313 Sentences With "gigantism" | Random Sentence Generator

ZEE is a monument to Angola's gigantism, corruption and folly.

It was just temporary gigantism due to a food allergy.

Europe has taken antitrust more seriously and fought back against corporate gigantism.

Today, I have a new column on the crisis of corporate gigantism.

Have I ever seen the gigantism of a woman's desire onscreen before?

It's like a regular true-wireless headphones case with a serious case of gigantism.

And the truth is, there may be no reason for the gigantism at all.

He had a form of gigantism and had grown extraordinarily tall by his teens.

What were the evolutionary pressures and environmental conditions that led to gigantism among the dinosaurs?

Six cases of gigantism stand out most, with the firms becoming so big that governments intervened.

Kosen's massive height is caused by pituitary gigantism, a condition where the body produces too much growth hormone.

At his tallest, Mayhew stood at 7 feet 3 inches, although his height was not due to gigantism.

His health, exacerbated by his gigantism and poor eating habits, forced him to retire in 1938, aged 32.

Many of our economic ills — like income stagnation and a decline in entrepreneurship — stem partly from corporate gigantism.

But Brown is unique because he has Sotos syndrome, also known as cerebral gigantism, and he doesn't stop growing.

Scientists have seen deep-sea gigantism in sea spiders, amphipods, shrimp, and jellyfish, according to another NOAA field log.

"[Our paper] rejects this idea that all you needed was baleen and then you could evolve gigantism," he told Gizmodo.

The Olympics are, ironically, a victim of their own success; their popularity has resulted in a severe case of gigantism.

"Thus, [this] is the largest known fossil eunicidan annelid and represents a unique case of ancient polychaete gigantism," the team wrote.

And while NIRVANA looks like a pair of Beats suffering from monstrous gigantism, they don't seem to actually play music at all.

Because of these dramatic changes, those who get the excess growth hormone before puberty are said to have gigantism, rather than acromegaly.

Dr. Caccone plans to dive deep into the genomes to piece together how giant tortoises evolved traits like gigantism and carapace shape.

The latest episode of "The Argument" podcast takes on the problem of corporate gigantism, tied to Amazon's search for a second headquarters.

If the disease starts before individuals reach puberty, while they are still growing, the result is what is known as pituitary gigantism.

All this suggests that the evolution of gigantism in cetaceans is associated with strong selective pressure in favour of genes that conquer cancer.

Serra kept his evolution to gigantism primarily in town and in art parks, where it could relate to existing structures and tended landscapes.

But with this discovery we can see the first steps toward gigantism occurred 30 million years before the giants dominated practically the entire planet.

The first study considers "tall" men taller than five foot nine, for example, and many don't tease out the specifics of what causes gigantism.

The authors say many of these adaptations were not specific to gigantism, instead allowing for greater mobility as I. prima moved across the Triassic landscape.

We think that the heavy work they put into excavation and moving rocks may explain why gigantism evolved in these frogs in the first place.

I understood the impulse, of course, but it also struck me as strange: to honor a Native American leader in terms of Rushmore-style gigantism.

Gigantism in penguins—where the size exceeds that of the four foot-tall emperor penguin (Aptenodytes foresteri), the largest living species—is not a paleontological revelation.

Mayhew on set as Chewbacca in 2005 He was born in England in 1944 and diagnosed with gigantism at age 8, according to his foundation's website.

There's a theory called island gigantism in which species can grow extra large on islands because they're protected from predators and have less competition for resources.

And it's believed that gigantism in penguins may have come earlier than previously thought, possibly shortly after the birds became flightless divers, according to the study.

The squids' huge size come from a phenomenon called deep-sea gigantism, in which invertebrates inhabiting the deep, dark ocean grow larger than you'd otherwise expect.

This trait, known as polar gigantism, is thought to be essential to why they and many other cold-dwelling invertebrates of unusual size managed to survive.

It could be a case of island gigantism wherein species isolated on islands grow much larger than their mainland counterparts, sometimes due to a lack of predators.

A study that will be published tomorrow in the Proceedings of the Royal Society B investigated what could account for the fairly recent evolution of whale gigantism.

"Gigantism in animals is an alluring and ecologically important trait, usually associated with advantages and competitive dominance," lead author Mats Eriksson from Lund University said in a statement.

"This reveals that the first pulse towards gigantism in dinosaurs occurred over 30 million years before the appearance of the first [true sauropods]," write the researchers in their study.

After a recent expedition to Antarctica's McMurdo research station to study this case of "polar gigantism," the research team gained an insight into how sea spiders may pull it off.

Nanotecture: Tiny Built Things, a new book by architect Rebecca Roke and published by Phaidon, celebrates the quieter structural designs that consume far less real estate than those that embrace gigantism.

"I just sort of assumed that there was like a height at which it starts to get weird, and women would start to worry that I had gigantism or something," he said.

The Holland Festival production, which was titled "Aus licht ," reflects a tendency toward gigantism in the modern performing arts—multimedia spectacles that often impress more through sheer scale than through artistic coherence.

Programming at the Armory has also shown a tendency toward gigantism: the floor gets covered by water; a flock of sheep wanders around the arena; everyone says, "Wow, cool," and takes pictures for Instagram.

Tumors on the brain's hormone-producing, puberty-invoking pituitary gland can cause gigantism, where too much growth hormone is produced in childhood, and acromegaly, where too much growth hormone is produced once you're fully grown.

A concussive string of jump-cuts: radiation poisoning, house fire, hypnotism, gigantism, coward punch, police brutality, mystery hole, unshaven sideburns, and finally Mr. Burns's decision to bench Strawberry even though he's hit nine home runs.

The artists in Level Up playfully take up this accumulative drive toward gigantism in paintings, sculptures, photographs, and videos that depict prized objects transformed to gargantuan proportions, bedazzled, or fused together to create absurdist, aspirational trophies.

In a study published Tuesday in the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B, a team of researchers investigated gigantism in baleen whales, the filter-feeding leviathans that include blue whales, bowhead whales and fin whales.

"Although the origin of gigantism in sauropodomorphs was a pivotal stage in the history of dinosaurs, an incomplete fossil record obscures details of this crucial evolutionary change," Dr. Apaldetti and the other researchers explain in the study.

The first 5G devices will all suffer from a bit of gigantism — because they need larger batteries to feed more power-hungry and bulkier components — and the X55 is an early evolution trying to address that issue.

But during his final years in charge, Leblanc's preoccupation was instead "gigantism," a concern that the Tour would grow to an unwieldy size and that its expanding popularity would eclipse pretty much everything else on cycling's calendar.

Now, the discovery of Ingentia prima—a member of the Lessemsaurid group of dinosaurs and an ancestor of sauropods—shows that some dinosaurs had acquired several key characteristics during the Late Triassic that paved the way toward gigantism.

Kumimanu shows that there's still much to learn about the evolutionary history of the most endearing Antarctic residents, a group that outlasted a mass extinction and went through a 30+ million year gigantism phase—much longer than previously thought.

That is what CMS needs to do in order to halt the march to health care gigantism, preserve the personal care that independent doctors can deliver, and to have a health care system that delivers value -- and values patients.

WATKINS GLEN, N.Y. — As I stood in the midst of enormous Holstein steers leisurely munching hay at a spanking new barn at Farm Sanctuary in upstate New York, I thought about Knickers, the already fading meme of bovine gigantism.

But Bloomberg's strategy has never been tried before, and if he does manage to box out the other moderate candidates through sheer gigantism he'll soon have to contend with Bernie Sanders, the Democratic frontrunner, and his army of supporters.

Strange as it sounds for WWE to want to compete with itself, the thinking seems to be that if there are fans who want something other than the usual meaty gigantism, WWE should be where they go for that, too.

In the context of current American fiction and the directions in which it's moving, de la Pava can look like a throwback—an unabashed believer in empathy, in gigantism, in the ability of a novel to contain the whole world.

And indeed, the researchers who conducted the analysis, a team led by Diego Pol of the Egidio Feruglio paleontology museum in Argentina, ascribe this dinosaur's enormity (or tendency towards "gigantism," in their words) to the tremendous abundance of flowering plants that were available 100 million years ago.

What you will not find are the lavish props that made this show's New York premiere a study in Broadway gigantism: Evelyn Nesbit (an excellent Joanna Hickman) may refer to herself in song as "the girl on the swing," but there is no actual swing in sight.

By all accounts, André René Roussimoff—better known by his stage name André the Giant—was a kind but profoundly tormented man, plagued by both the psychological and physical pains of his gigantism, both of which worsened in the years leading up to his death at age 46.

" Ms. Hoptman, referring to the present as "a time of cultural gigantism," said, "Smaller, more focused institutions are freer to introduce unfamiliar, speculative, or challenging material, to drill down on specific mediums or ideas, and to create diverse programming that is relevant, even urgent to a larger cultural conversation.

Arbus's most famous set of images, "A Box of Ten Photographs" (1971), show a young boy with gigantism towering over his parents; identical twins; an elderly couple at a nudist camp; a young man at a pro-war march; the king and queen, who have never met before, of a senior citizens' dance.

Along with colleagues from the Cuban National Museum of Natural History, they explored forests and caves filled with animals — such as birds, amphibians and a certain species of bat — that exist only in Cuba Like many islands, Cuba is known for gigantism and miniaturism: species that grow very large or very small.

Architecturally and patrimonially, by its visual impact, its gigantism (12 meters tall, 8 wide, and 10 deep), and its siting, this sculpture would overwhelm the current harmony between the colonnades of the Museum of Modern Art of the City of Paris and the Palais de Tokyo, and the views of the Eiffel Tower.

In "Homer at the Bat," it was typified by Mr. Burns's Zephyrs get-up, his hawking of "brain and nerve tonic" (may cause gigantism), his reference to "the negro leagues," and (as Smithers observes) the fact Mr. Burns's desired right fielder had been dead for 130 years—all lent improbable believability by a top Harry Shearer performance.

One of the main focuses of Yugonostalgia today is the hundreds of spomeniks, or memorial monuments, most built to commemorate the victory over Fascism and to honor the one million Yugoslavs killed in World War II. In contrast to the Socialist Realist gigantism elsewhere in the East (think of "The Motherland Calls," the 280-foot swordswoman who towers over Volgograd, Russia), these concrete spomeniks aimed to unify multiethnic Yugoslavia through futuristic abstraction.

Even if there's a fence or person in the shot for scale, the human eye can find a way to correct for the sequoias' unacceptable gigantism: It reads the fir trees near the sequoias as bushes, to make the sequoias seem like ordinary trees; or it flattens the perspective, so that, say, four far-off sequoias appear to be right alongside six cedars in the foreground — fusing all of them into a single line of 10 perfectly boring-size trees.

Finding a specific genetic cause for gigantism has proven to be difficult. Gigantism is the primary example of growth hormone hyper-secretion disorders, a group of illnesses that are not yet deeply understood. Some common mutations have been associated with gigantism. Pediatric gigantism patients have shown to have duplications of genes on a specific chromosome, Xq26.

Typically, these patients also experienced an onset of typical gigantism symptoms before reaching the age of 5. This indicates a possible linkage between gene duplications and the gigantism. Additionally, DNA mutations in the aryl hydrocarbon receptor interacting protein (AIP) gene are common in gigantism patients. They have been found to be present in about 29 percent of patients with gigantism.

Many treatments for gigantism receive criticism and are not accepted as ideal. Various treatments involving surgery and drugs have been used to treat gigantism.

Her gigantism was due to a tumor in her pituitary gland.

Local gigantism affecting second toe of a child Local gigantism or localised gigantism is a condition in which a certain part of the body acquires larger than normal size due to excessive growth of the anatomical structures or abnormal accumulation of substances. It is more common in fingers and toes, where it is termed macrodactyly. However, sometimes an entire limb may be enlarged.

This owl provides an interesting case study of evolution and insular gigantism.

A duplication event in GPR101 is implicated in cases of gigantism and acromegaly.

Local gigantism may be caused by a heterogeneous group of both congenital and acquired conditions.

This is typical in gigantism. Additionally, a large variety of other known genetic disorders have been found to influence the development of gigantism such as multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 and 4, McCune-Albright syndrome, Carney complex, familial isolated pituitary adenoma, X-linked acrogigantism (X-LAG). Although various gene mutations have been associated with gigantism, over 50 percent of cases cannot be linked to genetic causes, showing the complex nature of the disorder.

Gigantism is characterized by an excess of growth hormone (GH). This excess of growth hormone that brings about gigantism is virtually always caused by pituitary growths (adenomas). These adenomas are on the anterior pituitary gland. They can also cause overproduction of GH's hypothalamic precursor known as growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH).

Pegvisomant is one pharmaceutical drug which has received attention for being a possible treatment route for gigantism. Reduction of the levels of IGF-I as a result of pegvisomant administration can be incredibly beneficial for the pediatric gigantism patients. After treatment with pegvisomant, high growth rates, a feature characteristic of gigantism, can be significantly decreased. Pegvisomant has been seen to be a powerful alternative to other treatments such as somatostatin analogues, a common treatment method for acromegaly, if drug treatment is paired with radiation.

Growth hormone Evidence indicates that the mechanism of hyperpituitarism can originate from genetic disruption causing pituitary tumorigenesis, most pituitary adenomas are monoclonal, which in turn indicates their origin from an event in a single cell. There are three hormones that are oversecreted resulting in the pituitary adenoma: prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and growth hormone (GH). Excess prolactin may result in a prolactinoma Excess GH results in gigantism, the severity of gigantism depends on whether the epiphyseal plate is open. The four most common types of hyperpituitarism are prolactinoma, corticotropinoma (Cushing's disease), somatotropinoma (gigantism), and thyrotropinoma .

Their size is an example of island gigantism. They are classified as vulnerable by the IUCN due to their restricted distribution.

Polar and deep-sea gigantism, where invertebrates are considerably larger than their warmer-water relatives, is common in this habitat. These two similar types of gigantism are believed to be related to the cold water, which can contain high levels of oxygen, combined with the low metabolic rates ("slow life") of animals living in such cold environments.

Gigantism should not be confused with acromegaly, the adult form of the disorder, characterized by somatic enlargement specifically in the extremities and face.

