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"magnetic mine" Definitions
  1. a naval mine designed to explode by the magnetic effect caused by the hull of a passing metal ship
"magnetic mine" Synonyms
land mine mine bomb acoustic mine antipersonnel mine claymore mine ground mine pressure mine booby trap tripwire landmine explosive device trip wire missile shell rocket incendiary grenade explosive charge

88 Sentences With "magnetic mine"

How to use magnetic mine in a sentence? Find typical usage patterns (collocations)/phrases/context for "magnetic mine" and check conjugation/comparative form for "magnetic mine". Mastering all the usages of "magnetic mine" from sentence examples published by news publications.

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A shipping broker said the vessel might have been struck by a magnetic mine.
A source told Reuters the blast may have been caused by a magnetic mine.
One source said the blast on the Front Altair may have been caused by a magnetic mine.
A shipping broker said the blast that struck the Kokuka Courageous might have been caused by a magnetic mine.
A source has said a magnetic mine could have caused the explosion on Front Altair, which had a cargo of naphtha.
One shipping broker said there had been an explosion "suspected from an outside attack" that may have involved a magnetic mine on the Kokuka.
A shipping broker said there had been an explosion "suspected from an outside attack" that may have involved a magnetic mine on the Kokuka Courageous.
The Front Altair was on fire in waters between Gulf Arab states and Iran after an explosion that a source blamed on a magnetic mine.
The Front Altair, carrying petrochemical feedstock, was on fire in waters between Gulf Arab states and Iran after an explosion that a source blamed on a magnetic mine.
U.S. Central Command has released a video it says shows Iranians removing a magnetic mine from one of the tankers as evidence to support the allegation against Iran.
A magnetic mine attached to a vehicle carrying the Afghan Border Police's 93st Battalion deputy commander exploded in Lashkar Gah, killing the commander and injuring two civilians. Sept.
One source said the blast on the Front Altair, which caught fire and sent a huge plume of smoke into the air, may have been caused by a magnetic mine.
The firm which chartered one of the vessels said it suspected a torpedo had hit the ship, while a source said the other might have been damaged by a magnetic mine.
The crew of the Norwegian-owned Front Altair abandoned ship in waters between Gulf Arab states and Iran after a blast that a source said might have been from a magnetic mine.
This episode examines the magnetic mine and the countermeasures developed to overcome it, including degaussing and features an interview with Lieutenant Commander John Ouvry from HMS Vernon, who defuzed the first intact German magnetic mine recovered by the Allies, on the sands at Shoeburyness, the mine that he recovered being featured in a re-enactment for the episode. It also contains interviews with Commander John Ouvry, Captain Roger Lewis, Sir Charles Goodeve, Sir Edward Bullard and Donald Henley.
This was because the Germans were the largest user of magnetic mines during the war, such as the Hafthohlladung, a shaped-charge anti-tank grenade which attached magnetically to a target. They feared that the Soviets would easily reverse-engineer this weapon and use it against them. In the end, the Soviets didn't care for the idea of the magnetic mine, and the Germans stopped using Zimmerit for the last year of the war. The British limpet adaptation was not the first magnetic mine and was not the reason that Zimmerit coating was developed.
However she entered minefield off Kavieng; she struck a magnetic mine and sunk on 4 November. She was removed from the naval ship list on 5 January 1944. A second ship of the class, Miho, was canceled on 5 May 1944.
This squadron was to form an independent striking force based at Rosyth. On 21 November, Belfast was to take part in the force's first sortie, a gunnery exercise. At 10:58 am she struck a magnetic mine while leaving the Firth of Forth.
Amakusa was damaged by a magnetic mine at Chichi-jima on 20 December 1944. Sailed to Yokosuka and drydocked 13 January 1945. Repairs finished 22 January. On 26 February 1945 damaged by US Navy aircraft from Task Force 58 east of Izu Shima, 26 crewmen killed.
Meath suffered such a fate; while she was being inspected by the British Naval Control Service, she was struck by a magnetic mine, drowning seven hundred cattle, and destroying both vessels.Forde, (1981). The Long Watch, page 25. In August 1940 Germany "required" Ireland to cease food exports to Britain.
Heimat was built for Hugo Rubarth, Hamburg. On 29 May 1943, she rescued the crew of the Swedish cargo ship , which had hit a magnetic mine and sank off Wismar, Germany. In 1945, Heimat was seized by the Allies at Kiel. She was passed to the MoWT and renamed Empire Contamar.
