and described the Maquis as "youths who have rebelled against the S.T.O. as well as men of all ages who have given up trying to live a normal life[...]. They totalled about 48,000".Claude Chambard, "The Making of an Army" in The Maquis: A History of the French Resistance Movement, ed.
Coded messages transmitted over the BBC radio alerted the maquis of the impending D-Day with seemingly meaningless messages such as "the crow will sing three times in the morning" read in a continuous flow over the British airwaves. As Allied troops advanced, the French Resistance rose against the Nazi occupation forces and their garrisons en masse. For example, Nancy Wake's group of 7,000 maquisards was involved in a pitched battle with 22,000 Germans on June 20, 1944. Some Maquis groups took no prisoners so some German soldiers preferred to surrender to Allied soldiers rather than maquisards.
Maquis shrubland is a dense thicket of tall woody shrubs and low trees, mixed with low shrubs, herbs, and grasses. Olive- carob woodlands and maquis are common in the southern portion of the ecoregion, and in canyons in the northern Douro and Tagus basins. Wild olive (Olea europaea) and carob (Ceratonia siliqua) are the predominant trees, with the shrubs Chamaerops humilis, Pistacia lentiscus, Phillyrea latifolia, Phyllyrea angustifolia, and Myrtus communis, as well as lianas and herbs. Forests of stone pine (Pinus pinea) and maritime pine (Pinus pinaster) are found on sandy soils and inland dunes, and on soils derived from silicaeous rocks.
In all the confusion, the Maquis opened fire with automatic weapons; some soldiers were cut down at close range, by exploding grenades, and this explains the injuries observed on the horribly mutilated corpses. After the surrender of German troops, 9 members of the SD were identified with the help of thirty liberated Maquis fighters, taken to the graveyard and shot without trial. Fighting ceased from that moment, the Resistance merely maintaining circles around the weapons factory and Souilhac school which they planned to attack the following day. While the German and French wounded were taken to the hospital.
The Maquis de l'Ain et du Haut-Jura were a group of maquis fighters in the French resistance during World War II. On 11 November 1943, the Maquis de l'Ain et du Haut-Jura, on orders from Colonel Henri Romans-Petit, took possession of the town of Oyonnax in the Ain departement, and paraded up to the war memorial laying a wreath in the form of the croix de Lorraine with the inscription Les vainqueurs de demain à ceux de 14–18 (the conquerors of tomorrow to those of 14–18). After a minute of silence and a rendition of the Marseillaise with the crowd, they returned to their camps in the mountains. A few weeks later, the English-speaking press published the news, which it is said managed to convince Churchill of the need to arm the French resistance. Oyonnax was rewarded for its zeal by a Médaille de la Résistance which features on its coat of arms.
During the War, some members of the PCA distinguished themselves. Henri Maillot was killed while providing arms to the Nationalists and serving the Maquis Rouges. Henri Alleg and many others were arrested and tortured. He was the editor of the Alger Republicain.
In the Second World War, several French Resistance groups took his name: the Robespierre Company in Pau, commanded by Lieutenant Aurin, alias Maréchal; the Robespierre Battalion in the Rhône, under Captain Laplace; and a maquis formed by Marcel Claeys in the Ain.
Mosquito Squadron is a 1969 British war film made by Oakmont Productions, directed by Boris Sagal and starring David McCallum. The raid echoes Operation Jericho, a combined RAF–Maquis raid which freed French prisoners from Amiens jail in which the Mosquitos took part.
She was the only woman to lead an SOE network and associated resistance groups, called maquis, in France.Olson, Lynne (2017), Last Hope Island, New York: Random House, p. 272, 344 Rossiter, Margaret L. 1986), Women in the Resistance, New York: Praeger, p.
Quercus alnifolia is restricted to Troodos Massif, where it grows on igneous geological substrate at an altitude of 400 to 1800m. It occupies dry habitats in association with Pinus brutia or forms dense maquis in mesic habitats, characterized by deep forest soils.
In the summer of 2010, Carlitos was loaned to his former team Oliveirense. He subsequently took his game to the Angolan Girabola, where he represented C.R.D. Libolo, F.C. Bravos do Maquis and G.D. Interclube, being reconverted into a right back in the process.
During the Spanish Civil War the area was intensively fought over, especially after the fall of Teruel. Republican guerillas of the Agrupación guerrillera de Levante y Aragón held out in the mountains of the Maestrazgo until the 1950s.Webster, 162-164. (see Spanish Maquis).
Helvella semiobruta is a species of fungus in the family Helvellaceae. Originally found in the country of France, it was described as new to science in 1976. It has also been collected in Greece, and Cyprus, where it grows in maquis shrubland.
Olives and other mediterranean fruits and vegetables are grown here. To the south, the forest and farmland gives way to juniper bush maquis and pre-desert scrub with some winter grazing. As a district, Benghazi borders Hizam Al Akhdar, which surrounds it on land.
However, after the Samlaut Uprising of 1967, Yuon was accused by Sihanouk of stirring up unrest, and threatened with arrest and possible execution: he fled to join the communist maquis, led by Saloth Sar (Pol Pot), Ieng Sary and Son Sen, in the forests.
The reality was that "rural women in maquis [rural areas] support networks" contained the overwhelming majority of those who participated. This is not to marginalize those women who did engage in acts of violence but simply to illustrate that they constituted in the minority.
There existed a tile works (present in the Land Registry in 1835) and lime kilns at Chéronnies. There was also a windmill: the "Moulin Ambernac". In 1935, the actor Noël-Noël bought Praisnaud and he enlisted in the maquis during the Second World War.
Iché participated in the 2006 conference Surrealismo Siglo XXI. She married the poet in 1941. On July 4, 1944 Rius was arrested on denunciation with his involvement with a maquis near Fontainebleau by the Gestapo. He was executed by firing squad on July 21, 1944.
Due to the wide altitudinal range of this ecoregion the highest elevations (above 1,000 m) are covered with conifer forests, with a mixed broadleaf vegetation and maquis shrubland occurring lower. The conifer zone is dominated by the Norway spruce, silver fir and European black pine with the admixture of the European beech. The dominant species of the lower zones include various deciduous oaks (Quercus frainetto, Q. pubescens, Q. cerris), Carpinus orientalis, Fraxinus ornus with Cotinus coggygria, Paliurus spina-christi, Cercis siliquastrum. Evergreen trees and maquis shrubs (Quercus ilex, Pinus halepensis, Pistacia terebinthus, P. lentiscus, Juniperus oxycedrus, J. macrocarpa, Arbutus unedo, A. andrachne, Nerium oleander) become predominant near the coast.
"Nancy Wake, Proud Spy and Nazi Foe, Dies at 98" (New York Times, 13 August 2011) After reaching Britain, Wake joined the Special Operations Executive (SOE) under the code name "Hélène". On 29–30 April 1944 as a member of a three-person SOE team code-named "Freelance", Wake parachuted into the Allier department of occupied France to liaise between the SOE and several Maquis groups in the Auvergne region, which were loosely overseen by Emile Coulaudon (code name "Gaspard")."Nancy Wake: SOEs Greatest Héroïne" Braddon, Russell, 1956. She participated in a battle between the Maquis and a large German force in June 1944.
Despite the end of the war, guerrilla resistance to Franco, known as "the Maquis", occurred in the Pyrenees, carrying out sabotage and robberies against the Francoist regime. Several exiled Republicans also fought in the French resistance against the German occupation in Vichy France during World War II. In 1944, a group of republican veterans from the French resistance invaded the Val d'Aran in northwest Catalonia, but were quickly defeated. The activities of the Maquis continued well into the 1950s. The end of the war led to hundreds of thousands of exiles, mostly to France, but also to Mexico, Chile, Cuba, and the United States.
400 men from Luxembourg (which was annexed into Germany), many of whom had refused to serve in, or who had deserted from, the German Wehrmacht, left their tiny country to fight in the French maquis, where they were particularly active in the regions of Lyon, Grenoble and the Ardennes although many of them were killed in the war. Others, like Antoine Diederich, rose to high rank in the Resistance. Diederich, known only as "Capitaine Baptiste", had 77 maquis soldiers under his command and is best known for attacking Riom prison, where he and his fighters freed every one of 114 inmates who had been sentenced to death.
Captain Janeway orders the destruction of the device that could transport Voyager and the Maquis vessel home, thereby protecting the Ocampa. Stranded, and with the Maquis ship also destroyed, both crews integrate and work together for the anticipated 75-year journey home. The intended crew complement was 141 Starfleet personnel, though it held 153 for its inaugural mission. This figure fluctuated during its time in the Delta Quadrant, gaining or losing count due to mishaps, adopted crew, births, and voluntary departures; they start the second year of their journey with 152 people onboard, at one point during the fifth year of its journey, there were 150 people on board.
The region was the scene of fighting in June 1944 between the Maquis and Nazi troops. The Nazis were successful in overrunning the Maquis in their Truyère Redoubt where they were attacked on 20 June 1944. The battle was fierce and the village of Anterrieux was destroyed by fire after having been held for ten hours by the 3,000 resistance fighters of the 7th Company under the command of Henri Fournier who were forced to disperse because of the German firepower supported by their air force. More than a hundred maquisards were killed as well as about fifteen German soldiers and a dozen civilians.
There also are other species of Cyathea, notably Cyathea novae-caledoniae. New Caledonia also is one of five regions on the planet where species of southern beeches (Nothofagus) are indigenous; five species are known to occur here. New Caledonia has its own version of maquis (maquis minier) occurring on metalliferous soils, mostly in the south. The soils of ultramafic rocks (mining terrains) have been a refuge for many native flora species which are adapted to the toxic mineral content of the soils, to which most foreign species of plants are poorly suited, which has therefore prevented invasion into the habitat or displacement of indigenous plants.
Maquis were active mostly in mountainous areas throughout the peninsula, preferring forests or areas of dense vegetation that would provide shelter and cover. Another important factor in the location of maqui groups and their survival was the social situation. They had to choose areas in which they could count on the collaboration of at least part of the population, given that without support they could hardly sustain a guerrilla group. In areas of harsher weather, like in the mountains of León, the maquis would relatively often pass periods of time more or less "undercover", in small groups, in support houses in villages, especially during the winter months.
The Germans and their French allies soon responded to the growing threat of the Resistance in Heslop's area of operations. The French pro-German militia, the Milice, burned more that 500 farms suspected of being used by the maquis in Haute-Savoie Department during the three winter months of 1943-1944. In February 1944, 4,500 members of the Milice and the Groupe mobile de réserve (GMR) invaded the Ain and Haute-Savoie Departments and in an operation lasting two months captured more than 1,000 members of the Resistance. In early March, Tom Morel, the maquis commander on the Glieres Plateau, was killed in a commando raid on a GMR headquarters.
According to Peter Lieb, these were the division's heavy belief in the ideology of National Socialism, their battle experience on the Eastern Front, that they saw themselves as an elite military unit, and that they had already participated in engagements with the French Resistance. After the Normandy Landings, the 2nd Panzer Division received orders to position themselves in the region between Tulle and Limoges to suppress the Maquis, who, in coordination with the Allied invasion, were intensifying their insurgency against German interests and forces. It was the personal wish of Hitler that the division confront the Maquis in the face of their escalation. 2nd Panzer Division in May and June 1944.
The guerrilla leader Ramon Vila Capdevila - last of the Spanish Maquis, who held out from the end of the Spanish Civil War until being killed in 1963 - is buried in Fígols. On 15 July 2000, a plaque was placed at the burial site of Vila which reads .
ASA were crowned champions, winning a third title in a row, while Académica do Soyo, Benfica do Lubango and Bravos do Maquis, the three clubs that were promoted that same season, were relegated. Arsénio Kabungula aka Love of ASA finished as the top scorer with 17 goals.
Pistacia terebinthus in Peñas Blancas, Cartagena (Spain) Pistacia terebinthus in Yenifoça, Turkey The terebinth prefers relatively moist areas, up to in elevation. Supports Mediterranean summer drought and frost more intense than mastic. The plant is common in the garrigue and maquis. It appears in deciduous oak wood.
In the north of the commune along the Mediterranean coast, the Mandoura Forest is dominated by Aleppo pine and other Mediterranean maquis flora.Programme d’Aménagement Côtier (PAC) "Zone côtière algéroise", p. 9 The Isser River runs from near the town itself to the edge of the forest.
In the British campaign, the player controls Sergeant James Doyle, a member of the Special Air Service (SAS), who alongside squad mates Corporal Duncan Keith, Wilkins, and Major Gerald Ingram, are parachuted into France in order to assist the Maquis Resistance in several operations to reduce the fighting capability of the German forces fighting in Normandy. Shortly before reaching their drop point near Toucy, France, the group's Handley Page Halifax is shot down, with Doyle and Wilkins being separated from the rest of their squad. Wilkins is executed shortly after landing and Doyle is rescued by Pierre LaRoche, the Maquis leader, before regrouping with Keith, Ingram, and resistance member Isabelle DuFontaine. After retrieving their two heavily armed jeeps, nicknamed "Vera" and "Lynn" respectively, Doyle and the group begin attacking several German position, including the anti-aircraft battery that had shot them down and assaulting a manor house that is serving as a German HQ in order to free a captured Maquis member, a man known only as Marcel.
Iris spuria grows on seasonally damp grasslands, damp meadows (or pastures), marshes, alluvial plains, swamps, bogs, maquis, and salty flats. It also grows in saline soils. Wild Iris Spuria in Behbahan It can be found naturalised in damp, grassy places, by ditches, on banks and on roadside verges.
José Jorge Fernandes do Amaral, best known as Zeca Amaral is a former manager of the Angolan national team, a job he took up in October 2010 following the resignation of Hervé Renard. In 2017, he signed in for F.C. Bravos do Maquis and renewed for another season.
Polyploca laororshanae is a moth in the family Drepanidae. The habitat of P. laororshanae is located in northern Israel and possibly Lebanon and Syria, although this remains unclear. The habitat consists of clearings and the fringes of evergreen sclerophyllous maquis on limestone. The wingspan of the species is .
"Ethnobotany and Relative Importance of Some Endemic Plant Species at El-Jabal El-Akhdar Region (Libya)". World Journal of Agricultural Sciences 5 (3): 353-360, 2009, pp 353-360. Small areas of maquis are found on north-facing slopes near the sea, becoming more extensive on the lower plateau.
Even though the maquis understand that their resistance will not change anything, their motto is to "die standing". After they find out about impending bloody liquidation of the non-Muslim ghettoes, they join forces with the last remaining Catholics to take over Notre Dame.Мечеть Парижской Богоматери. — «Вече», «Грифъ», 2012.
P. corsica naturally occurs on Corsica, Sardinia and in Greece on the Ionian islands Cephalonia, Lefkada and Zakynthos, and mainland Aetolia-Acarnania. It grows in pine and oak dominated forests, in maquis shrubland and on grassy places on various soils and bedrock (such as limestone, granite and metamorphic).
Operation Dragoon. Digne was liberated by the American army two days after Skarbek rescued Cammaerts, Fielding, and Sorensen. The maquis had cleared the way for the Americans and there was little opposition. Cammaerts and Skarbek met the American commander, Brigadier General Frederic B. Butler, at Sisteron on 20 August.
There is a Federation-Cardassian demilitarized zone created at the end of hostilities between the two powers in the mid-24th century. The peace treaty ending the war and subsequent border adjustments result in several Federation worlds within the zone being ceded to the Cardassians. Militant Federation colonists called the Maquis form a guerrilla militia to oppose the treaty and their new Cardassian administrators; they receive assistance from sympathetic Federation citizens, including several Starfleet officers, and from Bajoran veterans of the long Cardassian occupation of Bajor. The DMZ ceases to exist at the outbreak of the Dominion War in 2373; the Maquis are subsequently eliminated as a functional resistance group by a joint Cardassian-Dominion task force.
During the course of the mission, the saucer section is hijacked by Maquis operatives (one of whom is among Nechayev's test crew), who intend to re-dock it with the stardrive section and take it over, and Picard finds himself having to prevent the saucer and the technology contained within from falling into Maquis hands. The saucer does make a controlled crash, under conditions not conducive to its recovery, on a planet with a primitive sentient culture that could one day discover the saucer at the bottom of its ocean, depending on how durable Starfleet metals are. Meanwhile, Ro's hideaway is found by the Cardassians and attacked, leading to a narrow escape.
The Ladder Snake enjoys scrub bushy cover, including orchards, vineyards, hedges and overgrown dry- stone walls; it is common in the maquis. Habitats with stones and boulders and low shade are preferred. Although known from altitudes up to over , this is a species which prefers altitudes from sea level to .
The destruction of communication lines and other facilities throughout France would hinder the German response to the invasion.Braddon, pp. 132-152 Disaster. The reach of the maquis exceeded their grasp. On 20 May, Couloudon declared a general mobilization of resistance fighters, collecting in total about 7,000 men divided into three groups.
Two days later, Gnyś was shot down over Rouen by flak, was wounded and captured by German forces. Despite his wounds, he escaped from a POW field hospital a few days later, found by the French Maquis and returned to the Allied lines safely. He settled in Canada after the war.
Filmografia de Montxo Armendáriz: El Pasisaje de los Sentimientos. decine21.com, (September 29, 2010). Retrieved March 24, 2012. Two years later he directed his next film Silencio Roto (Broken Silence), a story about Maquis, the guerilla fighters that confronted the Francoist forces in the aftermath of the Spanish civil war.
Thanks to a leader who was a professional soldier, the Oisans maquis had a quasi-military organisation. Its 1,526 men and women were divided into five "action" sections of 150 men each; the rest of the group was in charge of various tasks such as supply, intelligence, surveillance, maintenance, etc.
Hocine Zehouane was born in Draâ Ben Kheda in Kabylia in Algeria. He joined the Movement for the Triumph of Democratic Liberties MTLD, in 1954, while still in high school. He was then arrested and Imprisoned from 1955 to 1957. On his release from prison, he joined the maquis in Kabylia.
Maquis is an open-canopied evergreen woodland, with an understory of shrubs, herbs, grasses, and geophytes. The predominant trees are olive (Olea europea), carob (Cerotonia siliqua), Palestine oak (Quercus calliprinos, sometimes classified as Q. coccifera subsp. calliprinos), pistacio (Pistacia terebinthus, sometimes classified as P. palaestina), lentisk (P. lenticus), and Arbutus andrachne.
The maquis canastero, iquico or iquico canastero (Asthenes heterura) is a species of bird in the family Furnariidae. It is found in the Yungas of Argentina and Bolivia. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forest and subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland. It is threatened by habitat loss.
From 1935 he studied Law and Rabbinical Studies in Paris. He was active in the French Resistance in the Maquis of Central France (1942–1945). Lawyer and later judge in the district of the Algiers Court of Appeal (1945–1947), Chouraqui became a Doctor of Law in 1948 (University of Paris).
With the aid of the French Maquis, Kennedy walked to Allied lines. He returned to Canada in September 1944, and was released from the RCAF on 13 February 1945. He became a doctor and studied medicine at the University of Toronto, graduating in 1950. He was based in Cumberland, Ontario.
Licosa's territory belongs to the National Park of Cilento and its coastline, characterized the flysch rocks, is part of the marine protected area of Santa Maria di Castellabate. Marine Protected Area of Santa Maria di Castellabate (parks.it) The territory, far from urban settlements, is surrounded by maquis shrubland (macchia) and forest.
Their youngest brother, Manolo (Manuel Sabaté i Llopart), rode with another maquis in defiance of his brothers' request that he pursue other work. Manolo was quickly caught in a police trap and executed by firing squad in 1949 at Barcelona's El Camp de la Bóta, the notorious execution grounds of the Franco period.
Brigitte Gros was born as Brigitte Servan-Schreiber on 12 June 1925 in Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France. Her father, Émile Servan-Schreiber, was a Jewish author. Her mother, Denise Brésard, was Roman Catholic. During World War II, she joined the French Resistance and served in the maquis of Ain under Léo Hamon.
Carlos Francisco Diassonama Panzo Bunga (born 24 September 1991 in Luanda, Angola), known as Chico, is an Angolan professional footballer who plays for Sagrada Esperança as a Striker. In 2018, he signed in for F.C. Bravos do Maquis. In 2019-20, he signed in for Sagrada Esperança in the Angolan league, the Girabola.
Alexander Patch. Available to Patch were three corps (US VI Corps and French I and II Corps) and 24,000 Maquis of the Forces Francaises de l'Interieur. The two French corps constituted French Army B commanded by Général Jean de Lattre de TassignyJackson, p. 176 (footnote) which was later renamed French First Army.
In this position, he freed Grenoble and fought the still German-occupied alpine forts in 1945.Th. Wieder, " Alain Le Ray, chef militaire du maquis du Vercors", Le Monde, June 9, 2007. After the war, Le Ray held senior command in Indochina and Algeria and retired in 1970 as a Corps General.
Pim, pam, pum... ¡fuego! is a 1975 Spanish drama film directed by Pedro Olea dealing with the effects of Spanish Civil War in the 1940s in Madrid. The film was one of the first that talked about the maquis. It is also the first Spanish film to be published in the Dominican Republic.
In November 1943, Sauckel demanded, without much success, 900 000 additional workers. On orders from Berlin, French workers stopped leaving for Germany on 7 June 1944, after Allied landings in Normandy.Kupferman 2006, p. 514-515 In the end, the STO caused thousands of young réfractaires to embrace the Resistance, which created the maquis.
The Corsican brook salamander or Corsican mountain newt (Euproctus montanus) is a species of salamander in the family Salamandridae. It is endemic to Corsica, an island in the Mediterranean Sea. The Corsican brook salamander is found primarily in rocky streams, springs, and rivers in forest and maquis at altitudes of over 600 m.
Al is arrested but Steve escapes with the help of the agent and brought to the Underground headquarters, where he finally convinces the leader to send a warning to the Allies. As night falls, Steve and the Maquis leader see the American squadron flying away from Cambrai and realize the raid will succeed.
During the Battle of Saint Marcel (18 June 1944), which involved 200 Free French SAS parachutists and 3,000 fighters from the Maquis, more than 20 parachutists were hidden at the mill during the battle. Maria and Eugene Justeau kept the mill running while feeding the French soldiers and taking care of 3 children.
There, following the reported capture by the Gestapo of a French Maquis resistance fighter, who supposedly talked under torture, Allied prisoners, including a very-much-alive Scott and men from their group, are held as "human shields". This is seen in a disturbing film dropped by a Luftwaffe Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighter that, in tandem with one other, raided the base, strafing the airfield and killing many personnel. The Royal Air Force target is a tunnel in the grounds of the château where new weapons based on the V-1 are being constructed. In a coordinated raid, the prisoners are held in the chapel during Sunday morning mass in order to concentrate them in one place, thus allowing French Maquis resistance fighters to get them out once a Mosquito has used one of the Highballs to blow a hole in the outer wall close to the chapel, only not before Father Belaguere (Michael Anthony), a Catholic priest and Maquis agent, is killed by an enraged German army officer, Leutnant Schack (Vladek Sheybal), for refusing to order the RAF men to go back to their cells.
After escaping the area and regrouping, it is revealed that Marcel managed to steal the plans of a German held fuel plant before he was captured. Keith, who already holds great disdain for the resistance fighters and the French in general, immediately begins to butt heads with LaRoche, citing his lack of confidence in the Maquis and distrust of Marcel in particular. Using the captured plans, the SAS and Maquis launch a raid on the plant in order to destroy its fuel storage tanks and the production facilities. During the course of the raid the jeep "Vera" is severely damaged during the fighting and abandoned, and Doyle almost falls to his death during an altercation with a German soldier on one of the storage tanks.
Demonstration in Paris in 1934. A sign reads "Down with fascism" Maquis members in 1944 In the 1920s and 1930s in the French Third Republic, anti-fascists confronted aggressive far-right groups such as the Action Française movement in France, which dominated the Latin Quarter students' neighborhood. After fascism triumphed via invasion, the French Resistance () or, more accurately, resistance movements fought against the Nazi German occupation and against the collaborationist Vichy régime. Resistance cells were small groups of armed men and women (called the maquis in rural areas), who, in addition to their guerrilla warfare activities, were also publishers of underground newspapers and magazines such as Arbeiter und Soldat (Worker and Soldier) during World War Two, providers of first-hand intelligence information, and maintainers of escape networks.
Cammaerts liked the Vercors plan. He foresaw the Vercors and other nearby mountainous areas as drop zones for allied paratroopers who would work with the local maquis to tie down German military forces and assist the Allied forces in the contemplated invasion of southern France (Operation Dragoon) which was then in the planning stages. Cammaerts arranged for the first airdrop of arms and supplies by the SOE to the Vercors maquis on 13 November 1943. On January 6, 1944, a three-man "Union" mission, including US Marine Peter Ortiz from the American Office of Strategic Services (OSS), Colonel Pierre Fourcaud, of the French secret service, and Harry Thackthwaite of the SOE, to evaluate the capabilities of the Resistance in the Alpine region of France.
By that first evening it was clear that the German assault was succeeding. The maquis commander Huet had a meeting of his leaders and they decided to continue to fight until defeat was inevitable and then disperse to the forest and mountains of the massif, anticipating that the Germans would soon withdraw. It was also decided that Huet's superior officer in the FFI, Henri Zeller who was present at the meeting, would escape the Vercors with SOE agents Cammaerts, Granville, and wireless operator Auguste Floiras to coordinate the resistance in other areas. The maquis sent a bitter message to the Free French authorities in Algiers and to the SOE in London telling them that they were "criminals and cowards" for not sending help.
Captain Kathryn Janeway (Kate Mulgrew) refuses to provide the hostile alien species with any information regarding Voyager's technology because of her fear of upsetting the power dynamics in the Delta Quadrant and thus violating the Prime Directive. Over subsequent episodes, the crew of the Maquis cell led by Chakotay (Robert Beltran)—which had been pursued by Voyager into the Delta Quadrant—merge with Voyager Starfleet crew. In "State of Flux", the Voyager crew encounter Jal Culluh (Anthony De Longis), a Kazon sect leader and the series' primary Kazon character. In this episode, Voyager ensign Seska (Martha Hackett) is revealed to be a Cardassian agent who had infiltrated Chakotay's Maquis cell, subsequently objecting to the merging of crews, and Janeway's refusal to violate the Prime Directive.
In 1902, he toured with the troupe led by Yvette Guilbert, "Monmartre en ballade in Berlin". In Paris, he became a famous singer. His lyrics were set to music by composers such as Paul Paray, Gaston Maquis, Yann Nibor, Marie Krysinda and Edmond Missa. In addition, he also wrote numerous plays that were seldom performed.
The island's range of topography and soils support diverse plant communities, including mountain conifer and broadleaf forests, open woodlands, grasslands, high shrublands (maquis), and low shrublands (garrigue or phrygana)."Fifth National Report to the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity: Cyprus". Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment, Department of Environment. Nicosia, August 2014.
In 1939 Pommier volunteered to be enlisted but was refused as he did not yet have the required age. Leaving the recruiting center he met a member of the secret army of Billom, and after being recruited served as an intelligence liaison until he joined the Resistance's Maquis and was wanted by the Gestapo.
The area of Ceglie Messapica is located between the Murge and the Upper Salento: its typical elements include trulli, farms, lamie (typical southern single room square dwellings), rupestrian churches, carsic caves, dolinas, specchie and paretoni (remains of city walls), dry-stone walls, olive groves, vineyards, maquis shrub, ancient oak trees, cattle pastures and arable land.
So effective was Hutchison that he was nicknamed the "Pimpernel of the Maquis"; he was not captured during four months in France, and at the end of the war he received the Distinguished Service Order from the British. The French awarded him the Croix de Guerre and made him a Chevalier of the Légion d'honneur.
There are Rutaceae in New Caledonia as Citrus macroptera Montr. Melodinus insulae- pinorum Boiteau, Melodinus phylliraeoides Labill. The Maquis forests hold a great variety of species, with many endemics. The ultramafic rocks, which formed in the deep ocean, are rich in metals, including nickel, magnesium, chromium, and manganese, which are toxic to many plants.
At lower elevations, the predominant vegetation forest and woodland of evergreen oaks and Calabrian Pine (Pinus brutia), and areas of maquis shrubland. Above 1200 meters elevation are montane forests of black pine (Pinus nigra), Lebanon cedar (Cedrus libani), Taurus fir (Abies cilicica), and juniper (Juniperus spp.). The high peaks are home to alpine meadows.
In the altitude between 300 and 500 metres occurs the evergreen broadleaf trees' zone (maquis). Along with oak (Quercus ilex) and Greek strawberry tree there occur kermes oak, strawberry tree, Phillyrea latifolia, bay laurel, cedar and others. Of the deciduous species most common are Fraxinus, Ulmus, Montpellier maple, Judas tree, terebinth, Cotinus coggygria and others.
Petain's Vichy France fell starting November 1942, with the Germans taking over all its former territory. The Maquis in Soule helped liberate Mauleon (Maule in Basque) and Tardets (Atharratze). The Nazi occupation of the Basque Country came to an end in 1944, after German troops definitely retreated following the Allied counteroffensive.Watson, Cameron (2003), p.
This action reduced the capacity of this strategic site and reduced the communications of the German army so avoiding bombing by the Allies on the site.Remembrance of the Iron Résistance of Ambérieu-en-Bugey, Maquis of Ain and Haut-Jura website, consulted on 27 June 2011 . A monument near the Ambérieu-en-Bugey station recalls this feat of arms.
The mammoth wasp is found in Mediterranean type habitats such as oak forests, maquis and garrigue. It can only occur where its prey, the European rhinoceros beetle Oryctes nasicornis, is found too and in Russia it has been noted that it is commonest around human habitation where manure piles, sawmills and compost heaps provide habitat for its prey.
The Ghana authorities were not amused and threw the entire UPC leadership in jail. In October they freed Massaga, Tchaptchet and Ntumazah, but kept Abel Kingué in prison. On 13 September 1962 the UPC organised its first Assemblée populaire sous maquis in Mungo, where the Revolutionary Committee was named. The committee was presided over by Ernest Ouandié.
Tekmen is a Mediterranean coastal town. Toros mountains are just north of the town and the coastal plain of the town is a narrow strip between the sea and the mountains. Mountains are covered by maquis shrubland and red pine forests. Tekmen is a part of Bozyazı district which in turn is a part of Mersin Province.
Kızkalesi is a Mediterranean coastal town. Taurus mountains are at north of the town and in fact some quarters of the town are situated on the lower slopes of the mountain. The surrounding area is mostly covered by maquis shrubland. Kızkalesi at is a part of Erdemli district which in turn is a part of Mersin Province .
Sisko encounters Michael Eddington, his former Starfleet Security Chief, who betrayed him and joined the Maquis. Obsessed with capturing the traitor, Sisko pursues him in the Defiant. But when Sisko gives the order to fire, the Defiant experiences a massive computer failure — caused by Eddington. He leaves Sisko angry and humiliated, and facing a long trip home.
Captain "Lanvin-Lespiau" was now completely underground. But the Maquis de l'Oisans also had at its service men and women of many different nationalities and origins. Their leader, "Lanvin", was of Catalan origin and served in the colonial troops with Indochinese and African riflemen under his command. Among his recruits were Poles, Russians, Tunisians, Algerians, Spaniards, and others.
Some of the localities in which it is found are under threat of mining, and bushfires are a threat to the populations in the maquis vegetation, With an extent of occurrence (EOO) of , and an area of occupancy (AOO) of , it satisfies the criteria for it to be declared vulnerable under the IUCN criteria of 2012.
Georges Guingouin (2 February 1913, Magnac-Laval in Haute-Vienne, France – 27 October 2005, Troyes, France) was a French Communist Party (PCF) militant who played a leading role in the French resistance as head of the Maquis du Limousin. He was controversial as a result of extortion committed under his authority during the épuration sauvage in Limousin during 1944.
Fire has permitted pastoralists to tend the land for their livestock. Political boundaries are based on environmental boundaries. The Maquis shrublands of the Mediterranean region are dominated by pyrophytic plants that thrive under conditions of anthropogenic fire and livestock grazing.Pyne, Stephen J. (1997) Vestal Fire: An Environmental History, Told through Fire, of Europe and Europe's Encounter with the World.
It grows mainly in the Mediterranean Maquis shrubland and in oak forests. It prefers shady, moist areas, at an altitude of above sea level. It is native to the Mediterranean basin: North Africa (Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Libya), Near East (Israel, Lebanon, Turkey), Southern Europe (Portugal, Spain, France, Italy, Albania, Greece). Also found in the Azores and the Canary Islands.
This mountain range is covered with Maquis shrubland. The lower slopes are planted with olive, almond and carob trees. On the southeastern slope there is a large limestone quarry that has degraded a vast area. The Serra del Montsià marks the northernmost limit of the Iberian Ribbed Newt distribution in the east of the Iberian Peninsula.Gepec.
The magazine's first editor was Trumbull White, he was succeeded in 1912 by Arthur Sullivant Hoffman (1876–1966), who would edit the magazine until 1927.Bleiler, Richard. "A History of Adventure Magazine", in The Index to Adventure Magazine,Borgo Press, 1990 (p. 1-38)."Hoffman, Arthur Sullivant" in Who Was Who In America: VI. Maquis, 1968 (p. 195).
Her first assignment is to go to Marseilles to pick up plans for the docks there. Barely warned in time of a raid organized by Abwehr Colonel Henri (Hugo Bleicher) in Cannes, Odette, Peter and Arnauld are forced to relocate to Annecy, where they rendezvous with Jacques. Learning of the Maquis, Peter requests arms, medicines, etc. for them.
Apson Manjate, also known as Sonito is a Mozambican international football player. He plays as a forward for Angolan club Bravos do Maquis, having previously played for Liga Muçulmana, Ferroviário Maputo and Grupo Desportivo Maputo. He was named in the Mozambique national team for the 2013 COSAFA Cup. He scored in games against Zambia and Namibia.
Maquis shrubland biome, which is the typical vegetation of Mediterranean climate, is widespread in Bodrum, especially near the coastal areas. Forests also cover 61.3% of the district. Conifers such as pines, larches, stone pines, cedars and junipers are the dominant trees in the region. Forested areas are prone to fires and wildfires are common in district's history.
He published occasional contributions to Revista da Semana, Diário Carioca, and Maquis, and, in 1957, two volumes of his Portuguese-language poetry: Aula de solidão ("Lesson in Solitude"), Dois Guatemaltecos ("Two Guatemalans").Spiridon & Toader, pp. 164, 170 Meanwhile, Mira Baciu worked as a translator for the Deputies' Chamber. With Tribuna da Imprensa credentials, Baciu traveled across Latin America.
In "Caretaker", the pilot episode of Star Trek: Voyager, the titular starship pursues a Maquis ship into the Badlands before being pushed by an energy wave to the Delta Quadrant. The Badlands are also mentioned in the computer game Star Trek: Armada II, where the Borg build up forces in that area close to the Federation.
Operation Waldfest saw 376 civilians executed and 110 Maquis fighters killed in action. A further 1,000 civilians died in bombardments. It saw 3,762 civilians deported to concentration camps, of which two thirds were killed. Over 11,000 civilians from the Vosges mountains were deported to Germany as forced labour, either directly or as part of the Service du travail obligatoire.
This coastal calcareous mountain range is sparsely wooded, and has many rocky denuded areas. The main vegetation is maquis shrubland and the Mediterranean Fan Palm is an endemic species of these mountains. It has over 400 karstic shafts and caves, including La Falconera, a very large cave with an underground lake that is now heavily polluted.
The mountain slopes are covered in maquis, an evergreen Mediterranean scrub with bushes and small trees, including many aromatic shrubs. The olives and grapevines that used to grow on terraces there have been abandoned. Among the scrub there are patches of poplar, elm, white pine, Portuguese oak and holm oak. Frequent wildfires prevent the establishment of permanent forests.
The Maquis du Vercors is depicted and veterans act in Pierre Schoendoerffer's 2002 feature film Above the Clouds (Là-Haut), and in the third season of the British TV programme Wish Me Luck, which first aired in 1990. The battle and the maquisards of Vercors also prominently feature in Frank Yerby's 1974 novel The Voyage Unplanned.
Missions followed. An initial exchange took place at the Croix Bouquot, not far from the maquis, between an FFI patrol and a small German detachment whose members were staying in Éloyes. The leader gave the order to pull back because their weaponry was not sufficient. The first parachute drop took place at Arches on 2 August 1944.
The code was "le chêne" (oak) and the personal message was "Le coq mange des noisettes" (the rooster is eating hazelnuts). It was to arm Épinal. On 26 August 1944, the maquis fighters of Haut du Bois received their own first parachute drop. It was containers with grenades, machine guns, machine pistols and rifles with the appropriate ammunition.
Rosa sempervirens, the evergreen rose, is a plant in the family Rosaceae, a climbing perennial with very prickly stems. It grows mostly in maquis or in sheltered valleys in southern France, in the Mediterranean climate region, and was used repeatedly as parent for the hybrids produced by Henri Antoine Jacques, gardener to King Louis Philippe I of France.
They relied on guerrilla tactics to harass the Milice and German occupation troops. The Maquis also aided the escape of downed Allied airmen, Jews and others pursued by the Vichy and German authorities. Maquisards usually relied on some degree of sympathy or cooperation from the local populace. In March 1944, the German army began a terror campaign throughout France.
