1000 Sentences With "filamentous" | Random Sentence Generator

Everyone knows that the seeds, under silky, filamentous parachutes, ride the breeze far and wide.

Mostly, this relates to the release of certain chemicals when axons, the filamentous connections between nerve cells, are damaged.

This is a case of one rice plus a filamentous fungus made of rice equaling much more than just the sum of the two rices.

Under a microscope, Bourbon virus is a shape-shifter, sometimes long and filamentous, sometimes a sphere studded with spiky proteins, encapsulating a string of segmented genetic code.

The biggest filaments were about 12 feet long — "quite a lot larger than anything we were expecting," Dr. Liu said, and dwarfing any of the filamentous bacteria and algae that lived alongside the rangeomorphs.

Since their discovery in S. cerevisiae, septin homologues have been found in other eukaryotic species, including filamentous fungi. Septins in filamentous fungi display a variety of different shapes within single cells, where they control aspects of filamentous morphology.

Under the assumption that early pterosaurs had filamentous integument, it became much more likely that Ornithodira and Dinosauria were ancestrally filamentous.

Endophyton is a genus of filamentous green algae comprising approximately 3 species. Branching is irregular. The medulla has a filamentous construction.

Filamentous carbon's applications include cleaning up spills of crude oil and the creation of strong and lightweight composites. Filamentous carbon also has significantly different thermodynamic properties from graphite, another form of carbon. However, filamentous carbon partially consists of graphite sheets.

Filamentous carbon typically forms on metals, including iron, cobalt, and nickel. Hydrogen is also required for filamentous carbon to form. However, they also form on alloys of these metals. Iron is a better material for forming filamentous carbon on than nickel is.

Other organelles of the microbody family related to peroxisomes include glyoxysomes of plants and filamentous fungi, glycosomes of kinetoplastids, and Woronin bodies of filamentous fungi.

The Lulworthiaceae have ascospores that are both filamentous, and transparent.

Poorly preserved filamentous structures in the apex of Diskagma buttonii.

Novel anti- infectives being developed include the guadinomines (from Streptomyces sp. K01-0509), inhibitors of the type III secretion system. Non-Streptomyces actinomycetes, filamentous fungi, and non-filamentous bacteria, have also yielded important antibiotics.

They feed primarily on filamentous sponges, invertebrates, algae, and fish eggs.

Roseiflexus castenholzii is a thermophilic, filamentous, photosynthetic bacterium that lacks chlorosomes.

Gonads are formed on the oral proboscis. Polyps carry filamentous tentacles.

Filamentous bacteriophage fd is a type of filamentous bacteriophage known to infect Escherichia coli. It shares many structural and genomic similarities with Enterobacteria phage M13. Phage fd engineered to display immunogenic peptides may be useful as vaccines.

This image shows helical segments of a filamentous plant virus.Kendall, A., McDonald, M., Bian, W., Bowles, T., Baumgarten, S. C., Shi, J., … Stubbs, G. (2008). Structure of Flexible Filamentous Plant Viruses. Journal of Virology, 82(19), 9546–9554.

Much of the bed of the Snowy River below Jindabyne contains high levels of attached algae. These taxa are typically filamentous algae. In the snowy mountains rivers unaffected by water diversions, large stands of filamentous algae are uncommon.

Filamentous microorganisms within the Gunflint Chert represent a mixed population of photosynthetic cyanobacteria and iron oxidizing bacteria. On the outcrop scale, the filamentous Gunflint cyanobacteria form meter-scale stromatolitic domes, which are discernible along the Gunflint Iron Formation stratigraphic section. Examples of newly identified filamentous genera and species within the Gunflint Chert include the genus Gunflintia and the species Animikiea septate, Entosphaeroides amplus, and Archaeorestis schreiberensis.

The filamentous sheaths form a persistent sticky network that helps maintain soil structure.

Diaporthe lagunensis is an endophytic filamentous fungus plant pathogen. It was described in 1920.

This chiton is a grazer that feeds on encrusting or filamentous algae and possibly bryozoans.

Leucothrix is a genus of large, filamentous bacteria, which live as epiphytes in marine habitats.

Juveniles are occasionally used in saltwater aquariums, noted for their filamentous anal and dorsal fins.

The filamentous haemagglutinin adhesin (FHA) is a large, filamentous protein that serves as a dominant attachment factor for adherence to host ciliated epithelial cells of the respiratory tract, called respiratory epithelium. It is associated with biofilm formation and possesses at least four binding domains which can bind to different cell receptors on the epithelial cell surface. One notable bacterium that produces filamentous haemagglutinin adhesin is Bordetella pertussis, which uses this protein as a virulence factor.

The virus exits the host cell by viral extrusion. Filamentous phage Cflt from Xanthomonas campestris was shown in 1987 to integrate into the host bacterial genome, and further such temperate filamentous phages have since been reported, many of which have been implicated in pathogenesis.

Filamentous carbon is a carbon-containing deposit structure that refers to several allotropes of carbon, including carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, and microcoils. It forms from gaseous carbon compounds. Filamentous carbon structures all contain metal particles. These are either iron, cobalt, or nickel or their alloys.

The filamentous rattail, Gadomus aoteanus, is a rattail of the genus Gadomus, found around New Zealand.

Gliocladium is filamentous; it grows tubular, elongated, and thread-like. It can be considered a contaminant.

Candidatus Arthromitus is a group of morphologically distinct filamentous bacteria found almost exclusively in terrestrial arthropods. They were first discovered in the guts of insects by Joseph Leidy. Despite their morphological similarity to Candidatus Savagella or segmented filamentous bacteria, they form a distinct lineage within the Lachnospiraceae.

Smith first described the technique in 1985 when he displayed peptides on filamentous phage by fusing the peptide of interest onto gene III of filamentous phage. He was awarded the 2018 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for this work, sharing his prize with Greg Winter and Frances Arnold.

This time exposure of streamers from a Tesla coil in a glass box shows their filamentous nature.

Its colour ranges from white to yellowish-brown. It is sold in filamentous, granular, or powdered forms.

The flesh of the gill is very faintly vinaceous-brown when stained in iodine. The cap flesh has a thin, poorly differentiated pellicle with a region of slightly enlarged cells beneath it; the remainder is filamentous, and the filamentous portion stains vinaceous-brown in iodine.Smith, pp. 177–78.

As the name suggests, arthromiti have clearly identifiable, sometimes multiple segmented filamentous forms in an insect host, the existence of non-filamentous forms/stages however, cannot be ruled out. They are often found to be associated with other epibionts but the nature of this association is still unknown.

Deposits of it also significantly disrupt synthesis gas methanation. Acetylene is involved in a number of method of the production of filamentous carbon. The structures of filamentous carbon are mesoporous and on the micrometer scale in dimension. Most reactions that form the structures take place at or above .

In nature, filamentous fungi grow on the ground, decomposing vegetal compounds under naturally ventilated conditions. Therefore, solid state fermentation enables the optimal development of filamentous fungi, allowing the mycelium to spread on the surface of solid compounds among which air can flow. Solid state fermentation uses culture substrates with low water levels (reduced water activity), which is particularly appropriate for mould. The methods used to grow filamentous fungi using solid state fermentation allow the best reproduction of their natural environment.

Raphidonema is a genus of filamentous green alga comprising five species. It is a member of the Trebouxiophyceae.

The paraphyses (sterile filamentous cells interspersed among the asci) are cylindrical with slightly swollen tips, and few branches.

Fossilized filamentous algae from the Vindhya basin have been dated back to 1.6 to 1.7 billion years ago.

The zygote then undergoes meiosis and reproduces asexually to form the filamentous green alga which is haploid (1n).

The septibranchs belong to the superfamily Poromyoidea and are carnivorous, having a muscular septum instead of filamentous gills.

Tianyulong from China appears to preserve filamentous integument which has been interpreted to be a variant of the proto-feathers found in some theropods. These filaments include a crest along its tail. The presence of this filamentous integument has been used to suggest that both ornithischians and saurischians were endothermic.

However, the addition of potassium bromide significantly increased the yield. Other alkali metal bromides also allow the reaction and the formation of filamentous carbon to occur. Such alkali metal bromides include cesium bromide. Filamentous carbon can also be synthesized by decomposing chromium carbide at 100 to 200 megapascals and to .

SMV virion is non envelope, flexuous, filamentous of about 720-800 nm long and 12-15 nm in diameter.

The Synechococcales are an order of cyanobacteria, with over 70 genera. It includes both filamentous and single-celled types.

When the enzyme glucoamylase is situated on a ceramic surface coated with filamentous carbon, the enzyme's stability increases drastically.

PIP2 regulates the organization, polymerization, and branching of filamentous actin (F-actin) via direct binding to F-actin regulatory proteins.

The eggs, laid in the stems of plants, are supplied with seven filamentous processes which float freely in the water.

In the filamentous fungus N. crassa, the clock mechanism is analogous, but non-orthologous, to that of mammals and flies.

Sometimes, iron silicate forms during this reaction. Another experiment showed that filamentous carbon can form when carbon monoxide is disproprionated over cobaltosic oxide. In the experiment, a heated carburizing gas mixture was sent over powdered cobaltosic oxide. Filamentous carbon is the main deposit that forms from this reaction when it is carried out at .

Filamentous bacteriophage is a family of viruses (Inoviridae) that infect bacteria, named for their filamentous shape, a worm-like chain (long, thin and flexible, reminiscent of a length of cooked spaghetti), about 6 nm in diameter and about 1000-2000 nm long. Filamentous bacteriophages are among the simplest living organisms known, with far fewer genes than the classical bacteriophages studied by the phage group. The simplicity of this family makes it an attractive model system to study fundamental aspects of molecular biology, and it has also proven useful as a tool in immunology and nanotechnology.

Adopting filamentous structures, bacteria resist these phagocytic cells and their neutralizing activity (which include antimicrobial peptides, degradative enzyme and reactive oxygen species). It is believed that filamentation is induced as a response of DNA damage (by the mechanisms previously exposed), participating SulA mechanism and additional factors. Furthermore, the length of the filamentous bacteria could have a stronger attachment to the epithelial cells, with an increased number of adhesins participating in the interaction, making even harder the work for (PMN). The interaction between phagocyte cells and adopting filamentous-shape bacteria provide an advantage to their survival.

Mayer, Gene. Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma, The MicrobeLibrary, www.microbiologybook.org/mayer/myco.htm#:~:text=The mycoplasmas are facultative anaerobes,pear shaped and even filamentous.

The shape of the virus particle, called a virion, of -ssRNA viruses varies and may be filamentous, pleomorphic, spherical, or tubular.

Such species (e.g. Candida albicans) are termed dimorphic, which means they can propagate both as budding yeasts and as filamentous hyphae.

For instance a study in the Baltic Sea used phycocyanin as a marker for filamentous cyanobacteria during toxic summer blooms. Some filamentous organisms in the Baltic Sea include Nodularia spumigena and Aphanizomenon flosaquae. An important cyanobacteria named spirulina (Arthrospira plantensis) is a micro algae that produces C-PC.Kuddus, M., Singh, P., Thomas, G., & Al-Hazimi, A. (2013).

Filamentous cell state of Yarrowia lipolytica Y. lipolytica has a dimorphic growth , which means it can grow in two different phenotypes. The usual form of the cells can be described as round and spherical. When exposed to stress conditions such as temperature, pH, mechanical or osmotic stress, the cell can switch into a filamentous growth form (also see hyphae).

The species is herbivorous, feeding only on diatoms and filamentous algae, and vigorously defending its feeding patch. The fish cultivate gardens on the upper surfaces of stones and boulders. Here they encourage a short turf of diatoms, filamentous algae and blue-green algae. The males guard these territorial gardens and they play a part in courtship.

The simplest browns are filamentous—that is, their cells are elongate and have septa cutting across their width. They branch by getting wider at their tip, and then dividing the widening. Aside from filamentous forms, there are two main types of tissue organization in the brown algae: pseudoparenchymatous (haplostichous) and parenchymatous (polystichous). The fronds may be multiaxial or monoaxial.

Bostrychia is a genus of filamentous red alga. Species may grow as epiphytes on other plants in salt marsh and mangrove habitats.

The virus particle is generally spherical with some filamentous forms; the diameter is around 100 nm. The genome has six RNA segments.

Chloroflexus aggregans is a thermophilic, filamentous, phototrophic bacterium that forms dense cell aggregates. Its type strain is strain MD-66 (= DSM 9485).

The solitary flowers are purple or deep pink, with a low central cone (later opening into a tube) and without filamentous staminodes.

C. elegans is a filamentous fungus that produces purely gray colonies. Electron microscopy studies show that the conidia are covered with spines.

This virus is a trichovirus with filamentous particles. It has no natural vectors and it is easily transmitted mechanically to herbaceous hosts.

Anaerolinea thermolimosa is a thermophilic, non-spore-forming, non-motile, Gram-negative, filamentous bacteria with type strain IMO-1T (=JCM 12577T =DSM 16554T).

In contrast to the typical heart-shaped fern prothallus, V. boschiana gametophytes are filamentous and resemble colonies of green algae or moss protonemata.

In the genus Halimeda, whole seabed meadows may consist of an individual, single-celled organism connected by filamentous threads running through the substrate.

Tianyulong has a row of long, filamentous integumentary structures on the back, tail and neck of the specimen. The similarity of these structures with those found on some theropods suggests their homology with feathers and raises the possibility that the earliest dinosaurs and their ancestors were covered with homologous dermal filamentous structures that can be considered primitive feathers ("proto-feathers").

They planes of graphite located close to the interface between the carbon and the nickel atom in the filament are parallel to the interface. The filaments can also be hollow. Filamentous carbon has thermodynamic properties that are different from those of graphite. This is partially due to the fact that the structure of filamentous carbon is more disordered than the structure of graphite.

This species feeds mainly on crustose red algae and small filamentous algae. In a marine reserve in the Mediterranean, its population increased by a factor over 10 between 1983 and 1992, from eight to 100 individuals per meter2. High seawater temperatures are thought to favour this species. When it was excluded from an area of the reserve, the density of filamentous algae increased.

Kroppenstedtia eburnea is a Gram-positive, spore-forming, filamentous and aerobic bacterium from the genus of Kroppenstedtia which has been isolated from patient samples .

Retrieved October 20, 2007. and filamentous species grow in a branching morphological pattern similar to fungal hyphae.Bitton, G. Wastewater Microbiology. "Foam Microbiology." page 229.

When grown in sunlight it is dark green. The individual bacteria tend to form filamentous colonies enclosed in sheaths, which are known as trichomes.

Kroppenstedtia guangzhouensis is a Gram-positive, spore-forming, filamentous and aerobic bacterium from the genus of Kroppenstedtia which has been isolated from soil from China.

This species grows to a length of TL. It is an oviparous species; the eggs are attached to the substrate with a filamentous adhesive pad.

Functional Analysis of a Model Filamentous Fungus and accessioned over 13,000 gene deletion mutants together comprising a whole genome deletion set between 2006 and 2014.

The most obvious difference is in the feelers, or antennae. Most butterflies have thin slender filamentous antennae which are club shaped at the end. Moths, on the other hand, often have comb-like or feathery antennae, or filamentous and unclubbed. This distinction is the basis for the earliest taxonomic divisions in the Lepidoptera: the Rhopalocera ("clubbed horn", the butterflies) and the Heterocera ("varied horn", the moths).

Pockmarks are generally 100–200 m in diameter and usually located at a depth of 150–400 m. Bubble formation and microbial mats are observed throughout the pockmarks in Heceta Bank. These microbial mats in the sediment along the bank are characterized as white and filamentous. Microbial mats are generally inhabited by chemosynthetic organisms, Beggiatoa and Thiothrix filamentous bacteria, and Methanogen, a group of anaerobic archaea.

Microbial biofilms have been found degrading sandstone at Angkor Wat, Preah Khan, and the Bayon and West Prasat in Angkor. The dehydration and radiation resistant filamentous cyanobacteria can produce organic acids that degrade the stone. A dark filamentous fungus was found in internal and external Preah Khan samples, while the alga Trentepohlia was found only in samples taken from external, pink-stained stone at Preah Khan.

These fungi form meiotic spores called ascospores, which are enclosed in a special sac-like structure called an ascus. This phylum includes morels, a few mushrooms and truffles, unicellular yeasts (e.g., of the genera Saccharomyces, Kluyveromyces, Pichia, and Candida), and many filamentous fungi living as saprotrophs, parasites, and mutualistic symbionts (e.g. lichens). Prominent and important genera of filamentous ascomycetes include Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, and Claviceps.

Spirogyra is very common in relatively clear eutrophic water, developing slimy filamentous green masses. In spring Spirogyra grows under water, but when there is enough sunlight and warmth they produce large amounts of oxygen, adhering as bubbles between the tangled filaments. The filamentous masses come to the surface and become visible as slimy green mats. Spirogyra has a cell wall, nucleus, pyrenoid and spiral chloroplasts.

The filamentous particle seen in electron micrographs was initially incorrectly interpreted as contaminating bacterial pilus, but ultrasonic degradation, which breaks flexible filaments roughly in half, inactivated infectivity as predicted for a filamentous bacteriophage morphology. Three filamentous bacteriophages, fd, f1 and M13, were isolated and characterized by three different research groups in the early 1960s. Since these three phages differ by less than 2 percent in their DNA sequences, corresponding to changes in only a few dozen codons in the whole genome, for many purposes they can be considered to be identical. Further independent characterization over the subsequent half-century was shaped by the interests of these research groups and their followers.

"An Early Cretaceous heterodontosaurid dinosaur with filamentous integumentary structures." Nature, 458(19): 333-336. Han et al.found a similar topology to that of Makovicky et al.

Dimorphic is thus often used as a general reference for fungi being able to switch between yeast and filamentous cells, but not necessary limiting more shapes.

Stegastes fasciolatus, commonly called the Hawaiian gregory, is a damselfish of the family Pomacentridae that is endemic to the Hawaiian Islands. It feeds on filamentous algae.

Actinopolyspora xinjiangensis is a halophilic, filamentous actinobacterium. It is aerobic and Gram-positive, with type strain TRM 40136(T) (=CCTCC AA 209080(T) = KCTC 19656(T)).

Galaxaura is a genus of thalloid red algae. Dichotomous branches are formed; the medulla has a filamentous construction. It may be related to the fossil Gymnocodiaceae.

The name Filoviridae is derived from the Latin noun filum (alluding to the filamentous morphology of filovirions) and the taxonomic suffix -viridae (which denotes a virus family).

It habitates on or near the hindgut epithelium and also attached to filamentous prokaryotes associated with the gut wall. It is one of the predominant gut biota.

Species of Acrochaete are small prostrate and filamentous algae with irregularly branched filaments. The cells produce hyaline hairs, which are considered a diagnostic character of the genus.

The African quailfinch is found in East and southern Africa. It inhabits grassland and weedy areas, especially near water. It eats seeds, filamentous algae, insects, and spiders.

A number of microorganisms can degrade polyvinyl acetate. Most commonly, damage is caused by filamentous fungi—however algae, yeasts, lichens, and bacteria can also degrade polyvinyl acetate.

Diadema paucispinum is nocturnal and grazes on filamentous algae as it crawls over the rocks. Despite its formidable defensive armoury, Diadema paucispinum is preyed on by triggerfishes.

The specific name is derived from Latin bi (meaning two or double) and fibra (meaning filament) and refers to the two filamentous appendages arising from the aedoeagus.

One of the most well studied transformation systems is that of B. subtilis. In this bacterium, the RecA protein interacts with the incoming single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) to form striking filamentous structures. These RecA/ssDNA filaments emanate from the cell pole containing the competence machinery and extend into the cytosol. The RecA/ssDNA filamentous threads are considered to be dynamic nucleofilaments that scan the resident chromosome for regions of homology.

The Chloroflexia are one of six classes of bacteria in the phylum Chloroflexi, known as filamentous green non-sulfur bacteria. They use light for energy and are named for their green pigment, usually found in photosynthetic bodies called chlorosomes. Chloroflexia are typically filamentous, and can move about through bacterial gliding. They are facultatively aerobic, but do not produce oxygen in the process of producing energy from light, or phototrophy.

Filamentous carbon can also form when acetylene decomposes on films of palladium and silicon dioxide. However, filamentous carbon does not form on the palladium and silicon dioxide films if they are preheated with hydrogen at temperatures of . This is because in those conditions, the palladium and silicon dioxide react to form palladium silicide. Iron and silicon dioxide together also act as a catalyst for formation of the structures.

Stegastes fasciolatus, commonly called the Pacific gregory, is a damselfish of the family Pomacentridae. It is native to the tropical western Indo-Pacific. It feeds on filamentous algae.

Members belonging to Candidatus Arthromitus, have been observed in many arthropods including millipedes, beetle larvae, cockroaches and termites, as filamentous bacterial forms associated often with the gut wall.

However, the flattened body and filamentous limbs suggest a floating or swimming lifestyle. It has been interpreted as a nektonic suspension feeder.CARON, J.-B. and JACKSON, D. A. 2008.

Levilinea saccharolytica is a mesophilic, non-spore-forming, non-motile, Gram- negative, filamentous bacteria with type strain KIBI-1T (=JCM 12578T =DSM 16555T), the type species of its genus.

Leptolinea tardivitalis is a mesophilic, non-spore-forming, non-motile, Gram- negative, filamentous bacteria with type strain YMTK-2T (=JCM 12579T =DSM 16556T), the type species of its genus.

Cirripectes filamentosus, the filamentous blenny, is a species of combtooth blenny found in coral reefs in the western Pacific and Indian oceans. This species reaches a length of TL.

The name Acetofilamentum derives from: Latin noun acetum, vinegar; Latin neuter gender noun filamentum, a spun thread; New Latin neuter gender noun Acetofilamentum, an acetate-producing, filamentous, threadlike bacterium.

J. Evol. Biol., 25: 2397–2411. doi:10.1111/jeb.12017 Sex roles can be distinguished in sexually producing filamentous fungi. For example, sexually producing ascomycetes can produce anisogamous gametes.

P. lutzii occurs in nature as a filamentous structure. It forms conidia as part of its life cycle, which cause infection when inhaled into the respiratory tract of humans.

In 2020, the genus Alphalipothrixvirus was recreated for classification of Sulfolobus filamentous virus 1 and Sulfolobales Beppu filamentous virus 2. In the genus Gammalipothrixvirus claw-like structures are found at either end of the virion. Members of the Lipothrixviridae share structural and genomic characteristics with viruses from the Rudiviridae family, which contains non- enveloped rod-shaped viruses. Viruses from the two families have linear dsDNA genomes and share up to nine genes.

Although their territories often overlap, individuals of the three species do not usually interact due to the dietary differences that exist. For example, P. polyodon and P. trewavasae mostly feed on unicellular algae rather than filamentous algae. Having overlapping territories with P. polyodon may benefit T. moorii individuals since P. polyodon removes silt from the rock surface as they feed. This allows T. moorii to easily scrape filamentous algae from the rocks.

Phaeohyphomycosis is a diverse group of mycotic infections caused by dematiaceous fungi whose morphologic characteristics in tissue include hyphae, yeast-like cells, or a combination of these. It can be associated an array of melanistic filamentous fungi including Alternaria species, Exophiala jeanselmei, and Rhinocladiella mackenziei. The term “phaeohyphomycosis” was introduced to determine infections caused by dematiaceous (pigmented) filamentous fungi which contain melanin in their cell walls.Ajello, L., L.K. Georg, and R.T. Steigbigel. 1974.

Red Raper was a pioneer in the study of fungal sexual genetics. He studied mating systems in filamentous heterotrophs, beginning with the aquatic genus Achlya.Raper JR. "Steroid Sexual Hormones in a Water Mould", 1968, The Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Proceedings Section of Sciences No. 11. Once thought to be fungi because of their filamentous growth form and nutritional habits, Achlya and other water molds are now known to belong to the Kingdom Chromalveolata.

For instance, in the presence of methanol, at a pressure of 7 kilopascals and a temperature of , filamentous carbon grows on iron, but not nickel. Formation of the material on those metals typically occurs at temperatures between and . It also forms when chromium is used as a catalyst to decompose acetylene. Filamentous carbon is also one of up to seven allotropes of carbon to form during coke formation on reactor tubes and catalysts.

Tettigoniids may be distinguished from the grasshopper by the length of their filamentous antennae, which may exceed their own body length, while grasshoppers' antennae are always relatively short and thickened.

The asci, the spore-bearing cells, are cylindrical and 80–100 by 7–8 µm; the paraphyses are thin and filamentous and contain orange granules. This fungus is considered inedible.

Tribonema is a genus of filamentous, freshwater yellow-green algae. The holotype for the genus is the species Tribonema bombycina (C.Agardh) Derbès & Solier. Species recorded from Ireland include: Tribonema affine (G.

They are filled with many small oil droplets. The paraphyses (sterile filamentous hyphae in the hymenium) are enlarged at their tips and filled with brown colored matter, about 4 µm thick.

Callionymus sublaevis, the Australian filamentous dragonet, is a species of dragonet native to the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It is popular as a gamefish. This species grows to a length of TL.

DNR of Wisconsin, 07 Oct. 2014. Web. 04 Jan. 2015. Wisconsin DNR - Longear Sunfish. They have been known to prey on mites, microcrustaceans, fish eggs, mollusks, filamentous algae, and small fish.

The filamentous fungus, Fusarium venenatum, was discovered in a soil sample in 1967. In 1985, RHM was given permission to sell mycoprotein for human consumption after a ten-year evaluation programme.

It has also been formed with a catalyst of cobalt and aluminum phosphate at 2 megapascals and to . The presence of ruthenium in this reaction lessens the yield of filamentous carbon.

Gelidibacter algens is a species of psychrophilic, yellow-pigmented bacteria. It is saccharolytic, exhibits rapid gliding motility, and its cells are rod- like to filamentous. Its type strain is ACAM 536.

Thin filament formation depicting the polymerization mechanism for converting G-actin to F-actin; note the hydrolysis of the ATP. Actin remains one of the most abundant proteins in all of Eukarya and is an enzyme (ATPase) that gradually hydrolyzes ATP. It exists in two forms within eukaryotic cells: globular or G-actin and filament/filamentous or F-actin. Globular actin is the monomeric form of the protein while the filamentous actin is a linear polymer of globular subunits.

The nickel particles located in filamentous carbon that is grown in methane and hydrogen gas between and tend to be pear-shaped at the higher end of the temperature range. At higher temperatures, the metal particle becomes deformed. The length of the conic structure of the filaments also increases with temperature. When a copper and silica catalyst is exposed to methane and hydrogen at , hollow, long filamentous carbon structures were formed, and these also contained drops of metal.

Conidial anastomosis tubes (CATs) are cells formed from the conidia (a type of fungal asexual spores) of many filamentous fungi. These cells have a tubular shape and form an anastomosis (bridge) that allows fusion between conidia. CATs and germ tubes (germination tubes) are some of the specialized hyphae (long cells formed by filamentous fungal species) that are formed by fungal conidia. CATs are morphologically and physiologically distinct from germ tubes and are under separate genetic control.

Victorivirus is a genus of viruses, in the family Totiviridae. Filamentous fungi serve as natural hosts. There are currently 14 species in this genus including the type species Helminthosporium victoriae virus 190S.

They are common in hydrothermal vents, hydrocarbon cold seeps and (more rarely) on deep-water food-falls, depending on the species. Most species feed on filamentous bacteria, while others feed on detritus.

The Leptopilina VLPs or mixed-strategy extracellular vesicles (MSEVs) contain some secretion systems. Their evolutionary picture is less clear, but a recently reported virus, L. boulardi Filamentous Virus (LbFV), seems to show similarities.

Antillatoxin is found in the venom of the marine cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula. The filamentous cyanobacterium grows on seagrass, macroalgae, and corals up to 30m deep in tropical and subtropical regions throughout the world.

Zebrasoma veliferum is a popular fish in the aquarium trade. They are herbivorous fish specializing in filamentous algae. Though their skin is light beige with stripes, it can turn dark brown under stress.

Caldilinea aerophila is a species of filamentous thermophilic bacteria, and the type species of its genus. It is Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, with type strain STL-6-O1T (=JCM 11388T =DSM 14525T).

Anaerolinea thermophila is a species of filamentous thermophilic bacteria, the type and only species of its genus. It is Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, with type strain UNI-1T (=JCM 11387T =DSM 14523T).

The stem tissue is made up of filamentous hyphae with diameters of 2–6 μm; the inflated cells are terminal, club-shaped, longitudinally oriented, with dimensions of up to 289 by 31 μm.

Candidiasis is complicated to diagnose and can be fatal. Kumamoto demonstrated that low levels of the protein Efg1p permit fast growth of C. albicans, whereas high levels suppress the growth. In particular, Kumamoto studies the environmental conditions that cause C. albicans to grow in filamentous, elongated cells, which are able to invade and destroy biological tissue and enter the bloodstream. Early in her career, Kumamoto demonstrated that this filamentous growth occurs when the organism is grown in contact with an agar medium.

The spine apparatus consists of membranous saccules (discs) and tubules surrounded by wispy filamentous material and is mainly found in large mushroom-shaped dendritic spines. The wispy filamentous material is the cytoskeletal network, mainly f-actin, which is responsible for the maintenance and alteration of spine shape. The spine apparatus is connected to the smooth- surfaced endoplasmic reticulum of the dendrite. Consisting of continuous parallel flattened cisternae, the spine apparatus has a large surface area which is important for its function.

Filamentous bacteriophage engineered to display immunogenic peptides are useful in immunology. George Smith and Greg Winter used f1 and fd for their work on phage display for which they were awarded a share of the 2018 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. The creation and exploitation of many derivatives of M13 for a wide range of purposes, especially in materials science, has been employed by Angela Belcher and colleagues. Filamentous bacteriophage can promote antibiotic tolerance by forming liquid crystalline domains around bacterial cells.

The spores are roughly spherical, 8–12 μm in diameter, thin-walled, and nonamyloid (that is, not absorbing iodine stain in Melzer's reagent). The pileipellis (cap cuticle) is composed of filamentous interwoven hyphae, 2–7 μm diameter, gelatinized. The spore-bearing cells, the basidia, are 36–52 by 4–13 μm, 4–sterigmate, without clamps. The volva is largely made of filamentous hyphae, 2–8 μm diameter, inflated cells broadly elliptic, elliptical, fusiform, to clavate, 40–85 by 10–35 μm, mostly terminal.

Filamentous carbon has been known since at least 1890, when P. and L. Schützenberger observed it while passing cyanogen over red-hot porcelain. In the 1950s, it was discovered that the filaments could be produced by the reactions of gases such as hydrocarbons with metals such as iron, cobalt, and nickel. The first electron micrographs of tubular versions of the filaments appeared in 1952. Between the 1970s and the 1990s, filamentous carbon has been the subject of a number of research efforts.

Population density: The subtidal population density of Margarites pupillus in the San Juan Islands, WA, USA, is linked to the abundance of kelp, primarily Agarum fimbriatum. Densities of over 400 snails per square meter can occur where kelp density provides 100% bottom cover, and snail density declines to only a few snails per square meter below the algal zone. Diet: This snail is a generalist grazer; gut contents showed that the digestive tract of all snails examined contained unidentifiable detritus and silt and sand, 94% contained unidentified filamentous red algae, 86% contained diatoms, 79% contained sponge spicules, 64% contained filamentous brown algae, 21% contained remains of hydroids, 14% had remains of bryozoans, and 7% contained filamentous green algae. There was no evidence that M. pupils feeds on Agarum on which it lives.

1200 mya). The resistant outer walls of prasinophyte cysts (known as phycomata) are well preserved in fossil deposits of the Paleozoic (ca. 250–540 mya). A filamentous fossil (Proterocladus) from middle Neoproterozoic deposits (ca.

Derivatives conjugated with fluorophores are sold widely. Because of its ability to selectively bind filamentous actin (F-actin) and not actin monomers (G-actin), fluorescently labeled phalloidin is more effective than antibodies against actin.

Helicobacter cholecystus is a bacterium first isolated from gallbladders of golden hamster with cholangiofibrosis and centrilobular pancreatitis. It is filamentous, Gram-negative, and motile, with a single polar-sheathed flagellum. It is also microaerophilic.

Streptomyces zinciresistens is a filamentous bacterium species from the genus of Streptomyces which has been isolated from a copper and zinc mine in the Shaanxi province in China. Streptomyces zinciresistens is resistant against zinc.

Viruses in Betaflexiviridae are non-enveloped, with flexuous and Filamentous geometries. The diameter is around 12-13 nm. Genomes are linear, around 6.5-9kb in length. The genome codes for 2 to 6 proteins.

Viruses in Alphaflexiviridae are non- enveloped, with flexuous and Filamentous geometries. The diameter is around 12-13 nm. Genomes are linear, around 5.4-9kb in length. The genome codes for 1 to 6 proteins.

A member of the genus Cordyceps which is parasitic on arthropods. Note the elongated stromata. Species unknown, perhaps Cordyceps ignota. Most species grow as filamentous, microscopic structures called hyphae or as budding single cells (yeasts).

Rhodochorton is a genus of filamentous red alga adapted to low light levels. It may form tufts or a thin purple "turf" up to 5 millimetres high. The filaments branch infrequently, usually at the tips.

Asci are clavate and measure 20–35 x 150–250 μm. Ascospores are hyaline, uniformly filamentous, and spirally flexed within asci. They measure 5–10 x 200–250 μm and are 4- to 10-septate.

Setipinna, the Hairfin anchovies, is a genus of anchovies. These fish derive their name from the long, filamentous extension of the pectoral fins that is found in most species. It currently contains eight recognized species.

Their diet is varied by season and is made up of diatoms, insect larvae, and fish scales during the dry season while in the rainy season it is mainly insect larvae, filamentous algae, and ostracods.

Betalipothrixvirus is a genus of viruses in the order Ligamenvirales, in the family Lipothrixviridae. Archaea serve as natural hosts. There are currently six species in this genus including the type species Sulfolobus islandicus filamentous virus.

Deltalipothrixvirus is a genus of viruses in the order Ligamenvirales, in the family Lipothrixviridae. Archaea acidianus serve as natural hosts. There is, , only one species in this genus: the type species Acidianus filamentous virus 2.

Filamentous carbon has been used to clean up oil spills. This works by the filaments bonding to crude oil. It is also used in light-weight composite materials that must have strength at high temperatures.

However, the gene has been found to be highly expressed in chondrosarcoma. Chondrosarcoma is the cancer of the cells that generate collagen. Therefore, there seems to be an association between IFFO1's filamentous characteristic and chondrosarcoma.

The head, unlike in many deep-water species, has firm bones and the mouth is wide and terminal with bands of villiform (brushlike) teeth. A long, filamentous chin barbel and a wide gill opening are present.

Monokaryotic (adj.) is a term used to refer to multinucleate cells where all nuclei are genetically identical. In multinucleate cells, nuclei share one common cytoplasm, as is found in hyphal cells or mycelium of filamentous fungi.

Purple tangs typically inhabit coral reef ecosystems, where they are found eating filamentous algae in the reef. They have been found at depths ranging from . Adults are typically found swimming in shoals, while juveniles remain solitary.

Saccharomycete genomes are often smaller than those of filamentous fungi. Some species (e.g. Metschnikowia species) tend to form chains of budding cells that are termed pseudohyphae. Yet other species are able to produce true septate hyphae.

Gammalipothrixvirus is a genus of viruses in the order Ligamenvirales, in the family Lipothrixviridae. Archaea acidianus serve as natural hosts. There is currently only one species in this genus: the type species Acidianus filamentous virus 1.

Festuca rubra subsp. commutata, commonly known as Chewing's fescue, is a subspecies of grass. It is a perennial plant very common in lawns throughout Europe. The plant features filamentous leaves, with the leaf rolled in the shoot.

The cap cuticle is made of a layer of somewhat uplifted hyphae. The stem cuticle is a layer of bent-over hyphae bearing thick-walled, filamentous caulocystidia (cystidia on the stem), and it lacks a gelatinous layer.

Food items recorded include small crustaceans such as amphipods, cladocerans, and ostracods;, aquatic insects including caddis fly, midge, and mayfly larvae, as well as corixids, and ants. Filamentous algae is also consumed but this is not digested.

It does not have haustoria not chlamydospores. The appressoria are club-shaped. It has sporangia that are unbranched, filamentous, and non-inflated, typically forming 6-17 zoospores per vesicle. Encysted zoospores are 8-12 µm in diameter.

The oomycetes rarely have septa (see hypha), and if they do, they are scarce, appearing at the bases of sporangia, and sometimes in older parts of the filaments. Some are unicellular, while others are filamentous and branching.

Frankia alni is a Gram-positive species of actinomycete filamentous bacterium that lives in symbiosis with actinorhizal plants in the genus Alnus. It is a nitrogen-fixing bacterium and forms nodules on the roots of alder trees.

The molecular structure of Ff filamentous phage was determined using a number of physical techniques, especially X-ray fiber diffraction. Filamentous phage structures were further refined using solid-state NMR and cryo-electron microscopy. The single-stranded Ff phage DNA runs down the central core of the phage, and is protected by a cylindrical protein coat built from thousands of identical α-helical major coat protein subunits coded by phage gene 8. The gene 8 protein is inserted into the plasma membrane as an early step in phage assembly.

Protonematal cells of the moss Physcomitrella patens A protonema (plural: protonemata) is a thread-like chain of cells that forms the earliest stage (the haploid phase) of the life cycle of mosses. When a moss first grows from the spore, it start as a germ tube which lengthens and branches into a filamentous complex known as a protonema, which develops into a leafy gametophore, the adult form of a gametophyte in bryophytes.Life Cycle - in a nutshell - bryophyte Moss spores germinate to form an algae-like filamentous structure called the protonema. It represents the juvenile gametophyte.

A female coastal giant salamander will lay her eggs in moderate to slow flowing mountain streams under rocks and crevasses, hatching in early to mid spring. The coastal giant salamander, being a member of the genus Dicamptodon, exhibits two distinctive phases within its life; an aquatic larval stage with filamentous gills and an elongated tail with a caudal fin (similar to that of a tadpole), and a terrestrial adult form losing their caudal fin and filamentous gills, and instead developing robust legs and a pair of internal lungs.

Some of the strategies for bacteria to bypass host defenses include the generation of filamentous structures. As it has been observed in other organisms (such as fungi), filamentous forms are resistant to phagocytosis. As an example of this, during urinary tract infection, filamentatious structures of uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) start to develop in response to host innate immune response (more exactly in response to Toll-like receptor 4-TLR4). TLR-4 is stimulated by the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and recruits neutrophils (PMN) which are important leukocytes to eliminate these bacteria.

By predating Archaeopteryx, Anchiornis proves the existence of a modernly feathered theropod ancestor, providing insight into the dinosaur-bird transition. The specimen shows distribution of large pennaceous feathers on the forelimbs and tail, implying that pennaceous feathers spread to the rest of the body at an earlier stage in theropod evolution. The development of pennaceous feathers did not replace earlier filamentous feathers. Filamentous feathers are preserved alongside modern-looking flight feathers — including some with modifications found in the feathers of extant diving birds — in 80 million year old amber from Alberta.

The vertical growth or elevation of the colony, another identifying characteristic, is assessed by tilting the agar plate to the side and is denoted as flat, raised, convex, pulvinate (very convex), umbilicate (having a depression in the centre) or umbonate (having a bump in the centre). The edge of the colony may be separately described using terms like smooth, rough, irregular and filamentous. Bacillus anthracis is notable for its filamentous appearance, which is sometimes described as resembling Medusa's head. Consistency is examined by physically manipulating the colony with a sterile instrument.

The flower is up to 4 centimeters wide and 3 long, and is bright red to orange red or deep pink. Inside the mouth are long filamentous stamens and one flat, yellow-hairy sterile stamen called a staminode.

Smith GP, and Scott JK. Libraries of peptides and proteins displayed on filamentous phage. Methods in Enzymology. 1993. 217:228-257 The next step is the capturing step. It involves conjugating the phage library to the desired target.

As a genus, Chloroflexus spp. are filamentous anoxygenic phototrophic (FAP) organisms that utilize type II photosynthetic reaction centers containing bacteriochlorophyll a, and light-harvesting chlorosomes containing bacteriochlorophyll. Beta- and gamma-carotenes are present. C. islandicus is gram negative.

SEPT8 is a member of the highly conserved septin family. Septins are 40- to 60-kD GTPases that assemble as filamentous scaffolds. They are involved in the organization of submembranous structures, in neuronal polarity, and in vesicle trafficking.

Cylindrospermopsis is a planktonic genus of filamentous cyanobacteria known for its blooms in eutrophic waters. The type species is the tropical Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Woloszynska) Seenayya & Subbaraju. The cyanotoxin cylindrospermopsin was first identified from a species of this genus.

Lamin A is a major nuclear component that determines the shape and integrity of the nucleus, by acting as a scaffold protein that forms a filamentous meshwork underlying the inner nuclear envelope, the membrane that surrounds the nucleus.

Thus, in environments with high concentrations of free actin subunits, filamentous growth at the "barbed end" remains greater than that of the "pointed end". This "tread-milling", essentially exists as a simplified explanation of the actin remodeling process.

Pithophora is a genus of green algae in the family Pithophoraceae.See the NCBI webpage on Pithophora. Data extracted from the This kind of filamentous algae has a coarse texture to it hence often referred to as "horse hair" .

It is therefore without the leaf-tip diadems that are typical for the genus. The flowers are apricot coloured, each petal with a darker purple central stripe. The stamens form a low central cone surrounded by filamentous staminodes.

Australian rainbowfish are omnivorous. They feed on aquatic and terrestrial invertebrates and some filamentous algae. In captivity, their diet comprises all kinds of live foods, as well as flake food. They may group around logs and grassy riverbanks.

Corculum cardissa is often found lying on a surface of sand among coral debris and broken shells. It usually lies horizontally in a hollow it excavates and its top is often covered with filamentous algae and muddy deposits.

Aspergillus carneus is a fast-growing, filamentous fungus found on detritus and in fertile soil worldwide. It is characterized by its yellow, thick-walled hyphae and biseriate sterigmata. The fungus produces citrinin and 5 unique depsipeptides, Aspergillicins A-E.

It is up to 3 centimeters long and 4 wide at the mouth, which has three flat lower lobes and two joined upper lobes. Inside the mouth are long filamentous stamens and a flat, hairy, yellow sterile stamen called a staminode.

The larva is greyish-white with a few ochreous dorsal spots and marks. From the body, a loose shaggy filamentous clothing consisting of pure wax is excreted, but which is easily rubbed off when handled, leaving the larva quite naked.

Apophysomyces is a genus of filamentous fungi that are commonly found in soil and decaying vegetation. Species normally grow in tropical to subtropical regions.L. Collier, A. Balows, and M. Sussman, "Topley & Wilson's Microbiology and Microbial Infections", 9th ed. (1998), vol. 4.

This small alga grows erect with cylindrical filamentous axes.Hardy, F.G. and Guiry, M.D. 2003. A Checklist and Atlas of the Seaweeds of Britain and Ireland. The British Phycological Society It is repeatedly branched, corticate and grow to 30 cm long.

17 Apr. 2009 . The ribonucleocapsid is filamentous, having a length of about 200-300 nm and a width of about 2–2.5 nm. These nucleocapsids are surrounded by a single envelope that has projections made of glycoproteins protruding from its surface.

Penicillium psychrosexualis is a filamentous fungus in the genus Penicillium. Described as new to science in 2010, the species was found growing on refrigerated moldy apples in the Netherlands. It is closely related to the blue cheese fungus P. roqueforti.

The virions are non enveloped, filamentous, 610–700 nanometers (nm) and 12–15 nm in diameter. The linear 5.8–9 kilobase genome is positive sense, single- stranded RNA. The 3’ terminus is polyadenylated. In some species the 5’ end is capped.

