Stream protections and fossil fuel industry transparency rules have been guillotined.
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Pettis guillotined the guillotiner, handing Oliveira just his second submission loss.
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He was guillotined in 1801 after he was implicated in an assassination plot against Napoleon Bonaparte.
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It's where the celebz go to convince us that, friends, they do not deserve to be guillotined at all!
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According to "Famous Social Reformers & Revolutionaries," he was guillotined in 1794 after making a defiant and snarky remark to the executioner.
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Sontag the fantastically assured "dark lady of American letters" is guillotined by Sontag the punk, Sontag the agitated diarist, Sontag the perplexed.
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"Well, I hit it, and then the glass fell on top of me, so it sort of guillotined my leg," she told CBS.
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Bizarre as it may seem, the two brothers of the guillotined Louis XVI became kings — Louis XVIII in 1814 followed by Charles X in 1824.
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The notion of the social contract was popularised by Rousseau, whose prose inspired generations of left-wing European revolutionaries just as conservatives were about to be guillotined.
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That last book explored women's rights during the French Revolution, centering on the early French feminist Olympe de Gouges, who was guillotined in 1793 for challenging male authority.
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Christian Ranucci was one of the last men to be sentenced to death and guillotined in France, in 1976, for the murder of an 8-year-old girl.
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That's the great-great-great-great grandfather of Louis XVI, France's last king before the fall of the monarchy and the one who was guillotined during the French Revolution.
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Aristocrats were guillotined during the French Revolution, and new taxes were based on how wealthy people appeared — measured in part by the number of doors and windows in their homes.
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PARIS (Reuters) - Henri d'Orleans, Count of Paris and pretender to the defunct French throne, died on Monday - exactly 226 years after his distant cousin Louis XVI was guillotined in Paris.
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The last resident of Versailles, King Louis XVI, was executed by guillotine in central Paris in 1793 during the French Revolution and his wife Marie Antoinette was guillotined later that year.
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Next she co-starred alongside a dewy Ewan McGregor in the TV Stendhal adaptation Scarlet and Black, playing a deflowered youth who tenderly buries her lover's guillotined head in a cave.
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But before the Crillons came into the picture, Queen Marie Antoinette frequented the mansion for her piano lessons — until 183, when she was guillotined right outside on Place de la Concorde.
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Bradford could not have known at the time he invoked Robespierre's name, the historian recalled, that the Terror had turned on its leader—and that Robespierre had already been guillotined days earlier.
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In the final sequence of that film, D'Souza and a black gospel choir even appeared to exhort conservatives to go get themselves guillotined like anti-Nazi dissident Sophie Scholl for campus free speech.
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"One email I got said something like, 'I hope your child sees your head in a basket after you've been guillotined for all the fraud you climate scientists have been committing,'" Hayhoe told InsideClimate in 2015.
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I banked on the assumption that cock rings wouldn't have lasted this long if they guillotined every penis they came across, so I asked my boyfriend to test out the We-Vibe Pivot and Verge with me.
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In that context, the ironically titled Week of Kindness, with its lion-headed men brandishing guillotined heads and savagely caning cowering women, looks less like Hughes's "revenge on childhood repression" and more like a premonition of the Nazi terror.
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On Thursday, it was Mr. Macron who united their popular anger once again, exactly as he did a year ago when members of the protest movement known as the Yellow Vests guillotined him in effigy on the country's roundabouts.
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I mean most of the people involved in the systems that allowed for the accumulation of wealth at the top of the social pyramid at the expense of the lower and working classes were guillotined in the French Revolution, but look!
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Anyway, Claire, who's been known to toggle between the previous century and the one that wrapped with Louis XVI guillotined, arrives in the court of Louis XVI-minus-one on the arm of her dashing, auburn-curled husband, Jamie (Sam Heughan).
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VERSAILLES, France (Reuters) - President Emmanuel Macron told dozens of the world's most powerful executives on Monday that he would not follow the path of guillotined French royals and would continue to reform the French economy despite a sometimes violent popular revolt.
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An orphanage/military academy picked him up, and he got on the wrong side of the law during the storming of the Bastille, was nearly guillotined, and then he sort of fell in line and became a soldier in Napoleon's army.
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Legend has it that Marie Antoinette's hair suddenly turned white from anxiety the night before she was set to be guillotined during the French Revolution, and Swift does like a good historical metaphor, particularly when it has to do with themes of betrayal and vengeance — as evidenced by the not-so-subtle "Et tu Brute" reference in her video for "Look What You Made Me Do." Whether the case of Swift's missing eyebrows is part of a greater, more sinister scheme or just a fun look for a photoshoot, there are only so many places eyebrows can go.
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Elli Barczatis was guillotined approximately ten minutes later. Other sources indicate that Barczatis was the first to be guillotined. The bodies were cremated.
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At around 3 in the morning on 23 November 1955 Karl Laurenz was taken from his cell to the execution room at the National Execution Facility in Dresden and guillotined. Elli Barczatis was guillotined approximately ten minutes later. Other sources indicate that Barczatis was the first to be guillotined. The official minutes of the event record that her execution took approximately three seconds.
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He was guillotined in Place du Trône renversé on 6 March 1794.
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Custine was promptly recalled to Paris to answer for his tardiness, and guillotined.
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Drabent and Neumann were guillotined at the Brandenburg- Görden Prison on 20 November 1944.
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Associated with the Dantonists, he fell with them and was guillotined on 5 April 1794.
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He was the son of French general Gaspard Jean-Baptiste Brunet who was guillotined in 1793.
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Barnave was guillotined the following day, as was Marguerite-Louis- François Duport-Dutertre, former minister of Justice.
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Judged before the Court of Peers, they were sentenced to death and guillotined on 19 February 1836.
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During the Reign of Terror in the French Revolution, Grimouard was guillotined in Rochefort on 7 February 1794.
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Thirty Jacobins, including three former deputies of the Convention, were convicted and guillotined. Babeuf and his principal followers were tried in Vendôme between 20 February and 26 May 1797. The two principal leaders, Babeuf and Darthé, were convicted. They both attempted suicide, but failed and were guillotined on 27 May 1797.
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47, no. 4, 1923, p. 303 Imprisoned in the Abbaye, sentenced to death by the Revolutionary Tribunal and guillotined.
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During the French Revolution a British lawyer courageously takes the place of a French aristocrat sentenced to be guillotined.
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Monier was sentenced to death with André Soudy and Raymond Callemin. All three were guillotined on 21 April 1913.
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Louis was guillotined on 21 January 1793 in the Place de la Révolution (renamed Place de la Concorde in 1795).
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He was transported to Paris and condemned to execution by the revolutionary tribunal. He was guillotined on 8 March 1794.
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He was guillotined in Paris on 28 April 1794, when he was sentenced at the same time as his elder brother.
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416-417 All of the alleged conspirators were sentenced to death on the morning of 13 April and guillotined that same afternoon.
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They responded by arresting the leadership, charging them with conspiring to overthrow the Convention. The leaders were guillotined and the club disappeared.
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416-417 All of the alleged conspirators were sentenced to death on the morning of 13 April and guillotined that same afternoon.
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January 21: Louis XVI of France, is guillotined in Paris. The French Republic introduced the French Revolutionary Calendar starting with the year I.
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Oeuvres de Maximilien Robespierre, Band 9 by Maximilien Robespierre,p. 263-264 The next day Louis XVI was guillotined at the Place de la Révolution.
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His last journal entry was "In five hours, I will see Jesus!". An appeal for clemency to President René Coty failed, and he was guillotined.
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Sentenced to death on 17 Floreal, year III, he was guillotined the next day in Paris, on the Place de Grève, with fifteen co- defendants.
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This was to prove fatal, for his failure to pursue York and stumbling command Houchard was later arrested on charges of cowardice, tried and guillotined.
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The Royalist generals asked him to join them, pointing out that the National Convention would not forgive his defeat. Nevertheless, Pierre Quétineau left to rejoin his army. He was judged by the Revolutionary Tribunal, condemned to death, and guillotined on 17 March 1794. His wife, Jeanne Robert Latreille appeared at the trial of Jacques Hébert and the Hébertists, and was also later guillotined in 1794.
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Robespierre tells Camille of his plans to become France's new king, which Camille protests. Camille writes an article asking for moderation and an end to beheadings; he is promptly arrested along with Danton and other Dantonists. All are tried by the Revolutionary Tribunal, found guilty, and sent to the guillotine; Lucile is guillotined. In the months following, Robespierre and his friends are also guillotined.
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Hildegard Löwy (b.1922 - 4 March 1943) was a Jewish German office worker who became involved in anti-Nazi resistance. She was guillotined at Plötzensee Prison.
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Adolf Gustav Seefeldt, last name also spelled Seefeld (born March 6, 1870 in Potsdam – guillotined in Schwerin on May 23, 1936) was a German serial killer.
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1 Her cousins, Henriette-Anne-Louise d'Aguesseau de La Grange, and Catherine de Cossé-Brissac, and niece, Louise vicomtesse de Noailles, were guillotined on 22 July 1794.
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Marat thanked her and said that they would be guillotined next week upon which Corday immediately fatally stabbed him. She was guillotined shortly thereafter. Corday was of an opposing political party, whose name can be seen in the note Marat holds in David's subsequent painting, The Death of Marat. Marat, a member of the National Convention and a journalist, had a skin disease that caused him to itch horribly.
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Martial Joseph Armand Herman (29 August 1759, Saint-Pol-sur-Ternoise – 7 May 1795, Paris) (guillotined), was a politician of the French Revolution, and temporary French Foreign Minister.
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He and his group of 12 were sentenced to death on 12 February 1944 and guillotined at Plötzensee Prison, Berlin, on August 25 . His body was never recovered.
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On 20 January 1793 Robespierre defended the massacres as necessary. Louis XVI was guillotined on the next day. It was Servan's proposal to bring armed volunteers from the provinces.
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He was condemned and guillotined a day later.Maugras, 136; Begin, p. 372. He left a young son, Astolphe-Louis-Léonor, Marquis de Custine (18 March 1790 – 25 September 1857).
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Set in France in 1959, a man who is convicted of a double murder is guillotined and subsequently the detached head begins to recount the events leading to his death.
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Kurt Huber (24 October 1893 – 13 July 1943) was a university professor and resistance fighter with the anti-Nazi group White Rose. For his involvement he was imprisoned and guillotined.
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He was tried for corruption in the affair of the liquidation of the Compagnie des Indes Orientales, condemned to death and guillotined on 16 germinal year II (5 April 1794).
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Bachmann's brother, Karl Josef, was sentenced to death for his part in the defense of King Louis XVI on 10 August 1792 and was guillotined in September of the same year.
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Resigned to martyrdom, Prassek wrote to his family: "Who can oppress one who dies". The mingling of the blood of the four guillotined martyrs has become a symbol of German Ecumenism.
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Prats, Banyuls Accused of malice and disability, d'Aoust was sentenced to death by the Revolutionary Court. He was guillotined in Paris on 2 July 1794 at the age of 31 years.
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Sentenced to death, he was guillotined, with fourteen other defendants on 18 Floreal, Year III ( May 7, 1795 ), in the Place de Grève, Paris at about eleven o'clock in the morning.
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Despite the support of Jean Jaurès, the bill was rejected on 8 December by 330 votes to 201. Under the pro-Nazi Vichy Regime, Marshal Pétain refused to pardon five women due to be guillotined; no woman had been guillotined in France in over five decades. Pétain himself was sentenced to death following the overthrow of the Vichy Regime, but General Charles de Gaulle commuted Pétain's sentence to life imprisonment on the grounds of his old age (89 years).
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He had been at the school for a month when he heard the news from Paris: his father had been guillotined on 6 November 1793 after a trial before the Revolutionary Tribunal.
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In the 16th century a discovery of iron ore in the forest led to the creation of a forge. The owner, Louis Lavergne Champlaurier was guillotined in 1794, with his wife Victoire.
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Arnaud II de La Porte (born, Versailles, 14 October 1737; guillotined Paris, 23 August 1792) French statesman, Minister of the Marine, Intendant of the King's Civil List (Minister of the Royal Household).
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Karl Friedrich Stellbrink Karl Friedrich Stellbrink (28 October 1894 – 10 November 1943) was a German Lutheran pastor, and one of the Lübeck martyrs, guillotined for opposing the Nazi regime of Adolf Hitler.
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With the fall of the Girondists he was proscribed (2 June 1793) and removed from the Convention, and ultimately condemned to death by the revolutionary tribunal (30 October 1793); guillotined (31 October 1793).
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The trial, begun at Vendôme on 20 February 1797, lasted two months. On 7 Prairial (26 May) Babeuf and Darthé were sentenced to death, and guillotined at Vendôme the next day (8 Prairial).
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Stellbrink was arrested, followed by the three Catholic priests each of whom were sentenced to death. The mingling of the blood of the four guillotined martyrs has become a symbol of German Ecumenism.
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From 2 to 6 September 1792, bands of sans-culottes broke into the prisons and murdered refractory priests, aristocrats and common criminals. On 21 January 1793, Louis XVI was guillotined on the Place de la Révolution. Marie Antoinette was executed on the same square on 16 October 1793. Bailly, the first Mayor of Paris, was guillotined the following November at the Champ de Mars. During the Reign of Terror, 16,594 persons were tried by the revolutionary tribune and executed by the guillotine.
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All of these political and economic activities enabled him to fund his scientific research. At the height of the French Revolution, he was charged with tax fraud and selling adulterated tobacco, and was guillotined.
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Julien is guillotined. Mathilde takes his severed head and buries it in a cave, which she has created as her shrine to him. Madame de Rênal dies of a broken heart, shortly after Julien's death.
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Washington refused to extradite Genêt (knowing he would be guillotined), and Genêt later became a U.S. citizen.Sioli, Marco. "Citizen Genêt and Political Struggle in the Early American Republic." Revue française d'études américaines (1995): 259-267.
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Her inheritance, however, was confiscated by the revolutionary government. Despite having voted for the death of his cousin Louis XVI of France, and having denounced his son's defection, Philippe Égalité was guillotined on 6 November 1793.
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He was the author of a number of influential textbooks and a firm advocate of Newtonian gravitational theory. His students included Antoine Lavoisier and Jean Sylvain Bailly, both of whom were later guillotined during the Revolution.
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Loménie de Brienne, colonel in the régiment d'Artois (private collection). Louis-Marie-Athanase de Loménie, comte de Brienne (20 April 1730 – 10 May 1794) was a French officer and politician, who was guillotined during the French Revolution.
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In 1870 a memorial for the dead was designed by the sculptor Émile Peynot. The city was governed from 1927 till 1931 by the infamous mayor Marcel Pétiot, who was guillotined in 1946, convicted of 26 killings.
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Sarret successfully delayed trial for two years, but was found guilty in October 1933 and sentenced to death. He was guillotined a few months later by Anatole Deibler. The Schmidt sisters each received 10 years in prison.
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The execution of Louis XVI Queen Marie Antoinette's execution on 16 October 1793 Robespierre Louis Collenot d'Angremont was a royalist famed for having been the first guillotined for his political ideas, on 21 August 1792. During the Reign of Terror (June 1793 to July 1794) about 17,000 people were guillotined. Former King Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette were executed at the guillotine in 1793. Towards the end of the Terror in 1794, revolutionary leaders such as Georges Danton, Saint-Just and Maximilien Robespierre were sent to the guillotine.
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The family was imprisoned in the Prison Portes-Libres, and in April 1794 they were guillotined in Paris. His son-in- law, Louis Le Peletier de Rosanbo, was guillotined on 21 April 1794. On April 22, 1794, his daughter Antoinette, granddaughter Aline and her husband Jean- Baptiste de Chateaubriand, the deputés Isaac René Guy le Chapelier and Jacques Guillaume Thouret, four times elected president of the Constituent Assembly, were executed with him. As Malesherbes leaves prison to get into the sinister cart, his foot hits a stone and makes him make a misstep.
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He was first a merchant, so he sold quickly those lordship with profits. Calmer had three sons, two of whom were guillotined during the Reign of Terror in the French Revolution. The third died without issue in 1824.
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Hoc was denied clemency and was among the 13 who were guillotined on June 17, 1930. The condemned men cried "Viet Nam!" as they were to be executed.Hammer, p. 84. Hoc's fiancée committed suicide later on the same day.
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It was destroyed during the revolution and its occupants (the De Langlois family) guillotined. The fourth castle still inhabited to this day, was built from 1825 to 1830. It was upon recently still occupied by the De Langlois family.
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322 Cụt was captured on 13 April 1956 and guillotined after a brief trial and his remaining forces were defeated in battle.Doyle, p. 131Moyar, p. 65 During this period, Thơ was the Secretary of State for the National Economy.
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From that moment on, he lived in retirement until, during the French Revolution, he was involved in the charges against the financiers of the Ancien Régime. The Revolutionary Tribunal sentenced him to death, and he was guillotined in 1793.
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The work of the commission was disrupted by political events. In November 1793, Lavoisier and several others were arrested and removed from the Commission. On May 8, 1794 Lavoisier was guillotined. Nonetheless, Haüy remained secretary of the Commission through this turmoil.
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Claude-François de Payan (4 May 1766, Saint-Paul-Trois-Châteaux - 28 July 1794, Paris) was a political figure of the French Revolution. He was guillotined 28 July 1794 with 21 others during the Thermidorian Reaction, including Saint-Just and Robespierre.
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The fates of her family however would be defined by another Joséphine. On 13 December 1779 Alexandre, Vicomte de Beauharnais, first cousin of her father, was married to Joséphine Tascher de la Pagerie. On 23 July 1794 Alexandre was guillotined.
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On 27 July 1794, Robespierre himself was arrested by a coalition of Montagnards and moderates. The following day, he was guillotined in the company of twenty-one of his political allies. His execution marked the end of the Reign of Terror.
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We have been hanged in Chicago, electrocuted in New York, guillotined in Paris and strangled in Italy, and I will go with my comrades. I am opposed to your Government and to your authority. Down with them. Do your worst.
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In the years before and after the Revolution, the garden and surrounding buildings became the meeting place for revolutionaries, for political debate, gambling and higher-class prostitution. The Theatre-Francaise, the future Comédie-Française, was established there in 1787. During the Revolution, the garden and arcade was nationalized, and the heads of those guillotined were on several occasions carried on pikes by a crowd around the garden, in front of the diners in the cafes. The owner of the garden, though he supported the Revolution and changed his name to Philippe- Egalité, was guillotined in 1793.
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In the same decision, the death penalty was made dependent on the Court of Appeal of Seine (either Seine-et-Oise or Aube), with prisoners executed inside La Santé Prison. On 15 March 1940, the Vocoret brothers, who killed three policemen in Issy-les-Moulineaux, were the first criminals to be guillotined inside the prison. During the Occupation of France, in addition to common law criminals, there were also executions of 18 Resistance fighters and communists. Nine of them were guillotined between August 1941 and July 1942. The other nine were shot on 30 April 1944.
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Dagobert von Wurmser During this period, the Army of the Rhine's command structure remained chaotic. In July 1793, Adam Philippe Custine was replaced in command; he was guillotined at the end of August. General of Division (MG) Charles de Landremont became commander on 18 August and served until 29 September when he was arrested for treason. Unlike his predecessor MG Alexandre, vicomte de Beauharnais who was guillotined in July 1794, Landremont survived the experience, dying in 1818. MG Meunier took command for two days until his replacement by MG Jean Carlenc on 2 October. MG Charles Pichegru replaced Carlenc on 27 October.
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85 Hédouville and Dumesny were both arrested, but avoided execution. On 24 September Houchard was arrested at Lille on charges of failing to exploit his victory at Hondschoote and for the loss of Le Quesnoy, and was guillotined in Paris on 17 November.
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1, p. 90. ABC-CLIO, Inc. As a consequence, she was found guilty and sentenced to death. Her parents appealed to Adolf Hitler for clemency, but he personally refused their request. Buch was guillotined at Plötzensee Prison, Berlin, on 5 August 1943.
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218 Both criminals were judged in December, 1890. Although defended by the famous lawyer Félix Decori, Michel Eyraud was sentenced to death and guillotined, at the Rocket place, on February 3, 1891, by the executioner Louis Deibler.Marie-François Goron, op. cit., p.
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Jean-François de Lacroix or Delacroix (3 April 1753 in Pont-Audemer - 5 April 1794 in Paris) was a French politician and member of the Committee of Public Safety. He was known as "Lacroix of Eure-et-Loir" and was guillotined in 1794.
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The four Sergeants hearing their sentence The Four Sergeants of La Rochelle were soldiers who were guillotined in Paris in 1822 for plotting to overthrow the restored Bourbon monarchy of Louis XVIII of France. Their great courage initiated a liberal campaign, and they became legendary.
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Jones, Colin. The Longman Companion to the French Revolution. London: Longman Publishing Group, 1990. Couthon was guillotined on 10 Thermidor alongside Robespierre, although it took the executioner fifteen minutes (amidst Couthon's screams of pain) to arrange him on the board correctly due to his paralysis.
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Three prisoners are locked up in the same cell. Green-Eyes (Yeux-Verts) has killed a woman and is to be guillotined. Maurice and Lefranc are sentenced for more minor crimes. Maurice has a deep attachment to Green-Eyes, as does Lefranc, but secretly.
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In the Convention, he sat among the Girondists, opposed the trial of Louis XVI, was a member of the Commission of Twelve and was proscribed with his party. He remained in hiding for some time, but he was ultimately discovered and guillotined in December 1793.
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During the French Revolution, De Fougeret's husband was guillotined and the charity stopped operation. In 1801, the charity was revived. De Fougeret's daughters became involved with the charity, but she remained a non-participating member. although she was a member she was not involved. .
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29 July, again 70 Parisians were guillotined. Subsequently, the Law of 22 Prairial (10 June 1794) was repealed, and the 'Girondins' expelled from the Convention in June 1793, if not dead yet, were reinstated as Convention deputies.Noah Shusterman The French Revolution. Faith, Desire, and Politics.
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He served at Minden and in other campaigns, and was made a marshal of France in 1775, on the same day as his brother. He was long in great favor at court, and his wife, Anne d'Arpajon, comtesse de Noailles, was first lady of honour to Marie Antoinette, and was nicknamed by her Madame Etiquette. This court favor brought down punishment in the days of the French Revolution, and the old marshal, his sister, his wife, daughter-in-law and granddaughter were all guillotined on 27 June 1794. Twenty-five days later, the widow, daughter-in-law, and granddaughter of the 4th duc de Noailles were guillotined.
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Edward Klinik (July 21, 1919 – August 24, 1942) was a Polish and Roman Catholic anti-Nazi resistance fighter. He was guillotined in a prison in Dresden. He is one of the 108 Martyrs of World War II who were beatified by Pope John Paul II in 1999.
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Helene Gotthold Helene Gotthold (31 December 1896 – 8 December 1944) was a Jehovah's Witness who was guillotined by Nazi Germany at Plötzensee Prison. She was charged with giving asylum to men who refused to fight for the Nazis and for holding illegal meetings for her faith.
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Lucile was also soon to be slated for execution and died only eight days later. Of the group of fifteen who were guillotined together on 5 April 1794, including Marie Jean Hérault de Séchelles, Philippe Fabre d'Églantine and Pierre Philippeaux, Desmoulins died third, and Danton last.
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The great confusion that arose during the storming of the municipal Hall of Paris, where Robespierre and his friends had found refuge, makes it impossible to be sure of the wound's origin. In any case, Robespierre was guillotined the next day.Merriman, John (2004). "Thermidor" (2nd ed.).
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For procedural reasons, he was only tried for 13 rapes and 3 murders. On the same day, his death sentence was pronounced, which was confirmed in the appeal application. On July 26, 1950, Willi Kimmritz was guillotined in the detention center of Frankfurt an der Oder.
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She maintained her composure, despite the insults of the jeering crowd. A constitutional priest was assigned to her to hear her final confession. He sat by her in the cart, but she ignored him all the way to the scaffold. Marie Antoinette was guillotined at 12:15 p.m.
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Helene "Elli" Barczatis (7 January 1912 – 23 November 1955) was a typist- secretary who worked between April 1950 and January 1953 as the head secretary of the East German prime minister, Otto Grotewohl. Convicted of espionage, she and her lover Karl Laurenz were guillotined on 23 November 1955.
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This was separated from the soft core, dried to loosen the adhesion between them, and mechanically split and guillotined to lengths that were baled up for export. The name of the genus, Kingia, was adopted for the title of the Western Australian Herbarium's publication of their research notes.
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In all, 13 members of the resistance group Soldatenrat were sentenced to death and decapitated at the Regional Court of Vienna. The six women and seven men were in the age of 18 to 25 when they were brought to death. Five weeks after his trial, Imre was guillotined.
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Vles, E.J. (2004) Pieter Paulus (1753–1796) Patriot en Staatsman, p. 84. In 1791, Quint Ondaatje, his personal assistant, wrote him an apology. In 1794, he was guillotined together with Alexandre de Beauharnais, the lover of Amalie Zephyrine van Salm-Kyrburg, for their ties with the "Ancien Régime".
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Antoine Léger (His age at the trial was said to be "twenty-eight" or "approaching twenty-nine"\- November 30, 1824) was a French cannibal and murderer, convicted for the rape and killing of Aimée Constance Debully, whom he later partially devoured. For this crime, he was later guillotined.
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A fourth source estimated losses as 3,000 on each side. For the poor performance of the Maubeuge garrison, Chancel was blamed, arrested, convicted and guillotined. For the rout of his brigade, Gratien was arrested but eventually acquitted. Claude Lecourbe distinguished himself in the attack on Wattignies on 16 October.
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A block of 24 5d Machin stamps, which should have been guillotined into four booklet pages, includes four tête-bêche pairs. This was sold in 1970, in the normal course of business, by the British Post Office and is exhibited by a member of the Royal Mail Stamp Advisory Committee.