By this time, the Spanish resistors had participated in numerous armed actions against the German army, even liberating various populations in the south of France. The numbers of Spanish combatants in the ranks of the Resistance vary quite a bit amongst sources, but in general they accept a number around 10,000.Secundino Serrano: Maquis. Historia de la guerrilla antifranquista.
The failure of the invasion was used by the Stalinist members of the PCE's Central Committee, recently arrived from the Soviet Union to France, to purge the heads of the party who had remained in France fighting the Germans. Most were either kidnapped and assassinated or summarily judged and shot.Mikel Rodríguez Álvarez. Maquis. La guerrilla vasca (1938-1962).
On 25 November, the occupiers killed 11 members of the Résistance organizations of Grenoble. This violent crackdown was nicknamed "Grenoble's Saint-Bartholomew". From these events, Grenoble was styled by the Free French Forces the title of Capital of the Maquis on the antennas of the BBC. This event only intensified the activities of Grenoble's resistance movements.
The plant spreads by seas and also by rhizomes that help to protect the clay from erosion. Flowers mainly in late spring. Evergreen Honeysuckle: A shrub that can be found in the garigue and in maquis. Giant Fennel: A robust plant with huge yet-low aromatic flowers grouped in largo umbels attracting several Insects such as wasps.
H. Roderick Kedward, STO et Maquis, in Jean-Pierre Azéma and François Bédarida (edd.), La France des années noires (France in the Dark Years) , v. II, éditions du Seuil, 1993. In the eyes of the French, Laval took ownership of the measures imposed by Sauckel and became the French minister who sent French workers to Germany.
Les Hommes Morts sont Dangereux () is the only studio album by the French electro-punk band Métal Urbain. The album was originally released in 1980 on vinyl. Songs on the album are a compilation of the group's singles from the previous three years ("Paris Maquis", "Hystérie connective" and "Panik") and John Peel BBC Radio 1 session recordings.
There are disjunct populations in Africa including the Ethiopian Highlands, the mountains of Ruwenzori and the Cameroon Mountains. In Africa it is normally referred to as giant heather. It is native to the maquis shrublands surrounding the Mediterranean Basin north to Bulgaria and west to Portugal and the Canary and Madeira Islands. Naturalised populations occur in south-eastern Australia.
This subspecies reach sexual maturity at 2 years of age. Mating lasts from August to November and can involve mortal battles. The dominant male finally secures most of the mature females, typically 12 per male. After gestation, in May–July, females hide alone in the maquis (the dense vegetation) to deliver, typically a single birth per female.
Most Genoplesium species occur in near-coastal regions but also grow in montane and sub-alpine areas. In Australia they are most common in moss beds over rock, in forest, woodland, heath and mallee. Genoplesium species in New Zealand grow in grassy places as well as in swamps and the New Caledonian species grows in stunted maquis.
Colonel Mohand Ouelhadj had also taken part in the FFS and in the maquis because he considered that the moujahidin were not treated as they should be. At the beginning, the FFS wanted to negotiate with the government but since no agreement was reached, the maquis took up arms and its representatives swore not to give them up as long as democratic principles and justice were a part of the system. But after Mohand Ouelhadj's defection, Aït Ahmed could barely sustain the movement and after the FLN congress on April 16, 1964 which reinforced the government's legitimacy, he was arrested in October 1964. As a consequence, the insurrection was a failure in 1965 because it was hugely repressed by the forces of the ALN directed by Houari Boumediene.
Achille was also a visiting professor at the University of California, Berkeley, in 2001, and a visiting professor at Yale University in 2003. He was a research professor in history and politics at Harvard University's W. E. B. Du Bois Research Institute. He has written extensively in African history and politics, including La naissance du maquis dans le Sud-Cameroun (Paris: Karthala, 1996).
The reserve includes several biomes, including tropical forest, riverine forest, and maquis shrubland. Some plants found in the area are Odyendea zimmermanni, Uapaca guineensis, Antiaris toxicaria, Elaeis guineensis, Erythrophleum suaveolens, Pachystela brevipes, Bombax rhodognaphalon, Quassia undulata, and Croton sylvaticus.V. Beentje, p.5 Riverine forest mostly comprises Barringtonia racemosa and Samadera indica, as well as Raphia and Anthocleista where swamps are found.
In September, García Vivancos agreed to the militarization of the column. Later a group had to be sent home due to their opposition to militarization. The column became the 125th Mixed Brigade and participated in the battles of Belchite and Fuentes del Ebro, defended Catalonia and then fled to France. The famous anarchist maquis Quico Sabaté participated in the Harriers column.
The biomes are diverse in these Mediterranean climate zones: Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub. Hinterlands are particularly distinctive on account of extensive sclerophyll shrublands known as maquis, or garrigues. The dominant species are Quercus coccifera (in drier areas) and Quercus ilex. These trees form monospecific communities or communities integrated with Pinus, Mediterranean buckthorns, Myrtus, Chamaerops humilis, junipers, Pistacia, Rosmarinus, Thymus, and so on.
About 90% of the plants found in Libya have been recorded growing in the park. The coastal dunes are clad with coarse grasses and scattered bushes. The limestone hills further inland are covered in tangled maquis shrubland. Some species present here include Cedrus atlantica (cultivated), Juniperus phoenicea, Pistacia lentiscus, Arbutus pavarii, Olea europaea, Myrtus communis, Quercus coccifera and some groves of Cupressus sempervirens.
Patton's tiger on UKMoths The habitat consists of grasslands, slopes, forest edges, clear dry forests, cliffs and mountain slopes, maquis, garigues and dry meadows.Lepidoptera and Their Ecology The wingspan is 35–45 mm.Hants Moths Adults are on wing in May and July. The larvae feed on various low-growing plants, including Plantago, Rumex, Achillea, Euphorbia cyparissias, Potentilla, Hieracium, Taraxacum, Cynoglossum, Deschampsia, Calamagrostis.
Bozouls () is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France. It is located on Route Maquis de Jean Pierre (D20) thirty minutes from Rodez, one hour from the Gorges du Tarn, two hours northeast of Toulouse, and six and a half hours due south of Paris. It sits on the edge of a gorge created by the river Dourdou de Conques.
Due to ancient and subsequent deforestation, overgrazing (mostly by goat herds), erosion and soil degradation the ruins of the city lie some from the sea with sediments filling the plain and bare hill ridges without soils and trees, a maquis shrubland remaining. The Ilyas Bey Complex from 1403 with its mosque is a Europa Nostra awarded cultural heritage site in Miletus.
Although it is a local species, some argue that the historical replacement of natural oak maquis shrubland and garrigue with tall stands of pine has created "ecological deserts" and has significantly changed the species assemblage of these regions.F.T. Maestre, J. Cortina . "Are Pinus halepensis plantations useful as a restoration tool in semiarid Mediterranean areas?" Forest Ecology and Management, 2004 (Elsevier).
The New Caledonia rain forests are made up of three predominant forest types. The lowland rain forests cover the Loyalty Islands, and the Iles des Pines and the lower elevations of Grand Terre. Montane forests cover the higher elevations of Grand Terre. The wet maquis forests of Grand Terre are low shrub forests found on rocky soils derived from ultramafic rocks.
Filbert Press, 2019."F7.3 Eastern Mediterranean spiny heath (phrygana)" European Red List of Habitats - Heathland Habitat Group, 05/01/2016. Kermes oak (Quercus coccifera) and holm oak (Quercus ilex) are found in maquis, and also form oak woodlands. Forests of Turkish pine (Pinus brutia) occur in Anatolia, and forests of Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis) are found in central Greece and the Peloponnese.
"Mediterranean woodlands and forests". WWF Scientific Report . Accessed 27 March 2011 The plant communities of this portion of Cyrenaica include forest, woodland, maquis, garrigue, steppe and oak savanna. Garrigue shrublands occupy the non-agricultural portions coastal plain and coastal escarpments, with Sarcopoterium spinosum, along with Asphodelus microcarpus and Artemisia herba-alba, as the predominant species.El-Darier, S. M. and F.M. El-Mogaspi (2009).
The unit was formed in 1941 by the RSHA. Its purpose was to conduct counterinsurgency operations against the Maquis in occupied France and the Vichy Regime. The Carlingue recruited its members from the same criminal milieu as that of its leaders. Both Henri Lafont and Pierre Loutrel (alias Pierrot le fou (Crazy Pete)) were gangsters in the Parisian underworld before the war.
There, in 1940, he helped two interned French airmen to escape to France. Charles Marx escaped himself, with his family, just before the German invasion. He briefly directed four French hospitals, in Nevers and Quillan. In July, he founded the first resistance group of the Armée secrète, which, in May 1943, was followed by a first maquis in the western Pyrenees.
A prominent feature of the coastal vegetation is the presence of a large exotic flora: Casuarina, Eucalyptus , Citrus, loquat and Opuntia ficus indica are examples. Several species of steppe Acacia are common elements. The cultivated area which is extensive is wholly artificial and imported plants dominate the landscape. The meadows, orchards and wetter places in the maquis support such plants as fennel.
The left bank of Tavignanu consists of bare rocky soil covered with sparse vegetation, sparse scrub with some cork oaks. In summer this scrub is brown, dry, and ready to ignite. Fires are quite common in this valley. In contrast, the right side of the river is green, covered with a thick high maquis and overrun with pine trees, oaks, and cork oaks.
Otto Kühne (12 May 1893, in Berlin – 8 December 1955, in Brandenburg an der Havel) was a German communist militant, who led a maquis group of German antifascist fighters in the French region of Lozère in 1943 and 1944 during World War II. A railwayman by profession, Kühne had been a communist deputy during the Reichstag fire, and had subsequently fled to France.
Coast of Lampedusa Lampedusa is the southernmost point of the Republic of Italy. It is also Italy's southernmost island. Politically and administratively, Lampedusa is part of Italy, but geologically it belongs to Africa since the sea between the two is no deeper than 120 metres. Lampedusa is a semi-arid island, dominated by a garrigue landscape, with maquis shrubland in the west.
Each face points in a cardinal direction. During the Second World War it was home to a maquis group of resistance fighters. La Croix des Moinats is a monument to commemorate the Moroccan Goumiers who fought in the region during the Second World War. Their battalions, known as tabors, comprised 12000 soldiers, paid a heavy price of 9000 killed or wounded.
The best known was the Maquis du Vercors. In 1944, its members suffered from German attacks. The martyr village of Vassieux as well as Grenoble were made Compagnon de la Libération by General Charles de Gaulle, to underline their actions against the Nazis.Ordredelaliberation.fr In 1947, a bicycle race was created by a newspaper Le Dauphiné libéré to promote its circulation.
See Paul Barril, Guerres secrètes à l'Élysée. Grossouvre then became a member of Joseph Darnand's Service d'ordre légionnaire (SOL), a Vichyist militia. He left it in 1943 to fight in the Vercors, joining the Maquis of the Chartreuse, near Grenoble (code-name "Clober"). After the Liberation, it was found that he had in fact infiltrated the SOL on behalf of ORA.
The biggest ravine is Oluk Gorge, with cliffs high. The main permanent streams are the Bal Deresi, the Sarap Dami and the Oluk Dereleri. The ample water supply supports a verdant maquis. The rock is primarily metamorphic: marble and limestone formed from rocks originating in the Mesozoic,crystalline schists formed from rocks originating in the Palaeozoic and conglomerates of the Cenozoic.
After the attack, the thirty or so maquis fighters stayed together in a dedicated unit and continued their action. Part of this group fell at Ménafaing. Other awaited the Americans on the banks of the Moselle or towards Dounoux and Xertigny. Many of the Haut-du-Bois fighters pursued the struggle in the French Army until the end of the war.
Immediately upon landing, 18 Free French went into action near Plumelec against German troops (Vlassov's army). The Free French established a base at Saint-Marcel and began to arm and equip local resistance fighters, operating with up to 3,000 Maquis. However, their base was heavily attacked by a German paratroop division on 18 June, and the men were forced to disperse.
The same year, Applause produced a ceramic mug whose design was based on the face of a generic Kazon male. Several figures on Kazon spacecrafts were released by Revell, such as those for the raider ship and torpedo. Revell included the raider ship figurine as a part of a three-piece set, along with ones for a Maquis ship and USS Voyager.
Traditional narrow street of the island. Skopelos is one of the greenest islands in the Aegean Sea. The island has a wide range of flowers, trees and shrubs. The local vegetation is chiefly made up of forests of Aleppo pines (Pinus halepensis), Kermes oaks (Quercus coccifera), a small forest of Holm oaks (Quercus ilex), Oleo-Ceratonion maquis, fruit trees, and olive groves.
Despite the requests by Rubem Um Nyobe, head of the UPC, the new government refused to legalize the UPC. André Bdida renounced in 1958, replaced by Ahidjo, while Um Nyobé was killed by a French commando in the "maquis" on 13 September 1958. Following his death, the UPC divided itself, while competing leaders, verbally in favor of Marxism revolution, radicalized the movement.
Both are important stops for migrating birds.European populations of migratory birds , Natural History Museum of Crete of the University of Crete, Flora and Fauna on Gavdos, Gavdos Online Service , March 1, 2008. Local birds include the Eurasian scops owl and the European shag. Gavdos also has a variety of other vegetation, such as maquis as well as forests of pines and junipers.
They offered their help but he dismissed them as "bandits." No respecter of rank, Skarbek was furious and had to be calmed down by an aide to the general. Leaving the American army behind, the two proceeded to Gap where the maquis had captured the German garrison. Several hundred Poles, conscripted soldiers in the German army, were among the captured Germans.
The specimens obtained at Mt. Koghis were active in a cleared area of tall rainforest at dusk. The mountain is surrounded by grassland and Maquis shrubland. Classified as critically endangered at the IUCN redlist, the population is noted as in decline. Threats include removal of habitat for a variety of developments, commercial, residential and recreational, and through logging or fire management practices.
The term chamaephyte is most formally used within the context of Raunkiær plant life-forms. Examples of chamaephytes are many of the species of the maquis and other plants of submediterranean dry ecosystems (species such as thyme, Thymus vulgaris, and rosemary, Rosmarinus officinalis); others include heather species (e.g. Calluna vulgaris and Ericas), African wild olive (Olea europaea ssp. cuspidata) and edelweiss (Leontopodium alpinum).
In 1604 the castle was granted as socage by the king to George Tuchet, Lord Awdeley. During the Irish Rebellion of 1641 the castle was initially garrisoned by the Catholic confederation, and in 1647 and 1649 was used as a rallying point by the Maquis of Ormond. In 1649 the castle was captured by Col. Hewson for the forces of Oliver Cromwell.
On 25 August another P-51 of the 354th Fighter Group was claimed, but Knoke was shot down during the engagement. Bailing out behind the fluidly moving front line, Knoke was almost captured by French Maquis forces. Shooting his way clear, Knoke managed to regain the German lines and returned safely to his unit. By the end of August 1944 III.
Forests of maritime pine (Pinus pinaster) grow on sandstone-derived soils in some coastal mountains. Mixed forests of Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis) and holly oak (Quercus coccifera) are found on soils derived from limestone and marl. High shrublands, known as maquis or mattoral, are common. They are composed of low trees and woody shrubs, with an understory of herbs and grasses.
The mountain is covered with woods with Aleppo pine and Mediterranean maquis. In the tops of the mountain, that belong to a CORINE biotope, there are firs, of species Abies cephalonica. Settlements around the mountain include Aigosthena to the northwest, Vilia to the north, Mandra to the east, Nea Peramos to the southeast, Megara to the south and Kato Alepochori to the west.
With the facility exploding around them, Doyle, Keith, and Marcel manage to escape the area, but the vehicle carrying Ingram is hit by German fire and Ingram is seemingly killed. Regrouping with LaRoche and DuFontaine sometime later, Keith berates LaRoche, who had left early during the raid, calling the Maquis leader a coward and outright accusing Marcel of being a German collaborator. Following the destruction of the fuel plant, the group receives information that Ingram is still alive and being held captive at a nearby village. Despite LaRoche's objections, Doyle and Keith lead a rescue mission on the village, and manage to rescue Ingram and several captured Maquis fighters from interrogation and execution, before fending off a German counterattack, during which Isabelle is killed when a satchel charge she is planting on an armored car detonates prematurely.
In 1944, she joined the Maquis of Ronquerolles (Seine-et-Oise Nord), directed by her husband, and thereby assured the communication between different sectors and between the maquis and Paris. After her husband was injured, she maintained the coordination of different sectors on her own. In a shocking example of the thoughtless continuance of the traditional subordination of women, even within the Resistance, Hélène Viannay, despite possessing higher credentials than her husband, never dreamed of writing an article for the publication, although she and the other directors' spouses attended all the writing meetings. Later on, she loved to bring up the fact that, despite her service to the resistance, she, like all other French women, had to wait until the 1960s to be permitted to use a checkbook or buy a piece of furniture without the approval of her husband...
Following the Operation Dragoon landings in southern France and the collapse of the German military occupation in August 1944, large numbers of German troops could not escape from France and surrendered to the French Forces of the Interior. The Resistance executed a few of the Wehrmacht and most of the Gestapo and SS prisoners.Beevor, Antony, D-Day, Viking, 2009 p 447 The Maquis also executed 17 German prisoners of war at Saint-Julien-de-Crempse (in the Dordogne region), on 10 September 1944, 14 of whom have since been positively identified. The murders were revenge killings for German murders of 17 local inhabitants of the village of St. Julien on 3 August 1944, which were themselves reprisal killings in response to Resistance activity in the St. Julien region, which was home to an active Maquis cell.
The city was liberated on 3 September 1944 by troops who landed in Provence.Stéphane Simonnet, Atlas of the Liberation of France, Autrement, Paris, 1994, reprinted 2004, p 35. Known for the actions of its resistance, particularly from the Maquis de l'Ain et du Haut-Jura the city was nicknamed "The Rebel Ambérieu" and was decorated with the Croix de guerre 1939-1945 with citation.
Jacques Dumas was born in Paris in 1908. He started his career as a comics artist in te 1930s and used the pen name Marijac. His best known character in this period was the cowboy Jim Boum, which appeared in Cœurs Vaillants. During the war, he entered the Resistance and started the popular magazine Coq Hardi, where he created the series Les trois mousquetaires du maquis.
The coastal part of Bar supports maquis shrubland with oak, holm oak, laurel, myrtle, Spanish broom, oleander, hawthorn, sloe, thorn, butcher's broom, and asparagus. To the north and the mountains, there are oak and beech forests. Citrus fruits including tangerine, orange, and lemon grow in the Bar area as do pomegranates, olives, grapevines, and figs. Ginkgo biloba grows in the park of King Nikola's palace.
Edible dormice inhabit deciduous forests dominated by oak and beech, from sea level to the upper limits of such forests at . They prefer dense forests with rocky cliffs and caves, but may be found in maquis vegetation, orchards, and urban margins. They have frequently been reported from caves as deep as , where they can shelter from predators. Population densities range from two to 22 individuals per hectare.
The album 25-1-14-14 is another offshoot of the La Forêt des Mal-Aimés, being a limited release of just 1000 copies on vinyl that has the same content of 2 X2 but without the additional "Le maquis" track included on that album. The release was intended for true enthusiasts as a collectors' item or for DJs interested in using Lapointe's work.
Cervera del Maestre () is a municipality in the comarca of Baix Maestrat in the Valencian Community, Spain. It is located at the southern end of the Cervera Mountains, above the Rambla de Cervera seasonal river. Cervera is located on a hill with a ruined Moorish castle top of it. It lies in an area of maquis shrub and cultivated plots, mainly almond, carob and olive trees.
The European badger is found in deciduous and mixed woodlands, clearings, spinneys, pastureland and scrub, including Mediterranean maquis shrubland. It has adapted to life in suburban areas and urban parks, although not to the extent of red foxes. In mountainous areas it occurs up to an altitude of . Badger tracking to study their behavior and territories has been done in Ireland using Global Positioning Systems.
R. Lumaret, N. Ouazzani, H. Michaud, G. Vivie, "Allozyme variation of oleaster populations (wild olive tree) (Olea europaea L.) in the Mediterranean Basin", Heredity, 2004. The wild-olive is a tree of the maquis shrubland, itself in part the result of the long presence of mankind. The drought-tolerant sclerophyllous tree is believed to have originated in the eastern Mediterranean Basin.C. Breton, M. Tersac et al.
Additionally, he became involved with the Young Anarchists of the Fédération Anarchiste and befriended André Breton and Albert Camus. Soon after moving to Paris, Urtubia was asked to hide a member of the Maquis, Spanish guerrillas who opposed Franco from exile, in his house. The refugee turned out to be the fabled Francesc Sabaté Llopart. Sabaté stayed on with Urtubia for several years, until his death.
Although the group first worked closely with the Francs-Tireurs et Partisans (FTP), it re-formed as the Agrupación de Guerrilleros Españoles (Spanish Guerrilla Group, AGE) in May 1944. The name change was intended to convey the group's composition: Spanish soldiers ultimately advocating the fall of General Francisco Franco. After the German Army had been driven from France, the Spanish maquis refocused on Spain.
The Maquis () were rural guerrilla bands of French Resistance fighters, called maquisards, during the Occupation of France in World War II. Initially, they were composed of men who had escaped into the mountains to avoid conscription into Vichy France's Service du travail obligatoire (STO) to provide forced labor for Nazi Germany. To avert capture and deportation to Germany, they became increasingly organized into non-active resistance groups.
USAAF B-17 Flying Fortresses dropping supplies to the Maquis du Vercors in 1944. Sabotage was a form of resistance adopted by groups who wanted to go beyond just distributing clandestine press publications. Many laboratories were set up to manufacture explosives. In August 1941, the Parisian chemist France Bloch- Sérazin assembled a small laboratory in her apartment to provide explosives to communist Resistance fighters.
Teresa Rebull Teresa Rebull, née Teresa Soler i Pi (1919BBC Music-2015) was a Catalan- Spanish nurse for the POUM who later became a singer. She was actively involved in the May Days events and punished for that. She later escaped Spain, where she could face danger from both Stalinists and Francoists, for France. In France she would join the Maquis after the Nazi invasion.Libcom.
Nick had a son with his first wife named Jefferson "Jeff" Auguste, Comte d'Escrignon, a writer who was in the Maquis. Old Nick gets money from his son and goes to St. Rocque. Jeff follows when Nick needs more money after being tricked by his friend Prince Blamont-Chevry. Jo, who will be the rich Miss Trent first, hopes to court a rich American there, Chester Todd.
Landú Mavanga (born January 4, 1990) is an Angolan footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for AS Vita Club.Futebol: Guarda redes Landú rescinde contrato com Recreativo do Libolo, angop.ao, 3 December 2017 In 2019-20, he signed in for FC Bravos do Maquis in the Angolan league, the Girabola. In 2020-21, he signed in for AS Vita Club in the Angolan league, the Girabola.
The 9th Armoured Company comprised almost entirely battle-hardened Spanish veterans; it became the first Allied military unit to enter Paris upon its liberation in August, 1944, where it met up with a large number of Spanish Maquis fighting alongside French resistance fighters. Furthermore, 1,000 Spanish Republicans served in the 13th Half-brigade of the French Foreign Legion.Beevor, Antony. (2006). The Battle for Spain.
Eupithecia oxycedrata is a moth in the family Geometridae. It is found in Spain, southern Portugal, the Balearic Islands, southern France, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, Malta, Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Bulgaria, Greece, Crete, western Romania and the Crimea.Fauna Europaea It is also found in North Africa, from Morocco to Tunisia, and in Turkey. The habitat consists of dry maquis, especially where junipers grow.
After the fall of the Republican government in 1939 thousands of Spanish refugees were held in camps in France. Jesús Monzón organized those who remained into rural labor groups in Vichy France. These became the basis for the Agrupaciones de Guerrilleros Españoles (AGE), the Spanish maquis, which fought against the Germans. Monzón worked with Trilla in reorganizing the PCE members and placing them in the French Resistance.
In 1938, Ali Ben Salem was only seven years old when he lost his father shot dead by the police during a nationalist demonstration. This gave him a feeling of injustice towards the French colonization. His military service during the Indochina War gave him an opportunity to get familiar with the use of arms. Ali Ben Salem joined the maquis during the Tunisian armed uprising (1952-1954).
So he quickly naturalised himself and his son Pierre to Dutch citizenship. During the war Pierre Schunck was leader of the Valkenburg resistance (which he started). During the war bombs destroyed the glass windows three times, the last time at new year '44/'45, when the Glaspaleis served as headquarters for General Patton. It was later also used by the French resistance group the Maquis.
However, the French success became widely known and, after a publication in Le Matin, the Germans changed to a new system on 18 November 1914.Kahn, pp. 301-304. During World War II, the double transposition cipher was used by Dutch Resistance groups, the French Maquis and the British Special Operations Executive (SOE), which was in charge of managing underground activities in Europe.Kahn, pp.
He spent the rest of the war with the French Resistance, fighting with the Maquis in Touraine. After the war, Babilée returned to dance, joining the Soirées de la Danse, which later became Les Ballet des Champs Elysées. His birth name was Jean Gutmann, but he adopted his mother's maiden name for professional use.Adrian Room (2010). Dictionary of Pseudonyms: 13,000 Assumed Names and Their Origins, p. 41.
Villiers was born in Vaucresson to a family from Lorraine. At a young age he joined the French resistance and the Maquis du Vercors. After the Liberation of France, he graduated from the École polytechnique (1945–1948), after which he joined the Corps of Air navigation as an engineer. (It later became the Corps de l'aviation civile and then merged into the Corps des ponts).
Biševo is composed of limestone. The highest point is Straženica, high, accessible by a 45-minute walk along the footpath. In the center of the island there is a fertile field, the northern part of the island is covered with pine forests and the rest of the island is covered with maquis shrubland or bare rocks. The coastal sea belt is a rich fishing area.
There are many nature trails in the hills surrounding Deiva Marina. The two trails leading to the nearby places of Framura and Moneglia develop parallel to the coast line among the maquis shrubland, vineyard terraces or chestnut or maritime pine woods and provide interesting viewpoints on the sea. Other trail lead inland, climbing the local Apennine mountains. Real climbing can be experienced on the Falesia della Sfinge.
He survived the war and was awarded a Distinguished Service Order. Browne-Bartroli (codename "Tiburce") had, after undergoing identical training, become head of SOE's Ditcher circuit, which was active in Bourgogne from October 1943 to September 1944, which he led until the Allies' final victory. Tiburce received, on 14 July 1944, the biggest parachute drop of arms ever made to the maquis in broad daylight.
In 1965 Aït Ahmed was sentenced to death, but was later pardoned by Ben Bella. Approximately 400 deaths were counted amongst the maquis. In 1980, protesters mounted several months of demonstrations in Kabylie demanding the recognition of Berber as an official language; this period has been called the Berber Spring. In 1994–1995, the Kabyle conducted a school boycott, termed the "strike of the school bag".
More and more escapees from the Service du Travail Obligatoire were arriving from Éloyes and neighbouring communes; some were in fairly well-armed units such as the Golbey group and the "thirty" from the Val-d'Ajol. The operatives surpassed 300 men; the new head of the Maquis, Henri Perrin d'Épinal, known as "Achille", decided to send home a certain number of them who had no weapons.
Drôme was one of the departments where the Resistance was the most active. In 1943, the Resistance was organised and grew, and many Drôme people were called and committed themselves to the cause. With the introduction of the STO, young men were required to go to work in Germany. Many of them refused this situation and went into hiding in the countryside or joined the Maquis.
On March 27, 1939, with the decomposition of the front and the Republican Army, the brigade dissolved itself. In the last months of the war, the anarchist Antonio Raya was political commissar of the brigade. After the end of the war, Raya became an important leader of the Spanish Maquis in Andalusia, organizing rural and urban guerrillas that acted in the provinces of Málaga, Córdoba and Granada.
The Allied offensive was slowed and the Germans were able to counterattack in southeast France. On the Vercors Massif, the Maquis du Vercors rose up with some 4000 soldiers against the German occupiers, but was defeated with 600 casualties. When General De Gaulle dismissed resistance organizations after the liberation of Paris, many maquisards returned to their homes though many also joined the new French army.
Her artificial leg prevented her from parachuting. OSS provided her with a forged French identification card in the name of Marcelle Montagne. Her codename was Diane. The objective of the OSS teams was to arm and train the resistance groups, called Maquis, so they could support with sabotage and guerrilla activities the Allied invasion of Normandy, which would take place on June 6, 1944.
Lon Nol was forced to resign, and, in a typical move, the prince named new leftists to the government to balance the conservatives.Chandler, p. 166. The immediate crisis had passed, but it engendered two tragic consequences. First, it drove thousands of new recruits into the arms of the hard-line maquis of the Cambodian Communist Party (which Sihanouk labelled the Khmers rouges ("Red Khmers")).
The climate is best classified as mediterranean with dry hot summers and mild wet winters. As the dry season may last for months, the thin rests of soil on mountain slopes are merely covered by Maquis shrubland, often of a degraded character. Even then, forests, when healthy and dense, are only mildly more humid and cooler. Very dominant is the intensive karstification, which is present throughout.
The Algerian three-toed skink lives in forested areas in northern Algeria, and in semi-arid maquis-type habitats in Algeria and Tunisia. It prefers humid, sunny areas with dense vegetation within grassland, meadows, areas close to streams, hedges, open cork oak forest, and the edges of cultivated areas. It is also known from tall herbaceous grassland. The females give birth to formed young.
Vatheia is linked by road north to Areopoli and Kalamata and south to Cape Matapan also known as Tenaro. In the northern and eastern direction, the southern reaches of the Sangias mountain range overlook the village. Farmland and maquis shrubland cover the hill slopes. On the hills and mountain sides around Vatheia proper are clusters of abandoned houses, towers and chapels known as the perichora, meaning environs.
Amirouche Aït Hamouda (in ; 31 October 1926 – 29 March 1959), commonly called Colonel Amirouche, was a leader in the Algerian War, organizing the maquis of the Wilaya III. He is considered a national hero in Algeria. He was killed during combat against French troops on March 29, 1959. This event was much publicized, as Amirouche was considered to be a great threat to the French in Algeria.
The town is a part of "Cilento and Vallo di Diano National Park", its natural environment is composed of "Maquis", which is typical of mediterranean countries. It attracts a lot of tourism, especially in summer, because of good road links to Agropoli, Salerno and Naples and because of the quality of its water; which give it the Blue Flag beach Blueflag.org award every year from 2003.
The town is a part of "Cilento and Vallo di Diano National Park", whose natural environment is made up of the "maquis shrubland" typical of the Mediterranean region. It is a major tourist destination, especially during summer, because it has grown famous nationally for its water quality, having earned the "Blue Flag beach" titleBlueflag.org and the "Five Sails" of Legambiente, an Italian environmentalist association, for several years.
During the Spanish Civil War in the nineteenthirties, the Extremadura was taken over rapidly. Rather than the conflict itself, the worst aspects were the hunger and poverty which followed. The impenetrable mountains with their maquis shrubland of the region were important to the highlander groups commanded by famous guerrillas like "Quincoces",Quinoces El Hombre De Las Tierras Altas, 12 March 2011, retrieved 29 May 2017 "Chaquetalarga" (Joaquín Ventas Cintas) and "the French" (Pedro Díaz Monje),Maquis En Extremadura El hombre de las tierras altas, 11 September 2009, retrieved 29 May 2017 In 1966, construction of the dam at Torrejón el Rubio, and the Alcántara Dam in 1969 altered the landscape irreversibly, as it submerged the wild beauty of the Tagus riverbanks along with its ecological and ethnological wealth. In 1968, Jesus Garzón arrived in the area, enamored of the beauty of Monfragüe and dedicated himself to nature conservation.
On 8 June at about 9 pm, the first tanks of the 2nd SS Panzer Division arrived in Tulle from three different directions, surprising the Maquis. The positions of the Armée secrète and the FTP outside the city had been swept away by the tanks, all warnings having failed to reach Tulle in time. The Maquis fighters immediately fled the city for the hills without a fight but faced "a relief column [...] [which] included heavy elements and had considerable fire-power": it is possible that bazooka fire from the plateaus around Tulle could have inflicted losses on elements of "Das Reich", but the resistance gave up on that option for fear of causing heavy casualties among the civilian population. The Waffen-SS established their first command post in the district of Souilhac near the weapons factory, before moving the next day in the late morning to the Hotel Moderne.
The Maquis of Ain Organise, consulted on 27 June 2011 Marcel Demia spoke of some young resistance fighters who he placed on isolated farms and the difficulties encountered in his organization. Henri Romans-Petit arrived in Ain in 1942Henri Petit speaks to Romans, consulted on 27 June 2011 and began to help the resistance fighters of the STO and his host. Ambérieu- en-Bugey today has a street called Marcel Demia.
During these two terrible years for Spain, Éluard and Picasso were inseparable. The poet told the painter "you hold the flame between your fingers and paint like a fire." Mobilized in September 1939, he moved to Paris with Nusch after the Armistice of 22 June 1940. In January 1942, he sent her to the home of some of his friends, Christian and Yvonne Zervos, near Vézelay—near the maquis.
Later with the maquis of the region, he had to participate in the liberation of Montauban, Toulouse and Rodez.Un pèlerinage d’un maquisard soviétique // Sud Ouest. 29/03/1975. > C’est avec l'émotion que l’on devine que M. Cebrayilov est venu s’incliner > mercredi après-midi sur la stèle de la place des Martyrs. Ce combattant > soviétique avait été délivré d’une prison montaubanaise alors qu’il était le > prisonnier des Allemands pendant la dernière guerre.
In 1907 and 1908, he recorded a dozen songs for the recording company ,Christian Zwarg, Catalogue APGA. including Les Veuves du Luxembourg and Mimi (music by Gaston Maquis).Ré-éditées en version numérique, L'esprit montmartois, Anthologie de la chanson française enregistrée : les années 1900-1920, direction artistique Marc Robine (CD1, EMP, 2007). Following the closure of Le Chat Noir he became director of the Cabaret des Quat'z'Arts in 1910.
In July 1944, during World War II, the Germans looted and burned the village in reprisal for activities by the French Maquis. Seven people were shot on July 12, including the village priest and a woman. The following day, three villagers were killed and women were raped. On 20 and 21 July, 15 men were arrested and tortured at the château, which was occupied by the German troops.
During the mission, she finds her loyalties in conflict with her duties as she becomes increasingly sympathetic to the plight of the Maquis. Despite Picard's effort to force her to do her duty, she joins the rebel group. Riker says she seemed pretty sure she was doing the right thing, though she regretted disappointing Picard. This is her last appearance in the Star Trek series; her subsequent fate is unknown.
Mustafa Bouyali Mustafa Bouyali (Ar. مصطفى بويعلي) was the leader of the Algerian Islamic Armed Movement, a guerrilla group based around Larbaa south of Algiers, from 1982 to 1987. Born in 1940, Bouyali fought for the National Liberation Front (FLN) in the Algerian War of Independence, becoming a captain. In the 63-65 period, he joined the maquis of the FFS, leading to his exclusion from the FLN.
The Podolica is a rustic breed capable of surviving on harsh terrain and poor pasture. It can exploit food sources that would not otherwise be used, including stubble, scrub and maquis, and woodland undergrowth. The animals are fed hay and straw only in winter. The colour of the Podolica shows pronounced sexual dimorphism: cows are pale grey, tending to white, while males are darker and may be almost black.
The ship lurches out of the station and soon encounters Eddington again. Eddington taunts Sisko by sending him a copy of the novel Les Misérables and comparing Sisko to the obsessive policeman Javert. The captain realizes too late that he was baited to false coordinates. As the crew sets off to find Eddington's real location, a distress call is received from the Malinche — Maquis forces ambushed and disabled the starship.
Raymond Anne was born on 17 December 1922 in Villers-Bocage, Calvados. During World War II (1939–45) he became "Sergeant Filochard" in the Forces françaises de l'intérieur (FFI) in the French Resistance. Vassieux-en-Vercors, on the Vercors Massif of the Alps, was a center of the resistance of the Maquis du Vercors. Hundreds of "Montagnards" converged there after news was received of the Normandy landings of 6 June 1944.
Pterostylis splendens is a plant in the orchid family Orchidaceae and is endemic to New Caledonia. It was first formally described in 1998 by David Jones and Mark Alwin Clements from a specimen cultivated at the Australian National Botanic Gardens from material collected in New Caledonia. The description was published in The Orchadian. This greenhood orchid is found in damp forest and maquis on ultramafic soils at altitudes of .
On the 17th, the 1st brigade was attacked by the German brigade of General Curt von Jesser with a strength of 500 vehicles, supported by various reinforcements. This triggered the battle of Mont Gargan. The maquis lost 97 men (38 dead, 5 missing, 54 wounded) against 342 killed and wounded on the German side. It was one of the rare occasions when the resistance fought against the Wehrmacht in open battle.
During the Algerian War Mohamed Demagh survived a bombing of French aviation in the maquis in Aures under the command of Abdelhamid Boudiaf (not to be confused with Mohammed Boudiaf) where 35 of his companions perished. He refused to participate in the First Indochina War. Mohamed Demagh began his artistic career in 1966. He has presented several solo exhibitions and participated in mass demonstrations in Algeria (1972, 1974, 1983, 1992).