They occur in small groups in reef flats, clear lagoon and seaward reefs, and feed on soft and hard corals, and also on polychaetes, small crustaceans, and filamentous algae. They are usually seen at moderate depths, usually swimming in small groups.

Green algae live most of their lives as single cells or are filamentous, while others form colonies made up from long chains of cells, or are highly differentiated macroscopic seaweeds. They form an informal group containing about 8,000 recognized species.

Antennae are filamentous and very long. Size: up to 6.5mm long, or even 7mm. Nymphs are green, and over-winter. The species is normally said to be univoltine, but it is possible that the females hibernate and produce a second generation.

The species Lloviu cuevavirus ( ) is the taxonomic home of a virus that forms filamentous virion, Lloviu virus (LLOV). The species is included in the genus Cuevavirus. LLOV is a distant relative of the commonly known Ebola virus and Marburg virus.

Potyvirus virions consist of non- enveloped filamentous structures that are 680 – 900 nm in length and 11 to 15 nm in width.Edwardson, J.R (1947). Some Properties of the Potato Virus Y Group. Florida Agricultural Experiment Stations Monograph Series, 4: 398.

The type order is the Hydrogenophilales. The Acidithiobacillia contain only sulfur, iron, and uranium-oxidising autotrophs. The type order is the Acidithiobacillales, which includes economically important organisms used in the mining industry such as Acidithiobacillus spp. The Oligoflexia are filamentous aerobes.

Racemes, flowers are very small (less than 1/8 inches) but numerous and dense, elongating in fruiting stage; sepals ovate, about 1 mm long. Petals absent or reduced to filamentous, only 1/2 the length of sepals; style are very short.

Virions are enveloped and can be spherical or pleomorphic and capable of producing filamentous virions. The diameter is around 150 nm. Genomes are linear, around 15kb in length. Fusion proteins and attachment proteins appear as spikes on the virion surface.

Mugil liza is a detritivore and also feeds on filamentous algae. Spawning takes place offshore in the summer between May and August. The fecundity rate is high and several million eggs are produced. These are non-adhesive and are pelagic.

Opisthonema is a genus of herrings, the thread herrings, found in tropical waters of the Western Hemisphere. They get their name from a filamentous nature of the last ray of the dorsal fin. Currently, five species are in this genus.

Filamentous carbon structures typically range between 10 and 500 nanometers in diameter. They are typically 10,000 nanometers (10 micrometers) long. They have a duplex structure. The outside of the structures is difficult to oxidize, but the core oxidizes more easily.

The genus is composed of gammaproteobacterial, secondary- endosymbionts which are gram-negative. Cells are non-flagellated, non-motile, non-spore forming and form long to highly filamentous rods. Cellular division is exhibited through septation. The name 'Arsenophonus nasoniae gen. nov.

Chloroflexus is a thermophilic filamentous green bacterium found in hot waters at Yellowstone; filamentous structures within geyser cones at El Tatio may have been formed by this bacterium. In splash cones Synechococcus-like microbes are instead responsible for the structures, which resemble those of hot springs. The presence of microorganisms in sinter has been implicated in their tolerance to UV radiation, as sinter absorbs much of this incoming harmful radiation. Some microstructures found on the Home Plate landform on Mars are similar to these biogenic structures at El Tatio, but do not necessarily imply that the microstructures on Mars are biogenic.

The structure looks like a quill under the light microscope, which is where the species gets its name "alatum", meaning quill. These slime envelopes are up to 270 μm wide in diameter and are therefore visible by the naked eye as filiform formations ("nema" = floss). The habitats for this filamentous cyanobacterium are mainly wet limestone walls and creates together with other bacteria, microalgae, bryophytes and micromycets gray or gray-brown biofilms/growns. Populations of P. alatum have specialized cells - yellow heterocytes to bind atmospheric nitrogen which are in colour contrast to vegetative blue-green/turquoise cells in filamentous thallus.

Plasma gelsolin binds and severs filamentous actin exposed from cells damaged by injury, including both infectious and sterile injury. Actin has been reported to activate platelets, interfere with fibrinolysis, damage endothelial cells, and to function as a danger signal (DAMP). Administration of large quantities of filamentous actin to rats resulted in lethal pulmonary hemorrhage and thrombosis. Another key “toxicity” of exposed actin is the fact that it is a major component of biofilms that accumulate at local sites of injury and infection and that it impedes the access of host immune components and therapeutics such as antibiotics.

Ectocarpus siliculosus is a filamentous brown alga. Its genome was the first brown macroalgal genome to be sequenced, with the expectation that E. siliculosus will serve as a genetic and genomic model for brown macroalgae.Genoscope - Ectocarpus genome project at genoscope The alga is unbranched and filamentous; it forms soft beards on larger plants or other firm substrata and grows up to 2 feet long.Gosner, Kenneth L., Atlantic Seashore: A field guide to sponges, jellyfish, sea urchins, and more; Houghton Mifflin Co. Plants tufted, often only one to a few cm tall, but in exceptional cases up to 20 cm.

Influenza A virus structure The influenzavirus virion is pleomorphic; the viral envelope can occur in spherical and filamentous forms. In general, the virus's morphology is ellipsoidal with particles 80 to 120 nm in diameter, or filamentous with particles 80 to 120 nm in diameter and up to 20 µm long. There are some 500 distinct spike-like surface projections in the envelope each projecting 10 to 14 nm from the surface with varying surface densities. The major glycoprotein (HA) spike is interposed irregularly by clusters of neuraminidase (NA) spikes, with a ratio of HA to NA of about 4.5 to 1.

Candida albicans growing as yeast cells and filamentous (hypha) cells Dimorphic fungi are fungi that can exist in the form of both mold and yeast. This is usually brought about by change in temperature and the fungi are also described as thermally dimorphic fungi. An example is Talaromyces marneffei, a human pathogen that grows as a mold at room temperature, and as a yeast at human body temperature. The term dimorphic is commonly used for fungi that can grow both as yeast and filamentous cells, however many of these dimorphic fungi actually can grow in more than these two forms.

Spherical colonies of radiating straight trichomes (filaments without sheaths). Each trichome has an akinete as the basal cell near the center of the colony. Akinetes if present are adjacent the heterocyst. The primary morphology is trichomous (filamentous without sheaths), the secondary is colonial.

The symbiotic relationship between S. giganteus and its host corals is still poorly understood, but occasionally the movement of the operculum can abrade the coral tissue, and that mortality of the coral tissue is enhanced when the worm's operculum hosts filamentous algae.

Upon experimentation, these oils were found to exhibit antifungal activity against yeasts and filamentous fungi, specifically strains of Candida, Aspergillus, Trichophyton, Epidermophyton, and Cryptococcus. Of these strains, L. viridis was most active against Cryptococcus, then Candida, and was least effective against Aspergillus strains.

This species is distinguished from other Kallymenia species by a deeply lobed thallus, its large inner cortical cells, stellate but non-ganglionic medullary cells and non-ostiolate cystocarps which are surrounded by a filamentous net, itself composed of elongated cells forming fascicles.

The rainbow cichlid is an omnivore. In the wild, it mostly eats flocculent detritus, with a preference for filamentous algae, simple algae, and diatoms. It can also prey on smaller fish and insects. In captivity, it readily consumes commercial flakes or pellets.

SMN is evolutionarily conserved including the Fungi kingdom, though only fungal organisms with a great number of introns have the Smn gene (or the splicing factor spf30 paralogue). Surprisingly, these are filamentous fungus which have mycelia, so suggesting analogy to the neuronal axons.

A number of brown, filamentous cirri or feeding tentacles project from between the plates. The peduncle is tough and a purplish-brown colour. The capitulum can grow to a length of and the peduncle varies between and .Lepas anatifera Marine Species Identification Portal.

C. litoralis possesses monopolar filamentous bundles, and is strictly anaerobic. It utilizes peptides as a carbon and energy source; it grows in the presence of elemental sulfur, which it reduces to H2S. C litoralis is resistant to vancomycin, chloramphenicol, benzylpenicillin, streptomycin and rifampicin.

Trichoderma reeseiSimmons EG (1977) in Bigelow & Simmons, Abstracts, 2nd International Mycological Congress (Tampa) 2: 618. is a mesophilic and filamentous fungus. It is an anamorph of the fungus Hypocrea jecorina. T. reesei can secrete large amounts of cellulolytic enzymes (cellulases and hemicellulases).

The fungi have several unicellular species, such as baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and fission yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe). Some fungi, such as the pathogenic yeast Candida albicans, can undergo phenotypic switching and grow as single cells in some environments, and filamentous hyphae in others.

Adults have a blue-grey head, neck, back, and upper wings, with a white line along the neck. The belly is white. In breeding plumage, they have long, blue, filamentous plumes on their heads and necks, and buff ones on their backs.

A small, erect, clumping shrub. The imbricate leaves are tipped with white radiating bristles (the typical diadems of the genus). The flowers are reddish in colour, with filamentous staminodes at the centre. The flower stalk and base are covered in thick hairs.

The specific name otrynter is derived from Latin, and means a driver, in allusion to the whip-like ray of the second dorsal fin. The common names of the species, threadfin jack and thread pompano, also refer to the filamentous, threadlike dorsal fin.

Section Hispidoderma consists of species with a filamentous pileipellis and thin-walled pleurocystidia. Section Celluloderma is defined by a cystoderm pileipellis composed of ellipsoid to saccate- pyriform to vesiculose cells with or without cystidioid elements. The widespread genus contains over 300 species.

Stromatolites typically consist of filamentous microfossils. The oldest stromatolites have been dated to approximately 3.5 billion years old. Stromatolites in Barberton have been dated to about 3.3 billion years. Microfossils found in chert extend the Barberton microfossil record back to 3.5 billion years.

When the allotrope engages in a gasification reaction below , the reaction's activation energy is approximately 178 kilojoules per mole. Filamentous carbon is mesoporous and has unusual textural properties. It also has paramagnetic properties. It also has a high level of mechanical strength.

Filamentous carbon can also be synthesized by cracking methane. The product is then gasified by hydrogen. In the experiment that discovered this, a nickel particle was used as the metal particle for the filament. The filament precipitates on the nickel particle's "support side".

Unlike most other members of the genus Stegastes which eat filamentous algae, the bicolor damselfish feeds on plankton. It forms loose groups of up to twenty individuals and defends a territory over a rocky reef with plenty of crevices in which to lurk.

In K. M. Cole; R. G. Sheath (eds.). Biology of the Red Algae. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. pp. 1–6. . presence of pit connection between cells filamentous genera, absence of chloroplast endoplasmic reticulum are the distinguishing characters of red algal cell structure.

They are also commonly used to make other materials together with other materials to form composites. Therefore, whether it is natural or synthetic fiber filamentous material. In modern life, the application of fiber is ubiquitous, and there are many high-tech products.

E. limulus is distinguished from E. pantherinus by a more narrow body, head and dorsal trunk with series of longitudinal light stripes (versus scattered dark blotches), and presence of an accessory ceratobranchial flange and filamentous gill rakers (versus absence of those features in E. pantherinus).

Like all intermediate filaments, keratin proteins form filamentous polymers in a series of assembly steps beginning with dimerization; dimers assemble into tetramers and octamers and eventually, if the current hypothesis holds, into unit-length-filaments (ULF) capable of annealing end-to-end into long filaments.

Some AnSOB, such as the facultative anaerobes Thiobacillus spp., and Thermothrix sp., are chemolithoautotrophs, meaning that they obtain energy from the oxidation of reduced sulfur species, which is then used to fix CO2. Others, such as some filamentous gliding green bacteria (Chloroflexaceae), are mixotrophs.

The Influenza B virus capsid is enveloped while its virion consists of an envelope, a matrix protein, a nucleoprotein complex, a nucleocapsid, and a polymerase complex. It is sometimes spherical and sometimes filamentous. Its 500 or so surface projections are made of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase.

Shaggy falling shanks or ribbons of bark are one of the strongest characteristics of the Adenostoma sparsifolium tree, hence the common names. As the species name "sparsifolium" suggests, it has tiny, filamentous leaves. Redshanks are closely related to the more abundant Chamise (Adenostoma fasciculatum).

Pteris platyzomopsis is unusual among ferns in that it may display incipient heterospory. Microsporangia produce 32 microspores, each 71-101μm in diameter. Megasporangia produce 16 megaspores, each 163-183μm in diameter. Microspores produce a filamentous microgametophyte, which lacks rhizoids and gives rise only to antheridia.

They mature after the stamens. Each consists of a nectariferous pad with filamentous rays arising from its edge. Each ray is terminated by a large globular gland. The ovary is superior or half inferior and consists of 3 or 4, rarely 5, fused carpels.

Juveniles live in shallow areas on intertidal reef flats, while adults prefer atoll reefs along the reef crest or on reef slopes at depths of 0 to 20 m. These gastropods feed on very small plants and filamentous algae grazed on coral and rocks.

MAVS, RIP1, and RIP3 are prion-like proteins found in other parts of the body. They also polymerise into filamentous amyloid fibers which initiate regulated cell death in the case of a viral infection to prevent the spread of virions to other, surrounding cells.

The CTXφ bacteriophage is a filamentous bacteriophage. It is a positive-strand DNA virus with single-stranded DNA (ssDNA). CTXφ infects some strains of Vibrio cholerae, the bacterium that causes cholera. It carries the genes for cholera toxin (CTX), which makes cholera especially virulent.

Male with elongated second dorsal spine preserved, from Koror, Palau, Bluestripe pygmygobies are tiny fish, usually averaging at . The maximum recorded length is . The dorsal fin has seven spines and eight to nine soft rays. The second dorsal spine in males is elongated and filamentous.

The centre-point of the diadem is brown. The flowers are dark pink in colour, with filamentous staminodes at the centre that have pink tips and pale bases. The petals are sometimes slightly emarginate. The flower stalk and base are covered in brown hairs.

Adults inhabit reef flats and lagoon reefs. They frequently occur in colonies associated with live or dead branching staghorn coral (Acropora). They feed on algae, gastropods, sponges and copepods. They are territorial, and they maintain and "weed" filamentous algae patches growing on dead coral.

This small filamentous alga grows attached, or unattached, in masses reaching 20 cm across. The branches grow pseudochotomously the tips are strongly coiled in. It is corticated only at the nodes between the axial cells and form clear cortical bands. The rhizoids are multicellular.

The long filamentous soft dorsal and anal fins as well as the pelvic fin are a dark blue to black colour, while the others are pale green to hyaline in appearance. Juveniles have 5 to 7 broad dark vertical cross bands through their body.

The dorid nudibranch Chromodoris joshi has a rosette of gills far back on the body. Nudibranch means "naked gills". Near the front of the animal are the two rhinophores. In many gastropods, the filamentous gill has been replaced by a "plicate", or folded, structure.

Intercalary located akinete of Dolichospermum smithii Terminally located akinete of Gloeotrichia An akinete is an enveloped, thick-walled, non-motile, dormant cell formed by filamentous, heterocyst-forming cyanobacteria under the order Nostocales and Stigonematales.Moore, R. et al. (1998) Botany. 2nd Ed. WCB/McGraw Hill.

Tymoviruses are mainly plant pathogens first described in 2004. They are characterised by similarities in their replication-associated polyproteins. These account for the majority of their genomic coding capacity. They are considered to form a group, phylogenetically, referred to as flexiviruses, with filamentous virions.

Assembled major coat protein subunits in Ff (fd, f1, M13) filamentous bacteriophage (Inovirus), exploded view. The family contains 29 defined species, divided between 23 genera. However, mining of genomic and metagenomic datasets using a machine learning approach led to the discovery of 10,295 inovirus-like sequences in nearly all bacterial phyla across virtually every ecosystem, indicating that this group of viruses is much more diverse and widespread than originally appreciated. Three filamentous bacteriophages, fd, f1 and M13, were isolated and characterized by three different research groups in the early 1960s, but they are so similar that they are sometimes grouped under the common name "Ff".

Treating embryos with the microtubule depolymerizing agent nocodazole completely blocks epiboly of the YSL and partially blocks epiboly of the blastoderm, while treating with the microtubule stabilizing agent taxol blocks epiboly of all cell layers. There is also evidence for the importance of actin-based structures in epiboly. Ring-like structures of filamentous actin have been observed at the leading edge of the enveloping layer, where it contacts the yolk cell. It is thought that a network of filamentous actin in the yolk might constrict in a myosin-II dependent manner to close the blastopore at the end of epiboly, via a "purse-string mechanism".

Fascin-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FSCN2 gene. This gene encodes a member of the fascin protein family. Fascins crosslink actin into filamentous bundles within dynamic cell extensions. This family member is proposed to play a role in photoreceptor disk morphogenesis.

They often inhabit the empty shells of Cerithium species and Vasum species. This hermit crab is suitable for inclusion in an invertebrate-friendly reef aquarium where it consumes algae, including filamentous, hair, and slime algae, as well as cyanobacteria and is useful in keeping the tank clean.

Spanish moss was introduced to Hawaii in the 19th century, and became a popular ornamental and lei plant. On Hawai'i it is often called "Pele's hair" after Pele the Hawaiian goddess. The term "Pele's hair" is also used to refer to a type of filamentous volcanic glass.

The cyst is covered in two envelopes. The outer envelope is softer and used to attach to a substrate such as filamentous food (algae). A stalk may or may not be present. The inner envelope is stronger and surrounds the cell while cell division takes place.

The dorsal fin has a yellow margin and there is a bright orange patch running through the caudal peduncle. It is found in coral-rich areas and clear waters of seaward and lagoon reefs. This fish feeds on filamentous algae and coral polyps and other benthic invertebrates.

Apical constriction mechanisms (red: filamentous actin. orange: myosin.) Apical constriction occurs primarily through the contraction of cytoskeletal elements. The specific mechanism depends on the species, the cell type, and the morphogenetic movement. Model organisms that have been studied include the frog Xenopus, and the fly Drosophila.

Algae in the family Callithamniaceae have filamentous fronds with branches arranged arranged in two rows on opposite sides of a stem and in the same plane, or radially or in whorls. In the female gametophytes, the procarps are four-celled and there are no sterile cells.

LVX is a non-enveloped virus with helical symmetry. All potexviruses, including LVX are believed to have slightly less than 9 protein subunits per helical turn.Kendall, A., McDonald, M., Bian, W., Bowles, T., Baumgarten, S. C., Shi, J., … Stubbs, G. (2008). Structure of Flexible Filamentous Plant Viruses.

Uncinula is a genus of fungi. Its species are plant pathogens that cause powdery mildew diseases on various plant hosts. The genus is characterized by its dark chasmothecia which bear filamentous, hyaline appendages with hooked tips. Over one hundred species have been described from mostly dicotyledenous hosts.

VASP is associated with filamentous actin formation and likely plays a widespread role in cell adhesion and motility. VASP may also be involved in the intracellular signaling pathways that regulate integrin-extracellular matrix interactions. VASP is regulated by the cyclic nucleotide-dependent kinases PKA and PKG.

Similarly to other Potyviridae genera, Macluravirus is characterised by its flexuous filamentous particles, inclusion bodies in infected plant cells and a polyprotein genome strategy. Unlike the other genera it is transmitted by insects. It also has shorter particles (650-660 nm in length). The genomes are monopartite.

CarVY belongs to the Potyviridae family of viruses. Potyviruses are non-enveloped viruses that are symmetrically helical. These filamentous viruses are typically 720-850 nm long and 12-15 nm in diameter. Their flexuous virions can be easily identified in infected carrot leaf samples using electron microscopy.

Ceramium botryocarpum is a small filamentous branched alga growing as tufts to a height of 12 cm. The axial branches consist of large barrel shaped cells,Jones, W.E. 1962. A key to the genera of British Seaweeds. Field Studies Volume 1 No 4 which branch irregularly dichotomously.

F-tractin is amino acids 9-52 of rat ITPKA. It was later determined that amino acids 9-40 were sufficient for binding filamentous actin. When fused to a reporter, such as green fluorescent protein, It is useful for the visualization of actin dynamics in living cells.

Virions of Longan witches broom-associated virus are filamentous and average 730 nm in length (300–2,500 nm) and 14–16 nm wide. Inside is a 9,428 nucleotide (excluding the poly(A) tail) positive sense RNA genome with an open reading frame of 9,261 amino acids.

These studies included studies of the thermodynamic properties of the formation of the allotrope. The most significant study that took place during that time was conducted by Terry Baker in the 1970s and concerned keeping filamentous carbon from growing inside the cooling pipes of nuclear reactors.

The few exceptions generally have simple, filamentous gills. Excretion is through small ducts known as metanephridia. Terrestrial oligochaetes secrete urea, but the aquatic forms typically secrete ammonia, which dissolves rapidly into the water. The vascular system consists of two main vessels connected by lateral vessels in each segment.

The green chromide lives in brackish water habitat types, such as river deltas. It eats mainly aquatic plants, including filamentous algae and diatoms, but it consumes the occasional mollusk and other animal matter. This species engages in attentive parental care in which several adults care for each brood.

Diaporthe is a genus of endophytic filamentous fungal plant pathogens. Diaporthe species have been shown to transform the infection-inhibiting factors (+)-catechin and (−)-epicatechin into the 3,4-cis-dihydroxyflavan derivatives.Biooxidation of (+)-Catechin and (−)-Epicatechin into 3,4-Dihydroxyflavan Derivatives by the Endophytic Fungus Diaporthe sp. Isolated from a Tea Plant.

The lores and ear coverts, and chest border are streaked with black. The tail is double the body length, and is composed of six filamentous feathers, the central two of which are longer than the lateral ones. The underparts are buff. The bill, feet and eyes are brown.

It can vary in appearance but always shows the consistent growth of ice perpendicular to the land surface. Needle ice looks like a bunch of filamentous crystals, and is in straight or curve shape. It usually forms in the morning when temperature drops below freezing point (0 °C).

Members of the Monoblepharidomycetes have a filamentous thallus that is either extensive or simple and unbranched. They frequently have a holdfast at the base. In contrast to other taxa in their phylum, some reproduce using autospores, although many do so through zoospores. Oogamous sexual reproduction may also occur.

Cephalonyx is a genus of filamentous acritarchs known from the Precambrian and early Cambrian (and possibly other times).Knoll, A. H., Grotzinger, J. P., Kaufman, A. J. & Kolosov, P. 1995. Integrated approaches to terminal Proterozoic stratigraphy: an example from the Olenek Uplift, northeastern Siberia. Precambrian Research, 73, 251–270.

The Desulfobulbaceae are a family of Proteobacteria. They reduce sulphates to sulphides to obtain energy and are anaerobic. The discovery of filamentous Desulfobulbaceae in 2012 elucidates the cause of the small electric currents measured in the top layer of marine sediment. The currents were first measured in 2010.

Carposporangia are formed through direct division of the zygote. Carpospores germinate to form the diploid filamentous conchocelis phase, which produces conchosporangial branches bearing conchosporangia, each containing a single conchospore. These conchospores then germinate to form gametophytes. During the "conchocelis stage", the plants can also self-replicate using monospores.

This is proven to be correlated with a change in dentition. Lungfish larvae are bottom feeders. They eat microcrustaceans and small Tubifex worms, occasionally supplementing their diets with filamentous algae. Soft foods such as worms and plants are partially crushed with a few quick bites and then swallowed.

Adults usually can be found in pairs, while juveniles are solitary. When threatened, these fishes display their large ventral and dorsal fins. They feed primarily on filamentous algae, various macroalgae and plankton. However, individuals were regularly observed feeding on jellyfish (Scyphozoa) and comb jellies (Ctenophora) in the Red Sea.

Below is a consensus reconstruction of green algal relationships, mainly based on molecular data. The phylogeny is not entirely uncontroversial. The placement of the basal green algae (Mesostigmatophyceae, Spirotaenia, and Chlorokybophyceae) is more conventionally at the base of Streptophytes. Basal Streptophytes are filamentous, while Mesostigmatophyceae and Chlorokybophyceae are not.

Spawning typically occurs in late spring and summer. In Texas, near ripe females have been reported in February. Females lay eggs that have many long, filamentous tendrils which attach to floating vegetation or other submerged objects and organisms. S. marina reaches reproductive maturity two years after being hatched.

Botanical reference to this fungus seems to begin with Micheli, who in 1729 used the generic name Aspergillus, derived from aspergillum (holy water sprinkler) to describe the filamentous nature of this group of fungi.Bennett JW (2010). "An Overview of the Genus Aspergillus" (PDF). Aspergillus: Molecular Biology and Genomics.

Opisthokont characteristics include synthesis of extracellular chitin in exoskeleton, cyst/spore wall, or cell wall of filamentous growth and hyphae; the extracellular digestion of substrates with osmotrophic absorption of nutrients; and other cell biosynthetic and metabolic pathways. Genera at the base of each clade are amoeboid and phagotrophic.

Journal of Virology, 82(19), 9546–9554. This pattern of nucleocapsid formation causes the nucleocapsid to be an elongated, flexible, filamentous virus like most plant viruses. Unlike other potexviruses (average length of 550 nm), LVX has a length of 470 nm and a width of 13 nm.Stone, O.M. (1980).

Commonly used protein production systems include those derived from bacteria, yeast,baculovirus/insect, mammalian cells, and more recently filamentous fungi such as Myceliophthora thermophila. When biopharmaceuticals are produced with one of these systems, process-related impurities termed host cell proteins also arrive in the final product in trace amounts.

Filamentous fungi, especially Aspergillus and Trichoderma, but also more recently Myceliophthora thermophila C1 have been developed into expression platforms for screening and production of diverse industrial enzymes. The expression system C1 shows a low viscosity morphology in submerged culture, enabling the use of complex growth and production media.

The asci (the spore-bearing structures) are club-shaped, with dimensions of 85–125 by 8–12 µm. The asci do not have a covering lid known as an operculum. The paraphyses (sterile cells found in the hymenium) are filamentous, and hyaline (translucent); some are ring-shaped (circinate).

CTXφ (also called CTXphi) is a filamentous phage that contains the genes for cholera toxin. Infectious CTXφ particles are produced when V. cholerae infects humans. Phage particles are secreted from bacterial cells without lysis. When CTXφ infects V. cholerae cells, it integrates into specific sites on either chromosome.

The Polaris Flare is a filamentous gas cloud in the Milky Way which is seen in the sky in the region of the constellation Ursa Minor and around the star Polaris. The area on the sky is estimated at 50 square degrees. The range is approximately 500 light years.

The eastern talma (Chelmonops truncates) or truncate coralfish, is a species of butterflyfish in the genus Chelmonops endemic to Australia. It is an omnivore, feeding on small crustaceans, worms and filamentous algae. This species of fish is a popular aquarium fish which is harvested largely in southern Australia.

After the bacteria are inhaled, they initially adhere to the ciliated epithelium in the nasopharynx. Surface proteins of B. pertussis, including filamentous hemaglutinin and pertactin, mediate attachment to the epithelium. The bacteria then multiply. In infants, who experience more severe disease, the bacteria spread down to the lungs.

D. gilvipes in both larvae and nymph stages are categorized as scraper-grazers. They are grazers on periphyton attached to the submerged rocks in the rivers. They typically eat Diatoms (Synedra ulna and Achnanthes lanceolate) and filamentous algal (Stigeoclonium tenueetae, Ulothrix spp., and Klebsormidium fluitans) with the occasion detritus.

This feature explains both the common name threadfin and the family name Polynemidae, from the Greek poly meaning "many" and nema meaning "filament". Similar species, such as the mullets (family Mugilidae) and milkfish (family Chanidae) can be easily distinguished from threadfins by their lack of filamentous pectoral rays.

Echinocandin B can undergo deacylation (removal of the lipid side chain) by the action of a deacylase enzyme from the filamentous bacterium Actinoplanes utahensis, which catalyzes the cleavage of the linoleoyl side chain; in three subsequent synthetic steps, including a chemical reacylation, the antifungal drug anidulafungin is synthesized.

It is defined as homofermentive lactic acid bacteria due to lactic acid being the single end product of its carbohydrate digestion. It is also considered a probiotic. It is a gram-positive rod that may appear long and filamentous. It is non-motile and does not form spores.

The transition from yeast to hyphal cells is termed to be one of the key factors in the virulence of C. albicans; however, it is not deemed necessary. When C. albicans cells are grown in a medium that mimics the physiological environment of a human host, they grow as filamentous cells (both true hyphae and pseudohyphae). C. albicans can also form chlamydospores, the function of which remains unknown, but it is speculated they play a role in surviving harsh environments as they are most often formed under unfavorable conditions. The cAMP-PKA signaling cascade is crucial for the morphogenesis and an important transcriptional regulator for the switch from yeast like cells to filamentous cells is EFG1.

If the homology is supported, the consequence is that the common ancestor of both saurischians and ornithischians were covered by feather-like structures, and that groups for which skin impression are known such as the sauropods were only secondarily featherless. If the homology is not supported, it would indicate that these filamentous dermal structures evolved independently in saurischians and ornithischians, as well as in other archosaurs such as the pterosaurs. The authors (in supplementary information to their primary article) noted that discovery of similar filamentous structures in the theropod Beipiaosaurus bolstered the idea that the structures on Tianyulong are homologous with feathers. Both the filaments of Tianyulong and the filaments of Beipiaosaurus were long, singular, and unbranched.

Plants that spend more time out of water at the waterline are tougher and have shorter leaves. The plant bears two inflorescences, the staminate type being a rounded white filamentous ball and the pistillate type a sphere of thick, green, pointy peduncles. The fruits are small green or brown achenes.

Lichenology is the branch of mycology that studies the lichens, symbiotic organisms made up of an intimate symbiotic association of a microscopic alga (or a cyanobacterium) with a filamentous fungus. Study of lichens draws knowledge from several disciplines: mycology, phycology, microbiology and botany. Scholars of lichenology are known as lichenologists.

It feeds on filamentous algae. Chlorurus bowersi was first formally described as Callyodon bowersi in 1909 by the American ichthyologist John Otterbein Snyder (1867-1943) and the type locality was given as Naha, Okinawa, Japan. The specific name honours the former United States Commissioner of Fisheries George Meade Bowers (1863-1925).

It proceeds to invade the cortical tissue in the stem. In leaves, the rust causes chlorosis and variegation, which might be surrounded by anthocyanescence. One sign of an infection is red-orange filamentous growth emerging on wounds in humid conditions. The most extreme symptoms produce necrotic patches on the stem.

By the 1960s and 1970s, the increased pollution caused frequent algal blooms to occur in the summer. These blooms killed large numbers of fish, and left decomposing piles of filamentous algae and dead fish along the shores.Vallentyne, J. R. (1974). The Algal Bowl: Lakes and Man, Miscellaneous Special Publication No. 22.

Nigrospora sphaerica is an airborne filamentous fungus in the phylum Ascomycota. It is found in soil, air, and plants as a leaf pathogen. It can occur as an endophyte where it produces antiviral and antifungal secondary metabolites. Sporulation of N. sphaerica causes its initial white coloured colonies to rapidly turn black.

It is a very common weed of agricultural land and gardens, spreading quickly by its rooting stolons and resisting removal with a deeply anchored filamentous root ball. In Ireland: very common in damp places, ditches and flooded areas.Hackney, P. (1992). Stewart and Corry's Flora of the North-east of Ireland.

The virion is variable in shape, with spherical and filamentous forms being observed; it has a diameter of 50–100 nm. Batken is considered a DHOV subtype; the viruses have a high degree of sequence identity (90% in the envelope glycoprotein; 96–98% in other proteins), and their antibodies crossreact.

Some filamentous fungi (Such as Glomeromycota, Chytridiomycota and Neocalligomastigomycota) may contain multiple nuclei in a coenocytic mycelium. A coenocyte functions as a single coordinated unit composed of multiple cells linked structurally and functionally, i.e. through gap junctions. Fungal mycelia in which hyphae lack septa are known as "aseptate" or "coenocytic".

The second common name is because its first dorsal fin is made up of long, filamentous rays. The pelvic fin is long, thin, and scythe-like, and it has a pronounced chin barbel. The colour is grey-brown with a faint red tint on the body and black-edged median fins.

Pseudanthias bimaculatus are primarily carnivorous. The diet composing mainly of zooplankton and floating filamentous algae in the wild. In the aquarium, a varied diet of mysis shrimp, vitamin-enriched brine shrimp, frozen preparations and other meaty items for zooplankton feeders. Multiple small feedings throughout the day are recommended for this species.

Basidiobolus ranarum is a filamentous fungus with worldwide distribution. The fungus was first isolated by Eidam in 1886. It can saprophytically live in the intestines of mainly cold-blooded vertebrates and on decaying fruits and soil. The fungus prefers glucose as a carbon source and grows rapidly at room temperature.

Treatment of infections with P. boydii is complicated by its resistance to many of the standard antifungal agents normally used to treat infections by filamentous fungi. Pseudallescheria boydii fungal infection was the cause of death in three athletes submerged in the Yarkon River after a bridge collapsed, during 1997 Maccabiah Games.

Algae flourishes in the overflow water which stand stationary exposed to light and oxygen, of which there is little in the thermal waters inside the well building. Filamentous algae Melosira variants and Spirogyra have both been identified and are very abundant in the flooded pool area outside of the well building.

The flesh of the gill is homogenous, and stains dark vinaceous-brown in iodine. The flesh of the cap has a thin but clearly differentiated pellicle, a well-developed hypoderm (the tissue layer immediately underneath the pellicle), and the remainder is filamentous. All but the pellicle stain vinaceous-brown in iodine.

The infraorder contains only a single superfamily, Fulgoroidea. Fulgoroids are most reliably distinguished from the other Auchenorrhyncha by two features; the bifurcate ("Y"-shaped) anal vein in the forewing, and the thickened, three-segmented antennae, with a generally round or egg-shaped second segment (pedicel) that bears a fine filamentous arista.

The first land plants probably evolved from shallow freshwater charophyte algae much like Chara almost 500 million years ago. These probably had an isomorphic alternation of generations and were probably filamentous. Fossils of isolated land plant spores suggest land plants may have been around as long as 475 million years ago.

Chaetosphaeridium globosum is a one-celled alga which is thought to represent an ancient lineage of the green plants. This organism exists in a filamentous form with one flagella per cell. It is a freshwater species. The flagellum is covered in scales in a 3-prong irregular shape called ‘maple leafs’.

One of the main goals of the FGSC is to make research with filamentous fungi (mold) more accessible. To that end the FGSC web-site hosts extensive protocolsThe Fungal Genetics Stock Center Methods Page for Neurospora and Aspergillus. Other materials and services are available on a case-by-case basis.

Their cytoplasm shows filamentous keratin. These corneocytes are embedded in a lipid matrix composed of ceramides, cholesterol, and fatty acids. Their properties depend on the component ratio of the three major components. The stratum corneum functions to form a barrier to protect underlying tissue from infection, dehydration, chemicals and mechanical stress.

Schizosaccharomyces) that reproduce by fission rather than budding, unlike most other yeasts, many of which are in the subdivision Saccharomycotina. The Taphrinomycetes are dimorphic plant parasites (e.g. Taphrina) with both a yeast state and a filamentous (hyphal) state in infected plants. They characteristically infect leaves, catkins, and branches, not roots.

Organisms responsible for bunch rot of grape berries are filamentous fungi, the most common of these being Botrytis cinerea (gray mold) However, there are a range of other fungi responsible for the rotting of grapes such as Aspergillus spp., Penicillium spp., and fungi found in subtropical climates (e.g., Colletotrichum spp.

A small, compact, clumping shrub. The leaves are tipped with white radiating bristles (the typical diadems of the genus). The flowers are reddish in colour, with filamentous staminodes at the centre. The pale fruit capsule has six locules (not five like T. burgeri), each with very well developed covering membranes.

Nucleoporin 153 has a mass of 153 kDA (hence its name). It is filamentous and it contains three distinct domains: a N-terminal region within which a pore targeting domain has been identified, a central region containing multiple zinc finger motifs, and a C-terminal region containing multiple XFXFG repeats.

Zebrasoma scopas, the brown tang, twotone tang, scopas tang or brush-tail tang, is a marine reef tang in the fish family Acanthuridae. The brown tang is found throughout Oceania and is a herbivorous fish, feeding predominantly on filamentous algae. It is a highly popular fish in the aquarium trade.

Jones, S. J. M. (2009). De novo sequence assembly of a filamentous fungus using Sanger, 454 and Illumina sequence data. Genome Biology, 10. There are many different sequencing technologies that have been developed by various biotechnology companies, each of which produce different sequencing reads in terms of accuracy and read length.

The International Union for Conservation of Nature designate L. somereni as a least-concern species, saying it is "relatively widespread", although it's possible some subpopulations might be at risk from various local threats such as increased farming. It is omnivorous, although primarily herbivorous; it mostly eats aquatic plants and filamentous algae.

Yunnanilus altus is a species of ray-finned fish, a stone loach, in the genus Yunnanilus from Yunnan. It occurs in small streams with a moderate current where it moves slowly in shoals along the substrate. Its diet consists of filamentous algae and insects. The type locality is in Zhanyi County.

This species is known to eat inorganic material, planktonic organisms such as copepods, filamentous algae and other macroinvertebrates; this was discovered by examining the stomach contents of flannelmouth sucker larvae.Clarkson, R. W.; Robinson, A. T. (1993). "Little Colorado River native fishes". Glen Canyon Environmental Studies Phase II 1992 Annual Report.

Gnavi, G.; Garzoli, L.; Poli, A.; Prigione, V.; Burgaud, G.; Varese, G.C. The culturable mycobiota of Flabellia petiolata: First survey of marine fungi associated to a Mediterranean green alga. PLoS ONE 2017, 12, e0175941.Kohlmeyer, J.; Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, B. Illustrated key to the filamentous higher marine fungi. Bot. Mar. 1991, 34, 1–61.

NsiR4, widely conserved throughout the cyanobacterial phylum, has been shown to be involved in nitrogen assimilation control in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 and in the filamentous, nitrogen-fixing Anabaena sp. PCC 7120. PsrR1 (photosynthesis regulatory RNA1), formerly known as Syr1 discovered in Synechocystis sp PCC 6803, is a regulatory factor controlling photosynthetic functions.

This small red alga is filamentous, cylindrical with branched axes. It has 10 periaxial cells, that is a ring of cells forming a ring around the axis. It is not completely corticated and does not bear spines.Maggs, C.A. and Hommersand, M.H.1993 Seaweeds of the British Isles Volume 1 Rhodophyta Part 3A Ceramiales.

The flesh of the cap is covered with a thin pellicle, and the hypoderm (the layer of cells immediately underneath the pellicle) is moderately well- differentiated. The remainder of the cap flesh is floccose and filamentous, and all except the pellicle stain pale vinaceous-brown in iodine. Lactiferous (latex-producing) hyphae are abundant.

There are abundant cheilocystidia on the gill edges. They measure 30–50 by 7–12 µm, and are fusoid-ventricose, with tips that are broadly rounded. They are filled with a purplish sap and have granular contents. The cap tissue comprises a well-differentiated cuticle, a distinct hypoderm, and a filamentous tramal body.

Aspergillus versicolor is a slow-growing filamentous fungus commonly found in damp indoor environments and on food products. It has a characteristic musty odor associated with moldy homes and is a major producer of the hepatotoxic and carcinogenic mycotoxin sterigmatocystin. Like other Aspergillus species, A. versicolor is an eye, nose, and throat irritant.

Scytosiphon lomentaria is a littoral brown seaweed with an irregularly lobed many filamentous form. It is a member of the Phaeophyta in the order Dictyosiphonales and grows attached to shells and stones in rock-pools and in near-shore waters. The attachment to the substrate is by a small disc shaped holdfast.

In 1980, Taylor accepted an assistant Professorship in what is now the Department of Microbial Biology at the University of California, Berkeley. In his first few years at Berkeley, he completed ultrastructural research begun in Georgia while shifting his focus to molecular evolution of fungi, beginning with the model filamentous fungus, Neurospora.

They never get large, the maximum known being about 11 cm. Mainly bottom feeders, filamentous algae are the main part of their diet, followed by aquatic insects and crustaceans. They will also opportunistically eat insects and crustaceans at the surface. In turn, they are eaten by other fish, in particular green sunfish.

Ulocladium chlamydosporum is a filamentous fungus. This fungus is salt tolerant and has been found in water from the Dead Sea and did not grow out on agar without the presence of salt. The presence of copper and zinc can stimulate growth in U. chlamydosporum, whereas lead, manganese, and molybdenum inhibit growth.

Anabaena variabilis is a species of filamentous cyanobacterium. This species of the genus Anabaena and the domain Eubacteria is capable of photosynthesis. This species is also known to be heterotrophic in that it may grow without light in the presence of fructose. It also can convert atmospheric dinitrogen to ammonia via nitrogen fixation.

The western pond turtle is omnivorous and most of its animal diet includes insects, crayfish, and other aquatic invertebrates. Fish, tadpoles, and frogs are eaten occasionally, and carrion is eaten when available. Plant foods include filamentous algae, lily pads, tule and cattail roots. Juveniles are primarily carnivorous, and eat insects and carrion.

Canadian Field-Naturalist, 115(2), 251-256. Adults forage primarily terrestrially along stream banks, but also occasionally feed underwater. A wide variety of food items is taken, including both aquatic and terrestrial larval and adult insects, other arthropods (especially spiders), and snails. Tadpoles consume small quantities of filamentous green algae and desmids.

The solitary flowers are pink to apricot, with a low central cone surrounded by purple filamentous staminodes that are as long as the stamens.H.E.K. Hartmann and I.M. Niesler. (2013). A new morphological study of the genus Trichodiadema (Aizoaceae) permits the description of a new subgenus, t. subg. Gemiclausa. Bradleya 31:58-75.

The brown tang feeds mainly on filamentous algae. For this purpose it has specialised pharyngeal teeth. It is usually found on the exposed side of reefs and in coral-rich lagoons. The adults are gregarious and sometimes form schools but the juveniles are solitary and are often to be found swimming among corals.

Volume 1: Ostrich to Ducks. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. with all-white plumage, generally dark legs and a thickish yellow bill. Breeding birds may have a reddish or black bill, greenish yellow gape skin, loose filamentous plumes on their breast and back, and dull yellow or pink on their upper legs (regional variations).

The fungus white sporocarps measure by , and have a central strand of filamentous hyphae. The surface is pulverulent—as if covered with a fine white powder. There are no basidia, basidiospores, nor clamp connections present in the hyphae. The fungus produces arthrospores, specialized uninucleate cells that function like a spore and formed vegetatively.

M.duboulayi is omnivorous. Their diet comprises all kinds of foods, especially invertebrates and algae, and in captivity they eat flake food. They like open water and may form small groups around submerged logs and subsurface vegetation. Spawning occurs prior to summer rains, and eggs adhere to filamentous subsurface vegetation and floating plant roots.

A metal particle is typically located at the growing end of the structure, although it is sometimes found in the middle of it instead. Also, more than one filament can sometimes grow out of one metal particle. Filamentous carbon is either helical, straight, or twisted. It contains graphite layers in a conical shape.

Chlorurus bleekeri, known commonly as Bleeker's parrotfish , is a species of marine fish in the family Scaridae. Bleeker's parrotfish is widespread throughout the tropical waters of the central Indo-Pacific region. It feeds on filamentous algae. It is a medium-sized fish and can reach a maximum size of 49 cm length.

Spirulina powder 400x, unstained wet mount. Though it is usually called Spirulina powder, it actually contains the genus Arthrospira. Arthrospira is a genus of free-floating filamentous cyanobacteria characterized by cylindrical, multicellular trichomes in an open left-hand helix. A dietary supplement is made from A. platensis and A. maxima, known as spirulina.

Testing hypotheses of element loss and instability in the apparatus composition of complex conodonts: articulated skeletons of Hindeodus. Palaeontology(60): 595-608. There are several different hypotheses for the functions of the Hindeodus apparatus. One hypothesis is that the elements were used as support structures for filamentous soft tissue used for suspension feeding.