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Carrein's mercy petition was turned down in mid-June 1977 by President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing. Carrein was guillotined at 04:30 on 23 June 1977 in the yard of Douai prison; the executioner was Marcel Chevalier. Only one more convicted criminal, Hamida Djandoubi, would be executed by the guillotine in France.
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In 1922, while traveling in France, Miller saw Henri Désiré Landru (known as "Bluebeard") guillotined in a Versailles street for murdering 10 women and a boy. Miller began timing the execution. The executioners threw Landru onto the upper platform of the guillotine which such force that the deck partially collapsed.
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Henri Charles Gabriel de Thiard de Bissy, comte de Thiard (7 January 1723 – 26 July 1794) was a French general and writer. He was the younger brother of Claude de Thiard de Bissy, also a general and a writer. Henri was guillotined on the day Robespierre fell during the French Revolution.
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We all met in a bar, there was a blond French guy sitting at a table, he bought us drinks. And, two or three days later, I saw his face in the headlines of a Paris paper. He had been arrested and was later guillotined. That stuck in my mind.
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Marguerittes is a commune in the Gard department in southern France. In 1717, Antoine de Teissier (b.1667) was created the 1st Baron de Marguerittes. One of his sons was a Huguenot who took refuge in Switzerland and his grandson, Jean Antoine de Teissier, 3rd Baron of Marguerittes, was guillotined 20 May 1794.
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While Ceracchi (born on July 4, 1751) created busts for several founding fathers, his life did not end well. After returning to Europe, he first celebrated Napoleon with a bust, but then turned against him. After an unsuccessful plot, Napoleon had him guillotined at the Place de Grève on January 30, 1801.
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While Ceracchi, born on July 4, 1751, created busts for several founding fathers, his life did not end well. After returning to Europe, he first celebrated Napoleon with a bust, but then turned against him. After an unsuccessful plot, Napoleon had him guillotined at the Place de Grève on January 30, 1801.
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Jean Sylvain Bailly (; 15 September 1736 – 12 November 1793) was a French astronomer, mathematician, freemason, and political leader of the early part of the French Revolution. He presided over the Tennis Court Oath, served as the mayor of Paris from 1789 to 1791, and was ultimately guillotined during the Reign of Terror.
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He concludes his letter by condemning the Evrémondes, "them and their descendants, to the last of their race."Dickens 2003, p. 344 (Book 3, Chapter 10) Dr. Manette is horrified, but he is not allowed to retract his statement. Darnay is sent to the Conciergerie and sentenced to be guillotined the next day.
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The great political trials began in October. The queen was guillotined on 16 October. A special decree stifled the defense of 21 Girondins, including Vergniaud and Brissot, and they perished on the 31st. At the summit of the apparatus of the Terror sat the Committee of General Security, the state's second organization.
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It was here that he met resistance fighter and poet Musa Cälil; both later gained entrance into the Idel-Ural Legion. While in prison, they formed an underground resistance group to oppose the Nazis. Their plans were later discovered, and as a result both men were guillotined in the prison of Plötzensee.
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Memorial in Dresden, 2012 Edward Kaźmierski (October 1, 1919 – August 24, 1942) was Polish Roman Catholic anti-Nazi resistance fighter. He was born in Poznan. He was guillotined in a prison in Dresden. He is one of the 108 Martyrs of World War II who were beatified by Pope John Paul II in 1999.
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Another group was sentenced to a single year of imprisonment. One teenager, then aged fourteen years of age, was sentenced to six years in a reformatory, while a small child was acquitted. On 6 February 1871, the four participants judged most complicit for the murder of Monéys were guillotined in the Hautefaye village square.
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His father, Jean Conrad de Kock, a banker of Dutch extraction, victim of the Terror, was guillotined in Paris 24 March 1794. His mother, Anne-Marie Perret, née Kirsberger, was a widow from Basel. Paul de Kock began life as a banker's clerk. For the most part he resided on the Boulevard St. Martin.
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By the time of the French Revolution, the sisters numbered 700. During the Revolutionary era, they were severely persecuted and imprisoned. Two sisters were guillotined at Nantes; and another two, Sisters Véronique and Jouin, at Rennes. Under Napoleon, the community regained most of their former houses and were granted 30,000 francs for building purposes.
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Dantons Tod was adapted from Georg Büchner's play by von Einem and his teacher, composer Boris Blacher. The protagonist is Georges Danton, a leader in the French government during the Revolution. When he turned against Robespierre's tactics—including terror—he was guillotined in April 1794. The opera's first act establishes Danton's confrontation with Robespierre.
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His mother died in 1790 at the Schloss Kirn, and his father was guillotined in Paris on 25 July 1794. During his minority, his guardian was his aunt, Amalie Zephyrine. On 11 January 1815, he married Cécile Rosalie Prévôt, baroness of Bordeaux (1783–1866). Their only child was Frederick Ernst Joseph Augustus (1823–1887).
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In June 1793, she was the first Girondin to be arrested during the Terror and was guillotined a few months later. Madame Roland wrote her memoirs while she was imprisoned in the months before her execution. They are – like her letters – a valuable source of information about the first years of the French Revolution.
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The French Revolution broke out in 1789, and in January 1793 King Louis XVI of France was guillotined. A war began between France and Spain that would lead to the Bourbons of Spain being deposed. The conflict had little effect on the sleepy rural economy of Costa Rica. Don Joaquin turned 38 in July 1793.
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10 August attack on the Tuileries Palace; French revolutionary violence spreads Wollstonecraft left for Paris in December 1792 and arrived about a month before Louis XVI was guillotined. Britain and France were on the brink of war when she left for Paris, and many advised her not to go.Furniss 64. France was in turmoil.
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Louis-René Ferdinand Quentin de Richebourg, Chevalier de Champcenetz (Thomas Gainsborough) Louis René Quentin de Richebourg de Champcenetz; (1759, in Paris – 23 July 1794, Paris) was a French journalist guillotined for his writings. He was the son of the Marquis de Champcenetz, governor of the Tuileries Palace at the time of the French Revolution.
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The civilians benefited proportionately more from this intervention, as the enlisted soldiers had been responsible for most of the killings at Yen Bay. Among the 13 who were guillotined on 17 June 1930 were the top VNQDĐ leaders, Hoc and Chinh. The condemned men cried "Viet Nam!" as they were to be executed.Hammer, p. 84.
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Many of the songs from the collection were later published individually through the efforts of the English folksong collector Lucy Etheldred Broadwood. His Essai sur la musique ancienne et moderne was published in 1780. La Borde was guillotined during the French Revolution in 1794.CESAR (Calendrier électronique des spectacles sous l'ancien régime et sous la révolution).
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Andress 2005, p. 189. The Book of Days claims the motive was to "avenge the death of her friend Barboroux". Marat's assassination contributed to the mounting suspicion which fed the Terror during which thousands of the Jacobins' adversaries – both royalists and Girondins – were executed on charges of treason. Charlotte Corday was guillotined on 17 July 1793 for the murder.
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During the Reign of Terror, as a suspect for having had links with the Feuillants, he temporarily emigrated to Great Britain, but returned to France in 1794, in an unsuccessful effort to prevent the confiscation of his assets. He was arrested, and guillotined in Paris on the same day as Guillaume- Chrétien de Lamoignon de Malesherbes.
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On the 29th and 30 May 1793, the different sections of the Convention rose against him. The Jacobins were dispossessed of the municipality and Chalier was arrested. On the 15th of July, he was brought before the criminal tribunal of the Rhône-et-Loire, which condemned him to death. He was guillotined the next day in Lyon.
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Around the Storming of the Tuileries in August Montmorency fled to Coppet to live with Mme de Staël and Arnail François, marquis de Jaucourt. In January 1793 he accompanied her to Boulogne-sur-mer, when she sought refuge in England. On 17 June 1794 his brother an abott was guillotined. Montmorency started to study the church father Augustine.
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Lucile comes to see Camille; she has lost her reason. In the trial scenes the crowd swings between demanding Danton's death and falling under the spell of his eloquent oratory. At the end, in the Place de la Révolution, the condemned prisoners sing "La Marseillaise" in counterpoint to the crowd dancing the Carmagnole. Danton and Camille are guillotined.
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After its adoption, the device remained France's standard method of judicial execution until the abolition of capital punishment in 1981. Loi n°81-908 du 9 octobre 1981 portant abolition de la peine de mort . Legifrance.gouv.fr. Retrieved on 2013-04-25. The last person to be executed in France was Hamida Djandoubi, who was guillotined on 10 September 1977.
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He seeks eternal wisdom by studying the physical world while his wife is unfaithful. Adam becomes Georges Danton during the French Revolution in Paris, 1794. Eve appears as an aristocrat who is guillotined and as a prostitute who revels in the revolutionary terror. Danton is eventually put before the National Convention and executed for conspiring with the aristocracy.
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Benoît tried to unsuccessfully plead insanity, with his client alleging that he had caught a cold that had temporarily driven him crazy. The jury deliberated for half an hour before finding him guilty of murder, and therefore sentencing Antoine Léger to death.Universal Historical Directory for 1824, p. 815 Antoine Léger was guillotined on November 30, 1824, in Versailles.
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Giuseppe Sasia (born May 26, 1886 - February 17, 1936), known as The Shepherds' Killer and The Haut-Var Killer, was an Italian criminal and serial killer, who, in the span of several months in 1934, killed at least 4 men in Draguignan, France, with the aim of stealing from them. He was later guillotined for his crimes.
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He married his brother's widow, Maria Karolina Sobieska, the granddaughter of John III Sobieski, in 1723. She was the older sister of Clementina Sobieski, wife of James Francis Edward Stuart. They had two children, a son and a daughter. Their only daughter, Marie Louise Henriette Jeanne de La Tour d'Auvergne, was a famous adventuress, guillotined in 1793.
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Guus later shoots Robby in the street. He flees, but is caught and guillotined. On the Eastern Front, Alex is killed in a latrine by a hand grenade from a boy he had mocked when the boy begged for food. Erik becomes an RAF bomber pilot and is later appointed aide to Queen Wilhelmina, and accompanies her home.
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Robespierre himself would be guillotined 3 days later, on 28 July 1794. At sundown, Chénier was taken by tumbrel to the guillotine at what is now the Place de la Nation. He was executed along with Françoise-Thérèse de Choiseul-Stainville, Princesse Joseph de Monaco, on a charge of conspiracy. Robespierre was seized and executed only three days later.
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So many opponents of Robespierre were arrested that the Tribunal began trying them in groups. By July 1794 an average of thirty-eight persons a day were judged and guillotined. Gradually, however, opposition grew against Robespierre, who was accused of wishing to be a dictator. He was arrested on July 28, 1794, after trying unsuccessfully to shoot himself.
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David, in the South of France, is about to board a train back to Paris. His girlfriend Hella, to whom he had proposed before she went to Spain, has returned to the United States. As for Giovanni, he is about to be guillotined. David remembers his first experience with a boy, Joey, who lived in Brooklyn.
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The Swing (centre), as displayed at the Wallace Collection, London. The original owner remains unclear. A firm provenance begins only with the tax farmer Marie-François Ménage de Pressigny, who was guillotined in 1794, after which it was seized by the revolutionary government. It was possibly later owned by the marquis des Razins de Saint- Marc, and certainly by the duc de Morny.
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He was implicated by François Chabot in the falsification of a decree relative to the East India Company. Although his involvement seems only to have been that he failed to reveal the plot - of which he knew only part - he was nonetheless accused before the Revolutionary Tribunal at the same time as Georges Danton and Camille Desmoulins. He was guillotined.
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The lace-makers were seen as protégés of the royals, and after Mme du Barry and Marie Antoinette were guillotined in 1793, the lace-makers of Chantilly were themselves killed. At this point production ceased. Napoleon I sponsored a revival of Chantilly lace between the years 1804 and 1815. At this point production was concentrated in Normandy, mainly around the Bayeux area.
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It had belonged to an aristocrat named Boutin, who was guillotined during the Reign of Terror. It was a vast garden covering 40 arpents (13,675 hectares), and could hold as many as ten thousand persons. It had alleys filled with promenaders, greenhouses, illuminations, an orchestra, dancing, a café, and fireworks at night. Other new gardens competed by adding spectacles and pageants.
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" Daily News, June 5, 1937: "Previously there had been reports that Hirsch was alleged to have drafted a plan to kill Hitler. " "U.S. Citizen Guillotined." Daily Mirror, June 5, 1937; byline: William Shirer; dateline Berlin, June 4: "Helmuth Hirsch, young American citizen who never saw America, was beheaded here today for 'possessing explosives' allegedly in an attempt to assassinate Chancellor Hitler.
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Having warned the garrison in time, when Miaczinsky arrived he was arrested by Duval.Archives Nationales, W271. Taken to Paris he was tried, found guilty and guillotined. General Dumouriez, his plans thwarted by "the famous mulatto Saint-Georges, colonel of a regiment of hussars ..." together with Louis-Philippe, son of the Duke of Orléans and future king of France, defected to the Austrians.
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In March 1792, in retaliation for their opposition to war with Austria the Feuillant ministers were forced out by the Girondins. Labelled by their opponents as royalists, they were targeted after the fall of the monarchy. In August 1792, a list of 841 members was published and they were arrested and tried for treason. Barnave was guillotined on 29 November 1793.
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The last marquis, Antoine-Claude, was guillotined there in April 1793. In September of the same year, the Château de Montrond was burned by a detachment of revolutionary soldiers. The Apchon-Montrond family died out in 1807 with the death of a girl without descendants. The castle was sold to an individual in 1828 who used it as a quarry for stones.
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Until shortly before the French Revolution the seigneur was Jean-Joseph de Laborde, an ennobled business man with progressive views, who was to be guillotined in 1794. In July 2019 a collectors gathering was held at La Ferté for Citroën to mark the company's 100th anniversary. The event spread over one weekend and showed over 8,000 cars with nearly 100,000 people in attendance.
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Cécile Renault at the revolutionary tribunal, medallion after a design by Pajou fils. Cécile-Aimée Renault (1774–1794) was a French woman and royalist accused of trying to assassinate Maximilien Robespierre during the Reign of Terror with two small knives. She was sentenced to death and guillotined on 2 June 1794 (29 prairial year II) in what is now Place de la Nation.
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Renault was further interrogated and claimed that the extra clothing was for her stay in prison if she was apprehended. Renault also insisted that "she never designed harm against any living being." She further claimed that she expected to be guillotined and wished to have a decent dress for the occasion. She was given rags to wear during her imprisonment.
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In 1792 the revolutionary government declared war on several European nations, including Great Britain, starting the War of the First Coalition. A wave of bloody massacres spread through Paris and other cities late that summer, leaving more than one thousand people dead. On September 21, 1792, France declared itself a republic, and the deposed King Louis XVI was guillotined on January 21, 1793.
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Thereafter, the Dukes of Gesvres were sometimes known as the "Duke of Tresmes and Gesvres" and the eldest son of the Duke of Gesvres sometimes used the title "Duke of Tresmes" as a courtesy title and the younger sons sometimes used "Count of Tresmes". The title was abolished at the time of the French Revolution when the last Duke of Gesvres was guillotined.
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He was represented by the Corsican lawyer François-Marie Patorni, and Parisian lawyers Gustave Louis Chaix d'Est-Ange and Jean-Baptiste-Nicolas Parquin (in French). He was condemned to death, and was guillotined on 19 February 1836 together with Pierre Morey and Theodore Pépin. Pepin died first, then Morey. Fieschi was the last, and used his last moments for a speech.
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He believed in orderly change, human progress, competence and hierarchy. Initially, he welcomed the Revolution. But in 1793 he determined to lead opposition in Montpellier against the extremism of the Committee of Public Safety of the National Convention in Paris. As a consequence, he was arrested, imprisoned, and in danger of being guillotined (the sad fate of Lavoisier at the time).
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Phipps I, pp. 209–210 In 1792, he was colonel of a regiment of Chasseurs-à-cheval in the army of General Custine. On 11 April 1793 Houchard was appointed as Commander-in-Chief of the Army of the Moselle and when Custine was guillotined, Houchard replaced him in August as Commander-in- Chief of the Army of the North.
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The generals might pay with their lives for defeat, but the real authority lay with the political operatives. Meanwhile, the new War Minister sent his agents to spy on the generals. These men were quick to report any complaint against officers, which could result in disgrace or execution. Elements of this system stayed in force even after Maximilien Robespierre was overthrown and guillotined.
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In November of the same year, her brother was guillotined. Miraculously spared during the Reign of Terror, Bathilde was liberated during the Thermidorian Reaction and returned to her Élysée residence in Paris. Poverty-stricken, she was forced to rent out most of the palace. In 1797, the Directoire decided to exile the last of the Bourbons still living in France.
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Wollstonecraft was offended by the Jacobins' treatment of women. They refused to grant women equal rights, denounced 'Amazons', and made it clear that women were supposed to conform to Jean-Jacques Rousseau's ideal of helpers to men.Gordon 215. On 16 October 1793, Marie Antoinette was guillotined; among her charges and convictions, she was found guilty of committing incest with her son.
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To protect Wollstonecraft from arrest, Imlay made a false statement to the U.S. embassy in Paris that he had married her, automatically making her an American citizen.St Clair, 160; Furniss, 67; Sunstein, 262–63; Wardle, 192–93. Some of her friends were not so lucky; many, like Thomas Paine, were arrested, and some were even guillotined. Her sisters believed she had been imprisoned.
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On July 28, 1835 a Corsican member of the Society Giuseppe Marco Fieschi, together with two compatriots, attempted to assassinate King Louis Philippe I using an "infernal machine" consisting of 20 gun-barrels bound and detonated together. Although 17 people died, the King survived. Fieschi himself was injured, captured, then nursed back to health only to be sentenced and subsequently guillotined.
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Grandville is set in a steampunk world, featuring steam-powered motor vehicles, air transport, robots (known as "Automatons") and televisions. In this world, Britain lost the Napoleonic War and was invaded by France, and the British Royal Family were guillotined. Britain was later given independence from the French Empire following "a prolonged campaign of civil disobedience and anarchist bombings."Talbot, p.
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He commanded troops under the First French Empire and, astonishingly, was in favor with the Bourbon Restoration when he died in 1816. Rossignol fell afoul of Napoleon and was exiled to the Seychelles where he died in 1802. Ronsin was guillotined during the Reign of Terror. Marceau was mortally wounded at Altenkirchen during the Battle of Limburg and died on 20 September 1796.
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Although they both had different styles with painting, they spent a lot of time with each other and even worked on paintings together. Lebrun also wrote memoirs after Filleul's death describing how she missed her friend and recollected their talks before she was guillotined in the French Revolution. Lebrun considered Filleul as a considerable rival and acknowledged her talent as an artist.
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On the eve of the French Revolution, he attended meetings of the nobility for the bailliage of Aix in 1789. Arquier embraced the before the Reign of Terror, then was sentenced to death by the Military Commission in Marseille on 26 Pluviose Year II (February 14, 1794). He was guillotined the following day, 27 Pluviose Year II (15 February 1794), in Marseille.
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On 12 July the unpopular Châtelet was recognized in a Paris street and pursued by a hostile crowd. He was rescued by a detachment of French Guards but two days later most of the regiment went over to the revolution, joining in the storming of the Bastille. Châtelet was subsequently arrested and, following a period in prison, guillotined on 13 December 1793.
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The gun barrels had been sold as scrap by a government arsenal after being labelled as defective and four of them burst when fired. was badly injured and was quickly captured. He and two others involved in the plot were condemned to death and guillotined in 1836. His volley gun, known as the Infernal machine (weapon), is preserved at the in Paris.
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As a result, she was sentenced to death. She was given the opportunity to plea for mercy but she refused to do so, declaring in court that it was her duty as a French patriot and communist to fight for humanity. On November 1, 1943, she was guillotined in the Hamburg prison courtyard. Commemorative plaque on the back of the Holstenglacis remand center in Hamburg.
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Venetian Masque is a 1934 adventure novel written by the Anglo-Italian writer Rafael Sabatini. It is set in the 1790s, around the time of the invasion by Napoleon Bonaparte which led to the fall of the Republic of Venice. The hero is the Vicomte de Saulx, a French aristocrat supposedly guillotined during the French Revolution, who enters the world of espionage in Venice.
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At the death of his father in law, he was the legal heir to the title Prince of Soubise. During the French Revolution, Henri Louis and his father, wife and children fled to Habsburg Monarchy, where he in Prague died in 1809, at the age 63 years (later in 1820 his family bought Sychrov Castle, where they built residence). However, his mother was guillotined in 1793.
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211 Further changes were heaped on both the country and palace. Monaco was renamed Fort d'Hercule and became a canton of France while the palace became a military hospital and poorhouse. In Paris, the prince's daughter-in-law Francoise-Thérèse de Choiseul-Stainville (1766–1794) was executed, one of the last to be guillotined during the Reign of Terror.She shared the tumbrel with André Chénier.
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On 1 October 1953 she was guillotined at the nearby national execution centre. Her corpse was taken for cremation to Dresden Tolkewitz, in the city's eastern edge. Here the causes of her death were recorded in the crematorium register as "Bronchopneumonia 431" and "acute cardiac and circulatory weaknesses".Spiegel TV Magazin: Hinrichtungen in der DDR (Executions in the German Democratic Republic), YouTube-Video, uploaded 31 March 2010.
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On 10 August 1792, despite his old age, he fought on the side of the threatened French monarchy. Escaping the carnage that followed the capture of the palais des Tuileries and the September massacres, he was arrested in his château, then guillotined in 1794 at Arras, aged 87 – on the scaffold he cried "I remain faithful to my king, as my ancestors have always been".
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During the following fierce battle, Oscar is shot and killed, but the Bastille eventually falls, symbolically striking down the French monarchy. After the Bastille is taken, the revolutionaries burst into the Palace searching for Marie Antoinette and her family. Many guards are killed and the royal family taken prisoner. Big trials are started for Marie Antoinette and Louis XVI, but finally, both are declared guilty and guillotined.
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Together with his son Stanislas, Sombreuil was guillotined at the Place du Trône Renversé on 17 June 1794. Because of the d'Herbois charge, the general was obliged to wear a red blouse marking him as an accused would-be parricide. The bodies of the two Sombreuils were amongst fifty-three victims of the guillotine buried in a mass grave in what is now the Picpus Cemetery.
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Jessé was eventually arrested and incarcerated at Moulins. He was then transferred to the Conciergerie in Paris, where he died of typhus on 6 February 1794, the day before he was due to be guillotined. His father also died in 1794, having been imprisoned with his family during the Terror. His father was arrested despite both his advanced age and the popularity he enjoyed among his countrymen.
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On the same topic, L'Auberge rouge: l'énigme de Peyrebeille, 1833 (The Red Inn: The Enigma of Peyrebeille, 1833), a novel by , came out in 2003. It abandons the contemporary view that justice was done when the murderers were guillotined. Progressively, the author sows doubt, asking from the evidence reported in contemporary accounts, if this triple execution wasn't the biggest miscarriage of justice in the 19th century.
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Marie-Louise Giraud (November 17, 1903 - July 30, 1943) was a women's rights activist who became one of the last women to be guillotined in France. Giraud was a convicted abortionist in 1940s Nazi occupied France. She was executed on July 30, 1943, for having performed 27 abortions in the Cherbourg area. Her story was dramatized in the 1988 film Story of Women directed by Claude Chabrol.
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The soldiers capture Ian, Barbara, and Susan and march them to Paris to be guillotined. The soldiers set fire to the farmhouse, and the Doctor is saved by a young boy (Peter Walker), who tells him that his friends have been taken to the Conciergerie Prison in Paris. He sets off after them. Ian, Barbara, and Susan are all sentenced to death as traitors.
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He had himself elected president of the departmental Directory, but his increasingly moderate stance brought him under suspicion from the Jacobins. He was denounced and arrested, and guillotined at Brest on 22 May 1794. His successor, Yves Audrin, was executed by the Chouans on 19/20 November 1800. In accordance with the Concordat of 1801, Pope Pius VII restored the Diocese of Quimper in 1802.
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This was reported to the authorities and she was arrested on charges of theft and concealment of biens nationaux – property belonging to the Republic. Rosalie Filleul was found guilty and guillotined in 1794, along with her friend Mme Chalgrin, despite the attempted intervention of Chalgrin's brother Carle Vernet. Her cousin was the pastellist Jeanne-Angélique Boquet.Profile of Jeanne-Angélique Boquet at the Dictionary of Pastellists Before 1800.
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The end of his reign marked a period of war and poverty. Without royal orders for silk, and with an impoverished nation the demand for silk greatly dropped, greatly damaging the industry. The French Revolution proved to be the most damaging period for the silk industry. As thousands of French citizens were either guillotined or shot, much of the skilled labor in France disappeared.
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With the royalty restored, the throne passed to a Bourbon, Louis XVIII, brother of the late Louis XVI, who had been guillotined in 1793. All indications are that the new king did not consider Rieussec to be a loyal follower of Napoleon, or to have a black mark against his past. From 1817 on, Rieussec practiced his profession at no. 13, Rue Notre-Dame-des-Petits-Champs.
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Stellbrink was arrested, followed by the three Catholic priests. He was sentenced to death by the People’s Court on 23 June 1943, and executed in Hamburg on 10 November 1943, along with the three Catholics. The mingling of the blood of the four guillotined martyrs has become a symbol of German Ecumenism.After his death, Stellbrink's widow was billed for his court costs, imprisonment, and execution.
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92; Maurois, pp. 155–156; Bellos, pp. 5–6. At the time, French literary appetites for fantastic stories had been whetted by the 1829 translation of German writer E. T. A. Hoffmann's collection Fantastic Tales; the gothic fiction of England's Ann Radcliffe; and French author Jules Janin's 1829 novel L'Âne Mort et la Femme Guillotinée (The Dead Donkey and the Guillotined Woman).Bertault, pp.
