He was a black entertainer who painted his face — with burned cork or greasepaint (or in emergencies, lampblack, or in real emergencies, anything black mixed with oil) — to make it appear darker.
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When a baseball finally hit the ground after the requisite 0.6 seconds, it bounced off a sheet of cardboard treated with lampblack, which left a smear on the ball, indicating point of impact.
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When doing tattoos in prison, Piereeno explains, inmates often use lampblack—a fine carbon made from charcoal or soot—mixed with urine, which is meant to be sterile as long as the person who produces it is healthy.
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The watershed of Lampblack Creek has an area of . The creek is entirely within the United States Geological Survey quadrangle of Pittston. The Laflin Reservoir was historically on Gardner Creek just upstream of Lampblack Creek. Lampblack Creek historically had a dam on it and a ditch also ran from the creek to Gardner Creek at a point above the Laflin Reservoir.
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In 1974, Lampblack Creek was described as having "depressed" water quality. It was affected by acid mine drainage and sedimentation. As of 2009, Pennsy Supply, Inc. has a permit to discharge treated mine discharge into Lampblack Creek.
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The elevation near the mouth of Lampblack Creek is above sea level. The elevation of the creek's source is between above sea level. The surficial geology of Lampblack Creek mainly features bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale, as well as shale and sandstone pits. There are also some patches of urban land, alluvium, a glacial or resedimented till known as Wisconsinan Till, and coal dumps.
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In the 2000s, a 70.9-acre area in the watersheds of Lampblack Creek and Mill Creek in Jenkins Township experienced a $1.27 million mine reclamation project.
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Lampblack proved to be outstanding. Using a fully modulated beam of sunlight as a test signal, one experimental receiver design, employing only a deposit of lampblack, produced a tone that Bell described as "painfully loud" to an ear pressed close to the device. In its ultimate electronic form, the photophone receiver used a simple selenium cell photodetector at the focus of a parabolic mirror. The cell's electrical resistance (between about 100 and 300 ohms) varied inversely with the light falling upon it, i.e.
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They should not be. Dick smeared lampblack on his hand; his mother's hand is now stained.because they reached across Mason. Proof that Mason kept out of the circle, just as he did when he killed Wales.
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It was made by combustion in lamps with wicks, using animal, vegetable, and mineral oils. Inkmaking from pine wood, as depicted in the Tiangong Kaiwu (1637) In the Chinese record Tiangong Kaiwu, ink of the period was said to be made from lampblack of which a tenth was made from burning tung oil, vegetable oils, or lard, and nine- tenths was made from burning pine wood.Sung, Sun & Sun, pages 285–287. For the first process, more than one ounce lampblack of fine quality could be produced from a catty of oil.
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Sullivan, believing in the authority of government, won a reputation for toughness for his response stating "It just cannot go on. No self respecting government could tolerate it". The lampblack dispute was resolved, but disruption on the waterfront continues.
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The Pacific coast process has significant problems with lampblack. 20 to 30 lb/1000 ft3 (300 to 500 g/m3) of oily soot can be created during combustion. Major pollution problems led to the passage of early state-level environmental legislation.
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He sought to mimic the working in a mechanical device, substituting an elastic membrane for the tympanum, a series of levers for the ossicle, which moved a stylus he proposed would press on a paper, wood, or glass surface covered in lampblack. On 26 January 1857, he delivered his design in a sealed envelope to the French Academy. On 25 March 1857, he received French patent #17,897/31,470 for the phonautograph. To collect sound, the phonautograph used a horn attached to a diaphragm which vibrated a stiff bristle which inscribed an image on a lampblack-coated, hand-cranked cylinder.
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The lettering of the scroll is written in lampblack ink.Freedman, D.N.; Mathews, K.A. (1985), p. 4 Individual words are divided by dots. The top portion of the scroll is irregularly worn away, with no indication that it had been deliberately torn or cut.
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The text contains miniature paintings drawn in multi-colour. This is the oldest example of Jain miniature painting. The ink used in the manuscript is gum lampblack and white paint made from mineral silver. This heritage document is written in Devanagari script.