T. contractus is an elongate beetle with slender legs. The male can be recognized by its yellowish-brown elytra and covering of silky, white hairs. The abdomen has seven sternal segments and the antennae are filamentous rather than club-shaped, which distinguishes it from all other members of the Dermestidae.Arnett, R., et al.

"Phagovirus" is tautological, and the name of the family was altered to Inoviridae and the type genus to Inovirus. This nomenclature persisted for many decades, although the definition of fd as type species was replaced as M13 became more widely used. The number of known filamentous bacteriophages has multiplied many-fold by using a machine-learning approach, and it has been suggested that “the former Inoviridae family should be reclassified as an order, provisionally divided into 6 candidate families and 212 candidate subfamilies”. Phages fd, f1, M13 and other related phages are often referred to as members of the Ff group of phages, for F specific (they infect Escherichia coli carrying the F-episome) filamentous phages, using the concept of vernacular name.

Phage display was first described by George P. Smith in 1985, when he demonstrated the display of peptides on filamentous phage (long, thin viruses that infect bacteria) by fusing the virus's capsid protein to one peptide out of a collection of peptide sequences. This displayed the different peptides on the outer surfaces of the collection of viral clones, where the screening step of the process isolated the peptides with the highest binding affinity. In 1988, Stephen Parmley and George Smith described biopanning for affinity selection and demonstrated that recursive rounds of selection could enrich for clones present at 1 in a billion or less. In 1990, Jamie Scott and George Smith described creation of large random peptide libraries displayed on filamentous phage.

Cyanobacteria are a group of photosynthetic bacteria, some of which are nitrogen-fixing, that live in a wide variety of moist soils and water either freely or in a symbiotic relationship with plants or lichen-forming fungi (as in the lichen genus Peltigera). They range from unicellular to filamentous and include colonial species. Colonies may form filaments, sheets, or even hollow spheres. Some filamentous species can differentiate into several different cell types: vegetative cells – the normal, photosynthetic cells that are formed under favorable growing conditions; akinetes – climate-resistant spores that may form when environmental conditions become harsh; and thick-walled heterocysts – which contain the enzyme nitrogenase, vital for nitrogen fixation in an anaerobic environment due to its sensitivity to oxygen.

AMPV is related to the family Paramyxoviridae and subfamily Pneumovirinae which includes the genus Pneumovirus and Metapneumovirus. Metapneumovirus comprises avian MPV and human MPV. The spherical formed particles are 100 to 500 nm in diameter and the filamentous formed are 100 nm in width. Most of the particles are not highly pleomorphic but rounded.

Most molluscs are herbivorous, grazing on algae or filter feeders. For those grazing, two feeding strategies are predominant. Some feed on microscopic, filamentous algae, often using their radula as a 'rake' to comb up filaments from the sea floor. Others feed on macroscopic 'plants' such as kelp, rasping the plant surface with its radula.

Hubbs, C., R.J. Edwards, and G. P. Garrett. 1991. An Annotated Checklist of the Freshwater Fishes of Texas with keys to Identification of Species. The Texas Journal of Science 43(4):1-56. Lepomis marginatus mainly feeds on detritus and filamentous algae as well as a few terrestrial insects (Homoptera, Hymenoptera, Etnier, and Starnes).

D. congolensis is facultative anaerobic actinomycete. It has two morphologic forms: filamentous hyphae and motile zoospores. The hyphae are characterized by branching filaments (1-5 µm in diameter) that ultimately fragment by both transverse and longitudinal separation into packets of coccoid cells. The coccoid cells mature into flagellated ovoid zoospores (0.6-1 µm in diameter).

Podospora anserina is a filamentous fungus. Genetically compatible colonies of this fungus can merge and share cellular contents such as nutrients and cytoplasm. A natural system of protective "incompatibility" proteins exists to prevent promiscuous sharing between unrelated colonies. One such protein, called HET-s, adopts a prion- like form in order to function properly.

The centre of the cap may be darker. The cap surface is smooth and matte to silky-reflective. The cap skin shows dark radial fibres when seen through a lens, indicating that the microscopic cuticle structure is filamentous. The gills are initially white, but soon show a distinctive pinkish sheen, caused by the ripening spores.

The filamentous non-soil associated fungus does not require any specific growth condition in culture. E. floccosum does not grow on urease culture, has low osmotolerance, and is unable to form perforating organs. The colonies have khaki suede-like flat surfaces and grow moderately rapidly, reaching maturity within 10 days. The reverse is reddish-brown.

Most common Cyanobacteria are filamentous blue-green algae (Oscillatoria princeps, O. tenuis, O. jasoruensis, O. chlorina, Spirulina major). Half of the blue species are thermophile, stenoterm ones. There are two thermophile blue green alga species (Pseudanabaena papillaterminata, Pseudanabaena crassa) of which Lake Hévíz is the only Hungarian habitat. Bacterial tektons are typical of the lake.

Although often referred to as dimorphic, C. albicans is, in fact, polyphenic (often also referred to as pleomorphic). When cultured in standard yeast laboratory medium, C. albicans grows as ovoid "yeast" cells. However, mild environmental changes in temperature, CO2, nutrients and pH can result in a morphological shift to filamentous growth. See figure 2.

Most Frankia strains are specific to different plant species. The bacteria are filamentous and convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia via the enzyme nitrogenase, a process known as nitrogen fixation. They do this while living in root nodules on actinorhizal plants. The bacteria can supply most or all of the nitrogen requirements of the host plant.

Fellutamide A and B Fellutamide A and B are tripeptide derivatives from Penicillium fellutanum and other fungi. They are potent proteasome inhibitor that stimulates nerve growth factor synthesis in vitro. It strongly inhibits the growth of the tuberculosis-causing bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Its biosynthetic pathway has been determined in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans.

Infection commonly occurs in otherwise healthy individuals but is rarely life-threatening and can be treated with antifungals. In the environment it is found growing as filamentous hyphae. In host tissue it is found as a yeast. The transition between the hyphal and yeast forms is temperature dependent making S. schenckii a thermally dimorphic fungus.

Filamentous soil bacteria from the genus Streptomyces are important sources of biologically active compounds used in pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries. In fact, bacteria from the genus Streptomyces produce 75% of commercially and medically useful antibiotics.Miyadoh S. 1993. Research on Antibiotic Screening in Japan over the Last Decade: A Producing Microorganisms Approach. Actinomycetologica. 9:100-106.

Kew Bulletin 61: 205-214. Pineda is unique among Salicaceae in that the species have 4-5 sepals and petals, hermaphroditic flowers, receptacular disk glands (=nectaries), and outer filamentous staminodes. It is one of few genera of Salicaceae that occur at high elevations. Formerly placed in the heterogeneous family Flacourtiaceae,Sleumer, H.O. 1980. Flacourtiaceae.

A presumptive diagnosis of fungal keratitis requires immediate empirical therapy. Natamycin ophthalmic suspension is the drug of choice for filamentous fungal infection. Fluconazole ophthalmic solution is recommended for Candida infection of the cornea. Amphotericin B eye drops may be required for non-responding cases, but can be quite toxic and requires expert pharmacist for preparation.

Streptomyces venezuelae is a species of soil-dwelling Gram-positive bacterium of the genus Streptomyces. S. venezuelae is filamentous. In its spore-bearing stage, hyphae perfuse both above ground as aerial hyphae and in the soil substrate. Chloramphenicol, the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale, was originally derived from S. venezuelae.

In Bryopsida the leafy moss plant (q. v. "Thallus") is called gametophore. It is the adult form of the haploid gametophyte and develops from the juvenile form, the protonema, under the influence of phytohormones (mainly cytokinins). Whereas the filamentous protonema grows by apical cell division, the gametophore grows by division of three faced apical cells.

Dictyonema is a diverse group of lichens. There are species of a variety of different shapes, including foliose, crustose, and filamentous. Most species grow on a soil, rock,Larcher, W, and V Vareschij. 1988. Variation in morphology and functional traits of Dictyonema glabratum from contrasting habitats in the Venezuelan Andes. Lichenologist 20(3): 269-277.

The wire-tailed swallow is a small swallow, measuring in length. It has bright blue upperparts, bright white underparts and a chestnut cap. Immature birds lack tail wires, and have dull brown (rather than chestnut) caps. The species is named for the very long filamentous outermost tail feathers, which trail behind like two wires.

The redband darter inhabits shallow pools with rocky substrates as well as streams and springs. These springs, which are usually of moderate gradient and have limestone bedrock, rubble, gravel, and silt substrates. Such streams are very productive and usually have growths of aquatic mosses, filamentous algae, and/or watercress. Spawning occurs during March and April.

The tadpoles of these species have suckers enabling them to hold on to rocks after they hatch. Another unusual adaptation is found in some South American hylids, which brood the eggs on the back of the female. The tadpoles of most hylid species have laterally placed eyes and broad tails with narrow, filamentous tips.

The hierarchy of S. cyanea is based on physiology, specifically ovarian development. Wasps containing undeveloped filamentous ovarioles, slightly developed oocytes, or some mature oocytes are considered workers and intermediates. Wasps with well-developed and longer ovarioles with mature oocytes become queens. The number of queens in the colony determines the development of a queen’s ovaries.

"PCR-DGGE Analysis of the Microbial Communities in Three Different Chinese" Baiyunbian" Liquor Fermentation Starters." Journal of microbiology and biotechnology (2014).Chen, Bi, Qun Wu, and Yan Xu. "Filamentous fungal diversity and community structure associated with the solid state fermentation of Chinese Maotai-flavor liquor." International journal of food microbiology 179 (2014): 80–84.

They lack flagella, but hormogonia of some species can move about by gliding along surfaces. Many of the multicellular filamentous forms of Oscillatoria are capable of a waving motion; the filament oscillates back and forth. In water columns, some cyanobacteria float by forming gas vesicles, as in archaea. These vesicles are not organelles as such.

M. pneumoniae is a bacterium that belongs to the phylum Firmicutes, class Mollicutes, order Mycoplasmatales and family Mycoplasmataceae. It is either filamentous or spherical. Individual spindle-shaped cells of M. pneumoniae are 1 to 2 µm long and 0.1 to 0.2 µm wide. M. pneumoniae is a motile, mesophilic bacterium that exhibits obligate aerobic respiration.

Since the introduction of vaccination in England in 1957, the rate of pertussis infection has dropped by 97%. B. pertussis infects its host by colonizing lung epithelial cells. The bacterium contains a surface protein, filamentous haemagglutinin adhesin, which binds to the sulfatides found on cilia of epithelial cells. Other adhesins are fimbriae and petractin.

The yeast species Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been an important model organism in modern cell biology for much of the twentieth century, and is one of the most thoroughly researched eukaryotic microorganisms. It was the first eukaryote whose genome was sequenced. In the twentyfirst century, the filamentous mould Aspergillus has been adopted for genome studies.

Mucoralean fungi are typically fast-growing, and their wide hyphae (long, filamentous structures), lack septa (multi- perforate septa, are present only in sporangiophores and gametangia). The hyphae grow mostly within the substrate. Sporangiophores are upright (simple or ramified) hyphae, that support sac-like sporangia filled with asexual sporangiospores. Other structures include merospores, oidia, and sporangiola.

Bacteriophage f1 is structurally classified as a class I filamentous phage, and is closely related to the other Ff phages, such as M13 and phage fd.Edited by Richard Calendar (2006) The Bacteriophages (Oxford University Press, Oxford, NY) In the following article, genes will be written in italics and their associated proteins in Roman numerals.

The paraphyses are filamentous, cylindrical, 5.8–8.8 µm wide, and hyaline. The hyphae of the stem are interwoven, hyaline, and measure 5.8–9.4 µm wide. The surface hyphae are inflated, spherical to pear-shaped, 22–44 µm wide, covered by a network of interwoven hyphae 11–16.8 µm wide with recurved cylindrical hyphal ends.

Sirogonium is a genus of filamentous charophyte green algae of the order Zygnematales. It is found in freshwater areas on all continents but Antarctica. Spirogyra measures approximately 32–115 μm in width. Each cell contains 2–10 chloroplasts in a ribbon, in contrast to the closely related genus Spirogyra, which has chloroplasts in a coil.

Though there is no established range of sizes for each type, spheroid microfossils can be as small as about 8 μm, filamentous microfossils have diameters typically less than 5 μm and have a length that can range from tens of μm to 100 μm, and spindle-like microfossils can be as long as 50 μm.

Sulfolobus islandicus filamentous virus (SIFV) is an archaeal virus, classified in the family Lipothrixviridae within the order Ligamenvirales. The virus infects hypethermophilic and acidophilic archaeon Sulfolobus islandicus. SIFV has a linear double-stranded DNA genome of 40,852 bp, which is the largest among characterized lipothrixviruses. The virions are enveloped filaments, nearly 2 micrometers in length.

Physical methods are used remove the contaminated grains through sorting and separation. Chemical procedures aim to eliminate this mycotoxin through processes such as ammoniation, ozonation and nixtamalization. Biological processes use microorganisms to decompose or adsorb OTA in contaminated commodities. Protozoa, bacteria, yeast, filamentous fungi and plant cell cultures are all used in these biological procedures.

Metchnikowin has microbicidal activity against the gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli and filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa at nanomolar concentrations. It is also one of the most abundant defence peptides in D. melanogaster following infection by the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana. Proline-rich peptides such as metchnikowin can bind to microbe ribosomes, preventing protein translation.

Each hairy, glandular flower is about 2 centimeters wide, with three lower lobes which lie flat or curve down and two upper lobes which join to form a curved lip. Inside the flower are shiny filamentous stamens holding anthers and a flat, densely hairy sterile stamen called a staminode. The flowers are light yellow and dry to nearly black.

The whitespotted surgeonfish feeds on filamentous algae and calcareous algae. It is considered to form an important link between algae, the primary producers in the ocean, and the detrital food web in the Pacific Ocean. In American Samoa, breeding takes place all year round with eggs being deposited in drainage channels in the reef at dusk.

The flesh of the gills is homogeneous, and pale yellowish to dirty brown when stained in iodine. The flesh of the cap has a distinct pellicle, a well-differentiated hypoderm (a region of tissue immediately under the pellicle), and a filamentous tramal body (gill tissue); it is pale yellowish to sordid brownish in iodine stain.Smith, pp. 338–40.

A fossil sea urchin found on a Middle Saxon site in Lincolnshire, thought to have been used as an amulet Some species of sea urchins, such as the slate pencil urchin (Eucidaris tribuloides), are commonly sold in aquarium stores. Some species are effective at controlling filamentous algae, and they make good additions to an invertebrate tank.

Only the bound phages with strong affinity are kept. The final step involves the elution step where the bound phages are eluted through changing of pH or other environment conditions. The end result is the peptides produced by bacteriophage are specific. The resulting filamentous phages can infect gram-negative bacteria once again to produce phage libraries.

The tibia is longer than the femur in all three pairs of limbs; the combined length of these structures exceeds the length of the body in the case of the hindlimbs. Short cerci are present in both sexes. The antennae are filamentous and exceed the length of the body. There is significant sexual dimorphism in the genus.

As in many anglerfishes, the male attaches to the female as a parasite. This species has a long, filamentous illicium, the "fishing lure" of the anglerfishes, which is tipped with a bulb called an esca which it can illuminate.Anderson, M. E. and R. W. Leslie. (2001). Review of the deep-sea anglerfishes (Lophiiformes: Ceratioidei) of southern Africa.

Males and females obtain a length of about in the wild. The adults are usually dark grey or dark tan in color. Outer ventral margin of fore femur has 4 spines, fore femur lacks groove typical to other mantids, long thin filamentous antennae. Males have 8 abdominal segments with a brown spot near the base of the forewings.

Actinomycetales are generally gram- positive and anaerobic and have mycelium in a filamentous and branching growth pattern. Some actinobacteria can form rod- or coccoid-shaped forms, while others can form spores on aerial hyphae. Actinomycetales bacteria can be infected by bacteriophages, which are called actinophages. Actinomycetales can range from harmless bacteria to pathogens with resistance to antibiotics.

Cryptococcus neoformans is an encapsulated yeast and an obligate aerobe that can live in both plants and animals. Its teleomorph is Filobasidiella neoformans, a filamentous fungus belonging to the class Tremellomycetes. It is often found in bird excrement. Cryptococcus neoformans is an encapsulated fungal organism and it can cause disease in apparently immunocompetent, as well as immunocompromised, hosts.

Little cherry disease is associated with two filamentous plant viruses of the family Closteroviridae, little cherry virus-1 (LChV-1) and little cherry virus-2 (LChV-2). Whereas little cherry virus-2 belongs to the genus Ampelovirus, little cherry virus-1 has been assigned (2013) to the genus Velarivirus. ICTV Virus Taxonomy 2014, accessed on line Nov. 18, 2015.

Archaea isolated from the R. flavipes hindgut include the H2\- and CO2-utilizing methanogens Methanobrevibacter cuticularis and curvatus. These two species are believed to be the dominant methanogens in R. flavipes and are found in the peripheral, microxic region of the hindgut, on or in close proximity to the gut wall, where they are sometimes attached to filamentous prokaryotes.

Aspergillus glaucus is a filamentous fungus which is known to have a wide environmental distribution due to its physiological hardiness under more extreme conditions. Like many other fungi belonging to the genus Aspergillus, it can be mildly pathogenic but has a number of useful potential applications in medicine and the production of foodstuffs.Mikiharu Doi (2013). Toko, Kiyoshi, ed.

Streptomyces griseoviridis is a filamentous bacterium species from the genus of Streptomyces which has been isolated from soil in Texas in the United States.UniProtDeutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen Streptomyces griseoviridis produces etamycin, griseoviridin, bactobolin, prodigiosin R1 and rosophilin. Streptomyces griseoviridis inhibits the growth of fungal pathogens and can be used to protect plants from those.

Adults have bright red fin edges with filamentous extensions. Body colour varies from gray-blue to gray-green to brown, darker on the back.Seriously Fish Females have duller colors. Like other species of the genus Osphronemus, juveniles and adults are quite different, as in juveniles the colors are less dramatic and the bright red fins develops only with age.

The diet of T. depressus consists largely of algae and possibly also fragments of seagrass. Red filamentous algae is the main dietary constituent but pieces of sponge and other invertebrates have been found among its stomach contents. It may in fact be a generalist feeder rather than a herbivore, as in time of food scarcity, it sometimes turns cannibalistic.

Black ruby barbs natively live in a tropical climate among cool, shady, quietly flowing forested streams with either gravel or sand substrates. Their diet mainly consists of filamentous algae and detritus. They prefer water with a 6.0-6.5 pH, a water hardness of 5-12 dGH, and a temperature range of 72-79 °F (22-26 °C).

The throat and the outline of the hind parts is bright yellow. Adults have a filament extending posteriorly from the upper part of the soft portion of the dorsal fin. The Saddle Butterflyfish is found at depths between 0 and 30 m in coral reefs. It feeds on filamentous algae, small invertebrates, coral polyps, and fish eggs.

Protopterus annectens has a prominent snout and small eyes. Its body is long and eel-like, some 9–15 times the length of the head. It has two pairs of long, filamentous fins. The pectoral fins have a basal fringe and are about three times the head length, while its pelvic fins are about twice the head length.

Many of the species in Chloroflexi are thermophilic however Dehalogenimonas lykanthroporepellens is a mesophile. The Oscillochloris (Class Chloroflexi) are also mesophilic. Despite this relationship, D. lykanthroporepellens is more closely related to the Dehalococcoides (class Dehalococcoidia) with 90% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. D. lykanthroporepellens also differ from other species in the phylum Chloroflexi in that they are not filamentous.

Lake Mývatn is one of the few places in the world where marimo grows naturally. Also known as Cladophora ball it is a species of filamentous green algae. Due to environmental factors their population has rapidly declined and the algae appeared to have become extinct in 2013. The ecosystem is now improving and small marimo balls are forming again.

The Nostocales are an order of cyanobacteria containing most of its species. It includes filamentous forms, both simple or branched, and both those occurring as single strands or multiple strands within a sheath. Some members show a decrease in width from the base, and some have heterocysts. Environmentally, Nostocales (Sphaerospermopsis aphanizomenoides) is largely disregarded and not widely studied.

Academia Sinica. Issue 1, 23:89-104. These filamentous cell's life cycles include both sexual and asexual reproduction, depending on life cycle stage. Although quite common, Oedogonium is difficult to identify, since key ID factors are only present during reproduction, which is an uncommon life stage among this genus. David, M.J. 2003: Freshwater Algae of North America.

Neolecta does not have any close relatives. Phylogenetically, it weakly clusters with a bizarre group of basal Ascomycota including: Taphrina, a dimorphic, half yeast, half filamentous genus parasitic on leaves, branches, and catkins; Schizosaccharomyces, a genus of fission yeasts (e.g. Schizosaccharomyces pombe); and Pneumocystis, a yeast-like genus of mammalian parasites. Neolecta fruitbodies consist of hyphae and a hymenium.

The cristae greatly increase the surface area of the inner membrane on which the above-mentioned reactions may take place. The high surface area allows greater capacity for ATP generation. Mathematical modelling suggested that the optical properties of the cristae in filamentous mitochondria may affect the generation and propagation of light within the tissue.Thar, R.and M. Kühl (2004).

Galactomyces candidum is a plant pathogen. Geotrichum candidum is a filamentous yeast-like fungus commonly isolated from soil, air, water, milk, cheese, silage, plant tissues, digestive tract in humans and other mammals. G. candidum infections of plants and animals are very rare. In humans, fewer than 100 cases reported between 1842 and 2006 (and some were never confirmed).

Pygmy backswimmers inhabit lacustrine ecosystems, where they occur in loose groups. An example of a pygymy backswimmer habitat is a suburban pond with abundant filamentous algae. Like many of their relatives, they are predatory, hunting other tiny invertebrates, from which they suck out the body fluids with their rostrum. They can to some extent biologically control mosquito larvae.

Pertussis vaccine has been widely used since the second half of the 20th century. The first vaccines were whole-cell vaccines, composed of chemically inactivated bacteria. They are being replaced by acellular vaccines, composed of purified surface antigens, mainly fimbriae, filamentous haemaglutinin, pertactin and pertussis toxin. It is part of the diphtheria, tetanus, and acellular pertussis (DTaP) immunization.

The halloween hermit crab is omnivorous and a scavenger, eating nearly anything that appears in its environment, including small animals. It feeds on live and dead animal material, including filamentous algae and detritus. If a halloween hermit crab's shell is too small, it may attack a snail for a larger shell. The halloween hermit crab can eat quickly.

Desmidiales, commonly called desmids (Gr. desmos, bond or chain), are an order in the Charophyta, a division of green algae in which the land plants (Embryophyta) emerged. Or in other words, Desmid, (order Desmidiales), order of single-celled (sometimes filamentous or colonial) microscopic green algae. Desmids are sometimes treated as a family (Desmidiaceae) of the order Zygnematales.

Multiciliated cells, on the other hand, need to produce more than 100 centrioles in order to grow multiple cilia.Deborah A. Klos Dehring (2013). Deuterosome-Mediated Centriole Biogenesis. Developmental Cell 27, 103–112 This problem is solved by the existence of deuterosome, a structure thought to be formed from amorphous filamentous material and able to make many centrioles at once.

In organisms that undergo a semi-open mitosis such as the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans, 14 out of the 30 nucleoporins disassemble from the core scaffold structure, driven by the activation of the NIMA and Cdk1 kinases that phosphorylate nucleoporins and open nuclear pores thereby widening the nuclear pore and allowing the entry of mitotic regulators.

2000) Ediacaria was often classified as a jellyfish (a Scyphozoan Cnidarian), and has also been interpreted in many of the categories postulated to house the Ediacaran biota. A conspicuous filamentous microstructure preserved in some pyritised specimens suggests that it may have been a microbial colony, which disrupted the surrounding microbial mat to create the distinctive pattern (Grazhdankin, in press).

A small, erect shrub, up to 15 cm tall. The leaves are papillate, and are not tipped with clear diadems, unlike most of the other species of its genus. Instead, the concolorous papillae near the tip are just slightly elongated. The flowers are white, with petals in three series, and with filamentous staminodes at the centre.

C. inaequalis is a filamentous fungus, with 3 to 12 densely packed filaments. The species is mostly brown in appearance, with pale brown end cells. Conidia themselves, consist of 3-5 cells with thick cell walls and a larger central cell. The diameter of the conidia ranges from 10 to 30 micrometers and have a slight leading curvature.

There is evidence that E. coli GcvB can form polymers. Native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to show a higher molecular weight band corresponding to a potential polymer. Transmission electron microscopy was then used to identify a filamentous structure for the polymer. However, the authors suggest that these long filaments are unlikely to be physiologically relevant.

Lactobacilli are filamentous, Gram-positive, aerotolerant bacteria, and common colonizers of the GI mucosa and squamous epithelia of mice. ASF 360 was thought to be L. acidophilus. However, 16SrRNA results showed that it is closely related to but distinct from L. acidophilus. ASF 360 is a novel lactobacillus species; clustered with L. acidophilus and L. lactis.

Nephromyces was first described in 1888 by Alfred Mathieu Giard as a chytrid fungus, because of its filamentous cells. He formally named three species, each corresponding to a different species of the host animal. Molecular phylogenetics later showed that Nephromyces are not actually fungi, but instead constitute a group within the Apicomplexa that is related to the Piroplasmida.

The duck eats aquatic invertebrates such as insects and their larvae, crustaceans and molluscs. It also eats small amounts of aquatic plants such as the filamentous algae common in many ponds. The diet for the young is much the same as their parents. To get their food the ducks dive for algae and invertebrates at the bottom of waterbodies.

Juveniles have long, filamentous trailing anal and dorsal fin spines, much like those of Alectis ciliaris. The species is known to grow to 165 cm and 25 kg. The body of adults is a silvery blue-green colour above, being darkest on the head and silver below. The upper operculum has a small diffuse dark spot.

They feed upon insects and other arachnids. Paraphrynus have flattened bodies that are approximately 3/8” (3-11 mm) long, with spiny pedipalps and antennae-like legs referred to as antenniform legs. The front, first pair of legs are long filamentous or whip- like tips, while the other 3 pairs of legs are positioned to the side, crablike.

Unlike the filamentous plant material, this single isolated feather resembles the body feathers of flighted birds, being broad and vaned. It was tentatively identified as a possible Gastornis feather based on its size; the feather measured long and must have belonged to a gigantic bird.Grande, L. (2013). The Lost World of Fossil Lake: Snapshots from Deep Time.

Stachybotrys () is a genus of molds, hyphomycetes or asexually reproducing, filamentous fungi, now placed in the family Stachybotryaceae. Historically, it was considered closely related to the genus Memnoniella, because the spores are produced in slimy heads rather than in dry chains. Recently, the synonymy of the two genera is generally accepted. Most Stachybotrys species inhabit materials rich in cellulose.

Amphiliids are generally small catfishes with tapering, elongated bodies. The pectoral and ventral fins are large, and the first ray of each is usually broad, flexible, and filamentous. The eyes are generally small and located in the upper part of the head. The gas bladder is reduced and divided into two lobes surrounded by bony capsules.

LifeAct Dye is a dye composed of a 17 amino acid recombinant peptide that stains filamentous actin (F-actin) structures of eukaryotic living or fixed cells. The dye is a registered trademark of ibidi GmbH. There are several types and combinations of the dye that can be utilized depending on the cell type, protocol, and purpose of the analysis.

It can tolerate brackish water and a wide range of temperatures. The fish feeds on the bottom in the manner of a catfish. It eats algae, which it scrapes off rocks, and detritus. Examination of the stomach contents of one individual showed that it had consumed both single-celled and filamentous algae, rotifers, nematodes and small crustaceans.

Yellow-green algae or the Xanthophyceae (xanthophytes) are an important group of heterokont algae. Most live in fresh water, but some are found in marine and soil habitats. They vary from single-celled flagellates to simple colonial and filamentous forms. Xanthophyte chloroplasts contain the photosynthetic pigments chlorophyll a, chlorophyll c, β-carotene, and the carotenoid diadinoxanthin.

The narrownose chimaera (Harriotta raleighana) is a longnose chimaera of the family Rhinochimaeridae, the longnose chimaeras, consisting of eight species belonging three genera. This species is found in temperate seas worldwide, at depths between 200 and 2,600 m. Its length is between 1.0 and 1.5 m, including a long, tapering snout and a long, filamentous tail.

The kerosene from which the two yeast strains were isolated was analyzed with gas chromatography and shown to have 48 identifiable components. C. keroseneae appears to consume the n-alkane compounds hexadecane, heptadecane, and octadecane. Other microbes that can contaminate fuels include the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica, the filamentous fungus Hormoconis resinae, and the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

About 70% of the food consumed by the dusky damselfish consists of algae, mostly red, filamentous algae, but some calcareous algae are also eaten. The rest of their diet is small invertebrates. The feeding activities of the damselfish prevent coarser seaweeds, such as Jania spp., becoming dominant and greatly influences the structure of the benthic community.

Oscillatory recruitment of signaling proteins to the cell tips promotes coordinated behaviour during cell fusion. PNAS. 106(46): 19387–19392. The filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa (a bread mould and fungal model organism) produces CATs from conidia and conidial germ tubes. In contrast, the fungal plant pathogen, Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, only produces CATs from conidia and not from germ tubes.

These diseases should not be confused with each other. In IBM, two processes appear to occur in the muscles in parallel, one autoimmune and the other degenerative. Inflammation is evident from the invasion of muscle fibers by immune cells. Degeneration is characterized by the appearance of holes, deposits of abnormal proteins, and filamentous inclusions in the muscle fibers.

This fish forages on sandy or gravelly bottoms for such small invertebrates as crustaceans, protozoa and mollusks as well as filamentous algae. Young fish are preyed on by northern pike, muskellunge, walleye and largemouth bass and larger fish are caught by recreational fishermen. The highfin carpsucker competes with catfish and does not thrive in rivers with high levels of siltation.

RHBV forms fine, thin, filamentous non-eveloped nucleocapsid particles that vary in length and range from 3 nanometers to 8 nanometers in width. Examination of viral particles from infected plant cells indicates that they are sometimes configured in tight, heliocentric spiral formations. However, RHBV ribonucleoproteins tend to be mostly circular in formation, as are many other members of the genus Tenuivirus.

H. werneckii causes a rare superficial and non-invasive skin infection Tinea nigra. The typical symptoms are non-scaly, smooth, brown-black painless spots on the palms of hands and soles of feet. The growth of H. werneckii in liquid media is often yeast-like, although it can switch to filamentous growth. The mechanism of the switch is not known.

These folds are studded with small round bodies known as F1 particles or oxysomes. These are not simple random folds but rather invaginations of the inner membrane, which can affect overall chemiosmotic function. One recent mathematical modeling study has suggested that the optical properties of the cristae in filamentous mitochondria may affect the generation and propagation of light within the tissue.

Klebsormidium is a genus of filamentous charophyte green algae comprising 20 species. The name was proposed in 1972 to resolve confusion in application and status of Hormidium. It occurs mostly in soil and on moist substrates, nevertheless, aquatic and one marine species are also known. Many Klebsormidium-species are able to synthesize substances for UV protection, the so-called mycosporine-like amino acids.

Aspergilloglutamic peptidase dimer There are two independent families of glutamic proteases (G1 and G2), and have a limited distribution. They were originally thought to be limited to filamentous fungi mainly in the Ascomycota phylum. Subsequently, however, glutamic proteases have been identified in bacteria and archaea. The first superfamily of glutamic proteases was identified in the fungi Scytalidium lignicola and Aspergillus niger var.

The spores are covered with a sheath of mucilage, which typically causes the eight spores of the ascus to be ejected together. The paraphyses (sterile filamentous hyphal end cells in the hymenium) are slender, slightly enlarged above, and contain numerous red granules. The granules contain carotenoid pigments such as plectaniaxanthine or beta carotene, and give the fruit body its color.

In 1998 Sayers returned to Turkey, and was a founding faculty member of Sabancı University. She was elected Director of the Foundation Development Program in 2010 and President in 2018. Her research has considered recombinant protein production, and has considered the structure of chromatin fibres and filamentous proteins. She looks to identify the relationship between structure and function in macromolecules.

A high degree of conservation is observed in the carboxyl terminal 100 residues. Independent carboxyl-terminal domains are the short versions, from the filamentous species Anabaena sp. Strain PCC 7120 and Nostoc punctiforme. There are two independently folded domains of the kaiA protein: KaiA180C (amino terminal with a mainly alpha helical structure) and KaiA189N domain (carboxyl terminal domain, corresponding to residues 1-189).

147:195-208 All peptide sequences obtained from biopanning using combinatorial peptide libraries have been stored in a special freely available database named BDB. This technique is often used for the selection of antibodies too. Biopanning involves 4 major steps for peptide selection.Mandecki W, Chen YC, and Grihalde N. A Mathematical Model for Biopanning (Affinity Selection) Using Peptide Libraries on Filamentous Phage.

Group 1 spiroplasmal viruses are long, non-enveloped, filamentous (rod-shaped) particles containing a circular, ssDNA molecule of around 8 kilobases. The rods are nearly straight with one rounded end and one more variable end. Their lengths are about 300 nm or less and their diameters are about 15 nm with 4 ± 2 nm hollow cores. They also lack lipids.

Although the familial placement is somewhat uncertain, molecular phylogenetic evidence based on the sequences of ribosomal DNA supports its positioning in the Phaeosphaeriaceae. The extracts from its stromata contain hypocrellins and shiraiachromes, members of perylenequinone class of natural products, which are photoactivated therapeutic agents. Hypocrellins were firstly found in another filamentous fungus Hypocrella bambuase, which is also parasitic on bamboos.

The 16S rRNA gene sequences of picked arthromitus filaments shows them to form a diverse but closely related group of arthropod-derived sequences within the Lachnospiraceae. The cluster lies close to Clostridium piliforme. Although members of Candidatus Arthromitus share morphological traits with members of Candidatus Savagella, they are quite phylogenetically distant and their filamentous morphology may be just an example of convergent evolution.

In Type B species, this cone is narrow, and arises only from the base of the basal body. The flagellar apparatus is positioned anteriorly and aids in movement. The exterior of the cell is covered in a thin, unevenly distributed layer of organic filamentous material. These filaments run parallel to the cell and are 1 µm at their thickest point.

At cooler temperatures, asexual reproduction took place in multi-chambered "mitosporangia". The gametophyte phase only produces gametes when day length is long; with shorter days these too reproduce asexually. This is probably because the plants upon which they are epiphytic only grow in the spring. The gametophyte is filamentous – while the sporophyte bears parenchyma, even though it only reaches around in length.

The iodine bolete was first described by Elias Magnus Fries, an eminent mycologist of the 19th century, who placed the fungus in genus Boletus.Fries, E. (1838). Epicrisis Systematis Mycologici. :1-610 The Latin epithet impolitum (meaning "rough"), likely refers to the cap of the species, which is initially felty and covered in a finely filamentous coating when viewed under a magnifying glass.

The transcription factor LaeA regulates the expression of several genes involved in secondary metabolite production in Aspergillus spp. The lifecycle of filamentous fungi including Aspergillus spp. consists of two phases: a hyphal growth phase and a reproductive (sporulation) phase. The switch between growth and reproductive phases of these fungi is regulated in part by the level of secondary metabolite production.

Artist's restoration based on ELDM V1001 The described specimens of Yutyrannus contain direct evidence of feathers in the form of fossil imprints. The feathers were long, up to , and filamentous. Because the quality of the preservation was low, it could not be established whether the filaments were simple or compound, broad or narrow. The feathers covered various parts of the body.

The cap cuticle comprises filamentous, gelatinized hyphae with a diameter of 2.6–5.0 μm. The mycelium has a pink tinge. The distinctive colour of the cap and pores make it hard to confuse with other species. Often found in similar habitats is S. variegatus, though this species has a granular cap and dark olive pores, which are smaller and not decurrent.

The "Vindhyan Supergroup" is one of the largest and thickest sedimentary successions in the world. The earliest known multicellular fossils of eukaryotes (filamentous algae) have been discovered from Vindhya basin dating back to 1.6 to 1.7 billion years ago. Shelled creatures are documented to have first evolved at the start of the Cambrian 'explosion of life', about 550 million years ago.

The genus Spirogyra is a filamentous streptophyte alga familiar to many, as it is often used in teaching and is one of the organisms responsible for the algal "scum" on ponds. The freshwater stoneworts strongly resemble land plants and are believed to be their closest relatives. Growing immersed in fresh water, they consist of a central stalk with whorls of branchlets.

Matrilin-2 is a matrilin protein that in humans is encoded by the MATN2 gene. This gene encodes a member of the von Willebrand factor A domain containing protein family. This family of proteins is thought to be involved in the formation of filamentous networks in the extracellular matrices of various tissues. This protein contains five von Willebrand factor A domains.

Epidermophyton floccosum is a filamentous fungus that causes skin and nail infections in humans. This anthropophilic dermatophyte can lead to diseases such as tinea pedis (athlete's foot), tinea cruris, tinea corporis and onychomycosis. Diagnostic approaches of the fungal infection include physical examination, culture testing, and molecular detection. Topical antifungal treatment, such as the use of terbinafine, itraconazole, voriconazole, and ketoconazole, is often effective.

The spore-bearing cells, the asci, are about 500 µm long and 20 µm wide. The asci are operculate, that is, with a flap at one end that opens to discharge the spores. Interspersed between the asci are numerous sterile, filamentous dark-brown cells called paraphyses that are slightly enlarged on one end, and 380–420 µm long by 4–5 µm wide.

S. moniliformis has frequently been observed in the form of filamentous, non-branching chains and is highly pleomorphic. For example, the normally straight rod can develop lateral bulbar swellings. The bacteria vary in size from 0.1 to 0.5 μm by 2.0 to 5.0 μm, and can potentially grow up to 10 to 15 μm, with long, curved segments from 100 to 150 μm.

The spiral costulae are close together, round, larger on the ventral part of the body whorl, smaller anteriorly. Two small cords (the posterior one is filamentous) run over the anterior part of the sutural border. The outer lip is frail, wrinkled, arched. The columella is smooth, excavated posteriorly, almost straight at the origin of the siphonal canal, which is short and wide.

The mycelium can cover the plant surface almost completely, especially the upper sides of leaves. Ascocarp is dark brown, globose with filamentous appendages, asci oblong. Ascospores hyaline, ellipsoid, 20–30 x 10–13 µm in size. Anamorph produces on hyaline conidiophores catenate conidia of oblong to cylindrical shape, not including fibrosin bodies, 32–44 x 12–15 µm in size.

The northern redbelly dace reaches sexual maturity by its second or third summer and may live up to eight years. Spawning begins in the spring around May and continues into early August. Adult fish can spawn multiple times during the season. Nonadhesive eggs are laid in filamentous algae and hatch eight to ten days later at a water temperature of 21-27 °C.

Actin exists in two states in the axonal and dendritic processes: globular or G-actin and filament/filamentous or F-actin. G-actin are the monomer building blocks that assemble via weak noncovalent interactions to form F-actin. F-actin is a two-stranded asymmetrical helical polymer. The asymmetrical quality of F-actin allows for different binding specificities at each end.

While lichen communities are mainly controlled by water and light, vegetative dispersal and filamentous growth in fruticose lichen is often associated with areas of low elevation. Fruticose lichens can endure high degrees of desiccation. They grow very slowly and will often occur in extreme habitats such as on tree barks, on rock surfaces and on soils in the Arctic and mountain regions.

Microascus manginii is a filamentous fungal species in the genus Microascus. It produces both sexual (teleomorph) and asexual (anamorph) reproductive stages known as M. manginii and Scopulariopsis candida, respectively. Several synonyms appear in the literature because of taxonomic revisions and re- isolation of the species by different researchers. M. manginii is saprotrophic and commonly inhabits soil, indoor environments and decaying plant material.

However, the principal commercial source of xylanases is filamentous fungi. Commercial applications for xylanase include the chlorine- free bleaching of wood pulp prior to the papermaking process, and the increased digestibility of silage (in this aspect, it is also used for fermentative composting).Gulzar, Production and partial purification of Xylanase from Trichoderma longibrachiatum. Published in international conference on biotechnology and neurosciences.

In captivity, apple snails are most active at night. During the day they usually retreat to somewhere shaded. When it is night time, the apple snail becomes active and engages in behaviors relating to feeding, as well as mating and laying eggs. In an aquarium that is well lit, the exterior of the shell of apple snails may grow filamentous green algae.

Artistic recreation of Sinosauropteryx with feathers Compsognathids had feathers. The phylogeny of Compsognathidae organizes this family near the development of feathers in dinosaurs. In 1998, evidence of filamentous protofeathers was presented in a study on Sinosauropteryx, marking the first time that any sort of feather structure was found outside of birds and their related species.Chen, P.; Dong, Z.; Zhen, S. (1998).

As components of the micro- and meiofauna, protozoa are an important food source for microinvertebrates. Thus, the ecological role of protozoa in the transfer of bacterial and algal production to successive trophic levels is important. As predators, they prey upon unicellular or filamentous algae, bacteria, and microfungi. Protozoan species include both herbivores and consumers in the decomposer link of the food chain.

The anal fin is somewhat taller than the dorsal, with the fin rays of both becoming longer and more crowded towards the tail. The tail is short and pointed, but not filamentous. There is no lateral line. The upper half of the body is light gray and covered with fine black specks of pigment, and the lower half is abruptly jet black.

Geomyces is a genus of filamentous fungi in the family Myxotrichaceae. Members of the genus are widespread in distribution, especially in northern temperate regions. Known to be psychrotolerant and associated with Arctic permafrost soils,National Geographic: they are equally prevalent in the air of domestic dwellings, and children's sandpits. Species of Geomyces have previously been placed in the genus Chrysosporium.

The bases of the basidia have clamp connections—short branches connecting one cell to the previous cell to allow passage of the products of nuclear division. The cap cuticle comprises a layer of densely interwoven, sightly gelatinized, filamentous hyphae that are 3–8 µm in diameter. The stem tissue is made of sparse, thin, longitudinally oriented hyphae measuring 294 by 39 µm.

Talbot's research investigates plant pathology and developmental biology, especially the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea, one of the world's most devastating diseases. Talbot is the editor of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Filamentous Fungi and Plant-Pathogen Interactions. Talbot's research has been funded by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) and the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC).

Histoplasma duboisii is a dimorphic fungus, growing as either a yeast-like form or a filamentous form depending on the prevailing nutritional and temperature conditions. It is unusual to find both the mycelial and yeast forms co-existing. The mycelial form is characterized by white and cottony colonies that turn brownish with age. The underside of the colony is typically brownish in colour.

Epapterus blohmi is a species of driftwood catfish distributed in the Orinoco River basin and Tuy River of the Caribbean coast of Venezuela. E. blohmi grows to SL. It is found in a variety of habitats where there is poor visibility and the water is still or slow-flowing. It feeds on filamentous algae and other plant material during the dry season.

Loss of successful spawning sites could be one of the main ecological factors that limit its distribution. Territoriality has been observed in the field, but it is more abundant in aquaria settings. In aquaria males have been observed defending portions of the tank that resulted in a single male's dominance. In the field males only slightly defend their clumps of filamentous algae.

The lobes of the second dorsal and anal fins are elongated and filamentous, being longer than the head. In males, a number of the central soft rays are also produced into filaments of varying lengths. The lateral line has a moderate anterior arch, which contains 63 to 70 scales, while the straight section has eight to 14 scales and 21 to 27 scutes.

Each stereocilium inserts as a rootlet into a dense filamentous actin mesh known as the cuticular plate. Disruption of these bundles results in hearing impairments and balance defects. Inner and outer pillar cells in the organ of Corti support hair cells. Outer pillar cells are unique because they are free standing cells which only contact adjacent cells at the bases and apices.

Papaya mosaic virus (PapMV) is a plant pathogenic virus in the genus Potexvirus and the family Alphaflexiviridae. PapMV is a filamentous, flexuous rod, 530 nm in length. The virus is a monopartite strand of positive-sense, single-stranded RNA surrounded by a capsid made for a single viral encoded protein. The genome has been completely sequenced and is 6656 nucleotides long.