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Marie Marguerite Françoise Hébert, née Goupil (1756, Paris – 1794), was a figure in the French Revolution. She was a nun in the couvent de la Conception (rue Saint-Honoré) under the name "sister of Providence", but was defrocked and on 7 February 1792 married Jacques René Hébert. The couple had Scipion- Virginie Hébert (7 February 1793 – 13 July 1830). Marie was guillotined on 13 April 1794.
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Pierre-Ulric Dubuisson (23 January 1746 in Laval, Mayenne – 24 March 1794) was an 18th-century French actor, playwright and theatre director. Sympathetic to the Hébertists he was denounced by Robespierre as having intended to sow discord among the Jacobins and was tried by the Revolutionary Court. He was sentenced to death and guillotined with other Hébertists on March 24, 1794 at the age of 48 years.
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Subsequently, the reel is guillotined edge to edge to create a large number of properly rectangular sheets because ever since the invention of Gutenberg's press paper has been closely associated with printing. To this day, all other mechanical printing and duplicating equipments devised in the meantime, including the typewriter (which was used up to the 1990s for addressing envelopes), have been primarily designed to process rectangular sheets. Hence the large sheets are in turn are guillotined down to the sizes of rectangular sheet commonly used in the commercial printing industry, and nowadays to the sizes commonly used as feed-stock in office-grade computer printers, copiers and duplicators (mainly ISO, A4 and US Letter). Using any mechanical printing equipment to print on envelopes, which although rectangular, are in fact folded sheets with differing thicknesses across their surfaces, calls for skill and attention on the part of the operator.
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In 1789, the French Revolution began. After 10 September 1792, in the wake of the September Massacres, La Fayette went into hiding with his tutor, Felix Frestrel. His mother was put under house arrest and, later, in prison. On 22 July 1794, his great-grandmother, Catherine de Cossé-Brissac, duchesse de Noailles, his grandmother, Henriette-Anne-Louise d'Aguesseau, duchesse d'Ayen, and aunt, Anne Jeanne Baptiste Louise, vicomtesse d'Ayen, were guillotined.
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Lubomirski Palace in Opole Lubelskie c1770 Prince Aleksander Lubomirski (1751 in Kiev – 14 July 1804 in Vienna) was a Polish nobleman, Castellan of Kiev 1785–1790. Son of Stanisław Lubomirski. Inherited Lubomirski Palace, Opole Lubelskie, from his uncle Antoni Lubomirski, son of Prince Jozef Lubomirski. Married in 1787 to Rozalia Chodkiewicz, who was arrested on espionage charges in Paris during the Reign of Terror and guillotined in 1794 aged 23.
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Triumvirate of : (L-R) Saint-Just, Robespierre, and Couthon Cartoon showing Robespierre guillotining the executioner after having guillotined everyone else in France. On 5 December the journalist Camille Desmoulins launched a new journal, Le Vieux Cordelier. He defended Danton and warned not to exaggerate the revolution. He compared Robespierre with Julius Caesar and arguing that the Revolution should return to its original ideas en vogue around 10 August 1792.
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Agde is in the south of France, in what is now the department of Hérault. The last bishop, Charles François de Rouvroy de Saint Simon Sandricourt, was guillotined in Paris on July 25, 1794. The diocesan seat was the Cathedral of Saint-Étienne, originally dedicated to Saint Andrew. The cathedral was served by a Chapter, consisting of twelve Canons, including the Archdeacon, the Sacristan, the Precentor and the Treasurer.
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Anne and Philippe de Noailles were transferred to the Concierge, where they were put on trial before the tribunal. Philippe de Noailles was sentenced to death after being judged guilty of the charges of being an enemy agent and having supplied enemy émigrés and enemies of the state with funds. Anne de Noailles, apparently, was given the same sentence. Anne and her husband Philippe were guillotined on 27 June 1794.
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At the time, de Batz was constantly traveling between the provinces and Switzerland, and learned that his friends and most of his relations had been arrested. Denunciations were gathered to build an indictment and support the imaginary conspiracy. On 14 March 1794, Hébertistes, Clootz, Pereira and Prosly were guillotined. On April 5, Georges Danton and his friends were executed with Chabot, Basire, the abbot of Espagnac, Guzman, and the Frey brothers.
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Johannes Prassek The Blessed Johannes Prassek (13 August 1911 – 10 November 1943) was a German Catholic priest, and one of the Lübeck martyrs, guillotined for opposing the Nazi regime of Adolf Hitler in 1943.Three priest-martyrs of Nazis beatified in Germany; Catholic News Agency; 25 June 2011Biography of Johannes Prassek; at German Resistance Memorial Centre; retrieved 30. Sep. 2013 Prassek was beatified by Pope Benedict XVI in 2011.
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Jean-Baptiste Michonis (1735 – 17 June 1794) was a personality of the French Revolution. Originally a producer of lemonade, he became a member of the Commune de Paris, inspector of prisons and chief of police. He participated in the "complot de l'œillet" organised by Jean, Baron de Batz and for this was guillotined in what is now the Place de la Nation. He was buried in the cimetière de Picpus.
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Josse-François-Joseph Benaut (c.1743, Gullegem, Belgium - 13 July 1794, in what is now Place de la Nation, Paris) was a Belgian composer, organist and harpsichordist who was guillotined during the French Revolution. His father Charles Benaut was an organist in Wulveringen in Flanders. Josse-François- Joseph Benaut set himself up in Paris as a harpsichord tutor and in 1771 married the daughter of a Flemish merchant.
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Philippe (or Philibert) François Rouxel, viscount de Blanchelande (21 February 1735 in Dijon - 15 April 1793 in guillotined in Paris) was a French general. He was serving as Governor of Saint-Domingue at the start of the Haitian Revolution. In 1781, Maréchal de camp Blanchelande took Tobago from the British and was Governor from 1781 to 1784. He succeeded Governor General of Saint-Domingue, de Peinier, at the end of 1790.
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He also exerted the ennobling office of conseiller notaire et secrétaire Maison et Couronne de France près la Cour du Parlement (counsellor, notary and secretary at the French Court for the Court of the Parliament). He succeeded in 1774, Étienne Timoléon Isabeau de Montval, who was guillotined in Paris in year II.(L. Prudhomme, Dictionnaire des individus envoyés à la mort judiciairement..... pendant la Révolution, Paris, 1796, tome II, p.
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She was imprisoned at Carmes Prison along with her husband and father-in-law but was later released after the fall of Maximilien Robespierre. After her release she was able to restore some of the family property which had been seized. Her husband and father-in-law were both guillotined during the Reign of Terror. She had various lovers including François Antoine de Boissy d'Anglas, Francisco de Miranda, and Joseph Fouché.
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He was released 18 thermidor 1794. Robert narrowly escaped the guillotine when through error another prisoner with a similar name was guillotined in his place.Histoire de Paris, Héron de Villefosse, Editions Grasset (Paris), 1955, pg 181 Subsequently, he was placed on the committee of five in charge of the new national museum at the Palais du Louvre. The Revolution also resulted in the destruction of some of Robert's work.
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Of these the most significant, leading to armed confrontations, was the refusal of work by labourers Phu Rieng Do, a sprawling 5,500 hectares Michelin rubber plantation in 1930. In response to rural unrest and to growing labour militancy in Saigon, between 1930 and 1932 the French authorities detained more than 12,000 political prisoners, of whom 88 were guillotined, and almost 7000 sentenced to prison or to hard labour in penal colonies.
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Papillon forms an unlikely alliance with Dega, who is targeted by the other prisoners who suspect him of also hiding money. Papillon saves Dega's life and is punished for fighting by the guards. In exchange for Papillon's protection, Dega agrees to finance Papillon's escape, ultimately resulting in a bond of lasting friendship. While Papillon and Dega are ordered to carry away a guillotined body, a guard starts to whip Dega.
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Rozalia was in Paris (with Alexandra, aged 7) during the Reign of Terror. She was arrested several times in Paris on espionage charges and was guillotined in 1794 aged 23. Alexandra was freed from the same prison where she had been held with her late mother, and returned to Opole. However, Polish discontent after the Second Partition of Poland in 1793 led to the Kościuszko Uprising of 1794.
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He was arrested on October 10, 1800, together with (a member of the Committee of Public Safety), Adjutant-General and the sculptor Giuseppe Ceracchi. His trial took place shortly after the Plot of the rue Saint-Nicaise, attributed to the Jacobins, so a fair trial was less possible than usual. Despite repeated protests of his innocence and lack of evidence, he was found guilty and guillotined on January 31, 1801.
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He was arrested after the Insurrection of 12 Germinal, Year III, tried alongside Fouquier-Tinville and guillotined in place de Grève on 7 May 1795, only a day after his father's death. He later served as the model for the character of Gamelin in Anatole France's 1912 novel Les dieux ont soif. See the edition of the novel introduced by Élien Carassus, Les dieux ont soif, 1989, 419 pages, p. 58.
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Federalists warned that American republicans threatened to replicate the horrors of the French Revolution and successfully mobilized most conservatives and many clergymen. The Republicans, some of whom had been strong Francophiles, responded with support even through the Reign of Terror, when thousands were guillotined, though it was at this point that many began backing away from their pro-France leanings.Elkins and McKitrick pp. 314–16 on Jefferson's favorable responses.
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He died in 1828 without heirs. His third son, who would revive the family fortunes, was François de Wendel, born in Charleville on 19 February 1778. Following the death of Charles de Wendel in 1784, his widow kept the enterprise going during the early years of the revolution until she was imprisoned and her grandson was guillotined. During this time many members of the de Wendel family emigrated.
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She came back to England with her mother in 1790, after the beginning of the French Revolution. Her husband, who was loyal to the French monarchy, was arrested for conspiracy against the Republic and guillotined in 1794. Her first cousin Henry Thomas Austen, brother of Jane Austen, then courted Eliza, and married her in December 1797; they had no children. Eliza's only son, Hastings (named after Warren Hastings), died in 1801.
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Georges-Alexandre Sarret (born Giorgio Sarrejani; 23 September 1878 - 10 April 1934) was an Italian-born French criminal who was the last person to be executed in Aix-en-Provence. He was guillotined for double murder in a notorious case that involved him dissolving the bodies of his victims in sulphuric acid. Sarret's crimes reportedly inspired British serial killer John George Haigh, known as the Acid Bath Murderer.
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In October the Convention troops captured Lyon and reinstated a Montagnard government there. Criteria for bringing someone before the Revolutionary Tribunal, created March 1793, had always been vast and vague. By August, political disagreement seemed enough to be summoned before the Tribunal; appeal against a Tribunal verdict was impossible. Late August 1793, an army general had been guillotined on the accusation of choosing too timid strategies on the battlefield.
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A pavilion, attributed to architect François Dominique Barreau de Chefdeville (1725-1765), housed a mineralogical collection. There on Thursdays Boutin received his friends, including painter Hubert Robert and architect Alexandre-Théodore Brongniart. Boutin was guillotined on July 17, 1794, during the Reign of Terror, and the park put under sequestration. In 1795, the Folie Boutin opened to the public, formally taking the name of Tivoli and becoming the ancestor of amusement parks.
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In July 1795, one year after the execution of Robespierre put an end to the Reign of Terror, the Republicans of Valenciennes tortured, and guillotined five Ursuline nuns; by some accounts, the nuns were raped before being executed. After the Napoleonic era, Valenciennes gave itself up to the Bourbons in 1815 for 5 years. After that, the town's sugar-refining and coal industries once more started to expand. In 1824 Valenciennes became a sous-préfecture.
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Louis XVI was guillotined in 1793. By 1800, the First Republic, at war with much of Europe, had adopted a weak form of government that was overthrown by General Napoleon Bonaparte, who later proclaimed himself Emperor of the French. When British, Russian, Prussian, and Austrian armies invaded France in 1814, Napoleon, whose empire had once extended all the way to Moscow abdicated. The dead king's brother, the Count of Provence, was declared King Louis XVIII.
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In the novel, the pianist Stephen Orlac suffers a railway accident that gives him serious head injuries and deprives him of his hands. The famous and controversial transplant doctor Cerral gives him new hands, transplanted from a freshly guillotined assassin. Afterward, Orlac begins to wonder if he has become a Mr. Hyde who has inherited the criminal proclivities of his donor via his hands. He seems to suffer from hallucinations and sinks into depression.
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Robbins Landon (1976, 133) (The Queen had been guillotined by the revolutionary government the previous year.) In 1795, on the recommendation of the Russian envoy in London, he moved to St. Peterburg, then later to Moscow. His portrait of Alexej Kurakin, shown below, dates from his stay in Russia. He is known to have been in Dresden in 1806, then after 1807 back in Rome. Guttenbrunn's last attested painting dates from 1813.
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However, the government of the French Revolution confiscated the property in 1791. During this period, the home was used by King Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette. Two years later in 1793, King Louis XVI as well as Queen Marie Antoinette were guillotined in the Place de la Concorde directly in front of the building. Eventually, the building was returned to the Crillon family, whose descendants lived there for more than a century until 1904.
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René Le Guen (Marcel Mouloudji) is a former resistance fighter trained as a young man as a professional killer. After World War II, he has no qualms in applying these skills and is arrested for murder. Convicted and condemned to death, he is held in a prison cell with other murderers sentenced to death. Men to be guillotined are taken out at night, so they wait in fear and only sleep after dawn.
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He was discovered and taken to Bordeaux, where, after his identity had been established, was guillotined. In memory the main street of the village of Saint Emilion where the estate is, carries his name. His image is to be found on the label today, perpetuating his memory. The Château changed its name in 2005 to Château Guadet, to avoid any confusion with its namesake in the appellation Saint Julien Beychevelle in the Médoc area.
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In 1993, at a Berlin celebrity gala, Schiffer met magician David Copperfield when he brought her on stage to participate in a mind reading act and in his flying illusion, and they became engaged in January 1994. During this engagement, Schiffer sometimes appeared on stage with Copperfield to act as his special guest assistant in illusions including being levitated, guillotined, and sawn in half.Style File: Claudia Schiffer (image #7). Vogue. Retrieved 31 March 2012.
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He was guillotined during the Reign of Terror in 1793, and the park was nationalized. left Schematic depiction of André-Jacques Garnerin's parachute used in the Parc Monceau descent of 22 October 1797. Illustration dates from the early nineteenth century. In 1797, Parc Monceau was the site of the first silk parachute jump, when André-Jacques Garnerin jumped from a Montgolfier hot air balloon, landing in the park where a large crowd was gathered.
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On the eve of his execution, Gurn/Fantômas escaped from custody by being replaced by an actor who had modelled the appearance of his latest character after him and was guillotined in his place. Lady Beltham remained constantly torn between her passion for the villain and her horror at his criminal schemes. She eventually committed suicide in 1910. Fandor fell in love with Hélène and, despite Fantômas's repeated attempts to break them up, married her.
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A mob invaded the courtroom where Major Bachmann and other Swiss Guards were being tried before the official Tribunal of 17 August. The crowd retreated when ordered to clear the room by the presiding judges and Bachmann "passed through their shambles unharmed on his way to the scaffold". Bachmann was then formally sentenced to death, and guillotined on 3 September 1792. He stepped onto the scaffold still wearing the red coat of the Swiss Guard.
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As Robespierre was arrested, David yelled to his friend "if you drink hemlock, I shall drink it with you."Carlyle, p. 384. After this, he supposedly fell ill, and did not attend the evening session because of "stomach pain", which saved him from being guillotined along with Robespierre. David was arrested and placed in prison, first from 2 August to 28 December 1794 and then from 29 May to 3 August 1795.
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Küss, together with Charles Dubost and Marceau Servelle, was involved in the first human-to-human extraperitoneal kidney transplant procedure on 12 January 1951. Another two surgeons, Oeconomos and Rougeulle, had previously assisted Küss with the laboratory experiments and were also present to assist. The procedure became known as the "Küss operation" owing to his chief role in it. Organs from four guillotined prisoners were used in four of the five kidney transplants.
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Among other intercessors, the French author and Nobel laureate Romain Rolland wrote to Stalin seeking clemency, arguing that "an intellect like that of Bukharin is a treasure for his country." He compared Bukharin's situation to that of the great chemist Antoine Lavoisier who was guillotined during the French Revolution: "We in France, the most ardent revolutionaries... still profoundly grieve and regret what we did. ... I beg you to show clemency."Radzinsky, p. 384.
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She was finally deported to Germany, first to Berlin's Moabit prison and then to the Barninstrasse prison. She was guillotined in Plötzensee Prison in Charlottenburg on 4 August 1944. Her body was delivered to the laboratory of Dr. Hermann Stieve, Chief of the Institute of Anatomy at the University of Berlin, who was studying the effect of stress and environmental factors on the reproductive system of women. Her body was never found.
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About 30 log houses were built. A small number of exiles arrived that fall. Some were royalists, loyal to King Louis XVI (guillotined in January 1793) and thus fleeing imprisonment and possible death during the French Revolution. Others came from the French colony of Saint-Domingue (Haiti) where slave uprisings had broken out in 1791, inspired by the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (1789) of the French Assembly.
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From 1810 onwards, because of the annexation of the Netherlands to the First French Empire, French criminal law was applied and an appeal had to be made to the court of cassation in Paris. The court upheld the verdict, and on June 15, 1812, all three were publicly guillotined in front of the Nieuwmarkt in Amsterdam. It was the only time that a death sentence was applied that way in the city's history.
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Robespierre, 28 July 1794 Maximilien Robespierre, since July 1793 member of the Committee of Public Prosperity, on 5 February 1794 in a speech in the Convention identified Jacques Hébert and his faction as "internal enemies" working toward the triumph of tyranny. After a dubious trial Hébert and some allies were guillotined in March. On 5 April, again at the instigation of Robespierre, Danton and 13 associated politicians were executed. A week later again 19 politicians.
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He was condemned by the Tribunal d'Etat (State Tribunal) of the Vichy government in a session of 20–21 September 1941, along with J. Woog and A. Guyot. He was guillotined in the courtyard of La Santé Prison on 24 September 1941, aged 47. The execution took place at the demand of the Germans in retaliation for an act of resistance by Pierre Georges ("Colonel Fabien"). The Catelas dossier at the Tribunal d'Etat is empty.
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In 1791, he was consecrated as Constitutional bishop of Saône-et-Loire to replace Talleyrand, who had resigned from the position he held under the Ancien Régime as Bishop of Autun. On 3 September, he was elected administrator of the département. Having protested against dechristianisation and against the Reign of Terror, he was arrested by decree of the Committee of Public Safety. Sentenced to death on 6 Germinal Year II, he was guillotined the next day, 7 March 1794.
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For having administered 27 abortions, Marie-Louise Giraud was guillotined on 30 July 1942. In December 1942, a law was issued making cohabitation with wives of prisoners of war illegal. The government also made divorce much harder and officially made adultery an insufficient reason for legal separation in order to stop suspicious POWs divorcing their wives in France. Wives of prisoners who had had affairs were also often demonised by their local communities who considered it equivalent to prostitution.
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It included prominent individuals such as Etta Palm d'Aelders, Jacques Hébert, Louise-Félicité de Kéralio, Pauline Léon, Théroigne de Méricourt, Madame Roland, Thérésa Cabarrús, and Merlin de Thionville. The following year, Olympe de Gouges published the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen. This was a letter addressed to Queen Marie Antoinette which requested actions in favour of women's rights. Gouges was guillotined two years later, days after the execution of the Girondins.
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Rudolph Strelitz, known as 'Barrabas', is the brutal leader of an underground gang who causes mayhem and destruction to the lives of civilized people. A lawyer, Claude Varèse, is strongly determined to bring Strelitz to justice for the purpose of revenge, after his father was wrongly guillotined for the murder of Laure d'Hérigny, a mistress of a missing American millionaire. Later Claude Varèse's sister, Françoise, is then abducted by the evil Dr Lucius, one of Barrabas' henchmen.
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The following day he was prevented from speaking to the Commune. The next day bells were rung calling the sans-culottes to arms to defend Robespierre, but few responded. Early in the morning of 28 July, policemen and members of the National Guard summoned by the Convention invaded the Hôtel de Ville and arrested Robespierre and his twenty-one remaining supporters. They were guillotined at seven in the evening the same day, before a large and approving crowd.
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Some 50 people were guillotined, including Nguyen Thi Minh Khai, the sister in law of Vo Nguyen Giap. In the face of defeat, the province insurrection leadership made three decisions. First, put all the people captured during the uprising of trial right away. The intention was to scare them but release them, recognizing that if they were badly mistreated, they-or their friends, allies and family-would later seek revenge which would not be advantageous for the revolution.
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During the interrogation, she tried to accept all the blame herself and saved a number of other resistance members. Still, members of her family were arrested - her husband died in the Buchenwald concentration camp, her father in the concentration camp in Dachau. Bernášková was the first Czech woman convicted and sentenced to death by the Nazis. She was sentenced on 5 March 1942, and then guillotined at the end of August 1942 in Plötzensee Prison, Berlin.
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Manuel's missions to King Louis XVI, however, changed his sentiments: he became reconciled to the House of Bourbon, and courageously refused to vote in favor of Capital punishment for the sovereign. Consequently, he had to tender his resignation as deputy. In 1792 he was prosecuted for publishing an edition of the marquis de Mirabeau Letters to Sophie de Ruffey, but was acquitted. He retired to Montargis, where he was arrested, and was later guillotined in Paris.
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There are many allusions to their liaison in the diary of Gouverneur Morris, who was another of her lovers. In 1785 was born her son Charles Joseph, comte de Flahaut, who was generally known to be Talleyrand's son. Mme de Flahaut fled from Paris in 1792 and joined the society of émigrés at Mickleham, Surrey, described in Mme. d'Arblay's Memoirs. Her husband remained at Boulogne-sur-Mer, where he was arrested on 29 January 1793 and guillotined. Mme.
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He was called André Baillard in the book by Henri Charrière. Nearly forty prisoners ended their days in this place. It was also at this site that the second-last public execution in France was held for burglar and double murderer Max Bloch on 2 June 1939. Fifteen days later on 17 June Eugen Weidmann, guilty of six murders, was guillotined in front of Versailles prison and on 24 June the decision was made to ban public executions.
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Tocqueville came from an old Norman aristocratic family. He was the great-grandson of the statesman Malesherbes, who had been guillotined in 1794. His parents, Hervé Louis François Jean Bonaventure Clérel, Count of Tocqueville, an officer of the Constitutional Guard of King Louis XVI; and Louise Madeleine Le Peletier de Rosanbo narrowly escaped the guillotine due to the fall of Maximilien Robespierre in 1794. Under the Bourbon Restoration, Tocqueville's father became a noble peer and prefect.
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Louis XIV, 13. Louis, Grand Dauphin: 4 generations before Louis XVI. A frequent recurring legend relates how when Louis XVI was guillotined, an anonymous French Freemason rushed from the crowd, dipped his hand in the king's blood (or grabbed the head and held it, or is just heard in the crowd) and yelled, "Jacques de Molay, thou art avenged!"For example: Daniel-Rops, Henri, Cathedral and Crusade: Studies of the Medieval Church, 1050-1350, pages 577-78 (E.
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Laya went into hiding, and several persons convicted of having a copy of the obnoxious play in their possession were guillotined. At the end of the Terror Laya returned to Paris. In 1813 he replaced Delille in the Paris chair of literary history and French poetry; he was admitted to the Académie française in 1817. Laya produced in 1797 Les Deux Stuarts, and in 1799 Falkland, the title-role of which provided Talma with one of his finest opportunities.
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Denounced as a coward and a traitor by the Revolutionary Tribunal, he was executed by guillotine on 16 November. His predecessor in command of the Army of the North, Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine had been guillotined on 27 August 1793. Jean-Baptiste Jourdan had been wounded at Hondschoote and was named to lead the Army of the Ardennes on 9 September. He was appointed provisional commander in chief of the Army of the North on 22 September.
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The Execution of Louis XVI on 21 January 1793 in what is now the Place de la Concorde, facing the empty pedestal where the statue of his grandfather, Louis XV, had stood. With wars against Prussia and Austria having started earlier in 1792, in November France also declared war on the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Dutch Republic. Ex-king Louis XVI was tried, convicted, and guillotined in January 1793.Noah Shusterman The French Revolution.
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Denounced by the end of 1792 by The Mountain for his close links with the Girondins, suspected of complicity with General Charles François Dumouriez, he was arrested on 2 June 1793 with 29 members and fellow Girondin, Étienne Clavière. First held temporarily in office, he was brought with Claviere before the Revolutionary Court on 5 September but managed to escape on the 9th and went into clandestinity while remaining in Paris, where he hid under a variety of names during several months; while under the name of Pierre Brasseur, citizen of Liege, he was arrested on 2 Nivose year II (22 December 1793), by Francois Heron, Agent of the Committee of General Security. Brought before the revolutionary tribunal, he was sentenced to death on 7 Nivose (27 December) under a variety of contrived and undocumented treason against the unity of the Republic, conspiracy on account of foreign powers charges, the most obvious reason being of having been called to office by Roland, Brissot, Dumouriez, all guillotined or escaped from France. He was guillotined the following day.
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On September 11, 1792, while Louis XVI and his family were imprisoned in the Temple in the early stages of the Reign of Terror during the French Revolution, a group of thieves broke into the Royal Storehouse, the Hôtel du Garde-Meuble de la Couronne (now Hôtel de la Marine), and stole most of the Crown Jewels during a five-day looting spree. While many jewels were later recovered, including other pieces of the Order of the Golden Fleece, the French Blue was not among them and it disappeared from history. On January 21, 1793, Louis XVI was guillotined and Marie Antoinette was guillotined on October 16 of the same year: these beheadings are commonly cited as a result of the diamond's "curse", but the historical record suggests that Marie Antoinette had never worn the Golden Fleece pendant because it had been reserved for the exclusive use of the king. A likely scenario is that the French Blue, sometimes also known as the Blue Diamond, was "swiftly smuggled to London" after being seized in 1792 in Paris.