Meanwhile, Worf is selected as an opponent for Jem'Hadar guards to practice hand-to-hand combat. Worf's refusal to surrender, defeating a series of Jem'Hadar opponents, inspires Garak to overcome his fears and continue working. Dukat vows to eliminate all Klingon invaders and Maquis renegades in Cardassian space. Captain Sisko persuades Klingon chancellor Gowron to reinstate the alliance between the Klingons and the Federation in order to fight the Dominion.
While the majority of the tasks that women undertook centered on the realm of the non-combatant, those that surrounded the limited number that took part in acts of violence were more frequently noticed. The reality was that “rural women in maquis [rural areas] support networks”Vince, Natalya “Transgressing Boundaries: Gender, Race, Religion and ‘Fracaises Musulmannes during Algerian War of Independence.” French Historical Studies. Vol. 33 No. 3 (Summer 2010) p.
In 1958, she became a bilingual presenter at RTF. She took advantage of her celebrity status to drive her car across military checkpoints to meet militants who, with the help of her husband, stayed in their homes before joining the maquis. One of these militants was Cherif El Hachemi, a colleague at the RTF. Amina continued her career as a television presenter up until her retirement in 1982.
Its population is steadily decreasing (720 residents in 1953, 207 residents in 1981, and 124 residents in 2001). The island is composed of two limestone ridges between which is a fertile valley. Vegetation of the island is mainly composed of maquis shrubland, with some farm land in the middle of the island. First Croatian online peljar Main industries are agriculture (grapes, olives, plums, figs and sour cherries) and fishing.
Earlier in the day, the engine had been tampered with by maquisards of the French Resistance Maquis Surcouf group. Resistance members then emerged from a hiding spot and opened fire on the car. The three adults and two children in the car were killed. Ruffin claimed that Morris was the target but Bonnet states this is not clear, given the influence of the Bailleul family with the Nazis.
A well known example is the Etna birch (Betula aetniensis), driven in Sicily at a time when the climate was much colder. Broadly there are three different vegetational zones of forests or bushes in Italy: 1\. evergreen vegetation: maquis shrubland (Italian: macchia mediterranea) with densely growing plants and shrubs that always have leaves on. This flora is typical of the dry mediterranean climate, especially along the coast and in the islands.
The Egyptian mongoose lives in swampy and marshy habitats near streams, rivers, lakes and in coastal areas. Where it inhabits maquis shrubland in the Iberian Peninsula, it prefers areas close to rivers with dense vegetation. It does not occur in deserts. It has been recorded in Portugal from north of the Douro River to the south, and in Spain from the central plateau, Andalucía to the Strait of Gibraltar.
On November 20, 1943, they caught Alexander Foote. Christian Schneider and two more contacts in Switzerland were arrested on 19 April 1944. Rudolf Roessler on 19 May 1944. On September 16, 1944, Radó and his wife Helen, the sister of Hermann Scherchen, a German conductor in whose home they had hidden, illegally crossed the Swiss-French border on a French train with the help of the French Maquis from Upper Savoy.
Farmer also had to withdraw and he became separated from Wake and Rake. He had to walk over 200 kilometres to find another radio operator who could request weapons to replace those lost. Subsequently he organized the parachuting of arms to the Maquis in Allier in the Tronçay forest area and he also took part in the liberation of Montluçon. For this action he was awarded the Military Cross (MC).
During World War II she was associated with the pro-Nazi faction of Célestin Lainé, whose Breton militia she supported. Her chateau also quartered the Bagadou Stourm (Breton nationalist stormtroopers). As a member of Lainé's faction she was kidnapped by a Maquis group in 1944 and was stabbed and beaten to death. Her death caused considerable debate, since she had not been directly involved with anti-Resistance activity.
His observations allowed him to propose a strategy to stop the German advance to the general staff on May 22. In conflict with a conservative team, he returned to forced leave. His strategy would not be implemented until ten days later, but too late and too timidly. A refugee with his family in Annecy, he corresponded with Lieutenant Théodore Morel (Tom), then chief of the maquis des Glières.
Saint-Marcel () is a commune in the Morbihan department of Brittany in north- western France. Saint-Marcel houses the Museum of the Breton Resistance which commemorates the uprising of the Maquis of Saint-Marcel (3,000 fighters) and 200 Free French SAS parachutists in 18 June 1944, which the French force under command of Colonel Morice (Paul Chenailler), Free French Pierre Bourgoin and André Hue came under German attack.
By April 1943, the Gestapo had created specific units to combat the French Resistance. Formed at the end of April 1944 in Landerneau, the Landerneau Kommando took part in these units. It was composed of 18 German soldiers and ten French agents (some of whom were Breton separatists as well as former Resistance members). They fought against the maquis (rural French Resistance units) of Trégarantec, Rosnoën, and Ploumordien.
This passage,This document was entrusted by Vital Bonato, a former member of the Maquis du Haut du Bois to be published on Wikipedia. No text today gives as much detail about the bravery and dedication of many young men, most of them hardly out of adolescence. completed by Colonel Pierre Aiguier of Éloyes, resulted in the collection of information on witnesses of that time and both published and unpublished documents.
Charles de Gaulle, circa 1942 Various resistance movements had arisen in France since the start of the German occupation in June 1940. With the possible exception of the Francs-Tireurs et Partisans and other groups loyal to the Communist Party of France, the maquis groups were mostly unorganised and unrelated to one another. This lack of coordination made them less effective in their actions against the Nazi occupiers.
The typical territory size in a French study was , but in insect-rich tall maquis in Gibraltar, the average was only . Females feed within a home range which may overlap other blackcap territories, and covers up to six times the area of the defended zone.Mason (1995) pp. 38–41. Sylvia warblers are unusual in that they vigorously defend their territories against other members of their genus as well as conspecifics.
The Squadron suffered considerable losses over an eight-month period and found it difficult to maintain reserves of men and machines. The Stirlings suffered from deficiencies in design, due to restrictions laid down in the original Air Ministry specifications. After suffering heavy proportionate losses by type, their operations were restricted to Special Duties i.e.: Dropping sea mines, low level supply dropping to the Maquis, shorter bombing raids on invasion objectives.
Olea europea, ancient olive tree The coastal part of Bar supports maquis shrubland with oak, holm oak, laurel, myrtle, Spanish broom, oleander, hawthorn, sloe, thorn, butcher's broom and asparagus. To the north and the mountains, there are oak and beech forests. Citrus fruits including tangerine, orange and lemon grow in the Bar area as do pomegranates, olives, grapevines and figs. Ginkgo biloba grows in the park of King Nikola's palace.
Marcel·lí Massana Bancells was born in Berga in 1918. Massana participated in the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo and was a Republican lieutenant during the Spanish Civil War. Jailed between 1939 and 1942, Massana fled to France, but returned to Catalonia as an anarchist guerrilla maquis in 1944, in which he was a famed figure and known as "Poncho". He and Caracremada carried out kidnappings, attacks, and expropriations in Berguedà and Solsonès.
Although women were typical partisan resistance fighters in Italy, Greece, Yugoslavia and the occupied USSR, feared and as numerous as men, they were a small minority in the maquis in France. It has been speculated that this may have been influenced by the fact that French women were not subject to the Service du travail obligatoire (English: Compulsory Work Service; STO), as were women in other occupied territories. Women organized demonstrations of housewives in 1940, were active in the comités populaires of the clandestine PCF, and ever present with encouragement and material aid for strikers, as in the Nord-Pas- de-Calais in May 1941, as well as supporting the maquisH.R. Kedward, À la recherche du maquis, 1999 They were indispensable as typists, and above all as liaison agents—in part because the Germans distrusted women less, and also because the numerous identification controls against resistors of the Service du travail obligatoire (STO) did not apply to them.
Other members were Abel Kingué, Michel Ndoh, Ndongo Diyé, Osendé Afana, Nicanor Njiawe and Woungly-Massaga. A two-headed leadership was theoretically in place, with Abel Kingué leading the exiles from Ghana and Ernest Ouandié in the maquis. The organisation functioned poorly due to communication problems and also to the Sino-Soviet split. The next year it split, with Abel Kingué and Osendé Afana allied with Ntumazah and opposed to the other leaders.
890 "women assisted the male fighting forces in areas like transportation, communication and administration" the range of involvement by a woman could include both combatant and non-combatant roles. While most women's tasks were non-combatant, their less frequent, violent acts were more noticed. The reality was that "rural women in maquis rural areas support networks"Vince, Natalya "Transgressing Boundaries: Gender, Race, Religion and 'Fracaises Musulmannes during Algerian War of Independence." French Historical Studies. Vol.
Thousands of suspected anti-fascist Republicans were deported to German concentration camps instead, however. Most were sent to Mauthausen where, of the 10,000 Spaniards registered, only 2,000 survived the war. Many Spanish escapees joined French Resistance groups; others formed their own autonomous groups which became known as the Spanish maquis. In April 1942, Spanish communists formed an organisation called the XIV Corps, an armed guerrilla movement of about 3,400 combatants by June 1944.
In 2020, Gizmodo listed this episode as one of the "must watch" episodes of Star Trek: Deep Space Nine show. In 2018, Vulture.com rated "For the Uniform" the 10th best episode of Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, noting a focus on story arcs of Michael Eddington and the Maquis. In 2016, Empire ranked this the 27th best episode out of the top 50 episodes of all the 700+ Star Trek television episodes.
She organised the network with the help of her fiancee, Henri Cornioley. Witherington did not attempt to issue orders to the maquis groups directly, but found a willing French colonel to do so. Witherington worked closely with the adjoining SOE Shipwright network, headed by her former colleague Amédée Maingard. Together, their networks caused more than 800 interruptions of railway lines in June 1944 focused on cutting the main railroad line between Paris and Bordeaux.
Zagora, in the strict sense, spans from Šibenik eastern hinterland to the east, where it borders with Herzegovina and Livanjski kraj. Its borders are present in two counties: Split-Dalmatia and Šibenik-Knin. The terrain in Zagora is fairly rugged: in the region immediately bordering the coastline, it is mostly flat but dry, mainly covered with makija (maquis, macchia). More inland, greener pastures can be seen, as the climate and elevations change.
It ends at Sarialan at about . Skiing in the Uludağ range (February 2007 photograph) Habitats of the park range from maquis on the lower slopes, through deciduous woodland and beech and fir forest to alpine meadows at the highest levels. It is a refuge for mountain birds, such as lammergeier and other vultures, golden eagle and more than 20 other raptor species. Other high-altitude species include alpine accentor, rock thrushes and choughs.
Spanish Maquis guerrilla activity, such as the 1944 urban guerrilla warfare in Granada. occasionally triggered intervention by special BPS units.This intervention took place after the death in strange circumstances of the inspector Julio Romero Funes, during a shooting with republican guerrillas . Its agents depended on the governors and the Ministry of Governance, and its repression was directed at opposition to the Spanish state and based on the Law of Political Responsibilities and similar statutes.
The village is placed at 1078 metres in the middle of the Monti Sibillini National Park. The name "Macchie" derives from the woods (in Italian: macchieCompare maquis shrubland.) that surround the village. It is a mountainous area in the national park of the Sibillini mountains. Below the village one can admire the Vallinfante valley and nearby the Passo Cattivo, Porche di Vallinfante, Colle La Croce, Monte Pagliano, Monte Prata and Monte Cardosa.
The Badlands comprise an area of space that appears (or is referenced) in episodes of Star Trek: Deep Space Nine and Star Trek: Voyager. Located in Star Treks Alpha Quadrant, the Badlands are characterized by constant plasma storms and funnel clouds. The Maquis use it in several episodes as a meeting or hiding place because of its treacherous navigation. It is also known to harbor some planets hidden within the clouds and nebulae.
In 1944, while the liberation France from German occupation was a fact, the Communist Party of Spain promoted the Operación Reconquista, consisting on the invasion of the Aran Valley, in northwestern Catalonia, as the first step of defeating the Spanish State. The Maquis took control of several villages of the valley until 27 October 1944 but were forced to retreat back into France after Franco sent reinforcements to defend Vielha, the Aranese capital.
On 24 July 1944, after a mission, two members of the French Forces of the Interior, Maurice Hocquaux and his aide, were arrested by French detectives. Thanks to much support, their freedom was obtained. The group built itself up and reached about thirty men through the addition of fighters from neighbouring villages. The Maquis d'Éloyes was created in Haut- du-Bois, in the commune of Xamontarupt, as part of the 2nd Vosges formation.
A third machine gun was hidden at the source of the Ruxelier. Similar positions were taken in the direction of Eloyes by Lieutenant Scheider, and towards the east by Lieutenant Gaillot. Meanwhile, Sub-lieutenant Villemin and adjudant Pierson ensured the evacuation of the remaining unarmed maquisards toward Purifaing in good order. At about 11 o'clock, Mrs Alexandre née Hocquaux of Jarménil went to the maquis to warn the fighters that the enemy was arriving.
Lactarius belongs to a lineage of ectomycorrhiza obligate symbionts. As such, they are dependent on the occurrence of possible host plants. Confirmed habitats apart from temperate forests include arctic tundra and boreal forest, mediterranean maquis, tropical African shrubland, tropical Asian rainforest, mesoamerican tropical oak forests, and Australian Eucalyptus forests. left While most species display a preference towards either broadleaf or coniferous hosts, some are more strictly associated with certain genera or species of plant hosts.
The region has a long history of independence from Kinshasa. It was the location of the maquis set up by Laurent-Désiré Kabila in 1967,"Anatomy & History of the Zaire-Congo Crises" by Georges Nzongola-Ntalaja, usafricaonline.com, 19 November 1996 as well as the place where Laurent-Désiré Kabila raised his son, the current President Joseph Kabila, in 1973. Throughout much of the Second Congo War, the town was contested by numerous armed groups.
In 1944, he was given command of the Free French who participated in the Invasion of Normandy. Kœnig also served as a military advisor to de Gaulle. In June 1944, he was given command of the French Forces of the Interior (FFI) to unify various French Resistance groups under de Gaulle's control. Under his command, the FFI stopped range battle in the Maquis, preferring sabotage waged in support of the invasion army.
A. columnaris, A. cunninghamii and A. bidwillii Members of Araucaria are found in Chile, Argentina, Brazil, New Caledonia, Norfolk Island, Australia, and New Guinea. There is also a significant, naturalized population of Araucaria columnaris – "Cook's pine" – on the island of Lanai, in Hawaii, USA.The Pine Trees of Lanai Many if not all current populations are relicts, and of restricted distribution. They are found in forest and maquis shrubland, with an affinity for exposed sites.
On 14 July 1944, during a clash with the brigade Jesser, three resistance fighters (Henri Cayet, Pierre Orluc, Auguste Stein) of the 238e compagnie FTPF died in Marcy and six members were deported. Before leaving, the Nazis set fire to the village. On the night of 11 August 1944, the French soldiers of the 3rd SAS Parachute Regiment arrived at Fonfreyde to fight against the German Army, alongside their comrades from the Maquis.
79sqq During the months spent together, and before some of them received permission to leave for America, they invented a new card game, on which traditional card imagery was replaced with Surrealist symbols. Some time after his stay in Marseille, Tzara joined the French Resistance, rallying with the Maquis. A contributor to magazines published by the Resistance, Tzara also took charge of the cultural broadcast for the Free French Forces clandestine radio station.
The three battalions of Maquis (about 1,500 men) in her area undertook a number of successful sabotage operations. Now part of the French Forces of the Interior (FFI), they forced the German occupiers to withdraw from Le Puy-en-Velay and head north with the rest of the retreating German forces. Belatedly, a Jedburgh team, called Jeremy, of three men parachuted in on August 25 to undertake the training and supply of the battalions.Rossiter, pp.
Skarbek addressed the Poles with a megaphone and secured their agreement to join the Allied forces, provided that they shed their German uniforms. The Poles stripped off their uniforms. General Butler arrived and disapproved of the proceedings, threatening Skarbek and Cammaerts with arrest and court martial if they didn't leave. Later, they had a better reception from Butler's superior officer, General Alexander Patch, who appointed them as the liaison for the Americans with the maquis.
Lyciasalamandra flavimembris is associated with rocky limestone outcrops and occurs at elevations up to above sea level. It is often found in maquis shrubland or pine woodlands. It is a rare species threatened by habitat loss from forest fires and by collection for scientific purposes. However, while IUCN (2009) concluded that "there is only limited habitat loss taking place", Göçmen and Kariş (2017) stated that the known populations "were under heavy habitat destruction".
Author Arthur Funk said, "The historian can only wonder at Butler's short-sightedness in ignoring a British officer who knew a great deal about the terrain and the people in it." Later, Cammaerts and Granville received a better reception from Butler's superior officer, General Alexander Patch, who appointed them as the liaison for the Americans with the maquis. The couple continued northward to Lyon and Paris. Cammaerts' time in occupied France ended in September 1944.
" On 5 June 1944, SS General Lammerding approved the use of repressive measures implemented in Eastern Europe in the suppression of the Maquis. His program included provisions such as use of counter-propaganda and discrimination, and other actions intended to "turn the public against the terrorists." It approved mass arrests, occupation of important localities, and the commandeering of vehicles. Notably, it also read that "For every German wounded or killed, we will kill ten terrorists.
During the group's first assignment, at a rural French inn, German agents kill Gates. A meeting of the French maquis is interrupted by German Colonel Paul Meister, who becomes immediately infatuated with Elaine. Elaine sculpts a bust of Meister's head, and when he announces his departure for Normandy on a troop train, she begs him to take her with him. With Martin's help, Elaine makes a duplicate bust and fills it with plastic explosives.
383-388 In 1942 and 1943, Sauckel used intimidation and threats to meet his objectives. Laval negotiated, procrastinated and complied in turn, so that relations between the two men were tumultuous, Sauckel alternately praising Laval for his cooperation or condemning him for obstruction.H. Roderick Kedward, STO et Maquis, dans La France des années noires, tome 2, Seuil, 1993, p. 271-294 Sauckel's increasing labor requirements between spring 1942 and early 1944 were known as "actions Sauckel" (Sauckel actions).
Labour Research Department, 1962 In support of Bab-el Oued, 200 OAS maquis marched from Algiers to Ouarsenis, a mountainous region between Oran and Algiers. They tried to capture two French military outposts and gain support from local Muslim tribes loyal to France, but instead these forces were harassed and eventually defeated by Legion units led by Colonel Albert Brothier after several days of fighting.Harrison, Alexander (1989). Challenging De Gaulle: The OAS and the counterrevolution in Algeria (1954–1962).
She made her acting debut in the musical comedy Carlo Monte en Monte Carlo in Isabela Garcés' theatre company in Madrid. She flew to Mexico in 1947 in fear for her life due to her support for the Spanish Maquis. During the Spanish Civil War, young Fernández was supportive of the Republican faction. She would remain in Mexico for the rest of her life, except for international tours and a short stint in Cuba during the late 1940s.
Mind Made Up is the ninth studio album by English post-punk band A Certain Ratio. Released in 2008 through French Le Maquis record label, it is the band's first album since 1997's Change the Station, following a series of re- issues of past material. The band sought to capture a live sound during the recording of the album. The album was reissued by on 2 June 2010 through LTM Recordings with two extra tracks.
Miles is reprimanded for violating the Prime Directive when he helps an alien from the Gamma Quadrant, escape from other aliens are hunting him in "Captive Pursuit". In 2370, he is arrested by the Cardassians and charged with supplying weapons to the Maquis. The charges are dismissed when it is revealed to be part of a conspiracy to discredit the Federation (Episode: "Tribunal"). Miles is temporarily relieved of duty after a visit to the planet Argratha.
Champdomergue is a hill in the commune of Le Collet-de-Dèze, where on 11 September 1702 the Camisards fought a battle against the royalist forces with no clear outcome. This was the first battle in the Ẃars in the Cévennes. In 1943-44 it was a stronghold of the Maquis resistance movement who were preparing for the liberation of the Alès basin. There are two monuments in the garrigues on the summit of the hill commemorating these events.
A total of 16 teams will contest the league, including 13 sides from the 2015 season and three promoted from the 2015 Segundona - 4 de Abril do KK, Porcelana and 1º de Maio. On the other hand, Bravos do Maquis, Sporting de Cabinda and Domant FC were the last three teams of the 2015 season and will play in the Segundona for the 2016 season. Recreativo do Libolo are the defending champions from the 2015 season.
World War II (1939–1945) vehemently struck the department of Ain and took its toll as 600 people were deported, half whom did not return. Commemorating this tragic era are: the monument of the Maquis in Cerdon, the memorial of the children of Izieu and the museum of the resistance and deportation in Nantua. In the second half of the 20th century the industrialization of the department proceeded, favored by a narrow street and railway network.
Trilithium resin is a byproduct of a starship's warp engines that is lethal to humans, but harmless to Cardassians. A team of terrorists attempted to steal Trilithium resin from the warp core of the Enterprise-D when it was docked at Arkaria Station to receive a baryon sweep. Captain Benjamin Sisko would later use a Trilithium resin torpedo to render a Maquis planet uninhabitable to all human life for fifty years by detonating it in the atmosphere.
Millar considered this work a failure, but it received good reviews p406 and Charles de Gaulle privately complimented him on it. pp410-411 Maquis sold well and was followed by Horned Pigeon (1946) which was based on "prolific notes I had dictated...to a shorthand typist, during the month's leave following my escape." The second book "was, if anything, more successful than the first". Millar and Isabel divorced their previous spouses, and they married in 1946.
He bought a Looe lugger Truant and sailed with Isabel to Greece on an extended honeymoon. This journey was recorded in Isabel and the sea (1948). In Road to Resistance (1979) he records that while their boat was in Paris he received a summons from General Charles de Gaulle who had read Maquis and had taken the trouble on a trip in the area to detour to the village of Vieilley where Millar had been based.
Morchella tridentina (=Morchella frustrata) is also rufescent and very similar to M. rufobrunnea. It is found in mountainous forests and maquis and forms a marked sinus at the attachment of the cap with the stem, which is pure white. At maturity, it develops more or less parallel, ladderlike interconnecting ridges. Microscopically, it often has moniliform paraphyses with septa extending in the upper half and has more regularly cylindrical or clavate 'hairs' on the stem, up to 100 μm long.
He later joined the maquis in Périgord and worked with his father preparing landings in Provence; he was awarded the Croix de guerre 1939–1945 (with bronze star) and the Medal of French Gratitude, before he even turned 18. After liberation he joined the army, first as a war correspondent and then as a paratrooper, but finished his service before being called up. He then worked as a correspondent in Corsica, Italy, and along the Côte d’Azur.
During World War II (1939–45) the château housed French troops and refugees from Alsace-Lorraine in 1940 and for several months it was partially occupied by some German units. In 1944 some members of the maquis were hidden there. The château was listed as a monument historique on 31 March 1966, and obtained full protection on 19 November 2010. The present château, designed on a triangular plan, has five conical towers and a watchtower capped by slate roofs.
Cyclamen mirabile, sowbread, is a species of flowering plant in the primrose family Primulaceae. A tufted, tuberous herbaceous perennial growing to , it is native to Turkish pine woodland and maquis in southwestern Turkey. It belongs to the Cyclamen cilicium group of the genus Cyclamen (subgenus Gyrophoebe, series Cilicium). The species was identified and named in 1906. The Latin specific epithet mirabile means “miraculous”, referring to the blooms which appear as if by magic from the bare earth.
The chapel became damaged but was restored in 1992 by the Haute- Vienne general council and by the Friends of Mont Gargan. Since 1986, the chapel has been the property of the Haute-Vienne department. The summit was at one time covered with heather and gorse, which have since given way to a prairie. A stele recalls the Second World War battle of Mont Gargan fought between the German army and the maquis resistance fighters led by Georges Guingouin.
In 1939 the Law of Political Responsibilities outlawed the CNT and expropriated its assets. At that time the organization had a million members and a large infrastructure. According to one estimate, roughly 160,000–180,000 members of the CNT were killed by the Franco government. The CNT acted clandestinely inside Spain during the Franco years, as well as conducting activities from exile, and some members kept on fighting the Spanish State until 1948 through the guerrilla actions of maquis.
She later said, "I filled in wherever the need arose."Squadron Leader Beryl E. Escott, Mission Improbable: A salute to the RAF women of SOE in wartime France, London, Patrick Stevens Limited, 1991. As a courier, her primary responsibilities were to carry money, pass messages and maintain contact with the SOE agents, Maquis and local operatives working with the circuit. In June 1944, whilst delivering messages around the countryside, she was stopped by two Germans and detained for questioning.
Georges Hamacek was born in a family of Czech immigrants. He joined the resistance network Turma- Vengeance in January 1944 before joining the Maquis Bernard in Morvan. There he quickly raises in the ranks, becoming a deputy section chief, and earning the Croix de guerre with two citations. When the war ends he enrolls at the École militaire interarmes on 3 July 1945 and graduates on 15 December the same year with the rank of Second Lieutenant.
30 September 1964); La Chocota and Horcón with their handcrafted boats and nude beach; Maitencillo, where one can find the Marbella Resort; El Rungue, countryside known for its traditional restaurant El Caballito de palo (English: "Stick Pony"); Pucalán and Los Maquis, whose people are primarily dedicated to the production of coal and agriculture; Campiche, whose people are primarily dedicated to growing tomatoes and other vegetables; La Canela; La Quebrada; El Paso; La Laguna; Chilicauquen; El Rincón; and El Leon.
Once seriously threatened, German forces resorted to brutality and terror that had been mostly unheard of previously in the Western front (but commonplace on the Eastern). The largest atrocity occurred in Oradour-sur-Glane, where the Germans massacred 642 local inhabitants and burned the village. German terror tactics proved successful in the short term, as the shocked Resistance pulled back. Around July and August, Germans launched their largest operations against the French partisans (Maquis du Vercors).
By early December, Gracey was able to turn over Saigon's northern suburbs to the French, when 32 Brigade relinquished responsibility to General Valluy's 9th Colonial Infantry Division. On Christmas Day, the 32nd set out for Borneo. Many of the newly arrived French soldiers were ex-Maquis (French Resistance), not accustomed to military discipline. During the battles of the South Central Highlands, the Viet Minh forced French troops to leave many villages and newly captured positions in the Central Highlands.
Dansi music flourished through the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, with bands such as Orchestra Safari Sound, Orchestra Maquis Original, International Orchestra Safari Sound and DDC Mlimani Park Orchestra battling to get the audience's favours. Competition was in fact a relevant concept in the development of dansi. Music festivals were usually in the form of contests, and each band typically had its own fan base, much in the venue of sporting teams. Also, a band often had its "nemesis", i.e.
The Tyrrhenian painted frog is found in most parts of the islands of Corsica and Sardinia but it is not present in the central highlands. It is also present on several small islands in the Tyrrhenian Sea such as Iles d'Hyères, Giglio, Montecristo, and the Monte Argentario peninsula in Tuscany. Its habitats include coastal plains, forest streams, maquis shrubland and upland coniferous forests. Slow streams and pools are used for breeding and this frog can tolerate brackish water.
He then joined Resistance where he became one of the leaders for the Lozère. Arrested and sent to German camps in 1944, he died during a transfer in 1945. Ideally placed between the Maquis of the Cévennes and the Aubrac, the town was located as well as a centre for the coordination of the Lozère Interior Resistance.Henri Bourrillon et Émile Peytavin, organisent la résistance lozérienne, principalement depuis Mende, Félix Buffière, Ce tant rude Gévaudan, tome II p.
Vegetation on the islands is very sparse maquis. There have been 200 known varieties of Mediterranean plants, but they have degenerated. The most common plant is a tough variety of grass, but there are many scented and medicinal herbs: sage, feather grass and Xeranthemum, giving a fragrant spring, and during the year providing the best forage for bees. Olive trees account for about 80% of the land under cultivation, followed by vineyards, figs, orchards and vegetable gardens.
La Tresorerie The Maquis () were rural guerrilla bands of French Resistance fighters, called maquisards, during the Nazi occupation of France in World War II. Initially, they were composed of young, mostly working class, men who had escaped into the mountains and woods to avoid conscription into Vichy France's Service du travail obligatoire ("Compulsory Work Service" or STO) to provide forced labor for Germany. To avert capture and deportation to Germany, they became increasingly organized into active resistance groups.
But during the German occupation of France in World War II, the Germans released a lot of convicts from French prisons, including Robie. He and many other released convicts joined the French Resistance (the Maquis), and fought against the Germans. After the war, there was an unofficial amnesty for those released convicts who had been maquisards. Their previous sentences were not remitted, but as long as they refrained from new crimes they would be left alone.
The origins of the maquis in Spain lie with those who fled the advancing forces of Franco's Nationalists. The insecurity engendered by the repressive tactics of the Nationalist insurgency turned their political opponents—even many who were not politically active but simply known to sympathize with the republic—into fugitives. At first many hid in relatives' homes, but some sought refuge in the mountains. Their numbers were enhanced by deserters and by escapees from prisons and concentration camps.
However, they made up a source of combatants, since in the event of being discovered, their only chance to avoid being jailed was to flee to the mountains. Because of this, in the early 1950s when guerrilla activity was in its death throes, groups were still incorporating new men and women. The number of enlaces was much higher than that of actual combatants. During the years of guerrilla activity, 20,000 people were arrested for collaborating with the maquis.
The town is part of the Cilento and Vallo di Diano National Park, whose natural environment is composed of "Maquis", typical of Mediterranean countries. It is a main tourism location, especially in the summer, due to the quality of its water, which has earned it the Blue Flag beach award Blueflag.org every year since 2000. Marina di Camerota is also interesting for its paleontologic caves,Palaeolithic in the area of Camerota with human fossils discovered in 1980s.
The rebellion was really crushed only in the 1970s, after the death in the "maquis" of Ossendé Afana in March 1966 and the public execution of Ernest Ouandié, a historic leader of the UPC, in January 1971. Estimates about the number of victims of the war ranged around several tens of thousands of deaths, mainly after independence. The war featured human rights abuses by UPC militants and the troops of Cameroon and France.Johnson, Willard R. 1970.
Salvia napifolia is a herbaceous perennial native to Turkey and islands off its west coast, growing at elevations between sea level and 3,000 feet. Its natural habitat is maquis shrubland, rocky slopes, and disturbed roadsides. It was described by Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin in 1773, with the specific epithet napifolia referring to the leaves being shaped like a turnip. Salvia napifolia is small and clumping, with many upright stems, and soft leaves lightly covered with hairs.
During this time period, the PCF was led by Jacques Duclos and Benoît Frachon, operating out of the Hurepoix region in the Essonne department south of Paris. Under their leadership, the PCF maintained strong internal cohesion under centralized authority, which greatly boosted their power and influence within the resistance movement. In the regions, local communists played significant roles in spearheading the resistance. Most famously, the PCF activist Georges Guingouin organized and led the maquis in the Haute-Vienne (Limousin).
In his memoirs, he says that he had started this organisation while he was still officially working for the Vichy Regime. From 27 November 1943 Mitterrand worked for the Bureau central de renseignements et d'action.Jean Lacouture, Mitterrand, une histoire de Français, tome 1, p. 102 In December 1943 François Mitterrand ordered the execution of Henri Marlin (who was about to order attacks on the "Maquis") by Jacques Paris and Jean Munier, who later hid out with François Mitterrand's father.
Brothers Quico and Pepe participated in a group called Los Novatos, or "The Rookies". During a 1933 anarchist uprising, they downed L'Hospitalet's power supply. Unlike the expropriators, however, who sought to incite insurrection towards the anarchist revolution, the guerrillas known as the maquis, as a result of the Spanish Civil War sought the fall of Franco first, as anarchist revolution became a remote possibility. For this group, "propaganda of the deed" meant converting others to anti-Francoism, not anarchist insurrection.
Benjamin Rubio was born in Bustarga, in Ancares (Leon) on October 12, 1925. During the Spanish Civil War he saw the repression of the Nationalists and it scarred his life forever. At the age of 16 he began working in the mining industry, with an anarcho- syndicalist influence, and served as liaison between the army of the "Maquis" and the Léon-Galicia Guerrilla Group, led by César Ríos, between 1942 and 1949. During these years, he suffered persecution and finally was imprisoned.
His activities came to the attention of the Gestapo, who decided to arrest him in the autumn of 1943. Forewarned by the resistance, he escaped and joined the Maquis in Aveyron where he contributed to resistance journals such as Le Populaire, Libération and Vaincre. After the liberation of France, Noguères was a member of the French National Assembly, and served as president of the High Court, presiding over trials of Vichy ministers and functionaries. He stepped down from the court in 1951.
The 2015 Taça de Angola was the 34th edition of the Taça de Angola, the second most important and the top knock-out football club competition in Angola, following the Girabola. Benfica de Luanda were the defending champions, having beaten Petro de Luanda 1–0 in the previous season's final. Bravos do Maquis who were entitled to participate in the 2016 CAF Confederation Cup as the cup winner, later withdrew for financial reasons, giving way for the runner-up, Sagrada Esperança.
On the morning of June 11, 1944, German soldiers attacked Witherington at the Les Souches chateau, her headquarters near the village of Dun-le-Poëlier. Only a few maquis and non-combatants were present when the Germans arrived. Under fire, Witherington hid the tin where she kept a large amount of money and fled to a wheat field where she hid until nightfall. Her fiancee, Henri Cornioley, also hiding in a wheat field, counted 56 truckloads of Germans participating in the operation.
Nearly fifty thousand Spanish personnel served from June 1941 til October 1943, seeing fierce action in the Siege of Leningrad and the Battle of Krasny Bor. After Franco was pressured by Allied leaders to withdraw the Division, a token force of volunteers remained as the Blue Legion. Fighting for the Allies, many exiled Spanish Republicans, called Spanish Maquis, joined the French Resistance. Thousands also served in the Free French Forces; particularly of note is the Ninth Armoured Company under General Leclerc's Second Division.
Voyager logo Star Trek: Voyager ran for seven seasons, airing from January 16, 1995 to May 23, 2001. It features Kate Mulgrew as Captain Kathryn Janeway, the first female commanding officer in a leading role of a Star Trek series. Cast included: Voyager takes place during the same time period as Deep Space Nine and the years immediately following (2371–2378). The militant renegade movement known as the Maquis, introduced on Deep Space Nine, is part of the premise of Voyager.
Quercus coccifera bush in coastal area It is an important Mediterranean bush or dwarf vegetation, where the biome it dominates often bears its name (maquis, coscojar, garrigue, carrascal, chaparral, etc.). Q. coccifera form monospecific communities or communities integrated with Pinus, mediterranean buckthorns, Myrtus, Arecaceae, junipers, Pistacia, Rosmarinus, Thymus, etc. It is located throughout the region around the Mediterranean Sea, especially in central southern and eastern halves. It is similarly found on islands in the Mediterranean, from the Balearic Islands to Cyprus.
In figures the viaduct was 178m long with 12 arches, 11 columns, 2 abutments and a height of 18.60m. During World War II the Maquis blew up the two arches closest to Privas to prevent German trains from running. It was rebuilt with the work completed 28 days after the end of the war on 30 September 1945. The line was closed down on 8 October 1950 for passenger traffic but continued to carry freight trains until 31 May 1994.
The C.F.M.N was in direct contact with London through Richardson. Heavily armed and highly effective, the group attracted the envy and hostility of less well-provided maquis, who regarded them as little better than mercenaries working for the Allies, according to historian Robert Gildea, the group also refused to answer to the FFI and turned away communist volunteers. It must also be said that three days after the Normandy landing the C.F.M.N had reached its maximum capacity and therefore started refusing volunteers.
The Lim stream used to flow through the valley but dried up regularly, and was really only present after the heavy rain. The Lim estuary has the appearance of a canyon. The side rises to 150 m, sinking to 20 m when they reach the sea; they are overgrown with maquis and have some special characteristics. The south bank, facing the north, is covered with deciduous trees (oak and ash), while the north bank, facing the sun, has more evergreen flora.
"Some historians argue that the leaders and male combatants generally accepted the presence of women in the maquis, seeing them as sisters in combat. Others claim that they were on the whole hostile to the presence of women in military units." Externally the FLN pursued policies that highlighted women in the Algerian War. El Moudjahid, a publication of the FLN, sought to create the ‘myth’ of the female warrior and to idolize her as a martyr and linchpin in the war.
This area is characterized by low mountains, Mediterranean maquis vegetation, and sub- temperate open woodland. The local pine-oak vegetation, with a variety of Sclerophyllous shrubs are well-adapted to prolonged summer droughts. From Kurdistan and the southern Caspian Sea to the foothills of the Hindu Kush Mountains in Afghanistan, the typical golden eagle habitat is temperate desert-like mountain ranges surrounded by steppe landscapes interspersed with forest. Here the climate is colder and more continental than around the Mediterranean.
Protected areas in the Western Taurus include Çığlıkara Nature Reserve, near Elmalı, Antalya Province, which protects 15,889 ha of Cedrus libani forest. The protected area around the coastal mountain of Babadağ, near Fethiye in Muğla Province, includes montane forests of Acer undulatum, which is endemic to the mountain, along with Cedrus libani, Abies cilicica, Pinus brutia, and junipers, and maquis at lower elevations.Mansourian, Stephanie & Rossi, Magali & Vallauri, Daniel. (2013). Ancient Forests in the Northern Mediterranean: Neglected High Conservation Value Areas. 10.13140/2.1.5170.4640.