A network of filamentous proteins including microtubules, intermediate filaments, and actin filaments makes up the cytoskeleton and helps maintain the cell's shape. By working together, the three types of polymers can organize themselves to counter the applied external forces and resist deformation. However, there are differences between the three polymers. The primary structural component of the cytoskeleton is actin filaments.

A small, erect shrub, reaching up to 11 cm. The leaves are erect, stiff and papillate, and each leaf is tipped with dark-brown, erect, inclining bristles. The flowers are white to pale-cream in colour, with white filamentous staminodes at the centre, and are on short stalks. The fruit capsule has six locules, each locule with distinctive V-shaped covering membranes.

Inside the cell, the phage genome triggers production of single stranded phagemid DNA in the cytoplasm. This phagemid DNA is then packaged into phage particles. The phage particles containing ssDNA are released from the bacterial host cell into the extracellular environment. Filamentous phages retard bacterial growth but, contrasting with the lambda phage and the T7 phage, are not generally lytic.

Among 125 specimens during the low-water season, a higher percentage had empty stomachs (14%, about ten times more than in the high-water season) and about 70% of the total stomach content weight was zooplakton. In addition to seeds, fruits, wild rice and zooplakton, smaller levels of insects, snails, shrimps, small fish, filamentous algae and decaying plants are consumed.

The central stoneroller is generally herbivorous, feeding primarily on algae scraped from rocks and logs with the cartilaginous ridge on its lower jaw. Young fish feed on rotifers, filamentous algae, and microcrustacea. It also feeds on detritus, diatoms, and occasionally aquatic insects. It is classified as a grazing minnow in its feeding behavior, and large schools of these fish often feed together.

Blepharipodidae is a family of sand crabs (Hippoidea), comprising the two genera Blepharipoda and Lophomastix. They are distinguished from the other families in the superfamily Hippoidea by the form of the gills, which are trichobranchiate (filamentous) in Blepharipodidae, but phyllobranchiate (lamellar) in Albuneidae and Hippidae. Fossils belonging to the genus Lophomastix have been found in rocks dating back to the Eocene.

ITPKA protein is highly enriched in dendritic spines. ITPKA participates in learning and memory process in neuronal cells, both via its catalytic activity and its interaction with filamentous actin. Although ITPKA is expressed physiologically in neurons and testis, the gene becomes expressed in a number of cancer cell types. In most cases, ITP3K expression causes the cancer to be more aggressive.

Zeocin is a formulation of phleomycin D1, a glycopeptide antibiotic and one of the phleomycins from Streptomyces verticillus belonging to the bleomycin family of antibiotics. It is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that is effective against most bacteria, filamentous fungi, yeast, plant, and animal cells. It causes cell death by intercalating into DNA and inducing double stranded breaks of the DNA.

Cyanophage N-1 is a myovirus bacteriophage that infects freshwater filamentous cyanobacteria of the Nostoc genus. The virus was first isolated by Kenneth Adolph and Robert Haselkorn in 1971 in the US, from the nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium, Nostoc muscorum.Sarma 2012, pp. 420, 423 N-1 is closely related to cyanophage A-1, but only distantly to other cyanophages of freshwater or marine origin.

Young fish feed on surface insects. When the chisel develops (at around 0.6 inches length), they shift to scraping, making short darting movements at the substrate to dislodge whatever is on it, and sucking it in. Although they consume filamentous algae, it seems to not be digested much despite a long coiled intestine, and their primary food actually consists of diatoms.

Girvanella is a fossil thought to represent the calcified sheath of a filamentous cyanobacterium known from the Burgess Shale and other Cambrian fossil deposits. Girvanella was originally described as a foraminifera. It was later assigned to the now-obsolete family porostromata. Girvanella is characterised by having flexing, tubular filaments with a uniform diameter usually between 10-30 microns (rarely up to 100 microns).

The dorsal fin spine is smooth, and the pectoral fin spine is smooth anteriorly and finely serrate posteriorly. The dorsal, pectoral, and caudal fin lobes sometimes with filamentous extensions. The head and body is entirely or almost entirely covered by heavily keratinized skin superficially differentiated into unculiferous plaques or tubercles. Bagarius species lack a thoracic adhesive apparatus and paired fins are unplaited.

The pheromone alpha- factor is sensed by a seven transmembrane receptor. The recruitment and activation of Fus3 pathway components are strictly dependent on heterotrimeric G-protein activation. The mating MAPK pathway consist of three tiers (Ste11-Ste7-Fus3), but the MAP2 and MAP3 kinases are shared with another pathway, the Kss1 or filamentous growth pathway. While Fus3 and Kss1 are closely related ERK-type kinases, yeast cells can still activate them separately, with the help of a scaffold protein Ste5 that is selectively recruited by the G-proteins of the mating pathway. The trick is that Ste5 can associate with and "unlock" Fus3 for Ste7 as a substrate in a tertiary complex, while it does not do the same for Kss1, leaving the filamentous growth pathway to be activated only in the absence of Ste5 recruitment.

These "little dragons" are generally very colorful and possess cryptic patterns. Their bodies are elongated and scaleless. A large preopercular spine is characteristic of this fish, and has been reported to be venomous in some species. All fins are large, showy and elongated; the first high dorsal fin usually has four spines; in males, the first of these spines may be further adorned with filamentous extensions.

MreB is a bacterial protein believed to be analogous to eukaryal actin. MreB and actin have a weak primary structure match, but are very similar in terms of 3-D structure and filament polymerization. Almost all non-spherical bacteria rely on MreB to determine their shape. MreB assembles into a helical network of filamentous structures just under the cytoplasmic membrane, covering the whole length of the cell.

The ascospores have ellipsoidal to roughly cylindrical shapes, usually with blunt ends, and measure 19–22 by 10–12 µm. They have smooth surfaces and usually contain two large oil drops. The paraphyses (sterile, filamentous hyphae present in the hymenium) are cylindrical, 2–3 µm thick, barely enlarged at their apices, straight, and mostly unbranched above. They may sometimes anastomose, but do not form a conspicuous network.

One account by naturalists Lionel de Nicéville and N. Manders dating from about 1900 describes the larva as "velvety black with four pairs of long filamentous tentacles" with each segment of its body marked with a pale yellow band. The record further mentions that it has twelve segments and that the sixth segment has a "large oval crimson spot". Its head and legs are black.

The PNCM is a repository of microorganisms containing over 2000 strains of bacteria, yeasts, filamentous fungi, algae and protozoa. It is the biggest laboratory of its kind in the country. It is a member of the World Federation of Culture Collections and serves as the headquarters of the Philippine Network of Microbial Culture Collections. PNCM has active linkages with culture collection laboratories here and abroad.

Carol Kumamoto is an American microbiologist who is Professor of Molecular Biology & Microbiology at Tufts University. She investigates the filamentous growth of Candida albicans, a fungal pathogen that causes several diseases. She is also interested in how C. albicans interacts with its host during colonisation and invasive diseases. She is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the American Society for Microbiology.

Species in the Copiphorini vary in length from about . In most species, the female is considerably larger than the male, and in some, the largest male is smaller than the smallest female. Like other members of the cricket suborder Ensifera, they differ from grasshoppers (suborder Caelifera) in having filamentous antennae that are longer than their bodies. Most species have loud songs which enable them to be identified.

The gill flesh stains vinaceous-brown in iodine. The subhymenium (the tissue layer directly underneath the hymenium) is made of narrow, interwoven hyphae, with the central portion composed of long, cylindrical, and moderately broad cells. The flesh of the cap has a fairly thick subgelatinous pellicle, a well-differentiated hypoderm, and a filamentous tramal body. All except the pellicle stain vinaceous-brown in iodine.

White clover mosaic virus (WClMV) is a plant pathogenic virus in the genus Potexvirus and the family Alphaflexiviridae. WClMV is a filamentous, flexuous rod, 480 nm in length and 13 nm wide. The virus is a monopartite strand of positive-sense, single-stranded RNA surrounded by a capsid made from a single viral encoded protein. The genome has been completely sequenced and is 5845 nucleotides long.

The white- eared sibia is an elegant, long-tailed babbler, long and weighing an average of . The head is black with a conspicuous white stripe through the eye, and the stripe ends in long white filamentous plumes. The wings and tail are deep blue-black, with a noticeable white wingbar. The upper back and breast is dark grey, and the belly and rump are deep rufous chestnut.

The adult male has rusty-brown upperparts with streaks of black, the crown more reddish and grey-brown wings. It has a sky blue throat, upper chest and eyebrow. The tail is double the body length, and is composed of six filamentous feathers, the central two of which are longer than the lateral ones. The underparts are pale red-brown, paler on the belly.

The lores and ear coverts are streaked with black, and there is white streaking under the eye. Though still long, the tail is not as long as in other emu-wrens, and is composed of six filamentous feathers, the central two of which are longer than the lateral ones. The underparts are pale brown. The bill is black, and the feet and eyes are brown.

In 1965, the lake and its vicinity was declared as a protected national park under Republic Act 4190 that covers an area of about . Plants growing in the lake includes hydrilla (Hydrilla spp) and the filamentous alga (Clodophora spp). The lake is also rich in fish that includes dalág (Ophicephalus striatus), Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus), common carp (Cyprinus carpio), goby (Glossogobius giurus) and catfish (Clarias spp).

Filamentous opacities appear in the cornea with intertwining delicate branching processes. During an eye examination, the doctor sees these deposits in the stroma as clear, comma- shaped overlapping dots and branching filaments, creating a lattice effect. Over time, the lattice lines will grow opaque and involve more of the stroma. They will also gradually converge, giving the cornea a cloudiness that may also reduce vision.

Thiothrix is a genus of filamentous sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, related to the genera Beggiatoa and Thioploca. They are usually Gram-negative (but can be Gram-variable) and rod-shaped (0.7–1.5 µm in width by 1.2–2.5 µm in length). They form ensheathed multicellular filaments that are attached at the base, and form gonidia at their free end. The apical gonidia have gliding motility.

They are found in rivers with moderately or fast- flowing water, including rapids. They are primarily herbivores, but also take some animal matter. Depending on the exact species, they reach up to in standard length, and the adult males have a double-lobed anal fin and filamentous extensions on the dorsal fin. Their strong teeth means that larger individuals can inflict severe bites on humans.

Filamentous cyanobacteria within the genera Synechocystis and Prochloron has been found within the tunic cavity of didemnid sea squirts. The symbiosis is proposed to have originated through the intake of a combination of sand and cyanobacteria which eventually proliferated. The hosts benefit from receiving fixed carbon from the cyanobiont while the cyanobiont may benefit by protection from harsh environments.Pardy, R. L., and C. L. Royce.

From before birth, their eggs are demersal and adhesive and attach to substrates via a filamentous adhesive pad or pedestal. The bluestriped fangblenny can attain around 90mm in length. Two distinct colour phases of this fish are present; blue with a black stripe from snout to tail, or orange with two narrow blue lines from snout to tail. Unlike most blennies, the bluestriped fangblenny is free swimming.

Inhaled conidia that evade host immune destruction are the progenitors of invasive disease. These conidia emerge from dormancy and make a morphological switch to hyphae by germinating in the warm, moist, nutrient-rich environment of the pulmonary alveoli. Germination occurs both extracellularly or in type II pneumocyte endosomes containing conidia. Following germination, filamentous hyphal growth results in epithelial penetration and subsequent penetration of the vascular endothelium.

The larger species are also quite bold and seemingly fearless; they are known to approach divers. While the majority adapts easily to captive life, some are specialist feeders which are difficult to maintain. Feeding habits can be strictly defined through genus, with Genicanthus species feeding on zooplankton and Centropyge preferring filamentous algae. Other species focus on sessile benthic invertebrates; sponges, tunicates, bryozoans, and hydroids are staples.

Over time pigmented aerial hyphae develop, and older colonies are described as appearing filamentous and velvety. Conidia are between globular and elliptical in shape, and form at the mouth of short annellidic conidiogenous cells. Annellations can only be observed by electron microscopy. Prior to analysis by scanning electron microscope, the condiogenous cells were observed to form from non-annelated phialides and phialides without collarettes.

Coarse-grained pyritization occurs when millimeter scale pyrite minerals replace organic matter in cherts, preserving microorganism morphology. In carbonate association, filaments, spore-like bodies, and other organic structures can be preserved by carbonate mineralization (<1μm in diameter) imbedded in a chert matrix. Carbonate minerals can form as continuous bodies or as a series of lenses outlining filamentous cyanobacterial remains. Carbonate mineralization is often seen trailing pyrite crystals.

Aspergillus ochraceus is a mold species in the genus Aspergillus known to produce the toxin ochratoxin A, one of the most abundant food-contaminating mycotoxins, and citrinin. It also produces the dihydroisocoumarin mellein. It is a filamentous fungus in nature and has characteristic biseriate conidiophores. Traditionally a soil fungus, has now began to adapt to varied ecological niches, like agricultural commodities, farmed animal and marine species.

Cryptococcus, sometimes informally called crypto, is a genus of fungi, which grow in culture as yeasts. The sexual forms or teleomorphs of Cryptococcus species are filamentous fungi in the genus Filobasidiella. The name Cryptococcus is used when referring to the yeast states of the fungi; it comes from the Greek for "hidden sphere" (literally "hidden berry"). A few of the species cause a disease called cryptococcosis.

The silvery John dory (Zenopsis conchifera) is typical of the Zeidae, with its scute-covered belly and filamentous spiny dorsal fin. As benthic fish, dories are typically found close to or directly over the sea bottom, but occasionally in midwater as well. Depths frequented are moderate, ca. 50-800 metres; muddy substrates are preferred, usually over the continental shelf and slope, near the coast.

Viruses in Siphoviridae are non-enveloped, with icosahedral and head-tail geometries (morphotype B1) or a prolate capsid (morphotype B2), and T=7 symmetry. The diameter is around 60 nm. Members of this family are also characterized by their filamentous, cross-banded, noncontractile tails, usually with short terminal and subterminal fibers. Genomes are double stranded and linear, around 50kb in length, containing about 70 genes.

These cells are dextrinoid and reddish orange-brown in colour. The surface of the stem is made of filamentous hyphae, 2.2–4.0 μm in diameter, either smooth or with sparse to moderately dense short, rod-like to cylindrical projections. The cells are thin-walled to very slightly thick- walled, hyaline, inamyloid, and have clamp connections. Caulocystidia (cystidia on the cap surface) are not present.

Furthermore, multinucleate cells are produced from specialized cell cycles in which nuclear division occurs without cytokinesis, thus leading to large coenocytes or plasmodia. In filamentous fungi, multinucleate cells may extend over hundreds of meters so that different regions of a single cell experience dramatically different microenvironments. Other examples include, the plasmodia of plasmodial slime molds (myxogastrids) and the schizont of the Plasmodium parasite which causes malaria.

The viral envelop composed of a lipid bilayer membrane in which the glycoprotein spikes are anchored encloses the nucleocapsids; nucleoproteins of different size classes with a loop at each end; the arrangement within the virion is uncertain. The ribonuclear proteins are filamentous and fall in the range of 50 to 130 nm long and 9 to 15 nm in diameter. They have a helical symmetry.

The orange oakleaf (Kallima inachus) resembles a dried leaf perfectly. Filamentous tails of a lycaenid butterfly, the common cerulean (Jamides celeno). These tails are thought to confuse a predator as to the location of the head thereby increasing the butterfly's chances of survival. Queen Alexandra's birdwing (Ornithoptera alexandrae family Papilionidae), the largest butterfly in the world, has bright colours and distinctive markings which advertise its inedibility.

They live about the bases of their host plants and have occasionally been found on water lily leaves. Young larvae have a pair of long hairs on the dorsum of the terminal segment and there are also some sparse shorter hairs. Later on, it acquires fine filamentous gills enclosing air tubes that join the longitudinal tracheal trunks. The pupa is formed within a case or cocoon.

The wingspan is 10–22 mm with the male being smaller than the female. Adults are on wing from May to August in North America. The larvae feed on a wide range of aquatic plants, including Hydrilla verticillata, Eichhornia crassipes, Pistia stratiotes, Nymphaea and Potamogeton species. At birth, larvae have a longitudinal tracheal system and some long simple hairs but do not later acquire filamentous gills.

Utiaritichthys is a genus of serrasalmid fish found in the Amazon and Orinoco basins in tropical South America. The adults are typically found in rapidly flowing water where they feed on aquatic plants in the family Podostemaceae and filamentous algae.Pereira, T.N.A. & Castro, R.M.C. (2014): A new species of Utiaritichthys Miranda Ribeiro (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae) from the Serra dos Parecis, Tapajós drainage. Neotropical Ichthyology, 12 (2): 397-402.

As omnivores, the diet of K. hirtipes primarily consists of vegetation and insects including filamentous algae, seeds and fruits, aquatic, terrestrial, flying arthropods, as well as aquatic gastropods. K. hirtipes undergoes a dietary shift from insects to vegetation as body size increases which facilitates rapid growth. Although male K. hirtipes are larger in size than females, both sexes share a dietary overlap consuming similar foods.

Cladophora glomerata, showing branching filaments and cellular structures Cladophora is a genus of reticulated filamentous Ulvophyceae (green algae). The genus Cladophora contains many species that are very hard to tell apart and classify, mainly because of the great variation in their appearances, which is affected by habitat, age and environmental conditions.Gestinari, L., et al. (2010). Distribution of Cladophora species (Cladophorales, Chlorophyta) along the Brazilian Coast.

The tadpoles feed on periphyton, filamentous algae, diatoms, and pollen in or on the surface of the water. They feed using suction, and a beak-like structure that helps scrape vegetation off surfaces. The species attracts mates using a choral song. Males call to females as loudly as possible and produce a croak so loud that they sound as though they are produced by multiple males.

B.pseudomallei filaments revert to normal forms when the antibiotics are removed, and daughter cells maintain cell-division capacity and viability when re-exposed to antibiotics. Thus, filamentation may be a bacterial survival strategy. In Pseudomonas aeruginosa, antibiotic-induced filamentation appears to trigger a change from normal growth phase to stationary growth phase. Filamentous bacteria also release more endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide), one of the toxins responsible for septic shock.

Bottom view of a Sabouraud agar plate with a colony of Trichophyton rubrum var. rodhaini. Sporothrix schenckii in Sabouraud agar Candida albicans in Sabouraud agar Trichophyton terrestre in Sabouraud agar. Sabouraud agar or Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) is a type of agar growth medium containing peptones. It is used to cultivate dermatophytes and other types of fungi, and can also grow filamentous bacteria such as Nocardia.

The Drysdale grunter (Syncomistes rastellus) is a species of fish in the family Terapontidae. It is endemic to Australia, where it occurs in the Gibb and Drysdale Rivers, coastal rivers in northern Western Australia. It is a herbivorous species which grazes on filamentous algae and prefers the main river channels rather than the tributaries, it also prefers flowing water of varying turbidity and substrate.

Peanut mottle virus (PeMoV) is a plant pathogenic virus of the family Potyviridae. As with other members of this virus family, PeMoV is a flexuous filamentous virus with particles 740-750 nm long. It is transmitted by several species of aphids and by mechanical inoculation. It was first given its name in 1965 when it was isolated from peanuts (Arachis hypogaea) in Georgia, USA.

The gametophyte phase is a soft and gelatinous plant, no more than 8 cm long, 6 cm wide and a few millimeters thick. It is flattened and divided in a leaf-like manner with marginal proliferations. Rose pink in colour, the blades are composed of a filamentous axis bearing whorls of branchlets, four or five per axial cell. These whorls of branchlets form a cortex.

The lateral line is strongly curved anteriorly, with a section of 6 to 11 scutes toward the tail. Juveniles and often adults have long, filamentous trailing first anal and dorsal fin spines, a trait of all members of Alectis. The species grows to at least 1 m in length. The African threadfish is silver in colour, often with blue and greenish tints and reflection, especially when fresh.

New York: Western Publishing Company, Inc. It is a medium-large, long-legged heron with a long pointed pale blue or greyish bill with a darker or black tip. The body is more elongated than in Snowy Egret.Little Blue Heron in ebird Breeding adult birds have blue-grey plumage except for the head and neck, which are purplish and have long blue filamentous plumes.

Cardiac alpha actin is a 42.0 kDa protein composed of 377 amino acids. Cardiac alpha actin is a filamentous protein extending from a complex mesh with cardiac alpha-actinin (ACTN2) at Z-lines towards the center of the sarcomere. Polymerization of globular actin (G-actin) leads to a structural filament (F-actin) in the form of a two- stranded helix. Each actin can bind to four others.

The animal has strongly reduced eyes that lack pigment, and is thought to be blind. The "hairy" pincers contain filamentous bacteria, which the creature may use to detoxify poisonous minerals from the water emitted by the hydrothermal vents where it lives. This process is known as chemosynthesis. Lipid and isotope analyses provide evidence that epibiotic bacteria are the crab's main food source and K. puravida n. sp.

Mucor racemosus (UAMH 8346) cultured on potato dextrose agar at 25 °C for 10 days.M. racemosus possesses the ability to exhibit multiple morphology (mainly, filamentous and spherical shape) to withstand various environmental stress. This has given it ability to survive many conditions and it has a worldwide distribution, reported most frequently in Europe as well as Americas. In the tropics, it has been seen at higher altitudes.

As fry, this species feeds on zooplankton in the river and is known to be cannibalistic.(Pholprasith, 1983 as cited in Mattson et al. 2002) After approximately one year, the fish becomes herbivorous, feeding on filamentous algae, probably ingesting larvae and periphyton accidentally. The fish likely obtains its food from algae growing on submerged rocky surfaces, as it does not have any sort of dentition.

It natively inhabits ponds, streams and lakes in plains. It is often found in rice fields and is known to enter brackish water. They live in a tropical climate in water with a 6.0 - 6.5 pH, a water hardness of 8 - 15 dGH, and a temperature range of 68 - 75 °F (20 - 24 °C). It feeds mainly on filamentous algae and blue-green algae.

The small, white, tubular-bell-shaped flowers are produced as racemes in a pattern of alternating flower-stalks along the branchlets. There is no calyx, but the corolla divides into four points at its outer tip. There are eight short filamentous stamens concealed within the flower. It produces a roundish, hairy drupe inside of which is a dark-brown, ovoid kernel about one- quarter inch long.

Their habitats vary widely ranging from fresh water to salt water conditions. They often contain photosynthetic pigments in their cytoplasm to perform photosynthesis, which gives the cells a bluish-green color. : Genus – Cylindrospermopsis This genus of filamentous cyanobacteria is found in terrestrial and aquatic environments. In terrestrial ecosystems, Cylindrospermum is found in soils, while in aquatic it commonly grows as part of the periphyton on aquatic plants.

These lesions, over time, develop into filamentous neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) which interfere with numerous intracellular functions. Seeking a reliable animal model for tau- related pathologies, researchers expressed the human mutant P301L tau gene in adult mice. This experiment resulted in the formation of neurofibrillary tangles and pretangle formations. The human mutant P301 tau gene is associated with frontotemporal dementia with parkinsonism, another tauopathy associated with NFTs.

Some of the smaller species are known to hide in logs and crevices during the day and come out to feed during the night. Some larger species can consume fruits and insects, and are probably omnivorous. Fish of this family seem to feed primarily on insects, but will also eat fish, shrimp, fruit, and even filamentous algae and other plant material, at least occasionally.

The flat-tail mullet (Gracimugil argenteus) is a species of grey mullet from the family Mugilidae. It is endemic to southern Australia where it forms schools in shallows, and lower estuaries, as well as in more saline lagoons. It spawns at sea but juveniles move into freshwater until they are a year old. It feeds on benthic microorganisms such as crustaceans and filamentous algae.

M. phlei is a rod-shaped bacterium 1.0 to 2.0 micrometers in length. If grown on an agar plate, M. phlei colonies appear orange to yellow in color, and predominantly dense with smooth edges, although some smaller filamentous colonies have also been described. Like other mycobacteria, M. phlei retains the acid-fast stain. M. phlei can grow at temperatures ranging from 28 °C to 52 °C.

If the splitting occurs without the prior preparation of the organism, both fragments must be able to regenerate the complete organism for it to function as reproduction. Fragmentation, also known as splitting and a method of reproduction is seen in many organisms such as in bacteria: filamentous cyanobacteria, in fungi like molds, lichens, many animals such as sponges, acoel flatworms, some annelid worms and sea stars.

The Ff phages are filamentous phages that infect Gram-negative bacteria bearing the F episome. The term is used to refer to the closely related group of phages including the f1, fd and M13 phages. The If1 and Ike phage are also closely related to this group. These phages undergo a non-lytic lifecycle, in which infected bacteria are not killed, but continuously release viral particles.

A medium-sized, broadly oval, glossy, yellow-brown (at least in dead specimens) Cassidinae. Seen from the side, the body is conical. The antennae are filamentous and medium length. The body is actually quite normally proportioned, with the pronotum and the wings being slightly extended to the sides so that they completely cover the upper side, both the head and legs are hidden under this shield.

There are three ITP3Ks which are encoded by the human genome: ITPKA, ITPKB, and ITPKC. All share a conserved C-terminal catalytic domain, but differ in mechanisms of regulation as well as tissue expression. ITPKA is predominant in neurons and in the testes. It is localized to dendritic spines by an association with filamentous actin which is consistent with its probable role in memory functions.

Certain, usually filamentous, algae have the terminal cell produced into an elongate hair-like structure called a trichome. The same term is applied to such structures in some cyanobacteria, such as Spirulina and Oscillatoria. The trichomes of cyanobacteria may be unsheathed, as in Oscillatoria, or sheathed, as in Calothrix. These structures play an important role in preventing soil erosion, particularly in cold desert climates.

" Once diagnosis is accessed, "specific anti-fungal therapy" can be administered. One of the most popular and common treatments used "for life-threatening and severe ophthalmic mycoses" is amphotericin B which is a specific anti-fungal drug. For the treatment for filamentous fungal keratitis, "topical natamycin is usually the first choice." For the treatment of yeast keratitis, "topical amphotericin B is usually the first choice.

Both calcium/calmodulin and protein phosphorylation mechanisms control its activity. It is also a substrate for the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, calcium/calmodulin- dependent protein kinase II, and protein kinase C in vitro. ITPKA and ITPKB are 68% identical in the C-terminus region The amino- terminal region of ITPKA binds filamentous actin. This property localizes the ITPKA to dendritic spines in principal neurons.

"Nature", 440: 287-288. Xu's interpretation was supported by further study of the Juravenator fossil. The first follow-up study to the initial description reported that faint impressions of filamentous structures, possibly primitive feathers, were present along the top of the tail and hips. A more in-depth study, published in 2010, included an examination of the specimen under ultra-violet light by Helmut Tischlinger.

Lesions can have both the filamentous and vesicular type grains at the same time. Although conidation, a form of asexual reproduction, in M. mycetomatis is rare, two main types can be described in-vitro. In the first type oval to pyriform conidia, 3 to 5 µm can be observed. The conidia have truncated bases and are on the tips of simple or branched conidiophores.

Pneumoviruses are pleomorphic, capable of producing spherical and filamentous enveloped virions (virus particles) that vary in size from 150 to 200 nm in diameter. The nucleocapsid consisting of a protein shell and viral nucleic acids has a helical symmetry. Nucleocapsids have a diameter of 13.5 nm and a helical pitch of 6.5 nm. The genome is composed of negative-sense single-stranded RNA that is non-segmented.

Longnose shiners also eat various plant materials, such as seeds of various sedges, diatoms, desmids, filamentous algae, and aquatic fungi. With increasing size, longnose shiners can have a more diverse diet, and have been found include mayfly larvae in their diets.Keplinger, B. 2007. An Experimental Study of Vertical Habitat Use and Habitat Shifts in Single-species and Mixed-species Shoals of Native and Nonnative Congeneric Cyprinids.

Long Term Resource Monitoring Program. Environmental Management Technical Center, Onalaska, Wisconsin, Special Report 96-S001: 15. The diet of N. volucellus consists mostly of Daphnia in early spring and late fall while mostly small crustaceans, filamentous algae, and small invertebrates when Daphnia is not as abundant in the summer. This fish is suspected to have been introduced to many areas via bait bucket release.

Using microarrays, about 30% of 5000 genes tested exhibited diurnal oscillations in 12-hour light/dark conditions, while 10% continued the behavior in continuous light. About 1,705 of the gene groups are >99.5% homologous with other cyanobacteria genera, largely Microcystis and filamentous, nitrogen-fixing strains. Typical GC content is about 40%. Cyanothece species also have three to six plasmids ranging between 10 and 330 kb.

Oomycota or oomycetes () form a distinct phylogenetic lineage of fungus-like eukaryotic microorganisms. They are filamentous and heterotrophic, and can reproduce both sexually and asexually. Sexual reproduction of an oospore is the result of contact between hyphae of male antheridia and female oogonia; these spores can overwinter and are known as resting spores. Asexual reproduction involves the formation of chlamydospores and sporangia, producing motile zoospores.

Relative to the number of histidine kinase and response regulators present in a genome, eukaryotes have more identifiable HPt domains than bacteria. In fungi, the genomic inventory of HPt proteins varies, with filamentous fungi generally possessing more HPt proteins than yeasts; only one is encoded in the well- characterized Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome. Plants generally have more than one HPt, but fewer HPts than response regulators.

The virion particle consists of non-enveloped nucleocapsids that exhibit helical symmetry, forming thin, filamentous structures between 500–2100 nm long. The genomes are segmented and consist of four to six strands of negative-sense single-stranded RNA and the N-protein. These viruses are transmitted by an arthropod vectors in the families Cicadellidae or Delphacidae. Tenuivirus genome is segmented and has an ambisense coding strategy.

It has variously been described as sometimes branching or unbranched. It bears stiff filamentous, linear, or lance-shaped scales, which are blackish in color and obscurely clathrate (bearing a lattice-like pattern) or entirely black. The scales are long and wide, with untoothed, often brown, margins and long, drawn-out tips. Leaves are erect and borne in dense clumps, varying in size from long and from wide.

A rather different example is Porphyra gardneri: In its diploid phase, a carpospore can germinate to form a filamentous "conchocelis stage", which can also self-replicate using monospores. The conchocelis stage eventually produces conchosporangia. The resulting conchospore germinates to form a tiny prothallus with rhizoids, which develops to a cm-scale leafy thallus. This too can reproduce via monospores, which are produced inside the thallus itself.

Iris songarica flowers are similar in form to Iris spuria but differ in the colour shades. It has a slender, knobbly, dark rhizome. Under the rhizome, are filamentous (feeder) roots, that can grow to a depth of into the soils and extend outwards between . On top of the rhizome, is the vestiges or remains of last seasons leaves, the maroon-brown fibres interweave, creating a spiral like effect.

A consensus of paleontologists agrees that birds evolved from theropod dinosaurs. The scenario for this hypothesis is that early theropod dinosaurs were endothermic, and evolved simple filamentous feathers for insulation. These feathers later increased in size and complexity and then adapted to aerodynamic uses. Ample evidence for this hypothesis has been found in the fossil record, specifically for such dinosaurs as Kulindadromeus, Sinosauropteryx, Caudipteryx, Microraptor and many others.

Length ranges up to 41 cm. Blue chubs have a varied diet, including both aquatic and terrestrial insects, crustaceans, and filamentous algae. They occur in a variety of habitats in their range; abundant in lakes, they are also found in streams and rivers. In Upper Klamath Lake, they generally prefer rocky margins and open water to marshy shores, while along Boles Creek, they are most abundant in shallow weedy reservoirs.

These are identical to microbialites observed in modern and ancient stromatolitic carbonates. Laboratory observations with scanning electron microscope (SEM) have also confirmed the presence of calcified bacteria, micro-rods, and needle calcite. Organic mats (yellow-orange in colour) are made up of mineralized filamentous bacteria, bacterial stalks, cells and sheaths. Thus, these studies have indicated that microorganisms have actively influenced the genesis of speleothems of the Borra Caves.

Planktothrix is a diverse genus of filamentous cyanobacteria observed to amass in algal blooms in water ecosystems across the globe. Like all Oscillatoriales, Planktothrix species have no heterocysts and no akinetes. Planktothrix are unique because they have trichomes and contain gas vacuoles unlike typical planktonic organisms. Previously, some species of the taxon were grouped within the genus Oscillatoria, but recent work has defined Planktothrix as its own genus.

This gene encodes a member of von Willebrand factor A domain containing protein family. This family of proteins are thought to be involved in the formation of filamentous networks in the extracellular matrices of various tissues. Mutations of this gene have been associated with variety of inherited chondrodysplasias. Three microsatellite polymorphisms in the gene, respectively consisting of 103 bp, 101 bp and 99 bp, have been linked to idiopathic scoliosis.

The second variant consisted of an amino acid substitution from aspartate to tyrosine as a result of a single point mutation in exon 1. This was also shown to adversely affect the assembly of the neurofilament network. The PRPH mutations observed in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis cause a change in the 3D structure of the protein. Consequently, the mutant peripherin forms aggregates instead of the filamentous network that it usually forms.

The abdomens of diplurans bear eversible vesicles, which seem to absorb moisture from the environment and help with the animal's water balance. The body segments themselves may display several types of setae, or scales and setae. Diplurans possess a characteristic pair of cerci projecting backwards from the last of the 11 abdominal somites. These cerci may be long and filamentous or short and pincer-like, leading to occasional confusion with earwigs.

In Nova Scotia, a form of three-spined stickleback departs from the usual pattern of parental care. Unlike other sticklebacks that nest on the substrate, Nova Scotian male sticklebacks build nests in mats of filamentous algae. Surprisingly, almost immediately after fertilization, the males disperse the eggs from the nest and resume soliciting females for eggs. Hence, there appears to have been a loss of parental care in this population.

Silvia N. Blumenfeld is an expert on mycology. From 1986 to 2004, she was a Professor of Mycology and Biotechnology of Filamentous Fungi at the National University of Comahue, in Río Negro, Argentina. She emigrated to Israel in 2002, where she became the curator of the Tel Aviv University fungi collection, specializing in medicinal mushrooms. She has over 50 articles, books, and patents to her name, and has received academic honours.

Glyoxysomes are specialized peroxisomes found in plants (particularly in the fat storage tissues of germinating seeds) and also in filamentous fungi. Seeds that contain fats and oils include corn, soybean, sunflower, peanut and pumpkin. As in all peroxisomes, in glyoxysomes the fatty acids are oxidized to acetyl-CoA by peroxisomal β-oxidation enzymes. When the fatty acids are oxidized hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is produced as oxygen (O2) is consumed.

Effects of F. solani on Alfalfa Hyphae of F. solani Fusarium solani is a species complex of at least 26 closely related filamentous fungi in the division Ascomycota, family Nectriaceae. It is the anamorph of Nectria haematococca. It is a common soil fungus and colonist of plant materials. Fusarium solani is implicated in plant disease as well as human disease notably infection of the cornea of the eye.

Actin exchanges between monomeric (G) and filamentous (F) forms according to the concentrations of it, ATP, and cations. pGSN along with Vitamin D-binding protein (DBP) bind and clear monomeric actin. DBP binds with greater affinity to G-actin, leaving pGSN available to sever F-actin. Furthermore, DBP is capable of removing one actin from a 2:1 actin-pGSN complex, restoring its ability to sever F-actin.

Collection of wild spat has historically been the most common way obtaining young scallops to seed aquaculture operations. There are a variety of ways in which spat can be collected. Most methods involve a series of mesh spat bags suspended in the water column on a line which is anchored to the seafloor. Spat bags are filled with a suitable cultch (usually filamentous fibers) onto which scallop larvae will settle.

The principal items of diet are polychaete worms, small prawns and copepods, with other Crustacea including Decopoda, Ocypoda, shrimps, and amphipods also taken. Small fish are often taken and filamentous algae is consumed. Australian specimens frequently contain polychaete worms and small Crustacea. The species often has a similar, but slightly different diet compared to other coexisting sillaginids and other fishes, with few cases of wide dietary overlap recorded.

Mylesinus is a genus of serrasalmids from South America, where found in the eastern Amazon, Essequibo and Orinoco basins. They are rheophilic, typically found at rapids and mainly feed on Podostemaceae plants. Because of their habitat preference, they are threatened by the building of dams. They reach up to in standard length, and the adult males have a double-lobed anal fin and several filamentous extensions on the dorsal fin.

Periphyton Algae, consisting of phytoplankton and periphyton, are the most significant sources of primary production in most streams and rivers. Phytoplankton float freely in the water column and thus are unable to maintain populations in fast flowing streams. They can, however, develop sizeable populations in slow moving rivers and backwaters. Periphyton are typically filamentous and tufted algae that can attach themselves to objects to avoid being washed away by fast currents.

It was not until the 1960s that TBV was shown to have flexuous filamentous particles (mostly measuring about 12×750 nm) and finally proved to be a virus. The genetic code of TBV has now been partially sequenced and the virus is recognized as a member of the genus Potyvirus (family Potyviridae). Like other members of the genus it is now readily detected and identified by serological, molecular and optical techniques.

They may be long and filamentous, or short and reduced to mere knobs or warts. They may be simple and unbranched, or they may be feathery in pattern. The mouth may be level with the surface of the peristome, or may be projecting and trumpet- shaped. As regards internal structure, polyps exhibit two well-marked types of organization, each characteristic of one of the two classes, Hydrozoa and Anthozoa.

The scape is erect, 30–70 cm tall, bearing a terminal umbel of four to eight flowers, which can be white, yellow, orange, or red. The flowers divide into two types, those with very long, filamentous stamens two or three times as long as the tepals (subgenus Lycoris; e.g. Lycoris radiata), and those with shorter stamens not much longer than the tepals (subgenus Symmanthus Traub & Moldenke; e.g. Lycoris sanguinea).

Trentepohlia aurea is a species of filamentous terrestrial green alga with a worldwide distribution. It grows on rocks, old walls and the trunks and branches of trees such as oaks and the Monterey cypress (Cupressus macrocarpa) where the tree occurs in coastal central California. The orange coloration results from carotenoid pigments in the algal cells. It is probably the most widespread and abundant species of Trentepohlia in the Britain and Ireland.

The virus is one of the smallest enveloped animal viruses with a virion diameter of 42 nm, but pleomorphic forms exist, including filamentous and spherical bodies lacking a core. These particles are not infectious and are composed of the lipid and protein that forms part of the surface of the virion, which is called the surface antigen (HBsAg), and is produced in excess during the life cycle of the virus.

Diagnosis is most commonly done with the identification of bacteria in the lesions by microscopic evaluation. A positive diagnosis of rain scald can be confirmed if filamentous bacteria are observed, as well as chains of small, spherical bacteria (cocci). If a diagnosis cannot be confirmed with a microscope, blood agar cultures can be grown to confirm the presence of D. congolensis. The resulting colonies have filaments and are yellow in colour.

The potential to undergo a parasexual cycle under laboratory conditions has been demonstrated in many species of filamentous fungi, including Fusarium monoliforme, Penicillium roqueforti (used in making blue cheesesAlexopolous (1996), et al., p. 12.), Verticillium dahliae, Verticillium alboatrum, Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides,Hocart MJ, Lucas JA, and Peberdy JF. "Parasexual recombination between W and R pathotypes of Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides through protoplast fusion." Mycological Research. 1993 August;97(8):977-983.

Filamentous cells share many similarities with yeast cells. Both cell types seem to play a specific, distinctive role in the survival and pathogenicity of C. albicans. Yeast cells seem to be better suited for the dissemination in the bloodstream while hyphal cells have been proposed as a virulence factor. Hyphal cells are invasive and speculated to be important for tissue penetration, colonization of organs and surviving plus escaping macrophages.

With an increase in the number of taxa for which sequence data are available, there is evidence of an expanded DO clade that includes additional zoosporic (Bracteacoccus, Schroederia) and some strictly autosporic genera such as Ankistrodesmus, Scenedesmus, Selenastrum, and Monoraphidium. The filamentous Microspora has been allied with the coccoid genus Bracteacoccus based on molecular data. Monophyly of the DO clade is supported by phylogenetic analysis of multi-gene data.

Frankia is a genus of nitrogen-fixing, bacteria that live in symbiosis with actinorhizal plants, similar to the Rhizobium bacteria found in the root nodules of legumes in the family Fabaceae. Frankia also initiate the forming of root nodules. This genus was originally named by Jørgen Brunchorst, in 1886 to honor the German biologist Albert Bernhard Frank. Brunchorst considered the organism he had identified to be a filamentous fungus.

The northern redbelly dace feeds mainly on filamentous algae and diatoms, but also zooplankton and aquatic insect larvae. Their predators consist of other fish, kingfishers and water fowl especially mergansers. In small lakes where no piscivores live, the northern redbelly dace fills the niche of a planktivore. However, in larger lakes, it is restricted to the vegetation mats by shore where it must compete with other minnows for food.

The thallus is filamentous and much branched and may be packed into a mass. It is coenocytic, having multi-nucleate cells consisting of cytoplasm contained within a cylindrical cell wall. There are no septae and the many discoid chloroplasts, nuclei and other organelles are free to move through the organism. The whole organism may consist of a single cell and in the genus Caulerpa this may be several metres across.

Chemical structure of cruentaren A Cruentarens are a group of macrolides secreted by the myxobacteria Byssovorax cruenta. There are two isomers (cruentaren A and B) have been isolated. They each have a molecular formula of C33H51NO8 and molecular weight 589 g/mol. Cruentaren A strongly inhibits the growth of yeasts and filamentous fungi, and inhibits the proliferation of different cancer cell lines in vitro, including a multidrug-resistant KB line.

Tompot blennies spawn in March to May the males mate with a number of females and guards their eggs. The eggs are demersal and like those of all blennies they stick to the substrate by a filamentous adhesive patch. The male guards the eggs until the larvae hatch, usually about a month after laying. The males defend their territories from other males and often fight each other, frequently receiving injuries.

Fungi can be both multicellular and unicellular organisms, and are distinguished from other microbes by the way they obtain nutrients. Fungi secrete enzymes into their surroundings, to break down organic matter. Fungal genetics uses yeast, and filamentous fungi as model organisms for eukaryotic genetic research, including cell cycle regulation, chromatin structure and gene regulation. Studies of the fungus Neurospora crassa have contributed substantially to understanding how genes work.

The gills are thin, narrow to moderately broad, and white to pinkish-buff. The gill edges are even, and the same color as the gill faces. The stem is long and up to thick, equal in width throughout to slightly enlarged downward, flexible and filamentous but not fragile. The stem surface is dry, whitish to grayish- orange, sometimes with tiny hairs on the upper portion that become coarser near the base.

This species consumes a varied diet of plant, animal, protist, and algal material. It has been noted to consume filamentous cyanobacteria, diatoms, brown and red algaes such as seaweeds, seagrass, forams, hydrozoans, bryozoans, nematodes, bivalves, gastropods, crustaceans, and tunicates. The larger part of its diet is composed of brown and red algae, tunicates, hydrozoans of the genus Eudendrium and bryozoans of the genus Crisia.Mazariegos-Villarreal, A., et al. (2013).

Oudemansin A is a natural product first isolated from the basidiomycete fungus Oudemansiella mucida. Its chemical structure was determined by X-ray crystallography in 1979 and absolute stereochemistry by total synthesis. Two closely related derivatives, oudemansin B and X have also been isolated from other basidiomycetes. They are all biologically active against many filamentous fungi and yeasts but with insufficient potency and stability to become useful commercial products.

Ji, S., Ji, Q., Lu J., and Yuan, C. (2007). "A new giant compsognathid dinosaur with long filamentous integuments from Lower Cretaceous of Northeastern China." Acta Geologica Sinica, 81(1): 8-15 There have been signs of basic feather structures on Juravenator, but evidence of this is still not definite. Samples of Juravenator skin show scales instead of feathers, leading into debates about Juravenator’s place within the family Compsognathidae.