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His marble bust of Marcus Aurelius, found by the French consul Louis Fauvel in Attica in 1789, was sold in 1818; it was later acquired by the Musée du Louvre, whilst an Apollo previously owned by him is now in the British Museum. The French Revolution changed the course of his life. Refusing to obey the Convention, he refused his recall to France for fear of being guillotined. His goods in France were seized and another envoy sent out to replace him.
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Compromised both in the falsification of the decree suppressing the East India Company and in the plot to bribe certain members of the Convention, Chabot was arrested and brought before the Revolutionary Tribunal. He was sentenced to death and guillotined at the same time as the Dantonists, who protested their association with a fripon ("loafer"). Claude Basire and Fabre d'Eglantine, accused by Chabot of involvement in the East India Company Scandal, and Chabot's brother-in-law Junius Frey were also executed alongside him.
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At the death of her father-in- law, Louis de Noailles, 4th Duke of Noailles, she returned to France. In May 1794, during the Reign of Terror, she was arrested at Hôtel de Noailles and imprisoned in Luxembourg Prison (see Prison du Luxembourg) in Paris. Along with her mother-in-law, Catherine de Cossé-Brissac duchesse de Noailles, and daughter, Anne Jeanne Baptiste Louise vicomtesse d'Ayen, she was guillotined, on 22 July 1794. She was buried in a mass grave at Picpus Cemetery.
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The chapel was designed in 1816 by the French Neo-Classical architect Pierre François Léonard Fontaine, who, with his partner Charles Percier, figured among Napoleon's favourite architects. Fontaine's assistant Louis-Hippolyte Lebas oversaw the construction. The chapel was partly constructed on the grounds of the former Madeleine Cemetery, where King Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette had been buried after they had been guillotined. King Louis XVIII shared the 3 million livres expense of building the Chapelle expiatoire with the Duchess of Angoulême.
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It was in this context of exacerbated conflict that Chalier found himself condemned to death on 16 July 1793. He was guillotined the next day, followed on 31 July 1793 by Ryard, the man who had commanded the commune troops on 31 May 1793. A partisan of Chatelier's called Higgins killed himself in prison, and another of the local montagnard leaders was cut down in the street. At the same time within the city leadership moderate republicans were being progressively replaced by royalists.
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As anti-royalism increased along with threat of foreign invasion, the king tried to flee and join France's enemies. He was captured and on 21 January 1793, having been convicted of treason, he was guillotined. On 20 September 1792 the National Convention abolished the monarchy and declared France a republic. Due to the emergency of war, the National Convention created the Committee of Public Safety, controlled by Maximilien de Robespierre of the Jacobin Club, to act as the country's executive.
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On 22 July 1794, their daughter-in-law Louise de Noailles, as well as their sister-in-law and niece, Catherine de Cossé-Brissac and Henriette Anne Louise d'Aguesseau, were guillotined. Their other niece, Adrienne, wife of the Marquis de Lafayette, was saved by the intervention of America's Minister to France, James Monroe. They and the other nobles who died on the guillotine are buried at Picpus Cemetery, which is also the final resting place of the Marquis and Marquise de Lafayette.
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Based on overwhelming evidence, he was arrested in Paris on 3 September 1794 and indicted 27 November. At his trial, he clumsily and sarcastically stated that he knew nothing about what he was accused. However, he was immediately denounced by those closest to him and charged with the drownings, executions, butchering of women and children, thefts, acts of greed, as well as exacerbating the strife that Nantes suffered. A unanimous vote called for Carrier's execution, and he was guillotined on 16 December 1794.
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Jean-Baptiste Boyer-Fonfrède (1760 - 31 October 1793) was a French Girondin politician. A deputy to the National Convention from his native city, Bordeaux, he voted for the death of Louis XVI, denounced the September Massacres and accused Jean-Paul Marat. He was tried, condemned, and guillotined in Paris with the leading Girondin deputies on 31 October 1793. His son Henri Fonfrède (1788–1841) made his name as a publicist defending liberal ideas in Bordeaux's main newspaper under the Bourbon Restoration.
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On Prairial 7 (26 May 1797) Babeuf and Darthé were condemned to death. On hearing his death sentence, Babeuf struck himself in the courtroom with several blows, and was carried dying the next day to the scaffold. Darthé, who had also tried to commit suicide, was guillotined alongside him on at Vendôme, Prairial 8 (27 May 1797), without appeal. Some of the prisoners, including Buonarroti and Germain, were deported; the rest, including Vadier and his fellow former- Montagnards, were acquitted.
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Capital punishment in Belgium was formally abolished on August 1, 1996 for all crimes, in both peacetime and wartime. The last execution for crimes committed in peacetime took place in July 1863, when in Ypres a farmer was executed for murder. The last execution for an ordinary crime took place on 26 March 1918 at Veurne Prison when Emile Ferfaille, a military officer found guilty of killing his pregnant girlfriend, was guillotined. This was the first execution to be carried out since 1863.
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Vaillant about to be guillotined Auguste Vaillant (27 December 1861 – 5 February 1894) was a French anarchist, most famous for his bomb attack on the French Chamber of Deputies on 9 December 1893."The Guillotine's Sure Work; Details of the Execution of Vaillant, the Anarchist", The New York Times, 1984-02-06. The government's reaction to this attack was the passing of the infamous repressive Lois scélérates. Vaillant threw the home-made device from the public gallery and was immediately arrested.
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The French Revolution deprived Fragonard of his private patrons: they were either guillotined or exiled. The neglected painter deemed it prudent to leave Paris in 1790 and found shelter in the house of his cousin Alexandre Maubert at Grasse, which he decorated with the series of decorative panels known as the Les progrès de l'amour dans le cœur d'une jeune fille,Also known as "Roman d'amour de la jeunesse". originally painted for Château du Barry. The Swing (French: ), 1767, Wallace Collection, London.
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Hôtel du Châtelet was commissioned from Mathurin Cherpitel in 1770 by the Duke of Châtelet, and completed in 1776. After the duke was guillotined in 1793, the house was inscribed on the list of civil buildings, and it served from 1796 to 1807 as the headquarters of the École nationale des ponts et chaussées. From 1807 to 1830, it was attached to the Imperial, and later Royal, Household. Between 1830 and 1849, it served as the Turkish embassy, and then the Austrian embassy.
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As troublesome as the representatives could be, it is also true that no Army of the Western Pyrenees army commander was guillotined. The army was supposed to be reinforced from the Vendée by 15,000 troops but only 3,000 foot soldiers and 500 horsemen arrived in mid-September. For the fall 1794 offensive, Moncey's army numbered 52,000 troops in 64 battalions and four cavalry regiments. During the winter, an epidemic killed 3,000 soldiers and many inhabitants in the occupied areas of Spain.
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Admirat was brought into the Revolutionary Tribunal and subjected to a trial that lasted only two minutes in which he could only answer. Admirat's sentence of death was a foregone conclusion. He never provided an explanation of the assassination attempt in public and his testimony, written in the secret Committee of General Security, an oppressive police body in the Revolutionary Government, is used by historians with extreme caution. On 17 June 1794, Admirat was guillotined at the Place de la Nation.
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Although Meursault's attorney defends him and later tells Meursault that he expects the sentence to be light, Meursault is alarmed when the judge informs him of the final decision: that he will be publicly guillotined. In prison, Meursault awaits the results of his appeal. While waiting to learn his fate, either his successful appeal or execution of his death sentence, Meursault meets a chaplain, but rejects his proffered opportunity of turning to God. Meursault says that God is a waste of his time.
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Parisians during the Directory, by Louis-Léopold Boilly. A decrotteur scrapes mud from the man's boots Following the execution of Robespierre, the executions stopped and the prisons gradually emptied, but the city remained agitated and barely functional. The former city government, the Commune, had virtually disappeared; of the one hundred forty members of its General Council before the Terror, eighty-seven had been guillotined, and forty imprisoned. Of the thirty-three senior city administrators, twenty had been executed and ten imprisoned.
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In the evening of 9 Thermidor Dumas joined the insurrectionary Commune of Paris to obtain the release of Maximilien de Robespierre, Louis Antoine de Saint-Just, Couthon, Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas and Augustin Robespierre. In the morning of 10 Thermidor the whole group was arrested in the "Hôtel de Ville", taken to the Conciergerie and tried. Fouquier-Tinville, who was considered to be biased, was replaced. In the early evening the group was guillotined on the Place du Révolution.
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Previous commander Claude Souchon de Chameron was in prison and Louis-Charles de Flers joined him when he was arrested on 6 August. Both Souchon and de Flers were guillotined in 1794 during the Reign of Terror. To make matters worse, the Spanish commander Captain General Antonio Ricardos was a capable opponent. Believing that Ricardos' Spanish army was unstoppable, Hilarion Paul de Puget- Barbantane moved his headquarters well to the rear on 4 September 1793, putting d'Aoust in charge of Perpignan.
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He participated to the Constitution Committee that drafted the Girondin constitutional project. As a member of the Committee of General Defence, and as president of the Convention (7 March-21 March 1793), he shared in the harsh attacks of the Girondists on The Mountain. On 2 June, after François Hanriot's anti-Girondist intervention, he was among the first of those inscribed on the prosecution list. Gensonné was tried by the Revolutionary Tribunal on 24 October 1793, sentenced to death and guillotined.
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Its ramparts defended access to the upper Tarn valley. From the 14th to the 16th centuries, the Lords of Malbosc-Miral constructed their residence and outbuildings around the keep. At the time of the French Revolution, the last proprietor, Charles, Count of Altier was guillotined with his son in 1794 and the castle was sold for 34,719 livresRobert Louis Stevenson, The Cevennes Journal: Notes on a Journey Through the French Highlands, Mainstream Publishing, Edinburgh, 2014. Footnote by Gordon Golding on p 230.
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According to legend, Marie Antoinette (continued as titular Queen of France until guillotined in October 1793) and her two surviving children were to settle here. Soon several small shops, a schoolhouse, a chapel and a theater appeared in the market square. A gristmill, blacksmith shop and a distillery were built, cattle and sheep were kept, and fruit trees and gardens were planted. The largest building in the colony, La Grande Maison, a two-story log structure, stood long and wide.
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Ultimately, faced with defeat and arrest, Le Bas committed suicide. Saint-Just, Couthon and Maximilien and Augustin Robespierre were arrested and guillotined on 28 July 1794. The ensuing period of upheaval, dubbed the Thermidorian Reaction, saw the repeal of many of the Terror's most unpopular laws and the reduction in power of the Committees of General Security and Public Safety. The Committees ceased to exist under the Constitution of the Year III (1795), which marked the beginning of the Directory.
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Molé was born in Paris. His father, a president of the parlement of Paris, who came of the family of the famous president noted below, was guillotined during the Terror. Count Molé's early days were spent in Switzerland and in England with his mother, a relative of Lamoignon- Malesherbes. On his return to France, he studied at the Ecole Centrale des Travaux Publics, and his social education was accomplished in the salon of Pauline de Beaumont, the friend of Châteaubriand and Joubert.
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They were detected and some arrested. Three members, Hans Scholl, Sophie Scholl, and Christoph Probst were to stand trial before the Nazi "People's Court", where on 22 February 1943, the President of the court, Roland Freisler, sentenced them to death. They were guillotined that same day at Stadelheim Prison. Kurt Huber, a professor of philosophy and musicology, Alexander Schmorell, and Willi Graf stood trial later and were sentenced to death as well, while many others were sentenced to prison terms.
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Orsini and Pieri were guillotined on March 14 and Gomez was sentenced to life imprisonment on Devil's Island. di Rudio was initially condemned with Orsini and Pieri, but someone pleaded clemency for him and the sentence was commuted to life on Devil's Island. Several months later, he was with twelve others who escaped from the prison and made their way to British Guiana. From there, di Rudio made his way back to London and his wife and went on the lecture circuit.
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The Marquis and Marchioness produced three children: Françoise-Gabrielle- Pauline (30 June 1726-1754, married in 1743 to Alfonso Carafa, Duca di Montenero), Louis-Marie-Florent (later duc du Châtelet, 20 November 1727 - guillotined on 13 December 1793) and Victor-Esprit (born on 11 April 1733 and died on 29 August 1734). After bearing three children, Émilie, marquise du Châteletwww.wichita.edu considered her marital responsibilities fulfilled and reached an agreement with her husband to live separate lives while still maintaining one household.
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In June–July 1793, Bordeaux, Marseilles, Brittany, Caen and the rest of Normandy gathered armies to march on Paris and against 'the revolution'. In July, Lyon guillotined the deposed 'Montagnard' head of the city council. Barère, member of the Committee of Public Safety, on 1 August incited the Convention to tougher measures against the Vendée, at war with Paris since March: "We'll have peace only when no Vendée remains … we'll have to exterminate that rebellious people". In August, Convention troops besieged Lyon.
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He remained secretary to the Convention until, the accusation of the Girondists in May 1793. In July he was imprisoned on the charge of supporting the federalist movement at Caen, and of complicity with Charlotte Corday, whom he had taken to see a sitting of the Convention on her arrival in Paris. Of the second of these charges he was certainly innocent. With the Girondist deputies he was brought before the revolutionary tribunal on 30 October, and was guillotined on the following day.
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When in 1793 Marie-Antoinette was guillotined, she carried three vials of Houbigant perfume in her corsage to give her strength. Josephine, the future Empress of France, belonged to a group of stylish young men and women called "The Muscadins" because of their craze for musk which was Josephine's favourite essence. Houbigant fragrances travelled in Napoleon's campaign chest during the years when he was conquering Europe. In the spring of 1815 Napoleon was only in Paris for three months, a period known as the "Hundred Days".
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When Toulon let in the Allied fleet on 27 August, Brunet was denounced as a traitor. He was imprisoned in Paris on 6 September, put on trial on 14 November and guillotined the next day. The following year, Bonaparte, the new artillery commander of the Army of Italy submitted a plan to strike eastward across neutral Genoese territory to capture Oneglia and turn the Saorgio position from the east. The plan was accepted on 2 April 1794 and Dumerbion's offensive began four days later.
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Bailly being led to execution In July 1793, Bailly left Nantes to join his friend Pierre Simon Laplace at Melun, but was recognised there and arrested. On 14 October, he was pressed to testify against Marie Antoinette but refused. On 10 November 1793, he was brought before the Revolutionary Tribunal in Paris, speedily tried, and sentenced to death the next day. On 12 November 1793, he was guillotined at Champ de Mars, a site selected symbolically as the location of his betrayal of the democratic movement.
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It was in the summer of 1943 that Giáp was told that his wife had been beaten to death by guards in the central prison in Hanoi. Her sister was guillotined and Giáp's daughter died in prison of unknown causes. In September 1944 the first Revolutionary Party Military Conference was held and it was agreed that the time was now right to take the military struggle forward into a new phase. The formation of the Vietnam Liberation army was proclaimed, with Giáp as its commander.
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Les Filles du feu is dedicated to Alexandre Dumas, Nerval's friend and collaborator on works for the theater. The previous December, Dumas had published an essay attributing Nerval's mental crises to an excess of creative imagination, an exaggerated emotional identification with the historic figures he wrote about. In his introduction to the volume, Nerval elaborates on Dumas' analysis, describing how their old friend Charles Nodier once claimed he had been guillotined during the French Revolution. He discusses how writers and actors identify with their subjects.
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The following year, on 17 July 1791, the massacre on the Champ de Mars took place. Jean Sylvain Bailly, the first mayor of Paris, became a victim of his own revolution and was guillotined there on 12 November 1793. The Champ de Mars was also the site of the Festival of the Supreme Being on 8 June 1794. With a design by the painter Jacques-Louis David,Encyclopedia of the age of political revolutions and new ideologies: 1760 - 1815, Gregory Fremont-Barnes; Greenwood Press, CT, 2007; p.
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He became a convinced atheist, considering atheism the highest achievement of scientific reason, a metaphysical materialist and a revolutionary socialist. Among the figures of the first French Revolution, he most admired Jacques-René Hébert (1757–1794), the Parisian sans-colotte leader who was guillotined by the Jacobins. Tridon published two books on the Hébertists: The Hébertists: Protest Against a Historical Calumny (1864) and The Commune of 1793: The Hébertists (1871). He also published a history of the Girondists, The Gironde and the Girondists (1869).
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Louis XVIII, on his ascension in 1814, granted the hereditary title of Baron to the son of the guillotined Arnaud Jr. in recognition of the services he had performed for the King during the Revolution, and for his ultimate sacrifice. After the bishop's death, his nephew inherited his Napoleonic baronial title as well as the royal one, thus becoming doubly a baron, but when he died without male heirs both titles passed to Jean-Victor's branch, where they continue to reside to this day.
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In Paris, during the spring of 1793, the Jacobins eliminated the Girondins, while in Lyon the moderates eliminated the Jacobins. The chief of these, Chalier, was guillotined on 16 July 1793. The Convention as a result declared Lyon a city in rebellion, and the decision was made to send an army commanded by François Christophe de Kellermann (replaced in September by François Amédée Doppet) to suppress the insurgency. A delegationBaleydier Alphonse, « Histoire politique et militaire du peuple de Lyon durant la révolution (1789-1795) ».
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1812 painting by Adélaïde Summer posy by Adélaïde In 1792, she left France with de Genlis to the Austrian Netherlands and then to Switzerland, where she was placed in a convent in Bremgarten. During the Terror her father was guillotined, and her mother was banished to Spain. Sometime in the spring of 1794, Adélaïde moved to the home of her aunt, the Princess of Conti. They moved to Bavaria in 1798 and thereafter to Bratislava, and in 1801, she joined her mother in Barcelona in Spain.
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His wife was his brother's widow, Maria Karolina Sobieska, the granddaughter of King John Sobieski of Poland. Their only daughter, Marie Louise Henriette Jeanne de La Tour, was a famous adventuress and was guillotined in 1793. Although officially married to Jules de Rohan, Duke of Montbazon, she had an illegitimate son who died in infancy by her cousin, Charles Edward Stuart, Jacobite claimant to the thrones of England and Scotland. Her brother, Godefroy Charles Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne (1728–1792), was the 6th Duke of Bouillon.
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According to the law of August 10, anyone who objected to the commissioners was declared a "traitor to the fatherland". The commissioners had every power to deport their opponents. Sonthonax arrested Governor Philippe François Rouxel de Blanchelande on September 20, suspected of conspiracy, who was then deported to France where he was guillotined on April 11, 1793. He was replaced by General d'Esparbes, a royalist, who attempted to provoke an insurrection when he learned of the fall of the monarchy on the Insurrection of 10 August 1792.
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He then came close to being guillotined, but survived and followed Abbot Sieyès to Berlin as Secretary to his Legation, remaining there as Chargé d'affaires after Sieyès joined the French Directory. A letter written by him on 6 July 1799 seems to be the earliest recorded use of the term Industrial Revolution in French; in the letter, he announces that that revolution has begun in France. He was posted to London in 1800, first as Commissioner responsible for Prisoners of War, before appointment as Minister Plenipotentiary.
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Malesherbes was opened on 23 May 1910 when the line was extended from Villiers to Pereire. The station is named after the Boulevard Malesherbes, which honours the statesman Guillaume-Chrétien de Lamoignon de Malesherbes, who was guillotined during the Reign of Terror in 1794. As part of the RATP Renouveau du métro program, the station corridors and platform lighting were renovated in the 2000s. In 2018, it saw 2,628,908 travelers enter the station, which placed it in the 212th position out 302 metro stations for its traffic.
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"Non- juror" priests were by far the majority in the region of Castres. Accused of being a moderate, Alba La Source was guillotined in October 1793. Suspected of being lukewarm toward the revolution, Castres was duly chastised. The bishopric which had been established by Pope John XXII in 1317 was abolished, Castres later becoming part of the bishopric of Albi. Capital of the ' of Tarn in 1790, the town was downgraded to capital of an arrondissement in 1797, Albi being made the capital of the '.
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Those emigrating had to do so illegally, without proper documentation and thus without guarantee of success. Threat of execution was very real for many more people than simply the Jewish population of France. Lacoste, the safety commissioner of Alsace, believed that one-fourth of the Parisian population should be guillotined. Jewish and non-Jewish alike emigrated to the Upper Rhine; despite periodic pogroms in the area, it was still better than the Lower Rhine where the Terror was rampant; very few Jewish Frenchmen remained in Alsace.
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Running into a decrepit laboratory, she is grabbed by a clawed assailant and guillotined with the glass of a broken window. Arriving in New York, Mark goes straight to Rose's building, where he meets Carol, the concierge, and some of the residents, including a nurse who cares for elderly Professor Arnold, a wheelchair-bound mute. Mark encounters the sickly Countess Elise De Longvalle Adler, who tells him that Rose has disappeared. After the two find blood on the carpet outside Rose's room, Mark follows the stains.
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However, the 'liberating' Russians never went away, instead instigating the Second Partition of Poland. The Kościuszko Uprising followed, in which Prince Adam Kazimierz Czartoryski was heavily involved with the republicans; his palace in Pulawy was burned by Russian troops after they quelled the uprising. During the Third Partition of Poland Russia, Prussia and Habsburg Austria permanently divided the country; it didn't resurface as a nation state until 1917. Her mother was arrested several times, held in the Conciergerie prisons, and guillotined in June 1794.
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A Stolperstein or stumbling block memorial to Rittmeister that sits in front of the house Agnesstraße 30 in Winterhude Langenhorn On 26 September 1942, Rittmeister was arrested by the Gestapo along with his wife Eva. For his execution he was offered the dubious choice of being guillotined instead of hanging. On 12 February 1943 the 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht sentenced him to death ...for preparing for high treason and favouring the enemy. Rittmeister was executed on 13 May 1943 by the guillotine in Plötzensee Prison.
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Conductor 71 (a French aristocrat guillotined in the Revolution) stops time to explain the situation, urging Peter to accept his death and accompany him to the Other World, but Peter demands an appeal. While Conductor 71 consults his superiors, Peter continues to live. Conductor 71 returns and informs him that he has been granted his appeal and has three days to prepare his case. He can choose a defence counsel from among all the people who have ever died, but he has difficulty picking one.
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He took an interest in charitable works and created the Société Philanthropique de Lyon. In the 1760s he considered starting a music journal called Le Rossignol, but instead helped Sautreau de Marsy with his Almanach des Muses ("Almanac of the Muses"), and in 1773 briefly edited Nicolas Framery's Journal de musique. He founded the Journal de Lyon in 1784 (12 vol. octavo). Mathon de la Cour's generosity and distinction could not protect him during the Revolution; after the siege of Lyon he was guillotined.
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Jacques Hussenet (dir.), " Détruisez la Vendée ! " Regards croisés sur les victimes et destructions de la guerre de Vendée, La Roche-sur-Yon, Centre vendéen de recherches historiques, 2007 By the end of 1793 the allies had been driven from France. France in February 1794 abolished slavery in its American colonies, but would reintroduce it later. Political disagreements and enmity in the National Convention between October 1793 and July 1794 reached unprecedented levels, leading to dozens of Convention members being sentenced to death and guillotined.
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Cartoon showing Robespierre guillotining the executioner after having guillotined everyone else in France. In her early political letters Gouges made a point of being a woman, and that she spoke "as a woman". She addressed her public letters, published often as pamphlets, to statesmen such as Jacques Necker, the Duke of Orléans, or the queen Marie-Antoinette. Like other pamphlet writers in revolutionary France, she spoke from the margins and spoke of her experience as a citizen, with a desire to influence the ongoing public debate.
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There was also a circular central courtyard, with a rock in the centre and a colonnade around the outside. After her death in 1781, Mme Thelusson's eldest son, John Isaac de Thellusson Sorcy (1764–1828) completed the house. As they were Swiss nationals, the Thellusson family kept ownership of the hotel during the Revolution, but they returned to it only in 1797. After the Thermidorian Reaction, there was a "victims' ball" in the hotel, for people who had had a close relative guillotined during the Revolution.
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Mother Teresa died last. There are no surviving relics of the Martyrs of Compiègne because their heads and bodies were buried, along with 128 other victims executed that day, in a deep, 30-feet square sand-pit in the Picpus Cemetery. Their burial site, located in the back of the cemetery, is marked with two large, gravel- covered quadrangles. The heads and torsos of the 1,306 people who were guillotined at the Place de la Nation between 13 June and 27 July 1794 are buried there.
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Gordon 214–15. Though Wollstonecraft disliked the former queen, she was troubled that the Jacobins would make Marie Antoinette's alleged perverse sexual acts one of the central reasons for the French people to hate her. As the daily arrests and executions of the Reign of Terror began, Wollstonecraft came under suspicion. She was, after all, a British citizen known to be a friend of leading Girondins. On 31 October 1793, most of the Girondin leaders were guillotined; when Imlay broke the news to Wollstonecraft, she fainted.
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Lenfrey also revamped the production process, producing cailloutage, which combined faience production techniques with a new process that mixed crushed limestone with the clay.Joseph Marryat, A History of Pottery and Porcelain... nl, J. Murray, 1868, pp. 438–439. Custine, with his wife, was guillotined in 1793, and his son not long after. This led to the temporary closing of the plant when the regime confiscated his property; the workmen, summarily laid off, travelled to Paris to find work, and several signed a petition for her release.
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After a narrow escape from the fury of the Parisian populace in July 1792 he was imprisoned in the Abbey of Saint- Germain-des-Prés, but was set at liberty before the September Massacres. In September 1793, however, he was arrested at Le Havre, taken to Paris, and denounced to the Convention as an agent of Pitt. He was brought to trial before the revolutionary tribunal on 21 April 1794, and was guillotined the next day. D'Eprémesnil's speeches were collected in a small volume in 1823.