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Over the years, Parashar has developed a style to suit the natives of Ranthambhore who lack easy access to sophisticated art supplies. With domestic lampblack or soot and a crumpled newspaper used as a nib, Parashar creates intricate imagery of his preferred subject: the tiger.
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201 Battens might be nailed over the gaps between slabs, or the entire exterior might be clad with weatherboards.Lewis, 2.04.3-2.04.6; 5.03.08 The exterior might then be painted, using mixes of materials as diverse as skim milk, quick-lime, lampblack and cementCox, 1969. p.
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"India ink" in Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008 Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. The traditional Chinese method of making ink was to grind a mixture of hide glue, carbon black, lampblack, and bone black pigment with a mortar and pestle, then pour it into a ceramic dish where it could dry.
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Lampblack Creek was entered into the Geographic Names Information System on August 2, 1979. Its identifier in the Geographic Names Information System is 1178836. The creek is also known as Lamp Black Creek. This name appears in the Atlas of the Anthracite Coalfields of Pennsylvania, which was published in 1888.
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As this enamel was difficult to remove, goldsmiths developed alternate means of viewing their work while still in progress. They would take a sulfur cast of the work on a matrix of fine clay, and fill up the lines in the sulfur with lampblack, producing the desired high-contrast image.
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About 906–618 BC, China utilized fish, ox, and stag horns to produce adhesives and binders for pigments. Animal glues were employed as binders in paint media during the Tang Dynasty. They were similarly used on the Terracotta Army figures. Records indicate that one of the essential components of lampblack ink was proteinaceous glue.
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Lampblack Creek begins in a small valley on a hill in Jenkins Township. It flows west- southwest for several tenths of a mile before turning west-northwest for a short distance, crossing Interstate 476. The creek then turns southwest for several before turning northwest. Several hundred feet further downstream, it reaches its confluence with Gardner Creek.
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An Oxyliquit, also called liquid air explosive or liquid oxygen explosive, is an explosive material which is a mixture of liquid oxygen (LOX) with a suitable fuel, such as carbon (as lampblack), or an organic chemical (e.g. a mixture of soot and naphthalene), wood meal, or aluminium powder or sponge. It is a class of Sprengel explosives.
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Chinese inkstick; carbon-based and made from soot and animal glue. Carbon inks were commonly made from lampblack or soot and a binding agent such as gum arabic or animal glue. The binding agent keeps carbon particles in suspension and adhered to paper. Carbon particles do not fade over time even when bleached or when in sunlight.
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December 24, 1867. To produce ornamental figures > upon steel, the design is first engraved upon a copper plate. A proof is > taken upon thin paper with ink made by boiling oil to a viscid consistence > and adding a little lampblack. The design is transferred to the steel plate, > and the paper is removed with water, leaving the ink upon the steel.
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If wastes are preserved in anoxic environments, the Prussian blue colour may not yet have developed. Exposing these to the air and allowing them to become oxidised lets the colour develop., Fouled Wood-Shavings as "Box" Wastes, Cyanogens and Lampblack When looking for blue billy as a way to indicate the extent of contamination, this time should be allowed for.
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A pig bristle or other very lightweight stylus was connected to the membrane, sometimes by an indirect linkage which roughly simulated the ossicles and served as an amplifying lever. The bristle traced a line through a thin coating of lampblack—finely divided carbon deposited by the flame of an oil or gas lamp—on a moving surface of paper or glass. The sound collected by the simulated ear and transmitted to the bristle caused the line to be modulated in accordance with the passing variations in air pressure, creating a graphic record of the sound waves. Martinville's first patent described a flat recording surface and a weight-driven clockwork motor, but the later and more familiar form of his invention, marketed by Rudolph Koenig in 1859, recorded on a sheet of lampblack-coated paper wrapped around a cylinder which was hand- cranked.
