Ray Filar edits the Transformation section of Open Democracy (which you should really check out here).
|
|
Marian Filar Marian Filar (died 1 June 2020) was a Polish lawyer, academic and politician who served as a member of the Sejm.
|
|
A filar micrometer attached to a telescope A filar micrometer is a specialized eyepiece used in astronomical telescopes for astrometry measurements, in microscopes for specimen measurements, and in alignment and surveying telescopes for measuring angles and distances on nearby objects. The word filar derives . It refers to the fine threads or wires used in the device.
|
|
However, filar eyepieces are still used in teaching astronomy and by some amateur astronomers.
|
|
Anna Tomaszewicz Dobrska: A Leaf from Polish Medical History by Zbigniew Filar. (Warsaw: Polish Society of the History of Medicine, 1959).
|
|
Marian Filar (December 17, 1917 – July 10, 2012) was a Polish concert pianist and virtuoso composer living in the United States.
|
|
The verb "Filar" in Portuguese literally means "hold, arrest, grab". So "Cão de Fila" (Fila dog) or "Cão de filar" suggests that it is a "catch dog", a dog that "bites and does not loosen its grip". A similar name is also found in two Portuguese dog breeds: the Cão de Fila de São Miguel and the extinct Cão de Fila da Terceira.
|
|
In Portuguese the verb filar means "to grasp strongly with the teeth". The Fila Brasileiro is considered dangerous and is banned in England and Wales.
|
|
Władysław Filar Władysław Filar (born 18 July 1926) was a soldier of the 27th Home Army Infantry Division, a Polish historian, and a professor. He was born in Iwanicze Nowe in Volhynia, Poland, now Ukraine. During the Second World War, he fought against the Germans in Volhynia in Operation Tempest, and defended Polish villages against the Ukrainian Insurgent Army. In 1956, he completed the Academy of General Staff and in 1963 received a doctorate in Military History.
|
|
As of 1925, Lesak was Chairman of the Party Presidium. In 1928 he had been replaced by W. Filar and in 1931 by Čeněk Sahanek. Other prominent leaders of the party included the parliamentarian František Dvořák, Antonín Machát (municipal councillor on behalf of the Czech minority in Vienna during the Second World War), František Strnad, Bedřich Čepelka and Josef Petrů. As of 1928, the Party Presidium consisted of Filar (chairman), Drahozal, Kopecká, Skranc, Zedniček, Čižek, Strnad, Skřivan (secretary), Adámek, Hajn, Pechowá and Kohl.
|
|
He debuted in Carnegie Hall on January 1, 1952. Filar subsequently continued his career as a concert pianist all over the United States and South America as well as in Europe, while teaching at the Settlement School of Music in Philadelphia from 1953 to 1958. He was appointed to the chair at the Temple University School of Music piano department in 1958. Prof. Filar retired from teaching at Temple University in 1988 though he remained an Emeritus Professor in the Boyer School of Music and Dance.
|
|
In an alignment telescope, the precise micrometric measurement of the eyepiece image directly indicates the real distance of a nearby observed point from the line of sight. This absolute measurement is independent of the distance to the object, due to the telecentricity principle. A common use of filar micrometers in astronomical telescopes was measuring the distance between double stars. Filar micrometers are little used in modern astronomy, having been replaced by digital photographic techniques where digital pixels provide a precise reference for image distance.
|
|
Published by McFarland. p. 247Władysław Filar, Wydarzenia wołyńskie 1939–1944. Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek. Toruń 2008 Despite this, most were women and children. The UPA killed 40,000–60,000 Polish civilians in Volhynia,Grzegorz Motyka, Od rzezi wołyńskiej do akcji "Wisła".
|
|
Filar micrometer A typical filar micrometer consists of a reticle that has two fine parallel wires or threads that can be moved by the observer using a micrometer screw mechanism. The wires are placed in the focal image plane of the eyepiece so they remain sharply superimposed over the object under observation, while the micrometer motion moves the wires across the focal plane. Other designs employ a fixed reticle, against which one wire or a second reticle moves. By rotating the eyepiece assembly in the eyetube, the measurement axis can be aligned to match the orientation of the two points of observation.
|
|
He habilitated in 1970 and became associate professor in 1973. He authored up to 120 historical and military publications. Filar also organized a series of historical seminars: "Poland - Ukraine: difficult questions" (1996–2001). He is currently the Vice-chairman of Volhynia County, World Union of Home Army.
|
|
Google Books One Ukrainian Insurgent Army commander who opposed it was threatened by Klyachkivsky with court-martial.Tadeusz Piotrowski, Genocide and Rescue in Wołyń. Page 187. Google Books Evidence of his actions was found in SBU archives by Polish historian Władysław Filar and was published in 2000 in his book Before action Wisla, there was Volhynia.
|
|
Zagaje massacre was a mass murder of ethnic Poles carried out on 1112 July 1943 by the troops of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army group "Piwnicz", aided by the Ukrainian peasants, during the Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia.Władysław Filar (2008), Wydarzenia wołyńskie 1939-1945. W poszukiwaniu odpowiedzi na trudne pytania. Toruń: Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek. .