The Catholic Church, which by the beginning of the Muslim expansion turned into a "parody of itself", collapses. Only the traditionalist Catholics from the Society of St. Pius X remain and return to the catacombs. The outnumbered members of the Resistance - the maquis - continue to fight. The protagonists of the novel blame the downfall of Europe on liberalism, atheism, tolerance, and the fall of the authority and hollowing out of the Catholic Church through the reforms of the Second Vatican Council.
Tshala Muana, the second of ten siblings, is the daughter of Amadeus Muidikayi, a soldier, and Alphonsine Bambiwa Tumba, a housewife. In 1964, barely six years old, she lost her father, murdered in Watsha by the Ulelist maquis during the Katanga war. She was raised by her mother, who died in 2005. She has never been married before. She dated a politician who is a married man in the year 2000’s and she has marketed him as her husband ever since.
She was released from prison in 1943 "thanks to the payment of a deposit" and she once again established links with members of the resistance, called the Maquis. In 1944, she was actively involved in the Allied Forces' battles to liberate Marseille from Nazi occupation. For her bravery during the war, she was highly decorated. During these battles, she met her future husband Fernand Sakakini (1917 – 1991), a fellow Resistance fighter, with whom she went on to have four children.
The maquis shrub savannas of the Mediterranean region were likewise created and maintained by anthropogenic fire. Prescribed burn; Wisconsin bur oak savanna These fires are usually confined to the herbaceous layer and do little long term damage to mature trees. However, these fires either kill or suppress tree seedlings, thus preventing the establishment of a continuous tree canopy which would prevent further grass growth. Prior to European settlement aboriginal land use practices, including fire, influenced vegetationWilson, B., S. Boulter, et al. (2000).
Communist groups in France's former colonies in Indochina borrowed the French World War II expression 'maquis' when referring to their resistance movements in the jungles. In the zone under the control of the Khmer Rouge, Kek Iew took on his nom de guerre Comrade Duch (IPA:[dujc]) and became a prison commandant. He was appointed the head of Special Security by his immediate superior Vorn Vet. In the forests of Amleang, Thpong District, Duch set up his first prison, code-named 'M-13'.
In July 2010 Bachir and his master musicians group performed again with Ornette Coleman at The North Sea Jazz Festival in Rotterdam, Holland. A new CD and vinyl album, The Source, was released in July 2010 by Son du Maquis in Paris. On May 12, 2013, Attar's performance with the Master Musicians of Jajouka on CNN's Anthony Bourdain: Parts Unknown, was aired in the first season's episode 5 segment, which focused on Tangier.Burroughs, Bogey and Bourdain: A portrait of Tangier.
The allies parachuted arms and supplies to the maquis on 27 June and the allies sent two teams to help them: An OSS team of 15 American soldiers commanded by Lt. Vernon G. Hoppers and a four-man SOE team headed by Major Desmond Longe. Longe spoke little or no French and Cammaerts took offense at the unannounced arrival of Longe's team, calling them "unprofessional voyeurs" and asserting his authority as the senior British official on the ground in southeastern France.
Jones was dean of the College of Arts and Sciences at Dakota State University from 2013 to 2019. In January 2019 he was appointed interim Secretary of Education by Governor Kristi Noem, and in May 2019 he was named permanent secretary. As secretary, Jones has supported legislation to expand civic education in the state. In 2016, Jones published Eisenhower’s Guerrillas: The Jedburghs, the Maquis, and the Liberation of France, which examines Operation Jedburgh and is based on his 1998 Master's thesis.
The crew of Voyager are foraging for food on a planet, when the ship detects a cloaked Kazon vessel and they are ordered to return. Chakotay is left behind to search for Seska. As soon as he finds her, he is fired on by two Kazons, who are stunned by return phaser fire, allowing Chakotay and Seska to escape. Back on Voyager, Seska serves Chakotay mushroom soup and tells him that she and other Maquis raided Neelix's kitchen to make the soup.
Aspromonte National Park is situated in the southern section of the Apennines, in Calabria, Italy. The park lies near the sea and includes mountain summits nearly reaching the 2,000 meters of height (Montalto is 1,955 m). The park's territory, crossed by several watercourses, is populated by important animal species like the wolf, the peregrine falcon, the eagle owl, and the goshawk. Most of the territory is dominated by forests of beech trees, silver firs, black pines, holm oaks, chestnut trees, and Mediterranean maquis.
The ridge's highest summits are Peña de las Armas (1154 m), Buitrera de Valdearcos (994 m) and Monegre (922 m).Ascensión a el Peña de las Armas The Santuario de la Virgen de Rodanas is located in the Sierra de Nava Alta, about 12 km to the west of Épila town. The road to the sanctuary from Épila is not paved. These mountains are covered with low and mostly sparse maquis shrub, with some juniper, Carrasca (Quercus ilex) and pine trees.
With the two invasions in Normandy and southern France in summer 1944, these distinctions became irrelevant, and almost all the SOE Sections in France were united with the Maquis into the Forces Francaises de l'Interieur (FFI). (There was one exception: The EU/P Section, which was formed by Poles in France and remained part of the trans-European Polish Resistance movement, under Polish command.) Skarbek, now more commonly known as Christine Granville, parachuted into France on the night of 6/7 July 1944.
The different plant partners are reflected in the wide variety of habitats worldwide. Ectomycorrhizal Russulaceae have been observed in arctic and alpine tundra, boreal and alpine forest, north temperate forest, mires, mediterranean forests and scrub (maquis), miombo woodland, tropical lowland rainforest, tropical cloud forest, tropical dry forest, Australian eucalypt woodlands, and south temperate forests. Where they are introduced, they typically grow in plantations of their native host species, e.g. with pine in South Africa, Eucalyptus in Thailand, or birch in New Zealand.
Lazarus was a career officer forced out of the military by the Vichy laws on the status of Jews, a series of antisemitic laws passed by the Vichy government in 1940–1941. He joined the Armée juive (Jewish Army), a Jewish resistance group that later became the Organisation Juive de Combat (Jewish Combat Organization). At first, he instructed youth in the region of Grenoble in basic military skills. Then, he was charged with overseeing autonomous Armée juive maquis guerillas in the Tarn department.
Gerard Droller was born in Germany. He worked with Office of Strategic Services (OSS) and the Maquis in France during World War II. On 21 April 1959, Droller had a three-hour meeting with Fidel Castro in a hotel room in New York City after the latter's visit to Washington.Thomas (1971), p.431Szulc (1986) In June 1960, Droller was sent to Miami, as Chief Political Action (C/WH/4/PA) under Jacob Esterline to help organize the overthrow of Fidel Castro in Cuba.
The second SMM member, MAJ Lucien Conein, arrived on July 1. A paramilitary specialist, well-known to the French for his help with French-operated maquis in Tonkin against the Japanese in 1945, he was the one American guerrilla fighter who had not been a member of the Patti Mission. Conein was to have a continuing role, especially in the coup that overthrew Diệm in November 1963. In August, Conein was sent to Hanoi, to begin forming a guerilla organization.
The 27 BCA was created after the Franco-Prussian War. It distinguished itself during the First World War, earning 9 mentions in despatches and the fourragère of the Legion of Honour. During the Second World War, it notably took part in the Battles of Narvik. After it was disbanded after Case Anton, some of its elements trained the Maquis des Glières; in subsequent combat against SS units the Battalion gained the motto of Vivre libre ou mourir ("live as free men, or die").
Their mineral content is poorly suited to most foreign species of plants.Dossier > La flore de Nouvelle-Calédonie - Première partie Ultramafic rocks also contain elevated amounts of chromium and nickel which may be toxic to plants. As a result, a distinctive type of vegetation develops on these soils. Examples are the ultramafic woodlands and barrens of the Appalachian mountains and piedmont, the "wet maquis" of the New Caledonia rain forests, and the ultramafic forests of Mount Kinabalu and other peaks in Sabah, Malaysia.
On 16 January 1944, a reconnaissance pilot survives a plane crash in Delahaut in the Nazi occupied Belgium. The boy Jean Benoit finds the wounded pilot and takes him to the house of Claire and Henri Daussois who belong to the Maquis Resistance. As soon as Major Theodore 'Ted' Brice has recovered, he tells them that he needs to retrieve a book of codes, but the airplane is guarded by the Nazis. Meanwhile, Ted and Claire fall in love with each other.
The German offensive against the French Maquis was mostly successful and they advanced through the Jura Mountains with great speed. The Germans proceeded with utmost brutality; French civilians were frequently accused of being partisan sympathizers and executed on the spot. The village of Dortan is just a few kilometers from Oyonnax. On 12 July the Volunteer Cossack-Stamm-Regiment 5 of the Freiwilligen-Stamm-Division, an Ostlegion unit of volunteers from occupied USSR territory fighting for the Wehrmacht, approached the village.
The very isolated hamlet of Rouinon had 46 inhabitants in 1886 as well as a school (until 1911) and a mailbox (until 1929). This small community also had its own Chapel of Saint Joseph. Near Rouinon, the chapel for the hamlet of Forest-Lacour was destroyed at the end of the 19th century to allow the passage of the road: the Church had noted its declining attendance for several years. The commune sheltered a maquis unit during World War II in the Tramalou district.
Garrigue is a common general word for the shrubland habitat ecosystems in southern France along with maquis, which are known elsewhere in the Mediterranean region as matorral and tomillares in Spain, macchia in Italy, phrygana in Greece, garig in Croatia, and batha in Israel. In California a similar Mediterranean climate ecoregion is named chaparral; in Chile it is named the matorral; in South Africa it is named fynbos; and in Australia it is named mallee. All are in the Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub biome.
The invasion was preceded by weeks of intense resistance activity. Coordinated with the massive bombardments of the Transportation Plan and supported by the SOE and the OSS, partisans systematically sabotaged railway lines, destroyed bridges, cut German supply lines, and provided general intelligence to the allied forces. The constant harassment took its toll on the German troops. Large remote areas were no-go zones for them and free zones for the maquisards so-called after the maquis shrubland that provided ideal terrain for guerrilla warfare.
These became the basis for the Agrupaciones de Guerrilleros Españoles (AGE), the Spanish maquis, which fought against the Germans. Monzón worked with Gabriel León Trilla in reorganizing the PCE members and placing them in the French Resistance. By the summer of 1944 the AGE veterans of the Spanish Republic's Popular Army had made a significant contribution to defeating the Germans in the south of France. The "Latin Americans" and "Russians" in the PCE leadership frowned on the independent action of the French PCE as "resisters".
In 1944 some members of the maquis were hidden there. Various extremely interesting archaeological finds have been made since the war. Research started by Count Gabriel de La Rochefoucauld, which had been interrupted by the war, uncovered a buried part of the castle dating to the 12th and 13th centuries, including the room that housed the drawbridge mechanism. A 12th-century stairway was discovered that led down to a lower chapel from the 11th century, in excellent condition, whose existence was completely unknown before 1958.
Serpentine soil is a magnesium rich, calcium, potassium and phosphorus poor soil that develops on the regolith derived from ultramafic rocks. Ultramafic rocks also contain elevated amounts of chromium and nickel which may be toxic to plants. As a result, a distinctive type of vegetation develops on these soils. Examples are the ultramafic woodlands and barrens of the Appalachian mountains and piedmont, the "wet maquis" of the New Caledonia rain forests, and the ultramafic forests of Mount Kinabalu and other peaks in Sabah, Malaysia.
Before 1860, the territory occupied by modern Haute-Savoie and the adjoining department of Savoie had been part of the Kingdom of Sardinia since the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713. Annexation of the region by France was formalized in the Treaty of Turin on . From November 1942 to September 1943, Haute-Savoie was subjected to military occupation by Fascist Italy. The Maquis des Glières (a band of Free French Resistance fighters who opposed the Nazi, Vichy, and Milice regimes during World War II) operated from Haute-Savoie.
She collaborated with the fashion writer Lois Long and the interior decorator Elsie de Wolfe. While in France during World War II, Pell took the name of "Fredericka" and joined the Maquis. She moved inland in the mountain and served for four years, until September 1944, and was known among the resistance as "the girl with the blonde mèche (lock)". Pell was captured by Italian soldiers and interned at Puget-Théniers, but continued to smuggle information to the resistance during her daily walks at the camp.
Vegetation in the region is mainly woody, including forests, woodlands, shrublands, and heathlands, but no grasslands. Predominant vegetation types are Eucalyptus woodlands, eucalyptus-dominated mallee shrublands, and kwongan shrublands and heathlands, which correspond to the chaparral, matorral, maquis, and fynbos shrublands found in other Mediterranean-type regions. The region has generally nutrient-poor sandy or lateritic soils, which has encouraged rich speciation of plants adapted to specific ecological niches. The region hosts a great diversity of endemic species, notably among the protea family (Proteaceae).
The Rue Princesse street is an area located in Yopougon, North Abidjan in Côte d'Ivoire. Because of its wide variety of Maquis (open-pubs), bars, nightclubs and typical African restaurants mainly offering local dishes, this street has become one of the most famous places of celebration in Abidjan. Due to its strong musical and nightlife identity, it is considered the inspirational root for many Coupé Décalé artists. However, it is notoriously known as a prominent Red Light District with a high ratio of prostitutes.
Yves Godard (21 December 1911 – 3 March 1975) was a French Army officer who fought in World War II, First Indochina War and Algerian War. A graduate of Saint-Cyr and Chasseur Alpin, he served as a ski instructor in Poland during 1939, but after World War II began he returned to France. He became a prisoner-of-war in 1940 and tried several times to escape, finally succeeding on his third attempt. He made his way to France and joined the French Resistance maquis in Savoy.
Southgate organised a mission, Operation Benjoin, which involved parachuting in light and medium arms including machine-guns, anti-tank rocket launchers and light artillery.Gilles Lévy and Francis Cordet, ppp 81 and 172 Despite Southgate's arrest in May, the maquis welcomed the participants in an SOE operation codenamed Freelance,Gilles Lévy and Francis Cordet, p. 174. Captain John Hind Farmer ("Hubert"), Captain Denis Rake ("Justin") and the Australian Lieutenant Nancy Wake ("Hélène"), then those of Operation Benjoin, led by British major Freddy Cardozo.Gilles Lévy and Francis Cordet, p.
Tournières is a little village not far from Molay-Littry where U.S. General Dwight D. Eisenhower established his first HQ in France code-named Shellburst. The success of the landings on June 5, 1944, led the Red Cross, and later the Maquis, to establish themselves here temporarily. Many important meetings took place at Shellburst. After the liberation of the area by Allied Forces in early June, engineers of the Ninth Air Force IX Engineering Command began construction of a combat Advanced Landing Ground outside of the town.
The ecology of Gorgona is under the protection of the Tuscan Archipelago National Park, dating from 1996, with headquarters at Portoferraio, Elba. Most of the island is in its native state, 90% of it being forested with maquis, to high. Among its plant species are Arbutus unedo, Rhamnus (Buckthorn), Pistacia lentiscus, Juniperus phoenicea, Myrtus communis, Erica arborea, Erica scoparia, Rosmarinus officinalis, Phillyrea angustifolia, and Phillyrea latifolia. The flowers in more open country include Lavandula stoechas, Helichrysum italicum, Cistus incanus, Cistus salvifolius, and Cistus monspeliensis.
Henriot was a natural target for the Résistance and on 28 June 1944, in the Ministry building where he lived, he was assassinated by a group of COMAC members of the Maquis, an organisation designated by the French government at Vichy as "terrorists". Disguised as members of the Milice, they had persuaded him to open his door. In retaliation, the Milice assassinated Georges Mandel, a strong opponent of collaboration. Henriot was afforded a state funeral in Paris, presided over by Cardinal Suhard in Notre Dame Cathedral.
Major Brown did the same from the farm where he had been hidden for several days. The third member of the team, Radio-Sergeant Schmith, was already with the Americans, at the house of Gustave Mathieu at Chaud Côté. At the times of the Maquis' attack he had gone to this place to pursue his duties of contacting London by radio in a more secure environment. While he was hidden in the house's attic, Germans, not knowing he was there, entered the farm to dump their supplies.
Unsuspectingly, the maquis passed by the farm. At the moment when they were about to reach the edge of the wood through a hollow and re-enter cover, they were mowed down in a hail of machine gun bullets at point-blank range. Some were killed on the spot, while others who were wounded were subsequently finished off with a pistol shot to the neck. One man alone, Jules Hingray, despite being hit, managed to escape the killing by hiding behind a rock and feigning death.
During World War II the surrounding countryside may have been home to as many as 60 separate cells of the French Resistance. Saint-Julien was a hiding place for Resistance fighters, and one Maquis leader had his base in the village. On 9 August 1944, 17 villagers from Saint-Julien were executed by the Germans as reprisal for Resistance activities in the area. On 10 September 1944, 17 German prisoners of war were collected by French Resistance members and executed near Saint-Julien as a revenge killing.
The Dominion gained a foothold in the Alpha Quadrant when Gul Dukat announced that the Cardassian Union was joining the Dominion in 2373. The Dominion aided the Cardassians in wiping out a Federation terrorist group known as the Maquis who opposed the Cardassians. Open hostilities began a few months later, when the Federation mined the wormhole to prevent further Dominion ships from arriving. In response, the Dominion attacked and captured Deep Space Nine while a Federation and Klingon task force destroyed a Dominion shipyard.
A new government under Marshal Philippe Pétain surrendered, and German forces occupied most of the country. A minority of the French forces escaped abroad and continued the fight under General Charles de Gaulle and Free France. On the other hand, the French Resistance conducted sabotage operations inside German-occupied France. To support the invasion of Normandy of 1944, various groups increased their sabotage and guerrilla attacks; organizations such as the Maquis derailed trains, blew up ammunition depots, and ambushed Germans, for instance at Tulle.
Vetcho Lolas, friend of Shaggy Sharufa and N'Guessan Amessan, said Bébi Philippe worked as a disc jockey in one of the biggest maquis Abidjanais. It was as a DJ that he for a long time silently contributed to a lot of artistes of the register coupé-décalé. Similarly to most Ivoirian disc-jockeys, he decide to produce in music, releasing his first song entitled "Couvre-feu" in 2002 with the dance group Lolas which he had joined in 1999. Afterwards he released a single named "la moulance".
Salvia lavandulifolia (Spanish sage) is a small woody herbaceous perennial native to Spain and southern France, growing in rocky soil in Maquis shrubland, often found growing with rosemary, Lavandula lanata, and Genista cinerea. S. lavandulifolia grows 1 ft tall and wide, with a reclining habit and narrow, lanceolate, whitish-gray evergreen leaves that are less than 2 in long. The leaves grow opposite each other on the stem and appear to grow in bunches. When the leaves are rubbed, oils give off a fragrance similar to rosemary.
A third toll bridge and expressway, the Henri Konan Bédié Bridge between Cocody and Marcory was completed in December 2014. Project construction began in the second half of 2012 and required the relocation of several homes and businesses opposite the Mille Maquis (the noted restaurant la Bâche bleue was moved). According to data reported by the African Development Bank, 2,499 persons were impacted by the bridge construction and were relocated and compensated. A fourth toll bridge is currently under construction between Yopougon and Plateau.
The bird's plumage is unstreaked, with olive-brown uppersides (including the crown and wings) and creamy white undersides. The New Caledonia grassbird typically inhabits scrubby areas in the lowlands and hills of New Caledonia, particularly maquis minier with ferns, but also secondary forest and grasslands, and has even been seen in dense rainforest. It is generally solitary or seen in pairs and is non-migratory. The New Caledonian Grassbird favours dense cover and is retiring in its habits and is a difficult bird to observe or study.
In the aftermaths of World War II, Cameroon was placed under the protection of France and Britain and obtained, like Togo, the status of associated territory of the French Union. From the 1940s and 1950s onwards, the Union of the Peoples of Cameroon (UPC), a national liberation movement led by Ruben Um Nyobe,Achille Mbembe, 1996, La naissance du maquis dans le Sud- Cameroun (1920-1960). Histoire des usages de la raison en colonie, Paris, Karthala, 438 p., () played a central role in Cameroon's progress towards independence.
A paramilitary specialist, well known to the French for his help with French-operated maquis in Tonkin against the Japanese in 1945, he was the one American guerrilla fighter who had not been a member of the Patti Mission. In August, he went to Hanoi with the assignment of developing a paramilitary organization in the north.... A second paramilitary team for the south was formed, with Army Lieutenant Edward Williams doing double duty as the only experienced counter-espionage officer, working with revolutionary political groups.
Mont Mouchet is a mountain located on the border of the French départements of Cantal, Haute-Loire and Lozère. It is famous for the historical events which took place there, notably during the Second World War where it hosted a group of French resistance fighters, the Maquis du Mont Mouchet. At the summit there is a large cairn and view-point (about 3 metres high) from which there is a splendid panoramic view over much of Central France from the Massif Central to the Alps.
Within France proper, the organized underground grew as the Vichy regime resorted to more strident policies in order to fulfill the enormous demands of the Nazis and the eventual decline of Nazi Germany became more obvious. They formed the Resistance.H. R. Kedward, In Search of the Maquis (Oxford, 1993) The most famous figure of the French resistance was Jean Moulin, sent in France by de Gaulle in order to link all resistance movements; he was captured and tortured by Klaus Barbie (the "butcher of Lyon").
These were dominated by holm oak and cork oak, with wild olive and carob in the south, but only remnants of this natural vegetation remain. Much of this terrain is now covered with dense shrubland known as maquis, with scattered low trees, bushes and herbaceous plants. Stone pine and maritime pine are dominant on sandy soils, and Aleppo pine, Kermes oak and juniper in limestone areas. At higher altitudes, the Pyrenean oak is dominant up to about above which Scots pine and juniper take over.
The Dortan massacre was a massacre in which approximately 35 French civilians were killed by Wehrmacht volunteers in the village of Dortan, Ain during World War II. It was perpetrated by Volunteer Cossack-Stamm-Regiment 5, part of the Freiwilligen-Stamm-Division, in 12–21 July 1944 during Operation Treffenfeld. It was part of a wider German anti-partisan offensive against the French Maquis de l'Ain et du Haut-Jura, which staged a massive uprising in mid-1944 along with other French resistance groups.
The weapons the German provided the Milice with were mostly British weapons captured at Dunkirk in 1940, and as the maquis received many weapons from the SOE, it was often the case that in the clashes between Milice and the Maquis, Frenchmen fought Frenchmen with British guns and ammunition. In October 1943, following a meeting between General Giraud and General de Gaulle in Algiers, orders went out for the AS and ORA to cooperate in operations against the Germans. One of the most famous Resistance actions took place on 11 November 1943 in the town of Oyonnax in the Jura Mountains, where about 300 maqusiards led by Henri Romans-Petit arrived to celebrate the 25th anniversary of France's victory over Germany in 1918, wearing improvised uniforms. There were no Germans in Oyonnax that day and the gendarmes made no effort to oppose the Resistance, who marched through the streets to lay a wreath shaped like the Cross of Lorraine at a local war memorial bearing the message "Les vainqueurs de demain à ceux de 14–18" ("From tomorrow's victors to those of 14–18").
Star Trek: Voyager ran for seven seasons, airing from January 16, 1995, to May 23, 2001, launching a new Paramount-owned television network, UPN. It features Kate Mulgrew as Captain Kathryn Janeway, the first female commanding officer in a leading role of a Star Trek series, and Commander Chakotay, played by Robert Beltran. Voyager takes place at about the same time period as Deep Space Nine and the years following that series' end (2371–2378). The premiere episode has the USS Voyager and its crew pursue a Maquis (Federation rebels) ship.
Both ships become stranded in the Delta Quadrant about 70,000 light-years from Earth. Faced with a 75-year voyage to Earth, the crew must learn to work together to overcome challenges on their long and perilous journey home while also seeking ways to shorten the voyage. Like Deep Space Nine, early seasons of Voyager feature more conflict between its crew members than seen in later episodes. Such conflict often arises from friction between "by-the-book" Starfleet crew and rebellious Maquis fugitives forced by circumstance to work together on Voyager.
The Free French SAS established a base (Saint-Marcel) and began to arm and equip members of local resistance fighters, operating with up to 3,000 Maquis fighters and 200 paratroopers. However, their base was heavily attacked by a German paratroop division on 18 June and was forced to disperse. Captain Pierre Marienne with 17 of his companions (6 paratroopers, 8 resistance fighters and 3 farmers) died a few weeks later in Kerihuel, Plumelec (12 July at dawn). The Dingson team was joined by the men who had just completed Operation Cooney.
Anacamptis pyramidalis requires a sunny spot on diverse soils: loamy or clay. It can even grow on very alkaline soil. It can be found on meadows, in grassland, sand dunes, maquis as well as dry and well exposed slopes, at an altitude of above sea level.Pakistan Journal of Botany - Studies on the morphology, anatomy and ecology of Anacamptis pyramidalis (L.) in TurkeyPlants for a Future - Anacamptis pyramidalis In the UK, Anacamptis pyramidalis is one of the most successful orchid species on roadside verges, and colonises other disturbed habitats like airfields, quarries and reservoirs.
After joining the Enterprise crew, she wants to abandon the engineering section of the vessel following a series of power failures in "Disaster". Alongside Geordi La Forge (LeVar Burton), she is affected by a Romulan experiment in "The Next Phase" and must help prevent the aliens from destroying the Enterprise. In "Rascals", she is one of the crew who are transformed into children and helps prevent a Ferengi plot. When making her final appearance in "Preemptive Strike", she is tasked by Starfleet to infiltrate the Maquis, eventually defecting and joining them permanently.
Kim was born in 2349. After graduating from Starfleet Academy in 2370, his first assignment was as the Operations Officer aboard USS Voyager as seen in "Caretaker". Kim immediately became friends with Tom Paris (Robert Duncan McNeill) after he was assigned to the vessel for the mission which saw Voyager sent to track down a Maquis vessel in the Badlands. During this mission, the ship is sent some 70,000 light years into the Delta Quadrant, where Kim and B'Elanna Torres (Roxann Dawson) are abducted to an Ocampan medical facility.
From 1941 to 1942 Adrien Pommier was known by the alias Arthur chief of the secret army 7th sub-district to then later become Captain Hoche in command of the 4th company F.F.I. (4th corps franc of Auvergne region) of the region Maquis du Mont Mouchet headed by Colonel Emile Coulaudon alias Gaspard. From 1942 to 1944 the 4th company, headed by its young commandant, participated in many guerrilla and sabotage attacks on the German occupants and French authorities collaborating with the enemy stealing gas, guns, ammunition, food, etc.
The iris can also be found in the nature reserves of Nahal Misgav, Nahal Qedesh, Nahal Dishon and Nahal Bet Ha'emek in Upper Galilee, Nazareth, Har Yona and Giv'at Ha-more in Lower Galilee and in Hula Valley within Ein Avazim. It is also found in Jalaboun (Important Plant Area), which has a typical Mediterranean climate and consists of open 'maquis' (chaparral), with olive groves and fields of wheat and pasture. Also a public education campaign. including school teaching programmes, pamphlets and posters, stopped the public picking the wild plants.
Jean Garcin and some of his maquis resistance fighters in 1944 Supply delivery was the primary undertaking of the Special Duties squadrons. To support the burgeoning resistance forces a great deal of material was needed, and the needs increased as numbers in the resistance increased. In May 1941 an Air Ministry staff officer estimated that to supply 45,000 resistance fighters in the field would require 2,000 sorties a year. Supplies delivered included arms, ammunition, plastic explosives, radio sets, bicycles for transportation, bicycle tires, food, clothing and medical supplies.
At the 1350 m high Tossal dels Tres Reis (Peak of the Three Kings), where the borders of the ancient Kingdoms of Valencia, Catalonia and Aragon meet, there is a cairn marking the meeting point of the ancient three kingdoms of the Crown of Aragon. It is mostly a limestone massif, with many steep cliffs, jagged peaks, deep valleys, shafts and caves. The area is mostly uninhabited except for small villages. These mountains were one of the last redoubts of the Spanish Maquis in the 1940s and 50s.
Vercors soon became a symbol of national importance, and on 4 August 1945 the Croix de la Libération was given to the commune of Vassieux. Raymond Anne is entombed at the Mémorial de la France combattante at Mont-Valérien, where he represents the FFI. He is buried in the 3rd crypt on the left. At the Nécropole de la Résistance in Vassieux-en-Vercors there is a room of memories which has a plaque recording that Raymond Anne rests in the crypt at Mont-Valérien as representative of all the maquis of France.
As "prefect of the maquis", he regulated agricultural sales as well as boltage rates for bread manufacturing in order to counter the black market and fraud. At the same time he received the first parachute drops of armaments from the British Special Operations Executive. During January 1944, he brought together 120 volunteers at the château de Ribérie for military training. Shortly afterward, the German General Walter Brehmer attacked Guingouin's territory; Guingouin refused battle and dispersed his units. In May 1944, Haute-Vienne had about 8,000 armed men, the most of any department in France.
This is characterised by maquis shrubland which includes the evergreen oak and the Greek strawberry tree, as well as the kermes oak, the strawberry tree, green olive, the bay laurel, the cedar, the Spanish broom and others. Intensive land use has reduced these forests to remnants. Of the deciduous species most common are the ash, the elm, the Montpellier maple, the Judas tree, the terebinth, the smoke tree and others. Greece was connected to western Turkey during the Pliocene era, and the two countries include many identical plants among their flora.
Born in 1930 in El Bayadh, he joined the maquis in early 1957 and occupied important functions in the ranks of the armed revolution. He was among the founders of the Algerian secret services, led the section of espionage based in Tripoli, and was a member of the general secretariat of the National Council of the Algerian Revolution from 1959 to 1962. After independence, he served as ambassador in several European and Arab capitals (Bern, the Vatican, Cairo, Kuwait City, Rabat). In 1971, he was appointed as Secretary-General of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
When she was seventeen years old, her family (her parents were teachers) aided the French Resistance and helped lodge men of the Maquis (French Resistance), and she became a liaison officer in the Resistance. She met François Mitterrand there, and married him three months after the Liberation, on 28 October 1944. She created the France-Libertés Foundation in 1986, when she was First Lady, with the fusion of three smaller associations which had been established in 1981. In 1996 Mitterrand was one of the winners of the North–South Prize.
391–392 Ion Claudian, meanwhile, escaped into the anti-communist maquis, joining up with Nicolae Dabija, before fleeing to the West in 1950. Between his release in 1954 and 1960, Claudian worked as a researcher at the Romanian Academy's Iași chapter, leading a withdrawn life at his house on Copou Hill, or at his friend Mircea Spiridoneanu's home, and often rejoining Zoe in Bucharest.Nastasă (2010), pp. 290, 471 From 1957, the Securitate police opened a file on him, worried about his nighttime contacts with PSDI militants, some of whom were its own informers.
They fortunately did not have an opportunity to reorganize the defence of the city using the numerous and formidable fortifications erected for this purpose. On the night of 31 August to 1 September the city was liberated and a Liberation Committee with a new prefect was installed. This attack, however, resulted in 51 casualties among the different units involved: Maquis de Bir Hacheim, Groupe Soleil, SSS (Special Section for Sabotage), etc. A museum in the commune is devoted to the Resistance and the deportations of Jewish and political prisoners.
Fifty years later, after much self-examination, Tuvok rejoined Starfleet as a training instructor at Starfleet Academy. His return to Starfleet was marked by a maturity and a reconsideration of the benefits service provided. After a few years teaching cadets, Tuvok was briefly assigned to the USS Billings with Janeway, until both Janeway and Tuvok were assigned to the USS Wyoming and then the Intrepid- class starship USS Voyager, as Captain (Janeway) and Security and Tactical Officer (Tuvok). In 2371, Tuvok was assigned to infiltrate the Maquis organization aboard Chakotay's vessel.
She > could see for three miles from the window where she worked, which was one > safeguard; a more effective one was that there was no running water in the > village, so the Germans who knew there was an English wireless operator > somewhere close by never thought of looking for her there.Foot, p. 285. Cormeau sent over 400 messages to London, second only to Auguste Floiras of the Jockey network who operated for a longer period of time. She made arrangements for arms and supplies to be dropped for the local Maquis.
Torre Cesarea. Porto Cesareo (; Salentino: ) is a town and comune in the Italian province of Lecce in the Apulia region of south-east Italy. The area around the sea of Porto Cesareo is a beautiful example of "Maquis Shrubland". Beyond the importance of nature, the sea of Porto Cesareo is of fundamental traction for tourism thanks to the presence of a sandy bottom that remains low for tens of meters and more transparent waters recalling Caribbean atmospheres, as well as due to the large and very long beaches.
During the conflict he would reach the rank of provisional alférez. At the end of dispute, he joined the opposition Technical Trade Union Ministry, where he held the seat of Secretary of the National Metalworkers' Trade Union, a part of the national trade union center. He was part of the Military Legal Corps, which he entered through opposition. As such, in 1941 he acted as prosecutor in the trial against a group of anarchist members of the Maquis, whom Solís accused of sabotage and of wanting to restore the Republic.
He was involved in preparing areas for parachute drops around Lyon. In 1942 Romans-Petit organised the maquis de l'Ain et du Haut-Jura, and on 11 November 1943 he marched in the town of Oyonnax at the head of his maquisards. This fact was said to have decided the English and French forces in London to send arms drops to the French maquisards who were in desperate need of them. An agent of the United Kingdom's clandestine Special Operations Executive, Richard Heslop, arranged the air drops of arms and equipment.
The Causse du Larzac is a limestone karst plateau, a habitat typical of those favoured by many species of Asilidae Asilidae generally occur in habitats that are open, sunny, and dry, even arid. They favour open or scattered vegetation, and some species even frequent bare ground. Typical habitats include savannah, forest steppe, open steppe, semi-desert, maquis shrubland, and related shrubland types such as fynbos and chaparral. Their biodiversity is lower in forested ecosystems and, where Asilidae do occur in such environments, they tend to concentrate in the glades and margins.
Okuda & Okuda, The Star Trek Encyclopedia, p. 168 This roll-bar, described as containing sensor equipment, was added to the model to help viewers distinguish between Ganges and the runabout USS Yangtzee Kiang during a chase sequence. Eight subsequent episodes of DS9 show Danube-class ships with roll- bars, including second season episode "The Maquis, Part II", where two runabouts with roll-bars are depicted flying alongside a third, without the roll-bar. A prototype for an updated runabout design, the Yellowstone class, appears in an alternate timeline depicted in the Voyager episode "Non Sequitur".
Arnouil was able to put him in contact with others who would form the staff of his circuit: former policeman Louis Delsanti, wireless operator Louis Bertheau, and mill owners Paul and Georgette Lachaud. Writer André Malraux also offered help, and suggested Raymond Maréchal, who had fought with Malraux during the Spanish Civil War. Maréchal would personally lead Peulevé's own guerrilla force. In January 1944 Peulevé began receiving supply drops from RAF aircraft, enabling him to arm numerous maquis of the Armée Secrète and communists across the Corrèze and Dordogne.
Cameroon faced a long civil war when the outlawed nationalist Union des Populations du Cameroun political party in the 1950s and '60s waged its maquis against French and Cameroonian forces. As a result, overt nationalist sentiment was shunned and figures such as Manga Bell were largely forgotten or only briefly treated in history books. However, signs show that Cameroon is coming to grips with its nationalistic past;Bayart 43. for example, in March 1985 the École Militaire Inter-Armes, part of the military of Cameroon named a graduating class of cadet officers after Manga Bell.
A goat in the maquis The town derives its resources from agro-pastoral farming of which livestock breeding is the main activity. An experimental breeding station managed by the Office of Agriculture and Rural Development of Corsica (ODARC) has been implemented near the Genovese bridge on the RN200 highway at a place called Ponte. This was an initiative of the Society of Economics for mixed development of Corsica (SOMIVAC). To carry out its tasks, the resort has a herd of 220 adult ewes, 50 lambs for stock renewal and six rams.
Footpaths on Punta Manara Punta Manara is the end of a promontory in the Gulf of Tigullio between the Ligurian towns of Sestri Levante and Riva Trigoso in the Province of Genoa, Italy. It has been subject to environmental protection since 1977. Path leading to Punta Manara Punta Manara is a popular destination for tourists from Italy and from all over the world. Located at the southeast of the Gulf of Tigullio, it offers glimpses of the coast and many plant and animal species that inhabit the maquis shrubland.
Holly is a rugged pioneer species that prefers relatively moist areas, and tolerates frost as well as summer drought. The plant is common in the garrigue and maquis and is also found in deciduous forest and oak forest. Pure stands of hollies can grow into a labyrinth of vaults in which thrushes and deer take refuge, while smaller birds are protected among their spiny leaves. After the first frost of the season, holly fruits become soft and fall to the ground serving as important food for winter birds at a time of scarce resources.
It introduced the Federation faction of the Maquis and expanded the core play of the game. The cards were sold in 11-card expansion packs. 3\. Call to Arms (release: September 10, 2003) Call to Arms was a double-sized set at 208 cards. It introduced the affiliations of the Borg, Dominion, and the Ferengi (although the Ferengi consisted only of two cards that played with the Terok Nor faction of both the Cardassians and the Dominion; the full Ferengi affiliation would be released two years later in Strange New Worlds).