RAF Tempsford in Bedford is the airfield from where SOE secret agents for Europe took off, with 138 Sqn which parachuted agents and equipment and 161 Sqn which landed and retrieved agents. 19 Sqn at Duxford was the first to be equipped with the Spitfire on 4 August 1938. Rudimentary drone technology was developed by the USAF at RAF Fersfield, to destroy the Fortress of Mimoyecques at Moyecques; a prototype drone aircraft of Operation Aphrodite, with John F. Kennedy's older brother Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr. aboard, exploded on 12 August 1944 over the Blyth estuary in Suffolk. A magnetic mine found in 1939 at Shoeburyness, now in Southend, allowed the German magnetic mine threat to be subdued, with work done at HMS Vernon in Portsmouth.
To protect the ship from magnetic mine, the ship's hull is made of fibre- reinforced plastic, which does not have a magnetic attraction. It also minimized metallic equipment to tightly control the magnetic material inside the ship. Steel objects that are brought into the ship, like canned food, are heavily restricted and strictly controlled.
The Phoenix breakwater wreck There are several boat wrecks in the harbour. One of these is a tug dating from 8 May 1941.Family History The tug named the Irishman was sunk by a magnetic mine and now rests partially submerged at low tide. A slightly older wreck dating from 1926 is a Bucket dredger named the Withern.
A German magnetic mine Soon after the outbreak of war in September 1939, the Germans began a naval mine campaign against Britain. The results were devastating. Nineteen ships totaling 59,027 tons were sunk by mines in October, and 27 totaling 120,958 tons in November, along with the destroyer . Many more ships were damaged, including the cruiser .
AMMAD Anti-Magnetic Mine Actuating Device is an anti-mine system manufactured by Israel Aerospace Industries that safely neutralizes (triggers) magnetically-fused land mines before a vehicle passes over the threat. It works by generating a magnetic field that precedes the vehicle at a safe standoff range (5 ft. to 16 ft. in front of the vehicle).
At 19:55, Gneisenau detonated a magnetic mine off Terschelling. The mine exploded just forward of the rear gun turret but caused only minor damage. Slight flooding was quickly stopped, though the shock disabled the center turbine. The ship stopped for less than 30 minutes before resuming the voyage; by 03:50, Gneisenau and two destroyers reached Helgoland.
The British submarine, HMS Trojan is out on a routine exercise to test its new snorkel mast. She encounters an unrecovered Second World War magnetic mine. When she dives the mine is set off, and blows off the bows of the submarine. The after section floods from the displaced snorkel mast, killing the 53 crew-members in the bow and stern sections.
On May 16, she suffered minor damage after striking a magnetic mine at Halmahera. On June 3, Aotaka departed Singapore with a convoy bound for Moji, Kitakyūshū. The convoy was attacked by on June 6, but Aotaka was undamaged, and reached Maizuru Naval Arsenal for repairs on July 23. On September 1, Aotaka escorted a convoy from Mako to Manila.
From 1938 she was employed on salvage cable, and Air Force maintenance, and also continued running at times in conjunction with the Isles of Scilly Steamship Company. While in the service of the Royal Navy, she struck a magnetic mine and sank off Killigerran Head near Falmouth on 3 October 1940 with the loss of sixteen crew. Three crew survived.
German parachute-retarded magnetic mine. Dropped by Luftwaffe bomber during WWII and landed on the ground. Fuse mechanisms are visible These mines are triggered by the influence of a ship or submarine, rather than direct contact. Such mines incorporate electronic sensors designed to detect the presence of a vessel and detonate when it comes within the blast range of the warhead.
A Panzer IV Ausf H at the Musée des Blindés in Saumur, France, with its distinctive Zimmerit anti-magnetic mine coating, turret skirts, and wire-mesh side-skirts. The next version, the Ausf. H, began production in June 1943 and received the designation Sd. Kfz. 161/2. The integrity of the glacis armor was improved by manufacturing it as a single plate.
To protect the ship from magnetic mine, the ship's hull is made of fibre-reinforced plastic, which does not have a magnetic attraction, and lasts longer than commonly used material. It also minimized metallic equipment to tightly control the magnetic material inside the ship. Steel objects that are brought into the ship, like canned food, are heavily restricted and strictly controlled.
Two cattle carriers were added to the fleet: Kilkenny (1,320 tons from the Liffey Dockyard), and Dundalk (630 tons from Ardrossan, Scotland). Whilst on the Belfast to Liverpool run on 2 February 1940, Munster triggered a magnetic mine near the Liverpool Bar at 6 am, laid by German submarine U-30. Munster sank; all 250 aboard were rescued, although one died later.