|
|
When he started observing them as an amateur in Australia, the choice plums had already been picked by earlier astronomers, notably James Dunlop and John Herschel. Many of Innes’ discoveries were stars with faint companions that were missed by earlier observers. Most of his labor was the measurement of the relative positions of binary pairs with a filar micrometer.
|
|
A filar micrometer attached to the main telescope, 1890s. The primary telescope is a refractor with a aperture objective and focal length of . The lens was figured by John Brashear following the design of Charles S. Hastings. The crown glass was made by Mantois of Paris and the flint glass by the optical works at Jena in Germany.
|
|
Filar was imprisoned during World War II in seven different Nazi concentration camps. In the first death camp, Majdanek, he almost died from malnutrition and infection. He escaped being sent to the gas chambers despite his legs being so swollen from malnutrition that he was barely able to stand. After being liberated by the Polish Army he returned to the piano although he did consider studying medicine.
|
|
The equatorial mount and mechanical clock drive were made by George N. Saegmuller. This telescope was used for scientific work such as lunar occultation timings to make a more precise determination of the orbit of the Moon. Instruments such as a filar micrometer could be attached to the telescope. Another telescope, a meridian circle instrument, also made by Saegmuller, was used for observations related to timekeeping.
|
|
McMillin Observatory was an astronomical observatory built around 1895, named after Emerson McMillin and run by the Ohio State University. It was closed in 1968, and its telescope later moved to Ballreich Observatory. The observatory was equipped with photographic cameras, a filar micrometer, and a custom Brashear spectroscope. The observatory had two main focuses, education and at least one astronomic scientific research study focus.
|
|
Beth Levin (December 17, 1950) is an American classical pianist in the Romantic tradition of her teachers Marian Filar, Rudolf Serkin, Leonard Shure, and Dorothy Taubman at the Taubman Institute. Levin is devoted to the highly expressive and demanding repertoire of Beethoven, Schumann, Chopin, Brahms, Rachmaninoff, and Ravel, as well as to the work of leading modernists such as Anders Eliasson, David Del Tredici, Alexander Goretzky, Louis Karchin, and Scott Wheeler.
|
|
The Shuckburgh telescope of the Royal Observatory in London was used for the 1832 transit of Mercury. It was equipped with a filar micrometer by Peter Dollond and was used to provide a report of the events as seen through the small refractor. By observing the transit in combination with timing it and taking measures, a diameter for the planet was taken. They also reported the peculiar effects that they compared to pressing a coin into the Sun.
|
|
While playing recitals in Frankfurt, Germany for the Allied Forces, he went to Wiesbaden, Germany where he sought advice from the renowned German pianist, Walter Gieseking who told him not to quit piano. Filar studied with Gieseking for five years and toured all over Europe playing recitals and concerts. During this period (1945–50) he also performed very frequently on German and other European radio programs. He arrived in the United States in 1950, and lived there since.
|
|
The self-defense centres in the Volhynia Voivodship in 1943 The Przebraże Defence – defensive fights in the village of Przebraże (now Гайове, Ukraine) belonging to the Trościaniec cluster, in Lutsk poviat, voivodeship in Volhynia between July 1943 and January 1944. In Przebraże, Polish civilians from Volhynia organized defense against the UPA. The village was never conquered by UPAs.Władysław Filar, Przebraże – bastion polskiej samoobrony na Wołyniu [also in:] Wołyń 1939-1944, Warszawa: Światowy Związek Żołnierzy Armii Krajowej; Oficyna Wydawnicza "Rytm", 2007, pp.
|
|
The precursor to the filar micrometer was the micrometer eyepiece, invented by William Gascoigne. Earlier measures of angular distances relied on inserting into the eyepiece a thin metal sheet cut in the shape of a narrow, isosceles triangle. The sheet was pushed into the eyepiece until the two adjacent edges of the metal sheet simultaneously occulted the two objects of interest. By carefully measuring the position where the objects were extinguished and knowing the focal length of the objective lens, the angular distance could be calculated.
|
|
Measurement of annual parallax was the first reliable way to determine the distances to the closest stars. The first successful measurements of stellar parallax were made by Friedrich Bessel in 1838 for the star 61 Cygni using a heliometer..Bessel, FW, "Bestimmung der Entfernung des 61sten Sterns des Schwans " (1838) Astronomische Nachrichten, vol. 16, pp. 65–96. Being very difficult to measure, only about 60 stellar parallaxes had been obtained by the end of the 19th century, mostly by use of the filar micrometer.
|
|
For astronomical uses, reticles could be simple crosshair designs or more elaborate designs for special purposes. Telescopes used for polar alignment could have a reticle that indicates the position of Polaris relative to the north celestial pole. Telescopes that are used for very precise measurements would have a filar micrometer as a reticle; this could be adjusted by the operator to measure angular distances between stars. For aiming telescopes, reflex sights are popular, often in conjunction with a small telescope with a crosshair reticle.