At its TGN localization, M2 protein's ion channel activity has been shown to effectively activate the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. Other important functions of M2 are its role in formation of filamentous strains of influenza, membrane scission and the release of the budding virion. M2 stabilizes the virus budding site, and mutations of M2 that prevent its binding to M1 can impair filament formation at the site of budding.

A filamentous lichen is a lichen that has a growth form like a mass of thin, stringy, non-branching hairs or filaments.What is a lichen?, Australian National Botanical Garden, Fioliose lichens, Lichen Thallus Types, Allan Silverside, Filaments of the photosynthetic partner (Trentepohlia ) or trichome-forming (cyanobacteria) are surrounded by sheaths of the fungal filaments. So unlike in most other lichen growth forms, the filaments of fungus do not determine the shape.

Phalloidin belongs to a class of toxins called phallotoxins, which are found in the death cap mushroom (Amanita phalloides). It is a rigid bicyclic heptapeptide that is lethal after a few days when injected into the bloodstream. The major symptom of phalloidin poisoning is acute hunger due to the destruction of liver cells. It functions by binding and stabilizing filamentous actin (F-actin) and effectively prevents the depolymerization of actin fibers.

In Cryptochetum iceryae, which parasitizes Icerya, there are four larval instars. The first instar is sac-like and lacks both trophi and tracheae but at the caudal end it bears a pair of finger-like processes. The caudal end of the digestive tract is closed. During subsequent instars the caudal processes grow longer and become filamentous; in the final instar they are much longer than the whole body.

The simultaneous publication of three Aspergillus genome manuscripts in Nature in December 2005 established the genus as the leading filamentous fungal genus for comparative genomic studies. Like most major genome projects, these efforts were collaborations between a large sequencing centre and the respective community of scientists. For example, the Institute for Genome Research (TIGR) worked with the A. fumigatus community. A. nidulans was sequenced at the Broad Institute.

The cytoskeleton of dendritic spines is particularly important in their synaptic plasticity; without a dynamic cytoskeleton, spines would be unable to rapidly change their volumes or shapes in responses to stimuli. These changes in shape might affect the electrical properties of the spine. The cytoskeleton of dendritic spines is primarily made of filamentous actin (F-actin). tubulin Monomers and microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) are present, and organized microtubules are present.

In addition, the filamentation may allows bacterial cells to access nutrients by enhancing the possibility that part of the filament will contact a nutrient-rich zone and pass compounds to the rest of the cell's biomass. For example, Actinomyces israelii grows as filamentous rods or branched in the absence of phosphate, cysteine, or glutathione. However, it returns to a regular rod-like morphology when adding back these nutrients.

Many fungi (notably the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi) exhibit heterokaryosis. The haploid nuclei within a mycelium may differ from one another not merely by accumulating mutations, but by the non-sexual fusion of genetically distinct fungal hyphae, although a self / non-self recognition system exists in Fungi and usually prevents fusions with non-self.Glass, N. L. and I. Kaneko. 2003. Fatal attraction: Nonself recognition and heterokaryon incompatibility in filamentous fungi.

The ascospores may be arranged in one or two rows (uniseriate and biseriate, respectively), or rarely, irregular. The ascospores are ellipsoid, translucent, have a slight curve and may be tapered; most ascospores contain two oil drops. When in the ascus, the ascospores are covered with a translucent mucilage that is highly refractive to light. Paraphyses are filamentous hyphal cells present in the fertile spore-bearing tissue, distributed amongst the asci.

The starter cultures are often handed down from generation to generation in a continuous cycle of serial re-culturing. The most important functional organisms in Jiuqu have been recognized as the filamentous molds Aspergillus and Rhizopus, which only reproduce asexually through spores called conidia. So an important step in manufacturing is to allow some of the cultured substrate to mature and sporulate in order to reinoculate the next batch.

Oreochromis mortimeri is a schooling species which is predominantly diurnal. It is also tolerant of higher salinities. Its diet largely consists of filamentous algae and diatoms, and also includes some vascular plants, Dipteran larvae, other insects, cladocerans, copepods, shrimps, annelids and molluscs. The male makes a saucer-shaped depression with a raised mound in the middle as a nest situated within a breeding arena in water less than in depth.

The outer envelope contains embedded proteins that are involved in viral binding of, and entry into, susceptible cells. The virus is one of the smallest enveloped animal viruses. The 42 nm virions, which are capable of infecting liver cells known as hepatocytes, are referred to as "Dane particles". In addition to the Dane particles, filamentous and spherical bodies lacking a core can be found in the serum of infected individuals.

Zosteraceae (one of the four seagrasses families, Kubitzki ed. 1998) is a family of marine perennial flowering plants found in temperate and subtropical coastal waters, with the highest diversity located around Korea and Japan. Most seagrasses complete their entire life cycle under water, having filamentous pollen especially adapted to dispersion in an aquatic environment and ribbon-like leaves that lack stomata. Seagrasses are herbaceous and have prominent creeping rhizomes.

Apart from true hyphae, Candida can also form pseudohyphae — elongated filamentous cells, lined end to end. As a general rule, candidiasis presenting with white lesions is mainly caused by Candida species in the hyphal form and red lesions by yeast forms. C. albicans and C. dubliniensis are also capable of forming germ tubes (incipient hyphae) and chlamydospores under the right conditions. C. albicans is categorized serologically into A or B serotypes.

Mucoromycotina is a subphylum of uncertain placement in Fungi. It was considered part of the phylum Zygomycota, but recent phylogenetic studies have shown that it was polyphyletic and thus split into several groups, it is now thought to be a paraphyletic grouping. Mucoromycotina is currently composed of 3 orders, 61 genera, and 325 species. Some common characteristics seen throughout the species include: development of coenocytic mycelium, saprotrophic lifestyles, and filamentous.

On CER under 21-25 °C, white or pale yellow cottony colonies form and turn granular in older portions. Reverse of the colonies appears uncoloured. On dilute salt acidic medium (DSA) under 25-28 °C, colonies appear yellow to brown with brown spots adjacent to the hairs. On peptone yeast extract agar (PYE) under 25-35 °C, colonies are yellow, dense and filamentous with a purplish brown centre and white periphery.

Conidiation is a biological process in which filamentous fungi reproduce asexually from spores. Rhythmic conidiation is the most obvious output of fungal circadian rhythms. Neurospora species are most often used to study this rhythmic conidiation. Physical stimuli, such as light exposure and mechanical injury to the mycelium trigger conidiation; however, conidiogenesis itself is a holistic response determined by the cell's metabolic state, as influenced by the environment and endogenous biological rhythms.

Stylonychia is a genus of ciliates, in the subclass Hypotrichia. Species of Stylonychia are very common in fresh water and soil, and may be found on filamentous algae, surface films, and among particles of sediment. Stylonychia can also be found swimming on and through decaying vegetation and pond scum floating through the water. Like its relatives, Stylonychia has cilia grouped into membranelles alongside the mouth and cirri over the body.

Growth of the fungus on corn meal agar is slow, with only 7-8 millimeters of growth observed after 1 month. The hyphae, or filamentous strands, that characterize the vegetative phase of the fungus become funiculose, weaving together to form rope-like strands. Sparse white aerial hyphae can also develop as the fungus is cultured. Ordinarily, the teleomorph, or sexual stage, of P. appendiculata can be difficult to obtain in vitro.

Mucor racemosus is a rapidly growing, weedy mould belonging to the phylum, Zygomycota. It is one of the earliest fungi to be grown in pure culture and was first isolated in 1886. It has a worldwide distribution and colonizes many habitats such as vegetational products, soil and houses. The fungus is mostly known for its ability to exhibit both filamentous and yeast-like morphologies, often referred to as dimorphism.

Coccolithoviruses and phaeoviruses have been described as having opposing life strategies. The coccolithovirus possesses an Acute life strategy characterized by high reproduction and mutation rates and greater dependency on dense host populations for transmission. Phaeoviruses possess a Persistent life strategy where infection may or may not cause disease, and the genome is passed from parent to offspring. Phaeoviruses infect the Ectocarpales brown algae, which is an order of filamentous brown algae.

The genus Streptomyces includes aerobic, Gram-positive, filamentous bacteria that produce well-developed vegetative hyphae (between 0.5-2.0 µm in diameter) with branches. They form a complex substrate mycelium that aids in scavenging organic compounds from their substrates. Although the mycelia and the aerial hyphae that arise from them are amotile, mobility is achieved by dispersion of spores. Spore surfaces may be hairy, rugose, smooth, spiny or warty.

Viviparus viviparus species feeds on plankton and organic microdebris in suspension in the water and picked up through the siphon which allows the animal to breathe while filtering the water.This filter feeding habit makes it popular with owners of ponds or aquariums where they are known to consume filamentous algae, some microalgae, cyanophytes and waste solids and thus help to purify and clarify the water.They may however carry some parasites.

Mycotypha microspora is a filamentous fungus whose genus name is derived from the cattail-like appearance of its fructifications and tiny spores. It has a dense granular protoplasm and is composed of several hyphae and vacuoles. The structure is highly branched, with mycelium of varying diameters. It consists of two kinds of unispored sporangia: an inner layer containing globose spores and an outer layer with obovoid or cylindrical spores.

Since then, this static cultivation of OPG was observed with activated sludge coming from various places over the worldMilferstedt, K., Kuo-Dahab, W.C., Butler, C.S., Hamelin, J., Abouhend, A.S., Stauch-White, K., McNair, A., Watt, C., Carbajal-González, B.I., Dolan, S., Park, C., 2017. The importance of filamentous, motile cyanobacteria in the development of oxygenic photogranules. Sci. Reports. 7, 17944. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-16614-9 in several laboratories (,,,, etc.).

Oxygenic photogranule formation is thus not driven by hydrodynamic shear and washout are not required for the formation of oxygenic photogranules, even though these factors may play an important role when applied. Filamentous, motile cyanobacteria play a key role, but exact mechanisms have to be elucidated to be able to control the formation and properties of oxygenic photogranules and apply them to bioengineering processes. Temporal progression of photogranulation under static conditions.

In filamentous fungi, peroxisomes move on microtubules by 'hitchhiking,' a process involving contact with rapidly moving early endosomes. Physical contact between organelles is often mediated by membrane contact sites, where membranes of two organelles are physically tethered to enable rapid transfer of small molecules, enable organelle communication and are crucial for coordination of cellular functions and hence human health. Alterations of membrane contacts have been observed in various diseases.

However, these traits show some variation, most notably among the basal green algae called prasinophytes. Haploid algal cells (containing only one copy of their DNA) can fuse with other haploid cells to form diploid zygotes. When filamentous algae do this, they form bridges between cells, and leave empty cell walls behind that can be easily distinguished under the light microscope. This process is called conjugation and occurs for example in Spirogyra.

Pluteus brunneoradiatus This is an incomplete list of species in the agaric genus Pluteus. Species of Pluteus are commonly found growing on woody substrates including stumps, logs, fallen branches, woody debris such as sawdust, and buried wood. Three sections are widely accepted in Pluteus, including Pluteus, Hispidoderma Fayod, and Celluloderma Fayod. Section Pluteus is characterized by fruit bodies with a filamentous cap cuticle (pileipellis) and thick-walled pleurocystidia.

There are no cystidia on the gill faces or edges. The cap cuticle is an ixotrichoderm—a layer of gelatinized tissue where the distal portion of the filamentous hyphae are different lengths and the hyphae themselves are arranged perpendicular to the surface; this layer of gelatinous hyphae is between 100 and 250 µm thick. Clamp connections are present in the hyphae of the cuticle and the gill tissue.

The flesh of the cap is covered with a cuticle, on the surface of which are found scattered cystidia similar to those on the gills. Directly beneath the cuticle is a layer of enlarged cells, and beneath this are filamentous hyphae. Clamp connections are present in the hyphae. Mycena aurantiomarginata uses a tetrapolar mating system, whereby genes at two different locations on the chromosomes regulate sexual compatibility, or mating type.

Tegula funebralis is primarily herbivorous. Food for T. funebralis can be categorized as either rock encrusting algae, macroscopic algae, or organic detritus. Studies into the macroscopic algal preferences of T. funebralis revealed a strong preference for Nereocystis luetkana and Macrocystis integrifolia. Macroscopic algae species preferred by T. funebralis are similar in that they are non- calcareous, non-filamentous, and softer in comparison to other macroscopic algae in the region.

Stromatolites are alternating layers of cyanobacteria and sediments. The grain size of sediment portion of stromatolites is affected by the depositional environment. During the Proterozoic, stromatolites' compositions were dominated by micrite and thinly laminated lime mud, with thicknesses no greater than 100 microns.C. M. FRANTZ , V. A. PETRYSHYN , AND F. A. CORSETTI, (2015) Grain trapping by filamentous cyanobacterial and algalmats: implications for stromatolite microfabrics through time, Geobiology (2015), 13, 409–423.

Bourbon virus is a type of thogotovirus, which is in the RNA virus family Orthomyxoviridae. The virus particles show different morphologies, including filamentous and roughly spherical forms, and have projections from the surface. The spherical virions have a range of diameters, with broadly 100–130 nm being common. Virus was present at high levels in the extracellular space, with occasional particles being observed in the process of endocytosis.

LIM kinase-1 (LIMK1) and LIM kinase-2 (LIMK2) are actin-binding kinases that phosphorylate members of the ADF/cofilin family of actin binding and filament severing proteins. ADF/cofilin are the only substrates yet identified for the LIM kinases. LIM kinases directly phosphorylate and inactivate members of the cofilin family, resulting in stabilization of filamentous (F)-actin. Lim kinases are activated by signaling through small GTPases of the Rho family.

The genome of Monosiga brevicollis, with 41.6 million base pairs, is similar in size to filamentous fungi and other free-living unicellular eukaryotes, but far smaller than that of typical animals. In 2010, a phylogenomic study revealed that several algal genes are present in the genome of Monosiga brevicollis. This could be due to the fact that, in early evolutionary history, choanoflagellates consumed algae as food through phagocytosis. Carr et al.

Purpureocillium lilacinum is a species of filamentous fungus in the family Ophiocordycipitaceae. It has been isolated from a wide range of habitats, including cultivated and uncultivated soils, forests, grassland, deserts, estuarine sediments and sewage sludge, and insects. It has also been found in nematode eggs, and occasionally from females of root-knot and cyst nematodes. In addition, it has frequently been detected in the rhizosphere of many crops.

Purpureocillium is a fungal genus in the Ophiocordycipitaceae family. The genus now contains at least 5 species with the type species Purpureocillium lilacinum, a common saprobic, filamentous fungus. It has been isolated from a wide range of habitats, including cultivated and uncultivated soils, forests, grassland, deserts, estuarine sediments and sewage sludge, and insects. It has also been found in nematode eggs, and occasionally from females of root-knot and cyst nematodes.

UAMH 10614 Neoscytalidium dimidiatum on CER agar incubated at 35 C for 29 days. This filamentous fungus produces sinuous and irregular hyphae and is characterized by rapidly growing colonies that are deeply tufted with dense, darkly coloured, ropy aerial mycelium. Cultures are rapidly growing, initially light in colour and becoming dark brown and then black with age. Both arthroconidia and pycnidia may be produced in the same culture.

Aspergillus wentii is a filamentous fungus. In culture, optimal growth of Aspergillus wentii occurs on glucose media at pH 6.0 at a temperature of 30 °C. Aspergillus wentii grows well on carbon-based media supplemented with mannitol, fructose, galactose, sucrose, lactose, or maltose. Generally, Aspergillus wentii exhibits the highest growth rates in carbon-based media, although it can be grown on nitrogen-based media with lower growth yields.

Spores are roughly spherical and translucentThe spore print of A. bisporigera, like most Amanita, is white. The spores are roughly spherical, thin-walled, hyaline (translucent), amyloid, and measure 7.8–9.6 by 7.0–9.0 μm. The cap cuticle is made of partially gelatinized, filamentous interwoven hyphae, 2–6 μm in diameter. The tissue of the gill is bilateral, meaning it diverges from the center of the gill to its outer edge.

Eukaryotic undulipodium. 1-axoneme, 2-cell membrane, 3-IFT (intraflagellar transport), 4-basal body, 5-cross section of axoneme, 6-triplets of microtubules of basal body. An undulipodium (a Greek word meaning "swinging foot") or a 9+2 organelle is a motile filamentous extracellular projection of eukaryotic cells. It is basically synonymous to flagella and cilia which are differing terms for similar molecular structures used on different types of cells.

In larger specimens, more than 100 rows of scales have been observed. The cirral setae of Vulcanolepas osheai are associated with filamentous bacterial epibionts, of the phylum Proteobacteria, although they are not endosymbiotic bacteria.Suzuki, Y.; Suzuki, M.; Tsuchida, S.; Takai, K.; Horikoshi, K.; Southward, A.J.; Newman, W.A.; Yamaguchi, T. (2009). Molecular investigations of the stalked barnacle Vulcanolepas osheai and the epibiotic bacteria from the Brothers Caldera, Kermadec Arc, New Zealand.

Phages may be released via cell lysis, by extrusion, or, in a few cases, by budding. Lysis, by tailed phages, is achieved by an enzyme called endolysin, which attacks and breaks down the cell wall peptidoglycan. An altogether different phage type, the filamentous phage, make the host cell continually secrete new virus particles. Released virions are described as free, and, unless defective, are capable of infecting a new bacterium.

There are few small inflated cells, which are mostly spherical to broadly elliptic. The tissue of the stipe is made of abundant, sparsely branched, filamentous hyphae, without clamps, measuring 2–5 μm in diameter. The inflated cells are club-shaped, longitudinally oriented, and up to 2–3 by 15.7 μm. The annulus is made of abundant moderately branched filamentous hyphae, measuring 2–6 μm in diameter. The inflated cells are sparse, broadly elliptic to pear-shaped, and are rarely larger than 31 by 22 μm. Pleurocystidia and cheilocystidia (cystidia found on the gill faces and edges, respectively) are absent, but there may be cylindrical to sac-like cells of the partial veil on the gill edges; these cells are hyaline and measure 24–34 by 7–16 μm. Development of basidia, as illustrated by Lewis in 1906In 1906 Charles E. Lewis studied and illustrated the development of the basidia in order to compare the nuclear behavior of the two-spored with that of the four-spored forms.

It is a benthic fish, preferring shallow, freshwater. They are found where the lakes have sand or silt mixed with organic debris. The chubsucker is an omnivore, eating both vegetation and invertebrates, such as small crustaceans, chironomid larvae, and algae. Vegetation can make up to 70% of its diet. When chubsuckers are small (83-103mm) filamentous algae had a 100% occurrence, cladocerans and chironomid larvae had a 25%, and copepods a 13% occurrence.

The filamentous fungus Paecilomyces lilacinus uses a similar structure to penetrate the eggs of nematodes. Fungi were considered to be part of the plant kindgom until the mid-20th century. By the middle of the 20th century Fungi were considered a distinct kingdom, and the newly recognized kingdom Fungi becoming the third major kingdom of multicellular eukaryotes with kingdom Plantae and kingdom Animalia, the distinguishing feature between these kingdoms being the way they obtain nutrition.

There is an oval structure with two spots at the anterior center of the head shield, behind which are two eyes. The whole animal is broad and flat with a thin exoskeleton. The central region shows paired muscle scars and filamentous structures interpreted as limbs. Because the head shield, thoracic segments, and tail shield are all angular in outline and end in spines, Helmetia is unstreamlined and would likely be a slow swimmer.

Gloeotrichia is a large (~2 mm) colonial genus of Cyanobacteria, belonging to the order Nostocales. The name Gloeotrichia is derived from its appearance of filamentous body with mucilage matrix. Found in lakes across the globe, gloeotrichia are notable for the important roles that they play in the nitrogen and phosphorus cycles. Gloeotrichia are also a species of concern for lake managers, as they have been shown to push lakes towards eutrophication and produce deadly toxins .

The recently-elucidated archaeal flagellum, or archaellum, is analogous—but not homologous—to the bacterial one. In addition to no sequence similarity being detected between the genes of the two systems, the archaeal flagellum appears to grow at the base rather than the tip, and is about 15 nanometers (nm) in diameter rather than 20. Sequence comparison indicates that the archaeal flagellum is homologous to Type IV pili. (pili are filamentous structures outside the cell).

Fusarium is a large genus of filamentous fungi, part of a group often referred to as hyphomycetes, widely distributed in soil and associated with plants. Most species are harmless saprobes, and are relatively abundant members of the soil microbial community. Some species produce mycotoxins in cereal crops that can affect human and animal health if they enter the food chain. The main toxins produced by these Fusarium species are fumonisins and trichothecenes.

KaiA genes are located only in cyanobacteria with a length ranging from a filamentous cyanobacteria (Anabaena and Nostoc) to unicellular cyanobacteria (Synechoccus and Synechocytis), which are 852-900 bp longer. The KaiA genes are the least conserved amongst the kai genes. Shorter homologs of kaiA and kaiB genes match only 1 segment of their longer versions closer to the 3’ terminus, unlike kaiC genes. This implies kaiA and kaiB most likely didn’t evolve through duplication.

Emu-wrens exhibit sexual dimorphism, the males have brownish plumage with rufous crowns of varying intensity, and a sky blue throat and upper chest. The females lack the blue coloration and are predominantly reddish brown above and paler below. Their most distinctive feature is their long tails, composed of six filamentous feathers, the central two longer again. The tail is double the body length in the case of the southern and rufous-crowned species.

Plasma gelsolin (pGSN) is an 83 kDa abundant protein constituent of normal plasma and an important component of the innate immune system. The identification of pGSN in Drosophila melanogaster and C. elegans points to an ancient origin early in evolution. Its extraordinary structural conservation reflects its critical regulatory role in multiple essential functions. Its roles include the breakdown of filamentous actin released from dead cells, activation of macrophages, and localization of the inflammatory response.

Tropheus moorii (blunthead cichlid) is a species of cichlid endemic to Lake Tanganyika in Africa. Over 40 different color morphs of this species are dispersed throughout the lake, ranging from dark green to flame red and yellow. They mostly feed on filamentous algae on the rocky shallows they inhabit. T. moorii is a maternal mouthbrooder, so eggs are fertilized and young are carried in the mouth of the female while they hatch and develop.

The fossil preserves filamentous plumage at the tail base and on other parts of the body. These structures are described as being identical to the stage 1 feathers preserved in some ornithischians, the basal tyrannosaur Dilong, and the basal therizinosauroid Beipiaosaurus. Although most of the preserved soft tissue on the Sciurumimus holotype likely represent integumentary structures, a small patch of what may be muscle tissue is observed along the rear edge of the tibia.

ICES Journal of Marine Science 66: 2106–2115 The reasons for this loss are not fully understood, but the increase in ocean temperature, high levels of nutrients and the reduction in animal species feeding off the filamentous algae are suggested as the most likely reasons.Moy, F., Stålnacke, P., 2007. Sugar Kelp Project: Analyses of Climate and Environmental Data with Relevance for Sugar Kelp, SFT Report TA-2279/2007, NIVA Report 5454, 210 pp.

Arumberia usavensis is found on both upper and lower surfaces of sandstone beds as well as inside sandstones and siltstones. Arumberia beckeri and Arumberia ollii are morphologically distinct from A. banksi and are filamentous and ribbon-shaped compressed macrofossils which host authigenic clay minerals and are most likely unrelated to Arumberia.Kolesnikov, A.N. V, T.A. Danelian, M.A. Gommeaux, and A.N. V Maslov. 2017. Arumberiamorph structure in modern microbial mats : implications for Ediacaran palaeobiology.

Predicted structure of THOV glycoprotein (left) compared with GP64 of the baculovirus, Autographa californica multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (right) The virus particle is enveloped. It is generally spherical or ovoid, with a diameter in the range 80–120 nm. Some filamentous forms are observed in THOV, Batken and Bourbon viruses. The single-stranded, –RNA genome is linear and segmented, with six or seven segments of 0.9–2.3 kb and a total size of around 10 kb.

A paraxial rod also runs parallel to the axoneme of the single flagellum on one side, giving the flagella increased thickness, robustness, and strength. As mentioned earlier, these organisms also have glycosomes, which are specialized peroxisomes. Depending on the species examined, these glycosomes may take the form of two rows separated by filamentous fibres. Some isolates of the genus also have a contractile vacuole located at the anterior end, near the flagellar pocket.

High-resolution image of the edge of the pool detailing the orpiment and stibnite deposits. Although Champagne Pool is geochemically well characterised, few studies have addressed its role as a potential habitat for microbial life forms. H2 and either CO2 or O2 would be available as metabolic energy sources for autotrophic growth of methanogenic or hydrogen-oxidising microorganisms. Culture-independent methods provided evidence for filamentous, coccoid and rod-shaped cell morphologies in the hot spring.

The foot was also long, especially in the metatarsus. Like many other theropods of the Yixian Formation, Sinocalliopteryx was preserved with "protofeathers," simple filamentous integument (hairlike structures covering the skin), very similar to that found in Sinosauropteryx. The integument of Sinocalliopteryx differ in length across the body, with the longest protofeathers covering the hips, base of the tail, and back of the thighs. These longest protofeathers measured up to ten centimeters (4 in) in length.

Phytoplasmas are Mollicutes, which are bound by a triple-layered membrane, rather than a cell wall. The phytoplasma cell membranes studied to date usually contain a single immunodominant protein of unknown function that constitutes most of the protein in the membrane. A typical phytoplasma is pleiomorphic or filamentous in shape and is less than 1 μm in diameter. Like other prokaryotes, phytoplasmic DNA is distributed throughout the cytoplasm, instead of being concentrated in a nucleus.

To infect host tissue, the usual unicellular yeast-like form of C. albicans reacts to environmental cues and switches into an invasive, multicellular filamentous form, a phenomenon called dimorphism. In addition, an overgrowth infection is considered a superinfection, the term usually applied when an infection becomes opportunistic and very resistant to antifungals. It then becomes suppressible by antibiotics. The infection is prolonged when the original sensitive strain is replaced by the antibiotic-resistant strain.

Wet compost mixes IMO4 with oil cake, fish waste, bone meal and bean oil cake and water to reach 60% moisture level (damp enough that the material maintains its shape when squeezed by hand). The mixture produces hormones such as auxin (from yeast and filamentous fungus) gibberellins from red fungus and cytokines from germs and yeast. Dry compost ferments the same ingredients except water with commercial organic fertilizer for 7–14 days.

Aspiviridae, formerly Ophioviridae is a family of viruses characterized by an elongated and highly filamentous and flexible nucleocapsid with helical symmetry. It is a monotypic taxon containing only one genus, Ophiovirus. Aspiviridae is also the only family in the order Serpentovirales, which in turn is the only order in the class Milneviricetes. The name Aspiviridae derives from the Latin (snake or viper), referring to the shape, along with the suffix for a virus family -viridae.

Underground there are two to four (or exceptionally six), egg-shaped or ovate- oblong, hard tubers which are usually long and ¾–1½ cm (0.3–0.59 in) in diameter, slightly tapering towards the tip. They are pale brown and smooth with short transparent hairs on the outside. These tubers, as in many orchids, have an earthy musty smell, originating from the mycorrhiza. There are no thick filamentous secondary roots as in many other orchids.

Morania is a genus of cyanobacterium preserved as carbonaceous films in the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale. it is present throughout the shale; 2580 specimens of Morania are known from the Greater Phyllopod bed, where they comprise 4.90% of the community. It is filamentous, forms sheets, and resembles the modern cyanobacterium Nostoc. It would have had a role in binding the sediment, and would have been a food source for such organisms as Odontogriphus and Wiwaxia.

Corumbataia britskii is a species of armored catfish endemic to Brazil where it is found in small tributaries of the Sucuriú River, upper Paraná River Basin in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul. This species was found in deforested areas in moderate to fast current streams. It associates with aquatic macrophytes or the submerged portion of marginal vegetation. In its gut contents were found filamentous blue-green algae, chlorophytes, diatoms and bark.

The resultant white carbonate (aragonite) is the same mineral that makes up natural coral reefs. Corals rapidly colonize and grow at accelerated rates on these coated structures. The electrical currents also accelerate formation and growth of both chemical limestone rock and the skeletons of corals and other shell-bearing organisms, such as oysters. The vicinity of the anode and cathode provides a high-pH environment which inhibits the growth of competitive filamentous and fleshy algae.

There are abundant cheilocystidia (cystidia found on the edge of gills), with contents ranging in color from dingy yellow to hyaline in KOH. They measure 32–50 by 3-6 µm, and may be shaped somewhat like a spindle (tapered on each end) or a cylinder, or they may be flexuous (winding from side to side). The pleurocystidia (cystidia found on the gill face) are filamentous, 2.5–5 µm in diameter, and rare to scattered.

The genome of filamentous T. inflatum contains a 12-gene cluster associated with a repetitive element. Efrapeptins are mitochondrial and prokaryotic ATPase inhibitors that also have insecticidal and antifungal properties. Little is known about the role of these metabolites in the ecology of the fungus. In 2011, Linn and co-workers studied crude extracts of T. inflatum and found that the fungus produced six new secondary metabolites and four other chlamydosporol derivatives.

The surface of the cap (the pileipellis) is made of a layer of bent-over filamentous hyphae measuring 1.8–4.8 μm. These loosely arranged hyphae are slightly gelatinised, smooth, thin-walled, hyaline, inamyloid, and have clamp connections. The tissue layer directly under the pileipellis (the hypodermium) has cells containing brown pigment. The cap tissue consists of smooth, thin-walled, cylindrical to broadly cylindrical or ovoid cells, up to 37.0 μm in diameter, with clamp connections.

Bryopsis is a filamentous green alga that can forms dense tufts between 2 – 40 cm tall (Fong et al., 2019; Guiry, G, 2011). Organisms are single tubular cells that are siphonous, which is a term used to describe algae in which the thallus is not compartmentalized and typically contains a large vacuole surrounded by an outer later of protoplasm. The nuclei and chloroplasts reside in the thallus and line the cell wall.

Its natural habitat is in water with a 6.5-7.0 pH, a water hardness of up to 10 dGH, and a temperature range of 72-77 °F (22-25 °C). In Indonesia, a temperature range of 20.4 °C to 33.7 °C was recorded for this species. It is largely herbivorous, consuming aquatic macrophytes and submerged land plants, as well as filamentous algae and occasionally insects. It also feeds on small fishes, worms, and crustaceans.

Cable bacteria in between two layers of sediment split apart inside a glass cylinder. Diagram demonstrating cable bacteria metabolism in surface sediment. Hydrogen sulfide (HS) is oxidized in the sulfidic sediment layer, and the resulting electrons (e−) are conducted up through the cable bacteria filament to the oxic layer and used to reduce molecular oxygen (O). Cable bacteria are filamentous bacteria that conduct electricity across distances over 1 cm in sediment and groundwater aquifers.

Aspergillus unguis is a species of fungus in the genus Aspergillus, and the asexual state (anamorph) of Emericella unguis. Aspergillus unguis is a filamentous soil-borne fungus found on decomposing plant matter and other moist substrates including with building materials and household dust. Aspergillus unguis occurs mainly in tropical and subtropical soils but has also been isolated from various marine and aquatic habitats. The species was first isolated in 1935 by Weill and L. Gaudin.

Rutgers University Press. The filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa is a prominent model system for understanding the control and function of cytosine methylation. In this organism, DNA methylation is associated with relics of a genome defense system called RIP (repeat-induced point mutation) and silences gene expression by inhibiting transcription elongation. The yeast prion PSI is generated by a conformational change of a translation termination factor, which is then inherited by daughter cells.

As a genus, Chloroflexus spp. are filamentous anoxygenic phototrophic (FAP) organisms that utilize type II photosynthetic reaction centers containing bacteriochlorophyll a similar to the purple bacteria, and light-harvesting chlorosomes containing bacteriochlorophyll c similar to green sulfur bacteria of the Chlorobi. Like other members of its phylum (cf. Chloroflexi), the species stains Gram negative, yet has a single lipid layer (monoderm), but with thin peptidoglycan, which is compensated for by S-layer protein.

Spirogyra (common names include water silk, mermaid's tresses, and blanket weed) is a filamentous charophyte green algae of the order Zygnematales, named for the helical or spiral arrangement of the chloroplasts that is characteristic of the genus. It is commonly found in freshwater habitats, and there are more than 400 species of Spirogyra in the world. Spirogyra measures approximately 10 to 100 μm in width and may grow to several centimetres in length.

In addition to the mechanism described above, some antibiotics induce filamentation via the SOS response. During repair of DNA damage, the SOS response aids bacterial propagation by inhibiting cell division. DNA damage induces the SOS response in E.coli through the DpiBA two-component signal transduction system, leading to inactivation of the ftsl gene product, penicillin binding protein 3 (PBP-3). The ftsl gene is a group of filamentous temperature-sensitive genes implicated in cell division.

Drosanthemum micans is part of a group of similar Dosanthemum species, in subgenus "Speciosa". These nine species all have black filamentous staminodes in the centre of their flowers, they are all small, erect shrubs, and they all occur in the southern Cape, South Africa. Other species of Drosanthemum subgenus Speciosa include: Drosanthemum bellum, Drosanthemum boerhavii, Drosanthemum edwardsiae, Drosanthemum hallii, Drosanthemum lavisii, Drosanthemum pulchrum, Drosanthemum speciosum, and Drosanthemum uniondalense.Hartmann, H. & Roux, A.. (2011).

Adult males possess alar spines (on the dorsal surface of the pectoral fins near the tips). The tail is slightly longer than the disc, bearing a single median row of 23-29 thorns and two similar-sized dorsal fins near the end without an interdorsal thorn. The caudal fin is long and tapering, with a filamentous fold on its upper surface. Its teeth number 34 in the upper jaw and 23 in the lower.

Tropocollagen triple helix Scleroproteins or fibrous proteins is one of the three main classification of protein structure (alongside globular and membrane proteins). Scleroprotein are made up by elongated or fibrous polypeptide chains which form filamentous and sheet like structure. These kind of protein can be distinguished from globular protein by its low solubility in water. The roles of such proteins include protection and structural role by forming connective tissue, tendons, bone matrices, and muscle fiber.

One of the first technical records concerning carbon nanofibers is probably a patent dated 1889 on synthesis of filamentous carbon by Hughes and Chambers.Hughes, T. V. and Chambers, C. R. (1889) "Manufacture of Carbon Filaments", . They utilized a methane/hydrogen gaseous mixture and grew carbon filaments through gas pyrolysis and subsequent carbon deposition and filament growth. The true appreciation of these fibers, however, came much later when their structure could be analyzed by electron microscopy.

Oedogonium is a genus of filamentous, free-living green algae, first discovered in the fresh waters of Poland 1860 by W. Hilse and later named by German scientist K. E. Hirn. The morphology of Oedogonium is unique, with an interior and exterior that function very differently from one another and change throughout its life cycle. These protists reside in freshwater ecosystems in both hemispheres and are both benthic and planktonic in nature. Mrozińska T. 1958.

Pepper mottle virus (PepMoV) is a plant pathogenic virus in the genus Potyvirus and the virus family Potyviridae. Like other members of the Potyvirus genus, PepMV is a monopartite strand of positive-sense, single- stranded RNA surrounded by a capsid made for a single viral encoded protein. The virus is a filamentous particle that measures about 737 nm in length. Isolates of this virus has been completely sequenced and its RNA is 9640 nucleotides long.

In some reported examples of Jiuqu microbiology, potentially harmful strains of mold were encountered such as Aspergillus flavus and Rhizopus microsporus, but it is uncertain if they were identified correctly or if the strains encountered were in fact capable of toxin production.Lv, Xu-Cong, et al. "Identification and characterization of filamentous fungi isolated from fermentation starters for Hong Qu glutinous rice wine brewing." The Journal of general and applied microbiology 58.1 (2011): 33–42.

Therefore, it is responsible for CRL deneddylation – at the same time, it is able to bind deneddylated cullin-RING complex and retain them in deactivated form. COP9 signalosome thus serves as a sole deactivator of CRLs. RIP1/RIP3 Necrosome: A signalling complex involved in necrotic cell death. Inflammasomes: The AIM2 and NLRP3 inflammasomes are filamentous assemblies that elicit host defense inside cells by activating caspase-1 for cytokine maturation and cell death.

Nostoc punctiforme is a species of filamentous cyanobacterium. Under non- limiting nutritional environmental conditions, its filaments are composed of photosynthetic vegetative cells; upon nutrient limitation, some of these cells undergo differentiation into heterocysts, akinetes or hormogonia. N. punctiforme is one of the Nostoc strains able to maintain diazotrophic symbiosis with higher plants such as the bryophytes Anthocerus punctatus and Blasia pusilla, water ferns from the genus Azolla, the cycads Macrozamia spp., and the angiosperm Gunnera.

F-Tractin is a cellular probe for filamentous actin. It consists of a portion of the amino terminal actin binding region of the rat protein ITPKA, usually fused to a reporter such as green fluorescent protein. Initial studies determined that amino acids 9-52 from the rat ITPKA were useful as a live-cell reporter for actin filaments. Later studies determined that amino acids 9-40 were sufficient for F-actin binding.

Bordetella pertussis is a Gram-negative, aerobic, pathogenic, encapsulated coccobacillus of the genus Bordetella, and the causative agent of pertussis or whooping cough. Like B. bronchiseptica, B. pertussis is motile and expresses a flagellum-like structure. Its virulence factors include pertussis toxin, adenylate cyclase toxin, filamentous hæmagglutinin, pertactin, fimbria, and tracheal cytotoxin. The bacterium is spread by airborne droplets; its incubation period is 7–10 days on average (range 6–20 days).

Anabaena variabilis is a phylogenic-cousin of the more well-known species Nostoc spirrilum. Both of these species along with many other cyanobacteria are known to form symbiotic relationships with plants. Other cyanobacteria are known to form symbiotic relationships with diatoms, though no such relationship has been observed with Anabaena variabilis. Anabaena variabilis is also a model organism for studying the beginnings of multicellular life due to its filamentous characterization and cellular-differentiation capabilities.

These two genera share features with Sturisoma such as similar body depth at the dorsal fin origin, the presence of filamentous extensions on caudal fin spines, and complete abdominal plate cover that extends to the lower lip margin. The sexes of P. microps can be distinguished by the width of a naked trapezoidal area framed by four bony plates in the genital region; this area appeared broader in females, and longer and narrower in males.

The protein forms frequent links between the heads and tails of the keratin chains and, thus, participates in keratin intermediate filaments (KIF) inter-filamentous cross-linking. It also carries a function of a major reinforcement cross- bridging protein for the cell envelope (CE) barrier structure of the IRS and participates in coordination of CE structure. Overall, trichohyalin confers mechanical strength to the hair follicle inner root sheath and to other toughened epithelial tissues.

Triceratops), armored dinosaurs (Thyreophora) such as stegosaurs and ankylosaurs, pachycephalosaurs and the ornithopods. There is strong evidence that certain groups of ornithischians lived in herds, often segregated by age group, with juveniles forming their own flocks separate from adults. Some were at least partially covered in filamentous (hair- or feather- like) pelts, and there is much debate over whether these filaments found in specimens of Tianyulong, Psittacosaurus, and Kulindadromeus may have been primitive feathers.

Woronin bodies (arrows) immobilized on the cortex of Sordaria fimicola cells as protoplasm streams by. A Woronin body (named after the Russian botanist Mikhail Stepanovich Woronin ) is a peroxisome-derived, dense core microbody with a unit membrane found near the septae that divide hyphal compartments in filamentous Ascomycota. One established function of Woronin bodies is the plugging of the septal pores after hyphal wounding, which restricts the loss of cytoplasm to the sites of injury.

The Oedogoniales are an order of filamentous freshwater green algae of the class Chlorophyceae. The order is well-defined and has several unique features, including asexual reproduction with zoospores that possess stephanokont flagella: numerous short flagella arranged in a subapical whorl. The oedogoniales have a highly specialized type of oogamy, and an elaborate method of cell division which results in the accumulation of apical caps. The order comprises one family, Oedogoniaceae, with three genera.

Parore are found in shallow coastal and estuarine waters where the frequently congregate in large schools in the vicinity of rocky outcrops and jetties. The small juveniles use seagrass beds to hide from predators. This species is an omnivore which use their small sharp, incisor-like teeth for grazing on seaweed, especially the filamentous green algae Enteromorpha intestinalis and sea cabbage. They also a band of crushing teeth which are used to grind algae.

E. culicivora belongs to the jumping spider genus Evarcha, a relatively large genus comprised of 89 nominal species. Evarcha is widespread, ranging from the Palaearctic, Africa and southern Asia to the middle Pacific area, with a few species from America and Australia. Within the genus, species are polyphyletic as the species have very different morphology of genital organs. For example, the embolus ranges from short, strong and compact to long and filamentous, etc.

Microtubules are composed of two globular protein subunits, α- and β-tubulin. These two subunits combine to form an α,β-heterodimer which then assembles in a filamentous tube-shaped structure. The tubulin hetero- dimers arrange themselves in a head to tail manner with the α-subunit of one dimer coming in contact with the β-subunit of the other. This arrangement results in the formation of long protein fibres called protofilaments.

Oxygenic photogranules from a SBR reactor. Oxygenic photogranules (OPGs) are a type of biological aggregate with an approximately spherical form, typically from a millimeter to a centimeter scale. OPGs are characterized by the cloth- like layer of phototrophic organisms, predominantly filamentous cyanobacteria of the order Oscillatoriales. Oxygen production by these phototrophs through photosynthesis is typically coupled to oxygen consumption of heterotrophic biomass, releasing CO2 that is presumably utilised in a syntrophic relationship by autotrophic phototrophs.

This gene encodes a scaffolding molecule that regulates the actin cytoskeleton. The protein directly interacts with filamentous actin and a variety of cell membrane proteins through multiple actin binding sites, SH3 domains, and a proline-rich region containing binding sites for SH3 domains. The cytoplasmic protein localizes to membrane ruffles, lipid rafts, and the leading edges of cells. It is implicated in dynamic actin remodeling and membrane trafficking that occurs during receptor endocytosis and cytokinesis.

Large vacuoles are found in three genera of filamentous sulfur bacteria, the Thioploca, Beggiatoa and Thiomargarita. The cytosol is extremely reduced in these genera and the vacuole can occupy between 40–98% of the cell. The vacuole contains high concentrations of nitrate ions and is therefore thought to be a storage organelle. Gas vesicles, also known as gas vacuoles, are nanocompartments which are freely permeable to gas, and are present in some species of Cyanobacteria.

Hoover's team used Environmental (ESEM) and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) to analyze the meteorite samples, studying internal surfaces. Hoover also produced electron micrographs which he believes resemble the shape of trichomic cyanobacteria and other trichomic prokaryotes such as the filamentous sulfur bacteria. For comparison, Hoover compared the samples to those of terrestrial minerals and biological materials. Hoover concludes from these results that the CI1 fossils are indigenous to the samples.

Paracoccidioidomycosis is caused by two species of fungi that can exist as a mold or yeast depending on temperature, P. brasiliensis and P. lutzii. In protected soil environments, near water sources, that are disturbed either naturally or by human activity, P. brasiliensis has been epidemiologically observed (although not isolated). A known animal carrier is the armadillo. In the natural environment, the fungi are found as filamentous structures, and they develop infectious spores known as conidia.

Phialemonium obovatum is a saprotrophic filamentous fungus able to cause opportunistic infections in humans with weakened immune systems. P. obovatum is widespread throughout the environment, occurring commonly in sewage, soil, air and water. Walter Gams and Michael McGinnis described the genus Phialemonium to accommodate species intermediate between the genera Acremonium and Phialophora. Currently, three species of Phialemonium are recognized of which P. obovatum is the only one to produce greenish colonies and obovate conidia.