On 11 August, G41 set off a magnetic mine and was heavily damaged, having to be towed back to port.Karau 2014, pp. 212–213. By October 1918, Allied advances made use of the German-occupied ports on the Flanders coast untenable, and it was decided to evacuate. G41, under repair, was unable to leave, and was scuttled in the Bruges–Ghent canal on 3 October 1918.
However Dickstein and the Israelis recapture the Coparelli, and Hassan is killed. Dickstein then goes alone to board the Russian ship Karla, that is also in the area, as Suza Ashford is a prisoner there. Rostov and a KGB force are aboard. Suza is able to create a diversion, enabling Dickstein to rescue her and destroy the Karla by means of a magnetic mine.
November 21, 1939 : British light cruiser hits a German mine, and is seriously damaged while operating in the Firth of Forth. November 23, 1939 : A German magnetic mine is recovered successfully by the Allies, leading to the development of effective countermeasures. The German battleship sinks the British armed merchant vessel . The Scharnhorst and the accompanying are forced to abandon their sortie and return to port.
After the destroyer detonated a magnetic mine off Harwich and sank at on the evening of 21 November 1939, Wivern steamed through the area at high speed on 22 November in an attempt to detonate any other mines in the area and clear the area for ship traffic. Wivern continued her North Sea operations without further major incident through the end of 1939 and into 1940.
The two ships had been selected for Operation Rheinübung, a breakout into the Atlantic to raid Allied commerce. On 23 April, while passing through the Fehmarn Belt en route to Kiel, Prinz Eugen detonated a magnetic mine dropped by British aircraft. The mine damaged the fuel tank, propeller shaft couplings, and fire control equipment. The planned sortie with Bismarck was delayed while repairs were carried out.
The first was on 3 October 1942 while entering port at Surabaya, Java. She was repaired in port and departed on 10 October. The second was on 15 July 1944 when a magnetic mine damaged her off the Caroline Islands. She stopped in Davao in the Philippines on 19–26 July where her damage was inspected and on 1 August she reached Yokosuka for repairs.
The Auk class displaced 890 tons on average, and had an approximate length of . They could reach a maximum speed of about . Auks were equipped with a single gun, two 40 mm Bofors guns, and eight 20 mm Oerlikon guns. They were visually similar to the preceding but adopted diesel-electric, rather than diesel, propulsion to permit magnetic mine sweep gear to be powered.
Anita McConnell, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, (Oxford University Press, 2004). Accessed 4 November 2010. During the First World War he was the Engineering Director in the experiments and research section of the anti- submarine division of the Naval Staff and was appointed a CBE in January 1920. In the Second World War he invented the buoyant cable which contributed to the defeat of the magnetic mine.
A Type IXC U-boat similar to U-166 In February 1942 Robert E. Lee was chartered by the Alcoa Steamship Company to transport goods and personnel from New York to ports located in the Caribbean. One month later, in March 1942 she was contracted by the War Shipping Administration as a freight carrier and was subsequently armed with a stern gun and degaussed to prevent magnetic mine attacks.
Later in July 1940, Windsor was assigned along with the destroyer leader and the destroyers , and to the 16th Destroyer Flotilla at Harwich for convoy escort and patrol duty in the North Sea. On 28 October 1940, Windsor towed Walpole to Sheerness after Walpole detonated a magnetic mine and became disabled. On 8 December 1940, Windsor herself struck a naval mine off Aldeburgh, Suffolk, and she entered Chatham Dockyard for repairs.
Though he formally retired from the Admiralty Research Laboratories in 1950, he returned to continue his work on underwater sound. He spend a year at the US Naval Electronics Laboratory shortly before his death. In 1939 A B Wood was awarded the title Officer of the Order of the British Empire, in recognition of his work on dismantling a German magnetic mine at the start of the Second World War.
At 14:28 JST on 12 April 1945, Ro-64 was submerged in Hiroshima Bay during a training cruise when she detonated a magnetic mine laid by an American aircraft. She sank quickly at with the loss of all 81 men on board — her crew of 50, the embarked commander of Submarine Division 33, and 30 trainees. The Japanese struck her from the Navy list on 10 August 1945.
The ships left Brest late on 11 February, and remained undetected for the majority of the operation. East of Dover, a flight of six Swordfish torpedo bombers attacked the ships without result. At 15:31, Scharnhorst detonated a magnetic mine, which damaged the ship's circuit breakers enough to shut down the entire electrical system. The ship was immobilized briefly—between 15:49 and 16:01, all three turbines were restarted and the ship resumed a speed of .
