Now, this same team of dung beetle-obsessed researchers say they've finally figured it out.
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Advertise on Hyperallergic with Nectar Ads Maybe you've never seen a splendid-necked dung beetle before.
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So, imagine if all 8,000 species of dung beetle, plus other doo-dining insects, like flies, vanished worldwide.
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In today's 360 video, get a close look at how a dung beetle in Kenya prepares a meal.
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"Some of the most important species aren't very charismatic - like the dung beetle in the African plains," Watson said.
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The symbol of a scarab, which is a sort of dung beetle, held great importance in ancient Egyptian religion.
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Finally, there's a photographer up to the task of capturing the splendid-necked dung beetle in all of its opulence.
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In the hall, in emulation of the dung beetle, the artist constructed a ball of knotted white sheets five feet across.
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"These guys are one of the heroes of the story," he says, as he gingerly places the dung beetle into its hole.
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"If you tell people 'We need to save the dung beetle' I think one's going to get a pretty jaundiced look," he said.
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The dung beetle, for instance, follows polarized light, the moon or the Milky Way to roll a ball of excrement along a perfectly straight path.
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To initiate the process, the dung beetle climbs to the top of its ball of poop and performs a "dance" whereby it rotates about its vertical axis.
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It's a charmingly unmodern space that showcases paintings, objects, video art about poop, a display about the dung beetle (also the museum's logo) and a giant coprolite.
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Believe it or not, we'd have even worse troubles ahead since we'd face a serious poop problem without one of the world's greatest recyclers, the dung beetle.
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But the dung beetle doesn't just eat poo—the males roll it into balls to woo the ladies, which in turn use it as a home for their young.
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Forty percent of bee species are listed as vulnerable for extinction, and most dung beetle species (named for — you guessed it — what they like to eat) are vulnerable or endangered.
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It's called Vision Urbanetic — an all-electric autonomous concept vehicle that can change from a toaster-looking cargo van to a dung beetle-esque (or it is bike helmet) people mover.
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Dr Jones and his colleagues found from their traps that organic farms did indeed foster large dung-beetle populations, which removed significantly more pig faeces over the course of a week than did beetles dwelling on conventional farms.
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Although that's nowhere near the 95 tons she'd have to lift to be dung beetle-strong, her squat is more than 4.5-times her bodyweight—enough to break a world record and certify her one of the strongest humans alive.
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In the basement, two commercial washers and a double stack of dryers, arranged in step fashion like the most ancient Egyptian pyramids, stand gaping under a video with a heavily accented voice-over lecturing on the sacred significance of the dung beetle.
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Two new digital papers, the Daily Maverick and amaBhungane (Dung Beetle)—motto: "we shovel dung to fertilise society"—were jointly responsible for the biggest scoop of the Zuma years, getting hold of around 200,83 e-mails supposedly to and from the Guptas about their business dealings.
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The i5K team decided to use bed bugs in a pilot project that started in 2012, along with other recognizable urban pests such as the German cockroach, agricultural pests including the Colorado potato beetle, and generally interesting insects such as the dragonfly and the dung beetle.
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The taurus scarab, a species of dung beetle, is the world's strongest creature, according to a study in Proceedings of the Royal Society B. That's what the UK-based scientists determined when they discovered that the insect can pull 1,141 times its bodyweight, which is akin to the average American woman hoisting 189,634 pounds.
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Seeing her father's transfixed expression in the glow of the TV, it struck Romi that he was no less deeply invested in these stories, the stories of unsolved murders, of spies, and of the struggle of a dung beetle trying to roll its ball of manure over a hill, now that his own story was quickly drawing to a close.
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But listen, if a movie can nearly bring you to tears during an extended sequence in which a tuft of Simba's hair floats away in the wind and then along a river, and then flies into a tree, where it is eaten by a giraffe and then turned into a giant poop, which then hardens, and then the poop is rolled around by a dung beetle before it cracks open and the tuft of hair flies, again, to Rafiki, who figures out Simba is alive, then I would have to say that yes, the movie in question absolutely slaps.
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Princeton University Press, p. 83. Aphodius species typically dominate dung beetle communities in north temperate ecosystems.Hanksi, Ilkka and Cambefort, Yves. Dung Beetle Ecology.
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Copris minutus, the small black dung beetle, is a species of dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in North America.
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Ataenius cognatus, the slender dung beetle, is a species of aphodiine dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in Central America, North America, and Oceania.
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Pygora albomaculata is a species of Scarabaeidae, the dung beetle family.
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Pygora andranovory is a species of Scarabaeidae, the dung beetle family.
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Pygora bella is a species of Scarabaeidae, the dung beetle family.
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Pygora beryllina is a species of Scarabaeidae, the dung beetle family.
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Pygora bioculata is a species of Scarabaeidae, the dung beetle family.
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Pygora bourgoini is a species of Scarabaeidae, the dung beetle family.
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Pygora brunneitarsis is a species of Scarabaeidae, the dung beetle family.
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Pygora conjuncta is a species of Scarabaeidae, the dung beetle family.
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Pygora cruralis is a species of Scarabaeidae, the dung beetle family.
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Pygora cultrata is a species of Scarabaeidae, the dung beetle family.
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Pygora cyanea is a species of Scarabaeidae, the dung beetle family.
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Pygora cowani is a species of Scarabaeidae, the dung beetle family.
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Pygora cribricollis is a species of Scarabaeidae, the dung beetle family.
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Pygora descarpentriesi is a species of Scarabaeidae, the dung beetle family.
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Rhabdotis allardi is a species of Scarabaeidae, the dung beetle family.
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Rhabdotis bouchardi is a species of Scarabaeidae, the dung beetle family.
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Rhabdotis dargei is a species of Scarabaeidae, the dung beetle family.
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Rhabdotis fortii is a species of Scarabaeidae, the dung beetle family.
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Rhabdotis mirei is a species of Scarabaeidae, the dung beetle family.
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Rhabdotis perdrix is a species of Scarabaeidae, the dung beetle family.
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Rhabdotis dechambrei is a species of Scarabaeidae, the dung beetle family.
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Rhabdotis gemella is a species of Scarabaeidae, the dung beetle family.
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Rhabdotis pontyi is a species of Scarabaeidae, the dung beetle family.
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Rhabdotis kordofana is a species of Scarabaeidae, the dung beetle family.
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Rhabdotis ugandensis is a species of Scarabaeidae, the dung beetle family.
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Rhabdotis giannatelli is a species of Scarabaeidae, the dung beetle family.
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Rhabdotis semipunctata is a species of Scarabaeidae, the dung beetle family.
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Rhabdotis sobrina is a species of Scarabaeidae, the dung beetle family.
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Onthophagus coproides is a species of dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae.
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Phanaeus amithaon is a species of dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae.
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Onthophagus orpheus is a species of dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae.
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Onthophagus subaeneus is a species of dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae.
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Catharsius molossus is a species of dung beetle of the family Scarabaeidae.
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Phanaeus adonis is a species of dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae.
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Dichotomius colonicus is a species of dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae.
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Copris lecontei is a species of dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae.
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Onthophagus cavernicollis is a species of dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae.
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Onthophagus concinnus is a species of dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae.
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Euoniticellus intermedius is a species of dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae.
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Onthophagus browni is a species of dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae.
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Canthidium macclevei is a species of dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae.
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Onthophagus velutinus is a species of dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae.
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Onthophagus hoepfneri is a species of dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae.
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Onthophagus knausi is a species of dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae.
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Onthophagus landolti is a species of dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae.
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Copris arizonensis is a species of dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae.
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Onthophagus batesi is a species of dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae.
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Onthophagus subopacus is a species of dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae.
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Onthophagus cynomysi is a species of dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae.
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Phanaeus igneus is a species of dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae.
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Onthophagus alluvius is a species of dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae.
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Onthophagus medorensis is a species of dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae.
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Ateuchus lecontei is a species of dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae.
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Ateuchus histeroides is a species of dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae.
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Liatongus californicus is a species of dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae.
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Onthophagus nigriventris is a species of dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae.
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Copris inemarginatus is a species of dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae.
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Onthophagus schaefferi is a species of dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae.
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Onthophagus subtropicus is a species of dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae.
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Ateuchus texanus is a species of dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae.
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Copris remotus is a species of dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae.
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Phanaeus triangularis is a species of dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae.
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There is an Isan song กุดจี่หายไปใหน "Where Did the Dung Beetle Go", which relates the replacement of water buffalo with the "metal" buffalo, which does not provide the dung needed for the dung beetle and has led to the increasing rarity of the dung beetle in the agricultural region. The Mediterranean dung beetle (Bubas bison) has been used in conjunction with biochar stock fodder to reduce emissions of nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide, which are both greenhouse gases. The beetles work the biochar-enriched dung into the soil without the use of machines.
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Ataenius wenzelii is a species of aphodiine dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae.
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Onthophagus dandalu is an Australian species of dung beetle in the genus Onthophagus.
