Lewis stresses his identity as a "Forty-Eighter descendant," an heir to the wave of German liberals who fled Europe when the revolutions of 19443 came undone.
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3, The Progress of the Empire State Company, 1913, pp. 202–203. Newly immigrated Forty-Eighter Hermann Raster became editor of the paper in 1851, but left soon after obtaining the post for another editorial job at the New York Abendzeitung. The newspaper ceased publication in 1918.
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Schmedeman was born in Madison, Wisconsin, the son of Heinrich Schmedeman, a "Forty-Eighter" from Germany. Albert Schmedeman was elected to the Madison City Council in 1904, serving for four years. He also served the community as fire and police commissioner, and as a member of the local board of education.Governor Albert G. Schmedeman.
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The essays chronicle the life travels and experiences of Raster, who was a Forty-Eighter best known for being Editor-in-Chief of the Illinois Staats-Zeitung and Collector of Internal Revenue for the First Illinois District. He was a correspondent for several German newspapers in America and an ardent abolitionist before and during the American Civil War.
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Wolfgang Schumann (22 August 1887 in Dresden - 22 April 1964 in Freital) was a German writer and journalist. Wolfgang was the son of Paul Schumann and the stepson of Ferdinand Avenarius. Both of these father figures had played a role in setting up the Dürerbund, a leading cultural organisation in Germany. His grandfather, Rudolf Doehn was a veteran Forty-Eighter who had fought in the American Civil War.
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Hermann Raster (May 6, 1827 – July 24, 1891) was a German American Forty- Eighter, editor, abolitionist, and Republican political boss best known for his career as chief editor and part-owner of the Illinois Staats-Zeitung between 1867 and 1891 and his term as Collector of Internal Revenue for the 1st District of Illinois.Blair, Francis P., John C. Rives, Franklin Rives, and George A. Bailey. The Congressional Globe. 1st ed. Vol. 66.
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On 11 April 1851 Gustav and Amalie Struve set sail from Liverpool aboard the sailing ship "Roscius". They arrived in New York precisely one month later. They became part of the "Forty-Eighter" class, men and women who had participated in the unsuccessful (in the immediate term) 1848 March Revolution, and who arrived in the "New World" with a shared political engagement and a commitment to democratic ideals. In their new homeland Amalie Struve became an author.
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Learning of the outbreak of the American Civil War; the Forty-Eighter returned and volunteered for the Union Army. He joined the 1st Maryland Infantry Regiment before being commissioned a Captain of Topographical Engineers. Serving in the Army of the Potomac, Heine was captured during the Peninsula Campaign and briefly was in Libby Prison before being exchanged. In late 1862 he was arrested and accused of revealing too much information of the Union defenses in his drawings.
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The Michigan Auditor General is the chief fiscal officer of the State of Michigan. The Office of the Auditor General was established in 1836 and, with changes to the Michigan Constitution in 1963, has become the independent oversight arm of the Legislature. The first Michigan Auditor General was Robert Abbott. The first Republican in office (1863) was Emil Anneke, an active abolitionist, Forty-Eighter of German Origin and younger brother of U.S. colonel and German 1849 revolutionary leader Fritz Anneke.
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Emil Anneke (Emil Carl Friedrich Wilhelm Annecke; December 13, 1823 in Dortmund – October 27, 1888 in Bay City, Michigan, United States) was a German revolutionary and Forty-Eighter and American journalist, lawyer and politician (Republican Party). From 1863 until 1866 he served as Michigan Auditor General, the first Republican serving in that position. Emil was the younger brother of U.S. colonel and former German revolutionary commander Fritz Anneke, his sister-in-law was the famous German-American writer, college founder, abolitionist and suffragette Mathilde Anneke.
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As a result of this conflict, Haller sends Wesselényi to trial for six counts: "blasphemy, crooked oath, fire implementing threat, challenge to a duel, infestation and arrest of royal officials, disturbing public security". The process is settled only after three years, when the very Emperor Joseph II, son of Maria Theresa, condemns Wesselényi to several years of prison at Kufstein. The last forty-eighter revolutionary army in Europe, made up of about 8,000 soldiers commanded by General Kazinczy, capitulated at the castle on 25 August 1849.
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Specifically, at least at its origin, the Wecker was an organ of one of its radical branches, the Sozialistischer Turnverein (Socialist Gymnastic Association). At one point, the organization's official paper, the Turnzeitung, was even printed on the same Baltimore presses as the Wecker. The Wecker under the editorship of Schnauffer was sympathetic to the philosophy of expatriate German communist and fellow Forty-Eighter Wilhelm Weitling, although this was apparently a short-lived affiliation. In its first years, the Wecker found itself one site in the intercontinental debates raging amongst the competing factions of the Communist League after its dissolution in 1852.