He taught at Rutgers University in New Jersey from 1929 to 1937, when he became Chief Assistant at the Royal Greenwich Observatory. During World War II, Atkinson was called away from this position to do anti-magnetic mine work. In 1944, he was lent out to the Ballistic Research Laboratory at Aberdeen Proving Ground in Maryland, where he worked under famed astronomer Edwin Hubble. Atkinson stayed there for two years then returned to Royal Greenwich Observatory.
Victoria was the only Company ship to be struck by a mine in the Irish Sea. This occurred on 27 December 1940, when she was homeward bound with passengers from Liverpool, under the command of Captain John Keig. She was holed by a magnetic mine when northwest of the Bar Lightship. Some of her passengers, of whom there were more than 200, were taken off by the trawler Yulan, and taken on to Douglas where they were landed safely.
She took aboard a pilot off the South Downs, and underwent contraband inspection while Royal Navy minesweepers checked her route into London for mines. After receiving clearance to proceed, at 35 minutes after midnight on the morning of November 21, an explosion occurred between her second and third holds, after she struck a German magnetic mine at off Harwich on the Essex coast. She sank in less than 45 minutes,World War: Black Moons. Time Magazine (1939-12-04).
Kirov was damaged by a German magnetic mine while leaving Kronstadt on 17 October 1945. She was under repair until 20 December 1946. Refitted from November 1949 to April 1953, her machinery was completely overhauled, with her radars, fire control systems and anti-aircraft guns being replaced by the latest Soviet systems. She was reclassified as a training cruiser on 2 August 1961, regularly visited Poland and East Germany, and was sold for scrap on 22 February 1974.
Wake- Walker's first appointment, in September 1939, was rear-admiral commanding the 12th Cruiser Squadron. This appointment lasted only a short time as he soon returned to the Admiralty as head of a special group created to develop magnetic mine countermeasures. In May 1940 Wake-Walker was appointed rear- admiral in command of all ships and vessels off the Franco-Belgian coast for the evacuation of Dunkirk. Wake-Walker reached Dunkirk in the minesweeper on 30 May.
Six went down in the mouth of the Thames, and the new cruiser was badly damaged at the mouth of the Firth of Forth. The British urgently set to work to find a defence against the magnetic mine and began preparations to recreate the Northern Barrage, established between Scotland and Norway in 1917 as a safeguard against increasing U-boat attacks. In his war speech to the Empire, Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain declared: "Already we know the secret of the magnetic mine and we shall soon master it as we have already mastered the U-boat", but shortly afterwards two more ships were sunk, bringing the week's total to 24. Evidence that at least part of Germany's attack was with illegal floating mines came when a British freighter was sunk at anchor off an east coast port, when two mines came together and exploded off Zeebrugge, and when a large whale was found near four German mines on the Belgian coast with a huge hole in its belly.
Beginning in World War II, military aircraft were used to deliver naval mines by dropping them, attached to a parachute. Germany, Britain and the United States made significant use of aerial minelaying. A new type of magnetic mine dropped by a German aircraft in a campaign of mining the Thames Estuary in 1939 landed in a mudflat, where disposal experts determined how it worked, which allowed Britain to fashion appropriate mine countermeasures. The British Royal Air Force minelaying operations were codenamed "Gardening".
Now capable of deploying 250 troops aboard 15 LCMs, they initially took part in Operation Torch, and went on to see action at later allied amphibious landings in the Mediterranean and Pacific. All three survived the war, though Ennerdale was badly damaged by a magnetic mine in December 1945, and were converted back into oilers. The survivors all continued in service until their increasing obsolescence led to their retirement from service in the late 1950s, with most having scrapped by the early 1960s.
A short time later the ship was sighted again and attacked with a spread of three torpedoes at 8.17 hours. Allied sources reports that the Champlain went to the bottom after being damaged by an air laid magnetic mine off La Pallice at 09.30 hours on 17 June. In knowledge of these sources, the torpedo report of U-65 claims the Champlain as his own success, but date, time and position are well fitting with the loss of the Berenice.
One became stuck in a tank trap and another was knocked out by a magnetic mine. The remaining tank took a shell hit to its barrel and had its 75 mm gun disabled. It was used as a portable machine gun pillbox for the rest of the day. A third platoon was able to land all four of its tanks on Red 3 around noon and operated them successfully for much of the day, but by day's end only one tank was still in action.