|
|
Filar was born in Warsaw, Poland to a musical Jewish family and began studying piano at the age of five. A year or so later he gave his first recital at the Warsaw Conservatory as a wunderkind. When 12 years of age, he played Mozart's Concerto in D Minor with the Warsaw Philharmonic Orchestra. He again played with the orchestra the following year and gained the interest of Zbigniew Drzewiecki, the noted piano teacher at the Warsaw Conservatory with whom he studied until the outbreak of the Second World War.
|
|
His American debut was at the Chautauqua Amphitheater where he played Chopin's Concerto in F Minor and received sensational critiques. Invited to join the Philadelphia Orchestra under the direction of Eugene Ormandy he performed regularly in Philadelphia with the Orchestra. In 1951, Filar recorded renditions of six nocturnes, Chopin's Sonata in B Minor, for the now-defunct Colosseum Record Co. in New York City. He made a second recording of 4 preludes by Karol Szymanowski and Etude No 3 in B flat Minor Opus 3, as well as Franciszek Brzezinski's Theme with Variations.
|
|
Nguyen is now a senior lecturer in Applied Mathematics at the University of Adelaide, having completed her PhD in Mathematics from the University of South Australia (UniSA) in 2009 at the age of 23. Her dissertation, Hamiltonian Cycle Problem, Markov Decision Processes and Graph Spectra, was jointly supervised by Jerzy Filar and Vlad Ejov. She is the youngest PhD graduate of UniSA and the second youngest PhD graduate in South Australia.Our young Dr of Maths Alexandra Brown, UniSANews Nguyen is a 2019 South Australian Tall Poppy Science Award recipient.
|
|
Pierre Bouguer, in 1748, originated the true conception of measurement by double image without the auxiliary aid of a filar micrometer, that is by changing the distance between two object-glasses of equal focus. John Dollond, in 1754, combined Savary's idea of the divided object-glass with Bouguer's method of measurement, resulting in the construction of the first really practical heliometers. As far as we can ascertain, Joseph von Fraunhofer, some time not long before 1820, constructed the first heliometer with an achromatic divided object- glass, i.e. the first heliometer of the modern type.
|
|
Władysław Filar, Przebraże pastion polskiej samoobrony na Wołyniu, 2007 - pages 90/91, based on the master's thesis of Stefan Chojnecki " Samoobrona ludnosc polskiej na Wolyniu w latach 1943-1944", Henryk Cybulski, " Czerwone noce " 1969 - Atak Na Przebraze, pages 255/256 . They worked out a detailed plan of attack (codename "Kublo"); their headquarters were established in the village of Swozie. Helped by artillery, they attacked from the south. The Przebraże defenders asked local Home Army units and the Soviet partisan forces of Nikolay Prokopiuk for help, (the latter were numerous in the area and themselves threatened by Ukrainians).
|
|
Gurów massacre was a wartime massacre of the Polish population of Gurów, committed on 11 July 1943 by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army death squad from Group "Piwnicz" and Ukrainian peasants, during the Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia. Crime scene was the prewar village of Gurów located in Gmina Grzybowica, Powiat Włodzimierz in the Wołyń Voivodeship of the Second Polish Republic (since 1945: Volodymyr-Volynskyi Raion in the Volyn Oblast, modern Грибовицька волость, Ukraine). Gurów village no longer exists. According to historian Władysław Filar, of the 480 Polish inhabitants of Gurów some 70 people managed to escape death by hiding from the assailants.
|
|
Despite typical designs having smaller apertures than reflectors, great refractors offered a number of advantages and were popular for astronomy. It was also popular to exhibit large refractors at international exhibits, and examples of this include the Trophy Telescope at the 1851 Great Exhibition, and the Yerkes Great Refractor at the 1893 World's Fair in Chicago. A great refractor was often the centerpiece of a new 19th century observatory, but was typically used with an entourage of other astronomical instruments such as a Meridian Circle, a Heliometer, an Astrograph, and a smaller refractor such as a Comet Seeker or Equatorial. Great refractors were often used for observing double stars and equipped with a Filar micrometer.
|
|
Taqi al-Din measured the right ascension of the stars at the Constantinople Observatory of Taqi ad-Din using the "observational clock" he invented. When telescopes became commonplace, setting circles sped measurements James Bradley first tried to measure stellar parallaxes in 1729. The stellar movement proved too insignificant for his telescope, but he instead discovered the aberration of light and the nutation of the Earth's axis. His cataloguing of 3222 stars was refined in 1807 by Friedrich Bessel, the father of modern astrometry. He made the first measurement of stellar parallax: 0.3 arcsec for the binary star 61 Cygni. Being very difficult to measure, only about 60 stellar parallaxes had been obtained by the end of the 19th century, mostly by use of the filar micrometer. Astrographs using astronomical photographic plates sped the process in the early 20th century. Automated plate-measuring machinesCERN paper on plate measuring machine USNO StarScan and more sophisticated computer technology of the 1960s allowed more efficient compilation of star catalogues. In the 1980s, charge-coupled devices (CCDs) replaced photographic plates and reduced optical uncertainties to one milliarcsecond.
|
|