Two years later, he also established a second prison 'M-99' in the nearby Aoral District. Assisted by his two deputies, Mam Nai (Comrade Chan) and Tang Sin Hean (Comrade Pon), Duch began perfecting his interrogation techniques and the purging of perceived enemies from the Khmer Rouge ranks. Prisoners at these camps, mostly from the ranks of the Khmer Rouge, were routinely starved and tortured to extract real and made-up confessions. While in the maquis (secret forest), Duch married Chhim Sophal, aka Rom, a dressmaker from a nearby village.
The 8th Mountain Division () was formed on 27 February 1945 by the redesignation of the 157th Mountain Division, which itself had been formed from the 157th Infantry Division in September 1944, and which had participated in operations against the maquis of Vercors. The division was stationed in France until the Italian surrender when it then moved to Italy taking 5,772 prisoners in two days during the disarmament of the Italian Army. The division remained in Italy for the rest of the war and surrendered to the Americans in April, 1945.
Breton resistors near Saint-Nazaire with the flag of Brittany, probably photographed after the Liberation Several Breton nationalists were assassinated by the Resistance in 1943. The best known was Abbé Perrot, killed on 12 December 1943 by Jean Thépaut, a member of the Communist Resistance. Earlier, on the 3 September, Yann Bricler had been shot in his office by three FTP members, and similarly Yves Kerhoas was killed by the Resistance when leaving a fete in the village of Plouvenez. When American troops arrived in 1944, communist maquis members began their repressive actions.
On 25 September 1944 at midday, the US Army 143rd Infantry Regiment, whose units were finding themselves in difficulty from the direction of Ménafaing, requested help trying to contain a German counter-attack. As a result of a misunderstanding, an officer from the 143rd who was in Éloyes asked an NCO of the maquis for FFI reinforcements. They were to plug a hole in the Fossard system with all available forces, judged to be about 20 men. A group of poorly trained and lightly armed resistance fighters was formed immediately.
Early 1932, Jackson departed for Cannes to open her own cabaret, Sous le Maquis, hoping to have Josephine Baker as her headliner. The establishment was briefly successful, but she eventually decided to return to Paris. On May 5, she began a five- month residency at the Le Bosphore club, performing for her friends, Pizella, Maurice Chevalier and Prince Yusupov. Ten days later, she also opened at Chez Zelli's for a six-month residency. On July 4, she added La Sheherazade cabaret to her nightly circuit, singing and dancing eccentrically for five months.
On the other hand, Suzanne Buisson, cofounder of the Comité d'action socialiste (CAS) was the treasurer until her arrest. Only one woman, Marie-Madeleine Fourcade, was a head of a network (by leading the British to believe that the true head of the Alliance network was actually a man). No woman ever led a movement, or a maquis (guerilla group) or a Liberation Committee, none was installed as a Commissioner within the Provisional Government of the Republic of France or a Minister of the Liberation. Only a limited minority took part in the armed battles.
He was accompanied by Jean Rosenthal, the son of a prominent Paris jeweler. The task the two were given was to assess the strength of the maquis (rural resistance forces) in five departments along the border of France with Switzerland. The pair spent three weeks in France, before returning to London in October with their favorable report. They returned to France two days later, 18/19 October traveling this time with a wireless operator, American Owen Denis Johnson, and a courier (also with American roots), Elizabeth Devereux-Rochester.
Heslop, code named Xavier, headed a network, called Marksmen. He worked primarily in three French Departments: Ain, Haute-Savoie, and Jura. Heslop identified three enemies in his region: the German army, the Groupe mobile de réserve (GMR), a semi- trained paramilitary of the Vichy government, and the Milice, a vicious, pro- German militia. Three different groups (often fragmented between and among themselves) made up the armed French resistance: the maquis, rural fighters; the Secret Army, a pro-de Gaulle paramilitary; and the communists, fiercely in opposition to Charles de Gaulle.
Weapons and a maquis-wireless transmitter were hidden here. Vion was in frequent contact with resistance activists Leonard Gille, Rene Duchez and Henri Leveille. One of her informants was Georges Gondrée, the café owner near the bridge over the Caen Canal, who secretly collected information on German defences there for the benefit of D Company 2nd Ox and Bucks under Major John Howard who would storm the bridge successfully in the night before D-Day. Via Madame Vion this important information from Gondree was sent through to England.
After an attack by the Maquis orchestrated by Ro Laren, the saucer section is damaged and in need of repairs. While at the dry dock facilities, Captain Picard receives new orders from Admiral Nechayev to test a new saucer section. This new saucer section has been designed to be able to land on a planetary body and lift off from the surface, overcoming a reluctance by captains to carry out a saucer sep. The stardrive section of the Enterprise-D is attached to this new saucer, which is then taken out for field testing.
Fatma Besnaci (1954 – present), known as Fatima Besnaci-Lancou, her pen name, is a French writer known for her work on Memories of harkis in France. Harkis were Algerian auxiliaries who fought for France during Algerian War (from 1954 to 1962).It was a conflict between France and the Algerian independence movement, which led to Algeria's gaining its independence from France. An important decolonization war, it was a complex conflict characterized by guerrilla warfare, maquis fighting, terrorism against civilians, the use of torture on both sides, and counter-terrorism operations by the French Army.
The Corsican brook salamander is endemic to the island of Corsica. It is not present in the eastern lowland areas or near much of the coast, but can be found at altitudes up to and is most common in the range . It is mainly aquatic, living in lakes, ponds, and the slower-moving parts of streams, often hiding under stones. When on land, it does not stray far from water and inhabits maquis and woods, where it can be found in the undergrowth or under fallen logs and rocks.
International Orchestra Safari Sound was briefly popular, but the Orchestra Safari Sound was revitalized by Nguza Viking (formerly of maquis), who became bandleader in 1991; this new group lasted only a year. The most recent permutation of Tanzanian dance music is mchiriku. Bands like Gari Kubwa, Tokyo Ngma and Atomic Advantage are among the pioneers of this style, which uses four drums and a keyboard for a sparse sound. Loudness is very important to the style, which is usually blared from out-dated speakers; the resulting feedback is part of the music.
Overall, the nightlife in Abidjan is considered to be one of the liveliest in the whole of Africa. The district has an abundance of night-clubs, maquis, out-door areas, and go-go bars. These entertainment platforms provide a musical 'pipeline' encompassing mainly DJs, Coupé Décalé and Zouglou, and, in lesser amounts, other local and international varieties. Formerly containing only local traditional varieties, Congolese music and Western music, Abidjan's night life has experienced a positive cultural disruption in its music since the start of the 2000s, with the arrival of Coupé Décalé.
Lamartine is quickly arrested and charged with his murder. Nap Rumbold, a junior solicitor in his father's London firm, is asked by Lamartine to represent her. Nap, who speaks excellent French, had himself spent four months on dangerous missions with the French maquis in occupied France and is now a retired Lieutenant-Colonel, D.S.O. He is a friend of Major McCann, who had led tanks through France after the D-Day invasion, and asks McCann for help. McMann in turn interviews his friend Inspector Hazlerigg at Scotland Yard.
From 1 to 7 April 1944, the Brehmer division arrested 3000 people; in the village of Lonzac, 17 inhabitants were slaughtered and 24 houses burned; in Brive, 300 people were arrested and deported to work camps in Germany. In total, the operations against the Resistance by the Brehmer Division were responsible for 1500 arrests, 55 shootings, 128 crimes or offenses in 92 localities and 200 Jews assassinated, but no direct confrontation with the Maquis. The Brehmer division left Corrèze in May, after having equally devastated Dordogne and Haute-Vienne.
Historians and other researchers on the beast of Gévaudan have often been taken by the parallel between the story of the beast and that of the French resistance. The fact that 3,000 Nazi soldiers in the search for dissidents were not able to find 2,700 maquis fighters surrounding the Mont Mouchet forest where two centuries earlier, three men had tracked down the beast, tends to support the conspiracy theory that Chastel himself was involved in the massacres, attributed to the beast, which took place in Gévaudan at this time.
Greek sage grows high and wide, with the flower stalks rising or more above the foliage. The entire plant is covered with hairs, with numerous leaves of various sizes growing in clusters, giving it a silvery and bushy appearance. The flowers are pinkish-lavender, about long, growing in whorls along the inflorescence, and held in a small oxblood-red five-pointed hairy calyx. In its native environment it grows as part of the Maquis shrubland and several other open plant communities, but populations composed entirely of Salvia fruticosa are not uncommon.
Janeway Lambda one is a holonovel, or advanced virtual reality adventure, featured in the science fiction television series Star Trek: Voyager. Set in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures of the Starfleet and Maquis crew of the starship USS Voyager after they are stranded in the Delta Quadrant, far from the rest of the Federation. In the holonovel, Kathryn Janeway (Kate Mulgrew), finds a temporary escape from her responsibilities as Voyagers captain by playing a governess in a Gothic novel set in Victorian England. The holonovel was a recurring subplot in the show's first two seasons.
By the time of the Normandy landings, Wiseman had reached the rank of captain commanding 1 Troop, A Squadron, 1 SAS. Wiseman was one of three troop commanders in A Squadron, which as the direct descendant of L Detachment, considered itself the crème de la crème in the inter-rivalry of the SAS, which by now numbered 4 Regiments of various nationalities and levels of experience. In June 1944 Wiseman took part in Operation Houndsworth, conducting operations behind the German lines in France, near Dijon, disrupting the German's reinforcement of their forces in Normandy, assisted by the French Maquis.
The wars of the 20th century leave some memories at Meyrueis: a memorial by sculptor Auguste Verdier (Millau) built jointly with Gatuzières (1920), located Place Jean- Séquier named after a resistant who died in deportation ; plaque on the house of Claude Nogues, a member of the Maquis Bir Hakeim who fell under German bullets. To be mentioned also, the heroism of Pastor Robert Frank who hid many proscribed with the help of parishioners. Today, tourism is the main resource of the city. Meyrueis is the first station in the Lozère department in terms of hosting capacity.
Much of the flora south of Caunes is dominated by vineyards. However, there are also numerous limestone ridges that cannot be economically cultivated. These areas are often wooded with pines, kermes (or holly) oak and have an understory of typical ”garrigue” plants: lavender, sage, rosemary, thyme, cistus, and Artemisia etc. The mountains immediately to the north of Caunes hold a wider variety of “maquis” flora, often in addition to the garrigue species: large semi-natural woodland areas comprising holm and pubescent oak, umbrella pine, juniper (Common Juniper, ‘Juniperus phoenicea’ and ‘Juniperus oxycedrus' – locally called ‘cade’ are each abundant), olive and almond.
During the German occupation of World War II, he joined the French Resistance in the Maquis, and in 1942, he fled to Charles de Gaulle's headquarters in Algiers, where he was made head of the Provisional Government of the Republic's legislative department. At the end of the war, he served as French counsel for the prosecution at the Nuremberg Trials. In 1946, he was elected to the French Parliament as a Radical. While the popularity of his party declined to less than 10% of the total vote, none of the other parties was able to gain a clear majority.
Matorral originally referred just to the Matorral shrublands and woodlands ecoregion of the global Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub Biome in the Mediterranean climate regions of Spain and other Mediterranean basin countries. These scrub shrublands and woodlands are a plant community and a distinct habitat. Other common general names for this Mediterranean region shrubland habitat ecosystem are: in France as Maquis and Garrigue; in Italy as Macchia Mediterranea; in Greece as Phrygana; in Portugal as Mato; and in Israel as Batha. Now the term is used more broadly to include similar bio-assemblages where ever they occur.
A week prior to filming, there was no story created for the episode other than the idea it would follow on from the Deep Space Nine episode "The Maquis", and no agreement had been reached with Forbes to appear. Her agent indicated that Forbes wanted to talk directly to the producers, so she made the phone call, making up a story for the episode as the conversation went on. Forbes agreed, making her final appearance in the franchise. The character was promoted to Lieutenant, and Forbes wore updated Bajoran makeup developed by Westmore for Deep Space Nine.
Since all government ministers had successfully evaded capture by the Germans, the secretaries-general staying behind had no alternative but to carry on as best as possible under the new German rulers. The open terrain and dense population, the densest in Europe, made it difficult to conceal illegal activities; unlike, for example, the Maquis in France, who had ample hiding places. Furthermore, the country was surrounded by German-controlled territory on all sides, offering few escape routes. The entire coast was forbidden territory for all Dutch people, which makes the phenomenon of Engelandvaarder an even more remarkable act of resistance.
This period corresponds to the settlement of the Carians in the area, who apparently moved in from southern Anatolia. There is a semi-legendary tradition that they subdued another Pre-Hellenic people, the Leleges, but the evidence is not precise enough to say if the indigenes were all or partly Leleges. As the Carians worshipped Endymion, he may have been brought in at this time. Subsection 3 reveals an abandonment of the cleared areas, the decline of Olea, and the spread of Pistacia, Pinus brutia and Quercus coccifera (instead of deciduous oak) on formerly cleared land and in the maquis.
On 2September, the 36thInfantry Division arrived at Lyon to find the Maquis fighting the Milice with much of the factory areas on fire. The next day, Lyon was liberated and 2,000 Germans were captured, but the rest had already continued their retreat north. Lyon celebrated for two days with the Americans. The Allies made a last-ditch attempt to cut off the Germans with an offensive towards Bourg-en- Bresse by the 45thDivision and the 117thCavalry Squadron from the original Taskforce Butler. However, the 45thDivision was not able to overcome the German defenses near the town.
Homer identifies six plants that adorn the garden of Alcinous: wild olive, pear, pomegranate, apple, fig and grape vine. Of these the apple and the pear are very inferior in Corfu; the others thrive, together with all the fruit trees known in southern Europe, with addition of the kumquat, loquat and prickly pear and, in some spots, the banana. Olive trees dominate and their combination with cypress trees compose the typical Corfiot landscape. When undisturbed by cultivation, the high maquis is the major natural vegetation type followed by deciduous oak forests and to a lesser extent, pine forests.
Solano spent several months living in Paris and Chartres, and along with other poumistas attempted to reconstitute the Party, with an exile wing and one active inside Spain, and also maintain links with other organizations. In 1941, after Nazi Germany conquered and occupied France, Solano was detained in Montauban and condemned to twenty years of forced labor by a Vichy regime tribunal. He was freed on July 19, 1944 by the Maquis. He joined the French Resistance and, along with POUM and Confederación Nacional del Trabajo and militants founded a Spanish guerrilla unit, the Liberty Battalion.
In April 1982, a confrontation occurred between his group and the police in which his brother Mokhtar was shot; this incident convinced him that violence was called for. In July 1982, Bouyali took to the maquis, with significant support in local towns, particularly Larbaa. The "Group for Defense against the Illicit" announced its transformation into the Algerian Islamic Armed Movement (MAIA). According to the government, it planned a variety of attacks, including the assassination of the Prime Minister, which were forestalled by the arrest of 23 of its members in mid-December. Further arrests were made in January 1983.
In 1945 the extraction of the rich layers of potassium salts (sylvite and carnallite) started, and today this remains a major employer, but many other small and medium enterprises have also been created. There is also one of the major European production plants from Gates Corporation, an American manufacturer of power transmission belts and fluid power, employing about 240 people. On 7 August 1963 the guerrilla leader Ramon Vila Capdevila - the last of the Spanish Maquis to hold out since the end of the Spanish Civil War - was killed by Guardia Civil officers near a castle in Balsareny.
Where there is no forest, tall shrub communities of golden oak (Quercus alnifolia), strawberry tree (Arbutus andrachne), terebinth (Pistacia terebinthus), olive (Olea europaea), kermes oak (Quercus coccifera) and styrax (Styrax officinalis) are found, but such maquis is uncommon. Over most of the island untilled ground bears a grazed covering of garrigue, largely composed of low bushes of Cistus, Genista sphacelata, Calycotoime villosa, Lithospermum hispidulum, Phaganalon rupestre and, locally, Pistacia lentiscus. Where grazing is excessive this covering is soon reduced, and an impoverished batha remains, consisting principally of Thymus capitatus, Sarcopoterium spinosum, and a few stunted herbs.
Doñana National Park, just east of Portugal, is located between two provinces of Andalucia, Seville and Huelva. It is notable for the great diversity of its biotopes, especially lagoons, marshlands, fixed and mobile dunes, scrub woodland and maquis. As one of the continent's biggest natural reserves, Doñana is also host of a large variety of bird species. Because of its location and close proximity between Africa and Europe, more than half a million birds winter in the park each year, and perhaps half of Europe’s bird species can be spotted here at one time or another.
All over France resistance groups had been coordinated, and various groups throughout the country increased their sabotage. Communications were cut, trains derailed, roads, water towers and ammunition depots destroyed and German garrisons were attacked. Some relayed info about German defensive positions on the beaches of Normandy to American and British commanders by radio, just prior to 6 June. Victory did not come easily; in June and July, in the Vercors plateau a newly reinforced maquis group fought more than 10,000 German soldiers (no Waffen-SS) under General Karl Pflaum and was defeated, with 840 casualties (639 fighters and 201 civilians).
Sharp contrast in the edges of the letters are also featured throughout his artwork. Witten's influence on New York City's self-image is exemplified in Suzanne Vega's 2007 song "Zephyr and I," which uses a conversation between Vega and Witten as a framing device to create what Vega describes as "sort of a little snapshot of what West End Avenue used to be like in the 70s."Interview, 07/11/2007. Online link Zephyr was one of the artists represented at the L'Aérosol Graffiti Museum in Paris from 2017 to 2018 for the exhibition Maquis-art Hall of Fame.
In April 1941 he took the maquis, which astonished Gabriel Roucaute, one of the party leadership's representatives in the zone libre. During the night of 30 September to 1 October, Guingouin organised the first armed requisitioning of ration cards, which would earn him a forced labour sentence in absentia at the hands of a military court in January 1942. He named his first armed groups "Francs Tireurs", at a time when the Francs-Tireurs et Partisans had not yet been created. In March 1942, when the communists joined the armed struggle in earnest, Roucaute ordered him to stop his operations.
About 450 species of bird have been recorded in Greece. The Dadia Forest in the northeast is an important area for birds of prey, where four species of vulture are among the thirty-six diurnal species of raptor that have been recorded. Birds commonly found in the maquis shrubland include the subalpine and Rüppell's warblers, the cirl, rock and black-headed buntings, and the rock, red-legged and chukar partridges. Wetland birds are well catered for by a number of Ramsar sites such as Lake Kerkini, the Nestos Delta, and the Evros Delta and their freshwater marshes, lakes, brackish lagoons, saltmarshes and mudflats.
The documentary film, titled Djazzaïrouna (Our Algeria), aimed at portraying the goals pursued by the Algerian nationalist guerrilla movement, the Maquis. In 1961, Lakhdar-Hamina collaborated with Chanderli in the movie Yasmina, which tells the story of a refugee girl who must flee her village following its destruction. Lakhdar-Hamina collaborated again with Chanderli in the 1962 The people's voice and 1961 The guns of freedom. Upon Algerian independence in 1962, he returned to his homeland where, together with his colleagues from Tunisian exile, he founded the Office des actualités algériennes, of which he was director from 1963 until its dissolution in 1974.
The natural history of the island of Rhodes is determined by its geographic position, climate and geological diversity. Rhodes is in the Eastern Mediterranean Basin close to the coast of Turkey, and the flora and fauna are a mixture of Mediterranean and Asian elements. Rhodes is in the Eastern Mediterranean conifer-sclerophyllous-broadleaf forests Ecoregion. The habitats are: arable land; perennial crops, orchards and groves, ruderal land; coastline and coastal rocky areas, inland cliffs, sea cliffs and rocky shores: forest, native coniferous woodland; grassland steppes and dry calcareous grassland; shrub land, sclerophyllous scrub, garrigue and maquis shrubland; wetland, rivers and streams.
We were all in a deplorable state. The air was > unbreathable and the babies choked many nights for lack of oxygen... To be > imprisoned, according to the rebels, was to lose all individuality. The most > elementary human rights were unknown and people were killed as easily as > rabbits... Because of this mass terror in many areas controlled by the Nationalists, thousands of Republicans left their homes and tried to hide in nearby forests or mountains. Many of these huidos later joined the Spanish maquis, the anti- Francoist guerrilla force that continued to fight against the Francoist State in the post-war era.
The last concentration camp, at Miranda de Ebro, was closed in 1947. By the early 1950s the parties and trade unions made illegal by the Francoist State had been decimated by the Francoist police, and the Spanish maquis had ceased to exist as an organized resistance. Nevertheless, new forms of opposition started like the unrest in the universities and strikes in Barcelona, Madrid and Vizcaya. The 1960s saw the start of the labour strikes led by the illegal union trade Workers' Commissions (Comisiones Obreras), linked to the Communist Party and the protest in the universities continued to grow.
In January 1944, a state of siege was declared in Haute-Savoie. Anyone found carrying arms or assisting the Maquis was subject to immediate court martial and execution. Hunted by the Vichy police and badly supplied, most of the maquisards gathered on the Glières Plateau to set up their base of operations. Soon after, 100 French communist resistants and about 50 Spanish lumberjacks joined forces with them in taking refuge and getting weapons. From 13 February, the 450 maquisards, under the command of officers from the 27e bataillon de chasseurs alpins, were besieged by 2,000 French militia and police.
Through a mutual friend, Peulevé met Violette Szabo, a young widow from south London. They formed a close relationship through the summer, but Peulevé was expected to return to France on a second mission to organise a new circuit, AUTHOR, supplying and training maquis guerrillas in the rural Corrèze region of west central France. Through her contact with Peulevé, Szabó would also become an SOE agent, being sent to Rouen in April 1944 to assess the state of the SALESMAN circuit. Peulevé left for France on the night of 17/18 September with three other agents: Yolande Beekman, Harry Despaigne and Henri Derringer.
' Kwongan has replaced other terms applied by European botanists such as sand-heide (Diels 1906) or sand heath (Gardner 1942), giving priority to the language of people who have lived continuously in the southwest for more than 50,000 years. Recent archeological evidence shows occupation of the Kwongan for at least 25,500 years. Thus, kwongan has come again into common usage for the Southwest Australian Floristic Region's shrubland vegetation and associated countryside, equivalent to South Africa's fynbos, California's chaparral, France's maquis and Chile's matorral as seen in these other regions of the world experiencing a Mediterranean climate.
At the onset of World War II, Rolfe worked at the British Embassy in Rio de Janeiro before going to London, England in 1943 to join the Women's Auxiliary Air Force. Because of her fluency in the French language, she was recruited into the Special Operations Executive (SOE), where she was trained as a wireless operator. On 5 April 1944, she was dropped near the city of Orléans in occupied France, where she was deployed to work with the "Historian" network run by George Wilkinson. Her job was to transmit Maquis and other important radio messages to London.
At the beginning of the war, Kühne was interned by the Vichy regime and sent to a foreign workers' camp in Chanac in the Lozère département, where he formed a resistance group with former members of the International Brigades which was first attached to the Combat network in spring 1942. He was in contact with the leadership of the KPD and with the Lyon-based Free Germany Committee. In spring 1942, Kühne was one of the founders of the Maquis de Bonnecombe. At the time he used the false name "Monsieur Schumann" and attempted to develop contacts with the Parti communiste français.
The Kerry lily has a scattered, mainly maritime, distribution in Western Europe and North Africa. The only place in the British Isles where it is found is in County Kerry in southwestern Ireland, where it is restricted to a area around Derrynane. It occurs in western France, the Pyrenees, the Atlantic coastal strip of northern and western Spain and Portugal, the Mediterranean coastal strip of Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia, and isolated sites in western Italy, Sicily, Corsica and Sardinia. In different parts of its range it inhabits grassland and heathland habitats, maquis, shrubland and cork-oak woodland.
Frakes appeared in dual roles in "Second Chances", a TNG episode in which it was established that Riker had a "twin" created years earlier by a transporter malfunction. Frakes appeared as the twin, Thomas Riker, in the Star Trek: Deep Space Nine episode "Defiant", in which he impersonates the other Riker to commandeer the starship Defiant as a member of the Maquis. The following year he guest-starred as Commander Riker along with Q in the Star Trek: Voyager episode "Death Wish". Frakes reprised his role of Commander Riker in the 2005 Enterprise series finale, "These Are the Voyages...".
Barbary has no wish to adjust to the respectable life of her father and stepmother. She discovers the bombed but flowering wasteland of the City of London in the shadow of St Paul's Cathedral. Here she and Raoul find an echo of the wilderness of the Maquis and make friends with the spivs and deserters living on the fringes of society. Barbary and Raoul adopt an empty flat in Somerset Chambers and a bombed-out Anglican church, St Giles's, where Barbary paints a mural of the Last Judgment and confronts the fear and emptiness within herself.
The Chateau Monchandy just upstream on the Clain, and visible from the village is unique architecturally as are many of the houses found within the commune. It is a rural agricultural community, but as it is on one of the main St Jacques de Compostelle routes, a steady flow of cyclists and hikers pass through the village. Alfred Bouchard, (Maquis Renard D3), tortured and killed for his involvement with the Marquis by the Nazis, lived here. The whole area was a hot bed of resistance during World War II. One of the main roads in the village has been subsequently named after him.
Jean-Pierre Martin, Alain Le Ray, le devoir de fidélité : un officier alpin au service de la France (1939-1945), Presses universitaires de Grenoble, 2000, Le Ray returned to France, where he held a position in Vichy Army and was posted at the Uriage Leader's School, under Pierre Dunoyer de Segonzac, a pro-Pétain but anti-German officer. Along with Dunoyer de Segonzac, Le Ray chose Resistance in January 1943. He assumed military command of the maquis du Vercors in February 1943. Le Ray left the Vercors in January 1944 and become the Forces Françaises de l'Intérieur local commanding officer.
These missions included bombing coastal defenses, railway bridges, gun emplacements, and field batteries in the battle area prior to and during D-Day in June 1944. It attacked enemy positions to support the breakthrough at Saint-Lô in July 1944and aided the campaign in France in August by striking roads and road junctions and by dropping supplies to the Maquis. In the early months of 1945, the group struck lines of communications supplying German armies on the western front. After V-E Day, the 96th flew food to the Netherlands and transported redeploying personnel to French Morocco, Northern Ireland, France, and Germany.
The saffron crocus, unknown in the wild, probably descends from Crocus cartwrightianus. It is a triploid that is "self-incompatible" and male sterile; it undergoes aberrant meiosis and is hence incapable of independent sexual reproduction—all propagation is by vegetative multiplication via manual "divide-and-set" of a starter clone or by interspecific hybridisation. Crocus sativus thrives in the Mediterranean maquis, an ecotype superficially resembling the North American chaparral, and similar climates where hot and dry summer breezes sweep semi-arid lands. It can nonetheless survive cold winters, tolerating frosts as low as and short periods of snow cover.
The maquis vegetation includes Pistacia lentiscus; Laurus nobilis; Quercus ilex, Q. frainetto and Q. ithaburensis; Phillyrea latifolia; Ceratonia siliqua; Olea europaea; Rubus fruticosus; Myrtus communis; Smilax; Jasminum fruticans; Vitex vivifera; Lathyrus grandiflorus; Erica arborea; and Juncus on the slopes of the north. In moister areas are to be found Nerium oleander, Platanus orientalis, Fraxinus ornus, Laurus nobilis, Cupressus sempervirens and Rubus fruticosus. The mixed pine forest goes up to . Its major plant species are Pinus brutia, Juniperus phoenicea, with broad-leaved trees and shrubs: Ulmus campestris, Acer sempervirens, Fraxinus ornus, Castanea sativa, Tilia platyphyllos, Sorbus torminalis, Viburnum tinus, Pyrus eleagrifolia and Prunus dulcis.
The personal message was "Le soleil à rendez-vous avec la lune" (the sun has a meeting with the moon), quoting the refrain of a popular song "Le Soleil et la Lune" by the famous French vocalist Charles Trenet. Three lights in a triangle and one sudden light on the right-hand side was the signal for the release of the parachute. On 28 August 1944, the thirty or so members of the maquis led by adjutant Munch carried out an ambush just before the Tendon falls. The aim was to rescue prisoners who were being transferred to Germany.
With the Normandy Invasion on 6 June 1944, the maquis of the resistance became bolder and the Germans more aggressive in suppressing any opposition to their occupation of France. Starr collected about 300 men, one-half French and one-half Spanish, and arms at Castelnau sur l'Auvignon, but on 21 June an estimated 2,000 soldiers of the German army attacked Starr's men. During the battle, Walters distributed hand grenades to the maquisards, buried incriminating documents, and collected SOE money and took it with her when she and the maquisards withdrew from the village. Nineteen of the maquisards were killed.
The Service du Travail Obligatoire (S.T.O.) was enacted on 16 February 1943 but underwent various refinements and classifications.H. R. Kedward, "Refusal and Revolt, Spring 1943" in In Search of the Maquis: Rural Resistance in Southern France (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 19. It required young men born between 1920 and 1922 to register at their mairies (town halls), whereupon the authorities “listed several categories of workers, divided them into those who were exempt, those who would be liable for compulsory service in Germany, and those who would have to work for German industries in France”.
At 9.30 am on 10 June Szabo set off on her mission, not inconspicuously by bicycle as Liewer would have preferred, but in a Citroen driven by a young maquis section leader, Jacques Dufour ('Anastasie'). He had insisted upon using the car, even though the Germans had forbidden the use of cars by the French after D-Day, to drive her half of the of her journey. At her request to Liewer, Szabo was armed with a Sten gun and eight magazines of ammunition. She was dressed in a light suit, flat-heeled shoes and no stockings.
Although Heslop and Johnson had been instructed by SOE not to participate in sabotage operations, they did so on two occasions, believing it necessary for their credibility with the maquis. Heslop, according to Foot, was a charismatic and dedicated leader, who dealt capably, as many SOE agents did not, with the prickly French Resistance leaders who guarded their authority while being dependent upon financial support and arms from the SOE. Heslop said that, he "led without appearing to lead." Heslop also created a few "personal" groups, directed by him, and unknown to the French Resistance leaders.
She attempted unsuccessfully to organize a jailbreak to gain freedom for three men she called her nephews, captives of the Germans in Paris. Her resistance groups undertook many successful small-scale attacks on infrastructure and German soldiers.Purnell, pp 189, 207–208, 222–223."Activity Report of Virginia Hall (Diane)," F-Section, Heckler, , accessed 1 Feb 2020 From July to September 1944 Hall operated in Haute-Loire Department. Hall was next given the job of helping the Maquis in southern France harass the Germans in support of the Allied invasion, Operation Dragoon, of the south which would take place on August 15, 1944.
During this time she took numerous photographs documenting life under the Vichy Regime. As a member of the Francs-Tireurs et Partisans, she was able to photograph the activities of the Maquis resistance in the summer of 1944 and the liberation of Marseille. After the war, Pirotte returned to Poland as a photojournalist for the Polish periodical Zolnierz Polski. During that period she covered the aftermath of the Kielce Pogrom of 4 July 1946 and attended the World Congress of Intellectuals in Defense of Peace of 1948 in Wrocław, taking portraits of Pablo Picasso, Irène Joliot-Curie and Dominique Desanti.
Their mining and metallurgy were quite advanced, with bronze, silver and gold being mined and worked for weapons and jewelry. Pollen analysis in a peat deposit in the Cañada del Gitano basin high in the Sierra de Baza suggests that the Argaric exhausted precious natural resources, helping bring about its own ruin.C. Michael Hogan, Los Silillos, the Megaltihic Portal, ed. Andy Burnham The deciduous oak forest that covered the region's slopes were burned off, leaving a tell-tale carbon layer, and replaced by the fire- tolerant, and fire-prone, Mediterranean scrub familiar under the names garrigue and maquis.
Colletorto is situated on a hill 508 mt above sea level up to colle Crocella (776 m) in the Fortore river valley on the "Monti Frentani". Near Colletorto is situated the Occhito lake, an artificial lake on the Fortore river that sign the limith with the Apulia region, the lake of Guardialfiera is 25 km away. Other important river on the territory are the torrent of Santa Maria and the Cigno river both branches of the Fortore river. The hills around Colletorto are divided in forest of oaks, mediterranean maquis, olive trees and fields of cereals and other agricultural products.
The album was recorded in the summer of 2008 in Spain with producer Gordon Raphael, best known for his work with The Strokes. The extensive time lapse between the end of the recording and the album's release was probably due to the band's unsigned status, forcing them to find a distributor only after the album was finalized. It was ultimately released by Le Son Maquis, a French record label, on November 5, 2009. The Mondrians performed two concerts on October 30 and 31 to support the album's release - one at the Bleu Lezard in Lausanne, the other in Martigny.
After the proclamation by Marshal Philippe Pétain of the Vichy regime, the refugees became political prisoners, and the French police attempted to round up those who had been liberated from the camp. Along with other "undesirable" people, the Spaniards were sent to the Drancy internment camp before being deported to Nazi Germany. About 5,000 Spaniards died in the Mauthausen concentration camp. After the official end of the war, guerrilla warfare was waged on an irregular basis by the Spanish Maquis well into the 1950s, gradually reduced by military defeats and scant support from the exhausted population.
Jean Sicard (born 11 December 1920, Paris - 12 March 2008), known as Yann Brekilien, was a Breton writer. Fighting in the French Resistance from 1941, he founded a secret journal with the Dupouy brothers and the sons of the bâtonnier Arrighi. In 1942, he entered the Ceux de la Résistance (CDLR) and the following year joined the maquis to escape the STO, hiding at Elliant, commanding an FFI section and fighting in the battles of summer 1945. After the war he worked as a magistrate as well as a prolific author, becoming founder and honorary president of the association des écrivains Bretons.
Predrag Jokanovic resigns from Nacional; PortuGOAL, 14 March 2011Joka disse adeus ao plantel (Joka said goodbye to squad); March 2011, A Bola (in Portuguese) He remained connected with the team subsequently, in the scouting department. Jokanović returned to União da Madeira on 11 November 2011 (after 18 years), being appointed head coach at the second level club. At the end of the 2012–13 campaign, he left. In 2014, Jokanović was appointed manager of Angolan Girabola club FC Bravos do Maquis, and was sacked before the last game of the season with his team in sixth place.
During the Spanish Civil War, Quico Sabaté was known to even protect members of the bourgeoisie, as long as they did not support fascism, and hid some such people in his house to protect them from radical Republicans. Quico had evolved to this position, having seen what his anti- fascist but non-anarchist fellow Republicans sacrificed during the war. Quico and Pepe joined a local Republican defense group that served on the Aragon front. Through 1949, the decade after the war, Republican guerrillas maquis lived in exile in the French Pyrenees and would regularly return to Spain to expropriate money and assassinate Francoist loyalists.
In the aftermath of the battle, she claimed to have bicycled 500 kilometers to send a situation report to SOE in London."Nancy Wake" (Telegraph, 8 August 2011)"The white mouse who roared" (Sydney Morning Herald, 9 August 2011)Kedward, H. R. (1993), In Search of the Maquis, Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 162-169 Wake was a recipient of the George Medal from the United Kingdom, the Medal of Freedom from the United States, the Légion d'honneur from France, and medals from Australia and New Zealand. In 1985, she published her autobiography, The White Mouse, the title derived from what the Germans called her.
El Kouf National ParkEl Kouf National Park is also known as El Kauf National Park and Wadi el-Kouf Park. is located near and to the west of the city of Bayda, in Jabal al Akhdar District in the forested hills of the Jebel Akhdar or Green Mountains. The park is only about 15 km wide from east and west, but it streaches from the coast for a 160 km to the south, following the course of Wadi el-Kouf. There are three major habitat types, beach dunes give way to maquis shrubland at higher elevations, with a fluvial microhabitat along the course of the wadi.
In Twilight by David R. George III, the first part of the Mission: Gamma mini-series, Quark and Ro start to develop romantic feelings for each other. In Perry's Unity, Ro re-joins Starfleet after Bajor joins the Federation and its military forces are merged. She is initially apprehensive about the prospect, but is convinced to accept a pardon for her time with the Maquis by Picard. Over time, Ro was promoted to Captain and as of the Star Trek: The Fall series of books, is in command of the new Deep Space Nine following the destruction of the original at the hands of a rogue element of the Typhon Pact.
Baka people of Eastern Cameroon In 1963 Osendé Afana left Cairo, Egypt, where he had taken refuge. He travelled to Conakry, Guinea, and then to Accra, Ghana, where he met the core of the leadership in exile. He spent the following months in Brazzaville before secretly entering Cameroon with the intent of establishing a new maquis, a second front in the Moloundou region, a corner of Cameroon that borders the Republic of the Congo. In August 1963 there had been a popular revolution in Congo Brazzaville in which the neo-colonial regime of Fulbert Youlou was replaced by a government led by Alphonse Massemba-Débat.
Rodrigue, "Les sanglots longs des violons" ("The long sobs of the violins"). > A parachute drop fell in Saône-et-Loire and it was necessary to pick up two > radio transmitters and their equipment, a large amount of money, and two > suitcases containing the personal belongings of the two men who had > parachuted at the same time: the head of the Secret Army, "Cantinier", and > an American observer, "Niveau." I volunteered. Bicycling 240 km to Cluny on June 14 and then to the Saône-et-Loire maquis command post at Brançion on June 16, she recovered the supplies, and took a taxi to a friend's home in Caluire.