"Cope's Rule and Romer's theory: patterns of diversity and gigantism in eurypterids and Palaeozoic vertebrates". Biology Letters: rsbl20090700. . ISSN 1744-9561. PMID 19828493.

The phenomenon of animal species evolving in cache to unusually large size on islands (in comparison to continental relatives) is known as island gigantism or insular gigantism. This may occur due to factors such as relaxed predation pressure, competitive release, or as an adaptation to increased environmental fluctuations on islands. However, giant tortoises are no longer considered to be classic examples of island gigantism, as similarly massive tortoises are now known to have once been widespread. Giant tortoises were formerly common (prior to the Quaternary extinctions) across the Cenozoic faunas of Eurasia, Africa and the Americas.

Due to their young age at onset, AIP mutations are the most frequent genetic cause of pituitary gigantism (29% of cases). X-LAG is a rare syndrome of very early childhood onset pituitary tumors/hyperplasia that leads to growth hormone excess and severe overgrowth and pituitary gigantism. Three FIPA families with X-LAG have been reported to date all of which had transmission of a chromosome Xq26.3 duplication from affected mother to affected son. The disease characteristics of very young onset pituitary gigantism leads to severe overgrowth if not treated adequately; many of the tallest humans in history (e.g.

Gigantism or acromegaly — in which a tumor on the pituitary gland causes an oversecretion of growth hormone — may be the cause of his condition.

In the 1960s, Dr. John Bruce Beckwith, an American pathologist and Dr. Hans-Rudolf Wiedemann, a German pediatrician, independently reported cases of a proposed new syndrome. Originally termed EMG syndrome (for exomphalos, macroglossia, and gigantism), this syndrome over time became known as Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome or Wiedemann Beckwith syndrome. Originally, Dr. Hans-Rudolf Wiedemann (born 16 February 1915, Bremen, Germany, died 4 August 2006, Kiel) coined the term exomphalos- macroglossia-gigantism (EMG) syndrome to describe the combination of congenital abdominal wall defects as hernia (exomphalos), large tongues (macroglossia), and large bodies and/or long limbs (gigantism). Over time, this constellation was renamed Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome following the autoptical observations of Prof.

Josef Drásal – the tallest Czech ever, suffering of gigantism. Drásal was famous member of circus in his time with notable performance for French emperor Napoleon III.

Conversely, acromegaly and gigantism are conditions of GH and IGF-1 excess usually due to a pituitary tumor, and are characterized by overgrowth and tall stature.

"Cope's Rule and Romer's theory: patterns of diversity and gigantism in eurypterids and Palaeozoic vertebrates". Biology Letters: rsbl20090700. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0700. ISSN 1744-9561. PMID 19828493.

The large Haast's eagle and moa from New Zealand (both extinct) Island gigantism, or insular gigantism, is a biological phenomenon in which the size of an animal species isolated on an island increases dramatically in comparison to its mainland relatives. Island gigantism is one aspect of the more general "island effect" or "Foster's rule", which posits that when mainland animals colonize islands, small species tend to evolve larger bodies, and large species tend to evolve smaller bodies (insular dwarfism). Following the arrival of humans and associated introduced predators (dogs, cats, rats, pigs), many giant as well as other island endemics have become extinct. A similar size increase, as well as increased woodiness, has been observed in some insular plants.

Examination of a giant squid, the second largest cephalopod, that washed ashore in Norway. In zoology, deep-sea gigantism is the tendency for species of invertebrates and other deep-sea dwelling animals to be larger than their shallower-water relatives. Proposed explanations for this type of gigantism include colder temperature, food scarcity, and reduced predation pressure in the deep sea. The inaccessibility of abyssal habitats has hindered the study of this topic.

Humpback anglerfish: Melanocetus johnsonii The term deep-sea gigantism describes an effect that living at such depths has on some creatures' sizes, especially relative to the size of relatives that live in different environments. These creatures are generally many times bigger than their counterparts. The giant isopod (related to the common pill bug) exemplifies this. To date, scientists have only been able to explain deep-sea gigantism in the case of the giant tube worm.

González was born in El Colorado, Formosa, Argentina on 31 January 1966. He suffered from gigantism, which led to his height. He reached a height of by the age of 14.

The site at Tagus Cove is species rich because of the upwelling of the nutrient-laden, cool water Equatorial Undercurrent nearby, providing an optimum environment for growth which may encourage gigantism.

However, the elephant bird-kiwi relation appears to require dispersal across oceans by flight, as apparently does the colonization of New Zealand by the moa and possibly the back-dispersal of tinamous to South America, if the latter occurred. The phylogeny as a whole suggests not only multiple independent origins of flightlessness, but also of gigantism (at least five times). Gigantism in birds tends to be insular; however, a ten- million-year-long window of opportunity for evolution of avian gigantism on continents may have existed following the extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs, in which ratites were able to fill vacant herbivorous niches before mammals attained large size. However, some authorities have been skeptical of the new findings and conclusions.

As a result, the complementary phenomenon of island dwarfism can also result from the removal of constraints related to predation and/or competition on the size of large herbivores. In contrast, insular dwarfism among predators more commonly results from the imposition of constraints associated with the limited prey resources available on islands. As opposed to island dwarfism, island gigantism is found in most major vertebrate groups and in invertebrates. Territorialism may favor the evolution of island gigantism.

As the causes of local gigantism are varied, treatment depends on the particular condition. Treatment may range from antibiotics and other medical therapy, to surgery in order to correct the anatomical anomaly.

" Journal of Plant Research 120(4):511-522. (see External links below).Charles C. Davis, Maribeth Latvis, Daniel L. Nickrent, Kenneth J. Wurdack, and David A. Baum. 2007. "Floral Gigantism in Rafflesiaceae.

Island size plays a role in determining the extent of gigantism. Smaller islands generally accelerate the rate of evolution of changes in organism size, and organisms there evolve greater extremes in size.

In response to these changing ecological pressures, island species can become much more docile than their mainland counterparts, and may grow larger (see island gigantism) or smaller (see island dwarfism). Some of these unique adaptations are reflected in charismatic island species such as the giant tortoise, Komodo dragon, or pygmy mammoths. The Komodo dragon is an example of island gigantism. After immigration, birds, and some reptiles or mammals, tend to become larger and predatory,Alcover, J. A. and M. McMinn. 1994.

Daniel Cajanus apparently suffered from gigantism caused by a defect of the pituitary, possibly combined with hypogonadism. This is indicated by the fact that Cajanus' bodily proportions, and especially his strikingly long arms, were consistent with those of eunuchs, and by his apparently limited interest in the opposite sex. A tendency towards gigantism was displayed more broadly in his family. His sister Agneta, who went to Haarlem after his death to deal with his estate, was depicted as an especially large woman.

When he last measured himself, about 20 years ago, he said, he was 7 feet 7 inches. But the measurements for the Guinness book showed he had grown another inch. Bell said he has a medical condition called gigantism, which causes excessive growth hormone secretion during childhood. He said he does not suffer from some of the other effects of gigantism, such as an enlarged heart, although he does have to take some medicines for the rest of his life.

In marine crustaceans, the trend of increasing size with depth has been observed in mysids, euphausiids, decapods, isopods, and amphipods. Non-arthropods in which deep-sea gigantism has been observed are cephalopods, cnidarians, and eels from the order Anguilliformes. Examples of deep-sea gigantism include the big red jellyfish, the giant isopod, giant ostracod, the giant sea spider, the giant amphipod, the Japanese spider crab, the giant oarfish, the deepwater stingray, the seven-arm octopus,, and a number of squid species: the colossal squid (up to 14 m in length), the giant squid (up to 12 m), Onykia robusta, Taningia danae, Galiteuthis phyllura, Kondakovia longimana, and the bigfin squid. Deep-sea gigantism is not generally observed in the meiofauna (organisms that pass through a 1 mm mesh), which actually exhibit the reverse trend of decreasing size with depth.

One explanation for the dimorphism observed in the N. pilipes species is sexual size dimorphism may have evolved due to selection favoring female gigantism. Gigantism may have evolved in response to reduce the effectiveness of male mating plugs. With a mating plug, male spiders ensure that only the male who create the plug post coitus would be the father of the resulting offspring. Although in the species of N. pilipes, plugging does not seem to have an effect as females are still able to have successful matings even with multiple plugs.

Reports of gigantism exist throughout history, with some nations and tribes taller than others. The giants of Crete are listed in various historic sources, beginning with Titan, a Greek mythological giant, and including Gigantus, after whom giants and gigantism are named. Rhodes is another island where giants were said to have lived, with the Colossus of Rhodes, a giant statue of a giant patron god Helios. Goliath, a giant mentioned in the Bible, was a Philistine warrior who was killed by David in the war between the Israelites and the Philistines.

Insular dwarfism is one aspect of the more general "island effect" or "Foster's rule", which posits that when mainland animals colonize islands, small species tend to evolve larger bodies (island gigantism), and large species tend to evolve smaller bodies.

Gigantism is usually a disadvantage for bacteria.Giant bacterium carries thousands of genomes. Nature News, 8 May 2008. Bacteria obtain their nutrients via simple diffusion process across their cell membrane, as they lack the sophisticated nutrient uptake mechanism found in eukaryotes.

Peter Mayhew was born on May 19, 1944 in Barnes, Surrey. His height was a product of Marfan syndrome, not gigantism; "I don't have the big head", Mayhew said when asked about the cause of his height. His peak height was .

Size comparison with a human In general, squids have a mantle length of about 300 mm and weigh about 0.1-0.2 kg. However, the colossal squid is unlike most squid species, for it exhibits abyssal gigantism; it is the heaviest living invertebrate species, reaching weights up to 495 kg. Compared to the giant squid, which also exhibits deep-sea gigantism, the colossal squid is shorter, but heavier. Analysis of the beaks of other specimens from the stomach of sperm whales have shown that it is likely that colossal squids much heavier (up to 700 kg, or 1,500 lbs) exist.

Weights in the larger bodied species range from in mature males and from in adult females. However, the size is variable across the islands and species; those from Pinzón Island are relatively small with a maximum known weight of and carapace length of approximately compared to range in tortoises from Santa Cruz Island.Caporaso, F. The Galápagos Tortoise Conservation Program: the Plight and Future for the Pinzón Island Tortoise. The tortoises' gigantism was probably a trait useful on continents that was fortuitously helpful for successful colonisation of these remote oceanic islands rather than an example of evolved insular gigantism.

The smallest species was E. globiceps, at only ,Lamsdell, James C.; Braddy, Simon J. (2009-10-14). "Cope's Rule and Romer's theory: patterns of diversity and gigantism in eurypterids and Palaeozoic vertebrates". Biology Letters: rsbl20090700. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0700. ISSN 1744-9561.

In comparison, the species E. obesus was significantly smaller, with the largest specimen only being 4 cm (1.5 in) long.Lamsdell, James C.; Braddy, Simon J. (2009-10-14). "Cope's Rule and Romer's theory: patterns of diversity and gigantism in eurypterids and Palaeozoic vertebrates".

As typical of many people afflicted with pituitary gigantism Ella's arms were very long, with her hands and feet exceptionally big. She wore a custom-made size 24 US shoe and often wore multiple rings on her fingers to mask their unusual length.

Plestiodon kishinouyei is about 30–40 cm in total length (including tail), with a snout to vent length of 14.0–17.2 cm. It is the largest member of its widely distributed, speciose genus, and thus appears to be an example of island gigantism.

Slow moving sea spiders are common, sometimes growing up to about in leg span (another example of Polar gigantism). Roughly 20% of the sea spider species in the world are from Antarctic waters. They feed on the corals, sponges, and bryozoans that litter the seabed.

Leithia is a genus of extinct giant dormice from the Mediterranean islands of Malta and Sicily. It is considered an example of island gigantism. Leithia melitensis is the largest known species of dormouse, living or extinct, being twice the size of any other known species.

Large size in baleen whales was thought to be linked to the evolution of baleen and bulk feeding behavior, however Llanocetus is evidence that gigantism evolved multiple times in baleen whales. The size of Llanocetus is probably due to its polar environment or potential long-distance traveling.

Their nymphs must also have reached a very impressive size. This gigantism may have been due to higher atmospheric oxygen-levels (up to 80% above modern levels during the Carboniferous) that allowed increased respiratory efficiency relative to today. The lack of flying vertebrates could have been another factor.

Close-up of the New Caledonian giant gecko At 14 inches (360 mm) total length (including tail), R. leachianus is the largest extant gecko in the worldBallance, Allison; Morris, Rod (2003). Island Magic; Wildlife of the South Seas. David Bateman Publishing. and is considered an example of island gigantism.

The evolution of gigantism in dicynodonts was a gradual process, occurring over approximately 20 million years, and acquired major restructuring the musculo-skeletal system to achieve the size and posture of Lisowicia. It's possible that gigantism in Lisowicia was driven by increasing body size in predators, or as a metabolic adaptation for getting more nutrition out of their food by increasing the size of their gut. It also highlights that dicynodont evolution in the Late Triassic is still poorly understood. Previously considered to be geographically restricted and in decline, Lisowicia demonstrates that dicynodonts were both still geographically widespread and continuing to diversify in the Late Triassic, particularly evolving traits to support massive body sizes.

Anna Haining Bates (née Swan) with her parents A giantess is a female giant: either a mythical being, such as the Amazons of Greek mythology, resembling a woman of superhuman size and strength or a human woman of exceptional stature, often the result of some medical or genetic abnormality (see gigantism).

Nephila pilipes display female gigantism and male dwarfism. In terrestrial animals, Nephila pilipes have the most size differences between males and females. This can be explained by the evolutionary selection for females with better fecundity. Female Nephila pilipes have huge parental investments to their progenies, including egg production and web construction.

The sole known fossil remains of C. permianus, a massive incomplete carapace, suggests a very large eurypterid, potentially reaching lengths of 1.4 metres (4.6 feet).Lamsdell, James C.; Braddy, Simon J. (2009). "Cope's Rule and Romer's theory: patterns of diversity and gigantism in eurypterids and Palaeozoic vertebrates". Biology Letters: rsbl20090700. . . .