On 24 June she came under air attack in Seine Bay and sustained some damage. On 25 June a magnetic mine detonated in her wake. The shock damage was fairly extensive, the cruiser went to Portsmouth for repairs then to a commercial yard for yet another refit and did not return to service until September. By January 1945, she was part of the 15th Cruiser Squadron with the Mediterranean Fleet and stayed there until October 1945 when she returned to the United Kingdom and was immediately placed in the reserve (at the Nore).
Richelieu was too far away to engage the Japanese ships before they were sunk by other vessels. Richelieu then went to South Africa for another refit and by the time this was completed in mid-August, Japan had surrendered, ending the war. Richelieu was part of the force that liberated Singapore and other parts of the Dutch East Indies following the official Japanese surrender in September, during which she detonated a magnetic mine but suffered little damage. She thereafter operated in French Indochina as part of the initial effort to restore French colonial rule.
Scharnhorst had fallen behind after hitting a mine and at Gneisenau hit a magnetic mine off Terschelling. The mine exploded some distance from the ship, making a small hole on the starboard side and temporarily knocking a turbine out of action. After about thirty minutes, the ship continued at about and as Scharnhorst sailed through the same area, it hit another mine at both main engines stopped, steering was lost and fire control was damaged. The ship got under way with the starboard engines at making and carrying about of seawater.
After explaining the plot and discussing the best methods to do it, it was decided to plant a bomb under Kube's bed. Before Mazanik placed the bomb, Osipova and Troyan left Minsk for the forest controlled by partisans, along with their families and most of Mazanik's family. Osipova gave Mazanik a small magnetic mine which she carried in her purse, having obtained the mine from a partisan unit. The assassination went as planned and after Kube was killed, she, Mazanik, and Troyan were declared Heroes of the Soviet Union.
A Vickers Wellington fitted with a DWI, magnetic mine exploder, Ismailia, Egypt From this data, known methods were used to clear these mines. Early methods included the use of large electromagnets dragged behind ships or below low-flying aircraft (a number of older bombers like the Vickers Wellington were used for this). Both of these methods had the disadvantage of "sweeping" only a small strip. A better solution was found in the "Double-L Sweep" using electrical cables dragged behind ships that passed large pulses of current through the seawater.
During the Second World War, Morgan-Giles served on during the Norwegian Campaign in 1940, escorting Atlantic convoys, and took part in the Battle of Oran. In 1941, he was sent to the Suez Canal, where he was in charge of the anti-magnetic mine campaign. In April of that year, he acted as a liaison with the Royal Air Force using Wellington bombers as torpedo bombers. During his time with No. 201 Group RAF at Dekheila he survived three serious aeroplane crashes (one of which he was the sole survivor).
Scharnhorst did not make the voyage unscathed, however; at 15:31 she struck an air-dropped magnetic mine in the mouth of the Scheldt, abreast of the forward superfiring turret. The blast damaged the ship's circuit breakers and knocked out her electrical system for 20 minutes. The explosive shock caused serious damage; turret Bruno was jammed, as were the twin and single 15 cm mounts on the port side. The blast also damaged the fuel oil pumps and the bearings in the turbo-generators, which brought the ship to a halt.
There, the damage incurred during the engagement with Renown was repaired. She was then drydocked in Bremerhaven for periodic maintenance on 26–29 April. The ship was to go to the Baltic following the completion of repairs, but on the morning of 5 May, while steaming at off the Elbe estuary, Gneisenau detonated a magnetic mine about off the port rear quarter and below the hull. The explosion caused significant damage to the hull and flooded several compartments, which caused the ship to take on a half-degree list to port.
In May 1966, an innovative attack, Operation Carolina Moon, was planned by the US Air Force. A new weapon was to be used: a large magnetic mine, that implemented a new energy mass- focusing concept. The plan was to float the mines down the river, till they reached the bridge, where the magnetic sensors would set off the charges, hopefully wrecking it permanently. The only aircraft with a large enough hold to carry these weapons was the slow-flying C-130 Hercules transport, so the operation was due to take place at night, to reduce its vulnerability.
Prinses Astrid left Ostend, Belgium at 14:30 pm on 21 June 1949 with 65 crew members and 218 passengers for Dover, United Kingdom. At 16:20 pm a violent explosion rocked through the ship, she had struck a World War II magnetic mine near the middle of the ship, off the coast of Dunkirk, France and began to take on water. Captain Timmermans sailed the ship into shallow waters in order to prevent it from sinking and ground the ship. Meanwhile, the radio operator sent out an SOS call which was picked up by all ships near Dunkirk.