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Lampblack Creek (also known as Lamp Black Creek) is a tributary of Gardner Creek in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is approximately long and flows through Jenkins Township. The watershed of the creek has an area of . The surficial geology in the area mainly consists of bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale, shale and sandstone pits, urban land, alluvium, Wisconsinan Till, and coal dumps.
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Great efforts were made to create the illusion of long, dark eyelashes. Attempting this, Victorian women made a type of mascara in their own homes. They would heat a mixture of ash or lampblack and elderberry juice on a plate and apply the heated mixture to their eyelashes. The product that people would recognize as mascara today did not develop until the 19th century.
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The first bolometers made by Langley consisted of two steel, platinum, or palladium foil strips covered with lampblack. One strip was shielded from radiation and one exposed to it. The strips formed two branches of a Wheatstone bridge which was fitted with a sensitive galvanometer and connected to a battery. Electromagnetic radiation falling on the exposed strip would heat it and change its resistance.
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With saws and files they would first shape the whalebone. Then with needles or knives they would sketch designs into the surface. When the design was complete the sailors would ink them with lampblack or squid ink. While the best-known form of scrimshaw is the whale tooth decorated with engraved scenes, scrimshanders also fashioned shipboard tools, kitchen implements, domestic and needlework tools, and fashion accessories from whalebone and ivory.
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After this, it turns south and then west-southwest, passing through the Gardner Creek Reservoir. The creek then turns northwest and exits is valley. It continues northwest for considerably more than a mile, crossing Interstate 476, receives the tributary Lampblack Creek from the right, and then enters Laflin and crosses Interstate 81 and Pennsylvania Route 315. The creek then turns southwest for several tenths of a mile before turning northwest and then south-southwest.
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Several studies observed that 14th-century Chinese inks are made from very small and uniform pine soot; in fact the inks are even superior in these aspects to modern soot inks. The author Song Yingxing (c. 1600-1660) of the Ming dynasty has described the inkmaking process from pine soot in his work Tiangong Kaiwu. From the Song dynasty onwards, lampblack also became a favored pigment for the manufacturing of black inks.
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It was made by mixing natural form of lead(II) oxide called litharge and vinegar. Sugar of lead was a recommended agent added to linseed oil during heating to produce "boiled" linseed oil, the lead and heat acting to cause the oil to cure faster than raw linseed oil.Andés, Louis Edgar, and Arthur Morris. Oil colours and printers' inks a practical handbook treating of linseed oil, boiled oil, paints, artists' colours, lampblack and printers' inks, black and coloured.
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After platinization, the electrode should be rinsed and stored in distilled water. The electrode loses its catalytic properties on prolonged exposure to air. The process for electroplating platinum black on platinum was invented by Lummer and Kurlbaum when they were unable to reproduce Langley's lampblack-covered platinum foils for bolometers. When the platinum black did not adhere to the cathode, they found that adding around 1% copper sulfate to the chloroplatinic acid in the electrolyte improved the results.
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Manufacture of chemical products from fossil fuels began at scale in the early nineteenth century. The coal tar and ammoniacal liquor residues of coal gas manufacture for gas lighting began to be processed in 1822 at the Bonnington Chemical Works in Edinburgh to make naphtha, pitch oil (later called creosote), pitch, lampblack (carbon black) and sal ammoniac (ammonium chloride). Ammonium sulphate fertiliser, asphalt road surfacing, coke oil and coke were later added to the product line.
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Cassini closeup of Phoebe from 13 June 2004; the crater Euphemus is at top center Named craters on Phoebe Phoebe is roughly spherical and has a diameter of (), approximately one-sixteenth of that of the Moon. Phoebe rotates every nine hours 16 minutes and it completes a full orbit around Saturn in about 18 months. Its surface temperature is . Most of Saturn's inner moons have very bright surfaces, but Phoebe's albedo is very low (0.06), as dark as lampblack.
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The lampwick used in the making of lampblack was first soaked in the juice of Lithospermum officinale before burning. A skillful artisan could tend to 200 lamps at once. For the second process, the ink was derived from pine wood from which the resin had been removed. The pine wood was burnt in a rounded chamber made from bamboo with the chamber surfaces and joints pasted with paper and matting in which there were holes for smoke emission.