Charles C. Davis, Maribeth Latvis, Daniel L. Nickrent, Kenneth J. Wurdack, and David A. Baum. 2007. "Floral Gigantism in Rafflesiaceae". Science 315(5820):1812. In order to preserve Rafflesiaceae, Wurdack and Davis split Euphorbiaceae sensu stricto into Euphorbiaceae sensu strictissimo and Peraceae, a new family comprising Pera and four other genera.

Gigantism is usually caused by a tumor on the pituitary gland of the brain. It causes growth of the hands, face, and feet. In some cases the condition can be passed on genetically through a mutated gene.In a Giant’s Story, a New Chapter Writ by His DNA - By Gina Kolata.

Island gigantism is mostly found in plants and animals on tiny, remote islands. This is because largeness provides a survival advantage. Usually, larger size makes it harder to escape from predators, but in these cases, there are none. This insect probably lost the capacity for flight in exchange for larger size.

Art critic Brian Sewell said "Our country is littered with public art of absolutely no merit. We are entering a new period of fascist gigantism. These are monuments to egos and you couldn't find a more monumental ego than Boris." The Times reported the description of it being the "Godzilla of public art".

This is by far the largest species of Cyphostemma (a special case of "island gigantism"). An early sketch of a Mapou tree (E.Pitot). This species was once common across Mauritius. It used to be widespread throughout the dry and semi-dry forests of the island, but especially in more exposed or mountainous areas.

Following infection with Pasteuria, the parasite interferes with the reproduction of their female hosts. Hosts can live with the parasite for a prolonged period of time after infection. In Daphnia, P. ramosa induces gigantism. P. penetrans parasitized females of the nematode Meloidogyne javanica, on the other hand, were smaller than healthy individuals.

Another example of peramorphosis is seen in insular (island) rodents. Their characteristics include gigantism, wider cheek and teeth, reduced litter size, and longer lifespan. Their relatives that inhabit continental environments are much smaller. Insular rodents have evolved these features to accommodate the abundance of food and resources they have on their islands.

The extreme size of P. nesodytes follows Foster's rule of insular gigantism and dwarfism, in which some rodent species attain greater body size following their occupation of islands lacking a multitude of predators.Wenner, A.M. and D.L. Johnson (1980). Land vertebrates on the California Channel Islands: Sweepstakes or Bridges? in D.M. Powers, ed.

Louisville area doctors gathered in 2006 to review Porter's medical profile. Their conclusion suggests that Porter had a hormone disorder called acromegaly, which affects about three out of every one million people. Acromegaly or gigantism results from a tumor (usually benign) pressing on the pituitary gland releasing an excessive amount of growth hormones.

Tyrannomolpus is a genus of leaf beetles in the subfamily Eumolpinae. It is known only from Three Kings Islands, New Zealand. It contains only one species, Tyrannomolpus rex. T. rex is the largest chrysomelid beetle species endemic to New Zealand, measuring between 9.7 and 11.9 mm, and may be an example of island gigantism.

Mutations in LRP1 have also been found in cases of Familial Alzheimer's disease Loss of function mutations in the Cryptic co-receptor can lead to random organ positioning due to developmental left-right orientation defects. Gigantism is believed to be caused, in some cases, by a loss of function of the Glypican 3 co-receptor.

The forelimbs were longer than the hindlimbs, in contrast to the more derived sauropods. It has been calculated around 9-10 m long.Redelstorff, R. A. G. N. A., Sander, P. M., & Galtom, P. M. (2013). Unique bone histology in partial large bone shafts from Aust Cliff (England, Upper Triassic): an early independent experiment in gigantism.

33 tumour-suppressing genes have been identified in humpback whales. These include atr, which detects damage to DNA and halts cell division; amer1, which slows cell growth; and reck, which limits metastasis. Humpbacks have multiple copies of genes that promote apoptosis. Gigantism in cetacea is associated with selective pressure in favor of tumor-suppressing genes.

Kelikian wrote three classic monographs on hand, ankle, and foot surgery, as well as a book on Armenian poetry. He also specialized in congenital deformities, particularly gigantism and on phocomelia due to thalidomide. He never charged Armenians for treatment. Kelikian had a son Armen, also a surgeon, and two daughters, Alice and Virginia, by his wife Ovsanna (née Kupelian).

Bacteria of the Pasteuriaceae family are endoparasitic within nematodes or cladoceran hosts. After the infection, the host gets castrated by the parasite and shows gigantism. The infection pathway is not fully discovered yet. The core of the endospores is covered by glycoproteins that are presumed to be involved in the attachment of the endospores to the invertebrates host.

The Antarctic Benthic Deep-Sea Biodiversity Project (ANDEEP) is an international project to investigate deep-water biology of the Scotia and Weddell seas. Benthic refers to "bottom-dwelling" organisms that are known to exhibit unusual characteristics not normally seen in shallow-dwelling creatures. ANDEEP has already made many notable discoveries, such as animals with gigantism and extraordinary longevity.

The tapinocephalids were an advanced family of giant herbivorous dinocephalians, with an adult weight from about , possibly up to in the largest forms, such as Tapinocephalus atherstonei. The trend towards gigantism, so typical of many of the dinocephalians, was characteristic of even the earliest known members of this family. Along with pareiasaurs, these were the heavyweights of the middle Permian.

If there is an excess of growth hormone, it is usually because of over-secretion of somatotrope cells in the anterior pituitary gland. A significant amount of excess somatotrope secretion before puberty or before the end of new bone tissue growth can lead to gigantism, a disease that causes excess growth of body (e.g. being over 7 ft. tall) and unusually long limbs.

Marjanović was born and raised in Boljevac in eastern Serbia. Although he was tall from a young age, his family members are all of average height: his father stands only tall and mother is tall. A pituitary gland condition is thought to have contributed to his gigantism. Marjanović began playing basketball with the youth teams of Boljevac-based club Rtanj.

Restoration of P. hefteri. Like other adelophthalmid eurypterids, Parahughmilleria was a small-sized eurypterid. The largest species, P. major, only reached 12.5 cm (5 in), and the smallest species, P. hefteri, measured only 6 cm (2.4 in),Lamsdell, James C.; Braddy, Simon J. (2009-10-14). "Cope's Rule and Romer's theory: patterns of diversity and gigantism in eurypterids and Palaeozoic vertebrates".

GH therapy has been a focus of social and ethical controversies for 50 years. This article describes the history of GH treatment and the current uses and risks arising from GH use. Other articles describe GH physiology, diseases of GH excess (acromegaly and pituitary gigantism), deficiency, the recent phenomenon of HGH controversies, growth hormone in sports, and growth hormone for cows.

American Museum Novitates 3857: 1–43. doi:10.1206/3857.1. The largest forms such as Witwatia schlosseri were comparable in size and possibly ecology to the modern Vampyrum spectrum. Witwatia is not related to Aegyptonycteris, a contemporary genus of similarly sized giant bat, indicating that the Fayum Depression environment was home to at least two lineages of large sized chiropterans that developed gigantism independently.

Thaumatogryllus is a genus of crickets in the family Gryllidae. It currently consists of four species, all of which are endemic to Hawaii. Though very little is known about any of these species, it can be confirmed that T. conantae shows obvious signs of island gigantism. The other three species, especially T. cavicola, may also be affected by this phenomenon.

Patterns of Evolutionary Change in Baikalian Gammarids Inferred from DNA Sequences (Crustacea, Amphipoda). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 10(2): 160–167 The "gigantism" of some Baikal amphipods, which has been compared to that seen in Antarctic amphipods, has been linked to the high level of dissolved oxygen in the lake.BBC News (13 May 1999). Oxygen boosts polar giants. Retrieved 17 July 2014.

More recent research confirms this assessment and places these three species in the tribe Xenotrichini. The postcranial morphology of Paralouatta suggests that it was partly terrestrial, and a likely example of island gigantism. A second species of Paralouatta (P. marianae) has also been described from the Burdigalian (~18 million years old) Lagunitas Formation and is the largest Neotropic primate known of that epoch.

ASCP Quick Compendium of Clinical Pathology, 2nd Ed. ASCP Press, Chicago, 2009. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is an excellent test for evaluation of GH hyper-secretion. It does not undergo diurnal variation and will thus be consistently elevated in GH hyper-secretion and therefore patients with gigantism. A single normal IGF-1 value will reliably exclude GH hyper-secretion.

This claim would put him into the category of Gigantism if verified, although as with other aspects it was more than likely exaggerated. Other than Yamato Takeru, at least three of Keikō's children were ancestors of notable clans. Emperor Keikō died in 130 AD at the age of 143, and his son Prince Wakatarashihiko was enthroned as the next emperor the following year.

Size comparison of E. patteni Like the other adelophthalmid eurypterids, Eysyslopterus was a small eurypterid. The total size of the only known specimen is estimated at only 8 centimetres (3.1 inches),Lamsdell, James C.; Braddy, Simon J. (2009-10-14). "Cope's Rule and Romer's theory: patterns of diversity and gigantism in eurypterids and Palaeozoic vertebrates". Biology Letters: rsbl20090700. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0700.

"Mylène racontée par ses fans", La Provence, May 11, 2009 Laprovence.com (Retrieved May 12, 2009) France Soir noted : "The design is detailed, ghostly, bathed in darkness and gigantism, supported by polished visual effects and amazing lightings". Coop said Farmer showed a "nive energy and an undeniable charisma". For Télé Moustique, the a concert in Douai was neat, but some choreographies were disappointing.

A ceremony was held in 1983. Baba and his wife had no children due to the fear of the child possibly having gigantism. Despite having no children of their own, Baba and his wife developed a close relationship with Baba's student Atsushi Onita. Baba thought of Onita as one of his own children, and seriously thought about adopting Onita at one point.

In Eumaniraptora, both Dromaeosauridae and Troodontidae went later through four independent events of gigantism, three times in dromaeosaurids and once in troodontids, while the body mass continued to decrease in many forms within Avialae. Fossils show that all the earliest members of Paraves found to date started out as small, while Troodontidae and Dromaeosauridae gradually increased in size during the Cretaceous period.

Size comparison of the most complete members of the sauropod family Dicraeosauridae Dicraeosaurids are differentiated from their sister group, diplodocids, and from most sauropods by their relatively small body size and short necks. Dicraeosaurids are advanced sauropods within the monophyletic clade Neosauropoda, which is generally characterized by gigantism. The relatively small body size of dicraeosaurids make them an important outlier relative to other taxa in Neosauropoda.

Zhao played basketball until ligament damage to his left foot in 2001. His 2009 hospital trip related to this injury as he was too poor to have it treated sooner. He suffers of gigantism Despite advising Zhao Liang against any intense physical exercise, Zhao's surgeon has declared that he has no health issues related to his height. His parents and siblings are average height.

D. M. Wilkinson and G. D. Ruxton considered the available nutrients as a driving factor for sauropod gigantism. Sauropods appeared during the late triassic period and became extinct at the end of the cretaceous period. During this time period, herbivorous plant matter such as conifers, ginkgos, cycads, ferns and horsetails may have been dietary choice of Sauropods. These plants have a high carbon/ nitrogen content.

The evolution of plugs occurred in earlier ancestral species and still persists along. These traits were then passed down to one of its descendants, the living species N. pilipes. In this ancestral species, female gigantism was selected as a positive adaptation. In female spiders with larger bodies, the "embolic plugs" inserted in the N. pilipes females' genitalia become too thin to effectively seal the genitalia.

Size comparison of P. phelpsae Like the other adelophthalmid eurypterids, Pittsfordipterus was a small eurypterid. The total size of the largest known specimen is estimated at only 6 cm (2.4 in), making it one of the smallest adelopththalmids and eurypterids overall.Lamsdell, James C.; Braddy, Simon J. (2009-10-14). "Cope's Rule and Romer's theory: patterns of diversity and gigantism in eurypterids and Palaeozoic vertebrates".

As a case of "island gigantism", it is the only Cyphostemma species to attain the size of a large tree. It has also lost the vine-like tendrils of its genus, which falls within the greater Vitaceae (grapevine) family. In exposed areas, it tends to be shorter and more robust - only a few meters tall. In more protected environments, it grows up to 10 meters in height.

Skull uncovered in Beit Khallaf tomb K2, attributed to Sanakht by Garstang. The bones found in K2 exhibit gigantism, as the individual was over tall. The tomb of Nebka has not been located with any certainty, nor has that of Sanakht. Garstang, who excavated mastaba K2 at Beit Khallaf, believed that it belonged to Sanakht as seals bearing this pharaoh's name were uncovered there, beside a burial.

AIP is labeled as a tumor suppressor gene and a pituitary adenoma disposition gene. Mutations in AIP sequencing can have deleterious effects by inducing the development of pituitary adenomas which in turn can cause gigantism. Two specific mutations in the AIP gene have been identified as possible causes of pituitary adenomas. These mutations also have the ability to cause adenoma growth to occur early in life.

No actual evidence of such a creature existing has ever been documented, but in 1938 a British Explorer named William Hichens, working in Tanzania, was told by locals that a monstrous cat had been attacking people at night. Huge paw prints were found to be much larger than any known big-cat, but Hichens dismissed the case, believing it more likely to be a lion with gigantism.

In December 2014, a new species of snailfish was discovered at a depth of , breaking the previous record for the deepest living fish seen on video. During the 2014 expedition, several new species were filmed including huge amphipods known as supergiants. Deep-sea gigantism is the process where species grow larger than their shallow water relatives. In May 2017, an unidentified type of snailfish was filmed at a depth of .

The other members of the genus Drosophila also make very few, giant sperm cells, with D. bifurca being the longest. Such sperm gigantism is thought to have evolved via a Fisherian runaway process, with a genetic link between sperm length and the length of the female seminal receptacle length (sperm-storage organ) combined with an increasing competitive advantage of longer sperm as the seminal receptacle evolves to be longer.

Ramón S. Fernández (born October 3, 1953) is a Filipino former basketball player and current commissioner of the Philippine Sports Commission. Fernandez won four PBA Most Valuable Player awards and a record 19 PBA conference cups. Fernandez stood at 6'4 barefoot during his prime but due to mild gigantism grew to 6'5 during his final seasons. He scored 18,996 points to finish as the PBA's all-time scoring leader.