After the sinking of the armed merchant cruiser off the coast of Iceland on 23 November by the German battleships and , Nelson and her sister participated in the futile pursuit of them. On 4 December 1939 she detonated a magnetic mine (laid by ) at the entrance to Loch Ewe on the Scottish coast and was under repair in HM Dockyard, Portsmouth until August 1940. The mine blew a hole in the hull forward of 'A' turret which flooded the torpedo compartment and some adjacent compartments. The flooding caused a small list and caused the ship to trim down by the bow.
The nature of the mines was initially unknown, but on 23 November 1939, a bomb disposal team under Lieutenant Commander J. G. D. Ouvry recovered an intact aerial mine from a mudflat at Shoeburyness, and the threat was revealed to be a magnetic mine. In December 1939, Massey joined a group at the Admiralty Research Laboratory in Teddington led by Stephen Butterworth. They were soon joined by a number of other physicists, including Bates, Buckingham, Francis Crick and John Gunn. Together, they came up with a series of countermeasures that enable the Navy to successfully sweep the mines.
Oscar Faber (5 July 1886 – 7 May 1956) was a British structural engineer. He was influential in the development of the use of reinforced concrete in the United Kingdom. Because many engineers were not certain of the material, Faber pioneered simple deflection tests, which enabled him to develop his theory of ‘Plastic yield in concrete’, and to calculate shear in reinforced concrete beams. Faber was born in London, the son of the Danish Commissioner of Agriculture in London. His work for Trollope & Colls on non-magnetic mine casings during the First World War earned him the OBE in the 1918 Birthday Honours.
Another composer associated with the school was Peter Fenn (1931–2011), director of music for Anglia Television, who attended the school as an evacuee during World War II.Pollitt, Michael, "Death of Norwich man who wrote Sale of the Century theme tune", Norwich Evening News, 16 May 2011. Philip Vassar Hunter (1883–1956) was awarded the CBE for his anti-submarine research in World War I, and in World War II invented the buoyant cable which contributed to the defeat of the magnetic mine. He was later President of the Institution of Electrical Engineers and manager of the British Ice Hockey Association.Hazell, J. T. (2004).
The sophistication of influence mine fuses has increased considerably over the years as first transistors and then microprocessors have been incorporated into designs. Simple magnetic sensors have been superseded by total-field magnetometers. Whereas early magnetic mine fuses would respond only to changes in a single component of a target vessel's magnetic field, a total field magnetometer responds to changes in the magnitude of the total background field (thus enabling it to better detect even degaussed ships). Similarly, the original broadband hydrophones of 1940s acoustic mines (which operate on the integrated volume of all frequencies) have been replaced by narrow-band sensors which are much more sensitive and selective.
The commander was provided with a periscope and a clear acrylic dome for navigational purposes. On 18 January 1944, Dönitz discussed the new design with Adolf Hitler who expressed his approval, and on 9 March contracts were placed with Germaniawerft of Kiel for construction of a prototype, followed by a further contract for 52 submarines on 28 March. Fifty-three Hechts were built in total between May and August 1944, but their unsatisfactory performance meant they never saw action, and were mostly used for training Seehund crews.Paterson, 112–144 The submarine could also carry a diver in the nose rather than a magnetic mine.
During September 1939, the ship set sail from Boston in New York City and was bound for Rotterdam. Upon her arrival into the English Channel the Royal Navy requested the ship to dock in either Weymouth or the Isle of Portland (Portland Harbour) for an inspection due to suspicion of the ship carrying contraband. On 7 October 1939 the ship travelled to Portland, where captain Morée requested the ship drop her anchor off of the Shambles Sandbank as the sun was setting. By 10pm the ship struck a newly developed German magnetic mine, which had been laid by the German submarine U-26 on 10 September 1939.
During the lunch in question, he asked Lieutenant Colonel Heinz Brandt, who was travelling with Hitler, whether he would be good enough to take a bottle of Cointreau to Colonel Helmuth Stieff (who was not yet a conspirator at that time) at Hitler's headquarters in East Prussia as a payment for a lost bet. Brandt readily agreed. The "Cointreau" was actually a bomb constructed of a British plastic explosive "Plastic C" placed into the casing of a British magnetic mine, with a timer consisting of a spring which would be gradually dissolved by acid. Before Hitler's Condor plane was to take off, Schlabrendorff activated the 30-minute fuse and handed the package to Brandt, who boarded Hitler's plane.