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The master mold is used to create "mothers" and these are then further processed to make working molds. Ad for Edison Records and Gem Phonograph, 1900The Gold molded record used an aluminum-based wax, like the post-1896 Edison brown wax. However, carnauba wax was added, as well as pine tar and lampblack resulting in a black, shiny, durable record. The molds with mandrels placed in the center were heated and dipped in a tank of the molten wax.
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These early bulbs all had flaws such as an extremely short life and requiring a high electric current to operate which made them difficult to apply on a large scale commercially. In his first attempts to solve these problems, Edison tried using a filament made of cardboard, carbonized with compressed lampblack. This burnt out too quickly to provide lasting light. He then experimented with different grasses and canes such as hemp, and palmetto, before settling on bamboo as the best filament.
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Born in Mille Roches, Ontario to a successful Franco- Ontarian fabric manufacturer, Ault moved to Wisconsin in his teens, where he worked as a bookkeeper. In 1876, he moved to Cincinnati and took a job as a lampblack salesman. Two years later, Ault and his business partner Frank Wiborg incorporated Ault & Wiborg, an ink manufacturer which became the world's top producer and supplier of inks and lithograph supplies. In 1928, Ault sold his share in the company for $14 million.
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The ordinary pigments are white lead, zinc white, umbers, siennas, ochres, chromes, Venetian red, Indian red, lampblack, bone black, vegetable black, ultramarine, Prussian blue, vermilion, red lead, oxide of iron, lakes and Vandyke brown. The term enamel paint was first given to a compound of zinc white, petrol and resin, which possessed on drying a hard glossy surface. The name is now applied to any colored paint of this nature. Quick-drying enamels are spirit varnishes ground with the desired pigment.
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A Herbarium vivum (plural Herbaria viva) is a collection of plants and images, and their descriptions from a particular locality. The images were produced by a process doubtless suggested by engraving and lithography whereby an object coated with printer's ink or other suitable substance, is pressed onto paper, leaving behind an impression. An earlier method had used the lampblack derived from the sooty flame of a candle or lamp. The impression could then be painted over in colour with the certainty that form and size had been accurately fixed.
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At the top of the climb, there was a circular "tambourine" with lampblack on its underside, which the climber touched. Several timers with stop watches timed the climb, and an acceptable official time was then agreed upon. Before the event expired in America, an electronic means of timing the climb was developed, but this was an insufficient reason to continue an activity conducted at gymnastic meets that many artistic gymnasts thought should have been relegated to the track and field arena. The world record for the 20 ft.
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English Army Blacking from 1895 In the late 18th and early 19th century many forms of shoe polish became available, yet were rarely referred to as shoe polish or boot polish. Instead, they were often called blacking, especially when mixed with lampblack, or still were referred to as dubbin. Tallow, an animal by-product, was used to manufacture a simple form of shoe polish at this time. Chicago, where 82% of the processed meat consumed in the United States was processed in the stock yards, became a major shoe polish producing area.
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Using an ink stick and inkstone Brush-washers for removing excess ink are essential tools in the traditional art of Chinese calligraphy. The Walters Art Museum. Ink is made from lampblack (soot) and binders, and comes in inksticks which must be rubbed with water on an inkstone until the right consistency is achieved. Much cheaper, pre-mixed bottled inks are now available, but these are used primarily for practice as stick inks are considered higher quality and chemical inks are more prone to bleeding over time, making them less suitable for use in hanging scrolls.
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This was supplied to Charles Macintosh for him to make waterproof fabrics, as epitomised by the Mackintosh. Longstaff was at that time assistant to Dr John Wilson Anderson, who taught practical chemistry at the University of Edinburgh. When Anderson resigned from the university to concentrate on his growing chemical plant, Longstaff took his academic post. By 1830 the factory was making and selling naphtha, pitch oil (later called creosote), pitch, and lampblack (carbon black) from the coal tar, while the ammoniacal liquor was processed into sal ammoniac (ammonium chloride).