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Dialytellus tragicus is a species of aphodiine dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae.
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Oxysternon festivum is a species of dung-beetle of the scarab beetle family.
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Oxyomus sylvestris is a species of aphodiine dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae.
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Onthophagus depressus, the flat African dung beetle, is a species of dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. The IUCN conservation status of Onthophagus depressus is "LC", least concern, with no immediate threat to the species' survival. The IUCN status was reviewed in 2013.
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Therefore, the Australian Dung Beetle Project (1965–1985), led by George Bornemissza of the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, released forty- nine species of dung beetle, to reduce the amount of dung and therefore also the potential breeding sites of the fly.
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Dichotomius carolinus, the Carolina copris, is a species of dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae.
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Copris howdeni, or Howden's copri, is a species of dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae.
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Onthophagus hecate, the scooped scarab, is a species of dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae.
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The survey project has also found a blue scarab, an amulet depiction of a dung beetle.
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Onitis alexis, the bronze dung beetle, is a species of dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is endemic to Africa, Syria, Spain, Tunisia and Greece. It was introduced into Australia and is established in the warmer regions of northern Australia. The species is found in Oceania.
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Onthophagus oklahomensis is a species of dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in Oceania.
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Onthophagus tuberculifrons is a species of dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in Oceania.
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Anomiopus gracilis is a species of true dung beetle that can be found in Brazil and Venezuela.
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Onthophagus striatulus is a species of dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in North America.
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Coprophanaeus pluto is a species of dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in Central America.
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Onthophagus pennsylvanicus is a species of dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in North America.
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Anomiopus howdeni is a species of true dung beetle that can be found in Brazil and French Guiana.
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Diapterna pinguella is a species of aphodiine dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in North America.
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Pseudataenius socialis is a species of aphodiine dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in North America.
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Platytomus atlanticus is a species of aphodiine dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in North America.
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Haroldiataenius convexus is a species of aphodiine dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in North America.
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Haroldiataenius griffini is a species of aphodiine dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in North America.
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Leiopsammodius malkini is a species of aphodiine dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in North America.
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Dialytellus dialytoides is a species of aphodiine dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in North America.
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Xeropsamobeus acerbus is a species of aphodiine dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in North America.
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Ataenius hesperius is a species of aphodiine dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in North America.
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Dialytes truncatus is a species of aphodiine dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in North America.
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Dialytes striatulus is a species of aphodiine dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in North America.
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Aphotaenius carolinus is a species of aphodiine dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in North America.
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Tesarius mcclayi is a species of aphodiine dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in North America.
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Xeropsamobeus ambiguus is a species of aphodiine dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in North America.
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Aegialia spinosa is a species of aphodiine dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in North America.
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Ataenius ovatulus is a species of aphodiine dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in North America.
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Tesarius oregonensis is a species of aphodiine dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in North America.
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Ataenius abditus is a species of aphodiine dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in North America.
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Euparixia moseri is a species of aphodiine dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in North America.
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Ataenius fattigi is a species of aphodiine dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in North America.
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Leiopsammodius ocmulgeei is a species of aphodiine dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in North America.
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Ataenius inquisitus is a species of aphodiine dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in North America.
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Diapterna hamata is a species of aphodiine dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in North America.
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Geopsammodius unsidensis is a species of aphodiine dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in North America.
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Aegialia convexa is a species of aphodiine dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in North America.
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Ataenius insculptus is a species of aphodiine dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in North America.
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Trichiorhyssemus riparius is a species of aphodiine dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in North America.
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Aegialia lacustris is a species of aphodiine dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in North America.
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Rhyssemus scaber is a species of aphodiine dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in North America.
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Aegialia blanchardi is a species of aphodiine dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in North America.
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Rhyssemus sonatus is a species of aphodiine dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in North America.
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Neopsammodius interruptus is a species of aphodiine dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in North America.
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Aegialia conferta is a species of aphodiine dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in North America.
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Haroldiataenius limbatus is a species of aphodiine dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in Central America.
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Dialytes ulkei is a species of aphodiine dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in North America.
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Aegialia latispina is a species of aphodiine dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in North America.
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Aidophus parcus is a species of aphodiine dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in North America.
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Ataenius stephani is a species of aphodiine dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in North America.
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Ataenius exiguus is a species of aphodiine dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in North America.
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Aegialia opifex is a species of aphodiine dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in North America.
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Rhabdotis albinigra is a species of Scarabaeidae, the dung beetle family. It was described by Hermann Burmeister in 1847.
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Aidophus skelleyi is a species of aphodiine dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in North America.
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Rhabdotis intermedia is a species of Scarabaeidae, the dung beetle family. It was described by Hermann Burmeister in 1842.
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Rhabdotis picta is a species of Scarabaeidae, the dung beetle family. It was described by Hermann Burmeister in 1847.
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Aegialia cartwrighti is a species of aphodiine dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in North America.
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Onthophagus nuchicornis is a species of dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in Europe and North America.
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Milliken, Robert (28 September 1997). "Greer savages 'dung beetle' biographer". The Independent, citing Blazey, Peter (1997). Screw Loose: Uncalled for Memoirs.
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Haroldiataenius semipilosus is a species of aphodiine dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in Central America and North America.
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Xeropsamobeus desertus is a species of aphodiine dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in Central America and North America.
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Euparixia duncani is a species of aphodiine dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in Central America and North America.
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Platytomus longulus is a species of aphodiine dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in North America and South America.
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Ataeniopsis figurator is a species of aphodiine dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in Central America and North America.
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Odontopsammodius cruentus is a species of aphodiine dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in North America and South America.
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Ataenius desertus is a species of aphodiine dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in Central America and North America.
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Ataenius strigatus is a species of aphodiine dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in Central America and North America.
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Neopsammodius werneri is a species of aphodiine dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in Central America and North America.
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Xeropsamobeus scabriceps is a species of aphodiine dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in Central America and North America.
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Platytomus micros is a species of aphodiine dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in Central America and North America.
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Parapsammodius puncticollis is a species of aphodiine dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in Central America and North America.
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Ataenius alternatus is a species of aphodiine dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in Central America and North America.
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Ataenius confertus is a species of aphodiine dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in Central America and North America.
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Canthon vigilans, the vigilant dung beetle, is a species of (formerly canthonini) in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in North America.
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Ataenius setiger is a species of aphodiine dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in Central America and North America.
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Anomiopus pictus is a species of true dung beetle that can be found in Brazil and Perú. It may be a myrmecophile.
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Xeropsamobeus asellus is a species of aphodiine dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in Central America and North America.
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Euparia castanea is a species of aphodiine dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in Central America and North America.
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Neopsammodius quinqueplicatus is a species of aphodiine dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in Central America and North America.
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Ataenius hirsutus is a species of aphodiine dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in Central America and North America.
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Parapsammodius bidens is a species of aphodiine dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in the Caribbean Sea and North America.
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Ataenius spretulus, the black turfgrass ataenius, is a species of aphodiine dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in North America.
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Ataenius miamii is a species of aphodiine dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in the Caribbean Sea and North America.
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Dung beetle communities are dependent on vegetation and presence of mammalian dung resource. In an area with a lot of vegetation, the dung pads are preserved longer for dung beetle utilization. Vegetation provides conditions suitable for vertebrate trafficking allowing more dung presence in the area. In areas with little vegetation, limited vertebrate fauna may be present limiting the types of dung present.
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Bolbocerosoma farctum, the fancy dung beetle, is a species of earth-boring scarab beetle in the family Geotrupidae. It is found in North America.
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Ataenius robustus, the saline prairie scarab beetle, is a species of aphodiine dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in North America.
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Phanaeus dionysius is a species of dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in region of San Pablo Etla of Oaxaca, Mexico.
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Geopsammodius subpedalis, the underfoot tiny sand-loving scarab, is a species of aphodiine dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in North America.
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Psammodius basalis is a species of aphodiine dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in Europe & Northern Asia (excluding China) and North America.
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Onthophagus polyphemi, known generally as the gopher tortoise onthophagus beetle or onthophagus tortoise commensal scarab, is a species of dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae.
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Rhyssemus germanus is a species of aphodiine dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in Europe & Northern Asia (excluding China) and North America.
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Martineziana dutertrei is a species of aphodiine dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in the Caribbean Sea, North America, and South America.
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Anomiopus idei is a species of true dung beetle that is endemic to Perú, and is only known from its type locality in Loreto Region.
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Anomiopus smaragdinus is a species of true dung beetle that can be found in Brazil, French Guiana, Venezuela and Bolivia. It may be a myrmecophile.
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Geopsammodius relictillus, the relictual tiny sand-loving scarab, is a species of aphodiine dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in North America.
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Ataenius texanus is a species of aphodiine dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in the Caribbean Sea, Central America, and North America.
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The scarab was linked to Khepri ("he who has come into being"), the god of the rising sun. The ancients believed that the dung beetle was only male-sexed, and reproduced by depositing semen into a dung ball. The supposed self-creation of the beetle resembles that of Khepri, who creates himself out of nothing. Moreover, the dung ball rolled by a dung beetle resembles the sun.