He then founded the Unión Socialista Española, which was very close to the Communist Party of Spain. In 1963, following the abandoning of armed struggle by the Communist Party and the waning of the activity of the Spanish Maquis, Álvarez del Vayo felt the need for a pro-Republican movement carrying out the armed struggle within Spain and established the Spanish National Liberation Front (FELN). However, the FELN as a group remained small and its activity was very limited owing to the effectiveness and fierceness of the Spanish police network. Finally in 1971 Álvarez del Vayo's FELN was integrated into the Revolutionary Antifascist Patriotic Front (FRAP).
Sassari is located in north-western Sardinia, at above sea level. The area rises up on a wide karstic plateau that slopes gently down towards the Gulf of Asinara and the Nurra plain. The city is surrounded by a green belt of thousands of hectares of olive plantations, which from the 19th century have partly replaced the mixed woodlands of oak and other Mediterranean trees as well as the maquis shrubland. The thinly populated Nurra Plain, located to the west, occupies the main part of the region of Sassari, while the urban agglomeration, with a population of about 275,000 inhabitants, is located to the south east.
The series is the story of a hard-partying Los Angeles doctor serving a very specific clientele, the kind with a lot of cash and a lot of secrets. After Dr. William Rush was dismissed from a major L.A. hospital, he entered "concierge" medicine, making personal visits to the homes and workplaces of wealthy clients and Hollywood celebrities who need his care, often with no questions asked. Rush demands payment in cash, often thousands of dollars, and in advance. But some of that money is used to feed his drug habit, and one of the characters in the show, Manny Maquis, is his drug supplier.
By 1943, the Germans had caught on to his intelligence work; they raided the Hot Club and took Delaunay and his secretary, Madeleine Germaine, for questioning. Delaunay was freed after five and a half hours of interrogation but both his secretary and the head of the Marseille branch of the Hot Club were sentenced to concentration camps, where they perished. Jacques Bureau (fr), co-founder of the Club, also began working for the Resistance; in 1944 he returned to France with help from the British and joined the maquis to defend his country. He was captured soon afterwards by the Gestapo and spent six months in the Fresnes prison outside Paris.
"Year of Hell" is a two-part episode from the fourth season of the American science fiction television series Star Trek: Voyager which aired on UPN in November 1997. Set in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures of the Starfleet and Maquis crew of the starship USS Voyager after they were stranded in the Delta Quadrant far from the rest of the Federation. In this episode, Voyager is subjected to several changes in their timeline as an alien ship commander attempts to re-sequence history to his liking. The events in this episode were foreshadowed in the third season episode "Before and After".
Buskett Gardens The gardens contain broadleaved deciduous woodland, native coniferous woodland, with sclerophyllous garrigue and maquis shrubland, as well as groves of fruit trees. Many different trees and shrubs grow in the gardens, including numerous fruit-bearing trees. One of the greenest areas in Malta, the gardens are at their best in the spring but also provide shade from the harsh mid-summer sun and offer a quiet place for a walk in the winter months. The gardens are very popular with the Maltese people, who often go for walks in the peaceful settings or enjoy a picnic in the shade of the trees.
The highest point is and this area is part of the Aspromonte National Park. From the mountains flow many, often seasonal, creeks and rivers, the largest being the Amendolea and the Calopinace. The lower hills are terraced for the cultivation of citrus fruits, olives and vines, and the higher parts are wooded, with chestnuts, beeches, holm oaks, pines, Sicilian firs and Mediterranean maquis shrubland. The southern part of the province has a coastal plain and to the east of the mountainous area, there is a plateau that extends from the Tyrrhenian Sea to the Ionian Sea, the distance from Rosarno to Punta Stilo being about .
For example, it helped to publicise the accusations by the daily l'Express against Georges Marchais (the communist leader who, unknown to most French people at the time, had volunteered to work in the Messerschmitt aircraft factory in Germany during the Second World War), and similar charges against Georges Guingouin, former leader of the wartime Maquis du Limousin. Serge de Beketch, formerly head of information, became chief editor of Minute in 1979. He left the paper in 1986 when Jean-Marie Le Pen chose him to manage National-Hebdo. Among other famous Minute journalists was Patrick Buisson, historian of the Organisation armée secrète and, 30 years later, adviser to Nicolas Sarkozy.
Kit arrives back, after more than a year leading Area 3, and is met by Liz. In Episode 2, Colin, Vivien and Emily parachute into Area 7, and are met by brusque Outfit agent Gordon, codename Gaspard (McGugan) and local resistance leader Josef (William Simons), but Colin fractures his ankle in the drop. Emily quickly settles into her billet, posing as a relative of widowed shopkeeper Marie Ferrier (Gillian Raine), whose son Luc (Anstee) has just gone off to join the Maquis, and her father, Leon (John Boswell). Their neighbour Annette (Carmel McSharry) is revealed to be short of money and seems suspicious of Emily.
At the end of 1943, the French Resistance in the French Alps of Haute-Savoie needed arms. To find good drop zones to supply the Maquis with arms and sabotage equipment, a mission composed of Richard Harry Heslop from the Special Operations Executive and Captain Rosenthal from the Free French Forces was sent from London. The Glières Plateau, a high remote mountain table close to Lake Annecy, was chosen. On 31 January 1944, Lieutenant Tom Morel, a Chasseur alpin from the 27th chasseurs alpins battalion (mountain light infantry) in Annecy, was commissioned to collect parachute drops from the Royal Air Force (RAF) with 100 men.
Morchella tridentina fruit bodies grow solitary, scattered, or in small groups in spring, in mountainous forests and maquis. The exact trophic status of the fungus is not yet known with certainty, but it is suspected to be facultatively mycorrhizal or biotrophic. Tree species associated with the fungus include pacific madrone (Arbutus menziesii), oaks (Quercus spp.), Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana), and white fir (Abies concolor). In Europe it is often found with holm oak (Quercus ilex), strawberry trees (Arbutus andrachne), olive trees (Olea europaea), Spanish fir (Abies pinsapo), Silver fir (Abies alba) and Scot's pine (Pinus sylvestris).
Cemetery and memorial Vassieux-en-Vercors is home to several prehistoric archaeological sites, and has a Museum of Prehistory which was created in May 1970 after the discovery of a flintknapping workshop. In June and July 1944, during the Second World War, the French Resistance, known as the Maquis du Vercors, staged a major uprising against the German occupation in Vercors and proclaimed the Free Republic of Vercors. It was the first democratic territory in France since the beginning of the German occupation in 1940 - the revolt was brutally suppressed. For its great acts of resistance the town was awarded the Ordre de la Libération.
Over the course of the seven seasons of Voyager Tuvok's character and back-story are revealed. Tuvok is working as a Federation spy aboard the Maquis raider Val Jean, and he is also Voyagers second officer. As portrayed in the Voyager pilot "Caretaker", the mission of Voyager is to retrieve him after that ship goes missing by Deep Space Nine space station. This follows from a narrative established in the Star Trek universe by Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, which was in mid-series at the start of Voyager, as well as Star Trek: The Next Generation, which had concluded its last season in the spring of 1994 before Voyager started.
Voyager does retrieve Tuvok, but only because it was abducted to the Delta Quadrant by an extra-galactic alien known as the Caretaker. In the course of the Voyager launch featurette, the crews are used for medical experiments by the Caretaker, the Val Jean is destroyed, and a number of people are killed, including many important positions on Voyager. Tuvok re-joins the crew and the former Maquis are taken aboard Voyager as they try to make their way back to Earth. However, the warp drive is too slow, it will take decades to return to Earth because they are on the other side of the Galaxy.
Tuvok will be instrumental in many episodes as a fully trained Starfleet officer and with many talents like the Vulcan mind meld. In the last season it is revealed that Tuvok was discovered by a Maquis leader who tortured him and altered his memories of this event leading to dramatic events in one episode. Because he is married with a family (a family he is separated from as they are in the Alpha quadrant) a number of episodes refer to this back-story. The cold open to the sixth-season episode "Alice" sees Harry Kim and Tom Paris attempting to guess Tuvok's age; they incorrectly guess at 162 and 133 respectively.
During the Second World War the building was bombed three times (each time new glass had to be put in) and towards the end of the war it was the headquarters of generals Patton and Simpson, and a few months later it served as a 'restcentre' for the French maquis (resistance), of whom especially the latter didn't treat the interior in a very respectful manner. In 1964, Schunck moved to another building (Schunck Promenade) and the Glaspaleis was given a new sales-function. This opportunity was taken to replace the old lifts (with iron folding doors) with a more modern type. During that renovation, the entrances were also improved.
Set in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures of the Starfleet and Maquis crew of the starship after they were stranded in the Delta Quadrant far from the rest of the Federation. In this episode, Voyager encounters a swarm of space-borne lifeforms, which mistake the vessel for a member of their species. The presence of the aliens induce a premature mating cycle in Kes (Jennifer Lien), causing her and Neelix (Ethan Phillips) to question whether or not they are ready to have children. Taylor incorporated Diggs’ suggestion to name a character "Samantha Wildman" after an organ donor who saved his wife’s life.
Les Combattants de la Libération (CDL), also known as Le Maquis Rouge, were a guerrilla group established by the Algerian Communist Party (PCA) after the outbreak of the Algerian War of Independence. The FLN did not welcome a rival on the scene and its mistrust was heightened by memories of the participation of the Algerian Communist Party in the repression after the Setif riot in 1945. The FLN admitted members of the communist party into its ranks as individual members but would not countenance the existence of a separate guerrilla force. The CDL was never a large group but did have both Muslim and European members.
Starr was very conscious of security, communicating with his contacts only through couriers or the spoken word, never putting words to paper, and building up his network one trusted associate at a time. In January 1943, the SOE in London parachuted weapons and explosives into Castelnau. They were hidden in a medieval dungeon beneath the church in the village. Starr's ability to call on the United Kingdom to provide weapons made him a power among the nascent rural resistance organisations called maquis (whose members were called maquisards). Also, in January 1943, Starr borrowed a wireless operator from another network to facilitate communication with SOE in London.
Trade is the primary activity of the city and its real name "Gboxicon" derives from the extensive sheep marketing that takes places in the city, literally meaning "market sheep". The market is of considerable size and there is a notable drum shop located in Bohicon. The Maquis Malodie market is also known for its cuisine with a number of stalls serving omelette and coffee in the mornings and stacks of pepper and attracts thousands of traders from all over Benin. A speciality sold in the market is afitin (soy dawa-dawa/soy iru), which is traditionally and somewhat famously in Benin made by women in the region.
Because of its geographical position and its area of plain, Barbaggio is relatively well protected from the north winds - the Tramuntana in winter: a healthy, dry, violent and icy wind; and the wet winter north- Easter which brings cold and snow from Italy. The vegetative cover in uncultivated areas has different landscapes at different levels. Near the ridges vegetation is low moorish carved by strong winds with rocky grasslands. On lower levels it is dense maquis shrubland consisting of many thorny shrubs (Thorny broom and Corsican broom) as well as brambles , Pouzin rosebushes (Rosa pouzinii), and Sarsaparille which are often impenetrable and without trees due to frequent fires.
Set in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures of the Starfleet and Maquis crew of the starship USS Voyager after they were stranded in the Delta Quadrant far from the rest of the Federation. In this episode, Seven of Nine (Jeri Ryan) is abducted, along with Tuvok (Tim Russ), while on a survey mission and forced by her captors to fight in an arena for the entertainment of others. The episode had originally been called "Arena". The crossover between Voyager and the UPN wrestling show WWF Smackdown was described as a "clever marketing ploy" by Russ, but received a negative fan reaction on broadcast.
Hackett's first experience of Star Trek was when she auditioned for the role of Jadzia Dax in Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, but lost out to Terry Farrell. She subsequently was cast as a member of the Terellian alien species in the finale of Star Trek: The Next Generation, "All Good Things...". She appeared on Deep Space Nine as the Romulan Sub Commander T'Rul in the two part episode "The Search" in season three. She was cast in Star Trek: Voyager in the recurring role of Seska, a Bajoran member of the Maquis crew who joined Voyager after it was stranded in the Delta Quadrant.
Albrecht Gaiswinkler (29 October 1905 - 11 May 1979) was an Austrian civil servant, social democrat (SPÖ) politician and resistance fighter, who, some believe, saved a copy of the Mona Lisa from destruction in an Austrian salt mine towards the end of World War II. Gaiswinkler was born in Bad Aussee, Austria. In 1934, he was a political prisoner for some months. In 1944, while serving with the German Wehrmacht in France, he deserted and joined the Maquis, bringing with him four trucks of arms and ammunition and 500,000 francs. When the U.S. Third Army liberated Alsace in September 1944, he gave himself up to them (along with 17 German prisoners).
Due to ancient and subsequent deforestation, overgrazing (mostly by goat herds), erosion and soil degradation the Turkey coastline is now away from the ancient Greek site with sediments filling the plain and the Mediterranean Sea. In the background: muddy remains of the former harbour, bare hill ridges without rich soils and woods, a maquis shrubland remaining. Stone carving of the goddess Nike The city felt Roman influence at once; taxes rose considerably, and the treasures of the city were systematically plundered. Hence in 88 BC Ephesus welcomed Archelaus, a general of Mithridates, king of Pontus, when he conquered Asia (the Roman name for western Asia Minor).
A kagu in the park The park includes two biomes typical of New Caledonia: maquis shrubland overlying peridotite rock and tropical rainforest. There is a very high rate of biodiversity of New Caledonia. In particular, the park is known for being one of the last areas where the kagu, an endangered bird which has become a symbol of the country, can be seen in its natural habitat, with a population of about 700; this is the largest single population of the species in the wild. Other endemic and rare animals in the park include the crow honeyeater, notou, New Caledonian crow, and crested gecko.
After the Spanish Civil War, under the Law of 15 March 1940, the Carabineros Corps charged with protecting the borders against smuggling became part of the Civil Guard. Border Commands were set up, responsible for sealing the Pyrenees and the Spanish-Portuguese border. During the first years of their existence, the Commands were faced with incursions by Maquis who infiltrated with subversive propaganda and material for use in acts of sabotage inside Spanish territory. The only way to establish effective surveillance over the border was by training the forces in skiing, so that the Civil Guard could keep watch on the border passes during the winter.
On D-Day, Cammaerts on the Vercors Massif, gave the message to the maquis that, while clandestine sabotage should continue, they should remain hidden as "it would be at least two months before they would be needed." Cammaerts knew also that similar uprisings in other areas had been crushed by the Germans. To the contrary on June 8, Marcel Descour, the regional leader of the French Resistance, instructed Francois Huet, the newly-named commander of the Vercors marquis, to mobilize. When Huet objected that he had neither the men nor the arms to defend Vercors, Descour assured him that the allies would send reinforcements.
While François Huet was attempting to create a conventional army from the maquis, journalist and De Gaulle supporter Yves Farge was organizing the politics of the Vercors resistance. On 3 July 1944 Farge and a committee proclaimed the founding of the Free Republic of Vercors, the first independent territory in France since the beginning of the German occupation in 1940. The Free Republic had its own flag, i.e., the French Republic tricolour featuring the Cross of Lorraine and the "V" for Vercors and Victory (both used as a signature by General Charles de Gaulle's Free French Forces), and its coat of arms, the French Alpine Chamois.
According to the order of battle of 8 July 1944 from General Niehoff, Kommandant des Heeresgebietes Südfrankreich (military region of southern France), about operation Bettina against Maquis du Vercors, it appears that the Germans deployed nearly 10,000 soldiers and policemen under General Karl Pflaum:Bundesarchiv-Militärarchiv RW 35/47 Almost all the 157. Reserve- Division of the Wehrmacht: 4 reserve mountain light infantry battalions (Btl. I./98, II./98, 99 and 100 from the Reserve-Gebirgsjäger-Regiment 1); 2 reserve infantry battalions (Btl. 179 and 199 from the Reserve-Grenadier-Regiment 157 – Btl. 217 remained in the southern Alps at Embrun); 2 reserve artillery batteries (from Res.Geb.Art.Abt.
Jean Sassi (11 June 1917 - 9 January 2009) was a French Army colonel and intelligence service officer, former "Jedburgh" (BCRA) of France and Far East. Commando chief of the SDECE's 11th Shock Parachutist Regiment (11e régiment parachutiste de choc). Maquis chief in French Indochina through the GCMA (1953–1955)Jean Sassi and his Hmong troops in Laos , Official video published by the French Ministry of Defence. During the Battle of Dien Bien Phu in April 1954 Jean Sassi led Mèo partisans (GCMA) in Operation Condor, also known as Operation DPhilippe Raggi's blog : Summary of Operation D by Jean Sassi (in French)Video with 1954 color footages and later comments by col.
Heslop and Roman-Petit's objectives after D-Day were to kill every German and to end all rail transport in their area of operations. On May 15, Heslop reported to London a total of 1,300 armed maquis in his core area of operations: 700 in Ain, 400 in Haut-Savoie, and 200 in Jura. He also armed an additional 2,000 men, members of the Armée Secrète which owed allegiance to Charles de Gaulle, who increasingly was taking over leadership of all the different resistance groups. Two major attacks on railroads took place almost immediately after the D-Day (6 June 1944) allied invasion of France.
The park has a large diversity of vegetation. Due to the temperature and climate differences between different areas and elevations of the park, not only is the typical Aegean flora present, but also many specimens normally only found in separate coastal areas of Turkey, such as in the Mediterranean, Marmara, and Black Sea regions. Out of the 804 species of flora distributed throughout the park, six are endemic, completely exclusive to the park area, and cannot be observed anywhere else on earth, while another 30 are indigenous. The most common and widely distributed plant species throughout the national park are Mediterranean maquis shrubs such as the Phoenician juniper (Juniperus phoenicea).
She became part of the Jockey network headed by Francis Cammaerts, Belgian-British in nationality and a former pacifist. The job of Cammaerts and his team was to organize the French resistance fighters, the maquis, in southeastern France to weaken the German occupiers prior to the Allied invasion of southern France, Operation Dragoon, which would take place on 15 August. Skarbek was Cammaerts' courier, replacing Cecily Lefort who had been captured by the Germans and would be executed. She also had been given the task of attempting to subvert the Polish conscripts in the German army who were stationed along the Franco-Italian border.
Ruben Um Nyobé Ruben Um Nyobè (1913 – 13 September 1958) was an anti- colonialist Cameroonian leader, slain by the French army on 13 September 1958, near his natal village of Boumnyebel, in the department of Nyong-et-Kellé in the maquis Bassa. He created on 10 April 1948 the Cameroon's People Union (UPC), which used armed struggle to obtain independence from French colonial rule. After his death, he was replaced by Félix-Roland Moumié, who was assassinated by an agent of the SDECE (French secret service) with thallium in Geneva in 1960. Until the 1990s, any mention of Ruben Um Nyobè was prohibited in Cameroon.
Michel Henry was born in Haiphong, French Indochina (now Vietnam), and he lived in French Indochina until he was seven years old. Following the death of his father, who was an officer in the French Navy, he and his mother settled in metropolitan France. While studying in Paris, he discovered a true passion for philosophy, which he decided to make his profession—he enrolled at the École Normale Supérieure, at the time part of the University of Paris."Biographie" at the official site of Michel Henry. From June 1943 he was fully engaged with the French Resistance, joining the maquis of the Haut Jura under the code name of Kant.
On some state visits, foreign leaders have visited Mount Vernon, the Virginia home of George Washington. In 1944, General Charles de Gaulle, then the leader of the Free French Forces, traveled to the United States. The trip was treated by President Franklin D. Roosevelt as "something less than a state visit" but still featured "a schedule that had all the trappings of a visiting head of state"—including visits by de Gaulle to Mount Vernon and the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier at Arlington National Cemetery.Benjamin F. Jones, Eisenhower's Guerrillas: The Jedburghs, the Maquis, and the Liberation of France (Oxford University Press, 2016), p. 166.
Faulques was a maquis resistance fighter in 1944 and took part in the last battles of World War II in the French First Army. As a Corporal, he received the Croix de guerre at the age of 20. Noted for his fighting spirit and sense of command, he was admitted to the Military School of Saint-Cyr, which had changed its terms of recruitment to overcome the lack of officers in the French army at the end of World War II. In 1946 he was promoted to 2nd Lieutenant and was assigned, at his own request, to the Foreign Legion, within the 3rd Régiment Etranger d'Infanterie (3rd Foreign Infantry Regiment).
Cardozo joined the British Army's Supplementary Reserve before the outbreak of war and upon receiving his call up was posted with his regiment, The South Lancashire Regiment to France. He was evacuated from Dunkirk and on his return to Britain was posted to coastline duties, in anticipation of the expected German invasion. Whilst on exercises in Scotland, Cardozo was approached by Henry Thackthwaite, a senior SOE officer, who recruited him for operations in France; as a fluent French speaker he was a natural choice for such a posting. In May 1944 his team was parachuted onto Mont Mouchet in France to liaise with the maquis in the Auvergne.
The most important plant associations of Veliki Brijun Island are: Maquis shrubland, Holm Oak, and Laurel forest, and Conifers, which are very characteristic of the region. It is interesting to point out that on the islands there are some plant species that are among the endangered plant species of Istria (marine poppy, wild cucumber, some grass species etc.), but on the islands they are quite widespread and develop freely. The most valuable part of the island from the point of view of vegetation stretches from the Villa Brijunka in the south, and the most lovely forest is found in the east of the White Villa.
At the closing of the school by the Laval government at the end of 1942, he went into hiding and his team spread in many maquis (the Vercors, the Paris region, Brittany, the North ...). At the beginning of February 1943, he made contact with Captain Pommiès while he was in Toulouse for the development of an intelligence and counterintelligence service1. Subsequently, he himself took command of the French Forces Interior (FFI) Zone A Tarn with which it frees the cities of the region (Castres, Mazamet, Béziers). Constituting his troops in regiment (the 12th Dragons), he took Autun, entered Nevers to join with the 1st Army of General de Lattre.
In 1971, Lammerding died of cancer at the age of 66. In 2008, the French Senate adopted a draft law adapting French Criminal Law in line with that of the International Criminal Court.See the Senate records Projet de loi portant adaptation du droit pénal français à la CPI Among other changes, this adaptation limits the Statute of limitations on War crimes to thirty years (article 462-10). This text has aroused the indignation of the group "Maquis de Corrèze", headed by honorary member Pierre Pranchère, because its adoption amounted essentially to an amnesty for those responsible for the massacres at Tulle, Oradour-sur-Glane and Maillé.
Seeds of grasses, spores of algae, and the eggs of molluscs and other invertebrates may stick to the feet or feathers of birds, particularly migratory or aquatic birds, and in this way may travel long distances. The main island, Grande Terre hosts multiple habitats under the influence of varied precipitation, geology, edaphic factors and altitude. New Caledonia has several biotopes, including dense evergreen forests, maquis shrubland, sclerophyllous forest (dry forest), wetlands, savannas, and halophytic vegetation. The island has two main ecoregions: the greater area is occupied by the eastern New Caledonia rainforest while the now-fragmentary New Caledonia dry forest runs along the west coast.
The Sabaté brothers, Quico, Pepe and Manolo, were raised in L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, a Barcelona suburb at a time when anarchist organizations played more regular and practical roles in day-to-day living than government. Their father was a policeman, but had retired by the time they had become famed expropriators. Many future maquis were raised in these Barcelona industrial suburbs of the 1920s and 1930s, and were steeped in the anarchist tradition indigenous to Barcelona. During those two decades, expropriators banded together in action/affinity groups in a time of pistolerisme ("gun law"), in which armed anarchist, urban guerrillas committed small-scale violence against the bourgeoisie with vigilante justice against their enemies.
Maeander River's mouth. Subsection 2, dated 1240/1126 BCE to 710/558 BCE, represents a settlement from the Beyşehir Occupation Phase of southern Anatolia, dated there 3500/3000 BP to 1500 BP. It has a specific palynological profile of "secondary anthropogenic indicators;" that is, not pollen of cultivated plants but of other species growing on cultivated land: certain percentages of Plantago lanceolata, Sanguisorba minor, Pistacia, Platanus, Quercus calliprinos and Juniperus. The Lake Bafu profile shows the replacement of deciduous oak and pine with maquis species: Phillyrea, Cistus, Ericaceae; fruit trees: Olea, Castanea; and farm weeds: Plantago lanceolata and Juniperus. Carbon in the sediment suggests the forest was cleared by slash and burn.
The French called Sauckel "the slave trader". Furthermore, as Laval warned, the scale of the problem was beyond Vichy's means to solve. The prefets of the departments of the Lozère, the Hérault, the Aude, the Pyrénées-Orientales and Avéron had been given a list of 853 réfractaires to arrest, and managed during the next four months to arrest only 1 réfractaire. After the Battle of Stalingrad, which ended with the destruction of the entire German 6th Army in February 1943, many had started to doubt the inevitability of an Axis victory, and most French gendarmes were not willing to hunt the down the maquis, knowing that they might be tried for their actions if the Allies won.
Palau is located in the territorial region of Gallura in the northern cost of Sardinia, close to the Emerald Coast, and its harbour is the main channel of access to the La Maddalena archipelago. The coastline is jagged and rocky, a large pine forest is located on the old town beach, and another one of equal size lies in the hills above the village. Every beach has thick and rich Mediterranean scrub, which includes olive trees, maritime pine, sea fennel, blueberries, rosemary, fennel, lavender, arbutus, lentisk, sea cistus, helichrysum and many others. Near Punta Sardegna there is Porto Rafael, a large area of Mediterranean maquis where there are a major yacht harbour and many villas owned by famous people.
On 22 August 1944 at 5am, the Germans having fled the city during the night, the "Groupe Franc d'Uriage" was the very first unit of armed men to enter a liberated Grenoble, a few hours before the Americans. Exceptional fact in Europe: in the South-Isère region, the Germans had to surrender to the local Resistance (the "terrorists"), not to the Free French military, nor to the allied American and British forces. On the same day, the mobile groups of the Oisans maquis joined up with the 1st battalion of the 143rd American infantry regiment in Vizille. A short and intense battle took hundreds of German prisoners at the château de Vizille.
Led by Ouandié, guerrilla warfare against the Ahidjo regime by the Armée de libération nationale Kamerounaise (ANLK) continued throughout the 1960s, with the zones of activity gradually becoming depopulated and the guerrilla numbers slowly dwindling. The rebel leader Tankeu Noé was captured and executed. In January 1964, public executions of fifteen captured rebels were staged in Douala, Bafoussam and Edéa as part of the celebrations of the fourth anniversary of independence. Meanwhile, the UPC members in exile were locked in a power struggle that caused Ouandié and his maquis to increasingly fear betrayal, while the government used the fear of the rebel forces to justify increasing the security forces occupying the Bamiléké towns and villages.
The project's fifth studio album, Les Etoiles Sont Plus Proches Avec Les Yeux Fermes was released in April 2006, although it had been in preparation since 2003. Olga Noel contributed to the backing vocals on this album, along with MC Chevy of German rap band N.O.H.A., and Daria Rodcher. The MGI project reached the finals of several international electronic music contests.Qwartz Electronic Music Awards Their tracks are often included in music compilations issued by such foreign record companies as Pork Recordings, George V, Les Maquis, Pschent, and Petrol Records. Arkady Martinenko and Boris Nazarov wrote the musical scores to the films Native and IDtimate (2007) and Dance, Don’t Stop (2007), directed by E. Lavrentiev.
Just after the strike of eight days of January 28, 1957, these artists which were forbidden to perform in their country regain Tunisia, and others among them, joined the maquis. Sahnoune is arrested as other compatriots and is tortured by French colonial police, on this date in 1957. From the prison, Algerian artists revolt on their side and denounce their cry, the atrocities of colonial France, from a cell where the first militant who protest against the word "fellagha", given by the colonial army, to the Mujahideen, was the poet Moufdi Zakaria. After being released, Mustapha Sahnoune left for Paris in January 1958, long before the artistic troop of the FLN was created.
During the Second World War, the 2nd SS Division Das Reich division of the Waffen SS perpetrated a reprisal massacre of civilians in Tulle, following the killing and maiming of some 40 German soldiers in Tulle on 8 June 1944 by the Maquis resistance movement. On 9 June 1944 a large number of male civilians were rounded up by the SS. Of these, 97 were randomly selected and then hanged from lamp posts and balconies in the town. Additionally, another 321 captives were sent to forced labour camps in Germany where 101 lost their lives. In total, the actions of the Wehrmacht, the Waffen-SS, and the SD claimed the lives of 213 civilian residents of Tulle.
Born in Kinshasa, Bokanga has played in the Congo DR for JAC Trésor and AS Vita Club, in Angola for Benfica de Luanda and in Rwanda for APR. After playing 13 times for Belgian club Standard Liège during the 2010-11 season, Voetbal International Bokanga was released by them in January 2011, Bokanga et le Standard se quittent returning briefly to play for Benfica de Luanda, before returning to the Congo in March 2011 to play for TP Mazembe. Officiel : Bokanga au TP Mazembe He later played for Benfica de Luanda (twice), Progresso do Sambizanga and FC Renaissance. In 2018, he played for Progresso Sambizanga and later in the season transferred to F.C. Bravos do Maquis.
He played a version of himself, and other football players turned actors, in Keenen Ivory Wayans's 1988 comedic film I'm Gonna Git You Sucka. He played a high school teacher in Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure, released in 1989. Casey appeared as a very influential prisoner with outside connections in Walter Hill's Another 48 Hrs.. In 1992, he appeared as a Naval officer on the battleship USS Missouri in Under Siege. In 1994, Casey guest-starred in a two-episode story arc in Star Trek: Deep Space Nine as the Maquis leader Lieutenant Commander Cal Hudson, and in 1995 as a guest-star on both SeaQuest 2032 as Admiral VanAlden and Babylon 5 as Derek Cranston.
'Masseria Pilano' Masseria Pilano is an old Apulian farmhouse from the 17th century set in a great plain on the edge of the Murgia plateau at 1,115 feet above sea level, in the heart of Terra delle Gravine regional natural park. The 580-acre holding lies in the countryside between the towns of Crispiano and Martina Franca, in Taranto province. Masseria Pilano is a working farm, rearing Italian Friesian dairy cows, Puglian Podolica grey cows, and splendid Murgese horses. The land includes Mediterranean maquis woods (full of English oaks, turkey oaks, holm oaks, heather and broom) where boars, hares, porcupines, foxes and badgers roam freely among pheasants, thrushes, woodcocks and many other bird species.
François-Henri de Virieu was born in Paris, son of the marquis Xavier de Virieu (1898–1953), colonel who was known for his acts of resistance during the Maquis du Vercors, and of Marie-Françoise de Brugière de Barante (1906–2004). He graduated with a degree of agricultural engineering at the École Supérieure d'Agriculture in Angers. Five centuries before, Jean de Fay, seigneur de Virieu, one of his ancestors, was already interested in agriculture and accepted to convert to Roman Catholicism to protect the Italian immigrant Pierre Benay who imported from Bologne silk mills for the weavers of Lyon. François-Henri de Virieu comes from a very ancient family of the French nobility.
In January 2008, Ávalos moved to Germany with MSV Duisburg, not being able to help his new team prevent relegation from the Bundesliga. Released in December he returned to Portugal to sign with C.F. Os Belenenses, where he met the same fate; at the end of the campaign he moved to Cyprus, with Nea Salamis Famagusta FC. Aged 32, Ávalos returned to Portugal and the Madeira island, signing with lowly A.D. Camacha. For 2011–12 he stayed in the region, joining second level's C.F. União and being a defensive stalwart for several years. In January 2014, Ávalos moved clubs and countries again, penning a one-year contract with Angola's F.C. Bravos do Maquis.
Sonya's colleagues in the SOE included Nancy Wake and Violette Szabo, as well as the French-Canadian army officer Captain Guy D'Artois, whom she would later marry. On 28 May 1944, Butt was parachuted into the department of the Sarthe in the area of Le Mans to work as a courier, under the codename "Blanche", for Christopher Hudson (codename Albin), the organizer of the Reseau (Circuit) Headmaster. She was one of the last WAAFs landed in France before the Allied invasion, only nine days before D-Day. After one of the other agents dropped with her was shot during a battle between the Maquis and the Germans, Sonya took on the additional role of weapons instructor.
Map showing the zones of the province The province of Brescia is the largest in the region, boasts three main lakes, Lake Garda, Lake Iseo and Lake Idro, plus several other smaller lakes, three valleys, Val Camonica, Val Trompia and Valle Sabbia, as well as a wide flat area south of the city, known as the Bassa Bresciana, and several hilly areas surrounding the city landscape and extending eastwards towards Veneto and west to Franciacorta. Due to the altitude and morphological variety and the presence of large lakes, the province includes all kinds of biomes in Europe: from something similar to the maquis shrubland up to the perennial snow of Adamello (with the largest glacier in the Italian Alps).
The park is home to a 22 km-long coastal sand strip, from the limestone cliffs of the Mount Circeo, in correspondence of the Torre Paola watchtower, up to Capo Portiere. The sand, characterized by fine sand, is backed by a typical maquis shrubland with a maximum depth of 27 meters. The section nearer to the sea is home to short vegetation, housing a number of small size wildlife including the European badger, foxes, lizards and beetles. Farther from the sea are bigger plants, such as the prickly juniper and mastic, up to true trees like the maritime pine and the holm oak, or, near the lakes (see following section), the alder, fraxinus, poplar and willow.
Ofelia's stepfather, the Falangist Captain Vidal, hunts the Spanish Maquis who fight against the Francoist regime in the region, while Ofelia's pregnant mother Carmen grows increasingly ill. Ofelia meets several strange and magical creatures who become central to her story, leading her through the trials of the old labyrinth garden. The film employs make-up, animatronics, and CGI effects to bring life to its creatures. Del Toro stated that he considers the story to be a parable, influenced by fairy tales, and that it addresses and continues themes related to his earlier film The Devil's Backbone (2001), to which Pan's Labyrinth is a spiritual successor, according to del Toro in his director's DVD commentary.
NUTA Jazz Band was one of the first bands to adopt this model; soon many others followed, including notable bands such as Orchestra Maquis Original, DDC Mlimani Park Orchestra, Tancut Alimasi and Vijana Jazz. As a consequence of this, the most talented musicians would typically switch back and forth between bands to the best offerer, until they had gathered enough money to start their own band. Composers like Muhiddin Maalin and Hassani Bitchuka wrote hit songs for virtually all the major bands of their times. Conversely, a band was more of a "brand" than any specific ensemble of musicians; some bands kept playing for up to 50 years, while their members came and went.
Similar to the rest of the Vercors range, the Moucherotte is largely composed of limestone. At the foot of Moucherotte, (bottom right in photo) there are three rocks, known as the Three Maidens, which were used in the resistance during the second world war by the maquis of Saint-Nizier-of-Moucherotte. The southern slopes and ridges of the Moucherotte extend to the Col de l'Arc, with three consecutive secondary peaks, called "la Croix des Ramées" (the Cross of Ramées), "du Grand Cheval" (the Great Horse, 1827 metres) and "du Pic Saint-Michel" (the peak of Saint Michael, 1966 metres). The Moucherotte is home to a variety of fauna, including chamois, mountain sheep, and deer.
Until 1947, Coulaudon was Socialist deputy mayor of Clermont-Ferrand, under Gabriel Montpied. After that, he took on the running of the family business and became involved in associations for former members of the Resistance, becoming the founding president of the "Federation of the Mouvements Unis de la Résistance and the Maquis", and founding, in 1969, along with ex-Forces françaises de l'intérieur members in Auverge, the Comité d'Union de la Résistance d'Auvergne.La Résistance au Mont-Mouchet, edited by the le Conseil Régional of Auvergne. In 1958, he welcomed to Mont Mouchet his comrade in arms Gaston Monnerville, who had become president of the French Senate and, on 5 June 1959, he welcomed Charles de Gaulle.
While posted in Strasbourg in the second half of 1944, Isselhorst was part of the Operation Waldfest, a scorched earth operation in which villages in the Vosges mountains were destroyed to eliminate shelter for Allied troops for the upcoming winter, with the inhabitants deported as forced labour or to Nazi concentration camps. In a coordinated operation by the Wehrmacht and SS, villages were raided. There Maquis French resistance fighters, and 39 British paratroopers of the Special Air Service, part of the Operation Loyton were executed; the latter as part of Hitler's Commando Order. Isselhorst ordered the execution of the captured British SAS members, as well as a number of French civilians, three French priests and four US airmen.
Jodl acted as a Chief of Staff during the invasion of Denmark and Norway. Following the Fall of France Jodl was optimistic of Germany's success over Britain, on 30 June 1940 writing "The final German victory over England is now only a question of time." Jodl signed the Commissar Order of 6 June 1941 (in which Soviet political commissars were to be shot) and the Commando Order of 28 October 1942 (in which Allied commandos, including properly uniformed soldiers as well as combatants wearing civilian clothes, such as Maquis and partisans, were to be executed immediately without trial if captured behind German lines). Jodl signs the German Instrument of Surrender in Reims on 7 May 1945.