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Basic India ink is composed of a variety of fine soot, known as lampblack, combined with water to form a liquid. No binder material is necessary: the carbon molecules are in colloidal suspension and form a waterproof layer after drying. A binding agent such as gelatin or, more commonly, shellac may be added to make the ink more durable once dried. India ink is commonly sold in bottled form, as well as a solid form as an inkstick (most commonly, a stick), which must be ground and mixed with water before use.
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After rescuing a man, Alvarez, from an ice floe, they head south. With help from Vice-Admiral Crawford, Admiral Nelson collates observations and carries out calculations whose answers tell him what he needs to do. He determines that the inner Van Allen radiation belt has caught fire, pulling air up from the overheating atmosphere. To stop the fire, to save all life on Earth, Seaview must launch a missile at a precise moment from a point NW of Guam and have the missile spew electrically-charged lampblack into the outer radiation belt.
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According to a July 2000 article in the Texas Monthly, there was an eyewitness who claimed to have seen the murderer, but reported contradictory information to the police. The killer was variously reported to have been white or dark-complexioned; or a "yellow man" wearing lampblack to conceal his skin color; or a man wearing a Mother Hubbard style dress; or a man wearing a slouch hat; or a man wearing a hat and a white rag that covered the lower part of his face. There were also reports that the killer worked with an accomplice, or belonged to a gang of murderers.
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An oxyliquit explosion can be accidentally produced while filling high-altitude aircraft systems. When liquid oxygen is spilled on tarmac (asphalt) the pavement can become sufficiently explosive to be set-off simply by walking on it, even though the oxygen evaporates shortly after it is spilled. At first, liquid air, self- enriched by standing (nitrogen has a lower boiling point and evaporates preferentially) was used, but pure liquid oxygen gives better results. A mixture of lampblack and liquid oxygen was measured to have a detonation velocity of 3,000 m/s, and 4 to 12% more explosive power than dynamite.
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From the outset, the opera's depiction of African Americans attracted controversy. Virgil Thomson, a white American composer, stated that "Folklore subjects recounted by an outsider are only valid as long as the folk in question is unable to speak for itself, which is certainly not true of the American Negro in 1935."Thomson, Virgil in Modern Music, November–December 1935. pp. 16–17. An apocryphal quote attributed to Duke Ellington allegedly stated "the times are here to debunk Gershwin's lampblack Negroisms," but the quote was probably invented by a journalist who interviewed Ellington about the opera.
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From 1723–1823, it was a criminal offence to blacken one's face in some circumstances, with a punishment of death. The Black Act was passed at a time of economic downturn that led to heightened social tensions, and in response to a series of raids by two groups of poachers who blackened their faces to prevent identification. Blackening one's face with soot, lampblack, boot polish or coal dust was a traditional form of disguise, or masking, especially at night when poaching. The Welsh Rebecca Rioters (1839–1843) used to blacken their faces or wear masks to prevent themselves being identified whilst breaking down turnpike gates, sometimes disguised as women.
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To optimize the image quality of the end product, the silver side of the plate had to be polished to as nearly perfect a mirror finish as possible. The silver had to be completely free of tarnish or other contamination when it was sensitized, so the daguerreotypist had to perform at least the final portion of the polishing and cleaning operation not too long before use. In the 19th century, the polishing was done with a buff covered with hide or velvet, first using rotten stone, then jeweler's rouge, then lampblack. Originally, the work was entirely manual, but buffing machinery was soon devised to assist.
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In contrast to the mainstream interpretation, a fringe hypothesis proposes that the reliefs depict ancient Egyptian electrical technology, based on comparison to similar modern devices (such as Geissler tubes, Crookes tubes, and arc lamps). J. N. Lockyer's passing reference to a colleague's humorous suggestion that electric lamps would explain the absence of lampblack deposits in the tombs has sometimes been forwarded as an argument supporting this particular interpretation (another argument being made is the use of a system of reflective mirrors). Proponents of this interpretation have also used a text referring to "high poles covered with copper plates" to argue this,Bruno Kolbe, Francis ed Legge, Joseph Skellon, tr., "An Introduction to Electricity".