Some species are lethal, and a few are used in biological control of insect pests. Parasitic castration, gigantism, or change of host sex are all potential effects of microsporidian parasitism (in insects). In the most advanced cases of parasitism the microsporidium rules the host cell completely and controls its metabolism and reproduction, forming a xenoma.Ronny Larsson, Lund University (Department of Cell and Organism Biology) Cytology and taxonomy of the microsporidia 2004.

Valuev was born on 21 August 1973, in Leningrad, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union (now Saint Petersburg, Russia). He is of ethnic Russian descent, but he also had a Tatar grandfather. Although his own parents are short—both tall—his Tatar great-grandfather has been described as "of mountainous proportions" and "a warrior giant of Russian folklore." His own size and appearance are due to gigantism complicated by acromegaly.

He started playing basketball when he was eighteen at Osaka University of Commerce. In 1975, when his height was about , he was recruited by the University of Portland; he spent two years there, but a medical check revealed gigantism and he never played for the varsity team. After graduation, he joined the basketball club of Sumitomo Metal Sparks. He represented Japan between 1979 and 1986 before he retired in 1996.

Dinornis robustus Because of the small initial size of all mammals following the extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs, nonmammalian vertebrates had a roughly ten-million-year-long window of opportunity (during the Paleocene) for evolution of gigantism without much competition. During this interval, apex predator niches were often occupied by reptiles, such as terrestrial crocodilians (e.g. Pristichampsus), large snakes (e.g. Titanoboa) or varanid lizards, or by flightless birds (e.g.

Reconstruction of Slimonia Slimonid eurypterids ranged in size from 12 centimetres (5 inches) to 100 centimetres (39 inches) in length. The largest species was Slimonia acuminata, which was also the first slimonid to be described and is known from the Early to Middle Silurian of Lesmahagow, Scotland.Lamsdell, James C.; Braddy, Simon J. (2009-10-14). "Cope's Rule and Romer's theory: patterns of diversity and gigantism in eurypterids and Palaeozoic vertebrates".

The size of C. ventricosus compared to a 1.8 metre (5.9 ft) tall human. Ciurcopterus was a eurypterid of medium size, with C. ventricosus measuring approximately 70 centimetres (28 in) in length and C. sarlei measuring 50 centimetres (20 in).Lamsdell, James C.; Braddy, Simon J. (2009-10-14). "Cope's Rule and Romer's theory: patterns of diversity and gigantism in eurypterids and Palaeozoic vertebrates". Biology Letters: rsbl20090700. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0700.

Blepharisma feed on a variety of smaller organisms, including bacteria, flagellate algae, rotifers, other ciliates and even smaller members of the same species. Experiments with Blepharisma undulans have shown that cannibalism causes gigantism. When individuals are given a diet of smaller Blepharisma, or certain ciliates (particularly Colpidium colpoda), they grow to a relatively enormous size. As long as their diet remains unchanged, cannibal giants will divide to produce more giants.

Males in Siberia may weigh up to 2,050 grams, while females weigh 1,350 grams. One giant polecat from Semirechye had a body length of about 775 mm. Overall, specimens exhibiting gigantism are more common than in the European polecat, and occur primarily in western Siberia, where they likely hybridise with Siberian weasels. The winter fur is soft and tall, with short, dense underfur and long, sparse guard hairs.

Nephila sumptuosa can reach a length of in males, of in females.Matjaž Kuntner, Jonathan A. Coddington Discovery of the Largest Orbweaving Spider Species: The Evolution of Gigantism in Nephila These large spiders have long reddish legs with clumps of hair. The abdomen is blackish and shows a series of whitish spots. As is usual among orb-weavers, there is marked sexual dimorphism in general appearance, but especially in size.

Mounted fossil humerus of Lisowicia Prior to the discovery of Lisowicia, the evolution of giant body sizes in Triassic sauropodomorphs was thought to be an exclusive trait of dinosaurs, as other large herbivores—including the dicynodonts—were not thought to have achieved similar sizes. The elephantine size of Lisowicia demonstrates that gigantism also evolved in dicynodonts, and analysis of their body size as they evolved over the course of the Late Triassic demonstrates that, like sauropodomorphs, Triassic dicynodonts were also increasing in body size, culminating in Lisowicia. In fact, dicynodonts were consistently larger than sauropodomorphs during the Carnian stage, and both achieved similar gigantic sizes in the Norian to the Rhaetian with Lisowicia. The evolution of gigantism in both sauropodomorphs and Lisowicia at similar time periods suggests that ecological factors may have allowed and encouraged both lineages to grow to giant sizes, as opposed to specific traits inherent to sauropodomorph dinosaurs as had previously been suggested.

Acromegaly is rarely due to a tumor in another part of the body. Diagnosis is by measuring growth hormone after a person has drunk a glucose solution, or by measuring insulin-like growth factor I in the blood. After diagnosis, medical imaging of the pituitary is carried out to determine if an adenoma is present. If excess growth hormone is produced during childhood, the result is the condition gigantism rather than acromegaly.

The Maltese archipalego is linked to Sicily by an underwater plateau of depths of less than 100 m. During different marine regressions of the Mediterranean, Malta has been connected to Sicily by a surface isthmus by which animals have been able to cross, as evinced by the presence of island dwarfism (Maltese dwarf hippopotamus and dwarf elephant fossils),Courtin, J. as well as island gigantism (fossils of the Maltese Giant Dormouse, Leithia melitensis).

His body continued to grow at the age of 23. Ali's height was predicted to keep increasing, and therefore he had to eat at least a kilogram of food every day to keep a sufficient muscle mass and healthy weight. According to Md Farid Uddin, the doctor of BSMMU, Jinnat suffered from acromegalic gigantism — a condition caused by a tumor on his pituitary gland which caused his body to produce too much growth hormone.

The Philippine eagle might be a particularly appropriate living species to compare with the Haast's eagle, because it too evolved in an insular environment from smaller ancestors (apparently basal snake eagles) to island gigantism in the absence of large carnivorous mammals and other competing predators.Lerner, H. R., & Mindell, D. P. (2005). Phylogeny of eagles, Old World vultures, and other Accipitridae based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 37(2), 327-346.

A new transitional sauropodomorph from the Early Jurassic of South Africa and the evolution of sauropod feeding and quadrupedalism. Proceedings of the Royal Society, London, B: which has garnered international media attention and should serve to illuminate the early beginnings of sauropod gigantism. He is a co-discoverer of an early "prosauropod" Arcusaurus pereirabdalorum Yates, A.M., Bonnan, M.F., and Neveling, J. 2011. A new basal sauropodomorph dinosaur from the Early Jurassic of South Africa.

The gameplay is almost identical to the first game, with a few different additions and changes. These include 'Mutation' (monsters can mutate in three forms: by deformity, by obesity and by gigantism) and 'The Overlord's Chamber', where you can grow monsters and observe their evolution. What Did I Do To Deserve This, My Lord!? 2 contains "4 times more stages, 3.3 times more monsters and 2.3 times more heroes" than the first game.

At 10 years of age Carmel was 6 feet 1 inch tall. At 15 years of age he was 6 feet 6 inches tall, and was diagnosed with gigantism and acromegaly. When he graduated Taft High School in 1954 he was 7 feet tall. He studied at City College of New York for two years where he elected vice president of his class, majoring in business and joining the Dramatic Club, and Baruch College.

Skeleton of a Cretan dwarf elephant Several species of proboscideans lived on islands and experienced insular dwarfism. This occurred primarily during the Pleistocene when some elephant populations became isolated by fluctuating sea levels, although dwarf elephants did exist earlier in the Pliocene. These elephants likely grew smaller on islands due to a lack of large or viable predator populations and limited resources. By contrast, small mammals such as rodents develop gigantism in these conditions.

André René Roussimoff () was born in Coulommiers of Bulgarian heritage, the third of five children, to Boris and Marianne Roussimoff Stoeff. His parents were immigrants to France; his father was Bulgarian and his mother was Polish. His nickname growing up was Dédé (, ). At birth André weighed 13 pounds and as a child he displayed symptoms of gigantism very early, noted as being "a good head taller than other the kids" and with abnormally long hands.

For the diagnosis of hyperpituitarism it depends on the cell type(s) affected, clinical manifestations of hormone excess may include, gigantism or acromegaly, which can be identified by clinical and radiographic results. Cushing's disease diagnosis is done with a physical examination, laboratory tests and X rays of the pituitary glands (to locate tumors) For prolactinoma, diagnosis comes in the form of the measurement of serum prolactin levels and x-ray of pituitary gland.

Mitu was born in Mârsani, near Craiova, in 1909, the oldest of eleven children, his mother being only 16 when she delivered him. Mitu became world-famous because of his enormous stature. He is listed with various heights, among them , , and . Because of these characteristics he was very sought after by doctors and scientists who wanted to know the reason for his gigantism and by people who wanted to profit from his stature.

The common frog (Rana temporaria) is known from Tresco and Higher Moor, Lower Moor and Porthloo on St Mary's. Bones were identified from a 10th- to 13th-century site at Lower Town, St Martins. Giant, albino tadpoles, suffering from a mineral deficiency, resulting in a form of gigantism were found in the pool on the cricket pitch, also on St Martin's. Bones of a toad were found from a 17th-century occupation site at Steval Point Battery, St Mary's.

Accompanying problems can include sweating, pressure on nerves (e.g. carpal tunnel syndrome), muscle weakness, excess sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), insulin resistance or even a rare form of type 2 diabetes, and reduced sexual function. GH-secreting tumors are typically recognized in the fifth decade of life. It is extremely rare for such a tumor to occur in childhood, but, when it does, the excessive GH can cause excessive growth, traditionally referred to as pituitary gigantism.

Life restoration Skull and dentary in various views The Majorcan giant dormouse (Hypnomys morpheus) is an extinct animal from the Balearic Islands of Majorca and Mallorca, Spain. It is considered an example of island gigantism. The closest extant relative is considered to be the genus Eliomys, which includes the garden dormouse,MC McKenna and SK Bell "Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level" 1997 Columbia University Press, New York . which was confirmed by a mitochondrial DNA analysis in 2020.

Stoichiometric magnetite () particles were obtained from PETM-age marine sediments. The study from 2008 found elongate prism and spearhead crystal morphologies, considered unlike any magnetite crystals previously reported, and are potentially of biogenic origin. These biogenic magnetite crystals show unique gigantism, and probably are of aquatic origin. The study suggests that development of thick suboxic zones with high iron bioavailability, the result of dramatic changes in weathering and sedimentation rates, drove diversification of magnetite- forming organisms, likely including eukaryotes.

He was dominated by his wife, who stood as tall as he was. Images of small, shy men dominated by their taller or fatter wives appear frequently in Rarebit Fiend. Gigantism, with characters overwhelmed by rapidly growing elements, was another recurring motif, perhaps as compensation on McCay's part for a sense of smallness. McCay's brother Arthur had been put in a mental asylum, which may have inspired the themes of insanity that are common in the strip.

Its species name was originally to be called "big ugly", but Kirsten Matsumoto raised objections to this name, and renamed it granrojo, meaning "big red" in Spanish. Tiburonia granrojo is one of the largest sea jellies and unusual in a number of ways. They live at ocean depths of and have been found across the Pacific Ocean in the Gulf of California, Monterey Bay, Hawaii and Japan. It is very likely that these jellies are exhibiting deep-sea gigantism.

The inverse process, wherein small animals breeding on isolated islands lacking the predators of large land masses may become much larger than normal, is called island gigantism. An excellent example is the dodo, the ancestors of which were normal-sized pigeons. There are also several species of giant rats, one still extant, that coexisted with both Homo floresiensis and the dwarf stegodonts on Flores. The process of insular dwarfing can occur relatively rapidly by evolutionary standards.

However, recent genetic studies have found that tinamous nest well within the ratite tree, and are the sister group of the extinct moa of New Zealand. Similarly, the small kiwi of New Zealand have been found to be the sister group of the extinct elephant birds of Madagascar. These findings indicate that flightlessness and gigantism arose independently multiple times among ratites via parallel evolution. Predatory megafaunal flightless birds were often able to compete with mammals in the early Cenozoic.

Growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) are two substances that have been identified as influencing growth plate formation and bone growth and, therefore, gigantism. Their specific mechanisms are still not well understood. More broadly, GH and IGF have both been identified to be involved in most stages of growth: embryonic, prenatal, and postnatal. Moreover, the receptor gene for IGF has been shown to be particularly influential throughout various stages of development, especially prenatally.

S. varius at St Louis Zoo The San Esteban chuckwalla is the largest species of chuckwalla, reaching in body length and overall length, and weighing up to . It is considered a textbook example of island gigantism, as it is three to four times the size of its mainland counterparts. The male's skin is gray with tan to yellow patches over its entire body, and its face is gray to black. The female is duller in appearance with fewer patches.

333x333pxRhineceps like modern amphibians had obligatory aquatic young. Rhineceps like other stereospondyls was the result of evolutionary gigantism which resulted in stunted metamorphosis with few morphological differences between adults and larvae. Metamorphosis was likely lost in stereospondyls because extreme phenotypic plasticity allowed environmental acclimation through changes in morphology without needing a binary developmental life history with larval and adult stages. This eventually led to neoteny whereby the larval stage is morphologically very similar to the adult stage.

The west coast of Flores is one of the few places, aside from the island of Komodo itself, where the Komodo dragon can be found in the wild, and is part of Komodo National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Kelimutu National Park is the second national park designated on Flores to protect endangered species. The Flores giant rat is also endemic to the island, and Verhoeven's giant tree rat was formerly present. These giant rodents are considered examples of island gigantism.

Eyles's harrier (Circus teauteensis) is an extinct bird of prey which lived in New Zealand. This species was named for Jim Eyles, paleontologist and former director of the Nelson Provincial Museum and the West Coast Museum. It was presumably very similar to the living swamp harrier, its closest living relative, from which it diverged around 2.4 million years ago. It was an example of island gigantism, as an adult female weighed around , over twice as much as a swamp harrier.

There are, however, various diseases and disorders that cause growth abnormalities. Most notably, extreme height may be pathological, such as gigantism resulting from childhood hyperpituitarism, and dwarfism which has various causes. Rarely, no cause can be found for extreme height; very short persons may be termed as having idiopathic short stature. The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2003 approved hGH treatment for those 2.25 standard deviations below the population mean (approximately the lowest 1.2% of the population).