After the defeat of his side, he came back to France where was relegated in a concentration camp and later sent on the Nazi Ghost Train in order to be deported in Germany; Nitti (as well as one hundred of the seven hundred prisoners) fled when the train was near the German frontier, after removing some planks from the floor of his wagon. He returned to France and joined the maquis, helping the French Resistance. After rejoining his family at Tolosa, in 1946 he eventually returned to Italy. Taking a variety of roles in anti- fascist associations, he was director of the Anpi- based review “Independent Native land” and became a commune councilman in Rome.
During the War of Independence (1954–1962), the FLN and ALN's reorganisation of the country created, for the first time, a unified Kabyle administrative territory, wilaya III, being as it was at the centre of the anti-colonial struggle. As such, along with the Aurès, it was one of the most affected areas because of the importance of the maquis (aided by the mountainous terrain) and the high levels of support and collaboration of its inhabitants for the nationalist cause. Several historic leaders of the FLN came from this region, including Hocine Aït Ahmed, Abane Ramdane, and Krim Belkacem. It was also in Kabylia that the Soummam conference took place in 1956, the first of the FLN.
Among the areas of major maquis activity were the Cornisa Cantábrica, from Galicia to Cantabria, especially the mountains of Asturias and the area north of León; the Iberian System, specifically the area between the provinces of Teruel, Castellón, Valencia, and Cuenca; Centro, which consists of Extremadura, the north of Cordova, Ciudad Real, Toledo and the mountains of the Sistema Central; and two independent areas in the south of Andalusia: Cádiz on one hand and Granada-Málaga on the other. There was also activity in other areas, such as La Mancha and High Aragon. Armed resistance groups were also active in cities, although only prominently in Madrid, Barcelona, Málaga and Granada.Marco, Jorge: Hijos de una guerra.
The Ionian Sea, view from the island Lefkada, Greece Makarska in Dalmatia, Croatia The Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub biome is closely associated with Mediterranean climate zones, as are unique freshwater communities. Particularly distinctive of the climate are sclerophyll shrublands, called maquis in the Mediterranean Basin, chaparral in California, matorral in Chile, fynbos in South Africa, and mallee and kwongan shrublands in Australia. Aquatic communities in Mediterranean climate regions are adapted to a yearly cycle in which abiotic (environmental) controls of stream populations and community structure dominate during floods, biotic components (e.g. competition and predation) controls become increasingly important as the discharge declines, and environmental controls regain dominance as environmental conditions become very harsh (i.e.
It was originally intended to be a two-part episode to bridge between the first and second seasons, and was subsequently re-written to be a single part. Due to late changes to the final act of the episode, special effects shots of the settlers' cities could not be completed, with which Braga and series creator Michael Piller were unhappy. Set in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures of the Starfleet and Maquis crew of the starship USS Voyager after they were stranded in the Delta Quadrant, far from the rest of the Federation. In this episode, Voyagers crew discovers a group of humans—including Amelia Earhart (Sharon Lawrence)—who were abducted from Earth in 1937.
At the time, though most of Morocco was a French protectorate, Tangiers was a protectorate of neutral Spain. During a night mission, Ortiz was seriously wounded in the right hand in an encounter with a German patrol and was sent back to the United States to recover. In 1943, Ortiz became a member of the OSS. On January 6, 1944, he was dropped by parachute into the Haute-Savoie region of German-occupied France as part of the three-man "Union" mission, with Colonel Pierre Fourcaud of the French secret service and Captain Thackwaite from the British Special Operations Executive, to evaluate the capabilities of the Resistance and train the Maquis du Vercors in the Alpine region.
Set in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures of the Starfleet and Maquis crew of the starship USS Voyager after they were stranded in the Delta Quadrant far from the rest of the Federation. In this episode, the Voyager crew discover a ship sent from Starfleet that could take them back to the Alpha Quadrant in just 3 months, but it will mean abandoning their vessel. However, it is all revealed to be an elaborate trap as the alien Arturis (Ray Wise) attempts to gain his revenge on the crew for preventing the destruction of the Borg. A variety of ideas were proposed for the season finale, with focus given to those plots relating to "slipstream" technology.
This musical genre was introduced in 2002 by and , with the help of Sagacité, created a phenomenon which has not stopped spreading and reaching out to the hot nights in the capitals of the sub-region. It has given a globally identifiable cultural identity to entertainment 'made in Côte d'Ivoire'. The very popular Zouglou additionally benefits "Wôyô" spaces; furnished and dedicated so that the most famous, the Internat at Fitini's and the Lycee at Vieux Gazeur's, attract 'zouglouphiles' the whole weekend. Treichville, with its many maquis, discothèques, and jazz clubs, used to be the liveliest area in the city, but since the end of the 1990s Youpougon, Marcory, and Cocody have taken over this role.
Italy also receives species from the Balkans, Eurasia, the Middle East. Italy's varied geological structure, including the Alps and the Apennines, Central Italian woodlands, and Southern Italian Garigue and Maquis shrubland, also contributes to high climate and habitat diversity. Italian fauna includes 4,777 endemic animal species, which include the Sardinian long-eared bat, Sardinian red deer, spectacled salamander, brown cave salamander, Italian newt, Italian frog, Apennine yellow-bellied toad, Aeolian wall lizard, Sicilian wall lizard, Italian Aesculapian snake, and Sicilian pond turtle. There are 102 mammals species (most notably the Italian wolf, Marsican brown bear, Pyrenean chamois, Alpine ibex, crested porcupine, Mediterranean monk seal, Alpine marmot, Etruscan shrew, and European snow vole), 516 bird species and 56,213 invertebrate species.
There are several vegetation types, in a variety of niches, landforms and micro-climates where endemic species thrive, By Leanne Logan, Geert Cole among including dense evergreen forests, maquis (shrubland), sclerophyllous forests (dry forests), wetlands, savannas, and halophytic vegetation. New Caledonia has two terrestrial ecoregions. The greater area is occupied by the eastern New Caledonia rain forests, which covers the eastern part of Grande Terre, Loyalty Islands, and Isle of Pines. In the habitat of tropical montane laurel forest of New Caledonia with Laurisilvas, which are cloud-covered for much of the year, the moist evergreen forests have a closed canopy of moderately sized trees, up to in the lowlands and in montane forest.
Mbembe's main research topics are African history, Postcolonial Studies and politics and social science. Although he is called a postcolonial theorist, namely due to the title of his first English book, he has thoroughly rejected this label more recently, because he sees his project as one of both acceptance and transcendence of difference, rather than of return to an original, marginal, non-metropolitan homeland. Mbembe’s most important works are: Les jeunes et l’ordre politique en Afrique noire (1985); La naissance du maquis dans le Sud- Cameroun (1920–1960); Histoire des usages de la raison en colonie (1996); De la postcolonie. Essai sur l’imagination politique dans l’Afrique contemporaine (On the Postcolony) (2000); Sortir de la grande nuit: Essai sur l'Afrique décolonisée (2003); Critique de la raison nègre (2013).
Avec les maquis de la > région, il devait ensuit participer à la libération de Montauban, de > Toulouse et de Rodez. According to the Azerbaijani Soviet Encyclopedia, Jabrayilov was captured in May 1942 in course of the battle for Donbas, and was kept in Dachau and Alsace-Lorraine concentration camps. In November 1942, he fled to join the partisans in France, took part in battles for the liberation of France, received several French awards (including Médaille militaire for personal bravery) and was retired in 1946. In the newspaper, Bakinskiy Rabochiy (Baku Worker), Ms. Rugiya Aliyeva, an Azerbaijani journalist and author of the book Azerbaijanis in the European Movement of Resistance, tells the following story of Jabrayilov's life: According to Rossiyskaya Gazeta, de Gaulle met with Jabrayilov three times.
Hamburg, Memorial of Neuengamme concentration camp: memorial area, monument for the deported and murdered Maquis of Murat (Cantal) On 24 June 1944, during World War II, 120 Muratais were deported, 80 never returned. The French people from Murat were deported via Compiègne to the Neuengamme concentration camp and most of them had to work in the subcamp (in German: Außenlager) Farge concentration camp. At begin of June, 2012 a monument in the Memorial wood on the gardening area of former concentration camp was established: It was donated by the citiy of Murat, to remember what happened in Murat and to commemorate the deported and murdered inhabitants.(fr) Klaus Witzeling: Bekannte Orte, historisch gesehen (title translated to English: Well known places in historical view).
Close up of Ephesos ancient Greek amphitheatre with a maquis shrubland Vegetation types range from forests to woodlands, savannas, shrublands, and grasslands; "mosaic habitat" landscapes are common, where differing vegetation types are interleaved with one another in complex patterns created by variations in soil, topography, exposure to wind and sun, and fire history. Much of the woody vegetation in Mediterranean-climate regions is sclerophyll, which means 'hard-leaved' in Greek. Sclerophyllous vegetation generally has small, dark leaves covered with a waxy outer layer to retain moisture in the dry summer months. Phytogeographers consider the fynbos (South Africa) as a separate floral kingdom because 68% of the 8,600 vascular plant species crowded into its are endemic and highly distinctive at several taxonomic levels.
The album La Forêt des Mal-Aimés was the subject of a remix album released in March 2007, a year after the release of the album. Entitled 2 X2 (read as "deux par deux" in French, meaning "2 by 2"), it was a 24-minute limited edition / short album by Les Disques Audiogramme that included remixes of tracks all from La forêt des mal-aimés plus one unpublished track titled "Le Maquis", written by Philippe B., the guitar player in Lapointe's backing band. Philippe Brault, not to be confused with Philippe B., was co-arranger of the album with Jean Massicotte. The two had won a Félix Award in 2006 for their arrangement and musical direction of the La Forêt des Mal-Aimés show.
Some historians, such as Kenneth W. Estes, question the assertions made by Ezquerra himself, as no evidence has ever been found to corroborate his claims about the role he played. While no one denies he was present in Germany and that there was a unit of some sort bearing his name, his real rank and participation in some events can be questioned. > Ezquerra, for example, claims to have been promoted from Lieutenant to > Lieutenant-Colonel, orally, between his 1944 arrival in Stablack and final > combat in Berlin. During this time, he allegedly served in the Army's > special operations unit, the "Brandenburgers," first fighting Maquis in and > out of Paris, and then with his Spanish commando unit, fighting behind the > American (!) lines in the Battle of the Bulge.
The plant is evergreen, from 1 to 5 m high, with a strong smell of resin, growing in dry and rocky areas in Mediterranean Europe. It resists heavy frosts and grows on all types of soils, and can grow well in limestone areas and even in salty or saline environments, making it more abundant near the sea. It is also found in woodlands, dehesas (almost deforested pasture areas), Kermes oak woods, wooded areas dominated by other oaks, garrigues, maquis shrublands, hills, gorges, canyons, and rocky hillsides of the entire Mediterranean area. It is a typical species of Mediterranean mixed communities which include myrtle, Kermes oak, Mediterranean dwarf palm, buckthorn and sarsaparilla, and serves as protection and food for birds and other fauna in this ecosystem.
V. Thompson & R. Adloff, 52 Thus Abatcha had to face from the beginning a level of considerable internal strife, with the opposition guided by the anti-communist Mohamed Baghlani.C. Bouquet, 131 The unity was stronger on the field, with Abatcha and his so- called Koreans passing to Eastern Chad in mid-1966 to fight the government, and El Hadj Issaka assuming the role of his chief-of-staff. While his maquis were badly trained and equipped, they were able to commit some hit-and-run attacks against the Chadian army, mainly in Ouaddai, but also in Guera and Salamat. The rebels also toured the villages, indoctrinating the people on the future revolution and exhorting youths to join the FROLINAT forces.
Following the British attacks of July and September 1940 (Mers el Kébir, Dakar), the French government became increasingly fearful of the British and took the initiative to collaborate with the occupiers. Pétain accepted the government's creation of a collaborationist armed militia (the Milice) under the command of Joseph Darnand, who, along with German forces, led a campaign of repression against the French resistance ("Maquis"). Pétain and his final meeting with the departing American ambassador William D. Leahy, 1942 Pétain admitted Darnand into his government as Secretary of the Maintenance of Public Order (Secrétaire d'État au Maintien de l'Ordre). In August 1944, Pétain made an attempt to distance himself from the crimes of the militia by writing Darnand a letter of reprimand for the organisation's "excesses".
The future minister of General de Gaulle will not know the same fate as his half-brothers. Indeed, shortly before his arrest, Roland had introduced André Malraux to the head of the Footmann network, another network of the SOE: . After he joined the Resistance under the name of Colonel Berger, André Malraux was in turn arrested by the Germans at Gramat on 22 July 1944. Transferred to the of Toulouse, he was liberated by a coup de force from the Maquis on 19 August. On 12 November of the same year, Josette Clotis, companion of André Malraux and mother of his two sons, Gauthier and Vincent, died in a railway accident. In 1945, Madeleine Lioux having returned to Paris and learned of the death of Roland Malraux.
Other clandestine organizations operated in Denmark, Belgium, Norway, France (Resistance), France (Maquis), Czechoslovakia, Slovakia, Yugoslavia (Royalist Chetniks), Yugoslavia (Partisans), Soviet Union, Italy, Albania and Greece. From the second half of 1944, the total forces of the Yugoslav Partisans numbered over 500,000 men organized in four field armies, which engaged in conventional warfare. By 1944 the Polish resistance was thought to number 600,000. Many of these organizations received help from the British operated Special Operations Executive (SOE) which along with the commandos was initiated by Winston Churchill to "set Europe ablaze." The SOE was originally designated as 'Section D' of MI6 but its aid to resistance movements to start fires clashed with MI6's primary role as an intelligence-gathering agency.
Member of the Polish Home Army defending a barricade in Warsaw's Powiśle district during the Warsaw Uprising, August 1944 Warsaw Uprising, August 1944 Members of the French resistance group Maquis in La Tresorerie, 14 September 1944, Boulogne Members of the Dutch Resistance with troops of the US 101st Airborne Division in front of the Lambertus church in Veghel during Operation Market Garden, September 1944 The Vemork hydroelectric plant in Norway, site of the heavy water production, and a part of the German nuclear program, sabotaged by Norwegians between 1942 and 1944 Polish resistance soldiers during 1944 Warsaw Uprising. Yugoslav Partisan fighter Stjepan "Stevo" Filipović shouting "Smrt fašizmu sloboda narodu!" ("Death to fascism, freedom to the people!") (the Partisan slogan) seconds before plunging to his death.
He subsequently led the SAS with great distinction through the final campaigns of the war in France, the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany and Norway, often campaigning alongside local resistance fighters including the French Maquis. In recognition of his leadership and personal disregard for danger while in France, in which he trained and worked closely with the French Resistance, Mayne received the second Bar to his DSO. The official citation stated: During the course of the war he became one of the British Army's most highly decorated soldiers and received the DSO with three Bars, one of only seven British servicemen to receive that award four times during the Second World War. Additionally, the post-war French Government awarded him the Legion of Honour and the Croix de guerre.
Born on 26 February 1930 at M'Sila, Algeria, Lakhdar began his studies in his native country. He first became interested in the world of cinema at the Lycée Carnot in Cannes, France. After beginning studies of agriculture and law at French universities, he deserted the French Army in 1958 and joined the anti-French Algerian Resistance in Tunisia, where he worked for the provisional Algerian government in exile. His film career began as he joined the Algerian Maquis (guerrillas). In 1959, the Algerian National Liberation Front (FLN) sent him to Prague, where he pursued his cinematography studies at the cinema school, Film and TV School of the Academy of Performing Arts in Prague, the Czech academy for cinema and television.
It is characterized by the peculiar piscine ("swimming pools"), temporary marshy areas forming in the autumn season due to the accumulation of rainwater, and the lestre, where once the sparse population built their villages. Vegetation includes maquis shrubland, continental species such as Turkish oak, fraxinus and common oak, as well as typical Mediterranean trees including the holm oak, the bay laurel and the cork oak. Understory is also rich, featuring common hawthorn, blackthorn, wild apple, pear and strawberry trees, erica, Ruscus aculeatus and numerous others. The berry vegetation allows the presence of a rich fauna, including boar, fallow deer, hare, european badger, fox, weasel, green whip snake, Natrix maura, land and marsh Testudo, Triturus newt, toad and frog among the others.
The MIA and MEI, concentrated in the maquis, attempted to develop a military strategy against the state, typically targeting the security services and sabotaging or bombing state institutions. From its inception on, however, the GIA, concentrated in urban areas, called for and implemented the killing of anyone supporting the authorities, including government employees such as teachers and civil servants. It assassinated journalists and intellectuals (such as Tahar Djaout), saying that "The journalists who fight against Islamism through the pen will perish by the sword."Sid Ahmed Mourad, quoted in Jeune Afrique, 27 January 1994 (quoted in Willis 1996) It soon stepped up its attacks by targeting civilians who refused to live by their prohibitions, and in September 1993 began killing foreigners,Kepel, Jihad, 2002: p.
The headland is approximately , of which about are covered with by ilex trees, while the remaining area is divided between high maquis with arbutus and heather, and a small strip of cork oak woodland. At an altitude of , the top of the promontory is called Monte Castello and is covered by maritime pine woodland, in which are the ruins of an ancient fortress and of military buildings from World War II. Saracen watchtower The well-preserved remains of a watchtower for defence against Saracens stand at about above sea level. It is a strategic site, and an excellent maritime lookout location. The northern slopes of Punta Manara collect water which flows into Rio Ravino, which crosses the main path to the headland.
The terebinth, a tree of semi-arid plains In the west of the country, mild wet winters and hot dry summers provide ideal conditions for the Eastern Mediterranean conifer-sclerophyllous-broadleaf forests of the region which include evergreen oaks, Aleppo pines and other conifers. Where the trees have been removed for timber, sclerophyllous scrub predominates, such as maquis shrubland, and garrigue in calcareous areas. At the beginning of the twentieth century, forests covered about one third of the country, but a hundred years later, this had reduced to about 3%. The remaining forest cover is mostly in the Syrian Coastal Mountain Range and consists of thorny and glossy-leaved trees such as common box, Myrtus communis, broom, terebinth, strawberry tree and wild olive.
One is Noel Anthony Pontarlier Rumbold ("Nap"), a junior solicitor in his father's London firm. Nap had spent four months on dangerous missions with the French maquis in occupied France during the war and is, apparently, still a Lieutenant-Colonel, D.S.O. A few years later he will be a main character in Gilbert's well-received novel Death Has Deep Roots. Patrick (Paddy) Yeatman-Carter, an acquaintance of Nap's, is another lead character, as is his uncle, Alfred Lord Cedarbrook, a man with an astonishing background, much sought after by both the Foreign Office and the War Office during WWII and now, apparently, still affiliated with the Secret Service. As well as being a linguist, explorer, soldier, and diplomat, he also has a law degree.
During World War II he joined the Maquis de l'Ain et du Haut-Jura. In 1944 he joined the army, where he served at the 24ème Bataillon de chasseurs (ranger battalion) during the campaign against the Germans, and participated in the occupation of Austria. He also served in the French Indochina War with the 27ème Régiment de Tirailleurs Algériens and the 10ème Bataillon de Parachutistes de Chasseurs à Pied, and in the Algerian War as a mountain reconnaissance platoon leader of the 7eme Bataillon de Chasseurs Alpins. After his military retirement in 1962 he worked as a civilian instructor at the École militaire de haute montagne (EMHM), in winters as trainer of the school's Nordic skiing team and in summers as a high mountain guide.
In the night between the 7 and 8 June, according to the Maquis fighters, still without the 450 fighters of their A group, withdrew to the hills around the town and the German forces regrouped in three places: the girls school in the north, the weapons factory and the Souilhac school in the south. Fighting resumed at half past six in the morning, the main offensive being against the girls school, main stronghold of German troops. In the face of German opposition, the FTP set fire to the building around 3 o'clock in the afternoon. Around 5 o'clock, in circumstances that remain unclear and disputed, the Germans tried to leave, if one of them was waving a white cloth, others were carrying live grenades.
Accused of the murder of a forest warden in 1947, he was hunted and he joined the maquis under the Pseudonym of Si Rabah with Moh Nachid, Mohand Talah and Messaoud Ben Arab. Twice sentenced to death by French tribunals in 1947 and 1950, he became the Kabylie responsible of the PPA-MTLD paramilitary organization founded in February 1947 by Messali Hadj, the Organisation Spéciale, at the head of 22 members of the resistance (maquisards). During the Algerian War of Independence, Krim was chief of the FLN's 3rd Wilaya, Kabylie and its surrounding area. After his important role at the Soummam Congress—in which the FLN formalized its revolutionary program—Krim became one of the most important and powerful of all the FLN chiefs.
The Catalans have been organized spontaneously militarily in many different ways, from the Sagramental, the Crusades of the Almogavars to the maulets, the submissive ones, or the maquis. Until the Nueva Planta decrees, in Catalan homes there were always weapons and ammunition to defend themselves, either from the Saracens, the pirates or the French. It is not therefore until after the defeat of the War of the Spanish Succession that the new Bourbon authorities limited and controlled the right to bear arms, and under the pretext of pacifying the country, it hides the desire to prevent citizens from rising in Weapons against it, as had happened many times.Vegeu Guerra de Successió Espanyola, derrota i repartiment de Catalunya i els fets anteriors, en aquest mateix article.
In the following episode, "By Inferno's Light", the Cardassians become a member of the Dominion, and the Federation and Klingon Empire resolve to cast aside their mutual distrust and unite against the common threat. A garrison of Klingon troops is stationed on Deep Space Nine, under the command of the real General Martok, rescued from Dominion incarceration with Bashir. In "Blaze of Glory", the characters confront the issue of ethnic cleansing when the Maquis – a resistance group of former Federation citizens now living in Cardassian space – are hunted down and ask for the assistance of Sisko, who used to criticize their methods. The Season Five finale, "Call to Arms", sets the scene for the commencement of full-scale war between the Dominion and the Federation during the final two seasons of Deep Space Nine.
The term "Mèo Maquis" was originally used by Free French and Allied intelligence officers to describe the Hmong resistance forces working against Japanese forces occupying Indochina and China during World War II. After World War II, French Groupement de Commandos Mixtes Aéroportés (GCMA) authorities recruited Vang as a lieutenant during the First Indochina War to combat the Viet Minh ( by Col. Jean Sassi). He was the only ethnic Hmong to attain the rank of General officer in the Royal Lao Army, and he was loyal to the King of Laos while remaining a champion of the Hmong people. During the 1960s/70s, he commanded the Secret Army, also known as the Hmong Army, a highly-effective Central Intelligence Agency-trained and supported force that fought against the Pathet Lao and People's Army of Vietnam.
With Glover pleading their case, they argued that because the Allies had invaded France and the Maquis were by then openly fighting the Nazis alongside Allied troops, if Yeager or Glover were shot down again, there was little about those who had previously helped them evade capture that could be revealed to the enemy. Eisenhower, after gaining permission from the War Department to decide the requests, concurred with Yeager and Glover. Yeager later credited his postwar success in the Air Force to this decision, saying that his test pilot career followed naturally from his having been a decorated combat pilot, along with having been an aircraft mechanic before attending pilot school. In part, because of his maintenance background, he also frequently served as a maintenance officer in his flying units.
Sir James Riley Holt Hutchison, 1st Baronet, DSO, TD, JP (10 April 1893 – 24 February 1979) was a British army officer, company director and politician. He was the son of a Scottish shipowner and spent his commercial life in the same field and as a director of shipbuilders, but fought in both World Wars during a long military career. He distinguished himself as the principal British liaison officer with the French Resistance during the Second World War in which he needed plastic surgery to disguise his appearance from the Germans; he was nicknamed the "Pimpernel of the Maquis". At the end of the Second World War he was elected as a Unionist Member of Parliament in Glasgow, and although the city was turning against his party he enjoyed a 14-year Parliamentary career.
Her primary was acting as a courier delivering messages to other agents and members of the underground, and she would travel constantly, mostly by bicycle over the neighbouring roads bordering the Pines, but would also deliver instructions to agents as far afield as Marseille, Lyon, Besançon, Montbéliard, and even Paris, and bring their messages back to the W/T operator (John Young) for transmission. Young was a Scotsman who spoke poor French, so Rowden's duties included escorting him around so he would not have to speak French. On one of her trips to Marseille the German police boarded the train and began inspect papers, so she locked herself in the W/C until they had passed through her car. Rowden got to know the local maquis who described her as without fear – sans peur.
During the Civil War there was also a military version of the flag with proportion 2:3 and without the coat of arms used by Republican Army units in different locations. Despite not displaying the arms, this plain flag did not correspond to the civil ensign approved in 1931 for the use of merchant ships.Gaceta de Madrid, Decreto del 27 de abril de 1931 del gobierno provisional de la República, 28 April 1931 The International Brigades added a three-pointed red star to the yellow band of the military Republican flag.FOTW - Spanish Civil War 1936-1939 The simplified military flag of the Second Spanish Republic was also used by the Spanish Maquis between the end of the Spanish Civil War and the early 1960s, and later by the Spanish National Liberation Front (FELN).
In the summer of 1945, Helen Michel is living in the south of France in the difficult aftermath of the Second World War, grieving for her late husband, a French collaborator called Maurice Michel who was mysteriously drowned in the final months of the German occupation of France. Helen is beautiful, lazy, the daughter of an Irish peer, a painter and scholar who is fond of gambling. Her seventeen-year-old daughter Barbary Deniston (Helen left her first husband, an English barrister) and her fifteen-year-old step-son Raoul Michel have run wild, associating with the Maquis, helping a guerrilla band with schemes of sabotage and harassing the Germans. Helen also has a two-year-old son by Maurice Michel, whom Barbary dotes on, but mother and daughter have grown apart.
Western Front in 1944 Following the successful Allied Invasion of Normandy on 6 June 1944 and before the Liberation of Paris on 26 August, German forces in the Vosges mountains were ordered to establish a defensive position west of the ridge line of the mountains, titled the Schutzwall West (Protective Wall West). Up to 30,000 Hitler Youth members from Germany were brought in to help with the construction of the fortified line. Planned as a massive fortification stretching from southern Belgium to the Swiss border, in practice little of it was completed because of a lack of resources, but also because of harassment of the work groups by the Maquis. The German plan was to destroy all villages in front of this protective wall to eliminate any shelter for Allied forces in the upcoming winter.
His pseudonym dates from his work with the French Resistance during the Second World War, when he operated under several different names. Based in Grenoble, an important center of the Resistance, he helped Jews and politically persecuted escape to Switzerland.Abbé Pierre, the conscience of France, dies at the age of 94 , The Scotsman, 23 January 2007 In 1942, he assisted Jacques de Gaulle (the brother of Charles de Gaulle) and his wife escape to Switzerland.Il aurait mérité dix fois d'être fait "Juste parmi les nations", testimony of Jean-Claude Duclos, curator of the Musée de la Résistance et de la Déportation de l'Isère, in Libération, 25 January 2007 He participated in establishing a section of the maquis where he officially became one of the local leaders in the Vercors Plateau and in the Chartreuse Mountains.
An Englishman (Bernard Miles) and a Frenchman (Paul Bonifas) find themselves sharing a room in a hotel in an unidentified English location, and fall into conversation. The Englishman's son is in the Royal Air Force, and when the Frenchman shows him a photograph of his daughter, the Englishman remarks that it is less worrisome to have a daughter than a son at this time of war. The Frenchman replies that his daughter, a nurse by profession, is currently an active member of the Maquis. The Englishman says that he has received news that his son was forced to bail out of his plane over France the previous day, and the Frenchman observes that there are many thousands of French men and women who will risk their own safety to help a downed British airman.
One aspect of affiliation uniqueness that Second Edition has continued is specialized reporting icons. While not a new idea (First Edition's Mirror, Mirror set first featured Empire and Alliance icons for affiliated personnel and ships), Second Edition's widespread utilization of the icon as a cultural identifier has allowed designers to introduce support cards that better represent the various Trek shows' themes. This is the primary tool to divide the Federation affiliation into separate groups (The Original Series, The Next Generation, Deep Space 9, and Voyager each have an icon representing their personnel and ships). Other likeminded groups can have these icons as well; the Maquis incorporate members of four different affiliations into their arsenal, while the Terok Nor personnel and ships represent the brief period of Cardassian/Dominion command of Deep Space 9.
Beginning in 1942, the Service du Travail Obligatoire (STO) (Compulsory Work Service) resulted in the deportation of hundreds of thousands of young French men to Nazi Germany to work as labour for the German war effort. To avoid the STO tens of thousands of men fled to the mountains and forests of France and joined the maquis, the rural resistance fighters against the German occupation. In 1943, three men, mountaineer Pierre Dalloz, soldier Alain Le Ray, and writer Jean Prévost developed a plan to use the Vercors as a redoubt and a staging area for resistance to the German occupation. In August 1943, Francis Cammaerts, code named Roger, an agent of the United Kingdom's clandestine Special Operations Executive (S0E) organization, journeyed to the Vercors and met with French soldier Eugène Chavant.
Darnand was the leader of the Milice, the Vichy paramilitary group that fought the French Resistance, and enforced anti-semitic policies. He took an oath of loyalty to Adolf Hitler after he had accepted a Waffen SS rank. Other cagoulards sided against the Germans, either as members of the Resistance (such as Marie- Madeleine Fourcade, Pierre Guillain de Bénouville or Georges Loustaunau-Lacau in the Maquis), or as members of Charles de Gaulle's Free French Forces, such as General Henri Giraud or Colonel Passy. After the war, the politician and writer Henri de Kérillis accused de Gaulle of having been a member of La Cagoule and said that de Gaulle had been ready to install a fascist government if the Allies let him become France's chief of state.
The National Archives : HS 9/608/8 - André GRANDCLEMENT, aka GERARD, aka BERNARN, aka PULIGNY When de Baissac was flown to Britain in July 1943, SCIENTIST's wireless operator Roger Landes took control of the network just as a Gestapo crackdown led to many arrests, including Granclément's wife.The Independent, Obituary - Roger Landes Fearing for his wife's life, and suspicious of communist influence within the Maquis, the Right-wing André Granclément agreed to help the Germans, and the number of arrests increased and the SCIENTIST network began to collapse. Landes had long considered Granclément to be a security risk but agreed to meet him, the Germans having let Granclément attend the meeting, during which he explained his intentions to expose dozens of arms dumps which would destroy many months work.
The French population's morale improved as the difficulties faced by the Wehrmacht increased, in particular during the protracted Battle of Stalingrad. The 4 September 1942 Law on the STO (Service du travail obligatoire), signed by Pierre Laval, the head of government in the Vichy régime, proposed to exchange one prisoner-of-war for three Frenchmen to go to work in Nazi Germany. This was an important cause of the Resistance's dramatic increase in numbers, inspiring many young male adults to stand up and volunteer for the Maquis. At the time of the liberation of Paris, after the deportation and death of many of the members of the original clandestine leadership, the FN resistance movement counted such figures as Frédéric Joliot-Curie, Pierre Villon, Henri Wallon, Laurent Casanova, François Mauriac, and Louis Aragon among its members.
On 13 August, she subverted some of the Polish soldiers among the German units in the Alps. After a two- day hike to the Col de Larche, a prominent mountain pass on the Franco-Italian border, she approached a formidable fortress, manned by 150 soldiers, at the head of the pass. Speaking in Polish and revealing her identity, she talked to the 63 Polish soldiers among the defenders, and told them, when the order was given by resistance forces, to desert and destroy the fortress, giving them specific instructions on how that was to be done. Six days later a small force of maquis and two Operation Toplink officers, John Roper and John Halsey, approached the garrison and the German commander surrendered the fortress and his mutinous soldiers.
A typical Calanques cliff with spare vegetation anchored to it seen from Mont Puget Calanques at Vezzano sul Crostolo, Italian Apennines The calanques have a particular ecosystem, as soil is almost non-existent there, and the limestone cliffs instead contain numerous cracks into which the roots of plants are anchored. Nevertheless, the biota is diverse, with over 900 plant species, including a number of endemics like the Marseille Tragacanth and Sabline de Marseille: members of the Papilionaceae family, which can only be found in the hills of Marseille. In places where cliffs are less vertical, the vegetation is a classical Mediterranean maquis, typically consisting of densely growing evergreen shrubs such as sage, juniper and myrtle. It is similar to heath in many aspects, but with taller shrubs, typically high as opposed to for heath.
A total of 16 teams will contest the league, including 13 sides from the 2016 season and three promoted from the 2016 Segundona - Bravos do Maquis, J.G.M. and Santa Rita de Cássia. On the other hand, 4 de Abril do K.K., Porcelana F.C. and Primeiro de Maio were the last three teams of the 2016 season and will play in the Segundona for the 2018 season. Clube Desportivo Primeiro de Agosto are the defending champions from the 2016 season. On January 23, 2017, Benfica de Luanda issued a press release stating that it would no longer participate in the Girabola, with effect from 2017 and until further notice, citing financial reasons, and that the club would focus on its youth academy and in turning the club into a sports company.
The invasion of the Val d'Aran ended on 28 October 1944 in a complete failure for the Republican side, when the last guerrillas re-crossed the border back into France, without the hoped-for uprising. These attacks forced Franco to prepare for future similar attacks by deciding to fortify the Pyrenees. In 1945, de Gaulle had all the Spanish Republican flags in France removed and definitively disowned the Junta Española de Liberación. Spanish republicans, after France and the Allies' rejection, were forced into a guerrilla war, known as the Spanish Maquis, and the Spanish Republic government-in-exile faded away to a symbolic role. In an attempt to isolate the Franco regime, Félix Gouin, de Gaulle's successor as head of the French provisional government, decided on 26 February 1946 to close the border with Spain on 1 March 1946.
From spring 1943, German and Austrian anti-fascists who had fought in the International Brigades during the Spanish Civil War fought in Lozère and the Cévennes alongside the French Resistance in the Francs-Tireurs et Partisans. During the first years of the occupation they had been employed in the CTE, but following the German invasion of the southern zone in 1942 the threat increased and many joined the maquis. They were led by militant German communist Otto Kühne, a former member of the Reichstag in the Weimar Republic who had over 2,000 Germans in the FTP under his command by July 1944. He fought the Nazis directly, as in an April 1944 battle in Saint-Étienne-Vallée- Française in which his soldiers destroyed a Feldgendarmerie unit, or in an ambush of the Waffen-SS on June 5, 1944.
It was only in 1943 that guerilla warfare emerged in France as opposed to the more sporadic attacks against the Germans that had continued since the summer of 1941, and the Resistance changed from an urban movement to a rural movement, most active in central and southern France. Fritz Sauckel, the General Plenipotentiary for Labour Deployment and the man in charge of bringing slaves to German factories, demanded the flight of young men to the countryside be stopped and called the maquis "terrorists", "bandits" and "criminals". One of every two French people called to serve in the STO failed to do so. Sauckel had been ordered by Hitler in February 1943 to produce half a million workers from France for German industry by March, and it was he who had pressured Laval to create the STO with the law of 16 February 1943.
Afterwards, the people of Oyonnax joined the maquisards in singing the French national anthem as they marched, an incident given much play on the BBC's French language service about how one town had been "liberated" for a day. The next month, the SS arrested 130 Oyonnax residents and sent them to the concentration camps, shot the town's doctor, and tortured and deported two other people, including the gendarme captain who failed to resist the maquis on 11 November. On 29 December 1943, the AS and the Communist FTP agreed to cooperate; their actions were controlled by the COMAC (Comité Militaire d'Action-Committee for Military Action), which in turn took its orders from the CNR. The Communists agreed to unity largely in the belief that they would obtain more supplies from Britain, and in practice the FTP continued to work independently.
It had been captured by the Maquis due to a failed detonator and reprogrammed to attack its original creators. It was dragged into the Delta Quadrant in much the same manner as Voyager, and when unable to resolve the unforeseen situation it locked on to a planet that was similar to the one it was programmed to target, but which was inhabited by innocents. Dreadnought was equipped with an exceptionally sophisticated artificial intelligence, capable of "paranoia" to a certain degree, as when reprogrammer B'Elanna Torres attempted to prevent it from destroying the innocent planet, it came to the conclusion that she had been captured by her Cardassian enemies and forced to make up a story to prevent the attack; it then pretended to follow her commands and shut down, only to re-activate and continue its mission once she was no longer aboard.
This manoeuvre forced the hospital and its patients to flee higher up, erasing all trace of their passage in the chalet and the village of Alpe d'Huez, while the para-military groups organised the counter-attack. Two groups were evacuated: on the one hand, the most able- bodied patients and some of the medical staff were hidden in the forests; on the other, the seriously wounded (including two amputees) left with the rest of the medical staff on 11 August at 11 am. Inhabitants made a hedge of honour to this fleeing column. The maquisards were assisted in this evacuation by 11 American soldiers, crew of a "B-24 Liberator" which had crashed a few days earlier in the Hautes-Alpes and who had been taken by the maquis to this "field hospital" (their pilot being wounded).
The battle lasted five to six hours and resulted in about 20 deaths on the German side and no casualties on the French side. The "battle of Grandes Rousses" will remain as one of the rare victorious direct confrontations against the German army for the maquis, more accustomed to ambushes and isolated actions than to a face-to-face battlefield. But, despite this victory, the pursuit by the Bavarian Alpine Hunters is not over and what remains of the German company is determined to capture or kill the hospital team. On the morning of 15 August, the Germans spotted the wounded and the hospital staff at the La Fare hut; the group then set off again towards Lac La Fare, where they found a hut full of maquisards who had come from the north after fighting at the Glandon Pass.