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He was the Minister of Labour, Immigration, Mines, Housing and the State Advances Corporation in the First National Government from 1949 to 1957. He was one of the "big four" (alongside Sidney Holland, Keith Holyoake and Clifton Webb) in cabinet and was allocated some of the most demanding portfolios. Consequently he had a large amount of influence over the governments policy and direction. As Minister of Labour he had to face the challenge of industrial disruption by union militancy. Tensions on the wharves with waterfront workers ahead of the export season grew and on 20 September 1950 the government invoked the 1932 Public Safety Conservation Act during the so-called 'lampblack dispute' to resolve the faceoff.
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The demand for his crayons soon exceeded his ability to keep up with production and he partnered with the American Crayon Company, who had been producing chalk crayons, in 1902. Edwin Binney and C. Harold Smith had been long established in the coloring marketplace through Binney's Peekskill, New York, chemical works making lampblack by burning whale and carbon black, as well as their chalk products. In 1902 they developed and introduced the Staonal marking crayon. A year later in 1903, Edwin Binney's wife, Alice Stead Binney, coined the name Crayola by combining the French word for chalk, craie, with the first part of oleaginous, another name for the paraffin wax used to make the crayon.
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The gum was inexpensive then, and by heating it and working it in his hands, he managed to incorporate in it a certain amount of magnesia which produced a white compound which appeared to take away the stickiness. He thought he had discovered the secret, and through the kindness of friends was able to improve his invention in New Haven. The first thing that he made was shoes, and he used his own house for grinding, calendering and vulcanizing, with the help of his wife and children. His compound at this time consisted of India rubber, lampblack, and magnesia, the whole dissolved in turpentine and spread upon the flannel cloth which served as the lining for the shoes.
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Like cylinder records, the sound in a Diamond Disc's groove was recorded by the vertical method, as variations in the depth of the groove cut. At that time, with the notable exception of Pathé Records, which used yet another incompatible format, a disc's groove was normally of constant depth and modulated laterally, side-to-side. The vertical format demanded a perfectly flat surface for best results, so Edison made his Diamond Discs almost one-quarter of an inch (6 mm) thick. They consisted of a thin coating of a phenolic resin virtually identical to Bakelite on a core of compressed wood flour, later also china clay, lampblack for color, all in a rabbit-hide glue binder.
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Autochrome is an additive color "mosaic screen plate" process. The medium consists of a glass plate coated on one side with a random mosaic of microscopic grains of potato starch dyed red-orange, green, and blue-violet (an unusual but functional variant of the standard red, green, and blue additive colors); the grains of starch act as color filters. Lampblack fills the spaces between grains, and a black-and-white panchromatic silver halide emulsion is coated on top of the filter layer. Unlike ordinary black-and-white plates, the Autochrome was loaded into the camera with the bare glass side facing the lens so that the light passed through the mosaic filter layer before reaching the emulsion.
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It was found that the application of extreme pressure would produce a mosaic that more efficiently transmitted light to the emulsion, because the grains would be flattened slightly, making them more transparent, and pressed into more intimate contact with each other, reducing wasted space between them. As it was impractical to apply such pressure to the entire plate all at once, a steamroller approach was used which flattened only one very small area at a time. Lampblack was used to block up the slight spaces that remained. The plate was then coated with shellac to protect the moisture-vulnerable grains and dyes from the water-based gelatin emulsion, which was coated onto the plate after the shellac had dried.
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This latter is effected by rubbing off, upon its flat surface, a tracing in lampblack and oil, of the outlines of the masses of the design. The portions to be left in relief are then tinted, between their outlines, an ammoniacal carmine or magenta, for the purpose of distinguishing them from those portions that have to be cut away. As a separate block is required for each distinct colour in the design, a separate tracing must be made of each and transferred (or put on as it a termed) to its own special block. Having thus received a tracing of the pattern the block is thoroughly damped and kept in this condition by being covered with wet cloths during the whole process of cutting.