The benthic communities of the seafloor are diverse and dense, with up to 155,000 animals found in . As the seafloor environment is very similar all around the Antarctic, hundreds of species can be found all the way around the mainland, which is a uniquely wide distribution for such a large community. Deep-sea gigantism is common among these animals. A census of sea life carried out during the International Polar Year and which involved some 500 researchers was released in 2010.

John F. Carroll (1932–1969) is one of 20 known people in medical history to have reached a height of or more. He suffered from severe, 2-dimensional spinal curvature (Kyphoscoliosis) and acromegalic gigantism. He had a standing height of on October 14, 1959, at age 27 but, according to calculations by an engineer, his height would have been , assuming normal curvature of the spine. He was later measured at in 1968, having shrunk in stature due to his worsening spinal condition.

Cervalces carnutorum was soon followed by a much larger species called Cervalces latifrons (broad-fronted stag-moose). The Pleistocene epoch was a time of gigantism, in which most species were much larger than their descendants of today, including exceptionally large lions, hippopotamuses, mammoths, and deer. Many fossils of Cervalces latifrons have been found in Siberia, dating from about 1.2 to 0.5 million years ago. This is most likely the time at which the species migrated from the Eurasian continent to North America.

André René Roussimoff (May 19, 1946 – January 27, 1993), best known as André the Giant, was a French professional wrestler and actor. Roussimoff stood at over seven feet tall, which was a result of gigantism caused by excess growth hormone, and later resulted in acromegaly. It also led to his being called "The Eighth Wonder of the World". He found success as a fan favorite throughout the 1970s and early 1980s, appearing as an attraction for various professional wrestling promotions.

Additional joints like the hyposphene-hypantrum articulations, which add rigidity to the vertebral column, are found in several different reptile lineages; a known example are the zygosphene-zygantrum articulations found in snakes. Hyposphene-hypantrum articulations are found in several unrelated groups within the Archosauromorpha. They occur especially in large forms, for example in rauisuchids and in silesaurids and – within the Dinosauria – in saurischians. They evolved to make the vertebral column more rigid and stable and probably had supported the gigantism in sauropod dinosaurs.

IGF-1 levels can be measured in the blood in 10-1000 ng/ml amounts. As levels do not fluctuate greatly throughout the day for an individual person, IGF-1 is used by physicians as a screening test for growth hormone deficiency and excess in acromegaly and gigantism. Interpretation of IGF-1 levels is complicated by the wide normal ranges, and marked variations by age, sex, and pubertal stage. Clinically significant conditions and changes may be masked by the wide normal ranges.

The infection success of P. ramosa depends on its ability to attach to the host esophagus and to spread into its body cavity where the propagation of the pathogen takes place. The attachment step of the infection depends on the genotypes of the host and the bacterium, meaning that only certain host genotypes can be infected by certain strains of the bacterium. During P. ramosa infection, the size of the Daphnia increases significantly. This phenomenon is known as pathogen-induced gigantism.

Julius Koch (1872 – 30 March 1902), also known as Le Geant Constantin, was one of the tallest people ever. He suffered from gigantism, with an enlarged pituitary gland, testicular atrophy and lack of sexual development, and had trouble walking. His height, was based on an estimate: after a series of falls, his legs were badly injured, and they were amputated after gangrene set in. His height had been advertised as , but this was presumed to be an exaggeration by the authors of his autopsy report.

Sphaerotheriida is an order of millipedes in the infraclass Pentazonia, sometimes known as giant pill millipedes. They inhabit Southern Africa, Madagascar, South and Southeast Asia, Australia and New Zealand. Like the Northern Hemisphere pill millipedes of the order Glomerida, these millipedes can roll into a ball when disturbed. When they are rolled-up, most sphaerotheriidans reach a maximum size of a cherry or golf ball, but some species from Madagascar can even reach the size of an orange (an example of island gigantism; illustration - ).

A study of its skeletal characteristics suggested that the Lava Mouse lived in fissures opened in the lava fields (Boye et al. 1992). The morphology of its teeth indicates that it was an herbivore (Renaud & Michaux 2004). Its evolutionary relationships are unresolved due to its fairly generic morphology. Rodents on islands generally increase in size during the course of their evolution (see also insular gigantism); the lava mouse was fairly small for an insular rodent (some 20 cm in overall length: Boye et al. 1992).

Additionally, female gigantism would have been important to the ancestral species at the time when mating plugs were still effective, as body size has been shown to increase fecundity. By laying more eggs at a time, the ancestral females could have produced more offspring before they were plugged by a male. Female N. pilipes spiders are able to achieve a large size because they can continue to molt and grow after maturity. This contrasts with most spiders, where growth stops once sexual maturity is reached.

Leonid Stepanovych Stadnyk (; 5 August 1969 – 24 August 2014) was a Ukrainian man who claimed to have stood at 8 feet 5 inches or 2.56 meters tall. Stadnyk's excessive growth began after brain surgery at the age of 13, after which he developed a pituitary gland tumor that caused the gland to secrete large amounts of growth hormone. This resulted in what doctors describe as acromegaly acromegalic gigantism. Twenty years after the surgery, the doctors discovered the tumor had mysteriously disappeared and he was currently healthy.

Another giant of this period, Charles Byrne, also claimed to be an O'Brien. It is believed that he died from the effects of the disease gigantism. No hearse could be found to accommodate his eight-footfour-inch casket encased in lead, and his remains were borne to the grave by relays of fourteen men. In his will, Cotter left £2,000 to his mother and a request that his body be entombed within twelve feet of solid rock (to prevent exhumation for scientific or medical research).

Gigantism (Greek γίγας, gígas, "giant", plural γίγαντες, gígantes), also known as giantism, is a condition characterized by excessive growth and height significantly above average. In humans, this condition is caused by over- production of growth hormone in childhood, resulting in people in height. It is a rare disorder resulting from increased levels of growth hormone before the fusion of the growth plate which usually occurs at some point soon after puberty. This increase is most often due to abnormal tumor growths on the pituitary gland.

The combination of features in Ciurcopterus demonstrates that all the diagnostic characteristics of the Pterygotidae did not appear at the same time, suggesting that the evolution of these features was gradual. The cladogram below is based on the nine best- known pterygotid species and two outgroup taxa (Slimonia acuminata and Hughmilleria socialis).The cladogram also contains the maximum sizes reached by the species in question, which have been suggested to possibly have been an evolutionary trait of the group per Cope's Rule ("phyletic gigantism").

The brides were picked by the parents of the deceased males. Before the murders, a short traditional wedding ceremony was held so that the deceased sons would have marriage in the afterlife. While it appears that the murders are part of a long-standing tradition, the writers acknowledge that the tradition did not involve murder. In Elizabeth McCracken's romance The Giant’s House, a librarian named Peggy Cort meets an eleven-year-old boy named James Sweatt, who suffers from a rare disease called Gigantism.

Restoration of A. cummingsi Acutiramus was one of the largest eurypterids, perhaps only smaller than the gigantic Jaekelopterus rhenaniae. At a length of 2.1 metres (6.89 feet), A. bohemicus is the largest known species of the genus, whilst the smallest were A. floweri and A. perryensis both at a length of 20 cm (8 in).Lamsdell, James C.; Braddy, Simon J. (2009-10-14). "Cope's Rule and Romer's theory: patterns of diversity and gigantism in eurypterids and Palaeozoic vertebrates". Biology Letters: rsbl20090700. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0700.

Human height varies greatly between individuals and across populations for a variety of complex biological, genetic, and environmental factors, among others. Due to methodological and practical problems, its measurement is also subject to considerable error in statistical sampling. The average height in genetically and environmentally homogeneous populations is often proportional across a large number of individuals. Exceptional height variation (around 20% deviation from a population's average) within such a population is sometimes due to gigantism or dwarfism, which are caused by specific genes or endocrine abnormalities.

Glyptonotus antarcticus at up to in length and in weight, and Ceratoserolis trilobitoides at up to in length are unusually large benthic isopods and examples of Polar gigantism. Amphipods are abundant in soft sediments, eating a range of items, from algae to other animals. The amphipods are highly diverse with more than 600 recognized species found south of the Antarctic Convergence and there are indications that many undescribed species remain. Among these are several "giants", such as the iconic epimeriids that are up to long.

Dopamine Treatment (for hyperpituitarism) in the case of prolactinoma consists of long-term medical management. Dopamine agonists are strong suppressors of PRL secretion and establish normal gonadal function. It also inhibits tumor cell replication (in some cases causes tumor shrinkage) Treatment for gigantism begins with establishing target goals for IGF-1, transsphenoidal surgery (somatostatin receptor ligands- preoperatively) and postoperative imaging assessment. For Cushing's disease there is surgery to extract the tumor; after surgery, the gland may slowly start to work again, though not always.

Byrne's great height was the result of a then-undiscovered growth disorder (known today as acromegaly or acromegalic gigantism), and his health declined sharply in his twenty-second year. He was also pickpocketed in this period while drinking in his local pub, the Black Horse; Byrne's worldly earnings were on his person in the form of banknotes, and were stolen. The loss of his earnings interacted with his failing health, and two months later Byrne died, at his lodgings, in June 1783, aged 22.

The American surgeon Harvey Cushing studied Byrne's bones in 1909 and found that Byrne had had a pituitary tumour based on an enlarged pituitary fossa. In 2011, British and German researchers determined the cause of Byrne's gigantism. They extracted DNA from Byrne's teeth and found that he had a rare mutation in his AIP gene that is involved in pituitary tumours. The researchers also found that four contemporary families living in Northern Ireland which have a history of related pituitary disorders also carried this mutation.

A study on Anaho Island in Nevada determined that reptile species that were territorial tended to be larger on the island compared to the mainland, particularly in the smaller species. In territorial species, larger size makes individuals better able to compete to defend their territory. This gives additional impetus to evolution toward larger size in an insular population. A further means of establishing island gigantism may be a founder effect operative when larger members of a mainland population are superior in their ability to colonize islands.

In insect physiology, the corpus allatum (plural: corpora allata) is an endocrine gland which generates juvenile hormone; as such, it plays a crucial role in metamorphosis. Surgical removal of the corpora allata (an allatectomy) can cause an immature larva to pupate at its next molt, resulting in a miniature adult.Vitamins and Hormones: v. 14: Advances in Research and Applications, edited by Richard Harris, 1956, from Elsevier Similarly, transplantation of corpora allata from a young larva to a fully mature larva can greatly extend the larval stage, resulting in an equivalent to gigantism.

The type material of Heracles inexpectatus is the longest evidence obtained at the site, which rarely produces fossil longer than 100 millimetres. The time of deposition is determined as sixteen to nineteen million years ago, in an area associated with a freshwater lacustrine system, in wet forest dominated by cycad, palm and casuarina species, along with a diverse array of other avian fauna. The species appears to have occupied a niche in the region's ecology, unfilled by mammals, that favoured the insular gigantism exhibited by some other avian species of the region.

The balance between preserving the natural way of life and fauna and investing in large-scale infrastructures for the tourism industry is a vividly ongoing debate for Datça, as for the entire region of southwestern Turkey. The inhabitants of the Datça peninsula have shown themselves clearly opposed to gigantism and are in favor of developing the tourism potential of the region through family pensions and inns and small hotels well integrated into their environment, while governments in the past displayed approaches to the debate in mere foreign exchange entry terms.

Pacific viperfish do not have a particular fish that they mainly feed on, but they will go after crustaceans, plankton, shrimp, small fish and occasionally will catch a larger fish. The pacific viperfish is one of the nine different species that belong to the genus Chauliodus or Viperfish. The pacific viperfish tend to be the largest of the species, typically reaching lengths of up to 1 foot and are considered an example of deep-sea gigantism. The pacific viperfish is classified as one of the most ferocious deep seas fish for its size.

It also may have promoted gigantism of insects and amphibians — creatures that have been constrained in size by respiratory systems that are limited in their physiological ability to transport and distribute oxygen at the lower atmospheric concentrations that have since been available. In eastern North America, marine beds are more common in the older part of the period than the later part and are almost entirely absent by the late Carboniferous. More diverse geology existed elsewhere, of course. Marine life is especially rich in crinoids and other echinoderms.

Jacob Rheuben Erlich (July 3, 1906 - July 18, 1952Tallest-Ever Movie Giants), professionally credited as Jack Earle, was an American silent film actor and sideshow performer. Due to acromegalic gigantism, Earle was one of the world's tallest humans at the time of his death, standing at 7ft 7 1/2in tall, although, in an exaggeration that was common for circus giants, he was billed as being 8 ft 6 1/2 in tall. For 14 years, he traveled with Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus, then became a salesman.

A frontal view of Bathynomus giganteus, showing its large, highly reflective compound eyes Giant isopods are a good example of deep-sea gigantism (cf. giant squid), as they are far larger than the "typical" isopods that are up to . Bathynomus can be divided into "giant" species where the adults generally are between long and "supergiant" species where the adults generally are between . One of the "supergiants", B. giganteus, reaches a typical length between ; an individual claimed to be long has been reported by the popular press, but the largest confirmed was .

A megaloblast is an unusually large erythroblast that can be associated with vitamin B12 deficiency (caused by pernicious anemia or dietary insufficiency), folic acid deficiency, or both (such anemias are collectively called megaloblastic anemias). This kind of anemia leads to macrocytes (abnormally large red cells) and the condition called macrocytosis. The cause of this cellular gigantism is an impairment in DNA replication that delays nuclear maturation and cell division. Because RNA and cytoplasmic elements are synthesized at a constant rate despite the cells' impaired DNA synthesis, the cells show nuclear-cytoplasmic asynchrony.

The genus Gallotia are the lacertids (wall lizards) of the Canary Islands. This genus consists of a group that has been evolving there ever since the first islands emerged from the sea over 20 million years ago. The endemic species and subspecies of this group have a number of characteristics that make them quite special within their family (Lacertidae); their only close relatives are the sandrunner lizards (Psammodromus) of the western Mediterranean region. Gallotia are characteristic for eating significant quantities of plants, and for several lineages having evolved insular gigantism.