After the Spanish Civil War he was appointed civil governor of Granada and Teruel, mainly responsible for the fight against the anti-Franco guerrilla. The latter was transferred on July 28, 1947, as civil governor and head of the Movement in that province, positions held until 1954, also occupying the position of head of the V Region of the Civil Guard. Its mission was, as in previous places, to stifle the movements of the maquis in the province, particularly intense by the presence in the area of the guerrilla group Agrupación Guerrillera de Levante y Aragón (AGLA), task in which it was successful, declaring rural areas as a "war zone" and unleashing a harsh repression that affected not only the guerrillas, but the civilian population. A street in Teruel, General Pizarro Street, took its name in its memory since the 1950s.
A minority of the French forces escaped abroad and continued the fight under General Charles de Gaulle (the "Free French" or the "Fighting French"). On the other hand, the French Resistance conducted sabotage operations inside German-occupied France. To support the invasion of Normandy of 1944, various groups increased their sabotage and guerrilla attacks; organizations such as the Maquis derailed trains, blew up ammunition depots, and ambushed Germans, for instance at Tulle. The 2nd SS Panzer Division Das Reich came under constant attack and sabotage on their way across the country to Normandy, suspected the village of Oradour-sur-Glane of harboring terrorists, arms and explosives, and wiped out the population in retaliation. There was also a free French army fighting with the Allies, numbering almost 500,000 men by June 1944, 1,000,000 by December and 1,300,000 by the end of the war.
Mahoney, as a US Army Ranger aides the French Resistance before, during, and immediately after the June 6, 1944 D-Day invasions of France. Later, tired of always finding himself involved in "suicide" missions, Mahoney and Cranepool transfer to the "Hamerhead" Division in General George S Patton's 3rd Army. With the Hammerheads, Mahoney participates in the battles of the hedgerows after the Normandy invasions, the liberation of Paris, the crossing of the Moselle and battle for Metz, and the defense of Bastogne. In the first book in the series, Death Train, which takes place in the summer of 1944, Mahoney is a US Army Ranger working behind German lines with the French Resistance, "maquis", to disrupt a rail-road line that will be essential to German troop and supply movement after the D-Day invasion on Omaha Beach.
Santa Maria Navarrese has a typical maquis shrubland seascape. Although it is part of the municipality of Baunei, it can be regarded as a separate town in some respects, mainly because Santa Maria Navarrese lies at 9,1 km (12 minutes by car) from Baunei and has a typical seaside landscape and an increasingly tourist economy, while Baunei is located inland and is mostly a mountainous town. Santa Maria Navarrese is also contiguous to the Tancau sul Mare frazione of Lotzorai and is part of a strip of Ogliastra's coastal settlements that stretches southwards to Tortolì and Arbatax. It has a small, well-served tourist port, from which it is possible to reach the famous Sardinian cale: Cala Goloritzé, Cala Luna, Cala Mariolu (also called Ispùligi de Nie), Cala Sisine, Cala Biriala, Spiaggia dei Gabbiani and Grotta del Fico.
A remodeling of the set occurred between the second and third seasons, with the primary change being new computer consoles around the cockpit. Another major overhaul occurred between seasons four and five, with the transporter bay moved aft behind a large door (which was usually kept open), and a free-standing console added in its place. The set was redressed on four occasions to serve as the control areas of other vessels: a Maquis raider during "Caretaker", the pilot episode of Star Trek: Voyager, mirror universe ships in DS9 season three episode "Through the Looking Glass" and season four episode "Shattered Mirror", and a shuttlecraft from USS Enterprise-E in the film Star Trek: Insurrection. A set for the runabout's aft living quarters was built for "Timescape", an episode in the sixth season of The Next Generation (running concurrently with DS9s first season).
Following his first year at Columbia, in 1941 Colby volunteered for active duty with the United States Army and served with the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) as a "Jedburgh", or special operator, trained to work with resistance forces in occupied Europe to harass German and Axis forces. During World War II, he parachuted behind enemy lines twice and earned the Silver Star as well as commendations from Norway, France, and Great Britain. In his first mission he deployed to France as a Jedburgh commanding Team BRUCE, in mid-August 1944, and operated with the Maquis until he joined up with Allied forces later that fall. In April 1945, he led the NORSO Group Operasjon Rype into Norway on a sabotage mission to destroy railway lines, in an effort to hinder German forces in Norway from reinforcing the final defense of Germany.
Commemoration, following a visit by Nicolas Sarkozy The Glières Plateau was an important site of the French Resistance during the Second World War, its mountainous territory giving rise to a Maquis group of resistance fighters which was organized and led by lieutenant Tom Morel, Compagnon de la Libération. The plateau was chosen in January 1944 to accept British parachute drops of arms to supply the local resistance, then as a base of operations against the German rear to take place at the moment when the awaited landings by the allies would occur. The plateau was cut off, poorly accessible by road (and therefore by the enemy) but identifiable by allied aircraft through its proximity to Lake Annecy. The "battle of Glières" (March 1944) left 121 dead from the maquisards against almost 5000 soldiers from the Wehrmacht and the Vichy milice.
The local population considers the bay of Sidi Akacha sacred for example, and for about a decade was frequented by armed terrorists because of its isolation and rugged forested terrain The forest, extensive along this part of the coast, is greatly admired with a very rigorous asceticism. A number of mausoleums host brilliant fantasia, as in Sidi Boufernana every year. In 1830, during the siege of Annaba, the two years of uncertainty of the first battles, a clandestine flotilla came every night from Tekouch to supply the inhabitants of the city with provisions. At that time, a historical event of great size was not lacking in certain interest and deserves a precision: since it is there, even in the Edough, where its maquis has preserved in the mountains the memory of the revolt of If Zeghdoud.
Given the activity of the Resistance in the region, the department of Corrèze and in particular the town of Tulle and its surroundings were the object of frequent interventions by German Security Services. On 1944, a 12-member SD unit under August Meier, the Commandant of the Secret Police and Security Services in Limoges, arrived in Tulle. Directed by the SS- Hauptsturmführer Friedrich Korten, these men, along with elements of the under the command of Henri Lafont, mounted a crackdown on the Maquis Resistance. In collaboration with a division cobbled together under the command of Major General , they systematically swept the region during April 1944. This temporarily united composite units, including notably the 1st Regiment of the 325th Security Division and the Georgians of the 799th Infantry Battalion, recruited from Prisoners of War of the Red Army.
Jacques Doumro was a Chadian general during the Tombalbaye Regime. Doumro joined the French Army when he was nineteen years old, and fought in the Second World War, becoming a non-commissioned officer in the French Colonial Forces.RÉSISTANCE et MAQUIS With the independepndence of his country in 1960 Doumro made a rapid career, becoming General and Chief-of-Staff of the Chadian Armed Forces. Doumro gained popularity, especially among students, for his firm stand against the President François Tombalbaye regarding the question of the modernization of the army and the recruitment and establishment of a professional corps; so when the students of the Felix Eboué High School demonstrated in November 1971 in the capital against the government, a prevalent slogan was a call for Doumro to take power: "Vive l'Armee, vive le General Doumro", raising for the first time the spectre of the entry of the military into the political scene.
The Germans, wanting to present a facade of legality, enlisted other Vichy officials such as Fernand de Brinon as president, along with Joseph Darnand, Jean Luchaire, Eugène Bridoux, and Marcel Déat. On 7 September 1944, fleeing the advance of Allied troops into France, while Germany was in flames and the Vichy regime ceased to exist, a thousand French collaborators (including a hundred officials of the Vichy regime, a few hundred members of the French Militia, collaborationist party militants, and the editorial staff of the newspaper Je suis partout) but also waiting-game opportunists also went into exile in Sigmaringen. Militia leaders sought to recruit new members to swell the ranks of the Franc-Garde by finding sympathizers, especially in the enforced labor camps of prisoners in Germany. Their goal was to promote the ideal of a true National Revolution by actively preparing for an underground struggle by creating Maquis groups.
For instance, a large number of German units were required to clear the maquis du Vercors, which they eventually succeeded with, but this and numerous other actions behind German lines contributed to a much faster advance following the Provence landings than the Allied leadership had anticipated. The main part of French Expeditionary Corps in Italy which had been fighting there was withdrawn from the Italian front, and added to the French First Army—under General Jean de Lattre de Tassigny—and joined the US 7th Army to form the US 6th Army Group. That was the force that conducted Operation Dragoon (also known as Operation Anvil), the Allied invasion of southern France. The objective of the French 2nd Corps was to capture ports at Toulon (France's largest naval port) and Marseilles (France's largest commercial port) in order to secure a vital supply line for the incoming troops.
George Millar DSO MC George Reid Millar DSO MC (19 September 1910 – 15 January 2005) was a Scottish journalist, soldier, author and farmer. He was awarded the Military Cross (MC) in early 1944 for escaping from Germany while a prisoner of war and making it back to England, which he wrote about in his 1946 book Horned Pigeon. Millar was awarded the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) and the French Légion d'Honneur and the Croix de Guerre avec Palmes for his service as an SOE officer in France in 1944. He recorded his experiences fighting behind the lines with the local Resistance in his 1945 book Maquis; this book, his most well-known, belongs with others written by British servicemen who fought behind enemy lines including Ill Met by Moonlight by W. Stanley Moss, Eastern Approaches by Fitzroy Maclean and Seven Pillars of Wisdom by T. E. Lawrence.
Abdelhafidh Yaha was a revolutionary fighter and guerrilla leader of the National Liberation Front who fought for Algerian independence against the French occupation. In 1954 he joined the Front de libération nationale with the liberation of his brother. In April 1956 one of the most spectacular operations of the FLN was the ambush of Thappurth Thamoqrate (Great Gate), injuring of the administrator of Michelet, Émile Baume and his attaché Marc Bighetti de Flogny, while the town was crowded with soldiers of the , Si Lhafidh managed to escape. In the days that followed, the exactions redoubled ferocity: arrests, tortures and destruction.M. Benhaddadi, Si L’Hafidh Haha: hymne à un héros au cœur des maquis kabyles, 5 février 2016, , الفقيد المجاهد ياحة عبد الحفيظ يوارى الثرى بمسقط رأسه ,25/01/2016, , Abdelhafidh Yaha, dit Si hafidh, est décédé ce matin parmi les siens à Paris à l'âge de 83 ans.
Traditional features characteristic of the pre-1940 French Army, such as kepis and heavy capotes (buttoned-back greatcoats) were replaced by berets and simplified uniforms. The Vichy authorities did not deploy the Army of the Armistice against resistance groups active in the south of France, reserving this role to the Vichy Milice (militia), a paramilitary force created on 30 January 1943 by the Vichy government to combat the Resistance; so that members of the regular army could defect to the Maquis after the German occupation of southern France and the disbandment of the Army of the Armistice in November 1942. By contrast, the Milice continued to collaborate and its members were subject to reprisals after the Liberation. Vichy French colonial forces were reduced in accordance with the terms of the Armistice; still, in the Mediterranean area alone, Vichy had nearly 150,000 men under arms.
According to Beevor, Spain was an open prison for all those who opposed Franco. Until 1963, all the opponents of the Francoist State were brought before military courts. A number of repressive laws were issued, including the Law of Political Responsibilities (Ley de Responsabilidades Políticas) in February 1939, the Law of Security of State (Ley de Seguridad del Estado) in 1941 (which regarded illegal propaganda or labour strikes as military rebellion), the Law for the Repression of Masonry and Communism (Ley de Represión de la Masonería y el Comunismo) on 2 March 1940, and the Law for the Repression of Banditry and Terrorism (Ley para la represión del Bandidaje y el Terrorismo) in April 1947, which targeted the maquis. Furthermore, in 1940, the Francoist State established the Tribunal for the eradication of Freemasonry and Communism (Tribunal Especial para la Represión de la Masonería y el Comunismo).
The third and final series is based on the actions of the Maquis du Vercors and the events in Vassieux-en-Vercors, though the locations used are given fictional names, such as the village being named Couermont and the plateau "Le Crest". Jane Snowden, Michael J Jackson, Jane Asher, Stuart McGugan and Mark Anstee all reprise their roles, with agents "Dominique" (Catherine Schell) and "Antoine" (Jeremy Nicholas) joining the cast. The series focuses on the build-up to a planned uprising by the resistance in Le Crest, led to by Renard (Trevor Peacock), with the belief that supplies will soon arrive from Great Britain. However Nicole (Felicity Montagu), a woman who had befriended Emily in the opening moments of the series is feeding all this information to the Nazis and General Stuckler (Terence Hardiman) orders the resistance to be quashed and troops are parachuted in, leading to a bloody finale.
According to Mohammed Samraoui, a former officer, Lamari declared, in May 1992, before several officers: "I am ready to eliminate three million of Algerians if necessary to maintain the order threatened by the Islamists.".French:"je suis prêt à éliminer trois millions d’Algériens s’il le faut pour maintenir l’ordre que les islamistes menacent", quoted by Mohammed Samraoui, in his 2003 book, Chronique des années de sang. Quoted in Jeanne Congar, Mort de Lamari, un des officiers les plus puissants d'Algérie, Rue 89, 29 August 2007 Lamari's successes in the war against the Islamists included the elimination of the first core of the GIA (Meliani, Chebouti and Bâa Azzedine), infiltration of terrorist maquis (in particular in Chrea), and the destruction of the FIDA commandos which assassinated many intellectuals, journalists and artists between 1992 and 1994. Rumors claimed that President Mohamed Boudiaf, assassinated in June 1992, had envisioned to get rid of Lamari.
Burned out cars and buildings still litter the untouched remains of the original village of Oradour-sur-Glane The division massacred 642 French civilians in the village of Oradour-sur-Glane on 10 June 1944 in the Limousin region. SS- Sturmbannführer Adolf Diekmann, commander of the I Battalion, 4th SS Panzergrenadier Regiment (Der Führer) that committed the massacre, claimed that it was a just retaliation due to partisan activity in nearby Tulle and the kidnapping of Sturmbannführer Helmut Kämpfe, commander of the III Battalion, although the German authorities had already executed ninety-nine people in the Tulle massacre, following the killing of some forty German soldiers in Tulle by the Maquis resistance movement. On 10 June, Diekmann's battalion sealed off Oradour-sur-Glane, and ordered all the townspeople to assemble in the village square, ostensibly to have their identity papers examined. All the women and children were locked in the church.
One of the most acclaimed theater writer/directors of the 20th century, Gatti was originally a member of the informal Left Bank group of filmmakers that included Alain Resnais, Chris Marker, Agnès Varda, Henri Colpi and Jean Cayrol, but because none of his films have been released on video in the US, he remains an elusive figure for many cinephiles. He appears in Resnais' Toute la mémoire du monde (1956) and in Marker's Immemory CD-Rom; he wrote China (1956) for Marker's Petite Planète collection and traveled with Marker in the making of Letter from Siberia (1957), which inspired his book Siberia — Zero + Infinity the following year. According to his 1989 biographer, Dorothy Knowles, Gatti was born in 1924 in a shantytown in Monaco to Auguste Rainier an Italian anarchist from Piedmont, who escaped murder in a Chicago slaughterhouse because of his political activities and fled Benito Mussolini's regime and to Letizia Lusona a maid. During World War II, Gatti joined a small French resistance maquis.
The award-winning Assam tells the story of Aventino Roero Di Cortanze, an Italian aristocrat at the time of the French invasion of Italy. The first section of the story dramatizes his response to the invasion and his involvement in the battle scenes, which are perhaps modelled on those in War and Peace or Red Badge of Courage. The second section describes a trip to south Asia under the influence of a friend who is eager to find a way to develop an Indian tea trade within Italy to compete with the tea trade with China that Britain was developing at this time. In the third section, Aventino returns to occupied Italy and must choose between cooperation with the victorious French, joining the Austrians (themselves traditional enemies of his native Piedmont) and the promotion not only of Italian unity, but also an independent resistance movement or in other words an Italian maquis.
Other significant targets included airfields at Bordeaux and Augsburg; marshalling yards at Kiel, Hamm, Brunswick, and Gdynia; aircraft factories at Chemnitz, Hanover, and Diósgyőr; oil refineries at Merseburg and Brüx, and chemical works in Wiesbaden, Ludwigshafen, and Neunkirchen In addition to strategic operations, missions included bombing coastal defences, railway bridges, gun emplacements, and field batteries in the battle area prior to and during the invasion of Normandy in June 1944; attacking enemy positions in support of the breakthrough at Saint-Lô in July 1944; aiding the campaign in France in August by striking roads and road junctions, and by dropping supplies to the Maquis; and attacking, during the early months of 1945, the communications supplying German armies on the western front. After V-E Day, flew food missions to the Netherlands and hauled redeployed personnel to French Morocco, Ireland, France, and Germany. In November 1945 its aircraft were flown back to the United States, and was inactivated on 19 December 1945.
Although it is again difficult to gauge their effectiveness precisely, popular anti-German demonstrations, such as general strikes by the Paris Métro, the gendarmerie and the police, took place, and fighting ensued. The liberation of most of southwestern, central and southeastern France was finally fulfilled with the arrival of the 1st French Army of General de Lattre de Tassigny, which landed in Provence in August 1944 and was backed by over 25,000 maquis. One source often referred to is General Dwight D. Eisenhower's comment in his military memoir, Crusade in Europe: General Eisenhower also estimated the value of the Resistance to have been equal to ten to fifteen divisions at the time of the landings. (One infantry division comprised about ten thousand soldiers.) Eisenhower's statements are all the more credible since he based them on his GHQ's formal analyses and published them only after the war, when propaganda was no longer a motive.
George Hayes; and pilot, Lt. Bruce Sundlun in October 1943 Roadside marker at Zomerweg Jabbeke, Belgium commemorating the crash of USAAF B-17 Damn Yankee on December 1, 1943 Sundlun made his way across Belgium and France by stealing bicycles in the morning near the market centers of small towns and seeking aid from local Catholic priests in the evening. After six months time cooperating with the French Resistance under the code name Salamander, he made several attempts to enter Spain near Biarritz, and later near Foix. But after deciding that there was too much danger of capture or loss in the snowy Pyrenees, he made his way on stolen bicycles north-eastward across France and escaped into Switzerland on May 5, 1944, near Fêche-l'Église. Before escaping into Switzerland, he was engaged with the Maquis in acts of sabotage near Belfort against German Army units under the command of Russian defector General Andrey Vlasov.
Elliott is the author of novels for young adults, including "Annie, Between the States," a Civil War story which tracks how the upheaval of that conflict changes the life of the young heroine. Another work, "Give Me Liberty," recreates the rise of revolutionary fever in 1776 through the eyes of a young indentured servant who participates in one of the first battles of the war. "Under a War-Torn Sky," the author's first novel, tells the story of Henry Forester, a young pilot flying bombing missions in World War II. In the novel, Henry is trapped behind enemy lines; with the aid of resistance fighters (the Maquis) as well as a host of brave French citizens, he is eventually reunited with Allied forces. Elliott drew inspiration for the novel from the experiences of her own father, who served as a bomber pilot in World War II and had to rely on the courage of everyday French people to reach freedom.
The Vichy French Metropolitan Army was deprived of tanks and other armoured vehicles, and was desperately short of motorised transport, a particular problem for cavalry units. Surviving recruiting posters stress the opportunities for athletic activities, including horsemanship, reflecting both the general emphasis placed by the Vichy government on rural virtues and outdoor activities, and the realities of service in a small and technologically backward military force. Traditional features characteristic of the pre-1940 French Army, such as kepis and heavy capotes (buttoned-back greatcoats) were replaced by berets and simplified uniforms. The Vichy authorities did not deploy the Army of the Armistice against resistance groups active in the south of France, reserving this role to the Vichy Milice (militia), a paramilitary force created on 30 January 1943 by the Vichy government to combat the Resistance; so that members of the regular army could defect to the Maquis after the German occupation of southern France and the disbandment of the Army of the Armistice in November 1942.
Minne was considered a women combatant in the Algerian War known as a fidayat. She "planted at least two bombs during the Battle of Algeris, and joined the maquis in wilaya 3 in 1957". A historian, Alistair Horne, described one of Minne's missions: > "The targets were the Otomatic, a favourite students's bar on the Rue > Michelet; the Cafeteria opposite (second time over) and the Coq-Hardi, a > popular brasserie…placed in the ladies' lavatory, Daniéle Minne's bomb in > the Otomatic seriously injured a young girl and several others". Arrested and jailed in December 1956, she was sentenced, on 4 December 1957, to 7 years in prison by a juvenile tribunal. Freed after independence in 1962, she wrote a PhD dissertation on the participation of Algerian women in the war, based on interviews with eighty-eight women between 1978 and 1986; the dissertation was later published as a book, Des femmes dans la guerre d’Algérie (Karthala, Paris).
Among the members of the Republican Armed Forces who escaped, many were interned in concentration camps in Southern France, such as the Camp de concentration d'Argelès-sur-Mer which held about 100,000 defeated Spanish Republicans at a certain point in time.Corazón Helado de 1939 – Los exilios republicanos From there some managed to go into exile or went to join the armies of the Allies to fight against the Axis powers,24 au 26 août 1944 Libération de Paris par les chars ... espagnols de la nueve while part of them ended up in Nazi concentration camps."Republicans deportats als camps de concentració nazis" Finally, there was a smaller group of men which scattered and hid in the mountainous areas of Spain, such as the Montes de Toledo, the Galician Massif, the Pyrenees and the cordilleras of the Iberian System. There they waged a guerrilla war with the Spanish Maquis, the last military units to fly the flag of the Spanish Republic, well into the 1960s.
Singlaub was born in Independence, California, on July 10, 1921.Singlaub's official site After graduating from Van Nuys High School in 1939, he attended the University of California, Los Angeles. After graduation, he received a commission as a second lieutenant of infantry on January 14, 1943. As a member of Operation Jedburgh (Singlaub was part of the three man team codenamed "JAMES"), Singlaub parachuted behind German lines in August 1944 to work with the French Resistance fighters or Maquis groups that had swelled the resistance ranks after the D-Day invasion during World War II. Before the formal Japanese surrender, Singlaub parachuted onto Hainan Island, China, with eight other men under his command on August 27, 1945 to arrange the evacuation of the US, Australian, and Dutch prisoners of war held by the Japanese; he demanded proper food and medical care for the POWs, who the Japanese were still treating as prisoners.
In 1941 their gallery was sequestered, paintings confiscated and their buildings sold. Like other art dealers such as Paul Rosenberg, Bernheim had to labor for several decades to recover some of the paintings, the task made more difficult as two record ledgers had disappeared from the gallery during the looting.Looted art.com In 1940 sensing that they, of Jewish background, would be targeted by the Nazis, the Bernheim-Jeune family had sent 30 or so impressionist and post- impressionist paintings to the Château de Rastignac in Dordogne for safekeeping. On March 30 1944, fleeing Nazi Schutzstaffel (SS) forces set fire to the château,Michael Johnson, Our Whitehouse in France Retrieved March 21, 2011 after five truckloads of items were removed;Resistance and Liberation Maquis Dordogne (continued from page 1) Suite de la chronologie des combats (du 14 janvier 1944 au 23 août 1944) Following the chronology of the battle (14 January 1944 to August 23, 1944) Retrieved March 21, 2011 the paintings may have been destroyed.
On 18 June 1944, Hue's base at the farmhouse, which was defended by about 4, 000 Maquisards was attacked by the Germans. Hue had the farmer, Pondard and his family escape into the forest first as they would have been executed for sheltering maquisards had they been captured. Hue who was leading a maquis band in Brittany later recalled about the Battle of Saint Marcel as the firefight at a farmhouse is known: > Now every weapon that the enemy possessed was brought to bear on our front > line in a cacophony of shots and explosions which could not drown an even > more sinister noise: the occasional crack of a single bullet. A man within > feet of me slumped to the ground with blood spurting two feet into the air > from the side of his neck...We had anticipated an infantry assault-possibly > backed up with light armour - but snipers, a threat we had not met before, > were difficult to counter.
Composers such as Boulez, Stockhausen, and Nono were writing their music in the aftermath of World War II, during which many composers, such as Richard Strauss, had had their music politicised by the Third Reich. Boulez was taken to task by French critics for associating with Darmstadt, and especially for first publishing his book Penser la musique d'aujourd'hui in German, the language of the recent enemies of France, falsely associating Boulez's prose with the perverted language of the Nazis. All this despite the fact that Boulez never set German texts in his vocal music, choosing for Le marteau sans maître, for example, poems by René Char who, during the war, had been a member of the French Resistance and a Maquis leader in the Basses-Alpes . Key influences on the Darmstadt School were the works of Webern and Varèse—who visited Darmstadt only once, in 1950, when Nono met him —and Olivier Messiaen's "Mode de valeurs et d'intensités" (from the Quatre études de rythme).
Setting German-occupied Europe ablaze with sabotage and partisan resistance groups was the mission. Through covert special operations teams, operating under the new Special Operations Executive (SOE) and the OSS' Special Operations teams, these men would be infiltrated into occupied countries to help organize local resistance groups and supply them with logistical support: weapons, clothing, food, money, and direct them in attacks against the Axis powers. Through subversion, sabotage, and the direction of local guerrilla forces, SOE British agents and OSS teams had the mission of infiltrating behind enemy lines and wreaked havoc on the German infrastructure, so much, that an untold number of men were required to keep this in check, and kept the Germans off balance continuously like the French maquis. They actively resisted the German occupation of France, as did the Greek People's Liberation Army (ELAS) partisans who were armed and fed by both the OSS and SOE during the German occupation of Greece.
The Tulle massacre was the roundup and summary execution of civilians in the French town of Tulle by the 2nd SS Panzer Division Das Reich in June 1944, three days after the D-Day landings in World War II. After a successful offensive by the French Resistance group Francs-tireur on 7 and 8 June 1944, the arrival of Das Reich troops forced the Maquis to flee the city of Tulle (department of Corrèze) in south-central France. On 9 June 1944, after arresting all men between the ages of sixteen and sixty, the Schutzstaffel (SS) and Sicherheitsdienst (SD) men ordered 120 of the prisoners to be hanged, of whom 99 were actually hanged. In the days that followed, 149 men were sent to the Dachau concentration camp, where 101 lost their lives. In total, the actions of the Wehrmacht, the Waffen-SS, and the SD claimed the lives of 213 civilian residents of Tulle.
On 26 March, the leaders of the OAS proclaimed a general strike in Algiers and called for the European settlers to come to Bab el-Oued in order to break the blockade by military forces loyal to de Gaulle and the Republic. A detachment of tirailleurs (Muslim troops in the French Army) fired on the demonstrators, killing 54, injuring 140, and traumatising the settlers' population in what is known as the "gunfight of the Rue d'Isly". In coincidence with the uprising of Bab-el Oued, 200 OAS maquis marched from Algiers to Ouarsenis, a mountainous region between Oran and Algiers. They tried to overrun two French military outposts and gain support for local Muslim tribes loyal to France, but instead they were harassed and eventually defeated by Legion units led by Colonel Albert Brothier after several days of fighting.Harrison (1989), p. 120 Some clashes between the French army and the OAS involving grenades and mortar fire took place at Oran as late as 10 April.Diamond, Robert (1970). France under De Gaulle. Facts on File, p. 50.
Historians still debate how effective the French Resistance was militarily, but the neutralization of the Maquis du Vercors alone involved the commitment of over 10,000 German troops within the theater, with several more thousand held in reserve, as the Allied invasion was advancing from Normandy and French Operation Jedburgh commandos were being dropped nearby to the south to prepare for the Allied landing in Provence. One American officer, Ralph Ingersoll who served in SHEAF wrote in his book Top Secret: It is estimated that FFI killed some 2,000 Germans, a low estimate based on the figures from June 1944 only. Estimates of the casualties among the Resistance are made harder by the dispersion of movements at least until D-Day, but credible estimates start from 8,000 dead in action, 25,000 shot and several tens of thousands deported. For perspective, the best estimate is that 86,000 were deported from France without racial motive, overwhelmingly comprising resistance fighters and more than the number of Gypsies and Jews deported from France.
RAFES memorial in Grenoble, France.Inscription, with translation:"Let us remember those who helped us in our hour of need/Passer-by, remember Doctor Michallon/Under the enemy occupation this eminent surgeon 'Buridan' of the Grésivaudan maquis courageously donated his care not only to maquisards but also to allied airmen who had been shot down and had escaped in the region/This tree was planted to his glorious memory on 28 August 1976/Royal Air Forces Escaping Society" The Royal Air Forces Escaping Society, was a UK- based charitable organization formed in 1946 to provide help to those in the former occupied countries in World War II who put their lives at risk to assist and save members of the "Royal Air Forces" (that is, Air Forces of the British Commonwealth) who were attempting to escape and evade capture. The society was based at the Duke of York's Headquarters, London and had the Latin motto Solvitur ambulando (solved by walking). It helped the widows, dependents and orphans of those who died and those requiring medical treatment or otherwise in need.
Yesterday, as I was reading the thrilling story of the > flight to Amiens, where he had a rendezvous with death, I was vividly > reminded of the steady bravery, of the indomitable energy, of the boundless > devotion to duty of the pilot who, although petrol was running low, tried > with so much dogged obstinacy on a certain night of January 1943, to > discover the field where he was briefed to drop a Frenchman and pick up > another. That night the homeward bound passenger was Pierre Brosselette, who > a few months later was to fall into the hands of the Gestapo and commit > suicide rather than let out any of the secrets in his possession. Among the > brave country folk who had escorted me to a field there was one, probably > the best and the youngest, who was to lose his life last August on a maquis > battlefield. The men of the French Resistance will never forget that Group > Captain Pickard, after giving them so much help in so many ways, at last > gave up his life to rescue some of their fellow fighters.
Operation Waldfest () was a Nazi German scorched earth operation and counter measure to French resistance activity in the Vosges mountains of German- occupied France during World War II. It was carried out in two stages, between September and November 1944, by units of the Wehrmacht and Allgemeine SS. The operations aim was to counter the Allied Operation Loyton, to disrupt the local French resistance, the Maquis, to destroy local villages in order to prevent them serving as shelter for Allied forces in the upcoming winter and to deport all men of fighting age in the area to Germany as forced labour. The operation led to the destruction of 7,500 buildings, the execution of 39 captured SAS soldiers as part of Hitler's Commando Order, saw almost 1,500 French civilians killed in the fighting or executed and close to 14,000 French civilians deported to concentration camps or as forced labour. Of the almost 3,800 civilians deported to concentration camps, two thirds died there. After the war, a number of German Wehrmacht and SS officials were tried and convicted for their involvement.
By force > of circumstances the personalities of the leaders had played a determining > role and had stamped each maquis with a different brand. . . . To the > regiments we had landed the extreme variety of the F.F.I. organizations, > their at least peculiar discipline, the differing quality of their groups, > the poverty of their equipment, the crying inadequacy of their armament and > supplies, the heterogeneity of their officering, the facility with which > their superior ranks had been assigned, and in certain cases the ostensibly > political nature of their aims, ran counter to the classical military > outlook of many officers, some of whom, in reaction, exaggerated their > regulation strictness. . . . The part [the FFI] had taken in the fight for > liberation not only encouraged them rightly in the wish to retain their > individuality; their successes, valued often from a local angle, established > in their view the excellence of the military system which circumstances had > led them to create and which they intended to substitute for the traditional > system, which they considered out-of-date.De Lattre de Tassigny, Jean.
The Cross of Lorraine, chosen by General Charles de Gaulle as the symbol of the Resistance The French Resistance () was the collection of French movements that fought against the Nazi German occupation of France and the collaborationist Vichy régime during the Second World War. Resistance cells were small groups of armed men and women (called the Maquis in rural areas), who, in addition to their guerrilla warfare activities, were also publishers of underground newspapers, providers of first-hand intelligence information, and maintainers of escape networks that helped Allied soldiers and airmen trapped behind enemy lines. The men and women of the Resistance came from all economic levels and political leanings of French society, including émigrés, academics, students, aristocrats, conservative Roman Catholics (including priests and nuns), Jews, liberals, anarchists and communists. The French Resistance played a significant role in facilitating the Allies' rapid advance through France following the invasion of Normandy on 6 June 1944, and the lesser-known invasion of Provence on 15 August, by providing military intelligence on the German defenses known as the Atlantic Wall and on Wehrmacht deployments and orders of battle.
The newspaper was eventually disestablished later in the war: following the change of fortunes and the start of Soviet presence in Romania, Crainic was cited in court. Sentenced in absentia for his role in instigating racial hatred (1945), he turned himself in after some two years in hiding. Alex. Ștefănescu, "Scriitori arestați (1944–1964) (I)" , in România Literară, Nr. 23/2005 The original verdict was revised, but Crainic confronted the newly established communist regime, and was still held at Aiud prison for a period of 15 years. He was afterward rehabilitated in part, and assigned to the staff of Glasul Patriei, a communist propaganda mouthpiece targeting the Romanian diaspora and controlled by the Securitate police apparatus. Ioan Stanomir, "Memorie, exil și istorie" , in Idei în Dialog, Nr. 8 (11)/August 2005 A similar road was taken by Radu Gyr, first incarcerated from 1945 to 1958, and then again sentenced for morally supporting the anti-communist maquis. Ion Simuț, "Antologia demnității scriitorului român" , in România Literară, Nr. 32/2008 As a show of goodwill from the communists, Gyr spent some time working under Crainic at Glasul Patriei.
Puig d'Ossa or Sant Pere Màrtir mountain in the Serra de Collserola To preserve the area, in 1987 the Parc de Collserola (Collserola Park), which has an area of 84.65 km², was established.Decret de 19 d'octubre de 2010, de declaració del Parc Natural de la Serra de Collserola i de les reserves naturals parcials de la Font Groga i de la Rierada-Can Balasc It is one of the largest metropolitan parks in the world - 8 times larger than the Bois de Boulogne in Paris, and 22 times larger than Central Park in New York. In the park, over a thousand major plants and around thirty plant communities have been catalogued; including forests of Aleppo pines and nut pines, evergreen oaklands, riverside copses, maquis and scrublands, brush, and savannah grasslands. This diversity allows for the existence of a rich, varied wildlife; including wild boar, genets, stone marten, badger, rabbit, and squirrel; blue tits, whitethroats, treecreepers, woodpeckers, bee eaters, doves, goshawks, sparrow hawks, and rat-catching eagles; salamanders, newts, green tree frogs, the small southern frog, toads, the small spotted toad, the Mediterranean turtle, the giant turtle, the ocellated lizard, snakes, and so on.
Endemic bird species found in the southern section of the ecoregion tend to live in dense montane scrub and shrubby forest with cacti. Most of these birds live in the puna region, but others live in subtropical and temperate zones. These include the plain-tailed warbling-finch (Poospiza alticola), the rufous-breasted warbling-finch (Poospiza rubecula), Taczanowski’s tinamou (Nothoprocta tacaznowskii), the white-cheeked cotinga (Zaratornis stresemanni), Kalinowski’s tinamou (Nothoprocta kalinowskii), the white-browed tit-spinetail (Leptasthenura xenothorax), the rufous-eared brush- finch (Atlapetes rufigenis), the white-tufted sunbeam (Aglaeactis castelnaudii), the bearded mountaineer (Oreonympha nobilis), the striated earthcreeper (Upucerthia serrana), the rusty-fronted canastero (Asthenes ottonis), the rusty-bellied brush-finch (Atlapetes nationi), the chesnut- breasted mountain-finch (Poospiza caesar), and the brown-flanked tanager (Thlypopsis pectoralis). The southern section of the ecoregion includes the Cochabamba mountain-finch (Poospiza garleppi), Berlepsch’s canastero (Asthenes berlepschi), the maquis canastero (Astenes heterura), the rufous-bellied saltator (Saltator rufiventris), the citron-headed yellow-finch (Sicalis luteocephala), the scribble-tailed canastero (Asthenes maculicauda), the short-tailed finch (Idiopsar brachyurus), the grey-bellied flower-piecer (Diglossa carbonaria), and Berlepsch's canastero (Asthenes berlepschi).
On 1 January 1943, Sauckel demanded, in addition to the 240,000 workers already sent to Germany, a new contingent of 250,000 men, before mid-MarchH. Roderick Kedward, STO et Maquis, in Jean-Pierre Azéma and François Bédarida (eds.), La France des années noires, v. II, éditions du Seuil, 1993 To meet these objectives, German forces organised ineffectively brutal raids, which led Laval to propose to the Council of Ministers on 5 February 1943 legislation creating the STO, under which youth born in 1920-1922 were requisitioned for work service in GermanyKupferman 2006, p. 467-468 Laval mitigated his legislation with many exceptions. In all, 600 000 men left between June 1942 and August 1943Cointet 1993, p. 433-434, despite what Sauckel denounced in a letter to Hitler as "pure and simple sabotage", after meeting more than seven hours on 6 August 1943 with Laval, who again attempted to minimize the number of requisitioned workers and refused to his demand for 50 000 workers for Germany before the end of 1943.Kupferman 2006, p. 479-480 On 15 September 1943, Reich minister for Armament and War Production Albert Speer reached an agreement with Laval minister Jean BichelonneKupferman 2006, p.

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