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It could also be used to safely store hydrogen for use in a hydrogen based engine in cars. A large sample of glassy carbon The amorphous form is an assortment of carbon atoms in a non- crystalline, irregular, glassy state, not held in a crystalline macrostructure. It is present as a powder, and is the main constituent of substances such as charcoal, lampblack (soot) and activated carbon. At normal pressures, carbon takes the form of graphite, in which each atom is bonded trigonally to three others in a plane composed of fused hexagonal rings, just like those in aromatic hydrocarbons. The resulting network is 2-dimensional, and the resulting flat sheets are stacked and loosely bonded through weak van der Waals forces.
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The stimulus for industry at Blaydon and Blaydon burn, as elsewhere in the region, was the growth in coal mining and the coal trade, particularly from the early 18th century, when the Hazard and Speculation pits were established at Low Shibdon linked to the Tyne by wagonways. The 18th century Blaydon Main Colliery was reopened in the mid-19th century and worked until 1921. Other pits and associated features included Blaydon Burn Colliery, Freehold pit and the Blaydonburn wagonway. Industries supported by the coal trade included chemical works, bottle works, sanitary pipe works, lampblack works, an ironworks, a smithy and brickworks - Cowen's Upper and Lower Brickworks were established in 1730 and were associated with a variety of features including a clay drift mine and coal/clay drops.
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He was granted his first patent for what he called the "Gramophone" in 1887. The patent described recording sound using horizontal modulation of a stylus as it traced a line on a rotating cylindrical surface coated with an unresisting opaque material such as lampblack, subsequently fixed with varnish and used to photoengrave a corresponding groove into the surface of a metal playback cylinder. In practice, Berliner opted for the disc format, which made the photoengraving step much less difficult and offered the prospect of making multiple copies of the result by some simpler process such as electrotyping, molding or stamping. In 1888 Berliner was using a more direct recording method, in which the stylus traced a line through a very thin coating of wax on a zinc disc, which was then etched in acid to convert the line of bared metal into a playable groove.
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Aircraft of the British Royal Flying Corps and Royal Naval Air Service were either coloured on top and sides with a protective dope called PC.10 (a mixture of yellow ochre and lampblack) or PC.12 (iron oxide and lamp black) while the undersides were given a clear dope. These colours were not intended originally as camouflage but were developed to prevent the fabric from being damaged by UV radiation from the sun, and their camouflage effect was an added bonus. Both services also used black for night bombers, while a wide variety of experimental camouflages were tried out for specific roles such as trench strafing, with multiple colours. Alternatives were tested in late 1917 at Orfordness Experimental Station, resulting in the introduction of NIVO (Night Invisible Varnish Orfordness) in early 1918; this was used for all external surfaces on night bombers until superseded by World War II colours.
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East panel of the north wall of the Hōryū-ji kondō, showing the eastern paradise of Yakushi Nyorai; a number of fragments from Kamiyodo Haiji have been located in a similar scheme in reconstruction drawings, identified as parts of a canopy, flanking tennin's robe, nimbus, seated Buddha's robe, dais, heavenly general, bodhisattva, and lotus pedestal Among the fragments of painting are the heads of a heavenly general and bodhisattva, a cuirass, sections of robe, flowers, grasses, lotus petals, part of a decorated canopy, and a mountain with three peaks emerging from the clouds, the precursor of later landscape painting. The paintings were executed upon an earthen render, the lower layer comprising clay and chopped straw, the upper more sandy soil with finer vegetable fibres; the surface was prepared for painting with a white clay ground. The range of pigments as much as the subject matter shows the impact of foreign culture from the mainland: unlike the limited pallette of the decorated tombs before the introduction of Buddhism, the painting fragments show the use of vermilion, red ochre, minium, yellow ochre, massicot, malachite, azurite, white clay, and lampblack ink.
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