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His steed is an enormous dung beetle which has been fed so much dung that it has grown to monstrous size. Hans Christian Andersen's "The Dung Beetle" tells the story of a dung beetle who lives in the stable of the king's horses in an imaginary kingdom. When he demands golden shoes like those the king's horse wears and is refused, he flies away and has a series of adventures, which are often precipitated by his feeling of superiority to other animals. He finally returns to the stable having decided (against all logic) that it is for him that the king's horse wears golden shoes.
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Australaphodius frenchi is a species of aphodiine dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in Africa, Australia, Central America, North America, and South America.
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Geopsammodius hydropicus, the Atlantic dune tiny sand-loving scarab, is a species of aphodiine dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in North America.
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Ateuchus benitojuarezi, is a species of dung beetle belonging to the family Scarabaeidae. It is found from three locations of the region of Los Chimalapas, Mexico.
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Ateuchus colossus, is a species of dung beetle belonging to the family Scarabaeidae. It is found from three locations of the region of Los Chimalapas, Mexico.
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Odontolytes denominatus is a species of aphodiine dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in the Caribbean Sea, Central America, North America, and South America.
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Ataenius platensis is a species of aphodiine dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in the Caribbean Sea, Central America, North America, and South America.
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Ataenius carinator is a species of aphodiine dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in the Caribbean Sea, Central America, North America, and South America.
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Dung beetles locate dung by detecting the odours produced by its volatile constituents. Different species of dung beetle are attracted to the dung produced by different animals. Scarabaeus ambiguus seems to be attracted by both cattle dung and donkey dung. It is diurnal and is particularly active in the morning, in the cool conditions after heavy rain, when it is on the wing earlier than other species of dung beetle.
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Tesarius caelatus is a species of aphodiine dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in Australia, Europe & Northern Asia (excluding China), North America, and South America.
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In Franz Kafka's The Metamorphosis, the transformed character of Gregor Samsa is called an "old dung beetle" (alter Mistkäfer) by a charwoman (Samsa is, in fact, a cockroach).
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Anomiopus laetus is a species of true dung beetle that is endemic to Brazil, and is known from Amazonas, Pará and Acre states. It may be a myrmecophile.
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The funding for the Australian Dung Beetle Project was withdrawn in 1985 after the restructuring of the Australian Meat Research Committee, but Bornemissza believed that the full potential of the project had yet to be realised. He said, "The introduction of exotic dung beetles and their subsequent establishment in Australia is now history, and a very successful one at that. However, it fell short in filling all the climatic areas with their vast variety of habitats". This last statement was made in a report by Penny Edwards in 2007, which summarised investigations made by Landcare Australia to evaluate the distribution and abundance of introduced species of dung beetle across Australia. The investigation found that 23 of the 43 species of dung beetle introduced by Bornemissza and his team were still established and thriving all over Australia, and it recommended that further research be carried out in order to fill the empty ecological niches with new species of introduced dung beetle.
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Lion and spotted hyena have also recently been re-introduced to the area. The largest remaining population of the flightless dung beetle (Circellium bacchus) is located within the park.
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Ataenius picinus, the pitchy scarab, is a species of aphodiine dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in Australia, Central America, North America, Oceania, and South America.
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Ataenius gracilis is a species of aphodiine dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in the Caribbean Sea, Central America, North America, Oceania, South America, and Europe.
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Pleurophorus caesus is a species of aphodiine dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in Europe & Northern Asia (excluding China), Central America, North America, and South America.
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Retrieved on 2007-08-02. The nocturnal African dung beetle Scarabaeus satyrus is one of the few known non- vertebrate animals that navigate and orient themselves using the Milky Way.
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Aphodius rufipes, the night-flying dung beetle, is a species of scarab beetle, first recorded by the zoologist Carl Linnaeus as Acrossus rufipes in his 10th edition of Systema Naturae.
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Canthon indigaceus is a species of dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. The IUCN conservation status of Canthon indigaceus is "LC", least concern, with no immediate threat to the species' survival.
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A decline in dung beetle diversity associated with the conversion of native forests to open pastures is known to occur. However, some species are able to utilize dung in open pasture conditions. Tunneler species are able to utilize dung in less optimal condition because the tunnel beneath the dung and utilize it from bottom up. As desiccation occurs on the top of the dung pad, the middle and lower regions may still be suitable for the dung beetle.
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In 1933, the satirical-literary supplement Brumbulli (Dung beetle) was added to it. One issue of 1933 appears of 16 pages, and one of 18. The last issue dates 11 July 1933.
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Anomiopus nigrocoeruleus is a species of true dung beetle that can be found in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay. It can be found in cerrado and chaco biomes. It may be a myrmecophile.
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Parataenius simulator is a species of aphodiine dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in Africa, Australia, the Caribbean, Europe & Northern Asia (excluding China), Central America, North America, and South America.
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In Australia, the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) commissioned the Australian Dung Beetle Project (1965–1985) which, led by George Bornemissza, sought to introduce species of dung beetles from South Africa and Europe. The successful introduction of 23 species was made, most notably Digitonthophagus gazella and Euoniticellus intermedius, which has resulted in improvement of the quality and fertility of Australian cattle pastures, along with a reduction in the population of pestilent Australian bush flies by around 90%. An application has been made by Landcare Research to import up to 11 species of dung beetle into New Zealand. As well as improving pasture soils the Dung Beetle Release Strategy Group say that it would result in a reduction in emissions of nitrous oxide (a greenhouse gas) from agriculture.
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Anomiopus ataenioides is a species of true dung beetle that is endemic to northern Argentina, and is known from Salta, Jujuy, Tucumán and Corrientes provinces. It is believed to share ant colony nests (myrmecophile).
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Anomiopus bonariensis is a species of true dung beetle that can be found in Argentina, Brazil (Minas Gerais) and Uruguay. It is a myrmecophile, and has been recorded living in nests of Acromyrmex lundii.
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Anomiopus lacordairei is a species of true dung beetle that is endemic to French Guiana, and is only known from Cayenne. It has been recorded from lowland forests, and it may be a myrmecophile.
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Anomiopus parallelus is a species of true dung beetle that can be found in northern Brazil and French Guiana, and can be found in the Amazon and cerrado biomes. It may be a myrmecophile.
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Melanocanthon nigricornis is a species of dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae.Moctezuma V, Sánchez-Huerta JL, Halffter G (2017). "Two new species of the Phanaeus endymion species group (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Scarabaeinae)". ZooKeys 702: 113-135.
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Copris fricator is a species of dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae.Moctezuma V, Sánchez-Huerta JL, Halffter G (2017). "Two new species of the Phanaeus endymion species group (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Scarabaeinae)". ZooKeys 702: 113-135.
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The invertebrates species reported are: Eunidia djiboutiana (Lamiares du Monde), longhorned beetle; Lamiares du Monde, a dung beetle, Trichonotulus secquorum; Lophothericles popovi, a grasshopper; Cryncus dmitrievi, a cricket; and Euprosthenopsis vachoni,a nursery web spider.
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Pactolinus gigas has a black body, flat and ovoid. Elytra are shortened and antennae are elbowed with clubbed ends. The mandible mouthpart is well developed. These beetles feed on dung beetle larvae of the genus Ontophagus.
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Aphodius is a genus of beetles in the family Scarabaeidae. In most species both the adults and larvae are coprophagous (dung feeding) although some species have herbivorous or saprophagous larvae.Hanksi, Ilkka and Cambefort, Yves. Dung Beetle Ecology.
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Melanocanthon bispinatus, the tumble bug, is a species of dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae.Moctezuma V, Sánchez-Huerta JL, Halffter G (2017). "Two new species of the Phanaeus endymion species group (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Scarabaeinae)". ZooKeys 702: 113-135.
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Anomiopus soledari is a species of true dung beetle that is endemic to Brazil, and can be found in the Federal District and Goiás State. It can be found in the cerrado biome, and may be a myrmecophile.
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Anomiopus virescens is a species of true dung beetle that can be found in Bolivia, Brazil and Paraguay. It can be found in the cerrado biome and surrounding areas, and is likely to be nocturnal and a myrmecophile.
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A dung beetle rolling dung Parental care is found in a few familiesBrandmayr P. 1992. Short review of the presocial evolution in Coleoptera. Ethol Ecol Evol. 4:7–16. of beetle, perhaps for protection against adverse conditions and predators.
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Onthophagus coenobita is a species of dung beetle in the genus Onthophagus. It typically feeds on dung, but also carrion and decaying fungi. It mainly feeds on human dung, but also dog, cattle, horse, goat, sheep and pig dung.
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Bornemissza, G. F. (1979), The Australian Dung Beetle Research Unit in Pretoria, South African Journal of Science 75 (6): 257-260 In total, 43 species of beetle from Africa and Europe were introduced to Australia by CSIRO between 1968 and 1984.