Pioneering A. thaliana studies have used its natural filamentous pathogen Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis, the model plant-pathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas syringae, and many other microbes. Development of a genetic map based on visible and molecular genetic markers facilitated map-based cloning of mutant loci from classical "forward genetic" screens. Growing amounts of DNA sequence data facilitated development and application of such molecular markers. Descriptions of the first successful map-based cloning projects were published in 1992.

Ludong is herbivorous, eating only the filamentous algae that live on rocks and boulders in and near river rapids. A mature fish weighs from 0.25 kg to 2 kg and costs P4,000- P5,000 a kilo, making it the most expensive fish in the country. It commands a very high price in the market because it is seasonal and difficult to catch. This fish is known for its unique taste and peculiar aroma when cooked.

Drosanthemum lavisii is part of a group of similar Dosanthemum species, in subgenus "Speciosa". These nine species all have black filamentous staminodes in the centre of their flowers, they are all small, erect shrubs, and they all occur in the southern Cape, South Africa. Other species of Drosanthemum subgenus Speciosa include: Drosanthemum bellum, Drosanthemum boerhavii, Drosanthemum edwardsiae, Drosanthemum hallii, Drosanthemum micans, Drosanthemum pulchrum, Drosanthemum speciosum, and Drosanthemum uniondalense.Vlok, J. and Schutte-Vlok, A.L. (2010).

In the Gulf of Maine, the impact of this species appears minimal as the habitat is presumably saturated with food, and the species is ultimately self-limited by species competition.Byrnes, J.E. and Witman, J.D. 2003. Impact assessment of an invasive flatworm, Convoluta convoluta, in the Southern Gulf of Maine. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 203: 173–191 It also appears limited to wave-protected habitats, where it prefers filamentous algae.

Bean yellow mosaic virus is a plant pathogenic virus in the genus Potyvirus and the virus family Potyviridae. Like other members of the Potyvirus genus, it is a monopartite strand of positive-sense, single-stranded RNA surrounded by a capsid made for a single viral encoded protein. The virus is a filamentous particle that measures about 750 nm in length. This virus is transmitted by species of aphids and by mechanical inoculation.

Cyanobacteria are a large group of photosynthetic bacterioplankton, often growing as cells or in filamentous colonies. These organisms are the dominant group of bacterioplankton using oxygenic photosynthesis in aquatic ecosystems. Cyanobacteria, along with photosynthetic eukaryotes, are responsible for approximately half of the total global primary production making them key players in the food web. They use photosynthesis to generate energy in the form of organic compounds and produce oxygen as a byproduct.

Balabanova, L.; Slepchenko, L.; Son, O.; Tekutyeva, L. Biotechnology potential of marine fungi degrading plant and algae polymeric substrates. Front. Microbiol. 2018, 9, 15–27. The most commonly described fungi associated with algae belong to the Ascomycota and are represented by a wide diversity of genera such as Acremonium, Alternaria, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Phoma, Penicillium, Trichoderma, Emericellopsis, Retrosium, Spathulospora, Pontogenia and Sigmoidea.Kohlmeyer, J.; Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, B. Illustrated key to the filamentous higher marine fungi. Bot. Mar. 1991, 34, 1–61.

Some marine fungi which have ventured into the sea from terrestrial habitats include species that burrow into sand grains, living in the pores. Others live inside stony corals, and may become pathogenic if the coral is stressed by rising sea temperatures. In 2011 the phylogeny of marine fungi was elucidated by analysis of their small subunit ribosomal DNA sequences. Thirty six new marine lineages were found, the majority of which were chytrids but also some filamentous and multicellular fungi.

Chlorurus microrhinos can be found in many different habitats, including lagoon, inshore reefs and ocean reef fronts, from 2 to 50 m. At Guam, large individuals are seldom seen in shallow water This species occurs schools which forage over lagoons and seaward reefs which are rich in algae growth. The graze on filamentous algae. This large species of parrotfish has an important ecological role in coral reefs because as they graze they excavate the coral to feed on algae.

Tobacco etch virus (TEV) is a plant pathogenic virus in the genus Potyvirus and the virus family Potyviridae. Like other members of the Potyvirus genus, TEV is a monopartite strand of positive-sense, single-stranded RNA surrounded by a capsid made from a single viral encoded protein. The virus is a filamentous particle that measures about 730 nm in length. It is transmissible in a non-persistent manner by more than 10 species of aphids including Myzus persicae.

Tradescantia mosaic virus (TZV) is a plant pathogenic virus in the genus Potyvirus and the virus family Potyviridae. Like other members of the Potyvirus genus, TZV is a monopartite strand of positive-sense, single- stranded RNA surrounded by a capsid made for a single viral encoded protein. The virus is a filamentous particle that measures about 754 nanometers in length. This virus is transmitted by two species of aphids, Myzus persicae and Rhapalosiphum padi and by mechanical inoculation.

Myloplus is a genus of freshwater fish in the family Serrasalmidae found in tropical and subtropical South America, where they inhabit rivers and streams (both slow and fast-flowing). They are primarily herbivores, but also take some animal matter. Depending on the exact species, they reach up to in standard length. Adult males have a double-lobed anal fin and filamentous extensions on the dorsal fin, and both sexes (but especially males) can be brightly colored when breeding.

The top 1 mm of the green layer is often gold due to the dominant cyanobacteria and diatom species. Specific cyanobacteria identified are Lyngbya, a sheeted cyanobacterium, and Nostoc and Phormidium, which are filamentous cyanobacteria, and Spirulina spp. Diatom species identified include Navicula. Below this top gold layer extends 5 mm and is dominated by Lyngbya and Oscillatoria species The green layer is also composed of green sulfur bacteria which oxidize sulfur during their growth and are strict photolithotrophs.

Stegastes punctatus, commonly known as the blunt snout gregory, is a damselfish of the family Pomacentridae. It is native to the Indo-Pacific region where it is found at depths down to . Its range extends from the East African coast and the Red Sea to the Line Islands, the Society Islands, the Ryukyu Islands, the Bonin Islands, New Caledonia, Tonga and Micronesia. It is a very territorial species and drives other fish away from its "garden" of filamentous algae.

Frontonia is a genus of free-living unicellular ciliate protists, belonging to the order Peniculida. As Peniculids, the Frontonia are closely related to members of the genus Paramecium. However, whereas Paramecia are mainly bacterivores, Frontonia are capable of ingesting large prey such as diatoms, filamentous algae, testate amoebas,Dias, Roberto and D'Agosto, Marta. 2006. "Feeding Behavior of Frontonia leucas (Ehrenberg)." Revista Brasiliera de Zoologia 23 (3): 758-763 and even, in some circumstances, members of their own species.

The cyanobacterium Hyella caespitosa with fungal hyphae in the lichen Pyrenocollema halodytes A lichen consists of a simple photosynthesizing organism, usually a green alga or cyanobacterium, surrounded by filaments of a fungus. Generally, most of a lichen's bulk is made of interwoven fungal filaments,Lichens: More on Morphology, University of California Museum of Paleontology, although in filamentous and gelatinous lichens this is not the case. The fungus is called a mycobiont. The photosynthesizing organism is called a photobiont.

Accurately managing the synthesis of the desired metabolites requires regulating temperature, soluble oxygen, ionic strength and pH and control nutrients. Applying this growing technique to filamentous fungi leads to difficulties. The fungus develops in its vegetative form, generating hyphae or multicellular ramous filaments, while a septum separates the cells. As this mycelium develops in a liquid environment, it generates abundant viscosity in the growing medium, reducing oxygen solubility, while stirring disrupts the cell network increasing cell mortality.

Jianchangosaurus is another primitive therizinosaur taxon known from the same formation that was found with impressions of a series of filamentous and unbranched feathers in its holotype specimen. Only the distal ends of the feather impressions are visible and based on their morphology the feathers are considered to be EBFFs, bearing resemblance to those found along the specimens of Beipiaosaurus. These findings suggest that they might have been used for visual display and were common among early therizinosaurs.

There is a record of a hermaphroditic specimen with an ovary on its right side and a testis on its left. Early in development, the embryos are sexually undifferentiated, unpigmented, and possess filamentous external gills; the external yolk sac in this stage weighs . Recognizable sex organs develop by an embryonic length of , and tissue differentiation is complete by a length of . Body pigmentation appears when the embryo is long; the external gills regress at around the same time.

Anabaena circinalis exhibits a filamentous morphology, each filament a string of task-specific cells. The appearance of cell differentiation was a great evolutionary leap; marking cyanobacteria as one of the first multicellular organisms on Earth. On the A. circinalis filament, the most numerous structures are vegetative cells, responsible for the photosynthesis of high- energy sugars from environmental carbon, water, and sunlight. The energy from photosynthesis is used, in part, for the biosynthesis of cellular materials from nitrogenous compounds.

The toxin is secreted by the Type I secretion system, which spans both membranes and periplasm space, allowing the toxin to be secreted from the cytoplasm straight outside the cell. A large proportion of the toxin remains associated with the bacterium exterior proteins, mainly filamentous haemagglutinin, but these toxin molecules are not active. Besides attachment to bacterial proteins, aggregation also inactivates the toxin. This quick inactivation highlights the necessity of close contact between secreting bacterium and target cell.

However, 16S rRNA-based phylogeny revealed the Arthromitus filaments, first observed by Leidy in arthropod guts, to belong to a group within the Lachnospiraceae, making them quite distant from previously observed filamentous organisms from vertebrate guts. These isomorphic bacteria from vertebrates were hence moved to a new division designated Candidatus Savagella. A poorly designed set of experiments aimed at isolating Arthromitus from termite guts led to the conclusion that Arthromitus is in fact a growth stage of Bacillus cereus.

The most successful avemetatarsalian subgroups, pterosaurs and dinosaurs, may have evolved as a result of this abrupt size reduction. Miniaturization has been correlated with the evolution of flight (a defining feature of pterosaurs) and the acquisition of bipedalism (which was utilized by many dinosaurs). It would also lead to poor heat retention, encouraging the evolution of feathers or other filamentous structures. Although Kongonaphon is clearly an ornithodiran, there is uncertainty whether it was closer to pterosaurs or dinosaurs.

Plant representations generated using an L-system in 3D. Lindenmayer worked with yeast and filamentous fungi and studied the growth patterns of various types of algae, such as the blue/green bacteria Anabaena catenula. Originally the L-systems were devised to provide a formal description of the development of such simple multicellular organisms, and to illustrate the neighbourhood relationships between plant cells. Later on, this system was extended to describe higher plants and complex branching structures.

In 1909, he was made head of the department of physiology at the Carlsberg Laboratory, a post he held until his early death. Schmidt worked in parallel on phycology, where he described the genus Richelia (filamentous heterocyst- forming Cyanobacteria dwelling inside diatoms), on plant physiology and genetics, especially of hops, and on large-scale oceanography and ichthyology. Beginning in 1904, Johannes Schmidt led a series of expeditions into the Mediterranean Sea and the North Atlantic to investigate eels.

Dikarya is a subkingdom of Fungi that includes the divisions Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, both of which in general produce dikaryons, may be filamentous or unicellular, but are always without flagella. The Dikarya are most of the so-called "higher fungi", but also include many anamorphic species that would have been classified as molds in historical literature. Phylogenetically the two divisions regularly group together. In a 1998 publication, Thomas Cavalier-Smith referred to this group as the Neomycota.

It is not known with certainty at what point in archosaur phylogeny the earliest simple "protofeathers" arose, or whether they arose once or independently multiple times. Filamentous structures are clearly present in pterosaurs, and long, hollow quills have been reported in specimens of the ornithischian dinosaurs Psittacosaurus and Tianyulong. In 2009, Xu et al. noted that the hollow, unbranched, stiff integumentary structures found on a specimen of Beipiaosaurus were strikingly similar to the integumentary structures of Psittacosaurus and pterosaurs.

One strand of the mass was estimated to be 12 to 15 miles long. It was frequently described by those who saw it as 'hairy' or 'stringy', with scientific analysis explaining it as a type of filamentous alga. It was also reported to have a distinct odor. Though toxicity tests on the organism have yet to be conducted, concern is minimal as the area is not host to commercial seafood production, though locals do fish and hunt there.

Hematite preservation is a less common taphonomic mode, but is occasionally found at the interface between black stromatolitic cherts and red jasper. In this preservational method, hematite filaments <1μm in diameter encase (and occasionally replace) filamentous fossils, and are often outlined by carbonaceous films and pyrite grains. As a result of the remarkable preservation of microorganisms given the taphonomic modes described above, the Gunflint Chert is sometimes described as the first Precambrian lagerstätte, or exceptionally preserved fossil assemblage.

Increased understanding of mice will thus facilitate many areas of research. The WICGR has also sequenced the genomes of Ciona savignyi (sea squirt), the pufferfish, the filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa, and multiple relatives of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, one of the most studied yeasts. The Ciona savignyi genome provides a good system for exploring the evolutionary origins of all vertebrates. Pufferfish have smaller-sized genomes compared to other vertebrates; as a result, their genomes are "mini" models for vertebrates.

Raffaelea is a genus of ambrosia fungi in the family Ophiostomataceae. It was cirumscribed by mycologists Josef Adolph von Arx and Grégoire L. Hennebert in 1965 with Raffaelea ambrosiae as the type species. Laurel wilt is a disease of redbay (Persea borbonia) caused by Raffaelea lauricola. This fungus, harbored in the mycangium of the redbay ambrosia beetle Xyleborus glabratus, is in the form of a budding yeast in the mycangium and a filamentous fungus in galleries of the beetle.

Building where the Culture Collection University of Gothenburg (CCUG) is located. Culture Collection University of Gothenburg (CCUG) is a Swedish microbial culture repository located in Gothenburg (Sweden) established by Enevold Falsen in 1968 and affiliated with the University of Gothenburg. The current curator is Prof. Dr. Edward R. B. Moore and it maintains bacterial, filamentous fungal and yeasts cultures, but it does not hold extremophiles and does not dispatch the most hazardous organisms classified in biosafety level 3.

Feather impressions The impressions of a series of wide and unbranched feathers were discovered with the fossils. Only the distal ends of the feather impressions are visible. Based on their morphology the feathers are considered primitive and bear resemblance to those found along the neck of Beipiaosaurus, which were collected in the same formation. The authors noted that the "presence of elongated broad filamentous feathers (EBFF) suggests that they might have been used for visual display".

Stress fibers are primarily composed of actin and myosin. Actin is a ~43kDa globular protein, and can polymerize to form long filamentous structures. These filaments are made of two strands of actin monomers (or protofilaments) wrapping around each other, to create a single actin filament. Because actin monomers are not symmetrical molecules, their filaments have polarity based upon the structure of the actin monomer, which will allow one end of the actin filament to polymerize faster than the other.

The increasing number of human visitors and also manatees has increased the environmental load on the spring's ecosystem. Both humans and manatees are creating water pollution, and as a result, more filamentous algae grow in the spring area. Another environmental problem is the decrease in the natural water supply to the spring due to the groundwater pumping in the nearby cities. As a result, the output of Volusia Blue Spring has fallen over the last decades.

'Weeds', generated using an L-system in 3D. As a biologist, Lindenmayer worked with yeast and filamentous fungi and studied the growth patterns of various types of bacteria, such as the cyanobacteria Anabaena catenula. Originally the L-systems were devised to provide a formal description of the development of such simple multicellular organisms, and to illustrate the neighbourhood relationships between plant cells. Later on, this system was extended to describe higher plants and complex branching structures.

Together MAGI/S-SCAM, α-actinin, and dendrin form a tertiary complex at postsynaptic neural sites. This trio of proteins helps to connect a dense filamentous lattice (postsynaptic density or PSD) to the cytoskeleton of the spine and is also linked to synaptic plasticity and memory formation. Additionally, the protein binds to nephrin and CD2AP within the kidneys, where can help with intracellular signaling pathways. In conjunction with the slit diaphragm, dendrin helps to prevent urinary protein loss.

Torula herbarum is a darkly-pigmented filamentous fungus in the phylum Ascomycota. It is often included in the unrelated but morphologically similar group of fungi known as sooty molds. It was first described by Persoon in the genus Monilinia based on similarity to the agent of brown rot of stone fruit but later transferred to the genus Torula by Link. Conidia of T. herbarum are dark brown or olivaceous colour and have a distinctive shape and number of cells.

Commelina mosaic virus (CoMV) is a plant pathogenic virus in the genus Potyvirus and the virus family Potyviridae. Like other members of the Potyvirus genus, CoMV is a monopartite strand of positive-sense, single- stranded RNA surrounded by a capsid made for a single viral encoded protein. The virus is a filamentous particle that measures about 707-808 nm in length. This virus is transmitted by two species of aphids, Myzus persicae and Aphis gossypii, and by mechanical inoculation.

Anabaena spiroides Anabaena is a genus of filamentous cyanobacteria that exist as plankton. They are known for nitrogen-fixing abilities, and they form symbiotic relationships with certain plants, such as the mosquito fern. They are one of four genera of cyanobacteria that produce neurotoxins, which are harmful to local wildlife, as well as farm animals and pets. Production of these neurotoxins is assumed to be an input into its symbiotic relationships, protecting the plant from grazing pressure.

Rhizopus oryzae is a filamentous heterothallic microfungus that occurs as a saprotroph in soil, dung, and rotting vegetation. This species is very similar to Rhizopus stolonifer, but it can be distinguished by its smaller sporangia and air-dispersed sporangiospores. It differs from R. oligosporus and R. microsporus by its larger columellae and sporangiospores. R. oryzae is used economically in the production of the enzymes, glucoamylase and lipase, in the synthesis of organic acids, and in various fermented foods.

It is also one of the most osmotolerant fungi in its genus, being capable of developing at a sucrose concentration of 60%, allowing it to grow in very sweet syrups and foodstuffs. The fungus itself is filamentous and thin-walled. and has many features in common with other species in its genus, namely its conidial heads, which radiate to somewhat columnar and are round or elliptical. These conidial heads are typically sized between 5 and 6.5 μm.

Zygnema is a genus of freshwater filamentous thalloid alga comprising about 100 species. A terrestrial species, Z. terrestre, is known from India. Zygnema grows as a free-floating mass of filaments, although young plants may be found anchored to streambeds with a holdfast. The filaments form a yellow-green to bright green colored tangled mat, and are composed of elongate barrel-shaped cells, each with two star-shaped (stellate) chloroplasts arrayed along the axis of the cell.

Tilapia have been used as biological controls for certain aquatic plant problems. They have a preference for a floating aquatic plant, duckweed (Lemna sp.) but also consume some filamentous algae. In Kenya, tilapia were introduced to control mosquitoes, which were causing malaria, because they consume mosquito larvae, consequently reducing the numbers of adult female mosquitoes, the vector of the disease. These benefits are, however, frequently outweighed by the negative aspects of tilapia as an invasive species.

Phycomyces can reproduce via extension of mycelia, or by production of spores either asexually or sexually. The asexual cycle includes the formation of spore containing sporangia borne on the top of sporangiophores that may extend 10 to 15 cm above the surface of the fungal colony from which they emerged. The long filamentous sporangiophores respond to divergent environmental signals including light, gravity, wind, chemicals and adjacent objects. The sporangia contain vegetative spores with one to six haploid nuclei.

Nostoc with hormogonia Hormogonia are motile filaments of cells formed by some cyanobacteria in the order Nostocales and Stigonematales. They are formed during vegetative reproduction in unicellular, filamentous cyanobacteria, and some may contain heterocysts and akinetes. Cyanobacteria differentiate into hormogonia when exposed to an environmental stress or when placed in new media. Hormogonium differentiation is crucial for the development of nitrogen- fixing plant cyanobacteria symbioses, in particular that between cyanobacteria of the genus Nostoc and their hosts.

They can exert large penetrative mechanical forces; for example, many plant pathogens, including Magnaporthe grisea, form a structure called an appressorium that evolved to puncture plant tissues. The pressure generated by the appressorium, directed against the plant epidermis, can exceed . The filamentous fungus Paecilomyces lilacinus uses a similar structure to penetrate the eggs of nematodes. The mechanical pressure exerted by the appressorium is generated from physiological processes that increase intracellular turgor by producing osmolytes such as glycerol.

The proposed role of the eyespots is to deflect predators' attention. Their resemblance to eyes provokes the predator's instinct to attack these wing patterns. The role of filamentous tails in Lycaenidae has been suggested as confusing predators as to the real location of the head, giving them a better chance of escaping alive and relatively unscathed. Some caterpillars, especially members of Papilionidae, contain an osmeterium, a Y-shaped protrusible gland found in the prothoracic segment of the larvae.

The amount of fluorescence visualized can be used as a quantitative measure of the amount of filamentous actin there is in cells if saturating quantities of fluorescent phalloidin are used. Consequently, immunofluorescence microscopy along with microinjection of phalloidin can be used to evaluate the direct and indirect functions of cytoplasmic actin in its different stages of polymer formation. Therefore, fluorescent phalloidin can be used as an important tool in the study of actin networks at high resolution.

Most foliage is shed in December, at the start of the dry season. In late February, a growth surge is initiated that re-establishes a fresh, thick crown by April. Concurrent with the leaves' renewal is the appearance of globular inflorescences (3 cm) in the axils of the new leaves. Supported by a long pedestal (4 cm), each spherical white head – composed of about fifty individual flowers – sports thousands of thin, filamentous stamens as its major feature.

In nature, P. digitatum adopts a filamentous vegetative growth form, producing narrow, septate hyphae. The hyphal cells are haploid, although individual hyphal compartments may contain many genetically identical nuclei. During the reproductive stages of its life cycle, P. digitatum reproduces asexually via the production of asexual spores or conidia. Conidia are borne on a stalk called a conidiophore that can emerge either from a piece of aerial hyphae or from a soil-embedded network of hyphae.

The length of the rod shaped bacteria is dependent on the pH as well; the cells elongate as the pH rises. In their rod shape, they also often form chains that are bent in nature. The original paper describes them as "zigzaggy" in shape. In response to the stress put on the cell at a pH of 8 or above, the cells display pleiomorphism, or abnormal, filamentous growth, and they produce a slimy substance for protection.

Florideophyceae, demoted to subclass Florideae in some classification systems, is a class of red algae, estimated to make up about 95% of all known red algae species. It is sometimes merged with the Bangiophyceae into the Rhodophyceae, leaving the subclass Florideae in use. They were once thought to be the only algae to bear pit connections, but these have since been found in the filamentous stage of the Bangiaceae. "Florideophyceae" is still used by some authorities.

The Kimberley grunter (Syncomistes kimberleyensis) is a species of fish in the family Terapontidae. It is endemic to Australia, where it lives in the coastal rivers of northern Western Australia. It is known from the Durack, Pentecost, and Bow Rivers of the Kimberley Region. It is a herbivorous fish which feeds in filamentous algae and they are found in rocky pools and on the edges of watercourses where there is aquatic vegetation over sandy and rocky substrates.

Clover yellow vein virus (ClYVV) is a plant pathogenic virus in the genus Potyvirus and the virus family Potyviridae. Like other members of the Potyvirus genus, ClYVV is a monopartite strand of positive-sense, single- stranded RNA surrounded by a capsid made for a single viral encoded protein. The virus is a filamentous particle that measures about 760 nm in length. This virus is transmitted by several species of aphids in a nonpersistent manner and by mechanical inoculation.

The Dalhousie hardyhead (Craterocephalus dalhousiensis) is a species of silverside in the family Atherinidae. It is endemic to the warm waters of Dalhousie Springs in the Lake Eyre basin, Australia, along with the similar Craterocephalus gloveri. It inhabits shady areas in tropical freshwater streams at 20-39 °C, but has been recorded at 41.8 °C. Its food consists of gastropods, aquatic plants, green filamentous algae, detritus and small invertebrates; food is mainly taken from the substrate.

The colouration includes a reddish and light banded tail. Some contention has arisen with an alternative interpretation of the filamentous impression as remains of collagen fibres, but this has not been widely accepted. Sinosauropteryx was a small theropod with an unusually long tail and short arms. The longest known specimen reaches up to in length, with an estimated weight of It was a close relative of the similar but older genus Compsognathus, both genera belonging to the family Compsognathidae.

The structure of LLOV virions has not yet been described. Like all other filoviruses, LLOV virions are expected to be filamentous particles that may appear in the shape of a shepherd's crook or in the shape of a "U" or a "6", and they may be coiled, toroid, or branched. Their diameter is expected to be 80 nm in width, but vary in length. The LLOV genome suggests that LLOV particles consist of seven structural proteins.

They contain the highest amount of DNA. The two broad-leaved groups are also distinguished by the absence of filamentous appendages and glabrous pedicels, although two of the species have hairs on the pedicels, but these are minute or sparse. The first group (the evergreens) can then be considered to have three subgroups corresponding to DNA groups A, B and C but also by other characteristics. N. marincowitzii is an outlier being summer growing but narrow-leafed.

NIIs are not exclusive to DRPLA; they have been found in a variety of neurodegenerative disorders. In DRPLA, NIIs have been demonstrated in both neurons and glial cells in the striatum, pontine nuclei, inferior olive, cerebellar cortex and dentate nucleus, though the incidence of neurons with NIIs is low, roughly 1-3%. In DRPLA, the NIIs are spherical, eosinophilic structures of various sizes. They are non- membrane-bound and are composed of both granular and filamentous structures.

The majority of dinosaurs known to have had feathers or protofeathers are theropods, however featherlike "filamentous integumentary structures" are also known from the ornithischian dinosaurs Tianyulong and Psittacosaurus. The exact nature of these structures is still under study. However, it is believed that the stage-1 feathers (see Evolutionary stages section below) such as those seen in these two ornithischians likely functioned in display. In 2014, the ornithischian Kulindadromeus was reported as having structures resembling stage-3 feathers.

The green algae are a large group of photosynthetic eukaryotes that include many microscopic organisms. Although some green algae are classified as protists, others such as charophyta are classified with embryophyte plants, which are the most familiar group of land plants. Algae can grow as single cells, or in long chains of cells. The green algae include unicellular and colonial flagellates, usually but not always with two flagella per cell, as well as various colonial, coccoid, and filamentous forms.

Fossils of Drydenia consist of an elliptical blade attached to a branching filamentous holdfast, not unlike some species of Laminaria, Porphyra, or Gigartina. The single known specimen of Hungerfordia branches dichotomously into lobes and resembles genera like Chondrus and Fucus or Dictyota. The earliest known fossils that can be assigned reliably to the Phaeophyceae come from Miocene diatomite deposits of the Monterey Formation in California. Several soft-bodied brown macroalgae, such as Julescraneia, have been found.

In Corallina and Bossiella, In the coralline Bossiella, the conceptacle instead forms in the outer layer. A thickening forms, which separates the outer epithallium from the underlying cortex; this thickening and the overlying epithallium will end up being the cap of the conceptacle, and the underlying cells will develop to become reproductive initials. Once the cap is formed, the filamentous cells underneath begin to degrade. The tissue around the edge of the cap grows more quickly.

To create benzene for liquid scintillation counters, the sequence begins with combustion to convert the carbon in the sample to . This is then converted to lithium carbide, and then to acetylene, and finally to benzene. Targets for accelerator mass spectrometry are created from by catalysing the reduction of the gas in the presence of hydrogen. This results in a coating of filamentous carbon (usually referred to as graphite) on the powdered catalyst--typically cobalt or iron.

An outbreak of a gastrointestinal illness in Spain which was causing mortalities in humans has been linked to western jackdaws. During a post-mortem on an affected bird, a polyomavirus was isolated from the spleen. The illness appeared to be a co-infection of this with Salmonella and the virus has been provisionally named the crow polyomavirus (CPyV). Segmented filamentous bacteria have been isolated from the small intestine of a western jackdaw, although their pathogenicity or role is unknown.

The PSI researchers are primarily concerned with proteins. Every living cell needs a myriad of these molecules in order, for example, to be able to metabolise, receive and transmit signals or to divide. The aim is to understand these life processes better and thus to be able to treat or prevent diseases more effectively. For example, PSI is investigating the structure of filamentous structures, the so-called microtubules, which, among other things, pull apart chromosomes during cell division.

Detailed characterisation of the filamentous phage life cycle and structural features lead to the development of phage display technology, in which a range of peptides and proteins can be expressed as fusions to phage coat proteins and displayed on the viral surface. The displayed peptides and polypeptides are associated with the corresponding coding DNA within the phage particle and so this technique lends itself to the study of protein-protein interactions and other ligand/receptor combinations.

Thymosin β4 was initially perceived as a thymic hormone. However this changed when it was discovered that it forms a 1:1 complex with G (globular) actin, and is present at high concentration in a wide range of mammalian cell types. When appropriate, G-actin monomers polymerize to form F (filamentous) actin, which, together with other proteins that bind to actin, comprise cellular microfilaments. Formation by G-actin of the complex with β-thymosin (= "sequestration") opposes this.

C. citrinellus is common in shallow exposed reef flats, lagoons, and seaward reefs, generally in relatively open areas with scattered corals. They may occasionally be found at greater depth, as deep as . They feed on small worms, small benthic invertebrates, coral polyps and filamentous algae. Adults usually swim in pairs (pairs form during breeding), while juveniles are more often seen in small aggregations and commonly mix with other similar sized juveniles, especially of the Sunburst Butterflyfish (C. kleinii).

Mycotypha microspora, also known as Microtypha microspora, is a filamentous fungus in the division Zygomycota. It was discovered in a Citrus aurantium peel in 1932 by E. Aline Fenner, who proposed a new genus Mycotypha to accommodate it. Mycotypha africana, which is another species in the genus Mycotypha, is closely related to M. microspora. The fungus has subsequently been isolated from both outdoor and indoor settings around the world, and is typically found in soil and dung.

Ice worms have also been found to live preferentially under C. nivalis in glaciers, possibly using the algae as a food source.Shain, D. H.; Mason, T. A.; Farrell, A. H.; Michalewicz, L. A. (2001). “Distribution and behaviour of ice worms (Mesenchytraeus solifugus) in south-central Alaska”. Canadian Journal of Zoology. 79 (10): 1813-1821. doi: 10.1139/z01-143 Infections of C. nivalis cells by chytrids, Chytridium chlamydococci, filamentous fungi, and Selenotila nivalis have also been observed.

The Belgian Co-ordinated Collections of Micro-organisms (BCCM) is a Belgian government funded consortium of seven scientific institutions, who manage and exploit a collection of microbial and genetic resources. The consortium comprises more than 269,000 publicly available strains of bacteria including mycobacteria and cyanobacteria, filamentous fungi, yeasts, diatoms and plasmids. BCCM is embedded in international initiatives such as the World Federation of Culture Collections (WFCC) and operates in compliance with the rules of the Nagoya Protocol.

One of the major threats that sunflowers face today is Fusarium, a filamentous fungus that is found largely in soil and plants. It is a pathogen that over the years has caused an increasing amount of damage and loss of sunflower crops, some as extensive as 80 percent of damaged crops. Downy mildew is another disease to which sunflowers are susceptible. Its susceptibility to downy mildew is particular high due to the sunflower's way of growth and development.

Anaerobic and aerobic granule formation are typically postulated to be driven by hydrodynamic shear and washout. Oxygenic photogranules do form when exposed to hydrodynamic shear in sequencing batch reactors; however, they also form under static batch&. They can form over the course of several weeks from a source of activated sludge exposed to light. How oxygenic photogranules form is far from understood, but filamentous and motile cyanobacteria seem to play an essential role in their formation.

Since the realization that the embryophytes emerged from within the green algae, some authors are starting to include them. The clade that includes both green algae and embryophytes is monophyletic and is referred to as the clade Viridiplantae and as the kingdom Plantae. The green algae include unicellular and colonial flagellates, most with two flagella per cell, as well as various colonial, coccoid and filamentous forms, and macroscopic, multicellular seaweeds. There are about 8,000 species of green algae.

The tissue that comprises the hymenophore is made of several parts. It contains abundant, nearly isodiametric (17–25 by 13–18 µm) cells, and filamentous hyphae that measure 3.5–6.5 µm; lactiferous hyphae are frequent, up to 7–12 µm wide, straight and only occasionally branching. The cap cuticle is a trichoderm—meaning the outermost hyphae emerge roughly parallel, like hairs, perpendicular to the cap surface. It is up to 140 µm thick and comprises two layers.

Multiple system atrophy can be explained as cell loss and gliosis or a proliferation of astrocytes in damaged areas of the central nervous system. This damage forms a scar which is then termed a glial scar. The presence of these inclusions (also known as Papp–Lantos bodies) in the movement, balance, and autonomic-control centres of the brain are the defining histopathologic hallmark of MSA. The major filamentous component of glial and neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions is alpha-synuclein.

Two-component systems are rare in eukaryotes. They appear in yeasts, filamentous fungi, and slime molds, and are relatively common in plants, but have been described as "conspicuously absent" from animals. Two-component systems in eukaryotes likely originate from lateral gene transfer, often from endosymbiotic organelles, and are typically of the hybrid kinase phosphorelay type. For example, in the yeast Candida albicans, genes found in the nuclear genome likely originated from endosymbiosis and remain targeted to the mitochondria.

In the rare instances that cyanobacteria are found in the fossil record, their presence is usually the subject of much controversy, for their simple form is difficult to distinguish from inorganic structures such as bubbles. However, bona fide cyanobacteria are preserved in the Rhynie chert. The aquatic organisms are thought to belong to the Oscillatoriales section on the basis of biomarker absence. The fossils are filamentous, around 3 μm in diameter, and grew on plants and the sediment itself.

They are reddish brown to black in color and texturally smooth or ridged. The grains are made up of an internal mass of hyphae, 2 to 5 µm in diameter, with terminal cells swelling from 12 – 15 µm (maximum being 30 µm) in diameter. Overall two main types of grains are observed. The most common type is compact or filamentous, where a dark brown cement like amorphous, electron rich substance fills the voids surrounding the hyphal network.

The juveniles have an omnivorous diet including earthworms, aquatic insects, mostly larvae of chironomids and ephemeropterans and bits of filamentous algae and detritus, which is different from that of the adult. The adult fish takes to feeding on vegetable matter (mainly algae) with a change in its mode of living, to life close to the substratum of the rapid waters of the streams. A lot of the habitat of G. hughi is threatened primarily by habitat degradation.

At age 2, mimic shiners were found to eat other invertebrates than those stated after May while their diet consisted of 50-80% filamentous algae in September and early October but less than 50% at other times. In this study no other large fish populations, except for some centrarchids, were found that would compete for Daphnia as a food source.Gorski, P.R, R.C. Lathrop, S.D. Hill, and R.T. Herrin. 1999. Temporal Mercury Dynamics and Diet Composition in the Mimic Shiner.

Several groups of bacteria can conduct anoxygenic photosynthesis: green sulfur bacteria (GSB), red and green filamentous phototrophs (FAPs e.g. Chloroflexi), purple bacteria, acidobacteria, and heliobacteria.Candidatus Chloracidobacterium thermophilum: An Aerobic Phototrophic Acidobacterium Donald A. Bryant, Amaya M. Garcia Costas, Julia A. Maresca, Aline Gomez Maqueo Chew, Christian G. Klatt, Mary M. Bateson, Luke J. Tallon, Jessica Hostetler, William C. Nelson, John F. Heidelberg, and David M. Ward Science 27 July 2007: 317 (5837), 523-526. Some archaea (e.g.

Pp. 7-41 in Gauthier, J. and L.F. Gall (eds.), New Perspectives on the Origin and Early Evolution of Birds: Proceedings of the International Symposium in Honor of John H. Ostrom. New Haven: Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University. . The authors went on to define specifically what qualified as a "feather": Any filamentous structure arising from a follicle in the skin, with a hollow base, that shares common ancestry with the feathers of modern birds.

The integrins thus serve to link two networks across the plasma membrane: the extracellular ECM and the intracellular actin filamentous system. Integrin α6β4 is an exception: it links to the keratin intermediate filament system in epithelial cells. Focal adhesions are large molecular complexes, which are generated following interaction of integrins with ECM, then their clustering. The clusters likely provide sufficient intracellular binding sites to permit the formation of stable signaling complexes on the cytoplasmic side of the cell membrane.

Diatoms are also found in El Tatio waters, including Synedra species, which are often found attached to filamentous substrates, and algae are found in the waters. Among bacteria identified in the somewhat colder flowing waters are bacteroidetes and proteobacteria, with Thermus species in the hot waters. Various archaeans have been cultured from El Tatio waters, with hot springs producing crenarchaea, desulfurococcales and methanobacteriales. One species, Methanogenium tatii, has been discovered at El Tatio, and is a methanogen recovered from a warm pool.

Chlorurus capistratoides, commonly known as the Indian parrotfish or the pink- margined parrotfish, is a marine ray-finned fish, a parrotfish from the family Scaridae. This species is native to the eastern Indian Ocean and western Pacific Ocean, where it lives in coral reefs. This species occurs in small schools, frequently mixed in with other fish species, these schools forage over corals in clear coastal and inner reefs where there is abundant algal and coral growth. It feeds on filamentous algae.

Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) is a Potyvirus of the family Potyviridae that causes diseases in cruciferous plants, among others. The virus is usually spread by 40-50 species of aphids in a non-persistent manner. Infected plants, especially the natural hosts, show symptoms such as chlorotic local lesions, mosaic, mottling, puckering or rugosity. TuMV is a positive-sense single stranded RNA virus, consisting of a non-enveloped, helical capsid that is filamentous and flexuous, with an average length of 720 nm.

Ebola viral protein 24 (eVP24) is considered a multifunctional secondary matrix protein present in viral particles. The broad roles eVP24 performs involve the formation of fully functional and infectious viral particles, promotion of filamentous nucleocapsid formation, mediation of host responses to infection, and suppression of the host innate immune system. It has been noted that eVP24 function can overlap with that of two other viral proteins; eVP40 matrix protein which functions in virus budding, and eVP35 which is also associated with immune suppression.

One host is plants in the genus Ribes. On the blackcurrant, it causes the leaves to become pale and later develop tiny orange pustules and sometimes a yellow filamentous coating on some leaves. The fruit crop is little affected but the leaves fall early and growth is slowed the following year. The other host is any of the white pines, in which it causes serious disease and mortality for the North American species that have not co-evolved with the rust.

3D model of a helical capsid structure of a virus Many rod-shaped and filamentous plant viruses have capsids with helical symmetry. The helical structure can be described as a set of n 1-D molecular helices related by an n-fold axial symmetry. The helical transformation are classified into two categories: one- dimensional and two-dimensional helical systems. Creating an entire helical structure relies on a set of translational and rotational matrices which are coded in the protein data bank.

Spiroplasma phage 1-R8A2B is a filamentous bacteriophage in the genus Vespertiliovirus of the family Plectroviridae, part of the group of single- stranded DNA viruses. The virus has many synonyms, such as SpV1-R8A2 B, Spiroplasma phage 1, and Spiroplasma virus 1, SpV1 (not to be confused with simply "SpV1" to refer to the entire spiroplasma virus morphological group 1). SpV1-R8A2 B infects Spiroplasma citri. Its host itself is a prokaryotic pathogen for citrus plants, causing Citrus stubborn disease.

Stomachs of specimens from Tennessee contained much detritus and filamentous algae and a few terrestrial insects (Homoptera, Hymenoptera), probably indicating both benthic- and surface-oriented feeding behavior. This means that the dolar sunfish feeds on living organisms both in the water and on top of the water. They seem to focus more on the easier attainable prey, which means they don't expend a lot of energy for feeding. The juveniles and adults do not have many predators other than humans.

References to Arthromitus date back to 1849, when they were first observed by renowned physician and naturalist Joseph Leidy, who named the organisms Arthromitus (from Greek Arthro-, joint + mitos, thread).Leidy, J. 1849. On the existence of entophyta in healthy animals, as a natural condition. Proc. National Academy of Science. USA 4:225–233 The filamentous morphology of the original Arthromitus was thought to be so unique that similar filaments observed in the vertebrate guts were erroneously placed under the division Candidatus Arthromitus.

Scutellastra cochlear is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Patellidae, one of the families of true limpets. It is commonly known as the snail patella, the pear limpet or the spoon limpet and is native to South Africa. It often grows in association with the crustose coralline alga Spongites yendoi and a filamentous red alga which it cultivates in a garden. It was first described by the malacologist Ignaz von Born in 1778 as Patella cochlear.

The hyphae of the cap cuticle are filamentous, interwoven, and radially arranged. They are cylindrical, 2.7–4 μm wide, thin-walled, hyaline to yellowish, and gelatinize when mounted in potassium hydroxide. The cap tissue is also interwoven, with hyphae that are cylindrical to somewhat inflated, 3.7–14.6 μm wide, thin-walled, branched, and hyaline to yellowish. Caulocystidia are abundant on the apex of the stem; they are club-shaped to cylindrical, thin-walled, hyaline, and measure 3–9 μm wide.

When associated with the host in a co- culture, the epibiont forms a "grape on a vine" structure. Microscopic examinations have revealed that both TM7x and XH001 display extensive morphological changes during symbiotic growth. Different morphologies of TM7x include cocci, filamentous cell bodies, short rods as well as elongated cells. Based on their morphology, the individual TM7x cells that are attached to XH001 can be classified into cocci, cocci with various tail lengths, two connected cocci, or two slightly separated cocci.

Trichodesmium, also called sea sawdust, is a genus of filamentous cyanobacteria. They are found in nutrient poor tropical and subtropical ocean waters (particularly around Australia and in the Red Sea, where they were first described by Captain Cook). Trichodesmium is a diazotroph; that is, it fixes atmospheric nitrogen into ammonium, a nutrient used by other organisms. Trichodesmium is thought to fix nitrogen on such a scale that it accounts for almost half of the nitrogen fixation in marine systems globally.

The zebra tang is diurnal and feeds on algae, especially filamentous algae. It often associates with shoals of convict tangs, taking advantage of the protection given by numbers. The juveniles, which are similar to the adults in markings but rather more elongated, associate with young convict tangs. The reproduction of this fish has not been studied, however the growth rate of young fish is fast so that there may be a doubling of a population in as little as 15 months.

The saw-shelled turtle is an opportunistic omnivore with a carnivorous preference. It feeds on fish, tadpoles, frogs, bivalves, crustaceans, snails, carrion, and aquatic and terrestrial insects. It is also one of the few native Australian animals successful in preying on the introduced and very poisonous cane toad (Rhinella marina) which is lethal to many freshwater turtles. Toads too large to swallow whole are first shredded with their front claws.. They also eat vegetation including fruits, leaves, filamentous algae, and water weed.

In immature forms the siphon is often underdeveloped and respiration takes place through six pairs of abdominal spiracles. Their frontal legs are modified into raptorial appendages that are used to grab their prey. They feed primarily on aquatic invertebrates such as other insects, but occasionally take small fish or tadpoles. The eggs, which are laid above the waterline in mud, decomposing vegetation, the stems of plants or rotting wood, are supplied with air by filamentous processes which vary in number among the genera.

"A new giant compsognathid dinosaur with long filamentous integuments from Lower Cretaceous of Northeastern China." Acta Geologica Sinica, 81(1): 8-15 The holotype, JMP-V-05-8-01, was discovered at Hengdaozi, in Sihetun, in Liaoning Province, from the Jianshangou Beds of the Yixian Formation dating from the Barremian-Aptian, about 125 million years old. It consists of a nearly complete skeleton with skull, compressed on a single plate, of an adult individual. Extensive remains of protofeathers have been preserved.

The location of the state of Michigan Paleontology in Michigan refers to paleontological research occurring within or conducted by people from the U.S. state of Michigan. During the Precambrian, the Upper Peninsula was home to filamentous algae. The remains it left behind are among the oldest known fossils in the world. During the early part of the Paleozoic Michigan was covered by a shallow tropical sea which was home to a rich invertebrate fauna including brachiopods, corals, crinoids, and trilobites.

The algal photobiont (technically a phycobiont, as it is a green algal photosynthetic partner) is from the genus Trentepohlia. Normally, the algae is long and filamentous; when in the lichen state, it is divided into shorter filaments. The alga has a large chloroplast that contains droplets of beta-carotene. The lichen is heteromerous, meaning that the mycobiont and photobiont components are in well-defined layers, with the photobiont in a more or less distinct zone between the upper cortex and the medulla.