It is not even known whether the gigantic palaeeudyptines constitute a monophyletic lineage, or whether gigantism was evolved independently in a much restricted Palaeeudyptinae and the Anthropornithinae – whether they were considered valid, or whether there was a wide size range present in the Palaeeudyptinae as delimited as usually done these days (i.e., including Anthropornis nordenskjoeldi). The oldest well-described giant penguin, the -tall Icadyptes salasi, actually occurred as far north as northern Peru about 36 mya. In any case, the gigantic penguins had disappeared by the end of the Paleogene, around 25 mya.

Replica of Stupendemys geographicus carapace in Osaka Its weight helped Stupendemys stay under water for extended periods of time, grazing on aquatic plants. On the other hand, it was probably a very weak swimmer, unable to move its bulk against a swift current, and thus probably avoided smaller streams. S. geographicus inhabited what is known as the Pebas system, a large wetland system that dominated northern South America during the Miocene. The wetlands seemed to have favoured gigantism in other aquatic animals, like the crocodylian Purussaurus and rodent Phoberomys.

Size comparison of the biggest species of both hughmilleriid genera Hughmilleriid eurypterids ranged in size from 6 to 20 centimetres (2 to 8 inches), representing a group of relatively small eurypterids. Hughmilleriids would be dwarfed by some of their more derived (more "advanced") relatives within their superfamily, especially the pterygotids which would surpass lengths of 2 metres and become the largest known arthropods to ever live.Lamsdell, James C.; Braddy, Simon J. (2009-10-14). "Cope's Rule and Romer's theory: patterns of diversity and gigantism in eurypterids and Palaeozoic vertebrates".

As a result of the excessive amounts of growth hormone, children achieve heights that are well above normal ranges. The specific age of onset for gigantism varies between patients and gender, but the common age that excessive growth symptoms start to appear has been found to be around 13 years. Other health complications, such as hypertension, may occur in pediatric patients with hyper-secretion of growth hormone. Characteristics more similar to those seen in acromegaly may occur in patients that are closer in age to adolescence since they are nearing growth plate fusion.

This theory was dismissed by fellow scientists, but has found approval more recently through further study into the relationship between gigantism and oxygen availability. If this theory is correct, these insects would have been susceptible to falling oxygen levels and certainly could not survive in our modern atmosphere. Other research indicates that insects really do breathe, with "rapid cycles of tracheal compression and expansion". Recent analysis of the flight energetics of modern insects and birds suggests that both the oxygen levels and air density provide a bound on size.

In it, Foster compared 116 island species to their mainland varieties. Foster proposed that certain island creatures evolved larger body size (insular gigantism) while others became smaller (insular dwarfism). Foster proposed the simple explanation that smaller creatures get larger when predation pressure is relaxed because of the absence of some of the predators of the mainland, and larger creatures become smaller when food resources are limited because of land area constraints. The idea was expanded upon in The Theory of Island Biogeography, by Robert MacArthur and Edward O. Wilson.

Early Cenozoic northern hemisphere paleognaths such as Lithornis, Pseudocrypturus, Paracathartes and Palaeotis appear to be the most basal members of the clade. The various ratite lineages were probably descended from flying ancestors that independently colonised South America and Africa from the north, probably initially in South America. From South America they could have traveled overland to Australia via Antarctica, (by the same route marsupials are thought to have used to reach Australia) and then reached New Zealand and Madagascar via "sweepstakes" dispersals across the oceans. Gigantism would have evolved subsequent to trans-oceanic dispersals.

Mounir Fourar (born in Batna, Algeria, the November 28, 1972 – 3 January 2012) was one of the tallest men in the world. He claimed a height of 2.44 m (8 ft), however, this has not been independently verified. His shoe size was 64, suit size was 160, his hand measured 28 centimeters and he weighed 396 pounds (180 kg). He suffered an acromegaly gigantism within an adenoma of his pituitary gland at the age of 12, he grew of 7 cm per month (84 cm on one year).

The island of Flores, Indonesia is distinct in its isolation, separated from the Sunda continental shelf by deep water all year round. Currently, the limited number of species and the unbalanced nature of the species present is a consequence of the extremely insular nature of the island. Liang Bua supports only a few of the clades from the mainland and lacks specific groups such as mammalian carnivores. This resulted in the distinct dwarfism of mammals and the gigantism of other vertebrate species, an effect known as the island rule.

André the Giant is a 2018 TV documentary film based on the life of French professional wrestler and actor André René Roussimoff, best known as André the Giant. The documentary covers André's life with gigantism. The film features professional wrestlers and media personalities such as Vince McMahon, Hulk Hogan, Pat Patterson, Tim White, Ric Flair, Dave Meltzer, Arnold Schwarzenegger, Billy Crystal as well as family members discussing André's life. The film was executively produced by Janine Marmot and Bill Simmons, who had been interested in creating a documentary on André previously.

Although the edible dormouse is the only living member of its genus, a number of fossil species are also known. The genus Glis first originated in the middle Oligocene, although it did not become common until the Pliocene. By the Pleistocene, only one species, G. sackdillingensis, is known to have survived, and this is likely the ancestor of the modern species, which first appeared in the early to mid-Pleistocene. Edible dormice that have been isolated on oceanic islands are a prime example of insular gigantism, in which small animals in isolated locations become larger over the course of many generations.

Wall mounted fossils of R. priscus on the silhouette of a Tenontosaurus Two species of Rhabdodon are known, Rhabdodon priscus, the type species, and R. septimanicus (Buffetaut and Le Loeuff, 1991). Rhabdodon remains are currently known from southern France, although fragmentary remains from eastern Spain have been assigned to the genus. Rhabdodon was large compared to its nearest relatives, and indeed one recent paper ( Ősi et al. (2012)) determined it is larger than the basal rhabdodontid status; from this they suggested that it actually experienced gigantism on the "mainland"; and not insular dwarfism as previous suggested.

Greener, from a very young age, had a tumour at the base of his pituitary gland, which controls the release of human growth hormone. The tumour caused Greener's pituitary to grow to several times the size of that of an average person, and he would not have stopped growing had the tumour not been surgically removed when he was in his late 20s. Amazingly, his condition, pituitary gigantism, was not diagnosed until 1970, when Greener was 27 years old, already at his maximum height and the record-holder as the tallest man in Britain. He held the record for 40 years.

The Czech town of Jáchymov was the site of an "infamous" uranium mine, while the largest concentration of uranium mines in all of Europe stood nearby in East Germany. They were operated as a military secret and "in the prevailing spirit of Soviet gigantism" by SDAG Wismut to feed the Soviet atomic bomb project. The net result of industrial activity in the Triangle were huge quantities of particulate emissions, heavy metals, sulfur dioxides and nitrogen oxides which largely destroyed adjacent forests of the Jizera Mountains with acid rain, and measurable impact on health and life expectancy.

In 2016, ancient DNA was extracted from the carapace of a 12,000 year old Doedicurus specimen, and a nearly complete mitochondrial genome was reconstructed (76x coverage). Comparisons with those of modern armadillos revealed that glyptodonts diverged from tolypeutine and chlamyphorine armadillos approximately 34 million years ago in the late Eocene. This prompted moving them from their own family, Glyptodontidae, to the subfamily Glyptodontinae within the extant Chlamyphoridae. Based on this and the fossil record, glyptodonts would have evolved their characteristic shape and large size (gigantism) quite rapidly, possibly in response to the cooling, drying climate and expansion of open savannas.

The depressions on the tail club may have supported spikes Doedicurus is thought to have been a grazer, and the high degree of hypsodonty and the breadth of the muzzle could indicate it was a bulk feeder. Glyptodont species notably increased in size after the Great American Interchange and immigration of new mammals into the previously isolated continent, with some of the largest glyptodonts, including Doedicurus, being known from the Pleistocene following this event. This may indicate increasing gigantism was an anti-predator adaptation in response to new mammalian carnivores. There is evidence that Smilodon preyed upon Doedicurus.

Dr. Talos appears to be the leader of the group but is later revealed to be a homunculus created by Baldanders to be his doctor and servant. Baldanders' gigantism is later revealed to be self-experimentation designed to increase his intelligence and longevity so he may better understand alien technology. During his travels, he meets with Vodalus and agrees to join his insurrection. At a feast that evening, Severian ingests a portion of Thecla's recovered body together with a drug taken from an (apparently alien) creature called an alzabo, a ritual that conveys to him Thecla's memories.

Size comparison of female with many males Nephila pilipes display sexual dimorphism, the presence of distinct difference between the males and females of a species. In Nephila pilipes, female spiders are much larger than their male counterparts, and males can be 4–10 times smaller than the females. Sexual dimorphism appears to be a shared feature among Nephila pilipes spiders of different populations, as examinations of populations in Southeast Asia, Australia, and Papua New Guinea show similar patterns of size dimorphism. Two major hypotheses have been suggested to explain this sexual selection and they are female gigantism and male dwarfism.

It was the time of gigantism: thus it was for the second temple of Apollo at Didyma, situated twenty kilometers from Miletus in Ionia. It was designed by Daphnis of Miletus and Paionios of Ephesus at the end of the fourth century BC, but the construction, never completed, was carried out up until the 2nd century AD. The sanctuary is one of the largest ever constructed in the Mediterranean region: inside a vast court (21.7 metres by 53.6 metres), the cella is surrounded by a double colonnade of 108 Ionic columns nearly 20 metres tall, with richly sculpted bases and capitals.

The police officer states that they need a permit to dig and if they do not fill the hole in they are all going to jail. Later, Verdean is speaking with Lazarus over the phone and Lazarus tells Verdean he needs the skull as soon as possible. Verdean then decides to steal the skull of a dead Israeli with gigantism, by the name of Jonny Jerusalem, from his grave. Verdean then knocks out a rock sized hole in the front of the skull and tries to pass it off as being Goliath's skull by burying it out in the desert.

Hyperpituitarism is the condition where the pituitary secretes excessive amounts of hormones. This hypersecretion often results in the formation of a pituitary adenoma (tumour), which are benign apart from a tiny fraction. There are mainly three types of anterior pituitary tumors and their associated disorders. For example, acromegaly results from excessive secretion of growth hormone (GH) often being released by a pituitary adenoma. This disorder can cause disfigurement and possibly death and can lead to gigantism, a hormone disorder shown in “giants” such as André the Giant, where it occurs before the epiphyseal plates in bones close in puberty.

Early 20th century postcards became a vehicle for tall tale telling in the US. Creators of these cards, such as the prolific Alfred Stanley Johnson, Jr., and William H. "Dad" Martin, usually employed trick photography, including forced perspective, while others painted their unlikely tableaus, or used a combination of painting and photography in early examples of photo retouching. The common theme was gigantism: fishing for leviathans, hunting for or riding oversized animals, and bringing in the impossibly huge sheaves. An homage to the genre can be found on the cover of the Eat a Peach (1972) album by The Allman Brothers Band.

A young Baba (second from left) with his brother and parents Shohei Baba was born on January 23, 1938 in Sanjo, Niigata, the second son of Kazuo and Mitsu Baba. For most of his early childhood, Baba was one of the smallest children in his class, however, around the fifth grade, he began to grow at a rapid rate, and by the time he was in the ninth grade he was already 175 cm tall.ジャイアント馬場年譜 It soon became apparent he was suffering from gigantism. Nevertheless, Baba excelled at baseball, becoming the top player at his local club.

Several species are notable for manipulating or influencing their hosts. Microphallus piriformes causes its host, the rough periwinkle, to move upwards, making it more vulnerable to predation by herring gulls. Microphallus pseudopygmaeus chemically castrates (parasitic castration) its host, the snail Onoba aculeus, and causes it to grow larger than normal (it is not clear if this gigantism benefits the host or parasite or if it is a non- adaptive side-effect).Gorbushin A. M. & Levakin I. A. (1999) "The effect of Trematode parthenitae on the growth of Onoba aculeus, Littorina saxatilis and L. obtusata (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia)".

Yet, a comprehensive species- level phylogenetic analysis has proven impossible due to the large amount of species based on scant and fragmentary fossilised material. The genus Slimonia is thought to represent the sister group to the pterygotids. The cladogram below is based on the nine best-known pterygotid species and two outgroup taxa (Slimonia acuminata and Hughmilleria socialis). The cladogram also contains the primary unifying characteristics for the various clades, as well as the maximum sizes reached by the species in question, which have been suggested to possibly have been an evolutionary trait of the group per Cope’s Rule ("phyletic gigantism").

The unusually large size of Bathynomus has been attributed to an effect called deep-sea gigantism, where invertebrates living in cold deep waters tend to grow larger and have longer lifespans. They reproduce by laying eggs. Mature females develop a pouch known as a marsupium, where the eggs are stored until the young are ready to emerge as miniatures of the adults, known as manca, completely bypassing a larval stage. Giant isopods are not usually fished commercially, although other species of Bathynomus can be found in the occasional oceanside restaurant in northern Taiwan, where they are boiled and served with rice.

The Fayum Depression is one of the richest Eocene fossil sites, depicting a wet tropical environment dominated by lagoons, dating around the Priabonian. It is best renowned for its early whales like Basilosaurus, but several other mammal groups, from primates to early elephants and several extinct groups like embrithopods and hyaenodontids are also known. Several bat species are known from this locality, including the similarly large Witwatia species, which are directly contemporary to Aegyptonycteris, suggesting that this environment supported several large sized chiropteran species. In particular, Aegyptonycteris is not directly related to these other giant bats, suggesting that it evolved gigantism independently.

He was also beginning to develop health problems from the gigantism that caused his size that led him to having major back surgery and limited his wrestling ability at that time. Less than two months after the suspension was announced, vignettes appeared on WWF Television hailing the debut of a masked tag team from the Orient, known as "The Machines": Giant Machine and Super Machine. The team announced that they were coming to America soon with their manager Lou Albano and that their only mission was to prove that they were the number one tag team in the world. Super Machine was portrayed by Bill Eadie.

In marine crustaceans, it has been proposed that an increase in size with latitude is observed because decreasing temperature results in increased cell size and increased life span, both of which lead to an increase in maximum body size (continued growth throughout life is characteristic of crustaceans). The size trend has been observed in hyperiid and gammarid amphipods, copepods, stomatopods, mysids, and planktonic euphausiids, both in comparisons of related species as well as within widely distributed species. Deep-sea gigantism is observed in some of the same groups, possibly for the same reasons. An additional factor in aquatic species may be the greater dissolved oxygen concentration at lower temperature.