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Bornemissza hypothesised that the introduction of foreign dung beetle species that were able to roll and bury cattle dung pads would aid not only Australia's soil fertility by recycling the dung nutrients back into the ground, but would also reduce the number of pestilent flies and parasitic worms which use the dung pads as a breeding ground. Bornemissza joined CSIRO in 1955 and continued to advocate for the introduction of bovine dung beetles to Australia whilst working on a number of other projects and studies. The Australian Dung Beetle Project subsequently secured funding from the Australian Meat Research Committee and commenced in 1965.
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The exotic species might be useful for controlling diseases of livestock in commercial areas, and might displace native species in modified landscapes; however, data is not conclusive about its effect on native species in natural environments and further monitoring is required. Like many other insects, (dried) dung beetle, called qianglang (蜣蜋) in Chinese, is used in Chinese herbal medicine. It is recorded in the "Insect section" (蟲部) of the Compendium of Materia Medica, where it is recommended for the cure of 10 diseases. In Isan, Northeastern Thailand, the local people famously eat many different kinds of insects, including the dung beetle.
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An additional group of some 65, much smaller () species, mostly from tropical Africa, is sometimes erected into a separate genus: Metacatharsius Paulian, 1939. Recently, the name “Catharsius” has been selected by a team of entomologists working on dung beetle fauna of Western Africa.
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These beetles inhabit fresh areas of broadleaf forests, mainly beech forests; moist mixed forest; and fresh coniferous forests.Adam Byk, Piotr Semkiw. Habitat preferences of the forest dung beetle Anoplotrupes stercorosus (Scriba, 1791) (Coleoptera:Geotrupinae) in Białowieża Forest. Acta Sci. Pol. Silv. Colendar. Rat. Ind.
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The Australian Dung Beetle Project (1965–1985), conceived and led by Dr George Bornemissza of the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), was an international scientific research and biological control project with the primary goal to control the polluting effects of cattle dung.
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Geotrupes stercorarius is a species of earth-boring dung beetle, common name Dor. The beetle is up to long. The whole beetle is weakly lustrous and darkly colored, sometimes with a bluish sheen. The body shape is very compact and arched toward the top.
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Some dung beetles are used as food in South East Asia and a variety of dung beetle species have been used therapeutically (and are still being used in traditionally living societies) in potions and folk medicines to treat a number of illnesses and disorders.
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Onthophagus gazella (common names: gazella scarab, brown dung beetle) is a species of scarab beetle. It belongs to the subgenus Digitonthophagus, which may also be treated as a genus. There has been some confusion regarding the application of the name. Its native distribution is Afro-Asian.
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Anisocanthon pygmaeus is a species of true dung beetle that is found in Entre Ríos, Santa Fe and Buenos Aires Provinces in Argentina, and is believed to also be found in Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil. It has not been recorded in the last 60 years.
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Anomiopus birai is a species of true dung beetle that is known from Caaguazú and Concepción departments of Paraguay, and Mato Grosso do Sul and Mato Grosso states of Brazil. It is found in cerrado savanna at low altitudes, and is a myrmecophile (cohabits with ant colonies).
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Anomiopus caputipilus is a species of true dung beetle that is endemic to Goiás and Mato Grosso in Brazil. It occurs in cerrado above 700 m altitude. It may be a myrmecophile. It may be threatened by soy bean, cotton and sunflower plantations and cattle ranching.
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Monocercomonoides are common in insect orders Orthoptera and Coleoptera. The species Monocercomonoides qadrii are found in the rectum of the larva of the dung-beetle (Oryctes rhinoceros).Bhaskar Roa, T. 1969. The morphology and Incidence of the genus Monocercomonoides of insects found in Andhra Pradesh, India.
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Trypocopris vernalis, (previously listed under the Geotrupes genus as Geotrupes vernalis) known sometimes by the common name dor beetle or spring dor beetle, is a type of dung beetle. The larva of Trypocopris vernalis feeds on dung of animals such as sheep (Ovis aries) and red foxes (Vulpes vulpes).
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Sisyphini is a tribe of scarab beetles, in the dung beetle subfamily (Scarabaeinae). The middle and hind legs are very long; the relatively short body is laterally compressed and has flattened sides. Relative to other dung beetles they are of small to moderate size (7–10 mm long).
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Aconophora compressa was the 28th insect introduced to control lantana in about 80 years. More successfully, the Australian Dung Beetle Project (1965–1985), led by Dr. George Bornemissza of CSIRO's Division of Entomology, introduced 23 species of dung beetle to Australia in order to biologically control the pestilent population of bush flies. These flies, along with other species of fly and parasitic worm, use the dung as a breeding and feeding ground. The rolling and burying activity of the dung beetles means that the dung is removed from the pasture land, which had the effect of reducing bush fly number by 90%, as well increasing soil fertility and quality by recycling the dung back into the soil.
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Rhabdotis aulica, known as the emerald fruit chafer, is a species of Scarabaeidae, the dung beetle family, and is found in Africa. Adult beetles, which are about long, feed on flowers and fruit, laying their eggs in goat and cattle manure. The pupae develop inside egg-shaped protective clay shells.
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Saphobius inflatipes is one of a number of species of dung beetle that are endemic to New Zealand. It is in the tribe Deltochilini of the family Scarabaeidae. It was first described by Thomas Broun in 1893. Within the Auckland region, it is most abundant over the summer and autumn seasons.
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Custos (April 1976): 23–26. hyrax, and rhinoceros. Other animals are attracted to middens for a variety of purposes, including finding food and locating mates. Some species, such as the dung beetle genus Dicranocara of the Richtersveld in South western Africa spend their whole lifecycle in close association with dung middens.
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Dung beetles (Scarabidae) have been successfully used to reduce the populations of pestilent flies, such as Musca vetustissima and Haematobia exigua which are serious pests of cattle in Australia. The beetles make the dung unavailable to breeding pests by quickly rolling and burying it in the soil, with the added effect of improving soil fertility, tilth, and nutrient cycling. The Australian Dung Beetle Project (1965–1985), introduced species of dung beetle to Australia from South Africa and Europe to reduce populations of Musca vetustissima, following successful trials of this technique in Hawaii. The American Institute of Biological Sciences reports that dung beetles save the United States cattle industry an estimated US$380 million annually through burying above-ground livestock feces.
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Gymnopleurini is a tribe of scarab beetles, in the dung beetle subfamily (Scarabaeinae). The side edge of each elytron (hardened fore-wing protecting the hind-wing) has a characteristic shape that exposed the underlying pleural sclerites (side plates of the abdomen). Relative to other dung beetles they are of moderate size (10–18 mm long).
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As most species of Scarabaeinae feed exclusively on feces, that subfamily is often dubbed true dung beetles. There are dung-feeding beetles which belong to other families, such as the Geotrupidae (the earth-boring dung beetle). The Scarabaeinae alone comprises more than 5,000 species.Frolov, A.V. "Subfamily Scarabaeinae: atlas of representatives of the tribes (Scarabaeidae)".
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There are alternative accounts in which the episode of the hare does not appear at all and the feud is related as being of long standing and consisting of raids on each other's nesting places. The story was told by William Caxton of a weasel and an eagleFable 62 while Gilles Corrozet tells the story of an ant and an eagle in his emblem book. Hecatomgraphie (1540) In ancient times the story became the basis for an ironical Greek proverb, ‘the dung beetle serving as midwife to the eagle’ (ὁ κάνθαρος αετòν μαιεύεται), taken from a line of Aristophanes Lysistrata. This was recorded by Erasmus in his Adagia (1507), along with a Latin alternative, Scarabaeus aquilam quaerit (a dung beetle hunting an eagle), used of a weaker person taking on a powerful adversary.
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Specifically, in by-product mutualism, both participants benefit, but cooperation is not involved. For example, when an elephant defecates, this is beneficial to the elephant as a way to empty waste, and it is also beneficial to a dung beetle that uses the elephant's dung. However, neither participant's behavior yields a benefit from the other, and thus cooperation is not taking place.
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The adults of A. stercorosus grow up to long Commanster Atlas of Geotrupidae of Russia and therefore they do not reach the length of the very similar common dung beetle (Geotrupes stercorarius). The body colour is blue-black, while the underside is usually metallic blue. The elytra have seven longitudinal slightly dotted grooves. The wings may be blue, violet or green.
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The species name ' is Latin for "red foot". It shares this name with a number of other species including the spider Sphodros rufipes. Its British common name "the night-flying dung beetle" is given due to it being common for it to mistakenly find its way on its night- time flight from the dung-fields, to artificial lights among human habitation.
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Detritivores like this dung beetle help to turn animal wastes into organic material that can be reused by primary producers. The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment report 2005 defined ecosystem services as benefits people obtain from ecosystems and distinguishes four categories of ecosystem services, where the so-called supporting services are regarded as the basis for the services of the other three categories.
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Jacky gains her freedom from the ship for being a docile captive. She takes up with Dr. Sebastian and paints him a much- acclaimed portrait and portfolio. He shows her a rare Mexican dung beetle and she meets his other assistant. Once Captain Hudson hears and sees of her talent, he has her paint him a portrait of his own.