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Dialogue with the Carmelites (, , also known as The Carmelites) is a 1960 French-Italian historical drama film written and directed by Raymond Léopold Bruckberger and Philippe Agostini. It is based upon the play by Georges Bernanos, which in turn was adapted from the novel by Gertrud von Le Fort. It's the story of the Martyrs of Compiègne, Carmelite nuns who were guillotined in Paris in 1794 in the waning days of the Reign of Terror during the French Revolution, after refusing to renounce their vocation.
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Digital Spy, 20 February 2017. During the show, she took part in a mind-reading trick involving a military band, and also assisted in a number of illusions including being levitated, vanished, guillotined and sawed in half. In July 2017, it was announced that Jenkins would be a main presenter on BBC One's religious and spiritual show Songs of Praise. In June 2018, Jenkins performed ‘Never Enough’ from the film ‘The Greatest Showman’ at the Classical Brit Awards at the Royal Albert Hall in London.
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This is how he described the executions in his notes: ::When a man is sentenced to death the sentence has to be confirmed by the minister in Paris. No execution takes place on Sunday. If two or more are to be guillotined at the same time the least guilty is executed first so that he should not suffer the added horror of seeing his mates die. The convict does not know that he will be executed till the warder comes in with the words: Have courage, etc.
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Economic conditions for the common people were difficult and slow and a steady decline set in. Cairanne was added to the papal territory in 1317 under the reign of Pope John XXII. It was ruled by a succession of noble families, the last one being Jean-Jacques Vidaud, who was guillotined on 25 June 1794 during the French revolution. Cairanne Vieux Village - Templar's Tower From the nineteenth century, wine growers started to move closer to the vineyards which multiplied in the hills and plains around Cairanne.
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On 10 August 1792 de Laborde joined a secret counter-revolutionary plot with his maternal uncle Charles Alexandre de Calonne, Louis XVI's former minister. He also made Dominique Joseph Garat minister for the interior, then financed the Exagérés' struggle against the Convention and finally emigrated to London after March 1793. His father was guillotined but his mother escaped the same fate. On 6 messidor year III, he demanded to be removed from the list of émigrés - his mother tried to help him regularise his situation but failed.
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As soon as Hébert was guillotined, these counterfeit Père Duchesnes had a field day, producing parodies such as The great anger of Père Duchesne seeing his head fall from the national window. Others, such as Saint- Venant, would try, with Moustache without fear, to write new parodies in the spirit of the time and in the same lewd gutter style that characterized Hébert. Lebon published one of them in 1797, and Damane published 32 issues under the name Père Duchesne in Lyon. The title was reprised numerous times in the 19th century.
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After being appointed Royal Bailiff of Berry in 1788, he sat briefly as a deputy of the Estates-General in 1789. His father, the marquis, was guillotined by the Revolutionaries in 1793 (when he succeeded to his father's titles), but La Chastre managed to escape to England where he raised the Régiment Loyal- Émigrant. Having commanded his troops with distinction throughout the Low Countries, Quiberon and Portugal, he returned to London in 1807. He became the first French Ambassador to the Court of St James's under the Bourbon Restoration.
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Louis's answer: "I have executed all the decrees that have been enacted...." # Louis Collenot d'Angremont (fr) (first to be guillotined due to his activities on August 10) and a person going by the name of Gilles were counter-revolutionaries in the pay of Louis. Louis's answer: I have no knowledge. "The idea of counter-revolution never entered my head." # You tried to bribe, with considerable sums, several members of the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies; letters from Dufresne Saint-Léon and several others, which will be presented to you, establish this fact.
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Massacre of the Swiss Guards, 1792 During the 17th and 18th centuries twelve regiments of Swiss mercenaries were employed in the French Royal Army, notably the Swiss Guards. During the 10 August riot of 1792, supporters of the French Revolution, including members of the radical-leaning National Guard marched on the Tuileries Palace. King Louis XVI escaped with his family, but, after fighting broke out in the palace courtyard, the Swiss Guards were massacred by the mob. Some Guards, including the commander, were captured, jailed, and later guillotined.
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97 and 100 The Martyrs of Compiègne In 1953, Poulenc was offered a commission by La Scala and the Milanese publisher Casa Ricordi for a ballet. He considered the story of St Margaret of Cortona but found a dance version of her life impracticable. He preferred to write an opera on a religious theme; Ricordi suggested Dialogues des Carmélites, an unfilmed screenplay by Georges Bernanos. The text, based on a short story by Gertrud von Le Fort, depicts the Martyrs of Compiègne, nuns guillotined during the French Revolution for their religious beliefs.
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Citizen Bibot of the Town Guard has command of the Porte Montmartre – the last commandant there, citizen Ferney, was guillotined for having allowed a whole batch of aristos to escape and find safety outside the walls of Paris. Citizen Marat arrives to warn Bibot to be watchful because the Pimpernel has promised to rescue the Duc and Duchesse de Montreux and their family, (who are on their way to the Conciergerie prison) that very evening, but Bibot is determined that the Scarlet Pimpernel will not get one over on him.
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Under the new Law of Suspects, St. Georges was incarcerated without charge in the fortress of Hondainville- en-Oise for 13 months. During his incarceration, France was in the midst of the Terror. On October 12, 1793 the Queen was guillotined on Place de la Republique; Brissot and 22 of his fellow Girondins, mounted the scaffold on October 31 and Philippe Orléans, obliged to call himself Égalité, followed them on November 5. With Danton riding in a tumbril to the scaffold, the Terror began to devour its own.
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Originally the cathedral contained numerous statues and treasures, but two events saw these drastically reduced. In 1632, a fire ravaged the sacristry, destroying many capes and chalices, and on 4 May 1794, the day Madame Taupin was guillotined in the main square, a battalion of the Revolutionary Army ran riot through the cathedral breaking statues, the tombs of Jean V and Saint Yves and damaging enfeu, porch statuary, wood carvings, furnishings and windows. The statues now occupying the cathedral were gathered together in the 19th-century from various parish churches and chapels in the region.
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Neururer was tortured and hanged at Buchenwald and Jakob Gapp was guillotined in Berlin. Anger at the treatment of the Church in Austria grew quickly and October 1938, wrote Mazower, saw the "very first act of overt mass resistance to the new regime", when a rally of thousands left Mass in Vienna chanting "Christ is our Fuehrer", before being dispersed by police.Mark Mazower; Hitler's Empire - Nazi Rule in Occupied Europe; Penguin; 2008; ; p.52 A Nazi mob ransacked Cardinal Innitzer's residence, after he had denounced Nazi persecution of the Church.
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Jean-Frédéric de La Tour du Pin Gouvernet, (22 March 1727 – 28 April 1794), Comte de Paulin, was a French nobleman, general and politician. After a military career that spanned over forty years, he was elected deputy to the Estates-General of 1789 for the nobility. His short political life came to an end after his nomination as the penultimate Secretary of State for War at the start of the French Revolution. Monarchist, he was sentenced to death and guillotined in 1794 alongside his elder brother Philippe-Antoine.
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In 1620, the Acens church depended on the chapter of Puy whose canons named the priests. The Lordship of Arcens appears only in the 15th century in the Brion family: thence it passed to Crussol and in the 18th century was in the hands of the Aiguillon family, one of the most powerful of the time. The revolutionary period left some traces: the sales of church property, theft from the tax collector, then a strange resignation of the council. The lord of Arcens (de Brion) was meanwhile guillotined.
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The Law on Suspects however remained in force. The Revolutionary Tribunal was used by the Thermidorean Convention as an instrument to destroy the political leaders who had taken an active part in the Reign of Terror. On 16 December 1794 (26 Frimaire Year III) Jean-Baptiste Carrier was sentenced to death and executed. On 6 May 1795 (17 Floreal Year III), The former President of the Revolutionary Tribunal, Martial Herman, the former Chief Prosecutor Fouquier-Tinville and fourteen former jury members of the Revolutionary Tribunal were convicted, and the following day, guillotined.
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The chateau passed through a number of hands and on the eve of the French Revolution was owned by Armand Joseph de Bethune, Duke of Chârost who was the first French nobleman to renounce his feudal rights. Nevertheless, the revolutionary army ransacked the chateau and guillotined Bethune-Charlost's son and heir. Bethune-Charlost died in 1800 and his widow recovered the property and married Eugene Alexander Montmorency- Laval. Montgmorency-Laval set about a program of restoration including the building of a chapel in 18xx as a thanksgiving for the restoration of the Bourbon monarchy.
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When the Convention finally turned upon Robespierre on 28 July 1794, he took sanctuary with his supporters in the City Hall, but was arrested and guillotined the same day. The new government, the Directory, had no desire to see another rival government appear in the Hôtel-de-Ville. On 11 October 1795, the Directory changed the status of Paris from an independent department to a canton of the Department of the Seine. The post of mayor was abolished, and the city was henceforth governed by the five administrators of the Department of the Seine.
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Hérault was an object of suspicion to the other members of the committee, especially to Maximilien Robespierre, who as a deist and a follower of the ideas of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, resented Hérault and other followers of Denis Diderot's naturalism. Hérault was also of an aristocratic background, another suspicious trait. Danton, Hérault and several others were tried before the Revolutionary Tribunal and condemned alongside together. Danton, Hérault, François Joseph Westermann, Camille Desmoulins, and Pierre Philippeaux were guillotined on the same day: 5 April 1794 (16th Germinal in the year II).
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A clemency appeal of the 22-year- old was personally denied by Adolf Hitler, though the court itself had suggested a reprieve.Gnadengesuche, Gedenkstätte Plötzensee She was guillotined on 5 August 1943 at Plötzensee Prison in Berlin, together with 19-year-old Liane Berkowitz, who had given birth to a daughter in April. Her body was released to the institute of anatomy of Hermann Stieve on the same evening.Stein, Rosemarie (2007), Erinnern und Vorbeugen – Ärzte im Nationalsozialismus, Berliner Ärzte 44 (4), 28-29 Her final resting place is unknown.
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He was recalled to Paris in 1795, after the Thermidorian Reaction, whereupon he was imprisoned in the Plessis prison after his friends in office had been deposed by the Thermidorian Reaction. There he met Gracchus Babeuf, and became one of his most fervent supporters and co-conspirators during the time of their mutual imprisonment from March to October. Buonarotti was rearrested by the French Directory on 8 May 1796, along with Babeuf and other conspirators. Babeuf was guillotined, and Buonarotti formally imprisoned in February 1797, and held on the island of Oléron.
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The facts being reported to the convention, little sympathy was shown to Gorsas, and a resolution (which was evaded) was passed forbidding representatives to occupy themselves with journalism. On June 2 he was ordered by the convention to hold himself under arrest with other members of his party. He escaped to Normandy to join Buzot, and after the defeat of the Girondists at Pacy-sur-Eure he found shelter in Brittany. He was imprudent enough to return to Paris in the autumn, where he was arrested on October 6 and guillotined the next day.
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The right to commute death sentences belonged exclusively to the President of the Republic, whereas it had belonged exclusively to the monarch in earlier ages. President Charles de Gaulle, a death penalty supporter, commuted 19 death sentences. During his term of office, 13 people were guillotined, and a few others executed by firing squad for crimes against the security of the state. The last of those executed by firing squad was OAS member, Lt. Colonel Jean-Marie Bastien-Thiry, who was an organizer of the famous assassination attempt on de Gaulle in 1962.
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Eustache Charles Joseph d'Aoust (27 February 1763, Douai - 2 July 1794, Paris) was a general officer during the French Revolutionary Wars. He started his military career in the Old Regime army, served on the staffs of three of the early army commanders, later fought in the War of the Pyrenees against the Kingdom of Spain. On three separate occasions he commanded the Army of the Eastern Pyrenees, but he shared the fate of two previous commanders when he was arrested and guillotined by the Committee of Public Safety.
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Blanche runs away from the convent, and Mother Marie goes to look for her, finding her in her father's library. Her father has been guillotined, and Blanche has been forced to serve her former servants. The nuns are all arrested and condemned to death, but Mother Marie is away at the time of the arrest. Upon receiving the news, the chaplain tells Mother Marie, when they meet again, that since God has chosen to spare her, she cannot voluntarily become a martyr by joining the others in prison.
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Christian Ranucci, also sentenced to death for kidnapping and child murder, was guillotined at Marseille's Baumettes prison sixteen days later. Carrein appealed against his sentence and was retried on 1 February 1977 at the criminal court in Douai. Two weeks before the second trial began, Patrick Henry, another child murderer, had narrowly escaped a death sentence at the criminal court in Troyes thanks to the skill of his lawyer, Robert Badinter, and public outrage in France was particularly strong. Carrein was found guilty again and sentenced to death a second time.
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I had only acted in the spirit of the laws passed by a > Convention invested with all powers. Through the absence of its members [on > trial], I find myself the head of a [political] conspiracy I have never been > aware of. Here I am facing slander, [facing] a people always eager to find > others responsible. After a trial lasting forty-one days, he was sentenced to death and guillotined on 7 May 1795, together with 15 former functionaries of the Revolutionary Tribunal, who were sentenced as his accomplices.
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The profession of the protagonist was changed to be an art restorer, and the production was moved to Rome though several scenes were filmed in and around Reims where the action takes place. Sordi's participation posed another problem—there is no capital punishment in Italy, and screenwriter Sergio Amidei had to find an acceptable ending for the Italian audiences. Thus two endings were created: Sordi's character is guillotined in the French version, and the Italian version only alludes to it, and shows flashbacks with a smiling Sordi having good times in Reims.
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Retrieved 26 June 2008. Immediately after his execution, Louis XVI's corpse was transported in a cart to the nearby Madeleine cemetery, located rue d'Anjou, where those guillotined at the Place de la Révolution were buried in mass graves. Before his burial, a short religious service was held in the Madeleine church (destroyed in 1799) by two priests who had sworn allegiance to the Civil Constitution of the Clergy. Afterward, Louis XVI, his severed head placed between his feet, was buried in an unmarked grave, with quicklime spread over his body.
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Marie-Louise Giraud, at the age of 39, was guillotined on the morning of July 30, 1943, in the courtyard of the prison de la Roquette in Paris by executioner Jules-Henri Desfourneaux for having performed 27 abortions in the region of Cherbourg. She was the only faiseuse d'anges (French slang: literally "maker of angels") to be executed for this reason. A man was also beheaded the same year for three abortions. Coming from a poor family, Giraud was married to a sailor, with whom she had two children.
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George Jacques Danton (; 26 October 1759 – 5 April 1794) was a leading figure in the early stages of the French Revolution, in particular as the first president of the Committee of Public Safety. Danton's role in the onset of the Revolution has been disputed; many historians describe him as "the chief force in the overthrow of the French monarchy and the establishment of the First French Republic". He was guillotined by the advocates of revolutionary terror after accusations of venality and leniency toward the enemies of the Revolution.
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In 1793, briefly, it was owned by a banker called Jean-Baptiste Vandenyver, but he was guillotined a few months later. Control of the island was then disputed, in the broader context of the redrawing of the Paris city limits, between the three municipalities/districts of Sèvres, Issy and Auteuil. In 1794 the island was acquired by the entrepreneurial chemist, Armand Seguin, from whom it takes its name. Seguin became extremely rich, in part by using his island to construct a factory applying a new approach to tanning leather, on an industrial scale.
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La mort du général Moreau, by Auguste Couder (detail) Moreau's fame as a general stands very high, though he was far from possessing Napoleon's gifts. His combinations were skillful and elaborate, and he kept calm under pressure. Moreau was a sincere republican, though his own father was guillotined in the Reign of Terror. His final words, "Soyez tranquilles, messieurs; c'est mon sort," ("Be calm, gentlemen; this is my fate") suggest that he did not regret being removed from his equivocal position as a general in arms against his own country.
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The company that publishes the series, BAR Publishing (trading name of British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd), is an independent publisher that, from the outset, has been dedicated to academic archaeology and to publishing original work. Until 1989, all BARs were printed by Hands and Walker on their own printer, and collated, stapled and guillotined in- house. In 1991, Tempvs Reparatvm began publishing the series before being replaced by Archaeopress and John and Erica Hedges. By 2015, the Hedges had retired and Archaeopress began concentrating on their own range of imprints.
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Agde Cathedral () is a Roman Catholic church located in Agde in the Hérault département of southern France. The cathedral is dedicated to Saint Stephen, and stands on the bank of the Hérault River. It was formerly the seat of the Bishops of Agde, the last of whom, Charles-François-Siméon de Rouvroy de Saint-Simon de Vermandois de Sandricourt, was guillotined during the Terror. The see was not restored after the French Revolution and by the Concordat of 1801 its parishes were added to the Diocese of Montpellier.
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An oddly assorted group of people draw cards to see who will spend the night locked into a room said to be haunted by the "Red Widow"—a legendary figure who was married to the executioner who guillotined French aristocrats. In the morning, the victim is found dead, locked inside a room whose door was continuously under observation. He has been poisoned by curare, which must be absorbed into the body through a break in the skin, but no wounds of any kind are found on the body. Henry Merrivale must solve the mystery.
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At one o'clock in the afternoon, as Louis-Philippe and his entourage were passing the Café Turc on the Boulevard du Temple, an "infernal machine" of multiple gun barrels was fired from a window. Maréchal Mortier, duc de Trévise, riding with the king, was killed, and six generals, two colonels, nine officers and 21 spectators were wounded, some mortally. The king was grazed by a projectile, but gave the order to continue the parade. The organizer of the attack, Giuseppe Marco Fieschi, and his two accomplices were arrested and later guillotined.
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André Marie Chénier (30 October 176225 July 1794) was a French poet of Greek and Franco-Levantine origin, associated with the events of the French Revolution of which he was a victim. His sensual, emotive poetry marks him as one of the precursors of the Romantic movement. His career was brought to an abrupt end when he was guillotined for supposed "crimes against the state", just three days before the end of the Reign of Terror. Chénier's life has been the subject of Umberto Giordano's opera Andrea Chénier and other works of art.
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Beatification Of WWII Martyrs Divides Lutherans, Catholics; Huffington Post; By Omar Sacirbey; 20/6/2011 They copied and distributed the anti-Nazi sermons of Bishop Clemens August von Galen of Münster. Then, following a March 28, 1942 RAF airraid, after which Stellbrink tended wounded, he delivered a Palm Sunday sermon which attributed the bombing to divine punishment. Stellbrink was arrested, followed by the three Catholic priests, and each were sentenced to death. The mingling of the blood of the four guillotined martyrs has become a symbol of German Ecumenism.
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Le Châtelet arms Saint-Esprit Louis-Marie-Florent de Lomont d'Haraucourt, marquis later duc du Châtelet (20 November 1727, Semur-en-Auxois - 13 December 1793, Paris), was an aristocratic French Army general and diplomat of the Ancien Régime. The Duke served as Governor of Semur-en-Auxois in Burgundy as well as Ambassador to the Court of St James's, besides other appointments. He was appointed to command the Regiment of French Guards shortly before the outbreak of the Revolution in 1789. Châtelet was subsequently imprisoned and guillotined, in 1793 aged 66.
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Teacă, p.53 Bogdan-Pitești was a presence in the anarchist group of Auguste Vaillant (later guillotined for plotting a terrorist coup), and was possibly acquainted with some of the more prestigious anarchist intellectuals: Élisée Reclus, Laurent Tailhade and (especially influential on him) Félix Fénéon.Teacă, p.52-53 Reports exist that Bogdan-Pitești's politics were already a merger of opposite or hardly compatible doctrines. He respected Catholicism and Judaism as the most elevated religious cultures, rejected Orthodoxy, atheism and communism as ideologies for the mediocre, and depicted himself as a Catholic anarchist.Mitchievici, p.
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He became maréchal de camp (general of brigade) in 1791 and served in the Army of Italy under Jacques Bernard d'Anselme in 1792. After a brief stint as interim army commander in the winter of 1792–93, he was promoted general of division and assumed the duties of commander-in-chief from May to August 1793. His defeat at Saorgio and the suspicions of the all- powerful representatives on mission caused him to be arrested, imprisoned and guillotined. BRUNET is one of the names inscribed under the Arc de Triomphe, on Column 23.
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Howard (Lorenzo Terzon), representing Envy, is killed when he is guillotined and Corrine (Ivana Novak), embodying Lust, is murdered when she is trapped inside an iron maiden while they are in the middle of an adulterous tryst. Short-tempered old Mr Mason (Lucien Raimbourg) represents Wrath and dies when he is thrown out of a window and is impaled on an iron fence below. Regine (Shirley Corrigan) dies as Sloth when a snake kills her in her sleep. Only the seminarian, Alvin Sorelle (Jacques Monseau) as Pride, seems immune to Lisa's seductive charms.
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A "Manifesto of the 1,789" in support was signed by Jacques Prévert, Raymond Queneau, Marguerite Duras and several major French book publishers, and many Catholic priests and nuns denounced the ban's effect on freedom of speech. Rivette told Le Figaro Magazine, "It was as though they had guillotined us", and in Rouen his father André vehemently defended the film against the city's efforts to ban it. Godard wrote a lengthy editorial criticising Minister of Culture André Malraux. Shortly afterwards, Malraux publicly defended The Nun, allowing it to premiere at the 1966 Cannes Film Festival, where it was not subject to censorship.
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From 1782 to 1798, during the Ancien Régime, he served as an Advisor in the Parliament of Aix-en-Provence, a position he had inherited from his father.Balthasar de Clapiers-Collongues, Chronologie des officiers des Cours souveraines de Provence, Aix-en-Provence: Édition de la Société d'études provençales, 1909 In 1790, during the French Revolution, he left France to avoid being guillotined. When he returned in 1801, he was appointed as Head of hospices in Aix. He was also in charge of taking care of children who had been orphaned as a result of the French Revolution.
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The duke's widow, granddaughter, and daughter-in-law were guillotined on 22 July 1794, twenty-five days after his brother and sister, sister-in-law, their daughter- in-law, and niece had met the same fate. Another granddaughter, Adrienne, wife of Gilbert du Motier, marquis de La Fayette, was saved due to the efforts of James Monroe, then America's Minister to France.ExecutedToday.com Accessed 10 October 2008 Adrienne and her husband are buried with the Noailles and the other nobles who fell to the guillotine at Picpus Cemetery. Louis de Noailles was succeeded by his eldest son, Jean de Noailles.
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Through her knowledge she became, in her time, one of the leading collectors of different forms of art, such as sculpture and painting.Delorme, Eleanor P. Josephine and the Arts of the Empire. Los Angeles: The J. PaulGetty museum, 2005, 1 The Château de Malmaison was noted for its magnificent rose garden, which she supervised closely, owing to her passionate interest in roses, collected from all over the world. Her marriage to Napoleon was her second; her first husband, Alexandre de Beauharnais, was guillotined during the Reign of Terror, and she was imprisoned in the Carmes Prison until five days after his execution.
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When clearing Robespierre's neck, executioner Charles-Henri Sanson tore off the bandage that was holding his shattered jaw in place, causing him to produce an agonising scream until the fall of the blade silenced him. Sanson's grandson wrote that while his grandfather did this carefully, Robespierre nevertheless roared like a tiger in response. After he was beheaded, applause and joyous cries arose from the crowd and reportedly persisted for fifteen minutes. Robespierre and his guillotined associates were later buried in a common grave at the newly opened Errancis Cemetery near what is now the Place Prosper-Goubaux.
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Leo Katzenberger was guillotined at Stadelheim Prison in Munich on 2 June 1942. Irene Seiler was found guilty of perjury for denying an affair had taken place and sentenced to two years' imprisonment—in accordance with Hitler's wishes, women were not charged under the Racial Protection Law, but could be charged with perjury or obstruction of justice. Even among some Nazi officials, the tenuous grounds on which Katzenberger had been sentenced to death caused disquiet. Oswald Rothaug was moved to a state attorney's job in Berlin in 1943 because the Justice Minister, Otto Georg Thierack, considered him unfit to be a judge.
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Apart from the two of them, the court officers and the prosecutors, only Stasi officers were present in court. The original recommendation had been for life sentences, but the court condemned both defendants to death for "Boycott Agitation" under article §6 of the constitution. These were the eighth and ninth death sentences handed out by this court in 1955. President Pieck rejected an appeal for clemency on 11 November 1955. At around 3 in the morning on 23 November 1955 Laurenz was taken from his cell to the execution room at the National Execution Facility in Dresden and guillotined.
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In 1790, he acquired a mechanized cotton-spinning factory at Anilly, near Montargis. In 1791, he invested heavily in a sugar refining company in Marseilles, "Seren & Company." For these investments, see the studies by Vermale and Choulet. In 1793, when France was at war and Jacobins of the National Convention held sway in Paris (Marie Antoinette was guillotined on October 31, 1793), he organized a company to manufacture rifles for the French Army in Savoy; and with the chemist-geologist Alexandre Giroud, he petitioned Paris for permission to establish the production of commercial soda at the cantons of Vizille and Mure near Grenoble.
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Laws were imposed that placed all lives and property at the disposal of the regime. For failing to follow up his victory at Hondschoote and the defeat at Menen, Houchard was accused of treason, arrested, and guillotined in Paris on 17 November. At the end of September Coburg began investing Maubeuge, though the allied forces were now stretched. The Duke of York was unable to offer much support as his command was greatly weakened, not only by the strain of the campaign, but also by Dundas in London, who began withdrawing troops to reassign to the West Indies.