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At the subsequent Battle of Gettysburg, Schimmelfennig commanded a brigade in fellow Forty-Eighter-turned-major general Carl Schurz's 3rd Division of the XI Corps. For a short time, Schimmelfennig took command of the 3rd Division when Schurz briefly commanded the corps. His brigade suffered greatly, mostly due to a high prisoner rate as hundreds of men became confused in the narrow streets of Gettysburg and ended up being captured by oncoming Confederates. It and Colonel Charles Coster's brigade did their best to cover the retreat of the rest of the XI Corps, but they soon became disorganized and fled too.
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In the United States, Schade was a prominent Forty-Eighter and very active in Democratic politics. Stephen A. Douglas, the Democratic Senator from Illinois, was impressed with his writing and political work, and in 1856 persuaded Schade to edit two newspapers he owned in Chicago, the English-language National Union and the German-language National Demokrat. In 1858, at the behest of Democratic National Committee chairman Charles Faulkner, he took a temporary leave of absence from his newspaper duties to campaign for Douglas in Illinois and Senator George Wallace Jones in Iowa. While on these trips, he was admitted to the bar association at Burlington, Iowa, in 1858.
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In the pages of the Wecker Adolf Cluss, aligned with the faction supporting Karl Marx in the split, wrote editorials denouncing rival figures like Gottfried Kinkel, August Willich and Alexander Schimmelfennig. Schnauffer himself felt that the Kinkel-Willich faction's plan of raising money for a new German revolution was a waste of resources, arguing a revolution could not be imposed from without, and that the funds could be better spent on the direct aid of poor people. In September 1854, Schnauffer died of typhoid fever. His widow, Elise W. Schnauffer, continued the publication without interruption, with another German Forty- Eighter, August Becker taking up editorship, apparently in tandem with the widow Schnauffer.
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Between the imposition of a poll tax in 1889 and the migration of numerous northerners seeking a hotter climate in the 1940s,Silbey, Joel H. and Bogue, Allan G.; The History of American Electoral Behavior, p. 210 Florida had been a one-party Democratic state, lacking any traditional white Republicanism due to the absence of mountains or German "Forty-Eighter" settlements. So late as the landmark court case of Smith v. Allwright, half of Florida's registered Republicans were still black,See Price, Hugh Douglas; 'The Negro and Florida Politics, 1944-1954'; The Journal of Politics, Vol. 17, No. 2 (May, 1955), pp. 198-220 although very few blacks in Florida had ever voted within the previous fifty-five years.
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Despite a firm stand for the spiritual equality of black people, and the resounding condemnation of slavery by Pope Gregory XVI in his bull In supremo apostolatus issued in 1839, the American church continued in deeds, if not in public discourse, to avoid confrontation with slave-holding interests. In 1861, the Archbishop of New York wrote to Secretary of War Cameron: "That the Church is opposed to slavery ... Her doctrine on that subject is, that it is a crime to reduce men naturally free to a condition of servitude and bondage, as slaves." No American bishop supported extra-political abolition or interference with states' rights before the Civil War. The secular Germans of the Forty-Eighter immigration were largely anti-slavery.
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Ubi libertas, ibi patria inspired Carl Schurz's emigration to the United States in 1852. He was a Forty-Eighter and lived on a farm in Wisconsin for a time. As a consequence of their political struggle in the German states during the revolutions of 1848, many professors and students saw no other option but to emigrate to North America in order to avoid being arrested and prosecuted or to implement their political ideal of a "free German nation" in the fairly new state of Texas in the United States, which at the time was still a growing nation itself, or both: "Ubi libertas, ibi patria", Latin for "Where there is freedom, there is my homeland, my country". These refugees of the post-1848 era later came to be called "Forty- Eighters", in the tradition of earlier political refugees being called "Dreißiger", which is German for "Thirtiers".
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Florida had been one of the most solid members of the "Solid South" ever since the 1889 poll tax disfranchised almost all blacks and most poor whites.Silbey, Joel H. and Bogue, Allan G.; The History of American Electoral Behavior, p. 210 Unlike southern states extending into the Appalachian Mountains or Ozarks, or Texas with its German settlements in the Edwards Plateau, Florida completely lacked upland or German "Forty-Eighter" whites opposed to secession.Phillips, Kevin P.; The Emerging Republican Majority, pp. 208, 210 Thus disfranchisement of blacks left the party moribund – fifty years after disfranchisement, half of all Florida's registered Republicans were still black although a negligible number had ever voted.See Price, Hugh Douglas; 'The Negro and Florida Politics, 1944-1954'; The Journal of Politics, Vol. 17, No. 2 (May, 1955), pp. 198-220 Immigration of northerners into the previously undeveloped areas of South Florida, along with fierce anti-Catholicism in the northern Piney Woods, did give Herbert Hoover a freakish victory in 1928,Phillips; The Emerging Republican Majority; pp. 212-214 but apart from that the Democratic Party had lost only six counties at a presidential level since 1892.
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