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CSIRO Publishing, Australia, ;Fly control : Introducing dung beetles as a means to control fly populations was first utilised in Hawaii as a biological control against the horn fly (Haematobia irritans irritans).Fullaway, D. T. (1921), Horn fly control, Hawaiian Forestry and Agriculture, 18:219-221Bornemissza, G. F. (1970), Insectary studies on the control of dung breeding flies by the activity of the dung beetle Onthophagus gazella F. (Coleoptera: Scarabaeinae), Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 9: 31-41) It was found that 96% fewer flies emerged from dung pads in open pastures with a dung beetle fauna in Hawaii compared to controls. It was surmised that the introduction of dung beetles to Australia would also have a reducing effect on the number of bush flies (Musca vetustissima) and the blood-sucking buffalo fly (Haematobia irritans exigua).
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In the early years of the project, the dung beetle species O. gazella, which was able to remove dung pads in as little as 24 hours, showed the most promise in becoming established in Australia. After the first stocks were released onto pastureland in Northern Queensland in 1968, beetle recapture figures showed that the species had spread at the rate of 50–80 km per season, including the colonisation of two islands, Magnetic Island and Palm Island, 10 km and 30 km offshore respectively. By April 1970, O. gazella was firmly established over an area of 400 km2. This performance however, was not uniformly excellent in all areas of Australia at all times of the season or year and so showed that Australia would need a number of other dung beetle species to fill the gaps in O. gazella's activity.
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Copris hispanus in excavated chamber - Edward Julius Detmold Scarabaeus satyrus is one of the Old World dung beetle species. These beetles roll a ball of dung for some distance from where it was deposited, and bury it, excavating an underground chamber to house it. An egg is then laid in the ball, the growing larva feeding on the dung, pupating, and eventually emerging as an adult.
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Onthophagini are a tribe of scarab beetles. Commonly placed in the true dung beetle subfamily (Scarabaeinae), it belongs to a group of subfamilies separated as subfamily Coprinae in some treatments. Onthophagini often display sexual dimorphism, with the males having larger and more elaborate head and thorax ornaments, but not to the degree seen in the rhinoceros beetles of the scarab subfamily Dynastinae for example.
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Pheromones are thought to aid in dung beetle reproduction. Dung beetles copulate after which both parents dig a tunnel to lay the eggs. This tunnel may have different branches leading to varying egg chambers or may not be branched depending on species. Both parents take dung inside the tunnels in the form of brood balls and the females lay the egg inside the dung.
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It was realised that due to periods of seasonal inactivity by O. gazella, further beetle species were needed to fill in the gaps in climatic and habitat preference and peak time of beetle activity. To this end, Bornemissza travelled to Pretoria in 1970 where he helped establish a South African branch of the Australian Dung Beetle Research Unit. For 9 years,Edwards, P (2007), Introduced Dung Beetles in Australia 1967-2007: current status and future directions, Landcare Australia he carried out research in order to find species of dung beetle that would not only be able to remove the bovine dung pads in Australia, but also those that would thrive in the varying climates found all over the continent. It was also important that the beetles chosen, and the tiny parasites that the beetles carry, would not themselves become pests and so strict quarantining procedures were devised and developed.
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Oxysternon conspicillatum is a species of dung beetle. It is widespread and common in both evergreen and deciduous forests of Central America and northern South America, and generally sticks to lowland, dry tropical and bamboo forests. The larvae feed on fungi, decaying organic matter, and other organic materials found in dung balls or carrion. Both male and female beetles are hard-shelled with an iridescent blue-green color on their skin.
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Coprini is a tribe of scarab beetles, in the dung beetle subfamily (Scarabaeinae). Scholtz et al. describe them as tunnellers that are shiny black, of moderate to large size (9–30 mm long) and with a strongly convex shape. They also, however state that the grouping based on these characteristics has little phylogenetic validity, and the placement of several genera in this and related tribes is likely to change.
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Bornemissza was known for his work on the Australian Dung Beetle Project (1965–1985) while working at CSIRO's Division of Entomology. He wrote scientific papers and books base on his research and contributed a collection of mounted beetle specimens to the Australian National Insect Collection and the Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery. In 2001 he was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia for his services to Australian entomology.
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Oxysternon festivum was among the first dung beetle species studied by zoologist in the early 18th century. The first illustration of an "exceedingly beautiful shining gold and red, three horned beetle" was published in 1747 by August Johann Rösel von Rosenhof, and a first description was done by Laurens Theodorus Gronovius in 1764, but the names applied were non-binomial and therefore invalid for nomenclatural purposes., pag. 29, pag.
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In addition to physiological adaptations that increase desiccation resistance, behavioral responses of insects to arid environments significantly decrease dehydration potential. Drosophila melanogaster fruit flies, for example, will actively move to areas with higher atmospheric water content when placed in dry environments. Also, the dung beetle buries food in underground chambers, thereby ensuring water and energy sources during periodically dry conditions. Feeding location may also be altered to ensure body hydration.
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Deltochilum valgum is a nocturnal species of dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae, which has evolved a predatory lifestyle. While most other members of its family feed on faeces, D. valgum is highly specialised for eating millipedes; such a transition from scavenger to carnivore is rare. D. valgum prefers live millipedes to dead ones, and seems to take no other food. It tends to kill millipedes much larger than itself, at long.
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Oniticellini are a tribe of scarab beetles, in the true dung beetle subfamily (Scarabaeinae). Nearly all species of this tribe feed on and nest in dung, mainly that of large herbivores. Most are tunnelers; dung is buried at the ends of tunnels dug below a dropping, and used as food by both adults and larvae; others, known as dwellers (including Oniticellus and Tragiscus) make brood cavities within or just beneath the dung.
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Little is best known for his role as Stevie Janowski in the HBO series Eastbound & Down. Little is a member of The Groundlings, an improvisational and sketch comedy troupe based in Los Angeles. Joe Murray encountered Little and asked Little if he was interested in being a voice actor and decided that Little matched the "Dung Beetle" characters Chip and Skip."Character Museum ," Joe Murray Studio He made an appearance in the movie Accepted.
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Chip Hopps and Skip Hopps are two clueless, dirt loving identical dung beetle twins. The official Cartoon Network press release described the two as confused by "their role in nature." Edward often asks them to assist him in his schemes, although Edward does get very annoyed at their antics. The two are constantly being followed by a smelly dirt cloud and a large group of fruit flies that they obtained from Lazlo.
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Bornemissza, G. F. (1976), The Australian dung beetle project 1965-1975, Australian Meat Research Committee Review 30:1-30 Cattle have a natural aversion to feeding around their own dung. This can lead to the formation of taller ungrazed patches of heavily fertilized sward. These habitat patches, termed "islets", can be beneficial for many grassland arthropods, including spiders (Araneae) and bugs (Hemiptera). They have an important function in maintaining biodiversity in heavily utilized pastures.
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The larvae are believed to feed on dung beetle larvae and other detritivores. A. crabroniformis can be found in woodland clearings and well-drained areas of heaths and downs covering Southern England and South & West Wales. It is reliant on the availability of rabbit or cattle dung.p15 Land & Business, November 2010, CLA It is a member of the robberfly family Asilidae, subfamily Asilinae and is included in the list of endangered species in the British Isles.
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A scarab in the Valley of the KingsSeveral species of dung beetle, especially the sacred scarab, Scarabaeus sacer, were revered in Ancient Egypt. The hieroglyphic image of the beetle may have had existential, fictional, or ontologic significance. Images of the scarab in bone, ivory, stone, Egyptian faience, and precious metals are known from the Sixth Dynasty and up to the period of Roman rule. The scarab was of prime significance in the funerary cult of ancient Egypt.
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Hidden Kingdoms is a British documentary television series that was first broadcast on BBC One on 16 January 2014. The three-part series is narrated by Stephen Fry and shows how animals experience the world from their perspective. Animals shown include a chipmunk, dung beetle, Rufous elephant shrew and treeshrew, and Japanese rhinoceros beetle. In United States, the series was shown under the alternative title Mini Monsters, which aired at Discovery Channel on 31 May 2014.
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Phanaeus vindex, the rainbow scarab or rainbow scarab beetle is a North American dung beetle, with a range from the eastern US to the Rocky Mountains. The head is a metallic yellow color, and males have a black horn which curves backward toward the thorax. Both sexes have yellow antennae which can retract into a ball on the underside of the head. The thorax is a shiny coppery color, with yellow or green on the sides.
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A third group, the dwellers, neither roll nor burrow: they simply live in manure. They are often attracted by the dung collected by burrowing owls. There are dung beetle species of different colours and sizes, and some functional traits such as body mass (or biomass) and leg length can have high levels of variability. All the species belong to the superfamily Scarabaeoidea, most of them to the subfamilies Scarabaeinae and Aphodiinae of the family Scarabaeidae (scarab beetles).
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Aphodius (Teuchestes) fossor is a species of dung beetle native to the Palaearctic, but is also widespread in North America following accidental introduction and naturalisation during European settlement. Both adults and larvae are coprophagous, differentiating resource use by respectively feeding on the liquid and fibrous fractions of herbivore dung. It can be readily collected from the dung of livestock, and other large mammals This species is known to support a number of key ecosystem services in cattle pastures.