Pterygotioid eurypterids, whose fossils are recovered in deposits ranging in age from the Early Silurian to the Late Devonian, can be distinguished from all other eurypterine eurypterids by the placement of their eyes, being located near or in some cases on the margin of the carapace (the "head" plate). Pterygotioids ranged in size from small eurypterids, the smallest being Hughmilleria wangi at just in length, to the largest arthropods to ever live, the largest being Jaekelopterus rhenaniae which might have reached lengths of .Lamsdell, James C.; Braddy, Simon J. (2009-10-14). "Cope's Rule and Romer's theory: patterns of diversity and gigantism in eurypterids and Palaeozoic vertebrates".

Parasitic castrators partly or completely destroy their host's ability to reproduce, diverting the energy that would have gone into reproduction into host and parasite growth, sometimes causing gigantism in the host. The host's other systems remain intact, allowing it to survive and to sustain the parasite. Parasitic crustaceans such as those in the specialised barnacle genus Sacculina specifically cause damage to the gonads of their many species of host crabs. In the case of Sacculina, the testes of over two-thirds of their crab hosts degenerate sufficiently for these male crabs to develop female secondary sex characteristics such as broader abdomens, smaller claws and egg-grasping appendages.

Triceratopsini is a tribe of herbivorous chasmosaurine dinosaurs that lived between the late Campanian to the late Maastrichtian stages of the Cretaceous period, between 74.73 and 66 million years ago. Fossils of these animals have been found in western North America, in particular West Canada, Western and Midwestern United States, which was once part of the ancient continent of Laramidia. The tribe was named by Nicholas R. Longrich in 2011 for the description of Titanoceratops, which he defined as "as all species closer to Triceratops horridus than to Anchiceratops ornatus or Arrhinoceratops brachyops". Triceratopsins were the largest of the chasmosaurines; suggesting that gigantism had evolved in the Ceratopsidae once.

The holotype measures approximately 45 cm in length. From this an estimated length of 3-4 meters for the animal has been obtained using measurements from related species such as Utahraptor. This shows that Imperobator exhibited gigantism, a trait not often seen among pariavians and is best documented in genera such as Utahraptor, Austroraptor, Deinonychus and Dakotaraptor. Despite prior assignment to Dromaeosauridae, Imperobator has since been assigned to the clade Paraves due to certain characteristics that differ from those of dromaeosaurids, including the lack of a sickle claw, the smooth surface of the distal metatarsal II and the lack of an ungual of the second pedal digit.

What sets Erettopterus apart from the other pterygotids is the morphology of its bilobed telson, which is different from the telson of Ciurcopterus, with a dorsal median carinae, and that of Pterygotus, Jaekelopterus and Acutiramus, which form a short spine. The cladogram below published by Braddy et al. (2007) is based on the nine best-known pterygotid species and two outgroup taxa (used as a reference group), Slimonia acuminata and Hughmilleria socialis. The cladogram also contains the maximum sizes reached by the species in question, which have been suggested to possibly have been an evolutionary trait of the group per Cope’s Rule ("phyletic gigantism").

A distant relative, Israel Cajanus, had extremely large hands and feet and thus probably also suffered from acromegaly. The available information about Daniel Cajanus' actual size is somewhat variable, however it is clear that his height reduced somewhat over the course of his life. Investigations into his preserved bones reveal a phenomenon typical of gigantism which explains this reduction: the overproduction of growth hormone leads to a thickening of the cartilage, which wears away in the course of time, leading to symptoms similar to osteoarthritis. The condyles of his bones show clear signs of erosion, which also explain his difficulties in walking in his later years.

Large tortoises would have a greater chance of surviving the journey over water from the mainland as they can hold their heads a greater height above the water level and have a smaller surface area/volume ratio, which reduces osmotic water loss. Their significant water and fat reserves would allow the tortoises to survive long ocean crossings without food or fresh water, and to endure the drought-prone climate of the islands. A larger size allowed them to better tolerate extremes of temperature due to gigantothermy. Fossil giant tortoises from mainland South America have been described that support this hypothesis of gigantism that pre-existed the colonization of islands.

Studd successfully eliminated Perry during the match, only to have Perry eliminate Studd while the two were shaking hands. André went on to win the battle royale. The Andre-Studd feud took on a new dimension in 1986, when, in the wake of Andre's increasing health problems related to gigantism and acromegaly, his role as Fezzik in the movie The Princess Bride, and his planned tour of Japan, a storyline was developed to have André compete in a tag team called The Machines. The "Machines" angle began when André failed to show up for a number of tag team matches against Bundy and Studd.

The New York Times, January 5, 2011 Other names somewhat obsolete for this pathology are hypersoma (Greek: hyper over the normal level; soma body) and somatomegaly (Greek; soma body, genitive somatos of the body; megas, gen. megalou great). In the past, while many of them were social outcasts because of their height, some (usually unintentionally) found employment in Friedrich Wilhelm I's famous Potsdam Giants regiment. Many of those who have been identified with gigantism have suffered from multiple health problems involving the circulatory or skeletal system, as the strain of maintaining a large, heavy body places abnormal demands on both the bones and the heart.

Size comparison of H. banksii with a human hand Herefordopterus was a small-sized eurypterid with only 12 cm (5 in) in length, being surpassed in size by other pterygotioids such as Slimonia acuminata with 100 cm (39 in) or Jaekelopterus rhenaniae and (potentially) Erettopterus grandis with 2.5 m (8.2 ft). This size makes it the smallest genus and one of the smallest species of the entire Pterygotioidea superfamily, the related Hughmilleria wangi at 6 cm (3 in) being the smallest one.Lamsdell, James C.; Braddy, Simon J. (2009-10-14). "Cope's Rule and Romer's theory: patterns of diversity and gigantism in eurypterids and Palaeozoic vertebrates".

While her personal issues are made to take a backseat with Buffy, in battles, her gigantism shows some utility; she is able to assist fighting Amy in "The Long Way Home", and rampages through Tokyo to distract their enemies in "Wolves at the Gate". In "Time of Your Life, Part One" she shrinks to normal size again, but then turns into a centaur. Xander surmises she will likely experience a third such transformation before she can return to normal. In "Living Doll", the twenty-fifth issue of the series, Dawn undergoes a transformation into a living doll and is kidnapped by a disturbed dollmaker for her 'protection'.

Benefits of large size that have been suggested for island tortoises include decreased vulnerability to scarcity of food and/or water, through ability to survive for longer intervals without them, or ability to travel longer distances to obtain them. Periods of such scarcity may be a greater threat on oceanic islands than on the mainland. Thus, island gigantism is usually an evolutionary trend resulting from the removal of constraints on the size of small animals related to predation and/or competition. Such constraints can operate differently depending on the size of the animal, however; for example, while small herbivores may escape predation by hiding, large herbivores may deter predators by intimidation.

Illustrations of Z. robustus and Z. shqiperorum in scale Zalmoxes is a rather small genus of bipedal herbivore with a large triangular head and a beak. Z. shqiperorum is the larger species, known from a subadult long, as well as an early juvenile in length, while Z. robustus subadults range from long. An unnamed species of Zalmoxes, is known from larger sizes, with an adult in length. Although Nopcsa thought the small size of Zalmoxes was due to island dwarfism, Attila Ösi and colleagues found it was closer to the size of the rhabdodontid ancestor, with larger Rhabdodon and smaller Mochlodon having island gigantism and island dwarfism respectively.

Typically, the size of a liger is more likely to be larger and heavier than all of other existing feline animals. Some biologists believe that the causes of its irregular large size, or 'gigantism', result from the lack of certain genes that limit the growth of lions. The male lion's genes tend to maximize the growth of its progeny, as the larger size represents greater competitiveness, so that the male lions could compete with other male lions. In order to control the size of the offspring within a certain range, the gene of the lioness will offset the growth-maximizing gene of the male lion.

A city like Milton Keynes cannot survive an economic crisis, or any other kind of crisis, because it is planned as a mathematically determined social and economic project. If that model collapses, the city will collapse with it.” Thus Krier argues not merely against the contemporary modernist city (he in fact argues that places like Los Angeles, U.S., are not cities), but against a gigantism tendency in urban growth, evident in the exploding scale of urban networks and buildings in European cities throughout the 19th century which was a result of the concentration of economic, political and cultural power.Leon Krier, “Urban Components”, Architectural Design, vol.

Randall tries twice to meet with Ender and discredit him somehow. On the second visit his plan is to cleverly provoke Ender into killing him so that people will see how violent and dangerous he is, but Ender does not attack. Instead Ender tries to convince Randall that he is not Achilles' son, but that he is in fact the son of Bean and Petra; hence where he gets his gigantism from. Eventually, Ender manages to convince Randall of his parents' identity by allowing Randall to brutally defeat him in a one-sided fistfight, the entire time asserting that he could never hurt his friends' child.

Coria and Salgado suggested that the convergent evolution of gigantism in theropods could have been linked to common conditions in their environments or ecosystems. Sereno and colleagues found that the presence of carcharodontosaurids in Africa (Carcharodontosaurus), North America (Acrocanthosaurus), and South America (Giganotosaurus), showed the group had a transcontinental distribution by the Early Cretaceous period. Dispersal routes between the northern and southern continents appear to have been severed by ocean barriers in the Late Cretaceous, which led to more distinct, provincial faunas, by preventing exchange. Previously, it was thought that the Cretaceous world was biogeographically separated, with the northern continents being dominated by tyrannosaurids, South America by abelisaurids, and Africa by carcharodontosaurids.

Telson morphology is sometimes used as a distinguishing feature, though the telsons of the three derived pterygotid genera are all paddle-shaped (the telson of Jaekelopterus is triangular, but might fall into the morphological range of the other genera). An inclusive phylogenetic analysis with multiple species of Acutiramus, Pterygotus and Jaekelopterus is required to resolve whether or not the genera are synonyms of each other. The cladogram below is based on the nine best-known pterygotid species and two outgroup taxa (Slimonia acuminata and Hughmilleria socialis). The cladogram also contains the maximum sizes reached by the species in question, which have been suggested to possibly have been an evolutionary trait of the group per Cope’s Rule ("phyletic gigantism").

TerraNature is a New Zealand environmental organisation, and is an incorporated charitable trust located in Auckland. The Trust is dedicated to land and marine conservation, native habitat restoration, protection of endangered species, freshwater ecosystem protection, and reduction in the loss of New Zealand's unique biodiversity. TerraNature works to provide a greater public awareness of environmental issues in New Zealand, and the international importance of the nation's 'edge ecology' which evolved in isolation for 80 million years, after Zealandia broke away from the ancient Gondwana continent. The country is a biological treasure chest with the world's largest collection of flightless birds, living fossils of reptiles and frogs that predate the dinosaurs, gigantism in insects, and 80 percent endemism in plants.

One of the seven original "Ancients," the propagators of the vampire race, the Master scorns the truce between the six others and intends to eliminate their strains and subjugate the entire human race. By the time of his arrival in New York, having spent nearly a millennium in Europe in various host bodies, the Master currently inhabits the body of Jusef Sardu, a 19th- century Polish nobleman afflicted with gigantism. Through the cooperation of Eldritch Palmer, promising the dying billionaire immortality, the Master has gained unlimited financial and political power to ensure the success of his plan. In the television series, the Master is voiced by Robin Atkin Downes with Jusef Sardu portrayed by Robert Maillet.

Eddie Carmel, born Oded Ha-Carmeili (Hebrew: עודד הכרמלי) (March 16, 1936 - August 14, 1972) was an Israeli-born entertainer with gigantism and subsequent acromegaly resulting from a pituitary adenoma. He was popularly known as "The Jewish Giant", "The Happy Giant," and "The World's Biggest Cowboy." Carmel was listed by the Guinness Book of World Records as 9 feet (274 cm) tall, and billed at the heights of 8 ft 9 in (268 cm) and 9 ft 0.625 inches (276 cm) tall, though he may have more realistically been around 7 ft 3 tall. He was variously a mutual funds salesman, carnival sideshow act, film actor, rock and roll band singer, and stand-up comedian.

Genital appendages can vary even within genera, for instance the genital appendage of Acutiramus changes from species to species, being spoon-shaped in earlier species and then becoming bilobed and eventually beginning to look similar to the appendage of Jaekelopterus. An inclusive phylogenetic analysis with multiple species of Acutiramus, Pterygotus and Jaekelopterus is required to resolve whether or not the genera are synonyms of each other. The cladogram below is based on the nine best- known pterygotid species and two outgroup taxa (Slimonia acuminata and Hughmilleria socialis). The cladogram also contains the maximum sizes reached by the species in question, which have been suggested to possibly have been an evolutionary trait of the group per Cope's Rule ("phyletic gigantism").

It is estimated to have weighed up to . In the time before the Mediterranean islands were colonised by humans, dozens of mammal species endemic to the area, some unusually large like Leithia, some unusually small (such as pygmy elephants and hippopotamuses) lived in Malta and Sicily, while another giant dormouse, Hypnomys, lived on Mallorca to the west. In an instance of island gigantism, the dormice were able to grow large in the absence of predators on these islands, which otherwise force rodents to hide in holes or cracks, requiring them to be small. Two species of Leithia, namely L. melitensis (the Maltese giant dormouse) and the smaller L. cartei, lived in Sicily and Malta.

As Panthalassa subducted along its western margin during the Triassic and Early Jurassic, these seamounts and palaeo-atolls were accreted as allochthonous limestone blocks and fragments along the Asian margin. One such migrating atoll complex now form a and body of limestone in central Kyushu, south-west Japan. Fusuline foraminifera, a now extinct order of single-celled organisms, developed gigantism—the genus Eopolydiexodina, for example, reached up to in size—and structural sophistication, including symbiont relationships with photosynthesising algae, during the Late Carboniferous and Permian. The Permian–Triassic extinction event 260 , however, put an end to this development with only dwarf taxa persisting throughout the Permian until the final fusuline extinction 252 .