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The Bals des victimes, or victims' balls, were balls that were said to have been put on by dancing societies after the Reign of Terror. To be admitted to these societies and balls, one had to be a near relative of someone who had been guillotined during the Terror. The balls came to prominence after the death of Robespierre, supposedly first being held in early 1795 and first mentioned in popular writing in 1797.Ronald Schechter, "Gothic Thermidor: The Bals des victimes, the Fantastic, and the Production of Historical Knowledge in Post-Terror France," Representations, No. 61, (Winter, 1998), pp.
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By the end of the eighteenth century, the faubourg was becoming demodé, with the westward development of fashionable Paris on the Rive Droite. The duc de Biron's heir, Armand Louis de Gontaut, duc de Lauzun, was guillotined in 1793. During Napoleon's reign, the Hôtel de Biron was the seat of the Papal legate and then of the Russian ambassador. In 1820 it was given to the Société du Sacré-Coeur de Jésus, whose Dames du Sacre-Coeur, dedicated to the education of young women, converted the hotel into a boarding school for girls from aristocratic families.
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Originally, the stations on the two lines were separate. The Line 1 station opened as part of the first stage of the line between Porte de Vincennes and Porte Maillot on 19 July 1900 and was called Marbeuf. It was named after the Rue Marbeuf, which in turn was named after the Marquise de Marbeuf, who had developed the area in the 1770s and was guillotined during the Reign of Terror. The Line 9 station opened when the line was extended from Trocadéro to Saint-Augustin on 27 May 1923 and was called Rond-Point des Champs-Élysées or just Rond-Point.
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The judge in this case did not accept the definition of 'treatment' proposed by BPAS, but confirmed that the Secretary of State for Health has the power to approve women's homes as a 'class of place' where certain abortion drugs could be taken. In 2008 BPAS, along with other organisations in the Voice for Choice network, called for improvements to the abortion law during the Parliamentary debate over the Human Fertilisation and Embryology (HFE) Bill. The government guillotined discussion of the HFE Bill in such a way that proposed clauses related to abortion could not be debated.
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On 2 March 1794, the Committee of General Security ordered his arrest. Accused of having poorly defended Mainz during the siege in 1793, and considered an aristocratic "suspect", he was jailed in the Carmes prison and sentenced to death during the Reign of Terror. His wife, Josephine, was jailed in the same prison on 21 April 1794, but she was freed after three months, thanks to the trial of Maximilien Robespierre. Beauharnais was guillotined, together with his cousin Augustin, on the Place de la Révolution (today's Place de la Concorde) in Paris, only five days before the deposition and execution of Robespierre.
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When the French revolution guillotined King Louis XVI, King Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia declared war on the French Republic, but in three successive engagements, the Battle of Montenotte (12 April 1796), the Battle of Millesimo (13–14 April 1796) and the Battle of Mondovi (21 April 1796), General Napoleon Bonaparte defeated the Piedmontese. In suing for peace, Victor Amadeus was forced to cede Savoy and Nice to France. The territory became part of the Department of Mont-Blanc. King Victor Amadeus died on 18 October 1796, and his son and successor, Carlo Emanuele was forced to abdicate on 6 December 1798.
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In 1775, he was created Duke of Clermont-Tonnerre, and made a peer of France. As the senior marshal (c. 1747) of France, he assisted as constable at the coronation of Louis XVI in 1774. His son and successor, Charles Henri Jules, governor of Dauphiné, was guillotined in July 1794, a fate which his grandson, Gaspard Charles, had suffered at Lyon in the previous year. A later duke, Aimé Marie Gaspard (1770–1865), served for some years as a soldier, afterwards becoming minister of marine and then minister of war under Charles X, and retiring to private life after the revolution of 1830.
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Weiße Rose (White Rose)The title of the opera is often shown as Die Weiße Rose; however, the publisher, Breitkopf & Härtel, shows both versions as Weiße Rose. is a chamber opera in one act by Udo Zimmermann. The opera tells the story of Hans and Sophie Scholl, a brother and sister in their early twenties, who were guillotined by the Nazis in 1943 for leading Die Weiße Rose, a non- violent resistance group. The opera premiered at the Dresden Conservatory on 17 June 1967 with a German libretto by the composer's brother, , a well known journalist and writer in Germany.
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The Paris needle is in the Place de la Concorde. The obelisk is decorated with hieroglyphs exalting the reign of the pharaoh Ramesses II. Along with its twin (still in situ), it once marked the entrance to the Luxor Temple. The ruler of Egypt and Sudan, Muhammad Ali, presented the New York needle to France in 1828, but it was exchanged in 1830 with the 3,300-year-old Luxor Obelisk. King Louis-Philippe had it placed in the centre of Place de la Concorde in 1833 near the spot where Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette had been guillotined in 1793.
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Hamilton Rowan soon found himself in the middle of the Thermidor Revolution. He recalled: > In two days after the execution of Robespierre, the whole commune of Paris, > consisting of about sixty persons, were guillotined in less than one hour > and a half, in the Place de la Revolution; and though I was standing above a > hundred paces from the place of execution, the blood of the victims streamed > under my feet.The Autobiography of Archibald Hamilton Rowan p. 237-238 Deciding that France was too dangerous, Hamilton Rowan moved next to Philadelphia, then the capital of the United States.
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Jean-Clément Martin, Contre-Révolution, Révolution et Nation en France, 1789-1799, éditions du Seuil, collection Points, 1998, p. 219 The killing of civilians would also have been an explicit violation of the Convention's orders to Westermann.Jean- Clément Martin, Guerre de Vendée, dans l'Encyclopédie Bordas, Histoire de la France et des Français, Paris, Éditions Bordas, 1999, p 2084, et Contre- Révolution, Révolution et Nation en France, 1789-1799, p.218. After his victory he was summoned to Paris, where, as a friend and partisan of Georges Danton, he was proscribed with the Dantonist party and guillotined.
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He took refuge in Brussels and Holland, while both his parents were guillotined in Paris. After the return of the Louis XVIII to the French throne, he was named a Peer of France and named to the new Diocese of Châlons–that of Châlons-sur-Marne was lost in the reorganization of that year–in 1817 but failure of the National Assembly to ratify the new Concordat between France and the Papacy. He was named Archbishop of Toulouse on 28 August 1820 and a cardinal on 2 December 1822. He participated in the papal conclaves of 1823 and 1829.
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Born in Saint-Étienne (Loire), Janin's father was a lawyer, and he was educated first at St. Étienne, and then at the lycée Louis-le-Grand in Paris. He involved himself in journalism from an early date, and worked on the Figaro and the Quotidienne, among others, until in 1830 he became dramatic critic of the Journal des Débats. Long before, however, he had made a literary reputation for himself, publishing novels such as L'Âne mort et la Femme guillotinée ("The Dead Donkey and the Guillotined Woman") (1829). La Confession (1830) followed, and then in Barnave (1831), he attacked the Orléans family.
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The festivals, called fêtes, would be the method of indoctrination. On the appointed day, 20 Prairial by the revolutionary calendar, Robespierre spoke, descended steps, and with a torch presented to him by David, incinerated a cardboard image symbolizing atheism, revealing an image of wisdom underneath. Soon, the war began to go well; French troops marched across the southern half of the Netherlands (which would later become Belgium), and the emergency that had placed the Committee of Public Safety in control was no more. Then plotters seized Robespierre at the National Convention and he was later guillotined, in effect ending the Reign of Terror.
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Some sixty persons were summarily executed in a tower of the Palais des Papes, following the lynching. Amnesty for the executioners, as patriots, was debated in Paris, as justice in revolutionary France became more and more politicised. Mathieu Jouve Jourdan (fr), nicknamed "Jourdan Coupe-Tête", was implicated in the atrocities, eventually traduced to the revolutionary tribunal, condemned to death and guillotined on 8 prairial II (27 May 1794). The savage massacres of La Glacière, dramatised in popular engravings, were traumatic in the region and appalled the reading public of the Age of Enlightenment; they reverberated for a generation.
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Within minutes, all the accused have been bundled out and the verdict of guilty is read. On the day before their execution Danton is depressed, not because of his death but because he feels that he has failed the people. Once the condemned men have been taken through the silent crowds to the scaffold and guillotined, Robespierre's long-maintained tension breaks and he relapses into shock. The noble ideals of the Revolution in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, recited to him by a child forced to learn it by heart, are fatally compromised.
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In the early 1970s, Obrecht learned he had Parkinson's disease. Though his health was poor, he guillotined four men, Roger Bontems and Claude Buffet in Paris on November 28, 1972 (kidnap and murder of a nurse and a jail warden during a prison mutiny, although Bontems was actually found innocent of murder), Ali Benyanès in Marseilles on May 12, 1973 (murder of a 7-year-old girl during a hold-up) and finally, also in Marseilles, Christian Ranucci on July 28, 1976 (for the kidnapping and murder of an 8-year-old girl). Many think Ranucci was in fact innocent.
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After Condé, Mainz and Speyer had all been lost, he was arrested. He was prosecuted in a lengthy trial before the Committee on Public Safety's Revolutionary Tribunal by Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville, and Jacques Hébert continued to attack Custine through his publication Le Père Duchesne. Custine was found guilty of treason by a majority vote of the Tribunal on 27 August, and guillotined the following day. His son was also executed a few months later, and his daughter-in-law Delphine de Custine suffered for several months in prison before she was released in the summer of 1794.
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Barnabé Farmian Durosoy, There are more than half a dozen variants of his name: Durosoi, Durozoy, Du Rosoi, Du Rozoy, Du Rozoi, Du Rosoy, De Rosoy, De Rozoy, De Rosoi. (1745 – 25 August 1792, Paris) was an 18th-century French journalist and man of letters, both a playwright, poet, novelist, historian and essayist. Founder and editor of a royalist newspaper in 1789, he was the first journalist to die guillotined under the reign of Terror. Author of history books, literary criticism and political philosophy, he also published poems, songs, epistles, tales in verse, fables and, above all, many plays and ballets and librettos.
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During the time of German occupation thousands were executed and hundreds of thousands were killed without any trial. Though the summary executions happened only rarely (in comparation to other countries occupied by Germans), such occasions happened nearly every year (see the massacres during World War). In Prague Pankrác prison 1079 were guillotined or hanged, about 550 were shot in Prague- Kobylisy, about 800 were shot or hanged in Brno, about 300 were shot or hanged in Theresienstadt-Small Fortress etc. Hundreds of Czech people were also tried and executed in German prisons, such as Dresden (846 people) or Berlin- Plötzensee (677 people).
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250px The Château de Bénouville is a building in Bénouville, Normandy, near Caen (northern France). It was designed in 1769 by architect Claude Nicolas Ledoux and built in 1770-74 and 1776-80 at the request of Hyppolite-François Sanguin, marquis of Livry (1715–1789) and his marquise Thérèse Bonne Gillain de Bénouville, heiress of the property. The interior was under construction from 1778 to 1780 under the direction of Jean-François-Étienne Gilet, the architect of Caen. In 1792, it was purchased from the widowed marquise by a fermier général (tax collector) who was guillotined in 1794.
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The Battle of Caesar's Camp (7 August 1793) saw the Coalition army led by Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld try to surround a Republican French army under Charles Edward Jennings de Kilmaine. Numerically superior Habsburg Austrian, British and Hanoverian columns converged on the fortified French camp but Kilmaine wisely decided to slip away toward Arras. The War of the First Coalition skirmish was fought near the village of Marquion located northwest of Cambrai, France. On 16 July 1793, Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine commander of the Army of the North was ordered to Paris where he was soon arrested and guillotined.
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International affairs—the French Revolution and the subsequent war between royalist Britain and republican France—decisively shaped American politics in 1793–1800 and threatened to entangle the nation in wars that "mortally threatened its very existence".Elkins and McKitrick, ch 8; Sharp (1993) p. 70 for quote The French revolutionaries guillotined King Louis XVI in January 1793, leading the British to declare war to restore the monarchy. The King had been decisive in helping the United States achieve independence, but now he was dead and many of the pro-American aristocrats in France were exiled or executed.
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There are two conflicting accounts of how Robespierre was wounded: the first one puts forward that Robespierre had tried to kill himself with a pistol, and the second one is that he was shot by Charles-André Meda, one of the officers occupying the Hôtel de Ville. He, together with the surviving deputies and seventeen other prisoners considered to be loyal Robespierrists (including Hanriot) were brought to the Revolutionary Tribunal and condemned to death. He was guillotined at the same Place de la Révolution where his enemies King Louis XVI, Georges Danton, and Camille Desmoulins had been executed.
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Hermann Lange The Blessed Hermann Lange (16 April 1912 – 10 November 1943) was a Roman Catholic priest and martyr of the Nazi period in Germany. He was guillotined in a Hamburg prison by the Nazi authorities in November 1943, along with the three other Lübeck martyrs. Lange was beatified by Pope Benedict XVI in 2011.Three priest-martyrs of Nazis beatified in Germany; Catholic News Agency; 25 June 2011 Lange along with two Catholic priest colleagues – Johannes Prassek and Eduard Müller – along with Lutheran Pastor Karl Friedrich Stellbrink, spoke publicly against the Nazis – initially discreetly – distributing pamphlets to friends and congregants.
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The 12th century Steventon church, which was that of George Austen, Jane Austen's father. Similarly, the French Revolution does not find its way into her work, except as regards her cousin Eliza Hancock, comtesse de Feuillide and her French husband, Jean-François Capot de Feuillide, who was guillotined in 1794. Even the birth of the British Empire is largely absent from her world. However, the owners of Mansfield Park have a plantation in the Caribbean, and the Austens had a connection with India, since that is where Eliza and her mother, Philadelphia Hancock, had arrived from around 1786.
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Pierre Chaussard was the son of the architect Jean-Baptiste Chaussard (1729–1818) and of Anne Michelle Chevotet, daughter of the royal architect Jean-Michel Chevotet. He was also the great nephew of Jean Valade, peintre du roi, and close cousin to Agathe de Rambaud and Benoît Mottet de La Fontaine. Pierre-Jean-Baptiste was thus raised amidst a family moving in noble circles, close to major aristocrats who were witnesses at his marriage. His father's architecture, however, went out of fashion and he did not work at all after 1789, with most of his clients emigrating or being guillotined.
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In September 1939, with the German invasion against Poland underway, the Polish consulate in Königsberg was attacked (which constituted a violation of international law), its workers arrested and sent to concentration camps where several of them died.Janusz Jasinski, Historia Krolewca, 1994, page 256 Polish students at the local university were captured, tortured and finally executed. Other victims included local Polish civilians guillotined for petty violations of Nazi law and regulations such as buying and selling meat. In September 1944 69,000 slave labourers were registered in the city (not counting prisoners of war), with most of them working on the outskirts; within the city were 15,000 slave labourers.
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He declared it unfair to accuse Louis of anything before his acceptance of the French Constitution of 1791, and although implacably, he said, believing that the monarch's death would be good for the people, defended Guillaume-Chrétien de Lamoignon de Malesherbes, the King's counsel, as a "sage et respectable vieillard" ("wise and respected old man"). On 21 January 1793, Louis XVI was guillotined, which caused political turmoil. From January to May, Marat fought bitterly with the Girondins, whom he believed to be covert enemies of republicanism. Marat's hatred of the Girondins became increasingly heated which led him to call for the use of violent tactics against them.
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Anarchist Auguste Vaillant about to be guillotined in France in 1894 Execution of criminals and dissidents has been used by nearly all societies since the beginning of civilizations on Earth. Until the nineteenth century, without developed prison systems, there was frequently no workable alternative to ensure deterrence and incapacitation of criminals. In pre-modern times the executions themselves often involved torture with cruel and painful methods, such as the breaking wheel, keelhauling, sawing, hanging, drawing, and quartering, brazen bull, burning at the stake, flaying, slow slicing, boiling alive, impalement, mazzatello, blowing from a gun, schwedentrunk, blood eagle, and scaphism. The use of formal execution extends to the beginning of recorded history.
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After the defenders repulsed initial attacks on the fortifications, Kellermann decided to bombard the city into submission. He began firing directly into the city on the night of 22 August and the bombardment was kept up until the city finally surrendered. Kellermann was replaced at the end of September by Doppet, who was able to gradually tighten his grip on the city until it surrendered on 9 October. alt=Fouché executing Federalist prisoners in Lyon with cannon On 12 October Barère boasted “Lyon made war in Liberty; Lyon is no more.” Lyon was abolished and renamed “Ville-affranchie” (“liberated town”). A total of 1,604 people were shot or guillotined.
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Victor de Broglie was born in Paris, the eldest son of Victor- François, 2nd duc de Broglie, who had attained the rank of maréchal de camp in the army. Victor adopted radical opinions and served with the Marquis de La Fayette and the Comte de Rochambeau in the American War of Independence. The Prince was a member of the Jacobin Club, and sat in the National Constituent Assembly after the French Revolution, constantly voting on the Liberal side. He served as chief of the staff to the First Republic's Army on the Rhine, but, during the Reign of Terror, he was denounced, arrested, and guillotined in Paris.
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French anarchist Auguste Vaillant just before being guillotined in 1894 Many German states had used a guillotine-like device known as a Fallbeil ("falling axe") since the 17th and 18th centuries, and decapitation by guillotine was the usual means of execution in Germany until the abolition of the death penalty in West Germany in 1949. It was last used in communist East Germany in 1966. In Nazi Germany, the Fallbeil was reserved for common criminals and people convicted of political crimes, including treason. Members of the White Rose resistance movement, a group of students in Munich that included siblings Sophie and Hans Scholl, were executed by decapitation.
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Contrary to popular myth, executions were generally not conducted face up, and chief executioner Johann Reichhart was insistent on maintaining "professional" protocol throughout the era, having administered the death penalty during the earlier Weimar Republic. Nonetheless, it is estimated that some 16,500 persons were guillotined in Germany and Austria between 1933 and 1945, a number that includes resistance fighters both within Germany itself and in countries occupied by Nazi forces. As these resistance fighters were not part of any regular army, they were considered common criminals and were in many cases transported to Germany for execution. Decapitation was considered a "dishonorable" death, in contrast to execution by firing squad.
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Mme Loménie de Brienne, née Fizeaux (portrait by Charles-André van Loo) He was from the younger branch of the Lomenie Flavignac family originating in Limousin, which became in the seventeenth century the house of Brienne. Louis-Marie-Athanasius was the younger brother of Cardinal Etienne-Charles de Lomenie de Brienne, Minister of Louis XVI of France. As Lieutenant General of the armies of the king, he commanded the Royal regiment of Artois from 1747 to 1762. Appointed Secretary of State for War from 1787 to 1788, he was guillotined on 21 Floreal Year II (10 May 1794) with four other members of his family and Élisabeth de France.
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The concept of counterinsurgency received little attention in the U.S. army at that time. U.S. soldiers received only four hours of "counterguerrilla" training and training courses provided by the U.S. to the South Vietnamese army were almost "exact copies" of the military training given U.S. soldiers. ; 13 July Lê Quang Vinh, popularly known as Ba Cụt, was a military commander of the Hòa Hảo religious sect, which operated from the Mekong Delta and controlled various parts of southern Vietnam during the 1940s and early 1950s. He was captured on April 13 and after a short trial, publicly guillotined on July 13, 1956, in Cần Thơ.
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Abdelkader Guerroudj (born July 26, 1928 in Tlemcen), an Algerian, and his French wife, Jacqueline Guerroudj, were condemned to death in December 1957 as accomplices of Fernand Iveton, the only European who was guillotined for his part in the Algerian revolt. As a result of a high-profile campaign in France, where the issue was called L'Affaire Guerroudj, neither was executed. Guerroudj was a political officer of the Algerian Communist Party who liaised between the Communist Combattants de la Libération and the FLN. His stepdaughter, Danièle Minne, was sentenced, on 4 December 1957, to 7 years in prison for her part in the revolt.
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Jean Micault was guillotined, for the then-crime of emigration, in the centre of Dijon, in 1794. In 1763, the "Royal estate of Pommard" was purchased by local wine merchant, Claude Marey. Seven years later, in 1770, following the death of Claude Marey, Marey's son, Nicolas-Joseph Marey, inherited the Pommard estate and ran the operation with his wife, Émilie Monge – daughter of French mathematician Gaspard Monge – the couple whom the vineyard would, in 1840, be named after. Then in 1789, on the eve of the French Revolution, Nicolas-Joseph sold Château Micault, a symbol of French aristocracy, for 25,000 francs to Paul Henri Francois.
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Some commentators conjecture the name Villanelle was derived from the word villainess. In The New Yorker, Jia Tolentino likened the entire Killing Eve series to the villanelle poetic form, writing that the show is about the "iteration of a recognizable pattern, its pleasures emerging in the internal twists". In the novel, assassin Oxana Vorontsova chose her cover name as Villanelle, after a favorite perfume of the Comtesse du Barry who was guillotined in 1793 ("I shall have to be careful, then," said Oxana). In the television series, she taunts British intelligence agent Eve Polastri by sending her a bottle of perfume called La Villanelle.
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''''' (Dialogues of the Carmelites) is an opera in three acts, divided into twelve scenes with linking orchestral interludes, with music and libretto by Francis Poulenc, completed in 1956. The composer's second opera, Poulenc wrote the libretto after the work of the same name by Georges Bernanos. The opera tells a fictionalised version of the story of the Martyrs of Compiègne, Carmelite nuns who, in 1794 during the closing days of the Reign of Terror during the French Revolution, were guillotined in Paris for refusing to renounce their vocation. The world première of the opera occurred (in Italian translation) on 26 January 1957 at La Scala in Milan.
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General Louis-Victor-Léon de Rochechouart The family's privileged position at the court of the kings of France placed it in a delicate situation after the Revolution. In 1789, General Aimery Louis-Roger de Rochechouart was elected to the Estates General. A liberal, he was one of the seven deputies of the nobility to pronounce the merging of the three orders and to rally them at the National Assembly, but the turn of events during the Revolution still forced him to emigrate in 1791, dying a short time later. His sister Diane was guillotined in 1794 during the Reign of Terror, as was her husband the duke of Châtelet, another deputy.
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In 1795, Sieyès became one of the first members of what would become the Academy of Moral and Political Sciences of the Institute of France. When the Académie Française was reorganized in 1803, he was elected in the second class, replacing, in chair 31, Jean Sylvain Bailly, who had been guillotined on 12 November 1793 during the Reign of Terror. However, after the second Restoration in 1815, Sieyès was expelled for his role in the execution of King Louis XVI, and was replaced by the Marquis of Lally-Tollendal, who was named to the Academy by a royal decree. In 1780, Sieyès coined the term sociologie in an unpublished manuscript.
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When the French revolution guillotined King Louis XVI, King Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia declared war on the French Republic, but in three successive engagements, the Battle of Montenotte (12 April 1796), the Battle of Millesimo (13–14 April 1796) and the Battle of Mondovi (21 April 1796), General Napoleon Bonaparte defeated the Piedmontese. In suing for peace, Victor Amadeus was forced to cede Savoy and Nice to France. The territory, including the diocese of Ivrea, became part of the Department of Mont-Blanc. King Victor Amadeus died on 18 October 1796, and his son and successor, Carlo Emanuele was forced to abdicate on 6 December 1798.
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I know that mine will not be the last head > you will sever (...) You will add more names to the bloody roll call of our > dead. > Hanged in Chicago, beheaded in Germany, garroted in Xerez, shot in > Barcelona, guillotined in Montbrison and in Paris, our dead are many; but > you have not been able to destroy anarchy. Its roots go deep: its spouts > from the bosom of a rotten society that is falling apart; it is a violent > backlash against the established order; it stands for the aspirations to > equality and liberty which have entered the lists against the current > authoritarianism. It is everywhere.
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In 1789 he was elected to the Estates-General by the noblesse of Amiens and Ham, but was compelled to resign in consequence of a duel with the commander of the National Guard of Versailles. He left the country for some time, but returned to France and took part in the riots of August, 1792. He was, however, forced to quit the country once more to evade the fate of his father and mother, guillotined in 1794. On his father's death, he acceded à brevêt to the titles of comte de Noailles and duc de Poix, as well as to the Spanish title duc de Mouchy.
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When the French revolution guillotined King Louis XVI, King Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia declared war on the French Republic, but in three successive engagements, the Battle of Montenotte (12 April 1796), the Battle of Millesimo (13–14 April 1796) and the Battle of Mondovi (21 April 1796), General Napoleon Bonaparte defeated the Piedmontese. In suing for peace, Victor Amadeus was forced to cede Savoy and Nice to France. The territory, including the diocese of Susa, became part of the Department of Mont-Blanc. King Victor Amadeus died on 18 October 1796, and his son and successor, Carlo Emanuele was forced to abdicate on 6 December 1798.
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With the enemies of the Revolution triumphant under the Duke of Brunswick at Verdun, it was "no time to weigh nice points of morality"--"if a boat escapes from a wreck be sinking with the weight of men, some of them ought to be thrown to the sea." When January 1793 Louis XVI, as citizen Capet, was guillotined, Drennan regarded it as "necessary to save the French Republic", although certain to serve Britain by making war with France popular.Drennan-McTier Letters, Volume 1, p. 445 His sister, however, confessed herself "turned, quite turned, against the French," and feared that the Revolution was "all farther than ever from coming to good".
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Following his death, the Hòa Hảo's political and military power diminished as the various commanders began infighting without a centralised leadership structure and without a leader ; it became basically a network of war lords, the most famous being Trần Văn Soái, named a "one-star General" by the French (a rank which does not exist in the French Army, so Văn Soái added a second one on his képi), and Ba Cụt. To avenge the murder of So, the Hòa Hảo joined the French in their fight against the Việt Minh, with numerous betrayals and re-rallyings (5 by Ba Cụt, who was eventually guillotined).