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Yoku's Island Express is a platforming pinball adventure video game developed by Swedish studio Villa Gorilla and published by Team17. The studio's debut project, the game was released in 2018 for Nintendo Switch, Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One. In Yoku's Island Express, players control Yoku, a dung beetle, who becomes a postmaster as he arrives at a fictional island of Mokumana. The player is tasked with saving the island from a looming calamity, as the island's deity figure is attacked.
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Scarabs are usually identified as the dung beetle Scarabaeus sacer, here rolling a ball of dung. Scarabs were produced in vast numbers for many centuries and many thousands have survived. They were generally intended to be worn or carried by the living. They were typically carved or moulded in the form of a scarab beetle (usually identified as Scarabaeus sacer) with varying degrees of naturalism but usually at least indicating the head, wing case and legs but with a flat base.
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Conservationists have attempted to arouse a liking for beetles with flagship species like the stag beetle, Lucanus cervus, and tiger beetles (Cicindelidae). In Japan the Genji firefly, Luciola cruciata, is extremely popular, and in South Africa the Addo elephant dung beetle offers promise for broadening ecotourism beyond the big five tourist mammal species. Popular dislike of pest beetles, too, can be turned into public interest in insects, as can unusual ecological adaptations of species like the fairy shrimp hunting beetle, Cicinis bruchi.
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Flightless dung beetle The flora within the AENP is quite varied, and like all plant life, is a central factor to the ecological system in place. Several species of rare and endemic plants, particularly succulent shrubs and geophytes are native to the South African region within the AENP. Many species are under environmental pressure, however, and are facing possible extinction. More than 600 elephants, 400 Cape buffaloes, over 48 endangered black rhinos (Diceros bicornis michaeli) as well as a variety of antelope species.
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Deltochilini (or Canthonini) is a tribe of scarab beetles, in the dung beetle subfamily (Scarabaeinae). Members of this group vary widely in size (2–33 mm long) and shape, but were thought to be derived from an ancient ball-rolling lineage. The outer edges of the front tibiae have less than four teeth. The grouping based on these characteristics has, however, been found to have little phylogenetic validity, and the placement of several genera in the tribe is likely to change.
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"Please Be Gentle With Me" had previously been released on Let It Bleat in a different arrangement, with less pronounced bass, and growling dog sound effects. Early jam versions of "Dung Beetle" and "The Day Before Yesterday's Man" had previously been released on Dark Star, in a more improvised style. The song "Stammer" had previously been known in 1993 as "Her Majesty". "Pie in the Sky" features a trumpet solo by Robert Henderson of A Band Called Quinn and The Bathers.
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It was estimated that as many as 160 species of dung beetle would need to be imported into Australia in order to establish a minifauna of beetles that would be suitably adapted for the different Australian climates and soil types. However, it was also important that no other potential pests "piggy-backed" their way to Australia with the beetles. Therefore, strict quarantine measures were established to ensure no pestilent species made their way to Australia. The first beetles to be imported to Australia came from Hawaii.
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For this reason, these particular beetles were never released onto Australian pastures. However, the mite-infested beetles were not destroyed and were instead used to breed new generations of beetles under sterile conditions. Dung beetle eggs were dipped in 3% formalin for 3 minutes to sterilise them, then packed into hand-rolled dung balls for incubation. These eggs successfully developed into adult beetles and were among those in the first batches released into the wild on 30 January 1968 in Lansdown, near Townsville, Queensland.
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The region is home to the unadorned rock-wallaby and the black- striped wallaby, which lives in the areas of vine thicket along with a wingless dung beetle (Onthophagus apterus). Two endangered mammals are found in the Brigalow Belt; the bridled nail-tail wallaby in Taunton and Idalia National Parks, and the burrowing northern hairy-nosed wombat in the grassland and eucalyptus of Epping Forest National Park. Birds found here include black- throated finch and russet-tailed thrush, while endemic reptiles include the Fitzroy River turtle.
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Bornemissza, G. F. (1976), The Australian dung beetle project 1965-1975, Australian Meat Research Committee Review 30:1-30 Beyond his work in entomology, during the 1950s and 1960s Dr Bornemissza was also a keen amateur filmmaker. In 1962 he won the Kodak Trophy for the 8mm Best Australian Entry at the Australian Amateur Cine Society 23rd International Gold Cup Competition for his entry "The Burning Bush", a documentary on the effect of bushfires on Australian ecosystems which made extensive use of time lapse photography.
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In 1922, Guy Holt his editor and publisher who was also named in the court case published Jurgen and the Law, A Statement. With Exhibits, including the Court's Opinion, and the brief for the Defendants on Motion to Direct an Acquittal. There were only one thousand copies printed for sale. Cabell took an author's revenge. The revised edition of 1923 included a previously "lost" passage in which the hero is placed on trial by the Philistines, with a large dung-beetle as the chief prosecutor.
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Like other species within the genus Aphodius, this dung beetle is classified as an 'dwelling' or 'endocoprid' species, where in place of rolling dung balls—beetles feed and reproduces within the confines of mammalian dung. Adult beetles preferentially colonise older cattle dung, moving between several dung pats as adults. Eggs are laid singly beneath the dung crust and in the underlying soil. Adult beetles typically occur at low densities in mated pairs, and mate-finding and anti-aggregation are thought to be mediated by pheromones.
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The overall aim of the Australian Dung Beetle Project was to establish a "minifauna", that is, a subsection of the natural dung beetle fauna, of introduced dung beetles on the Australian mainland and in Tasmania. Once introduced, dung beetles in Australia were studied in order to determine their effects on: ;Soil quality : Experiments were carried out in South AfricaHughes, R. D. (1975), Assessment of the burial of cattle dung by Australian dung beetles, Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 14: 129-134 to assess the rate at which dung beetles returned dung to the soil to aid nutrient recycling. It was found that dung beetles returned over 90% of the faecal nitrogen excreted by each steer during the summer grazing season. Further experiments showed that the uptake of the essential minerals nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur in plants was over 80% greater in soils where dung beetles were active compared to those where they were not. In addition, tunnelling dung beetles assist root penetration and improve water infiltration to the soil, thereby reducing run-off which can lead to the pollution of waterwaysEdwards, P. B. and Pavri, C. in Bailey, P. (2007), Pests of field crops and pastures, pub.
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Fermín Martín-Piera (7 July 1954 – 19 July 2001) was a Spanish specialist in the taxonomy, systematics, and phylogeny of Scarabaeoidea with special reference to dung beetles. He was also keenly interested in the historical biogeography of these groups. He conducted research in community ecology with the idea of trying to ascertain the underlying causes that determined the diversity of dung beetle communities. He was the coordinator for the Insecta portion of the Fauna Iberica project and is the author of the first volume on the Scarabaeoidea of the Iberian Peninsula.
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Bornemissza, G. F. (1976), The Australian dung beetle project 1965–1975, Australian Meat Research Committee Review 30:1–30 Cooperative Research Centres for weed management and pest animal control, have been established by the federal government. They coordinate research and funding between a number of university and government labs for research into control of invasive species. Non government organisations have also been established to fight invasive species, for example, the Invasive Species Council (ISC). The ISC are a policy, advocacy, lobbying, research, and outreach group on matters related invasive species.
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The work Bornemissza and his team undertook with the Australian Dung Beetle Project is credited with being the reason why Australians today can enjoy a terrace café culture. The success of the project in reducing the number of bush flies by 90% has meant that outside dining is no longer illegal, as it once was in the 1950s. The "Australian Salute", a flick of the hand recognised by older generations of Australians as the only solution to rid oneself of flies at that time, is now a dwindling gesture.
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Microbes and the human body The Microbiology Society online Another example is the many organisms that feed on faeces or dung. A cow diet consists mainly of grass, the cellulose of which is transformed into lipids by micro-organisms in the cow's large intestine. These micro-organisms cannot use the lipids because of lack of oxygen in the intestine, so the cow does not take up all lipids produced. When the processed grass leaves the intestine as dung and comes into open air, many organisms, such as the dung beetle, feed on it.
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Waterhouse was the chief of the CSIRO entomology division from 1960 to 1981. He is best known for the invention of the active ingredient in Aerogard, an Australian insect repellent. He also gave his consent to the Australian Dung Beetle Project (1965-1985) which saw the introduction of dung beetles to Australia as a fly control measure. While this was a risky decision because of the threat that the dung beetles could themselves become pests or disrupt the delicate ecological balance, it proved very successful and reduced the population of bush flies by 90%.
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When detached, these weapons cannot be used, but the Force will instead resort to a secondary set of guns, which can be fired by the player even if the Force is at a distance from the spacecraft. The Force has a secondary use as a shield; it is completely indestructible and can block most things fired at it, as well as damage or destroy enemies on contact. The inspiration for the Force came partly from a joke, where AKIBO (the designer), was envisioning the behavior of a dung beetle.