The U.S. Navy Mine Unit, later the Mine Laboratory at the Washington, D.C., Navy Yard, was established in 1918, and the first Officer in Charge (OIC) arrived in February 1919, marking the beginning of the Laboratory. In 1929 the Mine Laboratory was merged with the Experimental Ammunition Station in Indian Head to form the Naval Ordnance Laboratory. NOL began slowly, and it was not until the beginnings of World War II, when Germany's aircraft-laid magnetic mine began to cause serious problems for the Allies. As the importance of NOL's work became apparent, it also became apparent that there wasn't enough space at the Navy Yard to accommodate the necessary research facilities.
The towed, electric cables of Double-L, magnetic–mine sweeping gear being deployed behind a Royal Navy minesweeper During World War II, the U-boat fleet, which dominated much of the battle of the Atlantic, was small at the beginning of the war and much of the early action by German forces involved mining convoy routes and ports around Britain. German submarines also operated in the Mediterranean Sea, in the Caribbean Sea, and along the U.S. coast. Initially, contact mines (requiring a ship to physically strike a mine to detonate it) were employed, usually tethered at the end of a cable just below the surface of the water. Contact mines usually blew a hole in ships' hulls.
Pigott, p. 62 After returning home, she remained there aside from deployments to Spanish waters to enforce the arms embargo imposed on both sides in the Spanish Civil War by the Non-Intervention Committee. The flotilla was renumbered the 8th Destroyer Flotilla in April 1939, five months before the start of World War II. Fury remained assigned to it until June 1940, escorting the larger ships of the fleet and conducting anti-submarine patrols.English, p. 86 On 15 September, Fury was one of the destroyers that relieved her sisters escorting the aircraft carrier after they had sunk the after it attacked the carrier. Two months later, she was escorting the battleship when the latter struck a magnetic mine as they were entering Loch Ewe on 4 December.
Hitler's 'secret weapon' of the time was the magnetic mine. The Germans had used mines against freighters from the beginning, but now began laying a new type, which did not need to make contact with a ship to destroy it, off the English coast, using seaplanes to drop them in British harbours, channels and estuaries too narrow or shallow for submarines to navigate. They ranged from small mines dropped dozens at a time to large one-ton versions dropped by parachute on shoal bottoms which were almost impossible to sweep, equipped with magnetic triggers activated by a steel hull passing above. Over the next few days many ships of all sizes blew up in waters close to shore, mostly by explosions under or near the keels although the waters had been swept.
Immediately after the surrender of Japan, French and British forces began their attempts to reassert control in their Japanese-occupied colonies. On 7 September, Richelieu got underway in company with the British battleship to take part in Operation Zipper, the amphibious landing on Sumatra. Two days later, Richelieu detonated a magnetic mine, though she suffered only minor damage; the force of the blast pushed in some hull plates by and inflicted minor shock damage to the lighting system, but the vessel remained with the fleet. After landing the troops with no opposition, Richelieu moved to Singapore on 11 September to participate in Operation Tiderace, the liberation of the city, the following day. She returned to Trincomalee on 16 September before getting underway again on 27 September, bound for Indochina.
On 27 March 1945, I-53 was assigned to the Tatara Kaiten Group along with I-44, I-47, I-56, and I-58 for an attack on American ships off Okinawa, with I-47 serving as the group's flagship. She got underway from Kure on the afternoon of 30 March 1945 bound for Hikari, where she was to embark four kaitens and their pilots. While conducting a trim test en route, however, she grazed a magnetic mine laid by a United States Army Air Forces B-29 Superfortress off Iwai Island on the northern side of the eastern entrance to Suō-nada in the Seto Inland Sea. The mine exploded, knocking out her diesel engines, destroying a number of her batteries, and causing a leak in a fuel tank on her starboard side.
During World War I, Venturous took part in the first deployment of operational magnetic bottom mines when she joined the destroyers , , , , and , escorted by eight other destroyers, in laying 234 Sinker Mk1(M) mines in the North Sea off the coast of Flanders, Belgium, about eight nautical miles (15 km) north of Dunkirk, France. German forces did not interfere with the operations. She also participated with Abdiel, Tarpon, Telemachus, and Vanquisher in the second operation to lay Sinker mines on 22 August 1918, in the North Sea off Flanders about 17 nautical miles (31 km) north of Zeebrugge, Belgium, supported by Royal Air Force aircraft which patrolled to prevent German aerial observation of the operation.Burton, Tom, "The Origin of the Magnetic Mine", Warship: Volume II, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1978, , p. 62.