Their external gills resemble ostrich plumes and their size depends on the oxygen levels present in the water. In stagnant water, mudpuppies have larger gills, whereas in running streams where oxygen is more prevalent, they have smaller gills. The distal portions of the gills are very filamentous and contain many capillaries. Mudpuppies also have small, flattened limbs which can be used for slowly walking on the bottoms of streams or ponds, or they can be flattened against the body during short swimming spurts.

The dorsal fin is set far back on the body, just above the anal fin, and is somewhat smaller than the anal fin, with 12 rays. This springfish is omnivorous, with animal food representing 2/3 or more of its consumption during the summer, primarily consisting of gastropods. Plant consumption is mostly filamentous algae. While intestine length is consistent with an omnivore, Sigler & Sigler suggest that the high water temperatures of the springfish habitat may demand the higher energy available with animal food.

Hypnum lindbergii, cross section of the stem with the central vascular bundle leaf blade cells Detail of a sporangium with a beak-shaped operculum Hypnales are mosses with pinnately or irregularly branched, reclining stems, with varying appearances. The stem contains only a reduced central vascular bundle, which is seen as a recent derived trait in mosses. The stems are covered with paraphyllia or pseudoparaphyllia, reduced filamentous or scaly leaves. The ordinary stem leaves are ovate to lanceolate, often with leaf wing cells.

MIB is also a factor in cork taint in winemaking. MIB is produced by various blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) and filamentous bacteria in the class Actinomyces, and also some other prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The main genera in the cyanobacteria that have been shown to produce geosmin include Oscillatoria, Phormidium, and Planktothrix, while the main genus in the Actinomyces that produces geosmin is Streptomyces. They give a musty or earthy odor that can be quite strong if an algal bloom is present.

The snail tolerates siltation, thrives in disturbed watersheds, and benefits from high nutrient flows allowing for filamentous green algae growth. It occurs amongst macrophytes and prefers littoral zones in lakes or slow streams with silt and organic matter substrates, but tolerates high flow environments where it can burrow into the sediment.Collier, K. J., R. J. Wilcock and A. S. Meredith. 1998. Influence of substrate type and physico–chemical conditions on macroinvertebrate faunas and biotic indices in some lowland Waikato, New Zealand, streams.

Genomic map of a typical member of the genus Potyvirus. Potyvirid virions are nonenveloped, flexuous filamentous, rod- shaped particles. The diameter is around 12–15 nm, with a length of 200–300 nm. Genomes are linear and usually nonsegmented, around 8–12kb in length, consisting of positive-sense RNA, which is surrounded by a protein coat made up of a single viral encoded protein called a capsid. All induce the formation of virus inclusion bodies called cylindrical inclusions (‘pinwheels’) in their hosts.

Nourseothricin (NTC) is a member of the streptothricin-class of aminoglycoside antibiotics produced by Streptomyces species. Chemically, NTC is a mixture of the related compounds streptothricin C, D, E, and F. Nourseothricin NTC inhibits protein synthesis by inducing miscoding. It is used as a selection marker for a wide range of organisms including bacteria, yeast, filamentous fungi, and plant cells. It is not known to have adverse side-effects on positively selected cells, a property cardinal to a selection drug.

Pezizomycotina make up the majority of the Ascomycota fungi and include most lichenized fungi too. Pezizomycotina contains the filamentous ascomycetes and is a subdivision of the Ascomycota (fungi that form their spores in a sac-like ascus). It is more or less synonymous with the older taxon Euascomycota. These fungi reproduce by fission rather than budding and this subdivision includes almost all the ascus fungi that have fruiting bodies visible to the naked eye (exception: genus Neolecta, which belongs to the Taphrinomycotina).

The genus Acremonium is a large polyphyletic genus of approximately 150 species, many of which are derived from a closely related families in the Sordariomycetes. The genus includes many slow growing, simply structured, anamorphic filamentous fungi, typically encountered in wet, cellulose-based building materials suffering form chronic wet conditions. Characteristic morphology in this genus is septate hyphae giving rise to thin, tapered aculeate phialides that are usually unicellular, or weakly branched conidiophores. Human infections, though rare, usually occur in severely immunodeficient individuals.

The eyes are also surrounded by a star-shaped arrangement of fleshy, filamentous "eyelashes". Skeleton of an alligator snapping turtle on display at the Museum of Osteology. Though not verified, a alligator snapping turtle was found in Kansas in 1937, but the largest verifiable one is debatable. One weighed at the Shedd Aquarium in Chicago was a 16-year resident giant alligator snapper weighing , sent to the Tennessee Aquarium as part of a breeding loan in 1999, where it subsequently died.

A burst of research on viruses of E. histolytica stems from a series of papers published by Diamond et al. from 1972 to 1979. In 1972, they hypothesized two separate polyhedral and filamentous viral strains within E. histolytica that caused cell lysis. Perhaps the most novel observation was that two kinds of viral strains existed, and that within one type of amoeba (strain HB-301) the polyhedral strain had no detrimental effect but led to cell lysis in another (strain HK-9).

Histoplasma duboisii is a saprotrophic fungus responsible for the invasive infection known as African histoplasmosis. This species is a close relative of Histoplasma capsulatum, the agent of classical histoplasmosis, and the two occur in similar habitats. Histoplasma duboisii is restricted to continental Africa and Madagascar, although scattered reports have arisen from other places usually in individuals with an African travel history. Like, H. capsulatum, H. duboisii is dimorphic – growing as a filamentous fungus at ambient temperature and a yeast at body temperature.

Cyanobacteria are a phylum (division) of bacteria, ranging from unicellular to filamentous and including colonial species, which fix inorganic carbon into organic carbon compounds. They are found almost everywhere on earth: in damp soil, in both freshwater and marine environments, and even on Antarctic rocks. In particular, some species occur as drifting cells floating in the ocean, and as such were amongst the first of the phytoplankton. The first primary producers that used photosynthesis were oceanic cyanobacteria about 2.3 billion years ago.

Exposure to TcdA leads to immediate changes in cell morphology, including loss of structural integrity due to a decrease in filamentous actin (F-actin), and an increase in globular actin. Disorganization of actin filaments and the cytoskeleton leads to increased permeability of tight junctions resulting in severe epithelial cell damage and fluid secretion. Fluid accumulation and secretion are secondary to mucosal damage that occurs after exposure to TcdA. Distinct changes in the microfilament system lead to cell rounding and cell death.

However, at high nutrient concentrations it is vulnerable to shading from phytoplankton and epiphytic algae and filamentous algae. It may also grow in brackish or estuarine habitats, notably in Chesapeake Bay. However, elevated salt concentrations have a negative effect on both growth and flowering. A Potamogeton perfoliatus bed in Llyn Cregennen Isaf, a high quality lake in Wales (UK) Waterbirds, fish, water beetles and caddis larvae can all be important grazers of perfoliate pondweed, reducing its biomass or even eliminating it locally.

Mycotic keratitis and conjunctivitis are more commonly reported in tropical climates. Environmental factors such as wind, temperature, rainfall and humidity have been found to influence the ecology of filamentous fungi. In the Gulf of Mexico for example, increased numbers of airborne spores of C. lunatus during hot, humid months has been linked to increased clinical reports of keratitis. C. lunatus commonly infects the cornea, and orbit of the eye, and infection can result from trauma, surgery or dissemination from paranasal sinuses.

Movement of the pelvic fins stirs the water and mucus, captures air bubbles, and breaks these air bubbles into a foam. The female may add some bubbles to the nest under construction. Pelvic fin movement differs between sexes; males move their pelvic fins in a side-to-side fashion, while females open and close their pelvic fins. The male often dives to the bottom to retrieve plant debris; filamentous nest materials are preferred, which are knitted together in the nest by the male.

He is a member of the Phi Beta Kappa chapter at Bowdoin. He then received a PhD in Molecular Biology from Rockefeller University in 1982, where he worked with Peter Model and Norton Zinder on the genetics of the filamentous phage. He did his postdoctoral work at The Whitehead Institute of MIT as a Helen Hay Whitney Postdoctoral Fellow with Gerald Fink. Boeke is primarily known for his pioneering fundamental genetic and biochemical work on understanding the mechanisms of DNA transposition.

The use of these molecules is consistent with the geological evidence that Earth's early atmosphere was highly reducing at that time. Fossils of what are thought to be filamentous photosynthetic organisms have been dated at 3.4 billion years old. More recent studies, reported in March 2018, also suggest that photosynthesis may have begun about 3.4 billion years ago. The main source of oxygen in the Earth's atmosphere derives from oxygenic photosynthesis, and its first appearance is sometimes referred to as the oxygen catastrophe.

Long-term changes in synaptic efficacy in the hippocampus can be induced by different patterns of stimulation generating presynaptic and postsynaptic depolarization The theta burst stimulation of Schaffer collaterals can be sufficient to induce LTP by promoting the formation of filamentous actin in CA1 dendrites. Within the mammalian brain, some patterns of synaptic activity produce long-term potentiation (LTP) which is a long-lasting increase in synaptic strength and long-term depression (LTD) which is a long-lasting decrease in synaptic strength.

Another theory is that sexual reproduction originated from selfish parasitic genetic elements that exchange genetic material (that is: copies of their own genome) for their transmission and propagation. In some organisms, sexual reproduction has been shown to enhance the spread of parasitic genetic elements (e.g. yeast, filamentous fungi). Bacterial conjugation is a form of genetic exchange that some sources describe as "sex", but technically is not a form of reproduction, even though it is a form of horizontal gene transfer.

First discovered in 1851 by German mycologist, Carl Gottlieb Traugott Preuss, Ulocladium botrytis is an anamorphic filamentous fungus belonging to the phylum Ascomycota. Commonly found in soil and damp indoor environments, U.botrytis is a hyphomycetous mould found in many regions of the world. It is also occasionally misidentified as a species of the genera Alternaria or Pithomyces due to morphological similarities. Ulocladium botrytis is rarely pathogenic to humans but is associated with human allergic responses and is used in allergy tests.

All organisms contain organelles that provide physical integrity to their cells. These type of organelles are collectively known as the cytoskeleton, and one of the most ancient systems is based on filamentous polymers of the protein actin. A polymer of a second protein, tropomyosin, is an integral part of most actin filaments in animals. Tropomyosins are a large family of integral components of actin filaments that play a critical role in regulating the function of actin filaments in both muscle and nonmuscle cells.

The blueberry mosaic associated ophiovirus virion is described as a nonenveloped nucleocapsid. It is a naked filamentous nucleocapsid that can form circles making the open form of the virus or can form a pseudo-linear duplex form that forms the collapsed form of the virus. The nucleocapsid is 3 nm in diameter and 700 to 2000 nm long, pseudo-linear duplex are about 9-10 nm in diameter. Ophiovirdae are composed of 3 to 4 RNA segments, with each segment being individually encapsulated.

Melanotaenia splendida are normally found close to the surface of the deeper pools in small freshwater streams, they also occur in lakes and reservoirs. These fishes are frequently recorded in large schools and these can be found in water varying from clear to turbid and which may or may not have extensicve vegetation. M. splendida is an omnivore which feeds on filamentous algae, aquatic and terrestrial insects, small crustaceans and other small invertebrates. Like other rainbowfish, this species shows sexual dimorphism.

Profilin was first described by Lars Carlsson in the lab of Uno Lindberg and co-workers in the early 1970s as the first actin monomer binding protein. It followed the realization that not only muscle, but also non-muscle cells, contained high concentrations of actin, albeit in part in an unpolymerized form. Profilin was then believed to sequester actin monomers (keep them in a pro-filamentous form), and release them upon a signal to make them accessible for fast actin polymer growth.

ASF is not a comprehensive representation of the over 400 diverse bacteria species that normally occupy the mice GI tract. Even in SPF mice, there are many Helicobacter and Filamentous species not included in ASF1. Not to mention the many bacteria that could not be cultured under laboratory settings due to inadequate environment and symbiosis needs. The gut bacteria make up a complex microbial community that supports each other, and the development of the host GI tract and the immune system.

Because they are associated with the oral region of the conodont animal, it is accepted that conodont elements are used in the acquisition of food. Two primary hypotheses have arisen as to how this is accomplished. One hypothesis proposed that elements acted as support structures for filamentous soft-tissues. These small filaments (cilia) would be used to filter small planktonic organisms out of the water column, analogous to the cnidoblast cells of a coral or the lophophore of a brachiopod.

The anal fin has 2 spines and normally has 12 soft rays, its base is shorter in length than the base of the second dorsal-fin. The pectoral fins contain 15 to 18 unbranched rays and its tip almost reaches to the origin of the anal-fin origin, although it is relatively longer in juvenile. There are 7 pectoral filaments the longest being up to 2.5 times the standard length. The caudal fin is deeply forked and neither of its lobs are filamentous.

They are often called the blue-green algae stemming from the Greek origins of the word kyanós, meaning blue. : Class – Cyanophyceae This class consists of photosynthetic bacteria found in fresh and salt water, containing chlorophyll a and phycobilins. : Order – Nostocales This order includes cyanobacteria of filamentous forms, either simple or branched, both of which occur as single strands or multiple strands within a sheath. : Family – Nostocaceae This family of cyanobacteria forms filament-shaped colonies enclosed in mucus or a gelatinous sheath.

Ground squirrel hepatitis virus is distinguished from related viruses by its lack of pathogenic effect, even though it is common for infected hosts to have high titers of circulating virions. The viral particles detected in the sera of wild Beechey ground squirrels are molecularly and structurally similar, but not identical to HBV. In general, GSHV particles in sera are larger than HBV particles. A filamentous virus particle was the most abundant form in ground squirrel sera much like human sera infected with HBV.

Aspergillus wentii is an asexual, filamentous, endosymbiotic fungus belonging to the mold genus, Aspergillus. It is a common soil fungus with a cosmopolitan distribution, although it is primarily found in subtropical regions. Found on a variety of organic materials, A. wentii is known to colonize corn, cereals, moist grains, peanuts and other ground nut crops. It is also used in the manufacture of biodiesel from lipids and is known for its ability to produce enzymes used in the food industry.

The genomes of many of Cyanothece species have been sequenced, ranging from 4.79 to 7.84 Mbp. Between 4367 and 6642 coding sequences are an amalgamation of genes encoding capabilities for fermentation and aerobic nitrogen fixation (like filamentous cyanobacteria). Unusually, the genes for nitrogen fixation are in a large, contiguous cluster (under the control of multiple promoters), including genes for the uptake hydrogenase, regulators, and transporters. The organism's robust circadian rhythm is apparent in the co-ordination of transcription of correlated processes.

Other theories on the difference in properties include that the deviation is based on the formation of an intermediate phase of carbides. This theory was proposed by De Bokx et al. and Manning et al.. However, it is unlikely if the central metal atom is nickel because in that case, since carbides decompose at , and carbides formation was not observed during such a reaction. A difference between the solubities of metal and filamentous carbon also allows carbon diffusion to occur.

When chlorobenzene is hydrodechlorinated over nickel and silica, highly ordered structures of filamentous carbon form. When potassium and bromine are present, this reaction can occur at temperatures as low as . This is because the potassium and bromine aided in restructuring the active sites, thus causing destructive chemisorption of the reactant and also causing the a precipitate of carbon to form. Adding potassium hydroxide to the mixture of nickel and silica in the reaction made little change to the yield of the reaction.

Cofilin is a widely distributed intracellular actin-modulating protein that binds and depolymerizes filamentous F-actin and inhibits the polymerization of monomeric G-actin in a pH-dependent manner. Cofilin-2 is a member of the AC group of proteins that also includes cofilin-1 (CFL1) and destrin (DSTN), all of which regulate actin-filament dynamics. The CFL2 gene encodes a skeletal muscle-specific isoform localized to the thin filaments, where it exerts its effect on actin, in part through interactions with tropomyosins.

Gadella maraldi grow to a maximum length of . Its upper jaw has two rows of teeth, the outer row is made up of small teeth interspersed with notably large ones; the inner one only has small teeth. The anal fin originates on the anterior third of body, under the origin of anterior dorsal fin while the pectoral fins reach well past the origin of the anal fin. The filamentous ray of the pelvic fins extends slightly beyond the anal fin origin.

When the host cell nutrients are exhausted, the filament septates to form progeny Bdellovibrios. The progeny become motile before they lyse the host cell and are released into the environment. The entire life cycle takes three to four hours, and produces an average of 3–6 progeny cells from a single E. coli, or up to 90 from larger prey such as filamentous E. coli. Targets of Bdellovibrio species, including Vibrio vulnificus, may undergo co-infection by Bdellovibrio and bacteriophage.

Heterokaryon Incompatibility (HI) has been likened to a fungal immune system; it is a non-self recognition mechanism that is ubiquitous among filamentous members of the Asomycota phylum of the Fungi kingdom. Vib-1 is an Ndt80 homologue in Neurospora crassa and is required for HI in this species. It has been found that mutations at the vib1 locus suppress non-self recognition, and VIB-1 is required for the production of downstream effectors associated with HI, such as extracellular proteases.

Ependymal cells secrete high molecular mass glycoproteins into the cerebrospinal fluid, in which the bulk of them condense to form a filamentous structure named Reissner’s fiber. The subcommissural organ/Reissner’s fiber complex is thought to be involved in the reabsorption and circulation of the cerebrospinal fluid, and with functions related to electrolyte and water balance. One of the proteins secreted by the subcommissural organ, and which is present in Reissner’s fiber, is spondin. SCO-spondin is a “giant” (5000 amino acids) glycoprotein (thrombospondin superfamily) found in Vertebrata.

The most thoroughly studied of the Bordetella species are B. bronchiseptica, B. pertussis and B. parapertussis, and the pathogenesis of respiratory disease caused by these bacteria has been reviewed. Transmission occurs by direct contact, or via respiratory aerosol droplets, or fomites. Bacteria initially adhere to ciliated epithelial cells in the nasopharynx, and this interaction with epithelial cells is mediated by a series of protein adhesins. These include filamentous haemaglutinin, pertactin, fimbriae, and pertussis toxin (though expression of pertussis toxin is unique to B. pertussis).

All CAPs appear to contain a C-terminal actin-binding domain that regulates actin remodelling in response to cellular signals and is required for normal cellular morphology, cell division, growth and locomotion in eukaryotes. CAP directly regulates actin filament dynamics and has been implicated in a number of complex developmental and morphological processes, including mRNA localisation and the establishment of cell polarity. Actin exists both as globular (G) (monomeric) actin subunits and assembled into filamentous (F) actin. In cells, actin cycles between these two forms.

Although no high-resolution model of actin's filamentous form currently exists, in 2008 Sawaya's team were able to produce a more exact model of its structure based on multiple crystals of actin dimers that bind in different places. This model has subsequently been further refined by Sawaya and Lorenz. Other approaches such as the use of cryo-electron microscopy and synchrotron radiation have recently allowed increasing resolution and better understanding of the nature of the interactions and conformational changes implicated in the formation of actin filaments.

Filamentous helper phage and the DNA from lambda phage are utilised in phage display. Due to limitations in the size of libraries that can be routinely constructed, randomisation may be limited to the most influential amino acids in the ZFP sequence as inferred by X-ray crystallography. The positions were identified as helix positions -1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 in fingers one and three, and positions -2, -1, 1, 2, 3 and 4 in finger two in a study published by Wu et al.

Feather impressions on the left arm from the holotype on display at the Paleozoological Museum of China The first feather impressions were found in the holotype specimen, consisting of short, slender filamentous feathers on the left arm. These impressions indicated that the body was predominately covered by downy feather-like fibers, similar to those of Sinosauropteryx, but longer, and oriented perpendicular to the arm. Xu et al. 1999 suggested that these downy feathers represent an intermediate stage between Sinosauropteryx and more advanced birds (Avialae).

The names of yeast prions are frequently placed within brackets to indicate that they are non-mendelian in their passage to progeny cells, much like plasmid and mitochondrial DNA. Further investigation found that [PSI+] is the result of a self-propagating misfolded form of Sup35p (a 201 amino acid long protein), which is an important factor for translation termination during protein synthesis. In [PSI+] yeast cells the Sup35 protein forms filamentous aggregates known as amyloid. The amyloid conformation is self-propagating and represents the prion state.

The spores are hyaline (translucent), smooth, and ellipsoid with the ends truncate. They have dimensions of 11.5–20 by 5–9 μm, and usually contain two large oil drops. The paraphyses (sterile, filamentous cells interspersed among the asci, or spore- producing cells) are 5–8 μm wide at the tip, branched, septate (with partitions that divide the cells into compartments), and constricted at the septa. The asci are cylindrical, and measure 300–360 by 10–13 μm; the tips of the asci stain blue with Melzer's reagent.

Iodine Bolete found in Ukraine The cap diameter usually ranges between , but can reach . It is at first hemispherical, gradually becoming convex as the fungus expands and finally flat in fully mature specimens, sometimes with a slightly uplifted margin. The colour ranges from light tan, pale brown, chestnut-brown, grey, ochraceous-brown, greyish-brown or olivaceous-brown and the cap of young fruit bodies is initially covered in a velvety, finely filamentous silvery- grey coating that disappears in age. The cap cuticle turns violet with NH3 (ammonia).

Takyr (playa) in Sonora Desert (USA) Takir (Takyr) (, originally from Kazakh or another Turkic language) meaning "smooth, even, or bare", is a type of relief occurring in the deserts of Central Asia, similar to a salt flat in the southwestern United States. A takyr is usually formed in a shallow depressed area with a heavy clay soil, which is submerged by water after seasonal rains. After the water evaporates, a dried crust with fissures forms on the surface. The crust is often colonized by filamentous cyanobacteria.

Phytoplasmas are characterized by the lack of a cell wall, a pleiomorphic or filamentous shape, a diameter normally less than 1 μm, and a very small genome. Phytoplasmas are pathogens of agriculturally important plants, including coconut, sugarcane, and sandalwood, in which they cause a wide variety of symptoms ranging from mild yellowing to death. Phytoplasmas are most prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions. They are transmitted from plant to plant by vectors (normally sap-sucking insects such as leafhoppers) in which they both survive and replicate.

Cutaneous actinomycosis is a chronic disease that affects the deep subcutaneous tissue of the skin. Caused by an anaerobic, Gram-positive, filamentous type of bacteria in the genus Actinomyces, invasion of the soft tissue leads to the formation of abnormal channels leading to the skin surface (external sinus tracts) that discharge pale yellow sulfur granules. This disease is uncommon, and has non-specific clinical features, making it difficult to diagnose. Cervicofacial, pulmonary/thoracic and gastrointestinal forms exist, yet cervicofacial disease accounts for two-thirds of reported infections.

The nymphs of E. vulgata burrow into the sediment at the bottom of ponds. Most burrowing mayfly nymphs use the gills on their abdomens to create a current of water through their burrows, thereby ensuring sufficient oxygen is available to absorb through the tracheae in their skin. The motile, filamentous gills of E. vulgata seem to act as secondary respiratory surfaces and their presence is necessary to the nymph in the low-oxygen environment in which it lives. By contrast, nymphs of Baetis and Cloeon spp.

Hectochlorin is a lipopeptide that exhibits potent antifungal activity against C. albicans and a number of plants pathogens, as well as inhibiting growth of human cell lines by hyperpolymerization of actin.Ramaswamy, A. V., Sorrels, C. M. & Gerwick, W. H. Cloning and biochemical characterization of the hectochlorin biosynthetic gene cluster from the marine cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula. J. Nat. Prod. 70, 1977–1986 (2007). It was originally isolated from the filamentous cyanobacterium Moorea producens JHB, collected from Hector Bay, Jamaica, 1996,Marquez, B. L. et al.

The rainbow cichlid was first described in 1867 by Albert Günther and was then placed in the genus Heros, a synonym of Cichlasoma. In 1903, it was removed from the Cichlasoma and placed in its own new genus Herotilapia, solely on the basis of its unique tricuspid teeth, an adaptation to eat filamentous algae. It was then called Herotilapia multispinosa. Herotilapia had been considered to be closely related to, or even synonymous with, the genus Archocentrus but DNA analysis by Oldřich Říčan, et al.

The abundantly produced spores are stored in a reticular or filamentous structure – the so-called capillitium – and are found on nearly all species except Liceida and other species from the genus Echinostelium. When the open fruit bodies have dried, the spores are dispersed by wind or by small animals such as woodlice, mites or beetles, which either pick up the spores through contact with the fruit bodies or ingest and then excrete them. Dispersal by running water is also possible, but it plays a minor role.

The assembly of filamentous actin arises as a result of weak, noncovalent interactions between G-actin and appears in the arrangement of a two-stranded asymmetrical helical polymer. The asymmetrical nature of F-actin allows for distinct binding specificities at each terminus. The terminus that presents an actin subunit with an exposed ATP binding site is commonly labeled the "(-) end". Whereas, the opposite end of the polymer that presents a cleft and lacks a free ATP binding site is referred to as the "(+) end".

In this process, G-actin subunits primarily add to the "barbed end" of the filamentous polymer. This end proves to be both more thermodynamically favored for the addition of G-actin and kinetically dynamic as well. Simultaneously, older G-actin monomers "fall off" of the pointed end of the microfilament. At the "pointed end" of the F-actin polymer, actin monomers are bound to ADP, which dissociates more readily and rapidly than ATP-bound actin, which is found at the "barbed end" of the polymer.

A scanning electron micrograph (SEM) depicting a number of Gram-negative Bordetella bronchiseptica bacteria. Transmission electron micrograph of parainfluenza virus. Two intact particles and free filamentous nucleocapsid Kennel cough, also known as canine infectious respiratory disease, formerly canine infectious tracheobronchitis, is an upper respiratory infection affecting dogs. There are multiple causative agents, the most common being the bacterium Bordetella bronchiseptica (found in 78.7% of cases in Southern Germany), followed by canine parainfluenza virus (37.7% of cases), and to a lesser extent canine coronavirus (9.8% of cases).

Sexual reproduction cycle of basidiomycetes Unlike animals and plants which have readily recognizable male and female counterparts, Basidiomycota (except for the Rust (Pucciniales)) tend to have mutually indistinguishable, compatible haploids which are usually mycelia being composed of filamentous hyphae. Typically haploid Basidiomycota mycelia fuse via plasmogamy and then the compatible nuclei migrate into each other's mycelia and pair up with the resident nuclei. Karyogamy is delayed, so that the compatible nuclei remain in pairs, called a dikaryon. The hyphae are then said to be dikaryotic.

Passion fruit woodiness virus (PWV) is a plant pathogenic virus in the genus Potyvirus and the virus family Potyviridae. Like other members of the genus Potyvirus, PWV is a monopartite strand of positive-sense, single-stranded RNA surrounded by a capsid made for a single viral encoded protein. The virus is a filamentous particle that measures about 745 nm in length. This virus is transmitted by at least two species of aphids (Myzus persicae and Aphis gossypii ) in a non-persistent manner and by mechanical inoculation.

The female gametes while still on the thallus are fertilized by the released male gametes, which are non-motile. The fertilized, now diploid, carposporangia after mitosis produce spores (carpospores) which settle, then bore into shells, germinate and form a filamentous stage. This stage was originally thought to be a different species of alga, and was referred to as Conchocelis rosea. That Conchocelis was the diploid stage of Porphyra was discovered by the British phycologist Kathleen Mary Drew-Baker in 1949 for the European species Porphyra umbilicalis.

Mycolic acids are long fatty acids found in the cell walls of the Mycolata taxon, a group of bacteria that includes Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of the disease tuberculosis. They form the major component of the cell wall of mycolata species. Despite their name, mycolic acids have no biological link to fungi; the name arises from the filamentous appearance their presence gives mycolata under high magnification. The presence of mycolic acids in the cell wall also gives mycolata a distinct gross morphological trait known as "cording".

It may turn slightly brown with age, or when it is injured or bruised from handling. Like other mushrooms in the Russulales, the flesh is brittle, owing to the sphaerocyst cytoarchitecture—cylindrical cells that contrast with the typical fibrous, filamentous hyphae present in other orders of the basidiomycota. Spores are translucent and warted. The spores of R. virescens are elliptical or ellipsoid with warts, translucent (hyaline), and produce a white, pale or pale yellow spore print; the spore dimensions are 6–9 by 5–7 µm.

Proposed nomenclature for mating type genes of filamentous Ascomycetes. Fungal Genetics and Biology 31:1-5 Genotyping of S. turcica populations has shown that sexual reproduction in a given population might be commonplace, extremely rare, or anywhere in between. Genotyping of 264 isolates of S. turcica from temperate and tropical regions found that tropical populations had very high genetic diversity, an equal proportion of the two mating types, and low amounts of linkage disequilibrium between different genetic loci, all suggestive of frequent sexual mating and recombination.

Structural model of a coronavirus Viruses cannot be seen normally with light microscopes. It was only with the development of electron microscopy that viruses could be visualised and structurally elucidated. Reginald L. Reagan, Jean E. Hauser, Mary G. Lillie, and Arthur H. Craige Jr. of the University of Maryland were the first to describe the structure of coronavirus using the transmission electron microscopy. In 1948, they reported in The Cornell Veterinarian that IBV was spherical in shape and some of them had filamentous projections.

Identification of species within Oedogonium is extremely difficult since I.D. factors are mainly based on reproductive characters, and very rarely are species in this genus discovered in their reproductive state. For the most part they exist in a filamentous form. In 1991 a paper by Mrozińska presented a new taxonomic classification of the genus Oedogonium and a proposed division into two sections: I. Monospermatozoideae and II. Dispermatozoideae. These sections were based on the different number of spermatozoids the antheridial (male sex organ containing) cell expresses.

Hyphae of Penicillium Fungal Hyphae Cells 1- Hyphal wall 2- Septum 3- Mitochondrion 4- Vacuole 5- Ergosterol crystal 6- Ribosome 7- Nucleus 8- Endoplasmic reticulum 9- Lipid body 10- Plasma membrane 11- Spitzenkörper 12- Golgi apparatus Hyphae growing on tomato sauce. Aspergillus niger Conidia on conidiophores A hypha (plural hyphae, from Greek ὑφή, huphḗ, "web") is a long, branching filamentous structure of a fungus, oomycete, or actinobacterium. In most fungi, hyphae are the main mode of vegetative growth, and are collectively called a mycelium.

Most common phytoplankton species are filamentous cyanobacteria and diatoms, while zooplankton are represented by daphnia and copepods. Common aquatic plants in the water column include rigid hornwort and yellow water-lily coupled with a presence of Nuttall's waterweed, frogbit, common duckweed, white waterlily, amphibious bistort, and four species of pondweeds.Vattenprogram, p 13.4-13.6 An inventory of lakebed fauna in 1997 documented 47 species/taxa, predominately freshwater gastropods, beetles, and dragonflies. The same year, perch, roach, bleak, and a few other species were documented in the lake.

Western chorus frogs not only come out at night to chorus, but also to feed. The diet of an adult consists of small invertebrates and arthropods, such as small flies, mosquitoes, ants, small beetles, moths and caterpillars, grasshoppers, and spiders, only if they are small enough. Froglets (the transition or metamorphic phase between tadpole and frog) will feed on smaller prey, such as mites, midges, and springtails. Tadpoles feed on periphyton, filamentous algae, diatoms, and pollen in or on the surface of the water.

The primary function of alpha-actinin 2 is to crosslink filamentous actin molecules and titin molecules from adjoining sarcomeres at Z-discs, a function that is modulated by phospholipids. It is clear from studies by Hampton et al. that this crosslinking can assume a variety of conformations, with preferences for 60° and 120° angles. Alpha- actinin 2 also functions in docking signalling molecules at Z-discs, and additional studies have also implicated alpha-actinin 2 in the binding of cardiac ion channels, Kv1.5 in particular.

Interspersed among the asci are thin, filamentous, branched paraphyses that extend beyond the tops of the asci. Viewed with a microscope, the wall of the apothecium is made of three tissue layers of roughly equal thickness. The first layer of tissue is black, leathery and compact, and covered with a fine layer of brownish-black hairs (a tomentum); the second layer consists of loosely interlaced brown hyphae suspended in a gelatinous matrix. The third layer is the fertile, spore-bearing surface, the brownish-black hymenium.

The orange band surgeonfish feeds on detritus and on algae growing on the seabed, as well as the film of diatoms and filamentous algae that grows on sand and other substrates. It often forms schools with parrotfish, tangs and other species of surgeonfish, which all have similar diets; their grazing is important in maintaining biodiversity by keeping rocks free from excessive growth of algae so that coral larvae can find suitable habitat to settle. The fish can change colour from dark to pale almost instantaneously.

Emmonsia parva (formerly Chrysosporium parvum) is a filamentous, saprotrophic fungus and one of three species within the genus Emmonsia. The fungus is most known for its causal association with the lung disease, adiaspiromycosis which occurs most commonly in small mammals but is also seen in humans. The disease was first described from rodents in Arizona, and the first human case was reported in France in 1964. Since then, the disease has been reported from Honduras, Brazil, the Czech Republic, Russia, the United States of America and Guatemala.

In cell biology, microtrabeculae were a hypothesised fourth element of the cytoskeleton (the other three being microfilaments, microtubules and intermediate filaments), proposed by Keith Porter based on images obtained from high-voltage electron microscopy of whole cells in the 1970s. The images showed short, filamentous structures of unknown molecular composition associated with known cytoplasmic structures. It is now generally accepted that microtrabeculae are nothing more than an artifact of certain types of fixation treatment, although the complexity of the cell's cytoskeleton is not yet fully understood.

The wings are blue, purple or brown above, with broad black costal and distal margins and usually a white discal spot on the forewing. The female is dingier than the male. The underside is ochreous, or ochreous brown, with a dark postdiscal line on both wings outwardly edged with white, this edging forming a broad white band not continued much above vein 6, on the forewing, but narrower and outwardly diffuse on the hindwing. The hindwing bears filamentous tails at veins 1b, 1 and 3 and, beneath.

Filamentous trichocysts in Paramecium and other ciliates are discharged as filaments composed of a cross-striated shaft and a tip. Toxicysts (in Dileptus and certain other carnivorous protozoans) tend to be localized around the mouth. When discharged, a toxicyst expels a long, nonstriated filament with a rodlike tip, which paralyzes or kills other microorganisms; this filament is used to capture food and, presumably, in defense. The functional significance of other trichocysts is uncertain, although those of Paramecium apparently can be extruded for anchorage during feeding.

However, if necessary, instead of continuing to grow, the keratin complex will disassemble into non-filamentous keratin precursors that can diffuse throughout the cell cytoplasm. These keratin filaments will be able to be used in future keratin synthesis, either to re-organize the final structure or create a different keratin complex. When the cell has been filled with the correct keratin and structured correctly, it undergoes keratin stabilization and dies, a form of programmed cell death. This results in a fully matured, non-vascular keratin cell.

Thus, eEF1A can be found in both the cytoplasm for translation and in the nucleus for nuclear transport. VHL, PABP1 and other proteins containing a TD-NEM (Transcription Dependent Nuclear Export Motif) are exported by eEF1A in a manner that is dependent on ongoing RNA polymerase II (RNA PolII)-dependent transcription. Moreover, it participates in several processes required for cell growth and proliferation, including cytoskeleton organization, mitotic apparatus formation, and signal transduction. This protein colocalizes with filamentous actin (F-actin) and is just as abundantly expressed.

The spores are elliptical, smooth, and have dimensions of 7–9 by 5–8 μm. They are hyaline (translucent), and amyloid, meaning that they absorb the iodine stain in Melzer's reagent. The spore-bearing cells, the basidia, are up to 35–43 μm long by 4–12 μm, and each have four sterigmata, extensions that hold the spores. The outer layer, or cuticle of the cap (known technically as the pileipellis) is made of filamentous interwoven gelatinized hyphae, with diameters between 3 and 7 μm.

On the shallow shelf-domain east of the reefs, neritic limestones were deposited in the north and dolomites in the south; in the Quercy, even supratidal lignite- bearing limestones were formed. In the western domain open towards the Atlantic, the pelagic sediments comprise ammonite-bearing limy marls very rich in filamentous microfossils (bryozoans). The first sequence in the Dogger (note: sequences are only distinguished in the eastern shelf-domain) starts transgressing in a restricted environment during the Bajocian with dolomite. In places, Aalenian is reworked.

The diet of N. volucellus consists mostly of Daphnia in early spring and late fall while mostly small crustaceans, filamentous algae, and small invertebrates when Daphnia is not as abundant in the summer. One study showed that Daphnia was present in 85% of all stomachs sampled and zooplankton (copepods and Chydorus) was found in greater than 30% of stomach samples in August. Fish aged at 0 ate mostly Chydorus, but in the summer were found to eat varying amounts of invertebrates like small leeches and some chironomids.

A response regulator is a protein that mediates a cell's response to changes in its environment as part of a two-component regulatory system. Response regulators are coupled to specific histidine kinases which serve as sensors of environmental changes. Response regulators and histidine kinases are two of the most common gene families in bacteria, where two-component signaling systems are very common; they also appear much more rarely in the genomes of some archaea, yeasts, filamentous fungi, and plants. Two-component systems are not found in metazoans.

Psilocybe pseudoaztecorum, found in India, differs from P. aztecorum in the morphology of the pleurocystidia and cheilocystidia. The characteristic filamentous neck present in the cystidia of P. aztecorum is absent in P. pseudoaztecorum. P. pseudoaztecorum had been previously described by K. Natarajan and N. Raman as P. aztecorum, but they published the taxon with a new name after consultation with Guzmán. Fresh specimens of P. aztecorum resemble P. pelliculosa, but this latter species is found only in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States and Canada.

Gadella is a genus of morid cod. The species in this genus are characterised by the absence of a chin barbell, an anterior dorsal fin with 7-11 rays, a long based anal fin which has a straight profile, the outermost rays of the pelvic fin are filamentous and extend a small distance beyond the membrane. They do not have a photophore. The Gadella codlings are found around the tropical and subtropical seas around the world on the outer continental shelf to the mid continental slope.

H. capsulatum is an ascomycetous fungus closely related to Blastomyces dermatitidis. It is potentially sexual, and its sexual state, Ajellomyces capsulatus, can readily be produced in culture, though it has not been directly observed in nature. H. capsulatum groups with B. dermatitidis and the South American pathogen Paracoccidioides brasiliensis in the recently recognized fungal family Ajellomycetaceae. It is dimorphic and switches from a mould-like (filamentous) growth form in the natural habitat to a small, budding yeast form in the warm-blooded animal host.

The males also have an orange-tipped black tail, black, orange and white wings, a bright orange bill, an orange iris yellowing as it nears its outer edge, and silky- orange filamentous feathers of the inner remiges. Both sexes also have orange legs and skin. The less conspicuous female is dark brownish-grey overall and has a yellow-tipped black bill, a duller orange iris, and a smaller crest. One-year-old juvenile males look similar to an adult female, but has orange speckles over their bodies.

RHBV is a single stranded, negative- sense RNA virus of the genus Tenuivirus, derived from the Latin "tenui", meaning thin or weak. This comes from the nature of Tenuiviruses to form thin, filamentous viral particles. Other viruses in the genus Tenuivirus include maize stripe virus (MSV), rice stripe virus (RSV), and rice grassy stunt virus (RGSV). While RHBV and other Tenuiviruses have single stranded RNA genomes, it is interesting to note that examination of non-denaturing gel electrophoresis performed with Tenuiviruses has yielded both single stranded and double stranded RNA.

Agrostichthys parkeri, also called the streamer fish, is a species of oarfish. Only seven identified specimens have been examined, with few found fully intact, and have mainly been found in the Southern Ocean. Agrostichthys parkeri belongs to the Regalecidae (oarfish) family in the Lampriformes order and is the only known member of its genus. This species has been known to grow up to 3 metres (around 10 feet) long and has a ribbon-like body, two large eyes, a protruding mouth and long filamentous rays originating at the head.

The MinCDE helix occupies a pole and terminates in a filamentous structure called the E-ring made of MinE at the middle-most edge of the polar zone. From this configuration, the E-ring will contract and move toward that pole, disassembling the MinCDE helix as it moves along. Concomitantly, the disassembled fragments will reassemble at the opposite polar end, reforming the MinCDE coil on the opposite pole while the current MinCDE helix is broken down. This process then repeats, with the MinCDE helix oscillating from pole to pole.

It spends the daytime buried in the top layer of sand. It forages mostly at night and sometimes in the morning. As an ambush predator, when foraging, it poises in the streamlet channel where water is flowing, supported by a tripod formed by its pelvic and anal fins, spreading both its very long barbels and the filamentous dorsal and pectoral-fin rays, thus forming a kind of "drift-trap". When the fish intercepts food, it will lunge at these food particles; after lunging for a short distance, it will return to its previous hunting spot.

Internal symbiont: mitochondrion has a matrix and membranes, like a free- living proteobacterial cell, from which it may derive. Symbiogenesis, or endosymbiotic theory, is the leading evolutionary theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic organisms. The theory holds that mitochondria, plastids such as chloroplasts, and possibly other organelles of eukaryotic cells are descended from formerly free-living prokaryotes (more closely related to bacteria than archaea) taken one inside the other in endosymbiosis. Mitochondria appear to be phylogenetically related to Rickettsiales proteobacteria, and chloroplasts to nitrogen-fixing filamentous cyanobacteria.

Peripherin is a type III intermediate filament protein expressed mainly in neurons of the peripheral nervous system. It is also found in neurons of the central nervous system that have projections toward peripheral structures, such as spinal motor neurons. Its size, structure, and sequence/location of protein motifs is similar to other type III intermediate filament proteins such as desmin, vimentin and glial fibrillary acidic protein. Like these proteins, peripherin can self-assemble to form homopolymeric filamentous networks (networks formed from peripherin protein dimers), but it can also heteropolymerize with neurofilaments in several neuronal types.

The binding of Annexin A-II to lipids in the bilayer orchestrates the organization of lipid rafts in the bilayer at sites of actin assembly. In fact, annexin A-II is itself an actin-binding protein and therefore it can form a region of interaction with actin by means of its filamentous actin properties. In turn, this allows for further cell- cell interactions between monolayers of cells like epithelial and endothelial cells. In addition to annexin A-II, annexin A-XI has also been shown to organize cell membrane properties.

Hydrophobins are a group of small (~100 amino acids) cysteine-rich proteins that are expressed only by filamentous fungi that are lichenized or not. They are known for their ability to form a hydrophobic (water-repellent) coating on the surface of an object. They were first discovered and separated in Schizophyllum commune in 1991. Based on differences in hydropathy patterns and biophysical properties, they can be divided into two categories: class I and class II. Hydrophobins can self-assemble into a monolayer on hydrophilic:hydrophobic interfaces such as a water:air interface.

Mycoestrogens are produced by various strains of fungi, many of which fall under the genus fusarium. Fusarium fungi are filamentous fungi that are found in the soil and are associated with plants and some crops, especially cereals. Zearalenone is mainly produced by F. graminearum and F. culmorum strains, which inhabit different areas depending on temperature and humidity. F. graminearum prefers to inhabit warmer and more humid locations such as Eastern Europe, Northern America, Eastern Australia, and Southern China in comparison to F. colmorum which is found in colder Western Europe.

The tail was also covered in feathers between four and seven centimeters long, consisting of parallel filaments with a width of , without a trace of pennaceous feathers or a tail fan, as indicated by the preserved pygostyle. Unique among known theropods, Beipiaosaurus also possessed a secondary coat of much longer, simpler feathers that rose out of the down layer. These unique feathers known as EBFFs (elongated broad filamentous feathers) were first described by Xu et al. 2009, based on specimen STM 31-1 consisting of the torso, head and neck.