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There are over 250 species of dung beetles that feed on buffalo fly and use their bodies as parasitic hosts; identifying which species would best serve the purpose was the research that Wright continued. In researching the different beetles that grew in animal dung Wright came across species that had not yet been named. The specialists named this new small African species of beetle Aleochara wrightii after Wright. The CSIRO-Australia led dung beetle research in Africa went on for almost 20 years and Wright contributed to that research for more than two years.
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They become merged into a two-headed person, but Mr. Black thinks that they're wearing a costume. Meanwhile, Toe realizes that his mother took the rock and rushes to the costume party, but runs into Hel and Cole, who take the rock and dump him in the garbage. Hel wishes that Cole would turn into a dung beetle and then loses the rock. The rock is found by Mr. Black who, unaware of its power, accidentally wishes for all of the employees to go for each other's throats.
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Upon his arrival to Australia from Hungary in 1951, Dr Bornemissza, an entomologist and ecologist, noted that Australian farmland was covered in a large number of cattle dung pads. This was in contrast to the fields of Europe where the dung was removed and recycled back into the soil by various species of dung beetle (coprids). Native Australian species of beetle had co-evolved alongside marsupials such as the kangaroo and wombat, which produce small, hard, dry and fibrous pellets of dung. Cattle were relatively recently introduced to Australia by European settlers in the 1880s and produce large, soft, moist dung pads.
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In ancient Egyptian religion, the sun god Ra is seen to roll across the sky each day, transforming bodies and souls. Beetles of the family Scarabaeidae (dung beetle) roll dung into a ball as food and as a brood chamber in which to lay eggs; this way, the larvae hatch and are immediately surrounded by food. For these reasons the scarab was seen as a symbol of this heavenly cycle and of the idea of rebirth or regeneration. The Egyptian god Khepri, Ra as the rising sun, was often depicted as a scarab beetle or as a scarab beetle-headed man.
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Scarab with Separate Wings, c. 712-342 B.C. In Ancient Egyptian religion, the dung beetle now known as Scarabaeus sacer (formerly Ateuchus sacer) was revered as sacred, as Charles Darwin noted in On the Origin of Species, describing the genus Ateuchus as the "sacred beetle of the Egyptians." To them, the insect was a symbol of Khepri, the early morning manifestation of the sun god Ra, from an analogy between the beetle's behaviour of rolling a ball of dung across the ground and Khepri's task of rolling the sun across the sky. They accordingly held the species to be sacred.
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This involved a series of seven multi-disciplinary and international expeditions to remote parts of La Amistad during which over 7,500 plant, 17,000 beetle and 380 herpetological collections were made and deposited in the national collections of Costa Rica and Panama. These expeditions also led to the discovery of 12 plant species, one dung beetle species, 15 amphibian and three reptile species new to science. Five species of big cats roam the park: pumas, ocelots, margay, jaguars, and jaguarundis. It has 600 species of birds, including the three-wattled bellbird, resplendent quetzal, yellow-green brushfinch, and bare-necked umbrellabird.
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The dung beetle, or scarab, was an important symbol in Ancient Egyptian religion. The behaviour of the beetle rolling its ball of dung along the ground was likened to the sun god rolling the sun across the sky. As a result, the beetle god Khepri received worship in the city of Heliopolis, the main sanctuary of the sun god Ra. In addition, the birth of young beetles from eggs laid in dung was an important symbol of rebirth, so amulets in the shape of scarabs were often included in tombs. Another insect venerated by the Egyptians was the scorpion.
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However, this Article does not apply when two names are competing for the same taxonomic rank (as in this case, both being used at the rank of tribe), so this conclusion has been reversed by subsequent classifications, restoring Deltochilini as the valid name. The tribe comprises about 800 species in 120 genera: They constitute a high proportion of the dung beetle diversity in many parts of the world; more than 35% of the genera in the Americas, Australia, Madagascar and many islands. However, in the Afro- Eurasian regions, they make up less than 20% of the genera.
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A scarab statue at the Karnak temple complex Several species of the dung beetle, most notably the species Scarabaeus sacer (often referred to as the sacred scarab), enjoyed a sacred status among the ancient Egyptians. Egyptian hieroglyphic script uses the image of the beetle to represent a triliteral phonetic that Egyptologists transliterate as xpr or ḫpr and translate as "to come into being", "to become" or "to transform". The derivative term xprw or ḫpr(w) is variously translated as "form", "transformation", "happening", "mode of being" or "what has come into being", depending on the context. It may have existential, fictional, or ontologic significance.
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The apple snail was released in Southeast Asia with the intent that it be used as a protein source, and subsequently to places like Hawaii to establish a food industry. In Alaska, foxes were introduced to many islands to create new populations for the fur trade. About twenty species of African and European dung beetles have established themselves in Australia after deliberate introduction by the Australian Dung Beetle Project in an effort to reduce the impact of livestock manure. The timber industry promoted the introduction of Monterey pine (Pinus radiata) from California to Australia and New Zealand as a commercial timber crop.
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Cow dung provides food for a wide range of animal and fungus species, which break it down and recycle it into the food chain and into the soil. In areas where cattle (or other mammals with similar dung) are not native, there are often also no native species which can break down their dung, and this can lead to infestations of pests such as flies and parasitic worms. In Australia, dung beetles from elsewhere have been introduced to help recycle the cattle dung back into the soil. (see the Australian Dung Beetle Project and Dr. George Bornemissza).
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In a pioneering experiment, Lockley showed that warblers placed in a planetarium showing the night sky oriented themselves towards the south; when the planetarium sky was then very slowly rotated, the birds maintained their orientation with respect to the displayed stars. Lockley observes that to navigate by the stars, birds would need both a "sextant and chronometer": a built-in ability to read patterns of stars and to navigate by them, which also requires an accurate time-of-day clock. In 2003, the African dung beetle Scarabaeus zambesianus was shown to navigate using polarization patterns in moonlight, making it the first animal known to use polarized moonlight for orientation.Roach, John (2003).
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She stings him to death with the help of innumerable black bees emerging from her body, and the Gods regain control. Queen Tiye from Amenhotep III In ancient Egyptian religion, the sun god Ra is seen to roll across the sky each day, transforming bodies and souls. Beetles of the family Scarabaeidae (dung beetle) roll dung into a ball as food and as a brood chamber in which to lay eggs; this way, the larvae hatch and are immediately surrounded by food. For these reasons the scarab was seen as a symbol of this heavenly cycle and of the idea of rebirth or regeneration.
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There is, however, strong opposition from some at the University of Auckland, and a few others, based on the risks of the dung beetles acting as vectors of disease. There are public health researchers at the University of Auckland who agree with the current EPA risk assessment and indeed there are several Landcare programmes in Australia that involve schoolchildren collecting dung beetles. The African dung beetle (D. gazella) was introduced in several locations in North and South America and has been spreading its distribution to other regions by natural dispersal and accidental transportation, and is now probably naturalized in most countries between México and Argentina.
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This startling revelation is confirmed moments later by the sudden appearance of Trygaeus on the back of the dung beetle, rising above the house and hovering in an alarmingly unsteady manner. His two slaves, his neighbours and his children take fright and they plead with him to come back down to earth. He steadies the spirited beetle, he shouts comforting words to his children and he appeals to the audience not to distract his mount by farting or shitting any time in the next three days. His mission, he declares, is to reason with the gods about the war or, if they will not listen, he will prosecute the gods for treason against Greece.
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Aphodius rufipes is one such dung beetle forming an especially important part of its diet. (Cow pats are part of its life cycle, acting as a food source and habitat for the larvae. Up to 100 larvae can be found in a single cow pat; while the adult beetle is most abundant in August when the young bats begin their first feeding flights.)Wild Devon The Magazine of the Devon Wildlife Trust, page 14, Winter 2009 edition The remainder of the diet consists of species of Hymenoptera and Diptera, as well as cave spiders. The feeding area from the maternity roost is typically of radius 4 km, as neither the lactating females or young can travel far.
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Life cycle In humans, the hypothesized life cycle is as follows: Ingestion of contaminated food, water, or infected dung beetle. Infects upper esophagus, moves around and lays eggs in buccal cavity of human host, ingested eggs locate near esophagus, develop and mature into adult worms after two subsequent molting stages, migrate into buccal cavity, no eggs are ever found in human feces, which strengthens the assumption that humans are solely incidental, accidental, and dead end hosts for the Gongylonema pulchrum parasite life cycle. The G. pulchrum parasite has also been studied in vivo in rabbits. The life cycle is as follows: Infective third stage larva from naturally infected dung beetles (intermediate hosts and vectors), were orally given to rabbits.
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Jones's childhood interest in insects was inspired by his father, who was a botanist. He grew up in the South Downs and the Sussex Weald and was educated at Newhaven Tideway Comprehensive School (now Seahaven Academy) in the early 1970s. At university he studied biology and he then worked as an engineer's assistant on the Lewes Cuilfail Tunnel,, and in medical publishing, before moving back into entomology, doing ecological surveys for local councils and English Nature (now Natural England). He regularly writes for New Scientist, Gardeners' World and BBC Wildlife, as well as appearing on programmes such as Springwatch Unsprung, BBC Radio 4's Home Planet and Natural Histories with Brett Westwood, including the episodes "Louse" and "Dung Beetle".