After Nelson was disabled by a magnetic mine in December 1939, he returned to HMS Excellent. He participated in the Dunkirk evacuation and then joined the cruiser , on which he served in the Arctic convoys. He married Marguérite Isabelle White, the daughter of Sir Rudolph Dymoke White, 2nd Baronet, on 11 January 1941. They had six children: five sons and a daughter. He returned to HMS Excellent for a refresher course in July 1942, and was promoted to lieutenant commander on 1 October 1942. He joined the crew of the aircraft carrier in October 1943, and served with the East Indies Fleet and the British Pacific Fleet. He was promoted to commander on 30 June 1945. He was mentioned in despatches for his service in the Battle of Okinawa.
The Magnetic mine was a German development that allowed naval mines to become more deadly than ever; by detecting the magnetic charge of a large ship a mine could detonate without ever having to make contact with the craft, and it would be completely harmless to smaller ships, whose lack of a strong magnetic field allowed them to pass safely, saving the mine for more valuable targets. The oxygen Long lance torpedo, which used pure oxygen instead of air for the oxidizer, was developed by the Japanese just prior to their full involvement in WWII. Despite having more than twice the effective range of the best Allied torpedoes and lacking the tell-tale torpedo wake, the oxygen torpedo was not used to its fullest capacity by the Japanese Imperial Navy, mostly because of inefficient submarine deployment.
He joined the Rendering Mines Safe section on 14 December 1940 attached to HMS President for his initial introduction to his future duties. In March 1941 he was posted to HMS Vernon for duties and further training in mine disposal and was praised for "outstanding work on dock clearance operations and those resulting in the stripping of the early German mine Type G". He received a King's Commendation for Brave Conduct in June 1941 and was awarded the George Medal in April 1942. He recovered, defused and investigated the first example of a German moored magnetic mine and was awarded the George Cross in November 1942 for "great gallantry and devotion to duty". He later worked with Doctor J. B. S. HaldaneClark 1968 on developing a diving suit with an integrated air system as air bubbles from the then standard diving suits could "set" German acoustic or acoustic/magnetic triggered mines.
Piekalkiewicz, Janusz, "Sea War: 1939–1945" (Poole, UK: Blandford Press, 1987) This was felt to be impractical for smaller warships and merchant vessels, mainly because the ships lacked the generating capacity to energise such a coil. It was found that "wiping" a current-carrying cable up and down a ship's hull temporarily cancelled the ships' magnetic signature sufficiently to nullify the threat. This started in late 1939, and by 1940 merchant vessels and the smaller British warships were largely immune for a few months at a time until they once again built up a field. The cruiser HMS Belfast is just one example of a ship which was struck by a magnetic mine during this time. On 21 November 1939, a mine broke her keel which damaged her engine and boiler rooms, as well as injuring 46 men with one man later dying from his injuries.
The surviving Ferdinands fought various rear-guard actions in 1943 until they were recalled to be modified and overhauled, partially based on battle experience gained in the Battle of Kursk. Returned to the Nibelungenwerke factory in Austria, on 2 January 1944, upgrades commenced on 48 of the 50 surviving vehicles. The most visible exterior upgrades were 1) the addition of a ball-mounted MG 34 in the hull front, 2) a new commander's cupola (modified from the standard StuG III cupola) for improved vision, 3) re-designed armored engine grates (for better bullet and shrapnel protection) and 4) the application of Zimmerit anti- magnetic mine paste. Due to the Allied landing in Anzio-Nettuno, Italy, the first eleven complete and updated Ferdinands were issued to the 1st company of 653rd Heavy Tank Destroyer Battalion (German: schwere Panzerjäger-Abteilung, sPzJgrAbt) and were deployed at the end of February 1944.
During the early months of the war – the so-called phoney war or Sitzkrieg – the activities of the men of Contraband Control were very newsworthy and provided good morale-boosting propaganda. Along with real- life accounts of German attacks on civilian fishing trawlers, news of attempts to defeat the magnetic mine, and official statistics of the monthly totals of seized cargoes, popular titles such as War Illustrated, Picture Post and the American magazine Life served up a weekly diet of photographs and patriotic accounts of the latest British or French war successes, often with captions such as The blockade became part of people's everyday lives, and it was inevitable that this would eventually be reflected in film. Directed by Michael Powell, written by Emeric Pressburger and starring Conrad Veidt and Valerie Hobson, Contraband (renamed Blackout in the US) was released in May 1940, just before the start of the German attack on France. In much the same style as The 39 Steps, the film centres on the fictitious port of Eastgate (filmed in Ramsgate) where Captain Anderson, a Danish merchant skipper is delayed by the men of the Contraband Control and encounters various enemy spies.

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