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Following the French Revolution (1789–99) and the First French Empire under Napoleon (1804–1814), the monarchy was restored when a coalition of European powers restored by arms the monarchy to the House of Bourbon in 1814. However the deposed Emperor Napoleon I returned triumphantly to Paris from his exile in Elba and ruled France for a short period known as the Hundred Days. When a Seventh European Coalition again deposed Napoleon after the Battle of Waterloo in 1815, the Bourbon monarchy was once again restored. The Count of Provence, brother of Louis XVI, who was guillotined in 1793, was crowned as Louis XVIII, nicknamed "The Desired".
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Irvine argued that this was a female "fantasy" that was only possible in a context of general powerlessness on the part of women. At the time of the French Revolution when elites all over Europe felt threatened, there was a tendency in British literature to glorify the aristocratic and gentry classes as the personification of British values in contrast to the French who guillotined their old elite to create the grasping, vulgar new elite of Napoleonic France. For the British middle class or "middling sort" as Austen called them, to emulate the landed elite, however, retained its social superiority.Irvine, Robert Jane Austen, London: Routledge, 2005 page 61.
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However, during the French Revolution, the Marquise de Coatanscour was arrested, imprisoned and guillotined in Brest, and the estate and chateau forfeited to the republic. Serving as a military garrison after the Revolution, during which time the building fell into significant disrepair, the house was sold to the Brilhac family in 1802. Several damaged sections of the house were further dismantled in this period – with lead and stone sold as building material – before the Forsanz-Coatgoureden family took control. In 1911 the French state bought the chateau, classified the site as a historic monument, and from the 1980s to the early 2000s restored the house and surrounds.
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Although Golz-Goldlust's family pursued legal means to have her freed, most lawyers were unwilling to risk the wrath of German authorities by arguing in her defense. Czech lawyer Marie Schrámek finally agreed to take the case, but was ultimately unable to free Golz-Goldlust, despite an appeal to the Special German High Court and to the Reich Minister of Justice. In May 1943, Golz-Goldlust was sentenced to death for her actions, and she was guillotined on October 8, 1943. In 1946, Golz-Goldlust's letters were compiled and published as a book titled Zaluji (I Accuse), and later in German translation as Der Große Tag (The Great Day).
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Le Libertaire reappeared in Brussels on 23 October 1893, now appearing twice monthly and carrying the subtitle The St-Josse-ten-Noode Socialist-Revolutionary organ (Organe socialiste- révolutionnaire des groupes de St-Josse-ten-Noode). In this iteration, it was founded by (administration) and Charles Herkelboeck (printing). It was produced along with L'Antipatriote, a similarly focused publication which the two of them had launched in 1892 and which appeared until 1894. On 5 April 1894, Willems and Herkelboeck were indicted for "press crimes" (délit de presse) in connection with an article that had appeared in L'Antipatriote celebrating Auguste Vaillant, who had been guillotined in Paris two months earlier.
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Jean Conrad de Kock (26 January 1755 – 24 March 1794) (born Johannes Conradus de Kock) was a Dutch lawyer, banker and Dutch republican. He was born in Heusden in the Low Countries and guillotined in Paris on 4 Germinal, Year II (24 March 1794). De Kock was born the son of Govert Kock, mayor of Heusden and studied law to become a lawyer, developing republican principles. In 1787 he fled, with 40,000 of the free militia, when the Prussian army occupied Amsterdam at the request of Wilhemine, the stadtholder's wife and became a refugee in France with his wife, Marie-Pétronille Merkus, and two sons.
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In March 1794, having by now left the bank, he was accused by the Committee of Public Safety (the provisional government in France during the Reign of Terror), of being a agent for the British. He was arrested at his home on March 18 and taken to the Conciergerie where the public prosecutor Fouquier-Tinville charged him with having had meetings against the government and of having been the friend of the traitor Dumouriez. He appeared in court on March 24 in company with Jacques Hébert and his Hébertist followers and was sentenced to death along with some 20 others. They were all guillotined that same evening.
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In 1927, Jean Epstein's La glace à trois faces (The Three Sided Mirror) features a sequence where the events happen in reverse, beginning with the protagonist's exit from a room until the viewer sees the entrance. The Czech comedy Happy End (1966) is a farce which starts with a guillotined man finding his head popped back on his shoulders and ends with him as a new-born being pushed back into his mother's womb. Atom Egoyan, influenced by Pinter's plays, tells the story of The Sweet Hereafter (1997) in reverse chronology, with the first scene of the film set in 1977 and the last in 1968.MacDermott, Felim; & McGrath, Declan (2003). Screenwriting.
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Polish students at the local university were captured, tortured and finally executed. Other victims included local Polish civilians guillotined for petty violations of Nazi law and regulations such as buying and selling meat. In September 1944 there were 69,000 slave labourers registered in the city (not counting prisoners of war), with most of them working on the outskirts; within the city itself 15,000 slave labourers were located All of them were denied freedom of movement, forced to wear "P" sign if Poles, or "Ost" sign if they were from Soviet Union and were watched by special units of Gestapo and Wehrmacht. They were denied basic spiritual and physical needs and food, and suffered from famine and exhaustion.
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Apart from less than a hundred Swiss who escaped from the Tuileries, some hidden by sympathetic Parisians, the only survivors of the regiment were a three-hundred-strong detachment that had been sent to Normandy to escort grain convoys a few days before 10 August.Jerome Bodin, page 259, "Les Suisses au Service de la France", The Swiss officers were mostly amongst those massacred, although Major Karl Josef von Bachmann in command at the Tuileries was formally tried and guillotined in September, still wearing his red uniform coat. Two Swiss officers, the captains Henri de Salis and Joseph Zimmermann, did however survive and went on to reach senior rank under Napoleon and the Restoration. The Lion Monument in Lucerne.
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He was Marquis de Moy and lord of Vendeuil by marrying Etiennette Fizeau Clémont, who was the daughter of a wealthy mill owner in Saint-Quentin. He rebuilt the castle in Brienne-le- Château, and bought in Paris a beautiful town house in the Rue Saint-Dominique called Hotel de Brienne, current residence of the Minister of the Army. Athanase de Brienne and Etiennette Fizeaux had a son, François-Alexandre- Antoine Lomenie, Vicomte de Brienne, commanding officer of the 12th regiment of chasseur à cheval, who was guillotined on 21 Floreal Year II at the age of 36 years. His widow, Madame de Montbreton, died in 1851; Brienne-le-Château was then sold to the Princesse de Bauffremont.
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There events called "Balls of the Victims" were organized, where the invitees had lost at least one parent to the guillotine. The formal dancing of the minuet was replaced by a much more passionate new dance, the waltz, which was introduced to Paris during this time from Germany. For summer evening entertainment, Parisians began to abandon the Tuileries Gardens and the gardens of the Palais-Royal and went to the new pleasure gardens which appeared in the neighborhood between the Grand boulevards and the Palais-Royal. The most famous was the Tivoli, located on rue Saint-Lazare, it had belonged to an aristocrat named Boutin, who was guillotined during the reign of terror.
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Victor de Broglie was born in Paris on 28 November 1785, the youngest child and only son of Charles-Louis-Victor, prince de Broglie, and grandson of Victor-François, 2nd duc de Broglie. While his grandfather emigrated, his parents were imprisoned during the Terror. His father was guillotined in 1794, but his mother, the former Countess Sophie de Rosen (Paris 10 Mar 1764Paris 31 Oct 1828) managed to escape to Switzerland, where she remained until the fall of Robespierre. She then returned to Paris with her children – three older daughters and one son– and lived there quietly until 1796, when she married the Marc-René-Voyer de Paulmy, marquis d'Argenson, grandson of Louis XV's minister of war.
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Her mother married for the second time in 1771 to Louis Armand Constantin de Rohan-Guemené-Montbazon, known as the "prince de Montbazon" (1731-guillotined 23 July 1794). In his memoirs baronne d’Oberkirch writes that: She also seems to have been close to Marie-Antoinette and sometimes accompanied her on her nights out at Parisian balls: Du Barri wrote : The duchess of La Vauguyon was a lady of the wardrobe. Very serious and grave, she had an imposing and severe air, such was the basis of her character. She had much spirit but hid it for fear of exposing her dignity by showing it and of also compromising the superiority of Madame la comtesse de Provence.
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Leopoldine Kovarik's grave in Vienna's (misleadingly named) Central Cemetery Leopoldine Kovarik (5 February 1919 – 2 November 1943) was a post office employee who lived and worked in a suburb on the south side of Vienna. After Austria was merged into Nazi Germany she became a resistance activist. During the Second World War she became a member of a group which used to write letters to members of the army encouraging them to desert. Aged 24, she was convicted under the usual charge of "preparing to commit high treason" ("Vorbereitung zum Hochverrat") and guillotined at Vienna's regional penitentiary, which had incorporated its own execution chamber since the aftermath of the short-lived uprising of 1934.
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The most frequent love interest of Tom's is Toodles Galore, who never has any dialogue in the cartoons. Despite five shorts ending with a depiction of Tom's apparent death, his demise is never permanent; he even reads about his own death in a flashback in Jerry's Diary. He appears to die in explosions in Mouse Trouble (after which he is seen in heaven), Yankee Doodle Mouse and in Safety Second, while in The Two Mouseketeers he is guillotined offscreen. The short Blue Cat Blues ends with both Tom and Jerry sitting on the railroad tracks with the intent of suicide while the whistle of an oncoming train is heard foreshadowing their imminent death.
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The film begins in Paris in the cold spring of 1794 when the Reign of Terror is in full swing, with vehicles entering the city being searched and long lines of citizens grumbling in the rain as they wait to buy scarce bread. Ill in his flat, Robespierre sees Danton in the street, just returned from the country and being acclaimed by the hungry and dispirited people as their hero. When Héron, head of the secret police, calls round, Robespierre instructs him to destroy the print shop of Desmoulins, who is publishing pro-Danton circulars. While Robespierre is being tended by his barber, his friend Saint-Just comes in and urges him to have Danton guillotined.
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At the age of fifteen, she was married on 24 April 1793 to Jacques-Rose Récamier (1751–1830), a banker nearly thirty years her senior and a relative of the gourmet Brillat-Savarin. In relaying the news to a friend of his impending marriage to Juliette, Jacques wrote: Portrait of Madame Récamier by Jacques-Louis David (1800, Louvre) A rumour arose that her husband was, in fact, her natural father who married her to make her his heir. Their marriage occurred at the height of the revolutionary terror and, if he was guillotined, she would inherit his money. Although many biographers have given credence to this theory, it is unproven, and discounted by several historians.
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The mingling of the blood of the four guillotined martyrs has become a symbol of German Ecumenism. Fr. Max Josef Metzger, a World War I military chaplain and holder of the Iron Cross, had founded the German Catholics' Peace Association in 1919 and sought links to the international pacifist movement. As a leading German pacifist, he was targeted by the Nazi authorities and arrested on several occasions by the Gestapo. He was arrested for the last time in June 1943 after being denounced by a mail courier for attempting to send a memorandum on the reorganisation of the German state and its integration into a future system of world peace to Erling Eidem, the Swedish Archbishop of Uppsala.
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In honor of Saint Ephigenia, a virgin-martyr of 1794 had taken her name. A professed religious of the Order of St. Benedict that was martyred during the French Revolution in 1794 was known as "Sister Iphigénie of Saint Matthew". Her name was Blessed Marie-Gabrielle-Françoise- Suzanne de Gaillard de Lavaldène (1761–1794), also known as "Francesca Maria Susanna", "Sister Iphigénie of Saint Matthew" or "Ifigenia di San Matteo de Gaillard de la Valdène", and she was one of the Martyrs of Orange who was guillotined on 7 July 1794 in Orange, Vaucluse, France. She was beatified 10 May 1925 by Pope Pius XI and she is commemorated on July 7.
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Tomalin writes: > Told in letters, it is as neatly plotted as a play, and as cynical in tone > as any of the most outrageous of the Restoration dramatists who may have > provided some of her inspiration ... It stands alone in Austen's work as a > study of an adult woman whose intelligence and force of character are > greater than those of anyone she encounters.Tomalin (1997), 83–84; see also > Sutherland (2005), 15 According to Janet Todd, the model for the title character may have been Eliza de Feuillide, who inspired Austen with stories of her glamorous life and various adventures. Eliza's French husband was guillotined in 1794; she married Jane's brother Henry Austen in 1797.
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Following the completion of First Impressions, Austen returned to Elinor and Marianne and from November 1797 until mid-1798, revised it heavily; she eliminated the epistolary format in favour of third-person narration and produced something close to Sense and Sensibility.Le Faye (2014), xviii–xiv; Fergus (2005), 7; Sutherland (2005), 16–18, 21; Tomalin (1997), 120–121; Honan (1987), 122–124. In 1797, Austen met her cousin (and future sister-in-law), Eliza de Feuillide, a French aristocrat whose first husband the Comte de Feuillide had been guillotined, causing her to flee to Britain, where she married Henry Austen.King, Noel "Jane Austen in France" Nineteenth-Century Fiction, Vol. 8, No. 1, June 1953 p. 2.
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The locals pleaded for their lord of the manor of Tilloloy, but he was guillotined under The Terror. The 19th century was more kind to the people of the territory. Economic development and abundant harvests, the building of the castle at Loges (home to the baron of Septenville in 1798), the hiring of 2 teachers (rare in a rural environment under the Empire), installation of paving and a square for the town centre, a new chapel in 1867, the creation of the railway line between Roye and Compiègne, with a train station in the town (1879) and finally, the inauguration of a telegraph office in May 1900. World War I broke the momentum, as, early in 1915, the town was razed and reduced to ashes.
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The Cimetière Sainte-Marguerite was a cemetery in a common ditch located between Paris and the village of Charonne during the French Revolution. It was level with 36 rue Saint-Bernard and beside église Sainte-Marguerite in the 11th arrondissement of Paris. It received 73 guillotined prisoners from place de la Bastille between 9 and 12 June 1794 then the first victims from place du Trône Renversé (now place de la Nation) before bodies from there started being sent to the cimetière de Picpus. In November 1846, during the July Monarchy, abbé Haumet, parish priest of Sainte-Marguerite, planned building work on the church and checked its foundations, finding several burials, including the remains of an anthropomorphic lead coffin containing bones.
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At the trial of Louis XVI he voted for an appeal to the people and for the death penalty, but with a respite pending appeal. In March 1793 he had several meetings with Georges Danton, who was anxious to bring about a rapprochement between the Girondists and The Mountain during the Revolt in the Vendée, but he unconditionally refused to join with the man whom he held responsible for the September Massacres. Guadet was targeted during the fall of the Girondists, and his arrest being decreed on 2 June 1793, he fled to Caen, and afterwards hid in his father's house in Saint-Émilion. He was discovered and taken to Bordeaux, where, after his identity had been established, he was guillotined.
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After the death of the king, his opposition became more marked; he denounced the September Massacres, but, when called upon to justify his attitude, confined himself to attacking Jean-Paul Marat, who had risen to immense popularity. Kersaint's friends attempted to obtain his appointment as Minister of the Marine - he failed to obtain even a post as officer. He was arrested on 23 September at Ville d'Avray, near Paris, and taken before the Revolutionary Tribunal, where he was accused of having conspired for the restoration of the Bourbon Monarchy, and of having insulted national representation by resigning his position in the Convention. Kersaint was arrested on 2 October 1793, sentenced to death on 4 December, and guillotined that very day.
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Helmut Hirsch (; January 27, 1916 in Stuttgart – June 4, 1937 in Berlin) was a German Jew who was executed for his part in a bombing plot intended to destabilize the German Reich. Although a full and accurate account of the plot is unknown, his targets were understood to be the Nazi party headquarters in Nuremberg, (Germany), and/or the plant where the antisemitic weekly propaganda newspaper Der Stürmer was printed.The day after his execution, the New York Times put the story on its front page. The 2000-word article, datelined Berlin, June 4, gives a detailed summary of the case. "Germans Execute Hirsch, U. S. Citizen; Youth of 21 Guillotined Despite Repeated American Appeals to Hitler for Clemency." New York Times, June 5, 1937, page 1.
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Virtual Museum of Protestantism. On 28 July 1794, the Jacobin faction lost support of the crowd and most of its members, most notably Robespierre, were guillotined; the crowd saw that Saint-André had mostly spent his time on mission and had not participated in the decisions made during the Jacobins' control, so he was granted his life. However, with the Jacobin bourgeoisie, he had justified the impediment of the representations of the people, which are the sectional societies: "Our greatest enemies are not outside; we see them: they are in our midst; they want to take revolutionary measures further than we do. " He was then appointed consul at Algiers and Smyrna (1798) and was kept prisoner by the Ottoman Empire for three years (during the Napoleonic Wars).
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With Lille virtually on the front lines, while patrolling in enemy territory,"Citizen Saint-Georges, was seen by some of his comrades standing up to the enemy with only fifty of his chasseurs and taking command of a passing column, on his own volition, purely for the pleasure of serving the Republic." On January 21, 1793, Louis Capet, the former King Louis XVI, was found guilty of treason and guillotined on the Place de la Révolution (today's Place de la Concorde). General Dumouriez, who became minister of war after Pache was removed for corruption, took charge of the army of the North. Dumouriez, a Girondist, on the moderate side of the Revolution, spoke out too freely against the Jacobins of the Convention for executing the king.
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The Palais-Royal, with its arcades and gardens, shops, cafes and restaurants, remained the most famous destination for amusement in Paris. Originally constructed as the residence of Cardinal Richelieu, It became the property of the Orleans family, close relatives of the King. In the 1780s, Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, badly in need of funds, Created arcades and galleries around the garden, rented them out to small shops and the first luxury restaurants in Paris, and opened the Palais-Royal it to the public. In 1789 he actively supported the French Revolution, renamed himself Louis-Egalité, renamed the Palais-Royal the Palais-Egalité, and voted for the death of his cousin Louis XVI, but nonetheless he was guillotined during the Reign of Terror.
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Diana and Callisto is part of a series of seven famous canvasses, the "poesies", depicting mythological scenes from Ovid's Metamorphoses painted for Philip II of Spain after Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor had declined Titian's offer to paint them for him.Brigstocke, 180 and 183-4 The work remained in the Spanish royal collection until 1704 when King Philip V gave it to the French ambassador. It was soon acquired by Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, nephew of Louis XIV, and Regent of France during the minority of Louis XV, for his collection, one of the finest ever assembled. After the French Revolution, the Orleans collection was sold to a Brussels banker by Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans in 1791, two years before he was guillotined.
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Meanwhile, the presumptive duke, Monsieur de Croisenois, one of the fortunate few of Bourbon France, is killed in a duel over a slur upon the honour of Mathilde de la Mole. Her undiminished love for Julien, his imperiously intellectual nature and romantic exhibitionism render Mathilde's prison visits to him a duty to endure and little more. When Julien learns that Madame de Rênal survived her gunshot wound, his authentic love for her is resurrected, having lain dormant throughout his Parisian sojourn, and she continues to visit him in jail. After he is guillotined, Mathilde de la Mole reenacts the cherished 16th-century French tale of Queen Margot, who visited her dead lover, Joseph Boniface de La Mole, to kiss the forehead of his severed head.
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Once the paper is liberated from the spine, it can be scanned one sheet at a time using a traditional flatbed scanner or automatic document feeder. Pages with a decorative riffled edging or curving in an arc due to a non-flat binding can be difficult to scan using an ADF, as they are designed to scan pages of uniform shape and size, and variably sized or shaped pages can lead to improper scanning. The riffled edges or curved edge can be guillotined off to render the outer edges flat and smooth before the binding is cut. The coated paper of magazines and bound textbooks can make them difficult for the rollers in an ADF to pick up and guide along the paper path.
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In 1794, King George III was on the throne, William Pitt the Younger was Prime Minister of Great Britain and, across the Channel, Britain was faced by a French nation that had recently guillotined its King and possessed a revolutionary army numbering half a million men. The Prime Minister proposed that the Counties form a force of Volunteer Yeoman Cavalry that could be called upon by the King to defend the country against invasion or by the Lord Lieutenant to subdue any civil disorder within the country. However, it was not until 1819 that The Newcastle Regiment of Yeomanry Cavalry was raised. Shortly afterward, in 1831, the regiment was used against its own countrymen, putting down the miners' strikes of that year.
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Charles-Victor Prévot, vicomte d'Arlincourt by Robert Lefèvre, 1822 Charles- Victor Prévot, vicomte d'Arlincourt (26 September 1788 -- 22 January 1856) was a French novelist, born at the Château de Mérantais, Magny-les-Hameaux, Yvelines. In the 1820s, the popularity of this author, upon whom was bestowed the epithet "the prince of the romantics", rivalled that of Victor Hugo. His father Louis-Adrien Prévost d'Arlincourt was guillotined on 8 May 1794, along with Antoine Lavoisier and 26 other farmers-general. At the beginning of the First Empire, his mother pleaded his cause before Napoleon, who decided to name him écuyer ("squire") to Madame Mère. At the age of 29, he married the daughter of a senator, and composed a tragedy, Charlemagne, which was declined by the Théâtre-Français.
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1908 Grete Beier letter Grete Beier's guillotine Grete Beier's headstone in Dresden After a petition for mercy was rejected by the king, Beier was guillotined on July 23, 1908 at the age of 22 years by the state executioner, Moritz Brand, on the scaffold in the courtyard of the district court at the Albert Park in Freiberg. She was buried in the family grave in the Johannisfriedhof in Dresden. An account of the event was published by the Missouri State Medical Association, quoting the Kansas City Star:— “Freiberg, Saxony, July 22, 1908. Grete Beier, the 18-year-old [sic] daughter of the mayor of Freiberg, was beheaded last night in punishment for the murder of the man to whom she was engaged to be married.
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The only relief he could get was in his bath over which he improvised a desk to write his list of suspect counter-revolutionaries who were to be quickly tried and, if convicted, guillotined. David once again organized a spectacular funeral, and Marat was buried in the Panthéon. Marat's body was to be placed upon a Roman bed, his wound displayed and his right arm extended holding the pen which he had used to defend the Republic and its people. This concept was to be complicated by the fact that the corpse had begun to putrefy. Marat's body had to be periodically sprinkled with water and vinegar as the public crowded to see his corpse prior to the funeral on 15 and 16 July.
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Her mother, Rozalia Lubomirska, painted c1789–1790 by Anna Rajecka The women's courtyard in the Conciergerie prisons, where she was held, aged 7, in 1794 In 1794 her mother, Rozalia, was living in Paris and was arrested during the Reign of Terror; her house was frequented by British spies and Girondin counter-revolutionaries. The seven year-old Rosalie was incarcerated with her mother, who was guillotined on 30 June 1794 aged 25. The child was left alone, at the mercy of the prison gaoler, who ill-treated her and almost refused her dry bread, the only food she had. Rosalie's father was a General in the French Army but was away just then and unaware of his little girl's fate.
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After working for the fall of the Girondists in the struggle between the commune and the convention, he participated in attacks on Danton, Robespierre (whom he accused of modérantisme),Discours de Momoro aux Cordeliers, 12 February 1794 and the Committee of Public Safety. Pushed onwards by a report by Saint-Just to the Convention denouncing the "complot de l'étranger" woven by the Indulgents and Exagérés, the committee decided on the arrest of the Hébertistes on 13 March 1794. The Revolutionary Tribunal condemned Momoro to death, and he loudly replied "You accuse me, who has given everything for the Revolution!" He was guillotined with Hébert, Ronsin, Vincent and other leading Hébertistes the following afternoon, 4 Germinal, Year II (24 March 1794).
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Capital punishment was common in the Austrian Monarchy (with a short exception from 1787 to 1795 under the rule of Joseph II) in Austria-Hungary, and from 1918 in the newly created Czechoslovakia. From 1918 to 1989, 1217 people were executed legally, the majority of them immediately after World War II. Due to chaos in historical records the actual number may be slightly different. This number doesn't include people executed during the occupation of the Czech lands from 1939 to 1945 or during the existence of the Slovak State (thousands were executed at that time; of these about 1079 were guillotined in Pankrác prison). During the presidency of Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk (1918–35) 16 people were executed, four of them for military related crimes.
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Later that month, the Assembly's Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen linked the concept of rights with citizenship and asserted that rights of man were "natural, inalienable, and sacred", that all men were "born free and equal, and that the aim of all political association is maintenance of their rights", according to historian Robert Bucholz. However, the document said nothing about the rights of women, although activist Olympe de Gouge issued a proclamation two years later which argued that women were born with equal rights to men. People began to identify a new loyalty to the nation as a whole, as citizens, and the idea of popular sovereignty earlier espoused by the thinker Rousseau took hold, along with strong feelings of nationalism. Louis XVI and his wife were guillotined.
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ENS The "18 Brumaire" or "Brumaire" was the coup d'état of Napoléon Bonaparte on 18 Brumaire An VIII (9 November 1799), which many historians consider as the end of the French Revolution. Karl Marx's 1852 essay The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon compares the coup d'état of 1851 of Louis Napoléon unfavorably to his uncle's earlier coup, with the statement "History repeats ... first as tragedy, then as farce". Another famous revolutionary date is 9 Thermidor An II (27 July 1794), the date the Convention turned against Robespierre, who, along with others associated with the Mountain, was guillotined the following day. Based on this event, the term "Thermidorian" entered the Marxist vocabulary as referring to revolutionaries who destroy the revolution from the inside and turn against its true aims.
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However, following a game of musical chairs, he lost it in 1784 to the duc de Penthièvre, who had himself lost his domaine de Rambouillet to king Louis XV, who coveted its "terres giboyeuses" or wooded hunting lands. Laborde was named marquis and in 1784 acquired the Château de Méréville, rebuilding it to his taste. In politics, he was ahead of his time and of the French Revolution, and (with Mirabeau) was one of the only noble députés (from the bailliage d'Étampes) to accept demotion to the Third Estate upon the Revolution. However, this was not enough to save him from being guillotined in Paris under the "loi des suspects" on the orders of Louis de Saint-Just, in one of the last fits of the Reign of Terror in May 1794.