The infection progresses inward from the tips of branches and forms small lesions at points where infected tissue meets healthy tissue. Lesions then girdle limbs less than one centimeter in diameter, effectively killing the entire branch.USDA FS: Phomopsis Blight of Junipers Repeated blighting occurring in early summer may also result in abnormal bunching caused by Moniliophthora perniciosa or more commonly known as Witches Broom.KSU: Juniper Diseases Alpha spores are spherically shaped while beta spores are long and filamentous Phomopsis blight of juniper only infects young, succulent tissue such as immature leaves or branches.

The symbiotic SOM provides carbon and, in some cases, bioavailable nitrogen to the host, and gets enhanced access to resources and shelter in return. This lifestyle has evolved independently in sediment-dwelling ciliates, oligochaetes, nematodes, flatworms and bivalves. Recently, a new mechanism for sulfur oxidation was discovered in filamentous bacteria. It is called electrogenic sulfur oxidation (e-SOx), and involves the formation of multicellular bridges that connect the oxidation of sulfide in anoxic sediment layers with the reduction of oxygen or nitrate in oxic surface sediments, generating electric currents over centimeter distances.

The terminal web is a filamentous structure found at the apical surface of epithelial cells that possess microvilli. It is composed primarily of actin filaments stabilized by spectrin, which also anchors the terminal web to the apical cell membrane. The presence of myosin II and tropomyosin helps to explain the contractile ability of the terminal web. When contracted, the terminal web causes a decrease in diameter of the apex of the cell, causing the microvilli, which are anchored into the terminal web through their stiff actin fibers, to spread apart.

Commonly found in oligotrophic environments, diatoms within the genera Hemiaulus and Rhizosolenia form symbiotic associations with filamentous cyanobacteria in the species Richelia intracellularis. As an endophyte in up to 12 species of Rhizosolenia, R. intracellularis provides fixed nitrogen to its host via the terminally-located heterocyst. Richella-Rhizosolenia symbioses have been found to be abundant within the nitrogen-limited waters of the Central-Pacific Gyre. Several field studies have linked the occurrence of phytoplankton blooms within the gyre to an increase in nitrogen fixation from Richella-Rhizosolenia symbiosis.

In molecular biology, the haemagglutination activity domain is a conserved protein domain found near the N terminus of a number of large, repetitive bacterial proteins, including many proteins of over 2500 amino acids. A number of the members of this family have been designated adhesins, filamentous haemagglutinins, haem/haemopexin-binding protein, etc. Members generally have a signal sequence, then an intervening region, then the region described in this entry. Following this region, proteins typically have regions rich in repeats but may show no homology between the repeats of one member and the repeats of another.

The posterior trunk has a series of eight to twenty styliform, filamentous pleopod-like appendages, decreasing in size posteriorly. Most Thylacocephala have eight pairs of well developed gills, found in the trunk region. Beyond this there is a lack of knowledge about even basic thylacocephalan anatomy, including the number of posterior segments, origin of the raptorials, number of cephalic appendages, shape and attachment of gills, character of mouth, stomach and gut. This results from the class's all–encompassing carapace, which prevents the study of their internal anatomy in fossils.

As the cap enlarges, the margin, made of flaring filamentous hyphae that grow outward and downward, tends to curve inward, eventually forming a flap of tissue roughly parallel to the stem surface. As further development takes place, these hyphae make contact with and adhere to the hymenial surface of the stem, covering basidia and macrocystidia (very long cystidia) already present. The junction between the two tissues produces a cavity that provides some temporary protection to the basidia, although they are already fertile when the cap margin starts to grow.

Electron micrograph of an Ebola virus virion Ebolaviruses contain single-stranded, non-infectious RNA genomes. Ebolavirus genomes contain seven genes including 3'-UTR-NP-VP35-VP40-GP- VP30-VP24-L-5'-UTR. The genomes of the five different ebolaviruses (BDBV, EBOV, RESTV, SUDV and TAFV) differ in sequence and the number and location of gene overlaps. As with all filoviruses, ebolavirus virions are filamentous particles that may appear in the shape of a shepherd's crook, of a "U" or of a "6," and they may be coiled, toroid or branched.

They will infrequently take plankton and surface insects and, in Shasta Reservoir they were recorded feeding on cladocerans. Hardheads of less than mainly prey on benthic invertebrates, in particular the larvae of mayflies and caddis flies, as well as small snails. Larger fish grazed on filamentous algae, as well as preying on crayfish and other large invertebrates. As the fish mature their tooth structure changes; the juveniles have hooked teeth for catching insects and as they mature they develop more molar-like crushing teeth better adapted to grind plant material and larger invertebrates.

Bourbon virus was identified in 2014 by next-generation sequencing of a blood sample from a man from Bourbon County, Kansas, USA, who became ill a few days after being bitten by multiple ticks, and subsequently died. It is the only known thogotovirus to be associated with human disease in the Western hemisphere. As of February 2015, Bourbon virus has not been isolated from ticks, insects or non-human vertebrates. The virus is variable in shape, with filamentous as well as spherical forms; it has a diameter broadly in the range 100–130 nm.

This fungal structure, known as paraphyses, was isolated and identified from an air sample collected via spore trap method. Paraphyses are erect sterile filament-like support structures occurring among the reproductive apparatuses of fungi, ferns, bryophytes and some thallophytes. In certain fungi, they are part of the fertile spore-bearing layer. More specifically, paraphyses are sterile filamentous hyphal end cells composing part of the hymenium of Ascomycota and Basidiomycota interspersed among either the asci or basidia respectively, and not sufficiently differentiated into specialized, swollen, often protruding cells to be called cystidia.

In the 1960s scientists screened for temperature sensitive mutations that blocked cell division at 42° C. The mutant cells divided normally at 30°, but failed to divide at 42°. Continued growth without division produced long filamentous cells (Filamenting temperature sensitive). Several such mutants were discovered and mapped to a locus originally named ftsA, which could be one or more genes. In 1980 Lutkenhaus and Donachie showed that several of these mutations mapped to one gene, ftsA, but one well-characterized mutant, PAT84, originally discovered by Hirota et al, mapped to a separate, adjacent gene.

A mortality rate of 40% has been reported for patients with systemic candidiasis due to C. albicans. By one estimate, invasive candidiasis contracted in a hospital causes 2,800 to 11,200 deaths yearly in the US. Nevertheless, these numbers may not truly reflect the true extent of damage this organism causes, given new studies indicating that C. albicans can cross the blood brain barrier. C. albicans is commonly used as a model organism for fungal pathogens. It is generally referred to as a dimorphic fungus since it grows both as yeast and filamentous cells.

The most abundant organisms in Gunflint are filaments found in stromatolitic fabrics, and typically range from 0.5 to 6.0μm in diameter and up to several hundred microns in length. The Gunflint microfauna can be split into two broad categories: filaments and spheroids. In the groundbreaking 1965 Barghoorn and Tyler paper, three new genera and four new species of filamentous cyanobacteria were discovered, since then various new genera and species have been identified, and some have been named after Barghoorn, Tyler, and Cloud in acknowledgement of their early contributions in defining the Gunflint microbial assemblages.

The filamentous network subjacent to the nodal membrane contains cytoskeletal proteins called spectrin and ankyrin. The high density of ankyrin at the nodes may be functionally significant because several of the proteins that are populated at the nodes share the ability to bind to ankyrin with extremely high affinity. All of these proteins, including ankyrin, are enriched in the initial segment of axons which suggests a functional relationship. Now the relationship of these molecular components to the clustering of sodium channels at the nodes is still not known.

In additional to having high potential for success in combatting the infections listed above, AFP does not inhibit the viability of yeast, bacteria, mammalian, or plant cells. Because there are many filamentous fungal species that do not respond to AFP, it is likely that the protein's detrimental effects are species-specific. As such, AFP could be used to treat and prevent infection by very specific pathogens without harm to patients or host plants. Furthermore, the protein can be easily synthesized through fermentation of A. giganteus and is resistant to hear.

The anamorph was first documented, unintentionally, by Professor Fernand-Pierre-Joseph Guéguen in 1899 who mistook it for the species, Monilia candida, previously described in 1851 by Hermann Friedrich Bonorden. In 1911, Jean Paul Vuillemin determined that the two taxa were distinct, noting that the taxon described by Bonorden was a yeast whereas the strain that was the subject of Guéguen's studies was filamentous and produced true conidia. Vuillemin formally described the latter as S. candida. At the same time, he re-described Bonordeon's yeast taxon, Monilia candida, as Monilia bonordenii.

The spores are 7–9 by 7–9 µm, spherical or nearly so, ornamented with a partial to complete reticulum (a system of raised, net-like ridges), with prominences up to 0.5 µm high. The basidia (spore-bearing cells) are both two- and four- spored, and measure 45–52 by 9–11 µm. The cap cuticle is a poorly formed layer of inflated cells with scattered filamentous pileocystidia (cystidia on the cap). Somewhat unusual for a Lactarius, L. rufulus lacks or has few swollen cells (sphaerocysts) in the cap and stem.

The pheasant-tailed jacana's main sources of food are insects, molluscs, and other invertebrates picked from the floating vegetation or the water's surface. The forage by walking on vegetation and also by swimming in water, somewhat like phalaropes (Hoffmann claims that they wade in deeper water but never swim). They also ingest filamentous algae, seeds and plant material but this may be purely accidental. Flocks of as many as 50 to 100 can be found on a waterbody and they can become very tame and habituated to human presence.

Paecilomyces marquandii is a soil-borne filamentous fungus distributed throughout temperate to tropical latitudes worldwide including forest, grassland, sewage sludge and strongly metal polluted area characterized by high tolerance in heavy metals. Simultaneous toxic action of zinc and alachlor result an increase in uptake of metal in this fungus but disrupts the cell membrane. Paecilomyces marquandii is known to parasitize the mushroom, Cuphophyllus virgineus, in the family, Hygrophoraceae. Paecilomyces marquandii is categorised as a biosafety risk group 1 in Canada and is not thought to be a significant pathogen of humans or animals.

Trentepohlia is a genus of filamentous chlorophyte green algae in the family Trentepohliaceae, living free on terrestrial supports such as tree trunks and wet rocks or symbiotically in lichens.See the NCBI webpage on Trentepohlia. Data extracted from the The filaments of Trentepohlia have a strong orange colour (photograph at right) caused by the presence of large quantities of carotenoid pigments which mask the green of the chlorophyll. Trentepohlia species form associations with fungal hyphae, and are widespread phycobionts in lichens, such as the "secret writing" crustose lichen genera Graphis, Graphina, Gyalecta and Opegrapha.

The symbiosome is formed as a result of an endocytosis-like process that produces an endosome. Typically endosomes target to lysosomes, but the symbiosome re-targets the host-cell proteins. The changes in the plant needed to form the infection thread, the increased division of the cortical cells, the formation of the root nodule, and symbiosome, are brought about by dynamic changes in the actin cytoskeleton. Filamentous actin (F-actin) channels the elongation of the injection threads and short F-actin fragments are dotted around the symbiosome membrane.

Basidiomycota () is one of two large divisions that, together with the Ascomycota, constitute the subkingdom Dikarya (often referred to as the "higher fungi") within the kingdom Fungi. More specifically, Basidiomycota includes these groups: mushrooms, puffballs, stinkhorns, bracket fungi, other polypores, jelly fungi, boletes, chanterelles, earth stars, smuts, bunts, rusts, mirror yeasts, and the human pathogenic yeast Cryptococcus. Basidiomycota are filamentous fungi composed of hyphae (except for basidiomycota-yeast) and reproduce sexually via the formation of specialized club-shaped end cells called basidia that normally bear external meiospores (usually four). These specialized spores are called basidiospores.

Meanwhile, phosphorylation of PI3K by SRC activates RhoA which leads to activation of cofilin-P and disruption of filamentous actin. When the WAVE-1 gene was disrupted in mice, it resulted in cognitive defects such as losses in learning and memory implicating the WAVE-1 branch of the Rac pathway. Using an in vivo dentate gyrus LTP model, it was shown that LTP induction is associated with an increase in F-actin in the dendritic spines, and this is a long lasting change. It was shown that NMDA receptor activation is required for this effect.

Deconvolution image of U2OS cells stained with fluorescent phalloidin taken on a confocal microscope Phalloidin is much smaller than an antibody that would typically be used to label cellular proteins for fluorescent microscopy which allows for much denser labeling of filamentous actin and much more detailed images can be acquired particularly at higher resolutions. Unmodified phalloidins do not permeate cell membranes, making them less effective in experiments with living cells. Derivatives of phalloidin with greatly increased cell permeability have been synthesized. Cells treated with phalloidins exhibit a number of toxic effects and frequently die.

The Crassisporiaceae is a mushroom family of small brown, naucoroid, brown- spored agarics with thick to slightly thickened, smooth, basidiospore walls that darken to reddish brown in potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution, absence of chrysocystidia, presence of cheilocystidia, nongelatinized tissues in the lamellae, and a filamentous pileus cutis. The family is recognized based upon phylogenetic analyses using DNA sequences and depending upon the analyses varies in relationship to either the Cortinariaceae or, as described in greater detail prior to recognition as a separate family, near the Strophariaceae. Crassisporium is pyrophilous and Romagnesiella may be bryophilous.

Based on a 1988 study of a population near Rancho Nuevo in Tamaulipas, Mexico, the males of K. herrerai attain a larger size than females, with a proportionally smaller plastron, and narrower and shallower carapace. Symbionts reported include a balanomorph barnacle, leeches of the genus Phcobdelta, and the filamentous green alga Basichdia. The food items identified indicate an omnivorous diet, with wild figs the major plant component, and several insect orders and millipedes represented. Courtship in K. herrerai agrees in most respects with courtship of other kinosternid species.

Sirens are omnivorous, feeding mainly on worms, small snails, shrimps, and filamentous algae.John Farrand Jr., The Audubon Society Encyclopedia of Animal Life, 1982 They are notable among salamanders (and most amphibians, aside from a few frog species) due to their semi-herbivorous habits. If the conditions of a water source are unsuitable, a larva will shrink its gills to mere stumps, and these may not function at all. They are also able to burrow into mud of drying ponds and encase themselves with a cocoon of mucus to survive periods of drought.

The Zygnemataceae are a family of filamentous or unicellular, uniseriate (unbranched) green algae. The filaments are septated and reproduction is by conjugation; Spirogyra is commonly used in schools to demonstrate this kind of reproduction. The family is notable for its diversely shaped chloroplasts, such as stellate in Zygnema, helical in Spirogyra, and flat in Mougeotia. The Zygnemataceae are cosmopolitan, but though all generally occur in the same types of habitats, Mougeotia, Spirogyra, and Zygnema are by far the most common; in one study across North America,McCourt et al.

Mature males are very dark, almost black, sometimes with a blue-green iridescence, and the white spots are very conspicuous. The eye is bright yellow and crossed by an oblique bar. Mature males have elongated filamentous tips to the dorsal and anal fins, but do not have enlarged jaws (in contrast to species like Oreochromis mossambicus). Young fishes have numerous small slender tricuspid teeth, but they become stouter in larger fish, and sometimes bicuspid. Overall, there are usually 4–6 rows of teeth, occasionally up to 8 in larger fish.

The perfect stage of Helminthosporium turcicum. Phytopathology 49:159-160 A single mating type locus was identified the next year Nelson, RR. 1959. A major gene locus for compatibilitiy in Trichometasphaeria turcica. Phytopathology 49:159-160. The mating type locus of S. turcica follows the same naming convention as other filamentous ascomycetes: the locus is known as MAT1, while the two idiomorphs (genes at this locus which are not alleles, as they do not derive from a common ancestor) are known as MAT1-1 and MAT1-2Turgeon BG, Yoder OC. 2000.

Cochliobolus carbonum (anamorph: Helminthosporium carbonum) is one of more than 40 species of filamentous ascomycetes belonging to the genus Cochliobolus (anamorph: Bipolaris/Curvularia). This pathogen has a worldwide distribution, with reports from Australia, Brazil, Cambodia, Canada, China, Congo, Denmark, Egypt, India, Kenya, New Zealand, Nigeria, Solomon Islands, and the United States. Cochliobolus carbonum is one of the most aggressive members of this genus infecting sorghum (Sorghum spp. [Poaceae]), corn (Zea mays [Poaceae]) and apple (Malus domestica [Rosaceae]).Manamgoda, D., Cai, L., Bahkali, A., Chukeatirote, E., and Hyde, K. (2011).

Pythium dissotocum is a polycyclic oomycete root rot capable of both sexual and asexual reproduction. In its mid-season asexual phase, P. dissotocum disperses by forming a filamentous sporangia, which produce vesicles housing 10-75 motile zoospores. Vesicles open, releasing zoospores which contact host roots, encyst, and produce a germ tube which infects the host root, and begins formation of mycelium. In sexual reproduction, if multiple mating types are present, hyphal antheridium can contact each other and undergo plasmogamy, merging their membranes near the end of growing season.

The fossil record of roots—or rather, infilled voids where roots rotted after death—spans back to the late Silurian, about 430 million years ago. Their identification is difficult, because casts and molds of roots are so similar in appearance to animal burrows. They can be discriminated using a range of features. The evolutionary development of roots likely happened from the modification of shallow rhizomes (modified horizontal stems) which anchored primitive vascular plants combined with the development of filamentous outgrowths (called rhizoids) which anchored the plants and conducted water to the plant from the soil.

The only spike of Influenza C virus, the hemagglutinin‐esterase‐fusion glycoprotein (HEF) combines receptor binding, receptor hydrolysis and membrane fusion activities. Like other hemagglutinating glycoproteins of influenza viruses HEF is S‐acylated, but only with stearic acid at a single cysteine located at the cytosol‐facing end of the transmembrane region. This HE protein however, has spikes in its structural organization as well. HEF trimers on the surfaces of both spherical and filamentous particles are arranged in a reticular structure that has been described to consist mainly of hexagons.

Filamentous structures, called tip links, connect the tips of stereocilia in adjacent rows in the bundles. The tip links are made up of nearly vertical fine filaments that run upward from the top end of a shorter stereocilia to its taller neighbor. Tip links are analogous to tiny springs, which, when stretched, open cation selective channels thus allowing ions to flow across the cell membrane into the hair cells. They also are involved in the force transmission across the bundle and the maintenance of the hair bundle structure.

Many ducks are on the water, some large carp and occasional turtles. On the shores of Lake Opeka, Lake Park is a park which offers a wide variety of outdoor recreational opportunities for all age groups, administered by the Des Plaines Park District. 460 man-hours were spent removing submerged and surface vegetation from the lake, to prevent its becoming a threat to aquatic life (due to its using up the oxygen supply when decomposing). The vegetation consisted of the native slender naiad (Najas flexilis), and an excessive amount of filamentous algae.

Scanning electron microscopy reveals that one end of the spores has a hilar scar—an indentation in the spore wall that results during its separation from the sterigma of the basidium. The basidia (spore-bearing cells) are usually eight-spored, and the gleba composed of chains of roughly spherical, fusiform, ellipsoid to broadly club-shaped cells that are either 6.5–7.4 by 2.8–5.6 µm or 37.1–46.3 by 18–28 µm and also mixed with filamentous cells 2.3–4.5 µm wide. The hyphae of L. mokusin have clamp connections.

Although the damaging effect of carbon monoxide on catalysts is undesirable, this reaction has been used in producing graphite flakes, filamentous graphite and lamellar graphite crystallites, as well as producing carbon nanotubes. In graphite production, catalysts used are molybdenum, magnesium, nickel, iron and cobalt, while in carbon nanotube production, molybdenum, nickel, cobalt, iron and Ni-MgO catalysts are used. The Boudouard reaction is an important process inside a blast furnace. The reduction of iron oxides is not achieved by carbon directly, as reactions between solids are typically very slow, but by carbon monoxide.

A reappraisal of the California Roach/Hitch (Cypriniformes, Cyprinidae, Hesperoleucus/Lavinia) species complex Zootaxa 4543 (2): 221–240 Hitch are omnivores of the open water, eating a combination of filamentous algae, insects, and zooplankton. They can be found in lakes, sloughs, and slow-moving sections of rivers and streams. With the highest temperature tolerance among the native fish of the Central Valley, they can be found in both warm and cool water; they also have considerable salt tolerance, for instance occurring in Suisun Marsh (7-8 ppt salinity), and Salinas River lagoon (9 ppt).

Nielsen has worked on studying and improving many different industrial biotechnological processes. Initially he worked on physiological characterization of the filamentous fungus Penicillium chrysogenum that is used for penicillin production. This resulted in continued work, together with the Dutch company DSM, on development of a novel process for production of adipoyl-7-ADCA, a precursor for cephalexin. He also worked on characterization of many other fermentation processes used for antibiotics production, and through the use of his experimental and modelling techniques he assisted several companies with improving their production process.

Cofilin 1 (non-muscle; n-cofilin), also known as CFL1, is a human gene, part of the ADF/cofilin family. Cofilin is a widely distributed intracellular actin-modulating protein that binds and depolymerizes filamentous F-actin and inhibits the polymerization of monomeric G-actin in a pH-dependent manner. It is involved in the translocation of actin-cofilin complex from cytoplasm to nucleus. One group reports that reelin signaling leads to serine3-phosphorylation of cofilin-1, and this interaction may play a role in the reelin-related regulation of neuronal migration.

Pyxiloricaria menezesi is the only species of the monotypic genus Pyxiloricaria, a genus of the family Loricariidae of catfish (order Siluriformes). This species is endemic to Brazil where it occurs in the Paraguay River drainage. P. menezesi inhabits sandy substrates and is sympatric with representatives of the genus Pseudohemiodon. P. menezesi reaches a length of SL. The phylogenetic position is uncertain; although it is thought to be closely related to Pseudohemiodon, it shares with Loricaria filamentous lips, inconspicuous fringed barbels on the lower lip, and shorter maxillary barbels.

Mimoblennius atrocinctus, the banded blenny, is a species of combtooth blenny found in the western Pacific and eastern Indian oceans. This species grows to a length of TL. This is a rare species in which the adults live along rocky coastline to a depth of where they inhabit the abandoned tubes created by worms either alone or in loose aggregations. Their eggs are demersal and adhere to the substrate by an adhesive pad or pedestal which is filamentous. The larvae are planktonic and are frequently recorded from shallow waters near the coast.

Biotransformation of (+)-catechin into taxifolin by a two-step oxidation can be achieved by Burkholderia sp. (+)-Catechin and (-)-epicatechin are transformed by the endophytic filamentous fungus Diaporthe sp. into the 3,4-cis-dihydroxyflavan derivatives, (+)-(2R,3S,4S)-3,4,5,7,3',4'-hexahydroxyflavan (leucocyanidin) and (-)-(2R,3R,4R)-3,4,5,7,3',4'-hexahydroxyflavan, respectively, whereas (-)-catechin and (+)-epicatechin with a 2S-phenyl group resisted the biooxidation. Leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR) uses (2R,3S)-catechin, NADP+ and H2O to produce 2,3-trans-3,4-cis-leucocyanidin, NADPH, and H+. Its gene expression has been studied in developing grape berries and grapevine leaves.

The tail is very short with well-developed dorsal and ventral fin folds and a filamentous tip, and is banded black and white past the stinging spine. In addition, Neotrygon species also differ from other stingrays in their buccal and skeletal morphology,Last, P.R., White, W.T. & Séret, B. (2016): Taxonomic status of maskrays of the Neotrygon kuhlii species complex (Myliobatoidei: Dasyatidae) with the description of three new species from the Indo-West Pacific. Zootaxa, 4083 (4): 533–561. as well as in the CO1 and ND2 gene sequences.

Early plants were small, unicellular or filamentous, with simple branching. The identification of plant fossils in Cambrian strata is an uncertain area in the evolutionary history of plants because of the small and soft-bodied nature of these plants. It is also difficult in a fossil of this age to distinguish among various similar appearing groups with simple branching patterns, and not all of these groups are plants. One exception to the uncertainty of fossils from this age is the group of calcareous green algae, Dasycladales found in the fossil record since the middle Cambrian.

A phagemid is a plasmid that contains an f1 origin of replication from an f1 phage.Analysis of Genes and Genomes, John Wiley & Sons, 2004, S. 140, Google Books It can be used as a type of cloning vector in combination with filamentous phage M13. A phagemid can be replicated as a plasmid, and also be packaged as single stranded DNA in viral particles. Phagemids contain an origin of replication (ori) for double stranded replication, as well as an f1 ori to enable single stranded replication and packaging into phage particles.

Helper phages are usually engineered to package less efficiently (via a defective phage origin of replication) than the phagemid so that the resultant phage particles contain predominantly phagemid DNA. F1 Filamentous phage infection requires the presence of a pilus so only bacterial hosts containing the F-plasmid or its derivatives can be used to generate phage particles. Prior to the development of cycle sequencing, phagemids were used to generate single stranded DNA template for sequencing purposes. Today phagemids are still useful for generating templates for site-directed mutagenesis.

Member of the Ectocarpales brown algae: Asperococcus bullosus One of the best-studied phaeoviruses, EsV-1, infects the small, filamentous brown algae E. siliculosus, which has a cosmopolitan distribution (found in most of the world's oceans). The Ectocarpales are closely related to the brown algal group, the Laminariales, which are the most economically important group of brown algae, having a wide range of applications in the cosmetics and food industry. Muller et al. (1990) were one of the first to explore the causes of gametangium defects in E. siliculosus originating from New Zealand.

Like all filoviruses, marburgvirions are filamentous particles that may appear in the shape of a shepherd's crook or in the shape of a "U" or a "6", and they may be coiled, toroid, or branched. Marburgvirions are generally 80 nm in width, but vary somewhat in length. In general, the median particle length of marburgviruses ranges from 795–828 nm (in contrast to ebolavirions, whose median particle length was measured to be 974–1,086 nm ), but particles as long as 14,000 nm have been detected in tissue culture. Marburgvirions consist of seven structural proteins.

Filamin-C is a 290.8 kDa protein composed of 2725 amino acids. Filamin-C, like the ubiquitously-expressed isoform Filamin-A, have an N-terminal filamentous actin-binding domain, followed by a lengthy C-terminal self-association domain containing a series of immunoglobulin-like domains, and a membrane glycoprotein-binding domain. Filamin-C interacts with γ-sarcoglycan and δ-sarcoglycan at the sarcolemma; myotilin and FATZ/calsarcin/myozenin at Z-lines, as well as LL5β. Filamin-C has also been shown to interact with INPPL1, KCND2, and MAP2K4.

Top view of the mata mata turtle The mata mata is a large, sedentary turtle with a large, triangular, flattened head with many tubercles and flaps of skin, and a "horn" on its long and tubular snout. Three barbels occur on the chin and four additional filamentous barbels at the upper jaw, which is neither hooked nor notched. The mata mata's brown or black, oblong carapace can measure up to at adult age. Toutes les tortues du monde by Franck Bonin, Bernard Devaux and Alain Dupré, second edition (1998), editions Delachaux and Niestlé/WWF.

Sereno, P.C. (2012). pp. 161–162. The family contains some of the smallest known ornithischian dinosaurs – the North American Fruitadens, for example, reached a length of only . Following the description of the related Tianyulong in 2009, which was preserved with hundreds of long, filamentous integuments (sometimes compared to bristles) from neck to tail, Heterodontosaurus has also been depicted with such structures, for example in publications by the palaeontologists Gregory S. Paul and Paul Sereno. Sereno has stated that a heterodontosaur may have looked like a "nimble two-legged porcupine" in life.

Butterfly eyespots may also play a role in mate recognition and sexual selection. Some species of caterpillar, such as many hawkmoths (Sphingidae), have eyespots on their anterior abdominal segments. When alarmed, they retract the head and the thoracic segments into the body, leaving the apparently threatening large eyes at the front of the visible part of the body. Many butterflies such as the blues (Lycaenidae) have filamentous "tails" at the ends of their wings and nearby patterns of markings on the wings, which combine to create a "false head".

The threadfin jack or thread pompano (Carangoides otrynter) is a species of coastal marine fish in the jack family Carangidae. The species inhabits the tropical waters of the eastern Pacific Ocean from Baja California in the north to Ecuador and the Galapagos Islands in the south. It is a moderately large fish, growing to and may be recognized by its filamentous dorsal and anal fin lobes. The threadfin jack inhabits both deeper coastal waters and inshore environments, including reefs and estuaries, where it preys on minute benthic and pelagic organisms, including small fishes and crustaceans.

The ice cap has sealed the saline brine from external air and water for thousands of years creating a time capsule for ancient DNA. This combination of lake features make Lake Vida a unique lacustrine ecosystem on Earth.Annika Mosier at Desert Research Institute The lake gained widespread recognition in December 2002 when a research team, led by the University of Illinois at Chicago's Peter Doran, announced the discovery of 2,800‑year‑old halophile microbes (primarily filamentous cyanobacteria) preserved in ice layer core samples drilled in 1996.National Science Foundation press release for Doran et al.

Influenzaviruses A, B, C, and D are very similar in overall structure.International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses descriptions of:Orthomyxoviridae, Influenzavirus B and Influenzavirus C The virus particle (also called the virion) is 80–120 nanometers in diameter such that the smallest virions adopt an elliptical shape. The length of each particle varies considerably, owing to the fact that influenza is pleomorphic, and can be in excess of many tens of micrometers, producing filamentous virions. However, despite these varied shapes, the viral particles of all influenza viruses are similar in composition.

All names except Alectis ciliaris are now considered defunct according to the ICZN rules. The original genus name of Zeus has now also been applied to an ascomycete fungi (this is permitted under the rules, because a fungus is not an animal). The African pompano is not a true pompano of the genus Trachinotus, but is more closely allied with the fish commonly called jacks and trevallies. The various common names used for the species generally reflect the juvenile filamentous fins, with a number of variations on 'threadfin trevally' often used.

The African pompano is a schooling predatory fish which takes predominantly a variety of crustaceans, including decapods, carids and copepods, as well as cephalopods and small fish. They are preyed upon by larger fish, including mackerel and tunas, as well as sharks. The small pelagic juveniles' filamentous dorsal and anal fins resemble jellyfish medusae, and this mimicry may gain them some protection from predators. Little is known of their reproductive habits and maturation lengths, although a study in India determined a peak in the abundance of A. ciliaris larvae in April.

Geosmin is produced by various blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) and filamentous bacteria in the class Actinomyces, and also some other prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The main genera in the cyanobacteria that have been shown to produce geosmin include Anabaena, Phormidium, and Planktothrix, while the main genus in the Actinomyces that produces geosmin is Streptomyces. Communities whose water supplies depend on surface water can periodically experience episodes of unpleasant-tasting water when a sharp drop in the population of these bacteria releases geosmin into the local water supply. Under acidic conditions, geosmin decomposes into odorless substances.

The end of the DNA signals the cell to add the end cap proteins, which are likely already associated with VIII. As with most filamentous phages, there is no defined limit on the amount of DNA that can be packaged into the phage coat. Excessive copies of the phage genome can be packaged, called "polyphage"; although these are due to improper termination of extrusion about 5% of the phage produced in the presence of termination signals are twice the normal length. Even larger inserts are naturally selected against.

A. nitrofigilis is a nitrogen-fixing bacterium isolated from the roots of the salt marsh plant Spartina alterniflora. A. sulfidicus is an obligate microaerophile that oxidizes sulfides and is an autotrophic producer of filamentous sulfur. Large populations of this bacterium produce mats of this solid, white sulfur filament. These mats are useful in anchoring the bacteria to rocky surfaces in the face of flowing subsurface hydrothermal fluids, as well as providing important carpeting around hydrothermal vents that attracts other animals to that site and encourages them to settle and grow.

In culture, colonies of P. obovatum begin as white or off-white in colour becoming pale green and centrally darkened with age. The green pigments diffuse into the growth medium ultimately becoming blackish-green in colour. Although the hyphae of the fungus are typically colourless (hyaline), the presence of these dark diffusible pigments has resulted in this species being considered one of the dematiaceous (aka filamentous, darkly-pigmented) fungi. This placement may be further justified by the confirmation of melanin pigments in hyphal walls and septa as demonstrated by Fontana-Masson's staining procedure.

Alphatristromavirus (formerly: Alphalipothrixvirus) is the sole genus of viruses in the family Tristromaviridae. The thermophilic archaea of the genera Thermoproteus and Pyrobaculum serve as natural hosts. There are currently only two species in this genus: Thermoproteus tenax virus 1 and the type species Pyrobaculum filamentous virus 1 The genus was formerly classified into family Lipothrixviridae of order Ligamenvirales. However, due to lack of sequence similarity of TTV1 and PFV1 to other members of the Lipothrixviridae, genus Alphalipothrixvirus was renamed to Alphatristromavirus and moved into a separate family, the Tristromaviridae.

Exophiala pisciphila is an exclusively asexual fungus that exhibits both filamentous and yeast-like growth. Due to its variable growth forms and the dark pigmentation of its cell walls, it is considered a member of the descriptive grouping of similar fungi known as the black yeasts. E. pisciphila forms slow growing colonies approximately in size which is similar to other species in the genus, E. salmonis and E. brunnea. The texture of the colony is dry and fluffy due to the formation on aerial hyphae in mature colonies.

Studies were also been done on Nelliecarteria, Gloeodendron, the rare filamentous alga Chaetonemopsis, cytology of Rhizoclonium and Cladophora algae of polluted waters, aerial algae, algae associated with Bryophytes etc. His review of papers on the conducting systems in fossil brown and red algae, and recent trends and developments in Phycology were significant not only to the research students but also to the teachers of Phycology. Busy as he was, he found time to attend many symposia and conventions. His papers revealed an analytical and critical approach as well as the depth of his knowledge.

Fossil of Sinosauropteryx prima The early 1990s saw the discovery of spectacularly preserved bird fossils in several Early Cretaceous geological formations in the northeastern Chinese province of Liaoning. In 1996, Chinese paleontologists described Sinosauropteryx as a new genus of bird from the Yixian Formation, but this animal was quickly recognized as a more basal theropod dinosaur closely related to Compsognathus. Surprisingly, its body was covered by long filamentous structures. These were dubbed 'protofeathers' and considered homologous with the more advanced feathers of birds, although some scientists disagree with this assessment.

This early bird is so dinosaur-like that, without a clear impression of feathers in the surrounding rock, at least one specimen was mistaken for Compsognathus. Since the 1990s, a number of additional feathered dinosaurs have been found, providing even stronger evidence of the close relationship between dinosaurs and modern birds. The first of these were initially described as simple filamentous protofeathers, which were reported in dinosaur lineages as primitive as compsognathids and tyrannosauroids. However, feathers indistinguishable from those of modern birds were soon after found in non-avialan dinosaurs as well.

A small minority of researchers have claimed that the simple filamentous "protofeather" structures are simply the result of the decomposition of collagen fiber under the dinosaurs' skin or in fins along their backs, and that species with unquestionable feathers, such as oviraptorosaurs and dromaeosaurs are not dinosaurs, but true birds unrelated to dinosaurs.Feduccia, A. (2012). Riddle of the Feathered Dragons: Hidden Birds of China. Yale University Press, , However, a majority of studies have concluded that feathered dinosaurs are in fact dinosaurs, and that the simpler filaments of unquestionable theropods represent simple feathers.

The word "hair" usually refers to two distinct structures: #the part beneath the skin, called the hair follicle, or, when pulled from the skin, the bulb or root. This organ is located in the dermis and maintains stem cells, which not only re-grow the hair after it falls out, but also are recruited to regrow skin after a wound. # the shaft, which is the hard filamentous part that extends above the skin surface. A cross section of the hair shaft may be divided roughly into three zones.

The presence of amino acids that determine the solubility and aggregation to DED allowed to identify DED's in different proteins, such as caspase-8 and MC159. The secondary structure of the domain, as said, is built by 6 alpha-helices. The tertiary structure of the domain has been described from the crystallization of caspase 8 in the human. The method used to describe the structure was X-RAY diffraction and the resolution obtained is 2.2 Å. DEDs in this protein show an asymmetric unit dimer, with its interface contains two hydrogen bonding networks, that appear as a filamentous structure.

Some of the endosymbionts lysed (burst), and high levels of DNA were incorporated into the nucleus. A similar mechanism is thought to occur in tobacco plants, which show a high rate of gene transfer and whose cells contain multiple chloroplasts. In addition, the bulk flow hypothesis is also supported by the presence of non- random clusters of organelle genes, suggesting the simultaneous movement of multiple genes. Molecular and biochemical evidence suggests that mitochondria are related to Rickettsiales proteobacteria (in particular, the SAR11 clade, or close relatives), and that chloroplasts are related to nitrogen-fixing filamentous cyanobacteria.

An alternatively spliced mouse peripherin variant was identified that includes intron 4, a region that is spliced out of the abundant peripherin forms. Because of the change in reading frame, this variant produces a larger form of peripherin (Per61). In human peripherin, the inclusion of introns 3 and 4, regions that are similarly spliced out of the abundant peripherin protein forms, results in the generation of a truncated peripherin protein (Per28). In both cases, an antibody specific to a peptide coded by the intron regions stained the filamentous inclusions of in tissues affected by amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

The river chub is prey for larger fish and is used as bait by fishermen seeking large game fish such as bass and catfish. Its diet consists primarily of aquatic invertebrates. One study of river chub stomach contents in western New York found that insects were 70% of the volume of food consumed, plants 20% (mainly filamentous algae), crustaceans 5% (primarily Cambarus), and mollusks 4% (primarily gastropods), plus a few fish and arachnids. Caddisfly larvae and fly larvae (primarily Simulium and Chironomus) made up just over half the total food consumed. Mayflies (mainly baetids) were about 6% of the total.

The pectoral fin has 15 to 17 unbranched rays and has a length equivalent to 34 to 41% of the standard length with its tip falling just short of or reaching slightly beyond the origin of the anal fin. It has 7 pectoral filaments the shortest being the first which does not reach the tip of the pelvic fin and the longest extends well past the tips of the tail. The caudal fin is deeply forked, with long lobes neither of them being filamentous. The lateral line is simple, extends from the upper part of the gill slit to the tail.

Sweet potato latent virus (SPLV), formerly designated as sweet potato virus N, was first reported from Taiwan. The virus has flexuous, filamentous particles of approximately 700-750 nm long and induces typical cylindrical inclusion proteins in the cytoplasm of infected cells. The experimental host range of SPLV is wider than that of sweet potato feathery virus (SPFMV), and it induces symptoms on some Chenopodium and Nicotiana species. SPLV is serologically related to, but distinct from SPFMV. Sequence comparison of the 3’-partial sequences showed that SPLV was a distinct species of the genus Potyvirus in the family Potyviridae.

The D/V boundary is characterized by the presence of filamentous actin and mutations in Myosin-II heavy chain impairs D/V compartmentalization. Similarly, both F-actin and Myosin-II are increased along the A/P boundary, accompanied by a decrease of Bazooka, which was also observed in the D/V border. The Rho-kinase inhibitor Y-27632, of which Myosin- II is the main target, significantly reduces cell bond tension, suggesting that Myosin-II could be the main effector of this process. In support of the signaling-affinity model, creating an artificial interface between cells with active vs.

It was originally extracted from Streptomyces nodosus, a filamentous bacterium, in 1955, at the Squibb Institute for Medical Research from cultures of an undescribed streptomycete isolated from the soil collected in the Orinoco River region of Venezuela. Two antifungal substances were isolated from the soil culture, Amphotericin A and Amphotericin B, but B had better antifungal activity. For decades it remained the only effective therapy for invasive fungal disease until the development of the azole antifungals in the early 1980s. Its complete stereo structure was determined in 1970 by an X-ray structure of the N-iodoacetyl derivative.

In addition, the filamentous particles of rudiviruses and lipothrixviruses are built from structurally similar, homologous major capsid proteins. Due to these shared properties viruses from the two families are classified into an order Ligamenvirales. Members of the Ligamenvirales are structurally related to viruses of the family Tristromaviridae which, similar to lipothrixviruses, are enveloped and encode two paralogous major capsid proteins with the same fold as those of ligamenviruses. Due to these structural similarities, order Ligamenvirales and family Tristromaviridae were proposed to be unified within a class 'Tokiviricetes' (toki means ‘thread’ in Georgian and viricetes is an official suffix for a virus class).

The broad therapeutic potential of pGSN supplementation resides in the fact that the molecule embodies a multifunctional system contributing importantly to innate immunity rather than a pharmacologic intervention with selective and specific activities. Plasma gelsolin’s primary function is to keep inflammation local and enhance the function of the innate immune system. It functions through a pleiotropic mechanism of action; severing toxic filamentous actin (F-actin), binding inflammatory mediators, and enhancing pathogen clearance. These mechanisms are quite distinct from other anti-inflammatory agents that function as antagonists of individual mediators or inhibitors of specific enzymes, and work to ablate inflammation.

It commonly refers to an extension of the basidium (the spore-bearing cells) consisting of a basal filamentous part and a slender projection which carries a spore at the tip. The sterigmata are formed on the basidium as it develops and undergoes meiosis, to result in the production of (typically) four nuclei. The nuclei gradually migrate to the tips of the basidium, and one nucleus will migrate into each spore that develops at the tip of each sterigma. In less common usage, a sterigma is a structure within the posterior end of the genitalia of female Lepidoptera.

They internally store large amounts of nitrate and elemental sulfur to overcome the spatial gap between oxygen and sulfide. Some of the Beggiatoaceae are filamentous and can thus glide between oxic/suboxic and sulfidic environments, while the non-motile ones rely on nutrient suspensions, fluxes, or attach themselves to bigger particles. Some marine non-motile LSB are the only known free-living bacteria that have two carbon fixation pathways: the Calvin-Benson cycle (used by plants and other photosynthetic organisms) and the reverse tricarboxylic acid cycle. Another evolutionary strategy of SOM is to partner up with motile eukaryotic organisms.

In molecular biology, the CVNH domain (CyanoVirin-N Homology domain) is a conserved protein domain. It is found in the sugar-binding antiviral protein cyanovirin-N (CVN) as well as proteins from filamentous ascomycetes and in the fern Ceratopteris richardii. Cyanovirin-N (CV-N) is an 11-kDa protein from the cyanobacterium Nostoc ellipsosporum that displays virucidal activity against several viruses, including human immunodeficiency virus (AIDS). The virucidal activity of CV-N is mediated through specific high-affinity interactions with the viral surface envelope glycoproteins gp120 and gp41, as well as to high- mannose oligosaccharides found on the HIV envelope.

Competence is a physiological state that allows bacterial cells to take up DNA from other cells and incorporate this DNA into their own genome, a sexual process called transformation. Among eukaryotic microorganisms, pheromones promote sexual interaction in numerous species.Danton H. O’Day, Paul A. Horgen (1981) Sexual Interactions in Eukaryotic Microbes Academic Press, New York. These species include the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the filamentous fungi Neurospora crassa and Mucor mucedo, the water mold Achlya ambisexualis, the aquatic fungus Allomyces macrogynus, the slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum, the ciliate protozoan Blepharisma japonicum and the multicellular green algae Volvox carteri.

This domain is suggested to be a carbohydrate-dependent haemagglutination activity site. In Bordetella pertussis, the infectious agent in childhood whooping cough, filamentous haemagglutinin (FHA) is a surface- exposed and secreted protein that acts as a major virulence attachment factor, functioning as both a primary adhesin and an immunomodulator to bind the bacterial to cells of the respiratory epithelium. The FHA molecule has a globular head that consists of two domains: a shaft and a flexible tail. Its sequence contains two regions of tandem 19-residue repeats, where the repeat motif consists of short beta-strands separated by beta-turns.

Long filamentous structures have been preserved along with skeletal remains of numerous coelurosaurs from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation and other nearby geological formations from Liaoning, China. These filaments have usually been interpreted as "protofeathers," homologous with the branched feathers found in birds and some non-avian theropods, although other hypotheses have been proposed. A skeleton of Dilong was described in 2004 that included the first example of feathers in a tyrannosauroid. Similarly to down feathers of modern birds, the feathers found in Dilong were branched but not pennaceous, and may have been used for insulation.