Ziegler is known for both painting and murals, stating that his paintings are mainly inspired by Literature, French Modernism, and Architecture. His art features "repeated motifs of primitive patterns, gigantism, and distortion" and is improvisational rather than carefully planned. Murals of Ziegler can be seen on buildings around the world such as Tokyo, Los Angeles, London, Italy, and more. Notable murals by Ziegler include a tall mural on the Cathedral Building in Oakland, California, commissioned by the United Nations Foundation to celebrate the 70th anniversary of the signing of the United Nations Charter, and a mural on a Tillys warehouse in Irvine, California, visible daily to approximately 240,000 commuters on Interstate 405.

The largest known species of Psittaciformes, which comprises the modern parrots and cockatoos, it is estimated to have been around one metre in height, with a body mass of seven kilograms, and presumed to have been flightless, terrestrial and perhaps arboreal. Island gigantism has been observed in other orders of birds, especially in New Zealand and Fiji, but this species exceeds the proportions of any extant or fossil species of the parrot order. The previously known record for size was the arboreal and nocturnal Strigops habroptilus, the kakapo of modern New Zealand. The fossilised tarsi were deposited in a rich and mixed assemblage of animal remains, including other large species of Aves such as the moa, anatids and an eagle, the bones of which are usually fragmented.

Annals of Botany 33: 807-819. Ancestral monocots lost their secondary growth and their stele has changed in a way it could not be recovered without major changes that are very unlikely to occur. Monocots either have no secondary growth, as is the ancestral case, or they have an "anomalous secondary growth" of some type, or, in the case of palms, they enlarge their diameter in what is called a sort of secondary growth or not depending on the definition given to the term. Palm trees increase their trunk diameter due to division and enlargement of parenchyma cells, which is termed "primary gigantism" because there is no production of secondary xylem and phloem tissues,MG Simpson (2005) "Arecaceae (Palmae)" In: Plant Systematics. p.

Biologists Kristen Richardson, John Iverson and Carolyn Kurle investigated the diets of the Allen Cays Rock Iguanas on islands in the Bahamas. Their 2019 study made use of carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis to estimate iguana diets in order to explain why iguanas on Allen's Cay were ~2 times longer and ~6 times heavier than the same subspecies on nearby Leaf Cay and U Cay, the populations being only a generation removed and separated by a channel. They had hypothesized that the gigantic iguanas were eating shearwater carcasses killed by mice and barn owls, but they found no evidence for that hypothesis. Instead they determined that their gigantism was due to their consumption of plant material containing more nutrients than the plants on the other cays.

Kiwi and tinamous are the only palaeognath lineages not to evolve gigantism, perhaps because of competitive exclusion by giant ratites already present on New Zealand and South America when they arrived or arose. The fact that New Zealand has been the only land mass to recently support two major lineages of flightless ratites may reflect the absence of native mammals, which allowed kiwi to occupy a mammal-like nocturnal niche. However, various other landmasses such as South America and Europe have supported multiple lineages of flightless ratites that evolved independently, undermining this competitive exclusion hypothesis. Most recently, studies on genetic and morphological divergence and fossil distribution show that paleognaths as a whole probably had an origin in the northern hemisphere.

Chloroviruses, as well as the remaining members of the family Phycodnaviridae, are considered part of the broader group of microbes called nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses (NCLDVs). Although phycodnaviruses are diverse genetically and infect different hosts, they display high levels of similarity on the structural level to each other and other NCLDVs. Phylogenetic analysis of the major capsid protein within the group indicates great likelihood of close relatedness, as well as prior divergence from a single common ancestor, which is believed to be a small DNA virus. Additionally, studies suggest that genome gigantism, characteristic of all chloroviruses, is a property which evolved early on in the history of NCLDVs, and subsequent adaptations towards respective hosts and particular habitats resulted in mutations and gene loss events, which ultimately shaped all currently existing chlorovirus species.

Since the islands of Oceania were never connected by land to a continent, the flora and fauna of the islands originally reached them from across the ocean (though at the height of the last ice age sea levels were much lower than today and many current seamounts were islands, so some now isolated islands were once less isolated). Once they reached the islands, the ancestors of Oceania's present flora and fauna adapted to life on the islands. Larger islands with diverse ecological niches encouraged floral and faunal adaptive radiation, whereby multiple species evolved from a common ancestor, each species adapted to a different ecological niche; the various species of Hawaiian honeycreepers (Family Drepanididae) are a classic example. Other adaptations to island ecologies include gigantism, dwarfism, and among birds, loss of flight.

Although often considered examples of island gigantism, prior to the arrival of Homo sapiens giant tortoises also occurred in non-island locales, as well as on a number of other, more accessible islands. During the Pleistocene, and mostly during the last 50,000 years, tortoises of the mainland of southern Asia (Megalochelys atlas), North America and South America, Indonesia, Madagascar (Aldabrachelys), and even the island of Malta became extinct. The giant tortoises formerly of Africa died out somewhat earlier, during the Late Pliocene. While the timing of the disappearances of various extinct giant tortoise species seems to correlate with the arrival of humans, direct evidence for human involvement in these extinctions is usually lacking; however, such evidence has been obtained in the case of the distantly-related giant meiolaniid turtle Meiolania damelipi in Vanuatu.

Again Pratt is using a mosaic technique of organizing his diverse material; but because Towards the Last Spike contains a great deal of political material, it is looser in form than the other epics. The gigantic nature of his theme tends to make the poem too impersonal, even though forces like the North Shore Laurentian monster and Lady British Columbia are personified.... Fortunately, the gigantism of these forces is almost matched by the human figures that Pratt has chosen as his heroes, William Van Horne and Sir John A. Macdonald. The two men are complementary in the poem: Macdonald, rhetorician and parliamentarian, supplies the dream of continental union; Van Horne, engineer and administrator, supplies the force and skill that makes the dream come true.Peter Buitenhuis, Introduction, Selected Poems of E.J. Pratt (Toronto: Mcmillan, 1968), xxii.

The giant squid (Architeuthis dux) is a species of deep-ocean dwelling squid in the family Architeuthidae. Giant squid can grow to a tremendous size, offering an example of deep-sea gigantism: recent estimates put the average size of the giant squid at 33 feet (10 metres) for males, and 39 feet (12 metres) for females. Some of the largest individuals measured 43 feet (13 metres) for males, and 59 feet (18 metres) for females, second in size only to Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni (colossal squid), which has a length of about 65 feet (20 metres), one of the largest living organisms. The mantle of the giant squid is about long (more for females, less for males), and the length of the squid excluding its tentacles (but including head and arms) rarely exceeds .

Until the end of the 20th century only the largest known species in the order Glomerida rivalled the size of even the smallest known Sphaerotheriida, but in the early 21st century a much smaller Sphaerotheriid was described from Madagascar: full-grown specimens of Microsphaerotherium ivohibiensis are just the size of a pea. Also on Madagascar, some giant pill millipede species exhibit island gigantism, reaching more than in outstretched length and a size comparable to an orange when rolled up. The orders differ in the number of tergites (10 or 11 in Glomerida, 12 in Sphaerotheriida) and legs (17 or 19 in Glomerida, 21 or 23 in Sphaerotheriida), and show great differences in their head morphology and genital openings, among other traits. Both orders have the ability to roll into a perfect ball, protecting the head, antennae, and the vulnerable underside.

No unambiguously paleognathous fossil birds are known until the Cenozoic (though birds occasionally interpreted as lithornithids occur in Albian appalachian sitesPalaeogene Fossil BirdsA lithornithid (Aves: Palaeognathae) from the Paleocene (Tiffanian) of southern California ), but there have been many reports of putative paleognathes, and it has long been inferred that they may have evolved in the Cretaceous. Given the northern hemisphere location of the morphologically most basal fossil forms (such as Lithornis, Pseudocrypturus, Paracathartes and Palaeotis), a Laurasian origin for the group can be inferred. The present almost entirely Gondwanan distribution would then have resulted from multiple colonisations of the southern landmasses by flying forms that subsequently evolved flightlessness, and in many cases, gigantism. Pseudocrypturus cercanaxius fossil cast, Copenhagen Zoological Museum One study of molecular and paleontological data found that modern bird orders, including the paleognathous ones, began diverging from one another in the Early Cretaceous.

The feature starred Thurl Ravenscroft, perhaps best known as the voice of Tony the Tiger for The Kellogg Company, and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film. In the 1995 Disney film Tall Tale, Paul Bunyan is played by Oliver Platt. Contrary to the usual image of Bunyan's gigantism, Platt's Paul is depicted as a man of average height, but compensated with a "larger than life" personality consistent with the film's "over the top" nature. In 2007, Marybeth Lorbiekci and Rene′e Graef married Paul to Lucette Diana Kensack, a giant Meti woman who teaches Paul to be a forester, replanting the forest after logging, in Paul Bunyan's SweetheartPaul Bunyan's Sweetheart written by Marybeth Lorbiecki and illustrated by Rene′e Graef, .. In 2017, an animated film based loosely on the folktale titled Bunyan and Babe was released, starring John Goodman as Paul Bunyan.

Bridges of note included the Angus L. Macdonald Bridge in Halifax 1954, the Oak Street Bridge, Vancouver, 1957, the Burlington Bay James N. Allan Skyway, 1958, Ogdensburg-Prescott International Bridge, 1960, the Queensborough Bridge, Vancouver 1960, the Sault Ste. Marie International Bridge, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, 1962, the Champlain Bridge, Montreal, 1962, the Lewiston-Queenston Bridge, Niagara Falls, Ontario, 1962, the Port Mann Bridge, Vancouver, 1964, the Macdonald-Cartier Bridge, Ottawa, 1965, the Pont de la Concorde (Montreal), 1966, the Prince Edward Viaduct, Toronto 1966, the Laviolette Bridge, Trois-Rivières, Quebec, 1967, the Saint John Harbour Bridge, Saint John, New Brunswick, 1968, the Dinsmore Bridge, Vancouver, 1969, the A. Murray McKay Bridge, Halifax, 1970, the Pierre Laporte Bridge, Quebec City, 1970, the Portage Bridge, Ottawa, 1973 and the Arthur Laing Bridge, Vancouver, 1976. This was also an era of gigantism, and there were both successes and failures.

The cladogram below is based on the nine best-known pterygotid species and two outgroup taxa (Slimonia acuminata and Hughmilleria socialis). Jaekelopterus had previously been classified as a basal sister taxon to the rest of the Pterygotidae since its description as a separate genus by Waterston in 1964 due to its supposedly segmented genital appendages (fused and undivided in other pterygotids), but restudy of the specimens in question revealed that the genital appendage of Jaekelopterus also was undivided. The material examined and phylogenetic analysis conducted by British palaeontologist Simon J. Braddy, German palaeontologist Markus Poschmann and O. Erik Tetlie in 2007 revealed that Jaekelopterus was not a basal pterygotid, but one of the most derived taxa in the group. The cladogram also contains the maximum sizes reached by the species in question, which was suggested to possibly have been an evolutionary trait of the group per Cope's Rule ("phyletic gigantism") by Braddy, Poschmann and Tetlie.

Potamon fluviatile is widely distributed in much of mainland Italy, especially in the provinces of Trento, Lombardy, Veneto, Liguria, Tuscany, Umbria, Lazio, Campania, Apulia, and Calabria, as well as on the island of Sicily. Although it used to be found as far north as Lake Garda, P. fluviatile no longer occurs north of the River Po. In 1997 a population of P. fluviatile was discovered under the ruins of Trajan's Forum in the heart of Rome, living in canals built by the Etruscans which connect to the Cloaca Maxima. Based on a genetic analysis, which demonstrated that these crabs were similar to those in Greece, researchers believe that they had been brought by the Greeks before the founding of the city, some 3000 years ago. The crabs' unusual size, up to , and longevity (up to 15 years) are also interpreted as evidence of a long-established population, by analogy with island gigantism.

Whereas in anthropoids the mandible (=jaw) has its greatest height at the symphysis, that is, where the two rami of the lower jaw meet, this is not the case in Sangiran 6, where the greatest height is seen at about the position of the first molar (M1). Weidenreich considered acromegalic gigantism, but ruled it out for not having typical features such as an exaggerated chin and small teeth compared to the jaw's size. Weidenreich never made a direct size estimate of the hominid it came from, but said it was 2/3 the size of Gigantopithecus, which was twice as large as a gorilla, which would make it somewhere around 8 feet (2.44 m) tall and approximately 400 to 600 lbs (181 – 272 kg) if scaled on the same proportions as a robust man or erect hominid. In his book Apes, Giants, and Man, Weidenreich states the following: The jawbone was apparently used in part of Grover Krantz's skull reconstruction, which was only tall.

Upon arriving at the pit, the Doctor studies the statue for himself and finds a storage unit containing two Semquess drug vials and one empty space; he concludes that the third vial must have broken open in the past, releasing chemicals which resulted in the gigantism on the island. He intends to dispose of the other two, but before he can do so, Grover has his men hold the Doctor, Liz and Mike at gunpoint and seizes the vials, revealing that he came to the island in the hope that the cause of the unnatural growth could be tamed to grow back Amelia's missing arm. Nancy, who has been suffering from guilt ever since Amelia fell into the water, realises that this entire expedition was for Amelia's benefit and not her own, and in a fit of rage she lashes out at Amelia's self-righteousness—infuriating Grover and destroying herself in his eyes before she realises what she's done.

Homer is distraught when Wonder Bat is destroyed by a pitch from Clemens during practice. Before the game, eight of the nine all- star players suffer unrelated mishaps that prevent them from playing: Smith disappears in the Springfield Mystery Spot, Clemens starts behaving like a chicken due to the hypnotist's incompetence, Scioscia is hospitalized due to radiation poisoning from the plant, Mattingly is kicked off the team after misinterpreting Burns' order to shave off his sideburns, Canseco is busy rescuing a woman and her possessions from a house fire, Griffey develops gigantism after overdosing on brain and nerve tonic that Burns administered to the team, Sax is arrested by the Springfield Police when they suspect him for committing every unsolved murder in New York City, and Boggs is knocked unconscious by Barney at Moe's Tavern after an argument over whether Lord Palmerston or William Pitt the Elder was the greatest British Prime Minister. When Strawberry is the only pro able to play, Burns is forced to use his team of regular employees. Homer is benched while Strawberry plays his position.