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After the invasion of Naples by Napoleon in 1806, the royal family was once more forced to flee to Sicily, where they again settled in Palermo under the protection of British troops.Dyson, C. C: The life of Marie Amélie last queen of the French, 1782–1866. With some account of the principal personages at the courts of Naples and France in her time, and of the careers of her sons and daughters (1910) While in exile, Maria Amalia encountered her future husband, Louis Philippe d'Orléans, also forced from his home in France due to political complications of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon. Louis- Philippe's father, the previous Duke of Orléans, had been guillotined during the French Revolution, though he had advocated it in the early years.
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The Convention rises against Robespierre (27 July 1794) The execution of Maximilien Robespierre and his chief followers on 28 July 1794 ended the Reign of Terror and opened the way to the Directory On 27 July 1794, members of the French Convention, the revolutionary parliament of France, rose up against its leader Maximilien Robespierre, who was in the midst of executing thousands of suspected enemies of the Revolution. Robespierre and his leading followers were declared outside the law, and on 28 July were arrested and guillotined the same day. The Revolutionary Tribunal, which had sent thousands to the guillotine, ceased meeting and its head, Fouquier-Tinville, was arrested and imprisoned, and after trial was himself sentenced to death. More than five hundred suspected counter-revolutionaries awaiting trial and execution were immediately released.
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During the French Revolution in 1789 the statue of Louis XV of France was torn down and the area renamed the Place de la Révolution. The new revolutionary government erected a guillotine in the square, and it was here that King Louis XVI was executed on 21 January 1793. Other important figures guillotined on the site, often in front of cheering crowds, were Queen Marie Antoinette, Princess Élisabeth of France, Madame du Barry, Georges Danton, Camille Desmoulins, Antoine Lavoisier, Maximilien Robespierre, Louis de Saint- Just, and Olympe de Gouges. The old plaque, for "Place Louis XVI", and replacement plaque at the corner of Hôtel de Crillon The Fountain of River Commerce and Navigation, one of the two Fontaines de la Concorde (1840) on the Place de la Concorde.
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French troops arrived on 10 February 1798 and on the 15th the Republic of Rome was proclaimed. In 1799 Ceracchi moved to Paris, where he sculpted the portrait bust of Pope Pius VI (Residenzmuseum, Munich; Palazzo Bianco, Genoa). Having sculpted a bust of Napoleon Bonaparte (Museum at Nantes), he became disillusioned after the coup d'état of 18 Brumaire to the extent that he was embroiled in the paranoid and furious reaction of Napoleon to the plot of the Rue Saint-Nicaise, an attempt against Napoleon's life in which a device dubbed the machine infernal was exploded, with loss of innocent life. Ceracchi was arrested for his alleged participation in the "Conspiration des poignards" and guillotined 30 January 1801, "going to the scaffold, it is said, in a triumphal chariot of his own design".
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Jules was the oldest son of Hercule Mériadec, Prince of Guéméné (1688–1757) and Louise Gabrielle Julie de Rohan (1704–1741), daughter of Hercule Mériadec de Rohan, Prince of Soubise and Anne Geneviève de Lévis On 10 February 1743 he married Marie Louise de La Tour d'Auvergne (1725–1793), daughter of Charles Godefroy de La Tour d'Auvergne, Duke of Bouillon (1706–1771) and Maria Karolina Sobieska. Jules and Marie Louise had only one son, Henri Louis de Rohan, who married a cousin, Victoire de Rohan, daughter of Charles de Rohan, Prince of Soubise and Anne Therese of Savoy. The Prince of Guéméné died in Belgium aged 74, his son, daughter-in-law and grandchildren fled to Bohemia before the French Revolution, but his wife was guillotined in 1793.
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Defended by lawyer Robert Badinter, child murderer Patrick Henry narrowly escaped being condemned to death on 20 January 1977, and numerous newspapers predicted the end of the death penalty. On 10 September 1977, Hamida Djandoubi was guillotined and became both the last person executed in France as well as the last person executed by beheading in the Western world, and by any means in Western Europe. On September 18, 1981, Badinter - the new Minister of Justice - proposed the final abolition of the death penalty in the National Assembly, the same day as the newly-elected socialist president François Mitterrand backed his efforts, and the National Assembly finally pushed abolition through that same year. Badinter had been a longtime opponent of capital punishment and the defense attorney of some of the last men to be executed.
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When the Jacobin faction seized control of the Revolutionary government in 1792, his father Jean-Jacques Ampère resisted the new political tides, and he was guillotined on 24 November 1793, as part of the Jacobin purges of the period. In 1796 Ampère met Julie Carron, and in 1799 they were married. André-Marie Ampère took his first regular job in 1799 as a mathematics teacher, which gave him the financial security to marry Carron and father his first child, Jean-Jacques (named after his father), the next year. (Jean-Jacques Ampère eventually achieved his own fame as a scholar of languages.) Ampère's maturation corresponded with the transition to the Napoleonic regime in France, and the young father and teacher found new opportunities for success within the technocratic structures favoured by the new French First Consul.
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Lavoisier was convicted and guillotined on 8 May 1794 in Paris, at the age of 50, along with his 27 co- defendants.Today in History: 1794: Antoine Lavoisier, the father of modern chemistry, is executed on the guillotine during France's Reign of Terror According to a (probably apocryphal) story, the appeal to spare his life so that he could continue his experiments was cut short by the judge, Coffinhal: "La République n'a pas besoin de savants ni de chimistes; le cours de la justice ne peut être suspendu." ("The Republic needs neither scholars nor chemists; the course of justice cannot be delayed.")Commenting on this quotation, Denis Duveen, an English expert on Lavoiser and a collector of his works, wrote that "it is pretty certain that it was never uttered".
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Pétion was one of those who escaped to Caen and raised the standard of provincial insurrection against the Convention; and, when the Norman rising failed, he fled with Marguerite-Élie Guadet, François Nicolas Leonard Buzot, Charles Jean Marie Barbaroux, Jean-Baptiste Salle and Jean- Baptiste Louvet de Couvrai to the Gironde, where they were sheltered by a wigmaker of Saint Emilion. At last, a month before Robespierre's fall in June 1794, the escaped deputies felt themselves no longer safe, and deserted their asylum. Louvet found his way to Paris, Salle and Guadet to Bordeaux, where they were soon taken. Barbaroux was guillotined after a botched suicide attempt and the bodies of Pétion and Buzot, who had killed themselves, were found in a field or forest, half eaten by wolves.
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Jules-Henri Desfourneaux (17 December 1877, in Bar-le-Duc – 1 October 1951) was the last French executioner to officiate in public. He came from a long line of executioners named Desfourneaux stretching back many hundreds of years . Like all French executioners since 1792 his method of application of the death penalty was beheading by guillotine. Desfourneaux was recruited by his predecessor Anatole Deibler and attended his first execution as second assistant in 1909.See 1 Following the death of Deibler in 1939 - the latter having died of a heart attack in a Metro station while en route to his 401st execution - he was elected chief and was in charge of the last public execution in France on June 17, 1939, when he guillotined the five-time murderer Eugène Weidmann.
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The left Louis XVI and the royal family were brought to Paris and made prisoners within the Tuileries Palace. In 1793, as the revolution turned more and more radical, the king, queen, and the mayor were guillotined (executed) in the Reign of Terror, along with more than 16,000 others throughout France. The property of the aristocracy and the church was nationalised, and the city's churches were closed, sold or demolished. A succession of revolutionary factions ruled Paris until 9 November 1799 (coup d'état du 18 brumaire), when Napoléon Bonaparte seized power as First Consul. The Jardin du Luxembourg, and the Panthéon in the background The population of Paris had dropped by 100,000 during the Revolution, but between 1799 and 1815, it surged with 160,000 new residents, reaching 660,000.
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He was found guilty twice and, like the majority of the former inmates of his "clinic", escaped the guillotine only because the Terror ended on 9 Thermidor. Some of the former inmates did not escape, however, proving too well-known to pass unnoticed. They included Béatrice de Choiseul-Stainville, duchesse de Gramont, sister of Louis XV's famous minister; the duchess of Le Châtelet, daughter-in- law of a famous mistress of Voltaire,Both to be seen in the film by Rohmer, l'Anglaise et le Duc. the fermier général Magon de La Balue, guillotined with his children, grandchildren, great-grandchildren, brothers and cousins; and the lawyer Simon-Nicholas Henri Linguet, despite his denunciation of the monarchy, for which he had spent a year in the Bastille under the ancien regime.
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As captain of the Revanche, 400 tons, equipped by Jeange and sons of Bordeaux, with 30 men and 12 cannon, he was retaken by the English outside Cap-Français, heading for Boston. He was taken to Jamaica as a prisoner, then exchanged at the request of the Comte d'Argout, the Governor of Saint- Domingue. He returned to France on board the frigate Minerve, under the command of Captain de Grimouard, who was later guillotined at Rochefort under the Convention. Back in France, he was appointed Captain at the admiralty of La Rochelle on 2 March 1780 and was to sail in merchant ships. At the age of 27 he was named Captain of the Apollon, a civilian frigate of 1,100 tons and 42 cannon, fitted out by Jean Peltier Dudoyer.
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The American Revolution has occurred, but it was carried out with the support of the company, which used it as an opportunity to establish a puppet government in North America. The French Revolution also occurred, prematurely, but was considerably "less messy": most aristocrats were either made to live normal lives or put to slave labor rather than guillotined, and parts of the monarchy's family were allowed to remain in the Palace of Versailles. (Louis XVI has happily become a full-time locksmith.) Due to the activities of the company (possibly global warming caused by their drilling for and use of fossil fuels), large portions of Florida have become submerged by the ocean. Salzburg, Austria, is the site of a large oil refinery and the main portal between this timeline and "Realtime".
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Appointed commissioner of civil administration, police and courts, (equivalent to Minister of Interior) from 8 to 20 April 1794, he set up twelve commissions created by the executive decree of 12 Germinal (1 April), to replace the six ministries and their offices, of which he chaired the first (general administration and courts). After 9 Thermidor Year II (27 July 1794), he was arrested as a "terrorist" and tried at the Revolutionary Tribunal. On receiving the verdict sentencing him to death, he threw a book at the figure of the presiding judge. He was guillotined on 7 May 1795 with Fouquier the public prosecutor of the Revolutionary Court; Lanne (judge); Renaudin (juror's Revolutionary Court); Leroy (juror), Foucault (judge); Vilate (juror); Scellier (Vice-Chairman of the Revolutionary Court), Garnier- Launay (judge); Prieur (juror), Chatelet (juror), Girard (juror); Boyaval; Trey; Verney, and Dupaumier.
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The head of the N.I.C.E. police, a woman known as "Fairy" Hardcastle, starts to torture Jane but is forced to release her when rioters turn in her direction. Mark is once again out of favour in the N.I.C.E., but after a conversation with an Italian scientist named Filostrato he is introduced to the Head of the Institute. This turns out to be a literal head – that of a recently guillotined French scientist (as Jane dreamed) which Filostrato erroneously believes he has restored to life by his own efforts. From Jane's dreams that people were digging up the grave of a long-buried man and that the man had left, Ransom concludes that the N.I.C.E. is looking for the body of Merlin, who truly is buried in Bragdon Wood, though not dead but in a timeless state.
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The Count of Peyronnet's father had bought a charge of secretary to the King, thus conferring himself a noble title. He was guillotined during the Terror. After law studies, Pierre-Denis de Peyronnet was received as a lawyer in 1796. On 26 October 1815, he was named President of the first instance Court of Bordeaux, and then, a year later, public prosecutor in Bourges. The Count of Peyronnet was elected deputy on 13 November 1820, and established himself in Paris. Nominated general prosecutor at the Royal Court of Rouen, he was then called for on 14 December 1821 to become Minister of Justice (and remained so until 1828). From 6 September to 29 October 1822, he was also interim Minister of Interior. There, he defended before the National Assembly the law project restricting press freedom (1822).
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Officially, the King of France had no family name. A prince with the rank of fils de France (Son of France) is surnamed "de France"; all the male-line descendants of each fils de France, however, took his main title (whether an appanage or a courtesy title) as their family or last name. However, when Louis XVI was put on trial and later "guillotined" (executed) by the revolutionaries National Convention in France in 1793, they somewhat contemptuously referred to him in written documents and spoken address as "Citizen Louis Capet" as if a "commoner" (referring back to the Medieval origins of the Bourbon Dynasty's name and referring to Hugh Capet, founder of the Capetian dynasty). Members of the House of Bourbon-Condé and its cadet branches, which never ascended to the throne, used the surname "de Bourbon" until their extinction in 1830.
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Simone Veil, a key figure in the legalization of abortion in 1975 Passerelle Marie-Claire, in memory of a 1972 trial which ended with the acquittal of an "abortionist", and eventually led to the 1975 law which legalized the procedure In the Middle Ages, abortion was considered a cardinal sin by Catholic Church teaching. Abortion was legalized during the French revolution, but was re-criminalized in France with the imposition of the 1810 Napoleonic Code, which punished any person who procured an abortion with imprisonment. In 1939, the Penal Code was altered to permit an abortion that would save the pregnant woman's life. During the German occupation during World War II, the Vichy régime made abortion a capital crime. The last person to be executed for abortion was Marie-Louise Giraud, who was guillotined on 30 July 1943.
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On 4 May 1794, Lavoisier and 27 other tax farmers were arrested and sentenced to death and guillotined on the afternoon after the trial. Lagrange said on the death of Lavoisier: : It took only a moment to cause this head to fall and a hundred years will not suffice to produce its like. Though Lagrange had been preparing to escape from France while there was yet time, he was never in any danger; different revolutionary governments (and at a later time, Napoleon) loaded him with honours and distinctions. This luckiness or safety may to some extent be due to his life attitude he expressed many years before: "I believe that, in general, one of the first principles of every wise man is to conform strictly to the laws of the country in which he is living, even when they are unreasonable".
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M.J. Sydenham, page 111, The French Revolution, B.T. Batsford Ltd London 1965 Of the Swiss Guards defending the Tuileries, more than six hundred were killed during the fighting or massacred after surrender. An estimated two hundred more died in prison of their wounds or were killed during the September Massacres that followed. Apart from about a hundred Swiss who escaped from the Tuileries, the only survivors of the regiment were a 300 strong detachment which, with the King's authorization, had been sent to Normandy to escort grain convoys a few days before August 10.Jerome Bodin, page 259, "Les Suisses au Service de la France", The Swiss officers were mostly amongst those massacred, although Major Karl Josef von Bachmann — in command at the Tuileries — was formally tried and guillotined in September, still wearing his red uniform coat.
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A native of Saint-Denis, a suburb of Paris, Meunier entered the monastery of the nuns of the Discalced Carmelite Order in Paris and took the religious habit on 16 December 1788. Arrested along with most other members of the monastery during the Reign of Terror, she was condemned to death and transported to the Place du Trône Renversé. There she mounted the platform singing the psalm Laudate Dominum before being guillotined. Along with the other members of her monastery who died that day, Meunier was declared a martyr for the faith by the Catholic Church and was beatified on 27 May 1906 by Pope Pius X. Their deaths were commemorated in the novel Song at the Scaffold by Gertrud von Le Fort, which was the source of the play opera, Dialogues of the Carmelites, by Francis Poulenc.
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The next day, a roll-call vote was carried out to decide upon the fate of the former king, and the result was uncomfortably close for such a dramatic decision. 288 of the deputies voted against death and for some other alternative, mainly some means of imprisonment or exile. 72 of the deputies voted for the death penalty, but subject to several delaying conditions and reservations. The voting took a total of 36 hours. 361 of the deputies voted for Louis's immediate execution. Louis was condemned to death by a majority of one vote. Philippe Égalité, formerly the Duke of Orléans and Louis's cousin, voted for Louis's execution, a cause of much future bitterness among French monarchists; he would himself be guillotined on the same scaffold, Place de la Révolution, before the end of the same year, on 6 November 1793.
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Mid-October, the widowed former queen Marie Antoinette was on trial for a long list of charges such as "teaching [her husband] Louis Capet the art of dissimulation" and incest with her son, she too was guillotined. In October, 21 former 'Girondins' Convention members who hadn't left Paris after June were convicted to death and executed, on the charge of verbally supporting the preparation of an insurrection in Caen by fellow-Girondins. 17 October 1793, the 'blue' Republican army near Cholet defeated the 'white' Vendéan insubordinate army and all surviving Vendée residents, counting in tens of thousands, fled over the river Loire north into Brittany. A Convention's representative on mission in Nantes commissioned in October to pacify the region did so by simply drowning prisoners in the river Loire: until February 1794 he drowned at least 4,000.
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Francis II as Holy Roman Emperor, by Ludwig Streitenfel (1874) Francis I as Austrian Emperor, undated, Salzburg Museum As the head of the Holy Roman Empire and the ruler of the vast multi-ethnic Habsburg hereditary lands, Francis felt threatened by the French revolutionaries and later Napoleon's expansionism as well as their social and political reforms which were being exported throughout Europe in the wake of the conquering French armies. Francis had a fraught relationship with France. His aunt Marie Antoinette, the wife of Louis XVI and Queen consort of France, was guillotined by the revolutionaries in 1793, at the beginning of his reign, although, on the whole, he was indifferent to her fate. Later, he led Holy Roman Empire into the French Revolutionary Wars. He briefly commanded the Allied forces during the Flanders Campaign of 1794 before handing over command to his brother Archduke Charles.
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However, this was not enough to save him from being guillotined under the "loi des suspects" on the orders of Louis de Saint-Just, in one of the last fits of the Reign of Terror in May 1794.Formel (1990); Bardet, Jean-Pierre (ed), Etat et société en France aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles: Mélanges offerts à Yves Durand, 181–184, 2000, Presses Paris Sorbonne, , 9782840501510, google books After only 20 years the estate was sold to Louis Jean Marie de Bourbon, Duke of Penthièvre (1725–1793), grandson of Louis XIV of France by Louis Alexandre, Count of Toulouse, his legitimized son with Madame de Montespan (and incidentally, along with his brother, especially detested by Saint-Simon). The sale was in 1784 for 5.5 million francs, a very large sum.Formel-Levavasseur, 41 The duke died of natural causes in 1793, the last vidame of the Ancien regime.
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During the French Revolution, Louis Joseph was a dedicated supporter of the monarchy and one of the principal leaders of the counter-revolutionary movement. After the storming of the Bastille in 1789, he fled France with his son and grandson, before the Reign of Terror which arrested, tried and guillotined most of the Bourbons still living in France: Louis XVI, Marie Antoinette and the Duke of Orleans (Philippe Égalité) were executed in 1793, and the king's sister, Madame Élisabeth, was beheaded in 1794. Louis Joseph established himself at Coblenz in 1791, where he helped to organize and lead a large counter-revolutionary army of émigrés. In addition to containing the prince's grandson, Louis-Antoine-Henri de Bourbon-Condé, duc d'Enghien, and the two sons of his cousin, the late king's brother, the comte d'Artois, the corps included many young aristocrats who eventually became leaders during the Bourbon Restoration years later.
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Sartine lived in retirement in Paris until the start of the French Revolution. Hated by the revolutionary crowds for his tenure as Lieutenant General of Police and his use of the lettres de cachet to imprison people without trial, attacked by Manuel in his La Police de Paris dévoilée ("The Paris Police Uncovered"), he decided to leave France shortly after the Storming of the Bastille on July 14, 1789, which probably saved his life. His son Charles Marie Antoine de Sartine, born in 1760, who was maître des requêtes from the age of 20 until 1791 and chose to stay in France, was arrested in 1794, sentenced to death by the Revolutionary Tribunal, and guillotined on June 17 of that year along with his 19-year-old wife and his mother-in-law the comtesse de Sainte-Amaranthe. Sartine took refuge in Barcelona, where he had spent his childhood.
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Born in Paris to Charles Antoine Armand de Gontaut-Biron, duke de Biron and de Gontaut, marquis de Montferrand (8 October 1708 - 25 Octobre 1798) and his wife Antoinette-Eustachie née Crozat du Châtel (25 October 1727 -16 April 1747), daughter of Louis François Crozat (1691-1750), granddaughter of banker Antoine Crozat, the first proprietary owner of French Louisiana, from 1712 to 1717. Armand Louis bore the title of Duc de Lauzun, which had passed, on the death of Antoine Nompar de Caumont, duc de Lauzun (1633–1723), to his niece, the wife of Charles Armand de Gontaut, duc de Biron (1663–1756). In 1788, he succeeded to the duchy of Biron on the death of his uncle, Louis Antoine de Gontaut, duc de Biron (1700–1788). On February 4, 1766 he married Amélie de Boufflers (May 5, 1751 - guillotined on June 27, 1794), only daughter of Charles-Joseph de Boufflers (1731-1751) and Mary Anne Philippine de Montmorency Logny (1732-1797).
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Nugent added a ballroom to the Hall and had the deerpark landscaped. On Nugent's death the Hall came into the ownership of George Grenville-Temple, Marquis of Buckingham. Buckingham had married Nugent's daughter, however, he preferred to make his ancestral seat, Stowe, his primary residence. As a result the Hall fell out of favour for many decades. One effect of the Hall's fall from favour was that it briefly became the home of the exiled Louis XVIII of France in the years 1807 to 1809. In 1791 Louis, the brother of King Louis XVI fled to the Low Countries, as the Revolution turned more violent and hostile to the Monarchy. He was to spend the next 23 years in exile, during which time his brother was guillotined, and his nephew, who nominally became Louis XVII on his father's execution, died in prison. Louis had to flee the Low Countries in the face of advancing French armies.
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After the uprising of the sans-culottes and the fall of the monarchy on August 10, 1792, the guillotine was turned against alleged counter-revolutionaries; the first to be executed by the guillotine was Collenot d'Angremont, accused of defending the Tuileries Palace against the attack of the sans-culottes; he was executed on 21 August 1792 on the place du Carousel, next to the Tuileries Palace. The King was executed on the Place de la Concorde, renamed the Place de la Revolution, on 21 January 1793. From that date until 7 June 1794, 1,221 persons, or about three a day, were guillotined on the Place de la Revolution, including Queen Marie-Antoinette on 16 October 1793. In 1794, for reasons of hygiene, the Convention had the guillotine moved to the place Saint-Antoine, now the rue de la Bastille, near the site of the old fortress; seventy-three heads were cut off in just three days.
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The founder of the branch, Philippe de Noailles (1715–1794), comte de Noailles, afterwards duc de Mouchy, was a younger brother of Louis, 4th duc de Noailles, and a more distinguished soldier than his brother. He served at Minden and in other campaigns, and was made a marshal of France on the same day as his brother. He was long in great favour at court, and his wife was first lady of honour to Marie Antoinette, and was nicknamed by her Madame Etiquette. This court favour brought down punishment in the days of the Revolution, and the old marshal and his wife were guillotined on 27 June 1794. He received the Spanish title of Prince de Poix in 1729, and that of duke of Mouchy, also a Spanish title, in 1747, when on the birth of his first son the title of prince of Poix became a courtesy title held by the heir.
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Born in Paris, Laborde was the fourth son of the famous banker of Spanish extraction, Jean-Joseph de Laborde, who was guillotined during the Reign of Terror. Young Laborde had been dispatched to Vienna by his father at the outbreak of the French Revolution; there he joined the Austrian army, in which he was named an officer, 10 December 1789, at the age of seventeen, by personal intervention of the Emperor Joseph II. At first stationed at Olmuz (Moravia), he was named captain in a regiment of light cavalry in October 1791, and saw action against the Revolutionary French forces the following year along the frontiers of the Austrian Netherlands and Luxembourg, where he distinguished himself by his generosity towards his compatriots who had been taken prisoner or wounded. In 1795 he took a long leave, first to join his widowed mother and sister in Switzerland, then, to see his brother in London. He reentered the Austrian army among Kinsky's hussars, and reached the rank of squadron leader.
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Worcestershire Yeomanry 1890s The Queen's Own Worcestershire Hussars were formed in 1794, as the Worcestershire Yeomanry, when King George III was on the throne, William Pitt the Younger was the Prime Minister of Great Britain, and across the English Channel, Britain was faced by a French nation that had recently guillotined its King and possessed a revolutionary army numbering half a million men. The Prime Minister proposed that the counties form a force of Volunteer Yeomanry Cavalry, which could be called on by the King to defend the country against invasion or by the Lord Lieutenant to subdue any civil disorder within the country. Worcestershire responded quickly - the first troop paraded in front of the Unicorn Inn in Worcester on 25 October 1794 under the command of Captain John Somers-Cocks and Lieutenant Thomas Spooner. With the threat of a French invasion having receded after the signing of the Peace of Amiens in 1802, the King commended the Worcestershire Yeomanry for their "honourable distinction in forming an essential part of the defence of the country against a foreign enemy in circumstances of extraordinary emergency".
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Richard Doyle The forerunner of Tussaud's Chamber of Horrors was the Caverne des Grands Voleurs (the Cavern of the Great Thieves) which had been founded by Dr Philippe Curtius as an adjunct to his main exhibition of waxworks in Paris in 1782. Here Curtius displayed wax figures of notorious French criminals who had been executed, as well as members of the French royal family and aristocracy who had been guillotined during the Revolution. When Marie Tussaud moved to London in 1802 to set up her own exhibition at the Lyceum Theatre she brought some of these figures with her and set them up in a separate gallery; and when later she toured her exhibits around the country she maintained this division in her exhibition using a 'Separate Room' to display them in.Chapman, Pauline Madame Tussaud's Chamber of Horrors: Two Hundred Years of Crime Grafton Books (1987) pg 13 The exhibits at this time included the heads of King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette, as well as Madame du Barry, Marat, Robespierre, Hébert, Carrier and Fouquier-Tinville in addition to models of a guillotine and the Bastille and the Egyptian mummy from Curtius' collection.
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