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In addition, extensive studies were carried out in the beetles' native habitat to study their likely distribution patterns in Australia and thus aid in the selection of sites for their introduction. Later researchDoube and Macqueen (1991) Establishment of exotic dung beetle in Queensland: the role of habitat specificity, Entomorphaga 36 353-360 has found that habitat specificity matching is one of the most important factors in determining whether or not an introduced species is successful in becoming established. Samples of beetles that had already been successfully introduced to Australia were also collected for further study. This was important so as to enrich the gene pool of beetle species within Australia and reduce the liability of any one species to become extinct because of a disease or chance mutation.
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From then on, farmers helped to monitor beetle distribution and activity and carried identification cards in their vehicles so that they could monitor beetle activity. The original review paper by Bornemissza states that by 1975, 23 species of dung beetle, including 3 genetic variants, had been released. By 1984, this number was 43 species,Edwards, P (2007), Introduced Dung Beetles in Australia 1967-2007: current status and future directions, Landcare Australia, although it was found that 20 of these failed to establish. As well as the original "star" of the program, Onthophagus gazella, establishing well, other species such as Euoniticellus intermedius, Onthophagus binodis and Liatongus militaris were shown to have reproduced in their thousands and became abundant enough to allow the transfer of subpopulations of certain colonies to establish in new areas.
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Short summary: Trygaeus, a middle-aged Athenian, miraculously brings about a peaceful end to the Peloponnesian War, thereby earning the gratitude of farmers while bankrupting various tradesmen who had profited from the hostilities. He celebrates his triumph by marrying Harvest, a companion of Festival and Peace, all of whom he has liberated from a celestial prison. Detailed summary: Two slaves are frantically working outside an ordinary house in Athens, kneading unusually large lumps of dough and carrying them one by one into the stable. We soon learn from their banter that it is not dough but excrement gathered from various sources—they are feeding a giant dung beetle that their crazy master has brought home from the Mount Etna region and on which he intends flying to a private audience with the gods.
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He earned a bachelor's and master's of fine arts, both from Musashino Art University. From 1986, Yanagi began to exhibit artwork such as those using ants and soil balls that represent dung beetle rolled balls, addressing the issues of “movement” from the perspective of an outsider of the art world’s system. Yanagi had an opportunity to exhibit works at the Hillside Gallery in Daikanyama, where he showed various pieces including a smoke performance piece I Feel Yellow. Yanagi was awarded the Excellence Award in Art Document from the Tochigi Prefectural Art Museum of Fine Arts in 1987. Yanagi moved to United States after he received a scholarship from the Sculpture Department of the Graduate School of Yale University School of Art in 1988, where he studied under Vito Acconci, Frank Gehry, among others.
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The museum commissioned artists David Tremlett and Anne and Patrick Poirier to transfigure the mechanical digesters "into a sign" mixing allegorical symbols with botany, thereby creating "a work of evolutionary land art".Cow Dung Goes High Style New York Times Style Magazine Luca Cipelletti was the principal architect. Within the Gazzola Castelbosco, exhibit spaces are designed to reinforce the themes, beginning with the museum's repeated use of the dung beetle the Egyptian's considered the scarab to be divine as a symbol of the heavenly cycle and of the idea of rebirth or regeneration and to provide proof that shit "is a useful and living material". Thus, it combines historical references (including Pliny's Naturalis Historia) to point out that waste and recycled materials can be the basis for a better civilization.
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The flightless dung beetle occupies an ecological niche, exploiting animal droppings as a food source. In ecology, a niche is the match of a species to a specific environmental condition. Three variants of ecological niche are described by It describes how an organism or population responds to the distribution of resources and competitors (for example, by growing when resources are abundant, and when predators, parasites and pathogens are scarce) and how it in turn alters those same factors (for example, limiting access to resources by other organisms, acting as a food source for predators and a consumer of prey). "The type and number of variables comprising the dimensions of an environmental niche vary from one species to another [and] the relative importance of particular environmental variables for a species may vary according to the geographic and biotic contexts".
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Pictures from the Insects' Life () – also known as The Insect Play, The Life of the Insects, The Insect Comedy, The World We Live In and From Insect Life – is a satirical play that was written in the Czech language by the Brothers Čapek (Karel and Josef), who collaborated on 4 stage works, of which this is the most famous. It was published in 1921 and premiered in 1922. In the play, a tramp/narrator falls asleep in the woods and dreams of observing a range of insects that stand in for various human characteristics in terms of their lifestyle and morality: the flighty, vain butterfly, the obsequious, self- serving dung beetle, the ants, whose increasingly mechanized behaviour leads to a militaristic society. The anthropomorphized insects allow the writers to comment allegorically on life in post-World War I Czechoslovakia.
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The game concept and gameplay are based on Pac-Man, but features a much larger maze and a moving "magnifying rectangle" which makes it easier to see graphic detail of the main character and the opponents, but also obscures a small area of the map near the main character, making short- to medium-range navigation more difficult. In addition, whenever the main character passes through a part of the maze, it leaves a trail of dung. When a dung beetle finds this dung, it eats it and follows the trail; however, if the trail branches, or it encounters a point along the trail, it picks at random which branch to follow, thereby giving the player anywhere from a 50% to 66⅔% chance of losing the pursuer. The player can backtrack over his own trail (often necessary as the map can contain dead ends) creating false leads for his pursuers.
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Native beetles, with a few exceptions, are not adapted to utilise this type of dung as a food source or breeding ground and so without such fauna, the dung pads remain on the pasture and take months or even years to decompose. Cattle will not feed from the area of rank pasture surrounding the dung pad, and with the large quantity of dung produced (up to 12 pads per animal per day), this reduces the area of land available for cattle grazing by as much as per year. Cattle dung is also a primary breeding ground for several pestilent species of fly and parasitic worm. Bornemissza suggested in 1960 that the introduction to Australia of foreign dung beetle species, which had co-evolved alongside bovines and large herbivores, would be beneficial in removing the dung, thus improving cattle grazing and nutrient recycling and reducing the number of flies and worms.
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Proverb 2601 Where Erasmus told the story at length, Andrea Alciato devoted a short Latin poem to yet another variation in his Emblematum Liber (1534) under the title A mimumus timiendum (Even the least are to be feared). There he explained that “though inferior in physical strength, it is superior in strategy. It hides itself secretly in the eagle’s feathers without being felt, in order to attack its enemy’s nest across the lofty skies. It bores into the eggs and prevents the hoped-for offspring from developing.”Emblem 169 Hieronymus Osius also dealt with the subject in Latin verse, drawing the same moral,poem 255 and also told the story at greater length in his Phryx Aesopus (1564).poem 127 In both cases the story is told of a dung-beetle (scarabaeus), as it was by La Fontaine in his Fables (L’Escarbot et l’aigle, II.8).
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Koprospheros is the title of a 3 meter high sculpture made by Nurcis in fiberglass, polyester and synthetic plaster. It exemplifies the artist’s interest in the human figure in its physical imperfections and genetic deformations, as well as his humanistic syncretism through the contamination between various mythological (the classical myth of Atlas), naturalistic (the reference to the dung beetle and its ball of excrement – and its capacity to orient itself using the Milky Way's band of lightNational Geographic, 2013) and philosophical themes (the texts of the contemporary German philosopher Peter Sloterdijk, in particular the so-called Sphären trilogy made up of Blasen, 1998, Globen, 1999, and Schäume, 2004). The work was selected by the sculptor Arnaldo Pomodoro and by the critic Marco Meneguzzo for the Italian Sculpture of the Twentieth Century exhibition at the Arnaldo Pomodoro Foundation in Milan in 2005. The show was intended as a historical survey of the most important sculptors of the 20th century at a national level and included works by Medardo Rosso, Umberto Boccioni, Lucio Fontana, Alberto Burri, Pino Pascali, Jannis Kounellis, Gilberto Zorio, Giuseppe Penone, Michelangelo Pistoletto, Mimmo Paladino, Maurizio Cattelan, and others.
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The case went on for two years before Cabell and his publisher, Robert M. McBride, won: the "indecencies" were double entendres that also had a perfectly decent interpretation, though it appeared that what had actually offended the prosecution most was a joke about papal infallibility. The presiding judge, Charles Cooper Nott Jr., wrote in his decision that "... the most that can be said against the book is that certain passages therein may be considered suggestive in a veiled and subtle way of immorality, but such suggestions are delicately conveyed" and that because of Cabell's writing style "it is doubtful if the book could be read or understood at all by more than a very limited number of readers." Cabell took an author's revenge: the revised edition of 1926 included a previously "lost" passage in which the hero is placed on trial by the Philistines, with a large dung-beetle as the chief prosecutor. He also wrote a short book, Taboo, in which he thanks John H. Sumner and the Society for Suppression of Vice for generating the publicity that gave his career a boost.
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